PREFACE The 84th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics features a completely new version of the most heavily used table, Physical Constants of Organic Compounds. This is the first revision of the table since 1994. Compounds have been selected for inclusion in the new table by a careful screening of lists of organic compounds that are important in laboratory research, industrial chemistry, environmental protection, drug development, teaching, and other active areas. In this way priorities were established for choosing the most significant compounds out of the millions of organic substances that have been reported in the literature. Property data for the selected compounds have been updated, and new structure diagrams, which show much more detail than the previous structures, have been drawn for all the compounds. This Internet version of the 84th Edition has added 17 new subsections that can be accessed as interactive tables. These include tables on Heat of Combustion, Activity Coefficients, Refrigerants, Amino Acids, Chemical Carcinogens, Laboratory Solvents, and other topics. The search screens have been modified to make them more user friendly, and there is now a subject index that permits boolean searching on the name of a physical property and the identifiers of a chemical substance (name, formula, or CAS Registry Number). An option has been added to the table displays that permits locking the left-most column, which usually contains the chemical name, when scanning a wide table. Tool-tips that explain the data in a column now appear when the cursor is held over that column heading, and it is now possible to export the results of a search directly into an Excel file. Other new features of the 84th Edition include: • An update and expansion of the table of Critical Constants of Fluids, with many new compounds and recently published data • A new version of Properties of Refrigerants, which covers fluids now used in refrigeration systems and those being considered as substitutes • A new table on Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals • New tables of practical laboratory data such as Flame and Bead tests, Flame Temperatures, and Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures • An update of lists of Chemical Carcinogens and Interstellar Molecules. The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dependent on the efforts of many contributors throughout the world. The list of current contributors follows this Preface. The new table of Physical Constants of Organic Compounds could not have been completed without the help of Dr. Fiona Macdonald, who oversaw the structure drawing and checked names and formulas. Thanks are also due to Janice Shackleton, Trupti Desai, Nazila Kamaly, Matt Griffiths, and Lawrence Braschi, who participated in drawing the structures. David R. Lide October 27, 2003 This Edition is dedicated to my grandchildren: Mary Eleanor Lide David Alston Lide, Jr. Grace Eileen Lide David Austell Whitcomb Kate Elizabeth Whitcomb
This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. © Copyright CRC Press LLC 2004
CURRENT CONTRIBUTORS Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, California 92545 A. K. Covington Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU England Robert B. Fox 6115 Wiscassett Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20816 H. P. R. Frederikse 9625 Dewmar Lane Kensington, Maryland 20895 J.R. Fuhr Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Karl A. Gschneidner Ames Laboratory Energy and Mineral Resources Research Institute Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011
Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 H. Donald Brooke Jenkins Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL England Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS 1 rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France J. Alistair Kerr School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT England Nand Kishore Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Powai, Bombay 400 076 India Rebecca Lennen Naval Surface Warfare Center Biological Sciences Group 9500 MacArthur Blvd. West Bethesda, Maryland 20817-5700 Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20817 William C. Martin Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Joseph Reader Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy Department University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 David W. Stocker School of Chemistry University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT England B. N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Thomas G. Trippe Particle Data Group Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, California 94720 Petr Vany´sek Department of Chemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois 60115 Wolfgang L. Wiese Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
C. R. Hammond 17 Greystone Rd. West Hartford, Connecticut 06107
Joel S. Miller Department of Chemistry University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
Edward S. Wilks E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Inc. Barley Mills Plaza 14/1290 Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0014
Robert F. Hampson Chemical Kinetics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
Christian Wohlfarth Institut für Physikalische Chemie Martin Luther University D-06217 Merseburg Germany
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Peter J. Mohr and Barry N. Taylor These tables give the 1998 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 1998 set replaces the previous set of constants recommended by CODATA in 1986; assigned uncertainties have been reduced by a factor of 1/5 to 1/12 (and sometimes even greater) relative to the 1986 uncertainties. The recommended set is based on a least-squares adjustment involving all of the relevant experimental and theoretical data available through December 31, 1998. Full details of the input data and the adjustment procedure are given in Reference 1. The 1998 adjustment was carried out by P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The Task Group was established in 1969 with the aim of periodically providing the scientific and technological communities with a self-consistent set of internationally recommended values of the fundamental physical constants based on all applicable information available at a given point in time. The first set was published in 1973 and was followed by a revised set first published in 1986; the current 1998 set first appeared in 1999. In the future, the CODATA Task Group plans to take advantage of the high level of automation developed for the current set in order to issue a new set of recommended values at least every four years. At the time of completion of the 1998 adjustment, the membership of the Task Group was as follows: F. Cabiati, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale “Galileo Ferraris,” Italy E. R. Cohen, Science Center, Rockwell International (retired), United States of America T. Endo, Electrotechnical Laboratory, Japan R. Liu, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of) B. A. Mamyrin, A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Federation P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France B. W. Petley, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom T. J. Quinn, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America V. S. Tuninsky, D. I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Research Institute for Metrology, Russian Federation W. Wöger, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada REFERENCES 1. Mohr, Peter J., and Taylor, Barry N., J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1713, 1999; Rev. Mod. Phys. 72, 351, 2000. The 1998 set of recommended values is also available at the Web site of the Fundamental Constants Data Center of the NIST Physics Laboratory: http://physics.nist.gov/constants.
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
Symbol
Value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
UNIVERSAL m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1
(exact)
ε0
299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12
Z0
376.730 313 461...
(exact)
G G/c h
6.673(10) × 10−11 6.707(10) × 10−39 6.626 068 76(52) × 10−34 4.135 667 27(16) × 10−15 1.054 571 596(82) × 10−34 6.582 118 89(26) × 10−16
m3 kg−1 s−2 (GeV/c2 )−2 Js eV s Js eV s
1.5 × 10−3 1.5 × 10−3 7.8 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8 7.8 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8
2.1767(16) × 10−8 1.6160(12) × 10−35 5.3906(40) × 10−44
kg m s
7.5 × 10−4 7.5 × 10−4 7.5 × 10−4
speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant
c, c0 µ0
electric constant 1/µ0 c2 characteristic√impedance of vacuum µ0 /0 = µ0 c Newtonian constant of gravitation Planck constant in eV s h/2π in eV s Planck mass (c/G)1/2 Planck length /m P c = (G/c3 )1/2 Planck time lP /c = (G/c5 )1/2
mP lP tP
(exact) (exact)
ELECTROMAGNETIC elementary charge
e e/ h
1.602 176 462(63) × 10−19 2.417 989 491(95) × 1014
C A J−1
3.9 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8
magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h inverse of conductance quantum Josephson constanta 2e/ h von Klitzing constantb h/e2 = µ0 c/2α
0 G0 G −1 0 KJ
2.067 833 636(81) × 10−15 7.748 091 696(28) × 10−5 12 906.403 786(47) 483 597.898(19) × 109
Wb S Hz V−1
3.9 × 10−8 3.7 × 10−9 3.7 × 10−9 3.9 × 10−8
RK
25 812.807 572(95)
3.7 × 10−9
Bohr magneton e/2m e in eV T−1
µB
927.400 899(37) × 10−26 5.788 381 749(43) × 10−5 13.996 246 24(56) × 109 46.686 4521(19) 0.671 7131(12)
J T−1 eV T−1 Hz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1
4.0 × 10−8 7.3 × 10−9 4.0 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6
5.050 783 17(20) × 10−27 3.152 451 238(24) × 10−8 7.622 593 96(31) 2.542 623 66(10) × 10−2 3.658 2638(64) × 10−4
J T−1 eV T−1 MHz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1
4.0 × 10−8 7.6 × 10−9 4.0 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6
µB / h µB / hc µB /k nuclear magneton e/2m p in eV T−1
µN µN / h µN / hc µN /k
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR General fine-structure constant e2/4π0 c inverse fine-structure constant
α α−1
7.297 352 533(27) × 10−3 137.035 999 76(50)
3.7 × 10−9 3.7 × 10−9
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
Rydberg constant α2 m e c/2h
Symbol
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
R∞ R∞ c R∞ hc
10 973 731.568 549(83) 3.289 841 960 368(25) × 1015 2.179 871 90(17) × 10−18 13.605 691 72(53)
m−1 Hz J eV
7.6 × 10−12 7.6 × 10−12 7.8 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8
a0
0.529 177 2083(19) × 10−10
m
3.7 × 10−9
Eh
4.359 743 81(34) × 10−18 27.211 3834(11) 3.636 947 516(27) × 10−4 7.273 895 032(53) × 10−4
J eV m2 s−1 m2 s−1
7.8 × 10−8 3.9 × 10−8 7.3 × 10−9 7.3 × 10−9
GeV−2
8.6 × 10−6
R∞ hc in eV Bohr radius α/4π R∞ = 4π0 2/m e e2 Hartree energy e2/4πε0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α2 m e c2 in eV quantum of circulation
Value
h/2m e h/m e
Electroweak Fermi coupling constantc weak mixing angled θW (on-shell scheme) 2 ≡ 1 − (m /m )2 sin2 θW = sW W Z
G F /(c)3
1.166 39(1) × 10−5
sin2 θW
0.2224(19)
8.7 × 10−3
Electron, e− 9.109 381 88(72) × 10−31
kg
7.9 × 10−8
c2
5.485 799 110(12) × 10−4 8.187 104 14(64) × 10−14 0.510 998 902(21)
u J MeV
2.1 × 10−9 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
electron-muon mass ratio electron-tau mass ratio electron-proton mass ratio electron-neutron mass ratio electron-deuteron mass ratio electron to alpha particle mass ratio
m e /m µ m e /m τ m e /m p m e /m n m e /m d m e /m α
4.836 332 10(15) × 10−3 2.875 55(47) × 10−4 5.446 170 232(12) × 10−4 5.438 673 462(12) × 10−4 2.724 437 1170(58) × 10−4 1.370 933 5611(29) × 10−4
electron charge to mass quotient electron molar mass NA m e Compton wavelength h/m e c λC /2π = αa0 = α2/4π R∞ classical electron radius α2 a0 Thomson cross section (8π/3)re2
−e/m e M(e), Me λC re σe
−1.758 820 174(71) × 1011 5.485 799 110(12) × 10−7 2.426 310 215(18) × 10−12 386.159 2642(28) × 10−15 2.817 940 285(31) × 10−15 0.665 245 854(15) × 10−28
C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m m m2
4.0 × 10−8 2.1 × 10−9 7.3 × 10−9 7.3 × 10−9 1.1 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8
µe µe /µB µe /µN
−928.476 362(37) × 10−26 −1.001 159 652 1869(41) −1 838.281 9660(39)
J T−1
4.0 × 10−8 4.1 × 10−12 2.1 × 10−9
ae ge
1.159 652 1869(41) × 10−3 −2.002 319 304 3737(82)
3.5 × 10−9 4.1 × 10−12
µe /µµ
206.766 9720(63)
3.0 × 10−8
electron mass in u, m e = Ar (e) u (electron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio electron magnetic moment anomaly |µe |/µB − 1 electron g-factor −2(1 + ae ) electron-muon magnetic moment ratio
me
me
C
3.0 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 2.1 × 10−9 2.2 × 10−9 2.1 × 10−9 2.1 × 10−9
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity electron-proton magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded helione magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µe |/
Symbol
Value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
µe /µp
− 658.210 6875(66)
1.0 × 10−8
µe /µ p
− 658.227 5954(71)
1.1 × 10−8
µe /µn
960.920 50(23)
2.4 × 10−7
µe /µd
−2 143.923 498(23)
1.1 × 10−8
µe /µ h
864.058 255(10)
1.2 × 10−8
γe γe /2π
1.760 859 794(71) × 1011 28 024.9540(11)
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
4.0 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
1.883 531 09(16) × 10−28
kg
8.4 × 10−8
0.113 428 9168(34) 1.692 833 32(14) × 10−11 105.658 3568(52)
u J MeV
3.0 × 10−8 8.4 × 10−8 4.9 × 10−8
kg mol−1
3.0 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 3.0 × 10−8 3.0 × 10−8 3.0 × 10−8
Muon, µ− muon mass in u, m µ = Ar (µ) u (muon relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
mµ
mµ
c2
muon-electron mass ratio muon-tau mass ratio muon-proton mass ratio muon-neutron mass ratio muon molar mass NA m µ
m µ /m e m µ /m τ m µ /m p m µ /m n M(µ), Mµ
206.768 2657(63) 5.945 72(97) × 10−2 0.112 609 5173(34) 0.112 454 5079(34) 0.113 428 9168(34) × 10−3
muon Compton wavelength h/m µ c λC,µ /2π muon magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio
λC,µ
µµ µµ /µB µµ /µN
11.734 441 97(35) × 10−15 1.867 594 444(55) × 10−15 −4.490 448 13(22) × 10−26 −4.841 970 85(15) × 10−3 −8.890 597 70(27)
aµ gµ
1.165 916 02(64) × 10−3 −2.002 331 8320(13)
5.5 × 10−7 6.4 × 10−10
µµ /µp
−3.183 345 39(10)
3.2 × 10−8
muon magnetic moment anomaly |µµ |/(e/2m µ ) − 1 muon g-factor −2(1 + aµ ) muon-proton magnetic moment ratio
C,µ
m m J T−1
2.9 × 10−8 2.9 × 10−8 4.9 × 10−8 3.0 × 10−8 3.0 × 10−8
Tau, τ − tau massf in u, m τ = Ar (τ) u (tau relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
mτ
mτ
c2
3.167 88(52) × 10−27
kg
1.6 × 10−4
1.907 74(31) 2.847 15(46) × 10−10 1 777.05(29)
u J MeV
1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
Symbol
tau-electron mass ratio tau-muon mass ratio tau-proton mass ratio tau-neutron mass ratio tau molar mass NA m τ
m τ /m e m τ /m µ m τ /m p m τ /m n M(τ), Mτ
tau Compton wavelength h/m τ c λC,τ /2π
λC,τ C,τ
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
3 477.60(57) 16.8188(27) 1.893 96(31) 1.891 35(31) 1.907 74(31) × 10−3
kg mol−1
1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4
0.697 70(11) × 10−15 0.111 042(18) × 10−15
m m
1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4
1.672 621 58(13) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
1.007 276 466 88(13) 1.503 277 31(12) × 10−10 938.271 998(38)
u J MeV
1.3 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
C kg−1 kg mol−1
2.1 × 10−9 3.0 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 5.8 × 10−10 4.0 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−10
Value
Proton, p proton mass in u, m p = Ar (p) u (proton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
mp
mp
c2
proton-electron mass ratio proton-muon mass ratio proton-tau mass ratio proton-neutron mass ratio proton charge to mass quotient proton molar mass NA m p
m p /m e m p /m µ m p /m τ m p /m n e/m p M(p), Mp
1 836.152 6675(39) 8.880 244 08(27) 0.527 994(86) 0.998 623 478 55(58) 9.578 834 08(38) × 107 1.007 276 466 88(13) × 10−3
proton Compton wavelength h/m p c λC,p /2π proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton g-factor 2µp /µN
λC,p µp µp /µB µp /µN gp
1.321 409 847(10) × 10−15 0.210 308 9089(16) × 10−15 1.410 606 633(58) × 10−26 1.521 032 203(15) × 10−3 2.792 847 337(29) 5.585 694 675(57)
µp /µn µ p
−1.459 898 05(34) 1.410 570 399(59) × 10−26
µ p /µB µ p /µN
1.520 993 132(16) × 10−3 2.792 775 597(31)
1.1 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8
σp
25.687(15) × 10−6
5.7 × 10−4
γp γp /2π
2.675 222 12(11) × 108 42.577 4825(18)
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
4.1 × 10−8 4.1 × 10−8
γp
2.675 153 41(11) × 108
s−1 T−1
4.2 × 10−8
γp /2π
42.576 3888(18)
MHz T−1
4.2 × 10−8
proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio shielded proton magnetic moment (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton magnetic shielding correction 1 − µ p /µp (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µp / shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µ p / (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
C,p
Neutron, n
m m J T−1
J T−1
7.6 × 10−9 7.6 × 10−9 4.1 × 10−8 1.0 × 10−8 1.0 × 10−8 1.0 × 10−8 2.4 × 10−7 4.2 × 10−8
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
Symbol
Value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
mn
1.674 927 16(13) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
m n c2
1.008 664 915 78(55) 1.505 349 46(12) × 10−10 939.565 330(38)
u J MeV
5.4 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
neutron-electron mass ratio neutron-muon mass ratio neutron-tau mass ratio neutron-proton mass ratio neutron molar mass NA m n
m n /m e m n /m µ m n /m τ m n /m p M(n), Mn
1 838.683 6550(40) 8.892 484 78(27) 0.528 722(86) 1.001 378 418 87(58) 1.008 664 915 78(55) × 10−3
kg mol−1
2.2 × 10−9 3.0 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 5.8 × 10−10 5.4 × 10−10
neutron Compton wavelength h/m n c λC,n /2π neutron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio
λC,n µn µn /µB µn /µN
1.319 590 898(10) × 10−15 0.210 019 4142(16) × 10−15 −0.966 236 40(23) × 10−26 −1.041 875 63(25) × 10−3 −1.913 042 72(45)
gn
−3.826 085 45(90)
2.4 × 10−7
µn /µe
1.040 668 82(25) × 10−3
2.4 × 10−7
µn /µp
−0.684 979 34(16)
2.4 × 10−7
µn /µ p
−0.684 996 94(16)
2.4 × 10−7
γn γn /2π
1.832 471 88(44) × 108 29.164 6958(70)
neutron mass in u, m n = Ar (n) u (neutron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
neutron g-factor 2µn /µN neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µn |/
C,n
m m J T−1
7.6 × 10−9 7.6 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7
3.343 583 09(26) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
2.013 553 212 71(35) 3.005 062 62(24) × 10−10 1 875.612 762(75)
u J MeV
1.7 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
kg mol−1
2.1 × 10−9 2.0 × 10−10 1.7 × 10−10
Deuteron, d deuteron mass in u, m d = Ar (d) u (deuteron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV
md
md
c2
deuteron-electron mass ratio deuteron-proton mass ratio deuteron molar mass NA m d
m d /m e m d /m p M(d), Md
3 670.482 9550(78) 1.999 007 500 83(41) 2.013 553 212 71(35) × 10−3
deuteron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio
µd µd /µB µd /µN
0.433 073 457(18) × 10−26 0.466 975 4556(50) × 10−3 0.857 438 2284(94)
µd /µe
−4.664 345 537(50) × 10−4
1.1 × 10−8
µd /µp
0.307 012 2083(45)
1.5 × 10−8
deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio
J T−1
4.2 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio
Symbol
Value
µd /µn
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
2.4 × 10−7
−0.448 206 52(11) Helion, h
helion masse in u, m h = Ar (h) u (helion relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV helion-electron mass ratio helion-proton mass ratio helion molar mass NA m h shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25 ◦ C) shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|µ h |/ (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
mh
mh
c2
5.006 411 74(39) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
3.014 932 234 69(86) 4.499 538 48(35) × 10−10 2 808.391 32(11)
u J MeV
2.8 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
kg mol−1 J T−1
2.1 × 10−9 3.1 × 10−10 2.8 × 10−10 4.2 × 10−8
m h /m e m h /m p M(h), Mh µ h
5 495.885 238(12) 2.993 152 658 50(93) 3.014 932 234 69(86) × 10−3 −1.074 552 967(45) × 10−26
µ h /µB µ h /µN
−1.158 671 474(14) × 10−3 −2.127 497 718(25)
1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8
µ h /µp
−0.761 766 563(12)
1.5 × 10−8
µ h /µ p
−0.761 786 1313(33)
4.3 × 10−9
γh
2.037 894 764(85) × 108
s−1 T−1
4.2 × 10−8
γh /2π
32.434 1025(14)
MHz T−1
4.2 × 10−8
6.644 655 98(52) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
4.001 506 1747(10) 5.971 918 97(47) × 10−10 3 727.379 04(15)
u J MeV
2.5 × 10−10 7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
kg mol−1
2.1 × 10−9 2.8 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−10
Alpha particle, α alpha particle mass in u, m α = Ar (α) u (alpha particle relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV alpha particle to electron mass ratio alpha particle to proton mass ratio alpha particle molar mass NA m α
mα
mα
c2
m α /m e m α /m p M(α), Mα
7 294.299 508(16) 3.972 599 6846(11) 4.001 506 1747(10) × 10−3
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL Avogadro constant atomic mass constant 1 m u = 12 m(12 C) = 1 u = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA energy equivalent in MeV Faraday constantg NA e
NA , L
6.022 141 99(47) × 1023
mol−1
7.9 × 10−8
mu
1.660 538 73(13) × 10−27
kg
7.9 × 10−8
m u c2
1.492 417 78(12) × 10−10 931.494 013(37) 96 485.3415(39)
J MeV C mol−1
7.9 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−8
F
Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity
molar Planck constant molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA in eV K−1
molar volume of ideal gas RT / p T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Loschmidt constant NA /Vm T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Sackur-Tetrode constant (absolute entropy constant)h 5 2 3/2 kT / p ] 1 0 2 + ln[(2πm u kT1 / h ) T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π 2 /60)k 4/3 c2 first radiation constant 2πhc2 first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2 second radiation constant hc/k Wien displacement law constant b = λmax T = c2 /4.965 114 231...
Value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. u r
k/ h k/ hc
3.990 312 689(30) × 10−10 0.119 626 564 92(91) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6503(24) × 10−23 8.617 342(15) × 10−5 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 69.503 56(12)
J s mol−1 J m mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 eV K−1 Hz K−1 m−1 K−1
7.6 × 10−9 7.6 × 10−9 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6
Vm n0 Vm
22.413 996(39) × 10−3 2.686 7775(47) × 1025 22.710 981(40) × 10−3
m3 mol−1 m−3 m3 mol−1
1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6
S0 /R
−1.151 7048(44) −1.164 8678(44)
σ c1 c1L c2
5.670 400(40) × 10−8 3.741 771 07(29) × 10−16 1.191 042 722(93) × 10−16 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2
W m−2 K−4 W m2 W m2 sr−1 mK
7.0 × 10−6 7.8 × 10−8 7.8 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6
b
2.897 7686(51) × 10−3
mK
1.7 × 10−6
Symbol
NA h NA hc R k
3.8 × 10−6 3.7 × 10−6
a See the “Adopted values” table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Joseph-
son effect. b See the “Adopted values” table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall
effect. c Value recommended by the Particle Data Group, Caso et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 3(1-4), 1-794 (1998). d Based on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons m /m recommended by the Particle Data Group (Caso et al., 1998). The value for W Z sin2 θW they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction (MS) scheme, is sin2 θˆW (MZ ) = 0.231 24(24). e The helion, symbol h, is the nucleus of the 3 He atom. f This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group, Caso et al., Eur. Phys. τ τ J. C 3(1-4), 1-794 (1998), but with a standard uncertainty of 0.29 MeV rather than the quoted uncertainty of −0.26 MeV, +0.29 MeV. g The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3432(76) [7.9×10−8 ] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants K J−90 and RK−90 given in the “Adopted values” table. h The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass A is given by S = S + 3 R ln A − R ln( p/ p ) + 5 R ln(T/K). r r 0 0 2 2
Fundamental Physical Constants — Adopted values Relative std. uncert. u r
Quantity
Symbol
Value
Unit
molar mass of 12 C molar mass constanta M(12 C)/12 conventional value of Josephson constantb conventional value of von Klitzing constantc standard atmosphere standard acceleration of gravity
M(12 C) Mu
12 × 10−3 1 × 10−3
kg mol−1 kg mol−1
(exact) (exact)
K J−90
483 597.9
GHz V−1
(exact)
RK−90
25 812.807 101 325 9.806 65
Pa m s−2
(exact) (exact) (exact)
gn a The relative atomic mass A (X) of particle X with mass m(X) is defined by A (X) = m(X)/m , where m = m(12 C)/12 = M /N = 1 u is r r u u u A the atomic mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant, and u is the atomic mass unit. Thus the mass of particle X in u is m(X) = A r (X) u and the molar mass of X is M(X) = Ar (X)Mu . b This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. c This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.
Energy Equivalents J
kg
m−1
Hz
1J
(1 J) = 1J
(1 J)/c2 = 1.112 650 056 × 10−17 kg
(1 J)/hc = 5.034 117 62(39) × 1024 m−1
(1 J)/h = 1.509 190 50(12) × 1033 Hz
1 kg
(1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 × 1016 J
(1 kg) = 1 kg
(1 kg)c/ h = 4.524 439 29(35) × 1041 m−1
(1 kg)c2 / h = 1.356 392 77(11) × 1050 Hz
1 m−1
(1 m−1 )hc = 1.986 445 44(16) × 10−25 J
(1 m−1 )h/c = 2.210 218 63(17) × 10−42 kg
(1 m−1 ) = 1 m−1
(1 m−1 )c = 299 792 458 Hz
1 Hz
(1 Hz)h = 6.626 068 76(52) × 10−34 J
(1 Hz)h/c2 = 7.372 495 78(58) × 10−51 kg
(1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 952 × 10−9 m−1
(1 Hz) = 1 Hz
1K
(1 K)k = 1.380 6503(24) × 10−23 J
(1 K)k/c2 = 1.536 1807(27) × 10−40 kg
(1 K)k/ hc = 69.503 56(12) m−1
(1 K)k/ h = 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 Hz
1 eV
(1 eV) = 1.602 176 462(63) × 10−19 J
(1 eV)/ hc = (1 eV)/c2 = 1.782 661 731(70) × 10−36 kg 8.065 544 77(32) × 105 m−1
1u
(1 u)c2 = 1.492 417 78(12) × 10−10 J
(1 u) = 1.660 538 73(13) × 10−27 kg
(1 u)c/ h = 7.513 006 658(57) × 1014 m−1
(1 u)c2 / h = 2.252 342 733(17) × 1023 Hz
1 Eh
(1 E h ) = 4.359 743 81(34) × 10−18 J
(1 E h )/c2 = 4.850 869 19(38) × 10−35 kg
(1 E h )/ hc = 2.194 746 313 710(17) × 107 m−1
(1 E h )/ h = 6.579 683 920 735(50) × 1015 Hz
(1 eV)/ h = 2.417 989 491(95) × 1014 Hz
Derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT , and based on the 1998 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 m(12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/N , and E = 2R hc = α 2 m c2 is the Hartree energy (hartree). 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = m u = 12 ∞ e A h
Energy Equivalents K
eV
u
Eh
1J
(1 J)/k = 7.242 964(13) × 1022 K
(1 J) = 6.241 509 74(24) × 1018 eV
(1 J)/c2 = 6.700 536 62(53) × 109 u
(1 J) = 2.293 712 76(18) × 1017 E h
1 kg
(1 kg)c2/k = 6.509 651(11) × 1039 K
(1 kg)c2 = 5.609 589 21(22) × 1035 eV
(1 kg) = 6.022 141 99(47) × 1026 u
(1 kg)c2 = 2.061 486 22(16) × 1034 E h
1 m−1
(1 m−1 )hc/k = 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2 K
(1 m−1 )hc = (1 m−1 )h/c = (1 m−1 )hc = −6 −15 1.239 841 857(49) × 10 eV 1.331 025 042(10) × 10 u 4.556 335 252 750(35) × 10−8 E h
1 Hz
(1 Hz)h/k = (1 Hz)h = 4.799 2374(84) × 10−11 K 4.135 667 27(16) × 10−15 eV
(1 Hz)h/c2 = (1 Hz)h = 4.439 821 637(34) × 10−24 u 1.519 829 846 003(12) × 10−16 E h
1K
(1 K) = 1K
(1 K)k = 8.617 342(15) × 10−5 eV
(1 K)k/c2 = 9.251 098(16) × 10−14 u
(1 K)k = 3.166 8153(55) × 10−6 E h
1 eV
(1 eV)/k = 1.160 4506(20) × 104 K
(1 eV) = 1 eV
(1 eV)/c2 = 1.073 544 206(43) × 10−9 u
(1 eV) = 3.674 932 60(14) × 10−2 E h
1u
(1 u)c2/k = 1.080 9528(19) × 1013 K
(1 u)c2 = 931.494 013(37) × 106 eV
(1 u) = 1u
(1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 709(26) × 107 E h
1 Eh
(1 E h )/k = 3.157 7465(55) × 105 K
(1 E h ) = 27.211 3834(11) eV
(1 E h )/c2 = 2.921 262 304(22) × 10−8 u
(1 E h ) = 1 Eh
Derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT , and based on the 1998 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 m(12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/N , and E = 2R hc = α 2 m c2 is the Hartree energy (hartree). 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = m u = 12 ∞ e A h
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 1999 and 2001 by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. The Standard Atomic Weights apply to the elements as they exist naturally on Earth, and the uncertainties take into account the isotopic variation found in most laboratory samples. Further comments on the variability are given in the footnotes. The number in parentheses following the atomic weight value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. An atomic weight entry in brackets indicates that the element that has no stable isotopes; the value given is the atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) for the isotope of longest half-life. Thorium, protactinium, and uranium have no stable isotopes, but the terrestrial isotopic composition is sufficiently uniform to permit a standard atomic weight to be specified.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Vocke, R. D., Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1593, 1999. Coplen, T. D., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 667, 2001. Coplen, T. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 30, 701, 2001. Loss, R. D., Report of the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances, Chemistry International, 23, 179, 2001.
Name Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium
Symbol
Atomic No.
Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf
89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72
Atomic Weight [227.0277] 26.981538(2) [243.0614] 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) [209.9871] 137.327(7) [247.0703] 9.012182(3) 208.98038(2) [264.12] 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) [251.0796] 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.90545(2) 35.453(2) 51.9961(6) 58.933200(9) 63.546(3) [247.0704] [262.1141] 162.500(1) [252.0830] 167.259(3) 151.964(1) [257.0951] 18.9984032(5) [223.0197] 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 196.96655(2) 178.49(2)
1-12
Footnotes a a g gr a a
a gmr g g a gr g gmr
r a a g a g g a a g
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) (continued) Name
Symbol
Atomic No.
Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium
Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb
108 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65
Atomic Weight [277] 4.002602(2) 164.93032(2) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3) 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.9055(2) [262.1097] 207.2(1) 6.941(2) 174.967(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938049(9) [268.1388] [258.0984] 200.59(2) 95.94(2) 144.24(3) 20.1797(6) [237.0482] 58.6934(2) 92.90638(2) 14.0067(2) [259.1010] 190.23(3) 15.9994(3) 106.42(1) 30.973761(2) 195.078(2) [244.0642] [208.9824] 39.0983(1) 140.90765(2) [144.9127] 231.03588(2) [226.0254] [222.0176] 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) [261.1088] 150.36(3) 44.955910(8) [266.1219] 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.989770(2) 87.62(1) 32.065(5) 180.9479(1) [97.9072] 127.60(3) 158.92534(2)
1-13
Footnotes a gr gmr
gm g a gr bgmr g
a a g g gm a
gr a g gr g
a a g a a a
g g a g a r r g gr gr a g
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) (continued)
a
b
g
m
r
Name
Symbol
Atomic No.
Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununbium Ununhexium Ununnilium Ununquadium Unununium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium
Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W Uub Uuh Uun Uuq Uuu U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr
81 90 69 50 22 74 112 116 110 114 111 92 23 54 70 39 30 40
Atomic Weight
204.3833(2) 232.0381(1) 168.93421(2) 118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) [285] [289] [281] [289] [272.1535] 238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.04(3) 88.90585(2) 65.409(4) 91.224(2)
Footnotes
g g
a a a a a gm gm g
g
No stable isotope exists. The atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) is given in brackets for the isotope of longest half-life. Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material. Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subject to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value should be applicable to any normal material.
1-14
ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. A complete table of all nuclides may be found in Section 11 (“Table of the Isotopes”). The atomic masses are based on the 1995 evaluation of Audi and Wapstra (Reference 2). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. Natural abundance values are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Reference 3 and 4 for more details). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined. An electronic version of these data is available on the Web site of the NIST Physics Laboratory (Reference 5). REFERENCES 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 2001. 2. Audi, G., and Wapstra, A. H., Nucl. Phys., A595, 409, 1995. 3. Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27, 1275, 1998. 4. R. D. Vocke (for IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances), Pure Appl. Chem., 71, 1593, 1999. 5. Coursey, J. S., and Dragoset, R. A., Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 2.1). Available: http://physics.nist.gov/Compositions/ National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Z 1
Isotope 1H 2D 3T
2
3He 4He
3
6Li 7Li
4 5
9Be 10B 11B
6
12C 13C
7
14N 15N
8
16O 17O 18O
9 10
19F 20Ne 21Ne 22Ne
11 12
23Na 24Mg 25Mg 26Mg
13 14
27Al 28Si 29Si 30Si
15 16
31P 32S 33S 34S 36S
17
35Cl 37Cl
18
36Ar 38Ar
Mass in u 1.0078250321(4) 2.0141017780(4) 3.0160492675(11) 3.0160293097(9) 4.0026032497(10) 6.0151223(5) 7.0160040(5) 9.0121821(4) 10.0129370(4) 11.0093055(5) 12.0000000(0) 13.0033548378(10) 14.0030740052(9) 15.0001088984(9) 15.9949146221(15) 16.99913150(22) 17.9991604(9) 18.99840320(7) 19.9924401759(20) 20.99384674(4) 21.99138551(23) 22.98976967(23) 23.98504190(20) 24.98583702(20) 25.98259304(21) 26.98153844(14) 27.9769265327(20) 28.97649472(3) 29.97377022(5) 30.97376151(20) 31.97207069(12) 32.97145850(12) 33.96786683(11) 35.96708088(25) 34.96885271(4) 36.96590260(5) 35.96754628(27) 37.9627322(5)
Abundance in %
Z
Isotope 40Ar
99.9850(70) 0.0115(70)
19
39K 40K 41K
0.000137(3) 99.999863(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8) 99.632(7) 0.368(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.2297(7) 4.6832(5) 3.0872(5) 100 94.93(31) 0.76(2) 4.29(28) 0.02(1) 75.78(4) 24.22(4) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5)
20
40Ca 42Ca 43Ca 44Ca 46Ca 48Ca
21 22
45Sc 46Ti 47Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti
23
50V 51V
24
50Cr 52Cr 53Cr 54Cr
25 26
55Mn 54Fe 56Fe 57Fe 58Fe
27 28
59Co 58Ni 60Ni 61Ni 62Ni 64Ni
29
63Cu 65Cu
30
64Zn 66Zn 67Zn
1-15
Mass in u 39.962383123(3) 38.9637069(3) 39.96399867(29) 40.96182597(28) 39.9625912(3) 41.9586183(4) 42.9587668(5) 43.9554811(9) 45.9536928(25) 47.952534(4) 44.9559102(12) 45.9526295(12) 46.9517638(10) 47.9479471(10) 48.9478708(10) 49.9447921(11) 49.9471628(14) 50.9439637(14) 49.9460496(14) 51.9405119(15) 52.9406538(15) 53.9388849(15) 54.9380496(14) 53.9396148(14) 55.9349421(15) 56.9353987(15) 57.9332805(15) 58.9332002(15) 57.9353479(15) 59.9307906(15) 60.9310604(15) 61.9283488(15) 63.9279696(16) 62.9296011(15) 64.9277937(19) 63.9291466(18) 65.9260368(16) 66.9271309(17)
Abundance in % 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44) 96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4) 100 68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.17(3) 30.83(3) 48.63(60) 27.90(27) 4.10(13)
ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z
Isotope 68Zn 70Zn
31
69Ga 71Ga
32
70Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge
33 34
75As 74Se 76Se 77Se 78Se 80Se 82Se
35
79Br 81Br
36
78Kr 80Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 86Kr
37
85Rb 87Rb
38
84Sr 86Sr 87Sr 88Sr
39 40
89Y 90Zr 91Zr 92Zr 94Zr 96Zr
41 42
93Nb 92Mo 94Mo 95Mo 96Mo 97Mo 98Mo 100Mo
43
97Tc 98Tc 99Tc
44
96Ru 98Ru 99Ru 100Ru 101Ru 102Ru 104Ru
45 46
103Rh 102Pd 104Pd 105Pd
Mass in u 67.9248476(17) 69.925325(4) 68.925581(3) 70.9247050(19) 69.9242504(19) 71.9220762(16) 72.9234594(16) 73.9211782(16) 75.9214027(16) 74.9215964(18) 73.9224766(16) 75.9192141(16) 76.9199146(16) 77.9173095(16) 79.9165218(20) 81.9167000(22) 78.9183376(20) 80.916291(3) 77.920386(7) 79.916378(4) 81.9134846(28) 82.914136(3) 83.911507(3) 85.9106103(12) 84.9117893(25) 86.9091835(27) 83.913425(4) 85.9092624(24) 86.9088793(24) 87.9056143(24) 88.9058479(25) 89.9047037(23) 90.9056450(23) 91.9050401(23) 93.9063158(25) 95.908276(3) 92.9063775(24) 91.906810(4) 93.9050876(20) 94.9058415(20) 95.9046789(20) 96.9060210(20) 97.9054078(20) 99.907477(6) 96.906365(5) 97.907216(4) 98.9062546(21) 95.907598(8) 97.905287(7) 98.9059393(21) 99.9042197(22) 100.9055822(22) 101.9043495(22) 103.905430(4) 102.905504(3) 101.905608(3) 103.904035(5) 104.905084(5)
Abundance in %
Z
Isotope 106Pd
18.75(51) 0.62(3) 60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.84(87) 27.54(34) 7.73(5) 36.28(73) 7.61(38) 100 0.89(4) 9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.35(1) 2.28(6) 11.58(14) 11.49(6) 57.00(4) 17.30(22) 72.17(2) 27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1) 100 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28) 2.80(9) 100 14.84(35) 9.25(12) 15.92(13) 16.68(2) 9.55(8) 24.13(31) 9.63(23)
108Pd 110Pd
47
107Ag 109Ag
48
106Cd 108Cd 110Cd 111Cd 112Cd 113Cd 114Cd 116Cd
49
113In 115In
50
112Sn 114Sn 115Sn 116Sn 117Sn 118Sn 119Sn 120Sn 122Sn 124Sn
51
121Sb 123Sb
52
120Te 122Te 123Te 124Te 125Te 126Te 128Te 130Te
53 54
127I 124Xe 126Xe 128Xe 129Xe 130Xe 131Xe 132Xe 134Xe 136Xe
55 56
133Cs 130Ba 132Ba
5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8)
134Ba 135Ba 136Ba 137Ba 138Ba
57
138La 139La
58
136Ce 138Ce 140Ce
1-16
Mass in u 105.903483(5) 107.903894(4) 109.905152(12) 106.905093(6) 108.904756(3) 105.906458(6) 107.904183(6) 109.903006(3) 110.904182(3) 111.9027572(30) 112.9044009(30) 113.9033581(30) 115.904755(3) 112.904061(4) 114.903878(5) 111.904821(5) 113.902782(3) 114.903346(3) 115.901744(3) 116.902954(3) 117.901606(3) 118.903309(3) 119.9021966(27) 121.9034401(29) 123.9052746(15) 120.9038180(24) 122.9042157(22) 119.904020(11) 121.9030471(20) 122.9042730(19) 123.9028195(16) 124.9044247(20) 125.9033055(20) 127.9044614(19) 129.9062228(21) 126.904468(4) 123.9058958(21) 125.904269(7) 127.9035304(15) 128.9047795(9) 129.9035079(10) 130.9050819(10) 131.9041545(12) 133.9053945(9) 135.907220(8) 132.905447(3) 129.906310(7) 131.905056(3) 133.904503(3) 134.905683(3) 135.904570(3) 136.905821(3) 137.905241(3) 137.907107(4) 138.906348(3) 135.907140(50) 137.905986(11) 139.905434(3)
Abundance in % 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3) 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8) 34.08(62) 100 0.09(1) 0.09(1) 1.92(3) 26.44(24) 4.08(2) 21.18(3) 26.89(6) 10.44(10) 8.87(16) 100 0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51)
ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z
Isotope 142Ce
59 60
141Pr 142Nd 143Nd 144Nd 145Nd 146Nd 148Nd 150Nd
61
145Pm 147Pm
62
144Sm 147Sm 148Sm 149Sm 150Sm 152Sm 154Sm
63
151Eu 153Eu
64
152Gd 154Gd 155Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 160Gd
65 66
159Tb 156Dy 158Dy 160Dy 161Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy
67 68
165Ho 162Er 164Er 166Er 167Er 168Er 170Er
69 70
169Tm 168Yb 170Yb 171Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 176Yb
71
175Lu 176Lu
72
174Hf 176Hf 177Hf 178Hf 179Hf 180Hf
Mass in u 141.909240(4) 140.907648(3) 141.907719(3) 142.909810(3) 143.910083(3) 144.912569(3) 145.913112(3) 147.916889(3) 149.920887(4) 144.912744(4) 146.915134(3) 143.911995(4) 146.914893(3) 147.914818(3) 148.917180(3) 149.917271(3) 151.919728(3) 153.922205(3) 150.919846(3) 152.921226(3) 151.919788(3) 153.920862(3) 154.922619(3) 155.922120(3) 156.923957(3) 157.924101(3) 159.927051(3) 158.925343(3) 155.924278(7) 157.924405(4) 159.925194(3) 160.926930(3) 161.926795(3) 162.928728(3) 163.929171(3) 164.930319(3) 161.928775(4) 163.929197(4) 165.930290(3) 166.932045(3) 167.932368(3) 169.935460(3) 168.934211(3) 167.933894(5) 169.934759(3) 170.936322(3) 171.9363777(30) 172.9382068(30) 173.9388581(30) 175.942568(3) 174.9407679(28) 175.9426824(28) 173.940040(3) 175.9414018(29) 176.9432200(27) 177.9436977(27) 178.9458151(27) 179.9465488(27)
Abundance in %
Z
11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)
73
Isotope 180Ta 181Ta
74
180W 182W 183W 184W 186W
75
185Re 187Re
76
184Os 186Os 187Os
3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(3) 52.19(3) 0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.06(1) 0.10(1) 2.34(8) 18.91(24) 25.51(26) 24.90(16) 28.18(37) 100 0.14(1) 1.61(3) 33.61(35) 22.93(17) 26.78(26) 14.93(27) 100 0.13(1) 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16)
188Os 189Os 190Os 192Os
77
191Ir 193Ir
78
190Pt 192Pt 194Pt 195Pt 196Pt 198Pt
79 80
197Au 196Hg 198Hg 199Hg 200Hg 201Hg 202Hg 204Hg
81
203Tl 205Tl
82
204Pb 206Pb 207Pb 208Pb
83 84
209Bi 209Po 210Po
85
210At 211At
86
211Rn 220Rn 222Rn
87 88
223Fr 223Ra 224Ra 226Ra 228Ra
89 90
227Ac 230Th 232Th
91 92
231Pa 233U 234U 235U
1-17
Mass in u 179.947466(3) 180.947996(3) 179.946706(5) 181.948206(3) 182.9502245(29) 183.9509326(29) 185.954362(3) 184.9529557(30) 186.9557508(30) 183.952491(3) 185.953838(3) 186.9557479(30) 187.9558360(30) 188.9581449(30) 189.958445(3) 191.961479(4) 190.960591(3) 192.962924(3) 189.959930(7) 191.961035(4) 193.962664(3) 194.964774(3) 195.964935(3) 197.967876(4) 196.966552(3) 195.965815(4) 197.966752(3) 198.968262(3) 199.968309(3) 200.970285(3) 201.970626(3) 203.973476(3) 202.972329(3) 204.974412(3) 203.973029(3) 205.974449(3) 206.975881(3) 207.976636(3) 208.980383(3) 208.982416(3) 209.982857(3) 209.987131(9) 210.987481(4) 210.990585(8) 220.0113841(29) 222.0175705(27) 223.0197307(29) 223.018497(3) 224.0202020(29) 226.0254026(27) 228.0310641(27) 227.0277470(29) 230.0331266(22) 232.0380504(22) 231.0358789(28) 233.039628(3) 234.0409456(21) 235.0439231(21)
Abundance in % 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1) 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26) 6.87(15) 29.524(14) 70.476(14) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1) 100
100 100 0.0055(2) 0.7200(51)
ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES (continued) Z
Isotope
236U 238U
93
237Np 239Np
94
238Pu 239Pu 240Pu 241Pu 242Pu 244Pu
95
241Am 243Am
96
243Cm 244Cm 245Cm 246Cm 247Cm 248Cm
97
247Bk
Mass in u
236.0455619(21) 238.0507826(21) 237.0481673(21) 239.0529314(23) 238.0495534(21) 239.0521565(21) 240.0538075(21) 241.0568453(21) 242.0587368(21) 244.064198(5) 241.0568229(21) 243.0613727(23) 243.0613822(24) 244.0627463(21) 245.0654856(29) 246.0672176(24) 247.070347(5) 248.072342(5) 247.070299(6)
Abundance in %
Z
Isotope
249Bk
99.2745(106)
98
249Cf 250Cf 251Cf 252Cf
99 100 101
252Es 257Fm 256Md 258Md
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111
259No 262Lr 261Rf 262Db 263Sg 264Bh 265Hs 268Mt 269Uun 272Uuu
*Mass values derived not purely from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends.
1-18
Mass in u
249.074980(3) 249.074847(3) 250.0764000(24) 251.079580(5) 252.081620(5) 252.082970(50) 257.095099(7) 256.094050(60) 258.098425(5) 259.101020(110)* 262.109690(320)* 261.108750(110)* 262.114150(200)* 263.118310(130)* 264.124730(300)* 265.130000(320)* 268.138820(340)* 269.145140(310)* 272.153480(360)*
Abundance in %
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE Atomic no.
n= Element
K 1 s
L 2 s
p
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
s
M 3 p d
s
N 4 p d
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1-19
1 2 4 5 5 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
O 5 f
s
p
d
f
s
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6
1 2
P 6 p d
Q 7 s p
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE (continued) Atomic no. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104
n= Element
K 1 s
L 2 s
p
s
M 3 p d
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
s 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
N 4 p d 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
O 5 f
s
1 3 4 5 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
p 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
d
f
s
2 3 4 6 7 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 14
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
P 6 p d
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 1 1 1
1
2
Q 7 s
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
p
1
REFERENCE Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., and Kotochigova, S., Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for Neutral Atoms, Web Version 1.2.2, http:// physics.nist.gov/IonEnergy, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, December 2002.
1-20
INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was recommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 January 1990. The ITS90 supersedes the present scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values that are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly facilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the present scales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78°C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure-temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: 9
[(
)
T90 / K = A0 + ∑ Ai ln( p/ Pa ) – B / C i =1
]
i
The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. 2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467°C) and 1234.93 K (961.78°C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by reference functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either silver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature. Full details of the calibration procedures and reference functions for various subranges are given in: The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990.
Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala
Equilibrium stateb
Temperature T90 (K)
He e-H2 e-H2 (or He) e-H2 (or He) Nec O2 Ar Hgc H2O Gac Inc Sn Zn Alc Ag Au
VP TP VP (or CVGT) VP (or CVGT) TP TP TP TP TP MP FP FP FP FP FP FP
Cuc
FP
3 to 5 13.8033 ≈17 ≈20.3 24.5561 54.3584 83.8058 234.3156 273.16 302.9146 429.7485 505.078 692.677 933.473 1234.93 1337.33 1357.77
1-15
t90 (°C)
–270.15 to –268.15 –259.3467 ≈ –256.15 ≈ –252.85 –248.5939 –218.7916 –189.3442 –38.8344 0.01 29.7646 156.5985 231.928 419.527 660.323 961.78 1064.18 1084.62
INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) (continued) Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 (continued) a
b
c
e-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. VP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. Previously, these were secondary fixed points.
Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef.or constant A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B C
3He 0.65—3.2 K
4He 1.25—2.1768 K
1.053 447 0.980 106 0.676 380 0.372 692 0.151 656 –0.002 263 0.006 596 0.088 966 –0.004 770 –0.054 943 7.3 4.3
1.392 408 0.527 153 0.166 756 0.050 988 0.026 514 0.001 975 –0.017 976 0.005 409 0.013 259 0 5.6 2.9
1-16
4He 2.1768—5.0 K
3.146 631 1.357 655 0.413 923 0.091 159 0.016 349 0.001 826 –0.004 325 –0.004 973 0 0 10.3 1.9
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range -180 to 4000°C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064°C range. REFERENCES 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 1545, 1992. t/°C
t90-t68
t90-t48
t/°C
t90-t68
t90-t48
t/°C
t90-t68
t90-t48
-180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 -0.002 -0.005 -0.007 -0.010 -0.013 -0.016 -0.018 -0.021 -0.024 -0.026 -0.028 -0.030 -0.032 -0.034 -0.036 -0.037 -0.038 -0.039 -0.039 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040 -0.040
0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 -0.006 -0.012 -0.016 -0.020 -0.023 -0.026 -0.026 -0.027 -0.027 -0.026 -0.024 -0.023 -0.020 -0.018 -0.016 -0.012 -0.009 -0.005 -0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024
270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710
-0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.039 -0.040 -0.040 -0.041 -0.042 -0.043 -0.045 -0.046 -0.048 -0.051 -0.053 -0.056 -0.059 -0.062 -0.065 -0.068 -0.072 -0.075 -0.079 -0.083 -0.087 -0.090 -0.094 -0.098 -0.101 -0.105 -0.108 -0.112 -0.115 -0.118 -0.122 -0.125 -0.11 -0.10 -0.09 -0.07 -0.05 -0.04 -0.02 -0.01
0.028 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41
720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.03 -0.05 -0.06 -0.08 -0.10 -0.11 -0.13 -0.15 -0.16 -0.18 -0.19 -0.20 -0.22 -0.23 -0.23 -0.24 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.30 -0.35 -0.39 -0.44 -0.49 -0.54
0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1
1-17
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 (continued) t/°C
t90-t68
t90-t48
T/K
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000
-0.60 -0.66 -0.72 -0.79 -0.85 -0.93 -1.00 -1.07 -1.15 -1.24 -1.32 -1.41 -1.50 -1.59 -1.69 -1.78 -1.89 -1.99 -2.10 -2.21 -2.32 -2.43 -2.55
2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8
T/K
T90-T76
T90-T68
-0.0001 -0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0004 -0.0005 -0.0006 -0.0007 -0.0008 -0.0010 -0.0011 -0.0013 -0.0014 -0.0016 -0.0018 -0.0020 -0.0022 -0.0025 -0.0027 -0.0030 -0.0032 -0.0035 -0.0038 -0.0041
-0.006 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009 -0.008 -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.005 -0.004 -0.004
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
T90-T76
1-18
T90-T68
T/K
-0.005 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008 -0.008 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.005 -0.005 -0.004 -0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
T90-T76
T90-T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 -0.006 -0.031 -0.040 -0.040 -0.055 -0.089 -0.124
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
1 SI base units Table 1 gives the seven base quantities, assumed to be mutually independent, on which the SI is founded; and the names and symbols of their respective units, called ``SI base units.' ' Definitions of the SI base units are given in Appendix A. The kelvin and its symbol K are also used to express the value of a temperature interval or a temperature difference.
Table 1. SI base units SI base unit Base quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity
Name
Symbol
meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela
m kg s A K mol cd
2 SI deriived units Derived units are expressed algebraically in terms of base units or other derived units (including the radian and steradian which are the two supplementary units – see Sec. 3). The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical operations of multiplication and division. For example, the derived unit for the derived quantity molar mass (mass divided by amount of substance) is the kilogram per mole, symbol kg/mol. Additional examples of derived units expressed in terms of SI base units are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Examples of SI derived units expressed in terms of SI base units SI derived unit Derived quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number mass density (density) specific volume current density magnetic field strength amount-of-substance concentration (concentration) luminance
2.1
Name
Symbol
square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter
m2 m3 m/s m/s 2 m21 kg/m 3 m 3 /kg A/m 2 A/m
mole per cubic meter candela per square meter
mol/m 3 cd/m 2
SI derived units with special names and symbols
Certain SI derived units have special names and symbols; these are given in Tables 3a and 3b. As discussed in Sec. 3, the radian and steradian, which are the two supplementary units, are included in Table 3a.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Table 3a. SI derived units with special names and symbols, including the radian and steradian SI derived unit Derived quantity
Special name
plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential, potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature(a) luminous flux illuminance (a) (b)
Special symbol
Expression in terms of other SI units
Expression in terms of SI base units
radian steradian hertz newton pascal
rad sr Hz N Pa
N/m2
m ? m21 = 1 m 2 ? m22 = 1 s21 m ? kg ? s22 m21 ? kg ? s22
joule watt
J W
N?m J/s
m2 ? kg ? s22 m2 ? kg ? s23
coulomb
C
volt farad ohm siemens weber tesla henry degree Celsius lumen lux
V F V S Wb T H 8C lm lx
s?A W/A C/V V/A A/V V?s Wb/m2 Wb/A cd ? sr lm/m2
m2 ? kg ? s23 ? A21 m22 ? kg21 ? s4 ? A2 m2 ? kg ? s23 ? A22 m22 ? kg21 ? s3 ? A2 m2 ? kg ? s22 ? A21 kg ? s22 ? A21 m2 ? kg ? s22 ? A22 K cd ? sr (b) m22 ? cd ? sr (b)
See Sec. 2.1.1. The steradian (sr) is not an SI base unit. However, in photometry the steradian (sr) is maintained in expressions for units (see Sec. 3).
Table 3b. SI derived units with special names and symbols admitted for reasons of safeguarding human health (a) SI derived unit Derived quantity
Special name
Special symbol
Expression in terms of other SI units
Expression in terms of SI base units
activity (of a radionuclide)
becquerel
Bq
absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma
gray
Gy
J/kg
m2 ? s22
dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, equivalent dose
sievert
Sv
J/kg
m2 ? s22
(a)
s21
The derived quantities to be expressed in the gray and the sievert have been revised in accordance with the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU).
2.1.1 Degree Celsius In addition to the quantity thermodynamic temperature (symbol T ), expressed in the unit kelvin, use is also made of the quantity Celsius temperature (symbol t ) defined by the equation t = T2T 0 , where T 0 = 273.15 K by definition. To express Celsius temperature, the unit degree Celsius, symbol 8C, which is equal in magnitude to the unit kelvin, is used; in this case, ``degree Celsius' ' is a special name used in place of ``kelvin.' ' An interval or difference of Celsius temperature can, however, be expressed in the unit kelvin as well as in the unit degree Celsius. (Note that the thermodynamic temperature T0 is exactly 0.01 K below the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.)
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)
2.2
Use of SI derived units with special names and symbols
Examples of SI derived units that can be expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols (including the radian and steradian) are given in Table 4. Table 4. Examples of SI derived units expressed with the aid of SI derived units having special names and symbols SI derived unit Derived quantity angular velocity angular acceleration dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension heat flux density, irradiance radiant intensity radiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and g rays) absorbed dose rate (a)
Name
Symbol
Expression in terms of SI base units
radian per second radian per second squared pascal second newton meter newton per meter
rad/s rad/s 2 Pa ? s N?m N/m
m ? m 21 ? s 21 = s 21 m ? m 21 ? s 22 = s 22 m21 ? kg ? s21 m 2 ? kg ? s22 kg ? s22
watt per square meter watt per steradian watt per square meter steradian joule per kelvin joule per kilogram kelvin joule per kilogram watt per meter kelvin joule per cubic meter volt per meter coulomb per cubic meter coulomb per square meter farad per meter henry per meter joule per mole
W/m 2 W/sr
kg ? s23 m 2 ? kg ? s 23 ? sr 21 (a)
W/(m 2 ? sr) J/K
kg ? s 23 ? sr 21 (a) m 2 ? kg ? s22 ? K21
J/(kg ? K) J/kg W/(m ? K) J/m 3 V/m C/m 3 C/m 2 F/m H/m J/mol
m 2 ? s22 ? K21 m 2 ? s22 m ? kg ? s23 ? K21 m21 ? kg ? s22 m ? kg ? s23 ? A21 m23 ? s ? A m22 ? s ? A m23 ? kg21 ? s4 ? A2 m ? kg ? s22 ? A22 m 2 ? kg ? s22 ? mol21
joule per mole kelvin coulomb per kilogram gray per second
J/(mol ? K) C/kg Gy/s
m 2 ? kg ? s22 ? K21 ? mol21 kg21 ? s ? A m 2 ? s23
The steradian (sr) is not an SI base unit. However, in radiometry the steradian (sr) is maintained in expressions for units (see Sec. 3).
The advantages of using the special names and symbols of SI derived units are apparent in Table 4. Consider, for example, the quantity molar entropy: the unit J/(mol ? K) is obviously more easily understood than its SI base-unit equivalent, m 2 ? kg ? s 22 ? K 21 ? mol 21. Nevertheless, it should always be recognized that the special names and symbols exist for convenience; either the form in which special names or symbols are used for certain combinations of units or the form in which they are not used is correct. For example, because of the descriptive value implicit in the compound-unit form, communication is sometimes facilitated if magnetic flux (see Table 3a) is expressed in terms of the volt second (V ? s) instead of the weber (Wb). Tables 3a, 3b, and 4 also show that the values of several different quantities are expressed in the same SI unit. For example, the joule per kelvin (J/K) is the SI unit for heat capacity as well as for entropy. Thus the name of the unit is not sufficient to define the quantity measured. A derived unit can often be expressed in several different ways through the use of base units and derived units with special names. In practice, with certain quantities, preference is given to using certain units with special names, or combinations of units, to facilitate the distinction between quantities whose values have identical expressions in terms of SI base units. For example, the SI unit of frequency is specified as the hertz (Hz) rather than the reciprocal second (s 21 ), and the SI unit of moment of force is specified as the newton meter (N ? m) rather than the joule (J).
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)
Similarly, in the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated as the becquerel (Bq) rather than the reciprocal second (s 21 ), and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent are designated as the gray (Gy) and the sievert (Sv), respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram (J/kg). 3 SI supplementary units As previously stated, there are two units in this class: the radian, symbol rad, the SI unit of the quantity plane angle; and the steradian, symbol sr, the SI unit of the quantity solid angle. Definitions of these units are given in Appendix A. The SI supplementary units are now interpreted as so-called dimensionless derived units for which the CGPM allows the freedom of using or not using them in expressions for SI derived units.3 Thus the radian and steradian are not given in a separate table but have been included in Table 3a together with other derived units with special names and symbols (seeSec.2.1). This interpretation of the supplementary units implies that plane angle and solid angle are considered derived quantities of dimension one (so-called dimensionless quantities), each of which has the which has the unit one, symbol 1, as its coherent SI unit. However, in practice, when one expresses the values of derived quantities involving plane angle or solid angle, it often aids understanding if the special names (or symbols) ``radian' ' (rad) or ``steradian' ' (sr) are used in place of the number 1. For example, although values of the derived quantity angular velocity (plane angle divided by time) may be expressed in the unit s21, such values are usually expressed in the unit rad/s. Because the radian and steradian are now viewed as so-called dimensionless derived units, the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU, Comité Consultatif des Unités) of the CIPM as result of a 1993 request it received from ISO/TC12, recommended to the CIPM that it request the CGPM to abolish the class of supplementary units as a separate class in the SI. The CIPM accepted the CCU recommendation, and if the abolishment is approved by the CGPM as is likely (the question will be on the agenda of the 20th CGPM, October 1995), the SI will consist of only two classes of units: base units and derived units, with the radian and steradian subsumed into the class of derived units of the SI. (The option of using or not using them in expressions for SI derived units, as is convenient, would remain unchanged.) 4 Decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units: SI prefixes Table 5 gives the SI prefixes that are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units. They allow very large or very small numerical values to be avoided. A prefix attaches directly to the name of a unit, and a prefix symbol attaches directly to the symbol for a unit. For example, one kilometer, symbol 1 km, is equal to one thousand meters, symbol 1000 m or 103 m. When prefixes are attached to SI units, the units so formed are called ``multiples and submultiples of SI units' ' in order to distinguish them from the coherent system of SI units.
Note:
3
Alternative definitions of the SI prefixes and their symbols are not permitted. For example, it is unacceptable to use kilo (k) to represent 2 10 = 1024, mega (M) to represent 2 20 = 1 048 576, or giga (G) to represent 2 30 = 1 073 741 824.
This interpretation was given in 1980 by the CIPM . It was deemed necessary because Resolution 12 of the 11th CGPM, which established the SI in 1960 , did not specify the nature of the supplementary units. The interpretation is based on two principal considerations: that plane angle is generally expressed as the ratio of two lengths and solid angle as the ratio of an area and the square of a length, and are thus quantities of dimension one (so-called dimensionless quantities); and that treating the radian and steradian as SI base units – a possibility not disallowed by Resolution 12 – could compromise the internal coherence of the SI based on only seven base units. (See ISO 31-0 for a discussion of the concept of dimension.)
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)
Table 5. SI prefixes Factor
Prefix
10 24 10 21 10 18 10 15 10 12 10 9 10 6 10 3 10 2 10 1
= = = = = = = =
(10 3 ) 8 (10 3 ) 7 (10 3 ) 6 (10 3 ) 5 (10 3 ) 4 (10 3 ) 3 (10 3 ) 2 (10 3 ) 1
5
Units Outside the SI
Symbol
yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka
Y Z E P T G M k h da
Factor 1021 1022 1023 1026 1029 10212 10215 10218 10221 10224
= = = = = = = =
Prefix
Symbol
deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto
(10 3 ) 21 (10 3 ) 22 (10 3 ) 23 (10 3 ) 24 (10 3 ) 25 (10 3 ) 26 (10 3 ) 27 (10 3 ) 28
d c m m n p f a z y
Units that are outside the SI may be divided into three categories: –
those units that are accepted for use with the SI;
– those units that are temporarily accepted for use with the SI; and – those units that are not accepted for use with the SI and thus must strictly be avoided. 5.1
Units accepted for use with the SI The following sections discuss in detail the units that are acceptable for use with the SI.
5.1.1
Hour, degree, liter, and the like
Certain units that are not part of the SI are essential and used so widely that they are accepted by the CIPM for use with the SI. These units are given in Table 6. The combination of units of this table with SI units to form derived units should be restricted to special cases in order not to lose the advantages of the coherence of SI units. Additionally, it is recognized that it may be necessary on occasion to use time-related units other than those given in Table 6; in particular, circumstances may require that intervals of time be expressed in weeks, months, or years. In such cases, if a standardized symbol for the unit is not available, the name of the unit should be written out in full.
Table 6. Units accepted for use with the SI Name
Symbol
6 6
minute hour time day degree minute plane angle second liter metric ton (c)
min h d 8 ' " l, L (b) t
Value in SI units 1 min 1h 1d 18 1' 1" 1L 1t
= = = = = = = =
60 s 60 min = 3600 s 24 h = 86 400 s (p/180) rad (1/60)8=(p/10 800) rad (1/60)' =(p/648 000) rad 1 dm3 = 1023 m3 10 3 kg
(b)
The alternative symbol for the liter, L, was adopted by the CGPM in order to avoid the risk of confusion between the letter l and the number 1 . Thus, although both l and L are internationally accepted symbols for the liter, to avoid this risk the symbol to be used in the United States is L . The script letter , is not an approved symbol for the liter.
(c)
This is the name to be used for this unit in the United States; it is also used in some other English-speaking countries. However, ``tonne' ' is used in many countries.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)
5.1.2
Neper, bel, shannon, and the like
There are a few highly specialized units not listed in Table 6 that are given by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and which are also acceptable for use with the SI. They include the neper (Np), bel (B), octave, phon, and sone, and units used in information technology, including the baud (Bd), bit (bit), erlang (E), hartley (Hart), and shannon (Sh).4 It is the position of NIST that the only such additional units that may be used with the SI are those given in either the International Standards on quantities and units of ISO or of IEC . 5.1.3
Electronvolt and unified atomic mass unit
The CIPM also finds it necessary to accept for use with the SI the two units given in Table 7. These units are used in specialized fields; their values in SI units must be obtained from experiment and, therefore, are not known exactly.
Note :
In some fields the unified atomic mass unit is called the dalton, symbol Da; however, this name and symbol are not accepted by the CGPM, CIPM, ISO, or IEC for use with the SI. Similarly, AMU is not an acceptable unit symbol for the unified atomic mass unit. The only allowed name is ``unified atomic mass unit' ' and the only allowed symbol is u.
Table 7. Units accepted for use with the SI whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name electronvolt unified atomic mass unit (a)
Symbol eV u
Definition (a) (b)
The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum; 1 eV = 1.602 177 33310219 J with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.000 000 49310219 J . The unified atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12 C; 1 u = 1.660 540 23 10227 kg with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.000 001 0310227 kg .
(b)
5.1.4
Natural and atomic units
In some cases, particularly in basic science, the values of quantities are expressed in terms of fundamental constants of nature or so-called natural units.The use of these units with the SI is permissible when it is necessary for the most effective communication of information. In such cases, the specific natural units that are used must be identified. This requirement applies even to the system of units customarily called ``atomicunits' ' used in theoretical atomic physics and chemistry, inasmuch as there are several different systems that have the appellation ``atomic units.'' Examples of physical quantities used as natural units are given in Table 8. NIST also takes the position that while theoretical results intended primarily for other theorists may be left in natural units, if they are also intended for experimentalists, they must also be given in acceptable units.
4
The symbol in parentheses following the name of the unit is its internationally accepted unit symbol, but the octave, phon, and sone have no such unit symbols. For additional information on the neper and bel, see Sec. 0.5 of ISO 31-2. The question of the byte (B) is under international consideration.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued) Table 8. Examples of physical quantities sometimes used as natural units Kind of quantity
Physical quantity used as a unit
action electric charge energy length length magnetic flux magnetic moment magnetic moment mass mass speed
Planck constant divided by 2p elementary charge Hartree energy Bohr radius Compton wavelength (electron) magnetic flux quantum Bohr magneton nuclear magneton electron rest mass proton rest mass speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum
5.2
Symbol
h e Eh a0 lC F0 mB mN me mp c
Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI
Because of existing practice in certain fields or countries, in 1978 the CIPM considered that it was permissible for the units given in Table 9 to continue to be used with the SI until the CIPM considers that their use is no longer necessary. However, these units must not be introduced where they are not presently used. Further, NIST strongly discourages the continued use of these units except for the nautical mile, knot, are, and hectare; and except for the curie, roentgen, rad, and rem until the year 2000 (the cessation date suggested by the Committee for Ineragency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination or CIRRPC, a United States Government interagency group). 5
Table 9. Units temporarily accepted for use with the SI (a) Name nautical mile knot ångström are(b) hectare(b) barn bar gal curie roentgen rad rem (a) (b) (c)
Symbol
Å a ha b bar Gal Ci R rad (c) rem
Value in SI units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10210 m 1 a = 1 dam2 = 10 2 m2 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 10 4 m2 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10228 m2 1 bar=0.1 MPa=100 kPa=1000 hPa=10 5 Pa 1 Gal = 1 cm/s 2 = 1022 m/s 2 1 Ci = 3.731010 Bq 1 R = 2.5831024 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 1022 Gy 1 rem = 1 cSv = 1022 Sv
See Sec. 5.2 regarding the continued use of these units. This unit and its symbol are used to express agrarian areas. When there is risk of confusion with the symbol for the radian, rd may be used as the symbol for rad.
5 In 1993 the CCU (see Sec. 3) was requested by ISO/TC 12 to consider asking the CIPM to deprecate the use of the units of Table 9 except for the nautical mile and knot, and possibly the are and hectare. The CCU discussed this request at its February 1995 meeting.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (continued)
Appendix A. A.1
Definitions of the SI Base Units and the Radian and Steradian
Introduction
The following definitions of the SI base units are taken from NIST SP 330; the definitions of the SI supplementary units, the radian and steradian, which are now interpreted as SI derived units (see Sec. 3), are those generally accepted and are the same as those given in ANSI/IEEE Std 268-1992. SI derived units are uniquely defined only in terms of SI base units; for example, 1 V = 1 m 2 ? kg ? s 23 ? A 21. A.2
Meter (17th CGPM, 1983)
The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. A.3
Kilogram (3d CGPM, 1901)
The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. A.4
Second (13th CGPM, 1967)
The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium- 133 atom. A.5
Ampere (9th CGPM, 1948)
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 3 10 27 newton per meter of length. A.6
Kelvin (13th CGPM, 1967)
The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. A.7
Mole (14th CGPM, 1971)
1. The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. 2. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. In the definition of the mole, it is understood that unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in their ground state, are referred to. Note that this definition specifies at the same time the nature of the quantity whose unit is the mole. A.8
Candela (16th CGPM, 1979)
The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 3 10 12 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of ( 1/ 683) watt per steradian. A.9
Radian
The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. A.10
Steradian
The steradian is the solid angle that, having its vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.
CONVERSION FACTORS The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this Section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI Prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g., 1 calth = 4.184 J 1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J Thus, 1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits which indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example: 3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10-2 or 0.035 239 07 Similarly: 3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103 or 3 386.389 A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: (1) If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97 (2) If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 (3) If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example: 6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 (4) If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950
REFERENCE Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1995.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Factors in boldface are exact To convert from
to
Multiply by
abampere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abcoulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+01 E+01
abfarad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abhenry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abmho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siemens (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+09 Eⴚ09 E+09
abohm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 abvolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 acceleration of free fall, standard (g n ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.046 873
Eⴚ09 Eⴚ08
acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.233 489 ampere hour (A ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
E+03 E+03
ångstro¨ m (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ångstro¨ m (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nanometer (nm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . are (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . astronomical unit (AU). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atmosphere, standard (atm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atmosphere, standard (atm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atmosphere, technical (at) 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eⴚ10 Eⴚ01 E+02 E+11 E+05 E+02
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.495 979 1.013 25 1.013 25
9.806 65 atmosphere, technical (at) 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
bar (bar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar (bar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barn (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . biot (Bi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit IT (BtuIT )11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit th (Btuth )11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (mean) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (39 ⬚F) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (59 ⬚F) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unit (60 ⬚F) (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ⭈ ft/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ⭈ ft/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . .
E+03
E+04 E+01
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.589 873 1.589 873 1.0 1.055 056
E+05 E+02 Eⴚ28 E⫺01 E+02 E+01 E+03
1.054 350 1.055 87 1.059 67 1.054 80 1.054 68
E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03
1.730 735
E+00
1.729 577
E+00
British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ⭈ in/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.442 279 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ⭈ in/(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.441 314 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ⭈ in/(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.192 204
9
E+00
E⫺01 E⫺01 E+02
The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm 2 ). 11 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for International Table used in this listing is subscript ‘‘IT’’. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript ‘‘th.’’ Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btu th , is based on the thermochemical calorie, cal th , where cal th = 4.184 J exactly. 10
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ⭈ in/(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT /ft3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per cubic meter (J/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth /ft3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per cubic meter (J/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT / ⬚F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth /⬚F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine (BtuIT /⬚R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth /⬚R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kelvin (J/ k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT /h) . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth /h). . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(h ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth /min) . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT /lb). . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth /lb) . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(lb ⭈ ⬚F)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(lb ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine [BtuIT /(lb ⭈ ⬚R)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine [Btuth /(lb ⭈ ⬚R)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT /s) . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per second (Btuth /s) . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(s ⭈ ft2 ⭈ ⬚F)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT /ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth /ft2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT /(ft2 ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth /(ft2 ⭈ h)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth /(ft2 ⭈ min)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT /(ft2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth /(ft2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth /(in2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Multiply by 5.188 732
E+02
3.725 895
E+04
3.723 403
E+04
1.899 101
E+03
1.897 830
E+03
1.899 101
E+03
1.897 830 2.930 711
E+03 E⫺01
2.928 751
E⫺01
5.678 263
E+00
5.674 466 1.757 250
E+00 E+01
2.326 2.324 444
E+03 E+03
4.1868
E+03
4.184
E+03
4.1868
E+03
4.184 1.055 056 1.054 350
E+03 E+03 E+03
2.044 175
E+04
2.042 808
E+04
1.135 653
E+04
1.134 893
E+04
3.154 591
E+00
3.152 481
E+00
1.891 489
E+02
1.135 653
E+04
1.134 893
E+04
1.634 246
E+06
To convert from
to
Multiply by 3
bushel (U.S.) (bu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.523 907
E⫺02
bushel (U.S.) (bu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.523 907
E+01
calorie IT (calIT) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie th (calth) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (cal) (mean) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (15 ⬚C) (cal 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (20 ⬚C) (cal 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1868 4.184
E+00 E+00
4.190 02 4.185 80 4.181 90
E+00 E+00 E+00
4.1868 4.184 4.190 02
E+03 E+03 E+03
4.184 4.1868 4.184
E+02 E+03 E+03
4.1868
E+03
4.184 4.1868 4.184 6.973 333 4.184 4.184
E+03 E+03 E+03 E⫺02 E+00 E+04
6.973 333
E+02
4.184 1.550 003 2.0 2.0 1.333 22 1.333 22 1.333 224 1.333 224 9.806 38
E+04 E+03 Eⴚ04 Eⴚ01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+01
9.806 65 1.0 1.0 2.011 684 5.067 075 5.067 075 1.55 3.624 556 2.831 685 4.719 474 4.719 474 2.831 685
E+01 Eⴚ03 Eⴚ06 E+01 E⫺10 E⫺04 E⫺01 E+00 E⫺02 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺02
calorieIT , kilogram (nutrition) 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth , kilogram (nutrition) 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition) 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth /(cm ⭈ s ⭈ ⬚C)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieIT per gram (calIT /g). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per gram (calth /g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram (J/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT /(g ⭈ ⬚C)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth /(g ⭈ ⬚C)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ⭈ K)]. . . . . . . . . . calorieIT per gram kelvin [cal IT /(g ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J / (kg ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . calorieth per gram kelvin [cal th / (g ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per kilogram kelvin [J / (kg ⭈ K)] . . . . . . . . . calorieth per minute (calth /min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per second (calth /s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per square centimeter (calth /cm2). . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth /(cm2 ⭈ min)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calorieth per square centimeter second [calth /(cm2 ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square inch (cd/in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . carat, metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carat, metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury (0 ⬚C) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury (0 ⬚C) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg) 13 . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg) 13 . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of water (4 ⬚C) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter of water, conventional (cmH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centipoise (cP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centistokes (cSt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter squared per second (m2 /s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . circular mil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . circular mil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square millimeter (mm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ⭈ K /W). . . . . . . cord (128 ft 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot (ft3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per second (L / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic foot per second (ft3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The kilogram calorie or ‘‘large calorie’’ is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix ‘‘kilo’’ is usually omitted. 13 Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
Multiply by
cubic inch (in3) 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.638 706 cubic inch per minute (in3 /min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.731 177 cubic mile (mi3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.168 182 cubic yard (yd3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.645 549
E⫺05 E⫺07 E+09 E⫺01
cubic yard per minute (yd3 /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.274 258 cup (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.365 882 cup (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.365 882
E⫺02 E⫺04 E⫺01
cup (U.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.365 882 curie (Ci) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . becquerel (Bq) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7
E+02 E+10
darcy15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter squared (m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.869 233 day (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.64
E⫺13 E+04
day (sidereal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.616 409 debye (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb meter (C ⭈ m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.335 641
E+04 E⫺30
degree (angle) (⬚). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.745 329 E⫺02 degree Celsius (temperature) (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T / K = t / ⬚C+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature) 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t / ⬚C ≈ t / deg. cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval) 16 . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (⬚F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t / ⬚C = (t / ⬚F ⫺ 32) / 1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (⬚F). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T / K = (t / ⬚F + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(⬚F) . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.555 556 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(⬚F) . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.555 556 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unit IT (⬚F ⭈ h / Btu IT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unit th (⬚F ⭈ h / Btu th). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /BtuIT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . 1.761 102 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /Btuth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . 1.762 280 E⫺01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /(BtuIT ⭈ in)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter kelvin per watt (m ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch [⬚F ⭈ h ⭈ ft2 /(Btuth ⭈ in)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter kelvin per watt (m ⭈ K /W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.938 112 E+00 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unit IT (⬚F ⭈ s / Btu IT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.265 651 E⫺04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unit th (⬚F ⭈ s / Btu th) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin per watt (K / W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.269 175 E⫺04 degree Rankine (⬚R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .T / K = (T / ⬚R) / 1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (⬚R) . . . . . . . . . kelvin (K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.555 556 E⫺01 denier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.111 111 E⫺07 denier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram per meter (g/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.111 111 E⫺04 dyne (dyn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ05
dyne centimeter (dyn ⭈ cm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ07 Eⴚ01
electronvolt (eV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.602 177
E⫺19
EMU of capacitance (abfarad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 EMU of current (abampere). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 EMU of electric potential (abvolt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+09 E+01 Eⴚ08
EMU of inductance (abhenry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ09
14
The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E⫺05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. 16 The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. 15
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
Multiply by
EMU of resistance (abohm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ09
erg (erg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ07
erg per second (erg/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ07
erg per square centimeter second |1obrkt㜸1ru|/ (cm2 ⭈ s)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of capacitance (statfarad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of current (statampere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of electric potential (statvolt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of inductance (stathenry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ESU of resistance (statohm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0
Eⴚ03
1.112 650 3.335 641 2.997 925 8.987 552 8.987 552
E⫺12 E⫺10 E+02 E+11 E+11
faraday (based on carbon 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.648 531 fathom (based on U.S. survey foot)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.828 804 fermi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 fermi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . femtometer (fm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353 foot (ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.048 foot (U.S. survey) (ft)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.048 006
E+04
footcandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lux (lx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.076 391 footlambert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.426 259 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.063 666
E+00 Eⴚ15 E+00 E⫺05 E+01 Eⴚ01 E⫺01 E+01 E+00
4.063 666 2.988 98
E+04 E+01 E+03
2.988 98 2.989 067 2.989 067 8.466 667 5.08 3.048
E+00 E+03 E+00 E⫺05 Eⴚ03 Eⴚ01
3.048 4.214 011 1.355 818 3.766 161 2.259 697 1.355 818
Eⴚ01 E⫺02 E+00 E⫺04 E⫺02 E+00
8.630 975 franklin (Fr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.335 641
E⫺03 E⫺10
gal (Gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal) . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal) . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) (gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0 4.546 09 4.546 09
Eⴚ02 Eⴚ03 E+00
3.785 412 3.785 412 4.381 264 4.381 264
E⫺03 E+00 E⫺08 E⫺05
1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per joule (L / J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal / min) . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.309 020 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm) (gal / min) . . . . . . . . . . . liter per second (L / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.309 020
E⫺09
foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water (39.2 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water (39.2 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water, conventional (ftH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot of water, conventional (ftH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per hour (ft/h). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per minute (ft/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per second (ft/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot per second squared (ft/s2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . foot foot foot foot foot foot
poundal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force (ft ⭈ lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force per hour (ft ⭈ lbf/h). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force per minute (ft ⭈ lbf/min) . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force per second (ft ⭈ lbf/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the fourth power (ft 4) 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter to the fourth power (m4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gallon (U.S.) (gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) per day (gal / d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per second (m3 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) per day (gal / d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per second (L / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter per joule (m3 /J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17 This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the ‘‘moment of section’’ or ‘‘area moment of inertia’’ of a plane section about a specified axis.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E⫺06 E⫺05 E⫺02
To convert from
to
Multiply by
gamma (␥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tesla (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ09
gauss (Gs, G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tesla (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ04
gilbert (Gi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi) . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi) . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill (U.S.) (gi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gill (U.S.) (gi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gon (also called grade) (gon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gon (also called grade) (gon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree (angle) (⬚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grain (gr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grain (gr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milligram (mg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr / gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.957 747 1.420 653 1.420 653 1.182 941 1.182 941 1.570 796 9.0 6.479 891 6.479 891
E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺02 Eⴚ01 Eⴚ05 E+01
1.711 806 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr / gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milligram per liter (mg / L). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.711 806 gram-force per square centimeter (gf / cm 2). . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 gram per cubic centimeter (g / cm 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E⫺02 E+01 E+01
hectare (ha) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (550 ft ⭈ lbf/s) (hp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (boiler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (electric). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (metric). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (U.K.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . horsepower (water). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hour (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hour (sidereal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hundredweight (long, 112 lb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hundredweight (short, 100 lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0 7.456 999 9.809 50 7.46 7.354 988 7.4570 7.460 43 3.6 3.590 170 5.080 235 4.535 924
E+04 E+02 E+03 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+01 E+01
inch (in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch (in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . centimeter (cm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (32 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (32 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (60 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury (60 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury, conventional (inHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of mercury, conventional (inHg) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of water (39.2 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of water (60 ⬚F) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inch of water, conventional (inH 2 O) 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.54 2.54 3.386 38 3.386 38 3.376 85
Eⴚ02 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03
3.376 85 3.386 389 3.386 389 2.490 82 2.4884
E+00 E+03 E+00 E+02 E+02
2.490 889 inch per second (in/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 inch per second squared (in/s2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second squared (m/s2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 inch to the fourth power (in4) 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter to the fourth power (m4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.162 314
E+03
E+02 Eⴚ02 Eⴚ02 E⫺07
E+02 kayser (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reciprocal meter (m ⫺1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 kelvin (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree Celsius (⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t / ⬚C = T / K ⫺ 273.15 E+03 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.184 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.190 02 E+03 E+01 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth /min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.973 333 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth / s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.184 E+03 kilogram-force (kgf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 kilogram-force meter (kgf ⭈ m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E+00 E+00
To convert from
to
Multiply by
kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+04
kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+01
kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2). . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+00
kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+06
kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megapascal (MPa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+00
kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ⭈ s 2 /m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E+00
kilometer per hour (km/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.777 778 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65
E⫺01 E+00
kilowatt hour (kW ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6
E+06
kilowatt hour (kW ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megajoule (MJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 222
E+00 E+03
kip (1 kip=1000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilonewton (kN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 222
E+00
kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.894 757 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.894 757 knot (nautical mile per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.144 444
E+06 E+03 E⫺01
lambert 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.183 099 langley (cal th /cm 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule per square meter (J/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.184 light year (l.y.)19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.460 73 liter (L) 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+03 E+04 E+15 Eⴚ03
lumen per square foot (lm/ft 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lux (lx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.076 391
E+01
maxwell (Mx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weber (Wb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 mho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siemens (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ08 E+00
microinch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 microinch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . micrometer (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 micron () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
Eⴚ08 Eⴚ02 Eⴚ06
micron () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . micrometer (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 mil (0.001 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54 mil (0.001 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.54
E+00 Eⴚ05 Eⴚ02
mil (angle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.817 477 mil (angle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . degree (⬚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.625 mile (mi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344
E⫺04 Eⴚ02 E+03
mile (mi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer (km). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi) 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 347 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi) 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer (km). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 347
E+00 E+03
E+00 mile, nautical 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.852 E+03 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per cubic meter (m/m 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.251 437 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer per liter (km /L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.251 437 E⫺01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km) . . . . . . . .divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mile per hour (mi/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4704 Eⴚ01 mile per hour (mi/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilometer per hour (km/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344 E+00
18
The exact conversion factor is 10 4 /. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995 , page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994). 20 In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name ‘‘liter’’ as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. 21 The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name ‘‘International nautical mile.’’ 22 For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. 19
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
Multiply by
mile per minute (mi/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.682 24
E+01
mile per second (mi/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter per second (m/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.609 344 millibar (mbar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+03 E+02
millibar (mbar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.333 224 9.806 65
Eⴚ01 E+02 E+00
2.908 882 6.0
E⫺04 E+01
minute (sidereal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.983 617
E+01
oersted (Oe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere per meter (A/m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.957 747 ohm centimeter (⍀ ⭈ cm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm meter (⍀ ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
E+01 Eⴚ02
ohm circular-mil per foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm meter (⍀ ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.662 426
E⫺09
ohm circular-mil per foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm square millimeter per meter (⍀ ⭈ mm 2 / m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.662 426
E⫺03
ounce (avoirdupois) (oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) (oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E⫺02 E+01 E⫺02 E+01
millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)13 . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter of water, conventional (mmH 2 O)13 . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minute (angle) (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minute (min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.834 952 2.834 952 3.110 348 3.110 348
ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.841 306 ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.841 306
E+01
ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.957 353
E⫺05 E+01
ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ⭈ in) . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ⭈ in) . . . . . . . . . . . . millinewton meter (mN ⭈ m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz / in3) . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz / gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz / gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram per liter (g / L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz / gal) . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon(U.S.)(oz / gal). . . . . . . . gram per liter (g / L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz / ft2). . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz / in2) . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard (oz / yd2) . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.780 139 7.061 552 7.061 552 1.729 994
E⫺01 E⫺03 E+00 E+03
6.236 023
E+00
6.236 023 7.489 152 7.489 152 3.051 517
E+00 E+00 E+00 E⫺01
4.394 185 3.390 575
E+01 E⫺02
parsec (pc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peck (U.S.) (pk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . peck (U.S.) (pk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pennyweight (dwt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pennyweight (dwt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm (0 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m2)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm (23 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m2)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm inch (0 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perm inch (23 ⬚C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ⭈ s ⭈ m)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.085 678 8.809 768 8.809 768 1.555 174 1.555 174
E+16 E⫺03 E+00 E⫺03 E+00
5.721 35
E⫺11
5.745 25
E⫺11
1.453 22
E⫺12
1.459 29
E⫺12
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E⫺05
To convert from
to
phot (ph) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lux (lx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pica (computer) (1/6 in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pica (computer) (1/6 in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pica (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multiply by 1.0 4.233 333 4.233 333 4.217 518
E+04 E⫺03 E+00 E⫺03
pica (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.217 518 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.506 105 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.506 105 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.731 765
E+00
pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.731 765 point (computer) (1/72 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.527 778 point (computer) (1/72 in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.527 778
E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01 E⫺04 E⫺01
point (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . point (printer’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . millimeter (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . poise (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound (avoirdupois) (lb)23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.514 598 3.514 598 1.0
E⫺04 E⫺01 Eⴚ01
4.535 924 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.732 417 poundal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.382 550 poundal per square foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.488 164
E⫺01 E⫺01 E⫺01 E+00
poundal second per square foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound foot squared (lb ⭈ ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram meter squared (kg ⭈ m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force (lbf)24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force foot (lbf ⭈ ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force foot per inch (lbf ⭈ ft/in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter per meter (N ⭈ m/m) . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.488 164
E+00
4.214 011 4.448 222 1.355 818 5.337 866
E⫺02 E+00 E+00 E+01
pound-force inch (lbf ⭈ in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter (N ⭈ m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.129 848 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ⭈ in/in) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton meter per meter (N ⭈ m/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.448 222 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton per meter (N/m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.459 390
E⫺01 E+00 E+01
pound-force per inch (lbf/in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton per meter (N/m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.751 268 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton per kilogram (N/kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.806 65 pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.788 026 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2 ) . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.894 757
E+02
pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2 ) . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force second per square foot (lbf ⭈ s/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound-force second per square inch (lbf ⭈ s/in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound inch squared (lb ⭈ in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram meter squared (kg ⭈ m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per cubic inch (lb/in3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per foot (lb/ft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.894 757
E+00
4.788 026
E+01
6.894 757
E+03
2.926 397 1.601 846
E⫺04 E+01
2.767 990 5.932 764 1.488 164 4.133 789
E+04 E⫺01 E+00 E⫺04
pound per foot second [lb/(ft ⭈ s)]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.488 164 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.977 637 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per liter (kg/L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.977 637 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.198 264
E+00
E+00 E+01 E+03
E+01 E⫺02
pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per liter (kg/L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.198 264
E+02 E⫺01
pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ⭈ h)] . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per joule (kg/J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.689 659 pound per hour (lb/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.259 979
E⫺07 E⫺04
23
The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E⫺01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound.
24
If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as g n= 9.806 65 m / s 2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
To convert from
to
Multiply by
pound per inch (lb/in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.785 797 pound per minute (lb/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.559 873
E+01 E⫺03
pound per second (lb/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per square foot (lb/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . pound per yard (lb/yd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in 2) . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in 2) . . . . . . . . . . kilopascal (kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.535 924 4.882 428
E⫺01 E+00
7.030 696 4.960 546 6.894 757 6.894 757
E+02 E⫺01 E+03 E+00
quad (10 15 Btu IT ) 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.055 056 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.101 221 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.101 221 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.463 529 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liter (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.463 529
E+18
rad (absorbed dose) (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gray (Gy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rem (rem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sievert (Sv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . revolution (r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian per second (rad/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ⭈ s) ⫺1 ]. . . . . . . . . . . rod (based on U.S. survey foot) (rd)9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . roentgen (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb per kilogram (C/kg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian per second (rad/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.0 1.0 6.283 185 1.047 198 1.0 5.029 210 2.58 1.047 198
Eⴚ02 Eⴚ02 E+00 E⫺01 E+01 E+00 Eⴚ04 E⫺01
second (angle) (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . radian (rad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (sidereal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nanosecond (ns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . slug (slug). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . slug per cubic foot (slug/ft 3 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . slug per foot second [slug/(ft ⭈ s)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal second (Pa ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square foot (ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square foot per hour (ft2 /h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter per second (m2 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square foot per second (ft2 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter per second (m2 /s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square inch (in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square inch (in2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square centimeter (cm2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (mi2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (mi2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square kilometer (km2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi 2)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi 2)9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square kilometer (km2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square yard (yd2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statampere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ampere (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.848 137 9.972 696 1.0 1.0 1.459 390 5.153 788 4.788 026 9.290 304 2.580 64
E⫺06 E⫺01 Eⴚ08 E+01 E+01 E+02 E+01 Eⴚ02 Eⴚ05
9.290 304 6.4516 6.4516 2.589 988 2.589 988
Eⴚ02 Eⴚ04 E+00 E+06 E+00
2.589 998
E+06
2.589 998 8.361 274 3.335 641
E+00 E⫺01 E⫺10
statcoulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coulomb (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.335 641 statfarad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . farad (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.112 650
E⫺10 E⫺12
stathenry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . henry (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statmho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siemens (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statohm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohm (⍀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . statvolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . volt (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stere (st) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stilb (sb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . candela per square meter (cd/m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E+11 E⫺12 E+11 E+02 E+00
8.987 552 1.112 650 8.987 552 2.997 925 1.0
1.0 stokes (St) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter squared per second (m2 /s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E⫺03 E+00 E⫺04 E⫺01
E+04 Eⴚ04
To convert from
to
Multiply by
tablespoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.478 676
E⫺05
tablespoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.478 676
E+01
teaspoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m 3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.928 922
E⫺06
teaspoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milliliter (mL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per meter (kg/m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . therm (EC)25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . therm (U.S.)25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.928 922 1.0 1.055 06
E+00 Eⴚ06 E+08
1.054 804 2.916 667 2.916 667 8.896 443 8.896 443 1.016 047
E+08 E⫺02 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03
1.328 939 1.0 1.0
E+03 E+03 E+03
3.516 853 4.184
E+03 E+09
2.831 685 9.071 847 1.186 553 2.519 958 1.333 224
E+00 E+02 E+03 E⫺01 E+02
unit pole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weber (Wb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.256 637
E⫺07
watt hour (W ⭈ h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square centimeter (W/cm2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square inch (W/in2 ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt per square meter (W/m2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt second (W ⭈ s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
E+03
1.0 1.550 003 1.0
E+04 E+03 E+00
yard (yd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meter (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . year (365 days). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . year (sidereal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . year (tropical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . second (s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.144 3.1536 3.155 815 3.155 693
Eⴚ01 E+07 E+07 E+07
ton, assay (AT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, assay (AT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gram (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton-force (2000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton-force (2000 lbf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilonewton (kN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, long (2240 lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, long, per cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton , metric (t). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tonne (called ‘‘metric ton’’ in U.S.) (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton of refrigeration (12 000 Btu IT /h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . watt (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton of TNT (energy equivalent) 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . joule (J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic meter (m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, short (2000 lb) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, short, per cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ton, short, per hour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kilogram per second (kg/s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torr (Torr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S. natural gas industry. 26 Defined (not measured) value.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES From
To
Celsius
Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine
tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15)
Fahrenheit
Celsius Kelvin Rankine
t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67
Kelvin
Celsius Rankine
t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K
Rankine
Fahrenheit Kelvin
tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R
Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol q is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature
DESIGNATION OF LARGE NUMBERS 106 109 1012 1015 1018 10100 10googol
U.S.A. million billion trillion quadrillion quintillion googol googolplex
1-46
Other Countries million milliard billion billiard trillion
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY UNITS If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.
v: 1 cm-1 v: 1 MHz
Wavenumber v cm-1 ⬟1 ⬟ 3.33564 × 10-5
Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1
Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10-5 6.626076 × 10-10
Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10-4 4.135669 × 10-9
Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10-6 1.519830 × 10-10
Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10-3 3.990313 × 10-7
Molar energy Em kcal/mol 2.85914 × 10-3 9.53708 × 10-8
Temperature T K 1.438769 4.79922 × 10-5
1 aJ E: 1 eV Eh
⬟ 50341.1 ⬟ 8065.54 ⬟ 219474.63
1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109
1 0.1602177 4.359748
6.241506 1 27.2114
0.2293710 3.674931 × 10-2 1
602.2137 96.4853 2625.500
143.9325 23.0605 627.510
7.24292 × 104 1.16045 × 104 3.15773 × 105
Em: 1 kJ/mol 1 kcal/mol
⬟ 83.5935 ⬟ 349.755
2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107
1.660540 × 10-3 6.947700 × 10-3
1.036427 × 10-2 4.336411 × 10-2
3.808798 × 10-4 1.593601 × 10-3
1 4.184
0.239006 1
120.272 503.217
T: 1 K
⬟ 0.695039
2.08367 × 104
1.380658 × 10-5
8.61738 × 10-5
3.16683 × 10-6
8.31451 × 10-3
1.98722 × 10-3
1
Examples of the use of this table:
1 aJ ⬟ 50341 cm-1 1 eV ⬟96.4853 kJ mol-1
The symbol ⬟ should be read as meaning “corresponds to” or “is equivalent to”. E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE ; Eh is the Hartree energy
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PRESSURE UNITS Pa Pa kPa MPa bar atmos Torr µmHg psi
1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757
kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757
MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757
bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757
atmos
Torr
µmHg
9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046
0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151
7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1
psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1
To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example: 1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atmos 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa
1-34
Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY UNITS MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→
BtuIT h-1 ft-1 °F-1
BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1
Btuth h-1 ft-1 °F-1
Btuth in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1
calIT s-1 cm-1 °C-1
calth s-1 cm-1 °C-1
kcalth h-1 m-1 °C-1
J s-1 cm-1 K-1
W cm-1 K-1
W m-1 K-1
mW cm-1 K-1
BtuIT h-1 ft-1 °F-1 BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1 Btuth h-1 ft-1 °F-1 Btuth in. h-1 ft-2 °F-1 calIT s-1 cm-1 °C-1 calth s-1 cm-1 °C-1 kcalth h-1 m-1 °C-1 J s-1 cm-1 K-1 W cm-1 K-1 W m-1 K-1 mW cm-1 K-1
1 8.33333 × 10-2 0.999331 8.32776 × 10-2 2.41909 × 102 2.41747 × 102 0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789 × 10-2
12 1 11.9920 0.999331 2.90291 × 103 2.90096 × 103 8.05824 6.93347 × 102 6.93347 × 102 6.93347 0.693347
1.00067 8.33891 × 10-2 1 8.33333 × 10-2 2.42071 × 102 2.41909 × 102 0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176 × 10-2
12.0080 1.00067 12 1 2.90485 × 103 2.90291 × 103 8.06363 6.93811 × 102 6.93811 × 102 6.93811 0.693811
4.13379 × 10-3 3.44482 × 10-4 4.13102 × 10-3 3.44252 × 10-4 1 0.999331 2.77592 × 10-3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846 × 10-3 2.38846 × 10-4
4.13656 × 10-3 3.44713 × 10-4 4.13379 × 10-3 3.44482 × 10-4 1.00067 1 2.77778 × 10-3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006 × 10-3 2.39006 × 10-4
1.48916 0.124097 1.48816 0.124014 3.60241 × 102 3.6 × 102 1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421 × 10-2
1.73073 × 10-2 1.44228 × 10-3 1.72958 × 10-2 1.44131 × 10-3 4.1868 4.184 1.16222 × 10-2 1 1 1 × 10-2 1 × 10-3
1.73073 × 10-2 1.44228 × 10-3 1.72958 × 10-2 1.44131 × 10-3 4.1868 4.184 1.16222 × 10-2 1 1 1 × 10-2 1 × 10-3
1.73073 0.144228 1.72958 0.144131 4.1868 × 102 4.184 × 102 1.16222 1 × 102 1 × 102 1 0.1
17.3073 1.44228 17.2958 1.44131 4.1868 × 103 4.184 × 103 11.6222 1 × 103 1 × 103 10 1
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNITS To convert from multiply by appropriate factor to Obtain
↓
→
abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot
abΩ cm 1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010
µΩ cm
Ω cm
1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107
10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1
StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11
Ωm 10–11 10–8 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1
Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108
Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12
Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1
1-50
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION CONVERSION BETWEEN SI AND OTHER UNITS
Expression in SI units
Special name for SI units
s–1 J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1
becquerel gray
1-39
Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate
A D D·
Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate
W
Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate
I U, V
Fluence Fluence rate
φ Φ
Kerma Kerma rate
K K·
Lineal energy
y
coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared 1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter
Linear energy transfer
L
joule per meter
J m–1
Mass attenuation coefficient Mass energy transfer coefficient Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power
µ/ρ
m2 kg–1
S/ρ
Power Pressure
P p
Radiation chemical yield Specific energy
G
meter squared per kilogram meter squared per kilogram meter squared per kilogram joule meter squared per kilogram joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule
mol J–1
z
joule per kilogram
J kg–1
H H·
X X·
µtr/ρ µen/ρ
1 per second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule
Expression in symbols for SI units
joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere
Symbols using special names Bq Gy Gy s–1
J J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1
Conventional units
Symbol for conventional unit
Value of conventional unit in SI units
curie rad rad
Ci rad rad s–1
3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1
electronvolt
eV
1.602 × 10–19 J
sievert
Sv Sv s–1
rem rem per second
rem rem s–1
0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1
volt
V
ampere volt
A V
1.0 A 1.0 A
C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1
roentgen roentgen
R R s–1
2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1
m–2 m–2 s–1
cm–2 cm–2 s–1
1.0 × 104 m–2 1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1
Gy Gy s–1
1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second
rad rad s–1
0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1
keV µm–1
1.602 × 10–10 J m–1
keV µm–1
1.602 × 10–10 J m–1
cm2 g–1
0.1 m2 kg–1
cm2 g–1
0.1 m2 kg–1
cm2 g–1
0.1 m2 kg–1
MeV cm2 g–1
1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1
W Pa
kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr
W torr
1.0 W (101325/760)Pa
molecules (100 eV)–1 rad
1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1
Gy
molecules per 100 electron volts rad
A W A–1
J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1
gray
J m–1
m2 kg–1 m2 kg–1 J m2 kg–1 J s–1 N m–2
watt pascal
gray
0.01 Gy
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION (continued)
Quantity
Symbol for quantity
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION (continued) CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS FROM MBq TO mCi AND µCi MBq
mCi
MBq
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800 700 600
189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6 18.9 16.2
500 400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
mCi 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08
MBq
µCi
MBq
µCi
30 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
810 540 270 240 220 189 162 135 108 81 54
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
27 24 21.6 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7
CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS FROM mCi AND µCi TO MBq mCi
MBq
mCi
MBq
200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850 1480 1110 740
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
370 333 296 259 222 185 148 111 74.0 37.0
µCi
MBq
µCi
MBq
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90
37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1 7.4 3.7 3.33
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1
2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037
CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVITY UNITS 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)
= = = = = = = = =
2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)
100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)
CONVERSION OF ABSORBED DOSE UNITS SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy) 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)
CONVERSION OF DOSE EQUIVALENT UNITS 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv) 100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)
Conventional = = = = = = = = = = = =
10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad) 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)
2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)
= = = = = = = = =
1-40
= = = = = = = = = = = =
10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem) 10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)
VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT IN DIFFERENT UNIT SYSTEMS In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R =8.314510 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1 = 8314.510 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314510 bar L K-1 mol-1 This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa 1 torr (mmHg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4°C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4°C] The advice of Prabir K. Chandra is appreciated.
V
Units of V, T, n T n
ft3
K °R
cm3
K °R
L
K °R
m3
K °R
mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol mol lb⋅mol
kPa 0.2936241 133.1857 0.1631245 73.99204 8314.510 3771398 4619.172 2095221 8.314510 3771.398 4.619172 2095.221 0.008314510 3.771398 0.004619172 2.095221
atm
psi
0.00289785 1.31444 0.00160991 0.730245 82.0578 37220.8 45.5877 20678.2 0.0820578 37.2208 0.0455877 20.6782 0.0000820578 0.0372208 0.0000455877 0.0206782
0.0425866 19.3169 0.0236592 10.7316 1205.92 546995 669.954 303886 1.20592 546.995 0.669954 303.886 0.00120592 0.546995 0.000669954 0.303886
1-40
Units of P mmHg 2.20237 998.978 1.22354 554.987 62364.1 28287900 34646.7 15715500 62.3641 28287.9 34.6467 15715.5 0.0623641 28.2879 0.0346467 15.7155
in Hg
in H2O
ft H2O
0.0867074 39.3298 0.0481708 21.8499 2455.28 1113700 1364.04 618720 2.45528 1113.70 1.36404 618.720 0.00245528 1.11370 0.00136404 0.618720
1.17882 534.706 0.654903 297.059 33380.6 15141200 18544.8 8411770 33.3806 15141.2 18.5448 8411.77 0.0333806 15.1412 0.0185448 8.41177
0.0982355 44.5589 0.0545753 24.7549 2781.72 1261770 1545.40 700982 2.78172 1261.77 1.54540 700.982 0.00278172 1.26177 0.00154540 0.700982
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
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1-33
NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names”, depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). In this Handbook the CAS Index Names are used only in the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds”. Other tables use more familiar names which, with a few possible exceptions, conform to one of the IUPAC naming systems. Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems”. For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Naming Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below . These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area.
Inorganic Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Recommendations 1990, edited by Leigh, G.J., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. Block, B.P., Powell, W.H., and Fernelius, W.C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990.
Organic Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, edited by Panico, R., Powell, W.H., and Richer, J.-C., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, edited by Moss, G.P., Smith, P.A.S., and Tavernier, D., Pure & Appl. Chem, 67, 1307, 1995. Rhodes, P.H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, edited by Moss, G.P., Pure & Applied Chemistry, 68, 2193, 1966.
Macromolecular Chemistry International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, edited by, Metanomski, W.V., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, edited by Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R.F.T., and Suter, U.W., Pure & Appl. Chem, 68, in press.
Biochemistry International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, edited by McNaught, A.D., Pure & Appl. Chem., 68, 1919, 1996.
General Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide.
2-22
NOMENCLATURE FOR INORGANIC IONS AND LIGANDS See the table Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds for references. The assistance of Warren H. Powell in preparing this list is gratefully acknowledged. Group H F Cl Br I ClO C1O2 ClO3 C1O4 IO IO2 O O2 HO HO2 S HS S2 SO SO2 SO3 HSO3 S2O3 SO4 Se SeO SeO2 SeO3 SeO4 Te CrO2 UO2 NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 N N3 NH NH2 NHOH N2H3 NO NO2 ONO NS NO3 N2O3 P PO PO2 PS PH2O3 PHO3
As prefix in organic compounds
As cation
As anion
As ligand
hydrogen fluorine chlorine bromine iodine chlorosyl chloryl perchloryl
hydride fluoride chloride bromide iodide hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate hypoiodite
hydrido fluoro chloro bromo iodo hypochlorito chlorito chlorato
fluoro chloro bromo iodo chlorosyl chloryl perchloryl
oxide peroxide (O22-) hyperoxide (O2-) hydroxide hydrogen peroxide sulfide hydrogen sulfide disulfide
oxo peroxo
iodoso iodyl; iodoxy oxo peroxy
iodosyl iodyl
sulfinyl; thionyl sulfonyl; sulfuryl
hydroxo hydrogen peroxo thio; sulfido thiolo disulfido
hydroxy hydroperoxy thio; thioxo mercapto sulfinyl sulfonyl
sulfoxylate sulfite hydrogen sulfite thiosulfate sulfate selenide
sulfito hydrogen sulfito thiosulfato sulfato seleno
selenite selenate telluride
selenito selenato telluro
nitride azide imide amide hydroxylamide hydrazide
nitrite
nitrido azido imido amido hydroxylamido hydrazido nitrosyl nitro nitrito
nitrate hyponitrite phosphide
nitrato hyponitrito phosphido
seleninyl selenonyl
seleno; selenoxo seleninyl selenonyl
telluro; telluroxo
chromyl uranyl neptunyl plutoryl americyl
nitrosyl nitryl
imino amino hydroxyamino hydrazino; diazanyl nitroso nitro
thionitrosyl
phosphoryl phospho thiophosphoryl
phosphinidyne phosphoroso; phosphinylidyne phosphinothioylidyne; thiophosphorozo
hypophosphite phosphite
2-23
hypophosphito phosphito
NOMENCLATURE FOR INORGANIC IONS AND LIGANDS (continued) Group PO4 AsO4 VO CO CS CH3O C2H5O CH3S C2H5S CN OCN SCN SeCN TeCN CO3 HCO3 C2O4
As cation
As anion phosphate arsenate
As prefix in organic compounds
phosphato arsenato
vanadyl carbonyl thiocarbonyl
cyanogen
As ligand
carbonyl methanolate ethanolate methanethiolate ethanethiolate cyanide cyanate thiocyanate selenocyanate tellurocyanate carbonate hydrogen carbonate oxalate
2-24
methoxo ethoxo methanethiolato ethanethiolato cyano cyanato thiocyanato selenocyanato tellurocyanato carbonato hydrogen carbonato oxalato
carbonyl thiocarbonyl methoxy ethoxy methylthio ethylthio cyano cyanato thiocyanato selenocyanato tellurocyanato carboxycarbonyl
ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names which are formed by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds. SUBSTITUENT GROUPS acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl) cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl)
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCOC6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2-
cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)
NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2COHOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCO-
ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid)
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OCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2
picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]
2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC≡CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-
ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) ORGANIC RING COMPOUNDS H 5
1 3
2
1
3
Spiropentane
2
4
2
4
Cyclopropane
1
1
5 4
3
Cyclobutane
N
N
1
5
2 3
4
1
3
4
4
1
H
N 5 4
2
5
3
4
5 4
5
3
4
N
2 3
5
1
Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)
N 2H-Imidazole (1,3-Diazole)
N 1,2,3-Triazole
N 1,2,4-Triazole
1,2-Dithiole
O
O
S
S
O
O
1
1
1
5
2
N
3
4
3
4
5
3
4
5 4
N
Thiazole (1,3-Thiazole) O 1 5 2O 3
4
N
1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole
2 3
4
N
Oxazole (1,3-Oxazole) O N 5 1 2N
N
1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole
2 3
4
Isoxazole (1,2-Oxazole) O 1 5 2N N
5
N
3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole
1
6
2 3
5
1
6
2 3
5
5
3
Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole) O 1 5 2O H
5
1
6
2 3
5
1
2N
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
O
N
1,3,2-Dioxazole
O
1
1
3
2 3
2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)
5
1
O 2
5
2S 3
4 S 1,3-Dithiole
3H-1,2-Oxathiole
O
O
N5
2N
1
1
4
1
N 2
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
2
N N N N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole 1,2,4-Oxadiazole 1,2,5-Oxadiazole 1,3,4-Oxadiazole (Furazan) O O O O 1 1 1 H N 5 1 2S 5 2N H 5 2 5 2
3
4
N
1,2,4-Dioxazole
O 6
2N
5 4
3
3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole) 1
1
2
S 2S 3
4
N
Pyrrole (Azole)
S
1
N
2 3
2
Thiophene
N
1 2 3
1
H 1 5 4
3
N
1
Furan
N N
2
5
S
Cyclopentane
H
5
2
O
O 2
6
3
5
1
O
1,3,4-Dioxazole
5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole
O 2
O
6
3
1
5
O 2
6
3
5
1
S
1,3-Oxathiole
O 2O
6
3
5
1
2 3
O
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Benzene
Cyclohexane
2H-Pyran
4H-Pyran
2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)
O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)
1,2-Dioxin
1,3-Dioxin
H N
N
1
1
6 5
2
6 5
3 4
2N
N
N
1
1
6 5
3 4
2 3
4
6 5
N
N 6
2
1
5
3
N 3
4
4
N
N
N
Pyridazine
Pyrimidine
Pyrazine
H Piperazine
O
O
O
O
O
1
1
1
6
2N
5
3
6 5
4
2 3
4
6 5
N
2 3
4
6 5
N
2
1
N
6 5
3 4
6 5
N 1
2 3
4
6 5
N
1 6 5
2
2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine O O 1 1 N H 2 6 2 6 5
3 4
3
5
4
3
N
4
N
N
1,4-Oxazine
H 4H-1,4-Oxazine
2H-1,2-Oxazine
5
2
2
6 5
3
4
N
1,2,3-Triazine (v-Triazine) O 1 S
3
N
4
2H-1,2-Oxazine O 1 2N 6 5
3 4
1,2,5-Oxathiazine
3
2
6 5
3 4
N
6 5
2N
4
2
6 5
3 4
1,4-Oxazine O 1 N 2S
3
3
1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) O O 1 1 N H
4
6H-1,2-Oxazine O 1 6 2S
1 6 5
4
N 4H-1,2-Oxazine O
N 2N
N
Pyridine
1
1
2
H 4H-1,4-Oxazine 1,2,5-Oxathiazine O O 1
3
N
4
6 5
3 4
1
2
6 5
N
2 3
4
N
N
1,2,6-Oxathiazine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine
Morpholine
H N
O
1
7
2
6
3 5
S
1
7
2
6
4
Azepine
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3 5
4
Oxepin
N
1
7
2
6
3 5
4
Thiepin
1
7
2
6
N
3 5
4
4H-1,2-Diazepine
1
7 6 5
4
Indene
O 2 3
6 5
7
1
4
2H-Indene (Isoindene)
2 3
6 5
7
1
4
Benzofuran
2 3
6 5
7
1
2O 3
4
Isobenzofuran
ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS (continued) ORGANIC RING COMPOUNDS (continued) H S 6 5
7
N
1 2
6 5
3
4
Benzo[b]thiophene
1 2S 3
7 4
1
7
6 5
N 2 3
4
Benzo[c]thiophene
1
7
6 5
N 2 3
4
2N 3
3 2
4
3H-Indole
Indole
1
7
6 5
5
4
6 7
1
N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine
1H-Indole
H N 6 5
7
O
1 2N
6 5
3
4
Indazole
O
1 2N
7
3
4
Benzisoxazole (Indoxazine)
3
4
N
Benzoxazole
1 2O 3
7
6 5
7 6
4
2,1-Benzisoxazole
8
1
5
4
2 3
7 6
Naphthalene
O 8 5
O
1 2 3
7 6
4
5
2H-1-Benzopyran (2H-Chromene) 8 5
1
O
2 3
1
8
7 6
4
5
4
2
1
8
7 6
3
5
2O
4
1
8
7 6
3
5
2O 3
4
7 6
O
O
2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Coumarin) (Chromen-4-one) (Isocoumarin) (Isochromen-3-one)
N 7 6
O
1
8
N N
2 3
7 6
4
N
N
8
1
5
4
1
8
2 3
5
7 6
N
4
N N
2 3
7 6
8
1
5
4
8
1
7
1
2 3
4
Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole
5
4
8
1
5
4
7 6
8
1
5
4
7
3
6
2 3
8
1
5
4
7 6
8
1
5
4
7 6
N
8
1
5
4
3
2N 3
Isoquinoline
N 2 3
2
Octahydronaphthalene (Decalin)
Quinoline
N 2 3
2
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene (Tetralin) N
O 7 6
6 5
N
1 2
7
6 5
O
O 2 3
7 6
8
1
5
4
2 3
N
N Cinnoline
Quinazoline
1,8-Naphtyridine
1,7-Naphtyridine
1,5-Naphtyridine
O 7 6
8
1
5
4
1,6-Naphtyridine
O 2 3
7 6
8
1
5
4
O
2 3
6 7
N
5
4
8
1
O
3 2
N
7 6
8
1
5
4
1H-2,3-Benzoxazine
7 6
8
1
5
4 3
N
4H-3,1-Benzoxazine
3 2
4
N H
2 3
N
2H-1,4-Benzoxazine
O
N H
2H-1,2-Benzoxazine
1
2
4H-1,4-Benzoxazine
3
1 7 6
5
1
9
8
6 7
2 3
10
4
Anthracene
5 8
9
4
9 8
10
7
Phenanthrene
9
8
7 6
6 5
1 2 3
5
Phenalene
4
Fluorene
H N
N 7 6
9
8
1 2 3
5
7 6
4
1
9
8 5
5 2 3
10
4
6 7
10
8
9
O Carbazole
Xanthene
Acridine R´´
4 1
3 2
3 4
2 1 5
R
N N
1 2
6 3
5
7
4
N 7H-Purine
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
H
N
14 8 H H 7
10
2 3 4
17
16 15
9
1 8 9
11
12 13
5
6
H
Steroid ring system
7 6
Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)
R´
H
2
R = Nearly always methyl R´ = Usually methyl R´´ = Various groups
2H-1,3-Benzoxazine
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS This table lists some symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k ,M, etc.) are not listed here, since they should never be used alone, but selected combinations with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table. a a0 A Å A AH Ar AAS Abe abs ac Ac AcOH ACT ACTH Ade ADP ads ae AES AF AFM AI AIM Al Ala alc aliph. alk. All Alt am Am AM AMP amu anh, anhyd antilog AO AOM Api APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol Arg
absorption coefficient, acceleration, activity Bohr radius ampere, adenine (in genetic code) ångstrom absorbance, area, Helmholtz energy, mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atomic absorption spectroscopy abequose absolute alternating current acetyl acetic acid activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone adenine adenosine diphosphate adsorption eon (109 years) atomic emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy artificial intelligence atoms in molecules Alfen number alanine alcohol aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amorphous solid amyl amplitude modulation adenosine 5'-monophosphate atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) anhydrous antilogarithm atomic orbital angular overlap model apiose appearance potential spectroscopy augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol arginine
as, asym ASCII ASE Asn Asp at atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU av avdp b B bar bbl bcc BCS BDE Bé BET BeV Bhn Bi BN BNS BO BOD bp bpy Bq BRE BSSE Btu bu Bu Bz Bzl c c c0 C °C C ca. cal
2-29
asymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization energy asparagine aspartic acid atomization standard atmosphere adenosine 5'-triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit average avoirdupois barn magnetic flux density, second virial coefficient, susceptance bar (pressure unit) barrel body centered cubic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy Baumé Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (method) billion electronvolt Brinell hardness number biot bond number nuclear backscattering spectroscopy bond order, Born-Oppenheimer (approximation) biochemical oxygen demand boiling point 2,2'-bipyridine becquerel bond resonance energy basis set superposition error British thermal unit bushel butyl benzoyl benzyl combustion reaction amount concentration, specific heat, velocity speed of light in vacuum coulomb, cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance, heat capacity, number concentration approximately calorie
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) calc CARS CAS RN CAT CBS cc CCD cd c.d. CD CDP CEPA cf. cfm cgs CHF Ci CI CIDEP CIDNP cir CKFF CL cm c.m. c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COD conc const cos cosh COSY cot coth cp cP Cp CP CPA cpd cps CPT CPU cr, cryst CRU csc ct CT CTEM CTP CTR cu CV CVD cw
calculated coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number clear-air turbulence, computerized axial tomography complete basis set cubic centimeter charge-coupled device candela, condensed phase current density circular dichroism cytidine 5'-diphosphate couplet electron pair approximation compare cubic feet per minute centimeter-gram-second system coupled Hartree-Fock (method) curie configuration interaction, chemical ionization chemically induced dynamic electron polarization chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization circular Cotton-Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence centimeter center of mass critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5'-monophosphate coordination number complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number chemical oxygen demand concentrated, concentration constant cosine hyperbolic cosine correlation spectroscopy (in NMR) cotangent hyperbolic cotangent candle power centipoise cyclopentadienyl chemically pure coherent potential approximation contact potential difference cycles per second charge conjugation-space inversion-time reversal (theorem) central processing unit crystalline (phase) constitutional repeating unit cosecant carat charge transfer conventional transmission electron microscopy cytidine 5'-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave
cwt Cy cyl Cys d d D D
hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cylinder cysteine day, deuteron distance, density, dextrorotatory debye unit diffusion coefficient, dissociation energy, electric displacement Da dalton DA donor-acceptor (complex) dB decibel dc direct current DE delocalization energy dec decomposes deg degree den density det determinant dev deviation DFT density functional theory diam diameter dil dilute, dilution DIM diatomics in molecules dm decimeter dmf, DMF N,N-dimethylformamide dmso, DMSO dimethylsulfoxide DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNase deoxyribonuclease DNMR dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance DOS density of states doz dozen d.p. degree of polymerization dpl displacement dpm disintegrations per minute dps disintegrations per second dr dram dRib 2-deoxyribose DRIFT diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform DRS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy DSC differential scanning calorimetry DTA differential thermal analysis dyn dyne e electron, base of natural logarithms e elementary charge, linear strain E electric field strength, electromotive force, energy, modulus of elasticity, entgegen (trans configuration) Eh Hartree energy EA electron affinity EAN effective atomic number ECP effective core potential ECR electron cyclotron resonance ED electron diffraction, effective dose EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EELS electron energy loss spectroscopy EFFF energy factored force field EHMO extended Hückel molecular orbital EHT extended Hückel theory emf electromotive force emu electromagnetic unit system en ethylenediamine
2-30
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) ENDOR EOS EPMA EPR eq, eqn eqQ erf erg ESCA e.s.d. ESD ESR est esu Et ET Et2O e.u. Eu eV EWG EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext f f F °F F FAD fcc FEL FEM FEMO FET fid FIM FIR fl FM Fo fp fpm fps Fr Fr Fru FSGO ft ft-lb FT FTIR Fuc Fuc-ol fus g g
electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state electron probe microanalysis electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance equation quadrupole coupling constant error function erg electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis estimated standard deviation electron stimulated desorption electron spin resonance estimate, estimated electrostatic unit system ethyl electron transfer, ephemeris time diethyl ether entropy unit Euler number electronvolt electron withdrawing group extended x-ray absorption fine structure extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external formation reaction activity coefficient, aperture ratio, focal length, force constant, frequency, fugacity farad degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant, force, angular momentum flavin adenine dinucleotide face centered cubic free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital field effect transistor free induction decay field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number freezing point feet per minute feet per second, foot-pound-second system franklin Froude number fructose floating spherical Gaussian orbitaì foot foot pound Fourier transform Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy fucose fucitol fusion (melting) gram, gas acceleration due to gravity, degeneracy, statistical weight, Landé g-factor
G G gal Gal GalN GC GC-MS GDMS gem GeV GIAO gl GLC Glc GlcN Glc-ol Gln Glu Gly GMP GMT gpm gps gr Gr GTO Gua Gul GUT GVB GWS Gy h h H H H0 ha Ha Hacac HAM hav Hb hcp Hea HEIS HEP HF hfs Him His HMO HOMO hp HPLC Hpz hr HREELS HREM HSAB
2-31
gauss, guanine (in genetic code) electrical conductance, Gibbs energy, gravitational constant, sheer modulus gallon gal, galileo, galactose galactosamine gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectrometry glow discharge mass spectroscopy geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt gauge invariant atomic orbital glacial gas-liquid chromatography glucose glucosamine glucitol glutamine glutamic acid glycine guanosine 5'-triphosphate Greenwich mean time gallons per minute gallons per second grain Grashof number gaussian type atomic orbital guanine gulose grand unified theory generalized valence bond Glashow-Weinberg-Salam (theory) gray, gigayear helion, hour Planck constant henry enthalpy, Hamiltonian function, magnetic field Hubble constant hectare Hartmann number acetylacetone hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin hexagonal closed packed ethanolamine high energy ion scattering high energy physics high frequency hyperfine structure imidazole histidine Hückel molecular orbital highest occupied molecular orbital horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography pyrazole hour high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory)
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) HSE Hz i I IAT i-Bu IC ICP ICR id ID Ido IDP IE i.e.p. IEPA IF IGLO Ile Im imm IMPATT in. INDO INS int I/O IP IPN i-Pr IPR IPTS IR IRAS IRC isc ISE ISS ITP ITS IU j J J k K K kb kcal KE keV kg kgf kJ km Kn
homodesmotic stabilization energy hertz square root of minus one electric current, ionic strength, moment of inertia, nuclear spin angular momentum, radiant intensity international atomic time isobutyl integrated circuit inductively coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance ideal (solution) inside diameter idose inosine 5'-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency individual gauge for localized orbitals isoleucine imaginary part immersion impact ionization avalanche transit time inch intermediate neglect of differential overlap inelastic neutron scattering, ion neutralization spectroscopy internal input/output ionization potential interpenetrating polymer network isopropyl isotopic perturbation of resonance International Practical Temperature Scale infrared reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate intersystem crossing isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy inosine 5'-triphosphate International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit angular momentum, electric current density joule angular momentum, electric current density, flux, Massieu function absorption index, Boltzmann constant, rate constant, thermal conductivity, wave vector kelvin absorption coefficient, bulk modulus, equilibrium constant, kinetic energy kilobar, kilobase (DNA or RNA) kilocalorie kinetic energy kiloelectronvolt kilogram kilogram force kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number
kPa kt kV kva kW kwh l l L L lat. lb lbf lc LC LCAO LD Le LED LEED LEIS Leu LFER lim LIMS liq lm ln LNDO log long. LST LT LTE LUMO lut lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx m m M M Mr Ma Man MASNMR max MBE MBPT MC MCD MCPF MCSCF
2-32
kilopascal karat kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liquid, liter angular momentum, length, levorotatory liter, lambert Avogadro constant, inductance, Lagrange function latitude pound pound force liquid crystal liquid chromatography linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose Lewis function light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low energy ion scattering leucine linear free energy relationship limit laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laboratory information management system liquid lumen logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) longitude local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lutidine lux langley light year lysine lyxose meter, molal (as in 0.1 m solution), metastable (isotope) magnetic dipole moment, mass, molality, angular momentum component, meta (as chemical descriptor) molar (as in 0.1 M solution), metal (in chemical formulas) magnetization, molar mass, mutual inductance, torque, angular momentum component molecular weight (relative molar mass) Mach number mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum molecular beam epitaxy many body perturbation theory Monte Carlo (method) magnetic circular dichroism modified couple pair functional multi-configurational self-consistent field
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) MD Me MEP MERP Mes MESFET Met meV MeV MF mg MHD mi MIM min MINDO MIR misc MKS MKSA mL, ml mm MM mmf mmHg MO mol mol.wt. mon MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MRI mRNA ms MS MSL Mur mV mW MW Mx n n
N N NA NE NAA NAD NADH NADP NAO NBO nbp Neu
molecular dynamics methyl molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path mesityl metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine millielectronvolt megaelectronvolt molecular formula milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile molecules-in-molecules minimum, minute modified intermediate neglect of differential overlap mid-infrared miscible meter-kilogram-second system meter-kilogram-second-ampere system milliliter millimeter molecular mechanics magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury molecular orbital mole molecular weight monomeric form metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA millisecond mass spectroscopy mean sea level muramic acid millivolt milliwatt megawatt, microwave, molecular weight maxwell neutron amount of substance, number density, principal quantum number, refractive index, normal (in chemical formulas) newton angular momentum, neutron number Avogadro constant density of states neutron activation analysis nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate natural atomic orbital natural bond order normal boiling point neuraminic acid
NEXAFS ng NIR nm NMR NNDO NO NOE NPA NQR NRA ns NTP Nu Nu o obs, obsd OD Oe ORD oz p p P P Pa PA PAS pc PCR PD pdl pe Pe PES PET peth pf pg pH Ph Phe pI pip pK pm PMO PNDO PNRA pol ppb ppm PPP ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro ps PS
2-33
near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram near infrared nanometer nuclear magnetic resonance neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance prompt nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (as chemical descriptor) observed optical density, outside diameter oersted optical rotatory dispersion ounce proton dielectric polarization, electric dipole moment, momentum, pressure, para (as chemical descriptor) poise power, pressure, probability, sound energy flux pascal proton affinity photoacoustic spectroscopy parsec polymerase chain reaction potential difference poundal probable error Péclet number photoelectron spectroscopy positron emission tomography petroleum ether power factor picogram negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenyl phenylalanine isoelectric point piperidine negative log of ionization constant picometer perturbational molecular orbital partial neglect of differential overlap prompt nuclear reaction analysis polymeric form parts per billion parts per million Pariser-Parr-Pople (method) parts per thousand, precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline picosecond photoelectron spectroscopy
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) PSD Psi psi psia psig pt PVT py q Q QCD QED Q.E.D. QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. r r R °R R RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS RE Re RED REM rem RF Rha RHEED RHF RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase rRNA ROHF ROM RPA rpm rps RRK RRKM RRS RS Ry s s
photon stimulated desorption psicose pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage pint pressure-volume-temperature pyridine electric field gradient, flow rate, heat, wave vector (phonons) electric charge, heat, partition function, quadrupole moment, radiant energy, vibrational normal coordinate quantum chromodynamics quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quantitative structure-activity relationship quasi-stellar object (quasar) quart quadrillion Btu (= 1.0551018 J) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) reaction position vector, radius roentgen, alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance, gas constant, molar refraction, Rydberg constant right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy resonance energy real part radial electron distribution reflection electron microscopy roentgen equivalent man radiofrequency rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree-Fock (theory) radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root mean square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease ribosomal RNA restricted open shell Hartree-Fock read only memory random phase approximation revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (theory) Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (theory) resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy rydberg second, solid path length, solubility, spin angular momentum, symmetry number, symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor)
S S SALC SALI SAM SANS Sar sat, satd SAXS s-Bu Sc SCE SCF SCR sd sec sec SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAFS Sh SI SIMS sin SINDO sinh SIPN SLAM sln SMO SMOW SNMS SNU SO sol soln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM sq sr Sr SSMS St St std, stnd STEM STM STO STP sub Sv t t T
2-34
siemens area, entropy, probability current density, Poynting vector, symmetry coordinate, spin angular momentum symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy small angle neutron scattering sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering sec-butyl Schmidt number saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field silicon-controlled rectifier standard deviation secant, second secondary (in chemical name) surface sensitive energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscope separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure Sherwood number International System of Units secondary ion mass spectroscopy sine symmetrically orthogonalized INDO method hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network scanning laser acoustic microscopy solution semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy solar neutrino unit spin orbital soluble, solution solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy square steradian Strouhal number spark source mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) scanning transmission electron microscope scanning tunneling microscopy Slater type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimation, sublimes sievert metric tonne, triton Celsius temperature, thickness, time, transport number tesla
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) T Tag Tal tan tanh t-Bu TCA TCE tcne TCSCF TE TED TEM temp tert TFD TGA theor thf, THF Thr Thy TL TLC TM Tol Torr tRNA Trp trs TS tsp Tyr u u U U UDP UHF UMP uns, unsym UPES UPS ur Ura USP UT UTP UV v V V Val vap VB VCD VHF
kinetic energy, period, term value, temperature (thermodynamic), torque, transmittance tagatose talose tangent hyperbolic tangent tert-butyl trichloroacetic acid trichloroethylene tetracyanoethylene two configuration self-consistent field transverse electric transmission electron diffraction, transferred electron device transmission electron microscopy, transverse electromagnetic temperature tertiary (in chemical name) Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (method) thermo-gravimetric analysis theoretical tetrahydrofuran threonine thymine thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography transverse magnetic tolyl torr transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state teaspoon tyrosine unified atomic mass unit Bloch function, electric mobility, velocity uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference, internal energy uridine 5'-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency, unrestricted Hartree-Fock (theory) uridine 5'-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy urea uracil United States Pharmacopeia universal time uridine 5'-triphosphate ultraviolet reaction rate, specific volume, velocity, vibrational quantum number, vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volt electric potential, potential energy, volume valine vaporization valence band, valence bond vibrational circular dichroism very high frequency
vic VIS vit VSEPR VSLI VUV v/v w W W WAXS Wb We WKB wt w/v w/w x X X XAFS XANES XPES XPS XRD XRF XRS Xyl y, yr Y yd z Z
ZDO ZPE, ZPVE ZULU α α β γ γ Γ δ ∆ ε η θ Θ
2-35
vicinal (on adjacent carbon atoms) visible region of the spectrum vitreous valence shell electron pair repulsion very large scale integrated (circuit) vacuum ultraviolet volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) energy density, mass fraction, velocity, work watt radiant energy, statistical weight, work wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (method) weight weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, generally expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) mole fraction X unit, halogen (in chemical formula) reactance x-ray absorption fine structure x-ray absorption near-edge structure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy xylose year admittance, Planck function, Young’s modulus yard charge number (of an ion), collision frequency factor atomic number, compression factor, collision number, impedance, partition function, zusammen (cis configuration) zero differential overlap zero point vibrational energy Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient, degree of dissociation, electric polarizability, expansion coefficient, fine structure constant beta particle photon activity coefficient, conductivity, magnetogyric ratio, mass concentration, ratio of heat capacities, surface tension Gruneisin parameter, level width, surface concentration chemical shift, Dirac delta function, Kronecker delta, loss angle inertia defect, mass defect emittance, Levi-Civita symbol, linear strain, molar absorption coefficient, permittivity overpotential, viscosity Bragg angle, temperature, scattering angle, surface coverage quadrupole moment
SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (continued) κ λ Λ µ µ
µF µg µm µs ν νe π Π
compressibility, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, molar absorption coefficient, transmission coefficient absolute activity, radioactive decay constant, thermal conductivity, wavelength angular momentum, ionic conductivity muon chemical potential, electric dipole moment, electric mobility, friction coefficient, Joule-Thompson coefficient, magnetic dipole moment, mobility, permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency, kinematic velocity, stoichiometric number, wavenumber neutrino pion osmotic pressure, Peltier coefficient
ρ σ τ φ Φ χ χe ψ ω Ω Ω
2-36
density, reflectance, resistivity electrical conductivity, cross section, normal stress, shielding constant (NMR), Stefan-Boltzmann constant, surface tension transmittance, chemical shift, shear stress, relaxation time electrical potential, fugacity coefficient, osmotic coefficient, quantum yield, volume fraction, wavefunction magnetic flux, potential energy, radiant power, work function magnetic susceptibility, electronegativity electric susceptibility wavefunction circular frequency, angular velocity, harmonic vibration wavenumber, statistical weight ohm axial angular momentum, solid angle
DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms: • Physical quantities • Units of measure • Classes of chemical compounds and materials • Important theories, laws, and basic concepts. Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. * An asterisk following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term. REFERENCES 1. ISO Standards Handbook 2, Units of Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1992. 2. Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Second Edition, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 3. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4. A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 5. Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 67, 1307, 1995. 6. Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 7. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 8. Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 68, 2287, 1996. 9. The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990. 10. Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1990. 11. ASM Metals Reference Book, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983.
Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol-1dm3cm-1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5]
Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH<7. In the Brönsted definition, an acid is a substance that donates a proton in any type of reaction. The most general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of accepting an electron pair as an acid. Acid dissociation constant (Ka)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid HA through the reaction HA + H2O 1 A- + H3O+. The quantity pKa = -log Ka is often used to express the acid dissociation constant. Actinides - The elements of atomic number 89 through 103, e.g., Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr. [7] Activation energy* - In general, the energy that must be added to a system in order for a process to occur, even though the process may already be thermodynamically possible. In chemical kinetics, the activation energy is the height of the potential barrier separating the products and reactants. It determines the temperature dependence of the reaction rate. Activity - For a mixture of substances, the absolute activity λ of substance B is defined as λB = exp(µB/RT), where µB is the chemical potential of substance B, R the gas constant, and T the thermodynamic temperature. The relative activity a is defined as aB = exp[(µB-µB°)/RT], where µB° designates the chemical potential in the standard state. [2] Activity coefficient (γ)* - Ratio of the activity aB of component B of a mixture to the concentration of that component. The value of γ depends on the method of stating the composition. For mole fraction xB, the relation is aB = γB xB; for molarity cB, it is aB = γB cB/c°, where c° is the standard state composition (typically chosen as 1 mol/L); for molality
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) mB, it is aB = γBmB/m°, where m° is the standard state molality (typically 1 mol/kg). [2] Activity, of radioactive substance (A) - The average number of spontaneous nuclear transitions from a particular energy state occurring in an amount of a radionuclide in a small time interval divided by that interval. [1] Acyl groups - Groups formed by removing the hydroxy groups from oxoacids that have the general structure RC(=O)(OH) and replacement analogues of such acyl groups. [5] Adiabatic process - A thermodynamic process in which no heat enters or leaves the system. Admittance (Y) - Reciprocal of impedance. Y = G + iB, where G is conductance and B is susceptance. [1] Adsorption - A process in which molecules of gas, of dissolved substances in liquids, or of liquids adhere in an extremely thin layer to surfaces of solid bodies with which they are in contact. [10] Albedo* - The ratio of the light reflected or scattered from a surface to the intensity of incident light. The term is often used in reference to specific types of terrain or to entire planets. Alcohols - Compounds in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. [5] Aldehydes - Compounds RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. [5] Aldoses - Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxyaldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n>1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfven waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5] Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2, RC≡CR′.
Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as -OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/ mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+-O-. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the αamino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the ß-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10-10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogenbound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10-27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N-; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein
both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2 1 3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10-28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH- ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s-1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the BeerLambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy difference between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula 8πhc ρ= λ5 e hc / λkT – 1
(
)
where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E-µ)/kT-1]-1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan-1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules.
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of Nsubstituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR′, (R′ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3] Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/ dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α: ε r – 1 ρN A α = ε r + 2 3Mε 0
where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found
in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)-1q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef)* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s-1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions) Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the
form
εr –1 ρN A = ε r + 2 3Mε 0
µ2 α + 3kT
where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T << θD, the heat capacity is proportional to T3. Debye unit (D) - A non-SI unit of electric dipole moment used in molecular physics, equal to 3.335641 × 10-30 C m. Debye-Waller factor (D) - The factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of lattice vibrations. [1] Defect - Any departure from the regular structure of a crystal lattice. A Frenkel defect results when an atom or ion moves to an interstitial position and leaves behind a vacancy. A Schottky defect involves either a vacancy where the atom has moved to the surface or a structure where a surface atom has moved to an interstitial position. Degree of polymerization - The number of monomeric units in a macromolecule or an oligomer molecule. [8] Dendrite - A tree-like crystalline pattern often observed, for example, in ice crystals and alloys in which the crystal growth branches repeatedly. Density (ρ)* - In the most common usage, mass density or mass per unit volume. More generally, the amount of some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) divided by a length, area, or volume. Density of states (NE, ρ) - The number of one-electron states in an infinitesimal interval of energy, divided by the range of that interval and by volume. [1] Dew point* - The temperature at which liquid begins to condense as the temperature of a gas mixture is lowered. In meteorology, it is the temperature at which moisture begins to condense on a surface in contact with the air. Diamagnetism - A type of magnetism characterized by a negative magnetic susceptibility, so that the material, when placed in an external magnetic field, becomes weakly magnetized in the direction opposite to the field. This magnetization is independent of temperature. Diazo compounds - Compounds having the divalent diazo group, =N +=N-, attached to a carbon atom, e.g., CH 2=N 2 diazomethane. [5] Dielectric constant (ε)* - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called permittivity. [1] Dienes - Compounds that contain two fixed double bonds (usually assumed to be between carbon atoms). Dienes in which the two double-bond units are linked by one single bond are termed conjugated. [5] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Diffusion* - The migration of atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles as a result of some type of gradient (concentration, temperature, etc.). Diopter - A unit used in optics, formally equal to m-1. It is used in expressing dioptic power, which is the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens. Dipole moment, electric (p,µ)* - For a distribution of equal positive and
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) negative charge, the magnitude of the dipole moment vector is the positive charge multiplied by the distance between the centers of positive and negative charge distribution. The direction is given by the line from the center of negative charge to the center of positive charge. Dipole moment, magnetic (m,µ) - Formally defined in electromagnetic theory as a vector quantity whose vector product with the magnetic flux density equals the torque. The magnetic dipole generated by a current I flowing in a small loop of area A has a magnetic moment of magnitude IA. In atomic and nuclear physics, a magnetic moment is associated with the angular momentum of a particle; e.g., an electron with orbital angular momentum l exhibits a magnetic moment of -el/ 2me where e is the elementary charge and me the mass of the electron. [1] Disaccharides - Compounds in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond. [5] Dislocation - An extended displacement of a crystal from a regular lattice. An edge dislocation results when one portion of the crystal has partially slipped with respect to the other, resulting in an extra plane of atoms extending through part of the crystal. A screw dislocation transforms successive atomic planes into the surface of a helix. Dispersion - Splitting of a beam of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) of mixed wavelengths into the constituent wavelengths as a result of the variation of refractive index of the medium with wavelength. Dissociation constant* - The equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction in which a compound dissociates into its constituent parts. Dissociation energy (De)* - For a diatomic molecule, the difference between the energies of the free atoms at rest and the minimum in the potential energy curve. The term bond dissociation energy (D0), which can be applied to polyatomic molecules as well, is used for the difference between the energies of the fragments resulting when a bond is broken and the energy of the original molecule in its lowest energy state. The term bond strength implies differences in enthalpy rather than energy. Domain - A small region of a solid in which the magnetic or electric moments of the individual units (atoms, molecules, or ions) are aligned in the same direction. Domain wall - The transition region between adjacent ferromagnetic domains, generally a layer with a thickness of a few hundred ångström units. Also called Bloch wall. Doppler effect - The change in the apparent frequency of a wave (sound, light, or other) when the source of the wave is moving relative to the observer. Dose equivalent (H) - The product of the absorbed dose of radiation at a point of interest in tissue and various modifying factors which depend on the type of tissue and radiation. [1] Drift velocity - The velocity of charge carriers (electrons, ions, etc.) moving under the influence of an electric field in a medium which subjects the carriers to some frictional force. Dyne (dyn) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of force, equal to 10-5 N. Ebullioscopic constant (Eb)* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the boiling point Tb of a solvent is raised by a nondissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tb = Eb m, where m is the molality of the solute. Eddy currents - Circulating currents set up in conducting bulk materials or sheets by varying magnetic fields. Effinghausen effect - The appearance of a temperature gradient in a current carrying conductor that is placed in a transverse magnetic field. The direction of the gradient is perpendicular to the current and the field. Eigenvalue - An allowed value of the constant a in the equation Au = au, where A is an operator acting on a function u (which is called an
eigenfunction). In quantum mechanics, the outcome of any observation is an eigenvalue of the corresponding operator. Also called characteristic value. Einstein - A non-SI unit used in photochemistry, equal to one mole of photons. Einstein temperature (θV) - In the Einstein theory of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θV = hν/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and ν is the vibrational frequency of the crystal. Einstein transition probability - A constant in the Einstein relation Aij + Bijρ for the probability of a transition between two energy levels i and j in a radiation field of energy density ρ. The Aij coefficient describes the probability of spontaneous emission, while Bij and Bji govern the probability of stimulated emission and absorption, respectively (Bij = Bji). Elastic limit - The greatest stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining after complete release of the stress. [10] Elastic modulus - See Young’s modulus. Electric charge (Q) - The quantity of electricity; i.e., the property that controls interactions between bodies through electrical forces. Electric current (I) - The charge passing through a circuit per unit time. [1] Electric displacement (D) - A vector quantity whose magnitude equals the electric field strength multiplied by the permittivity of the medium and whose direction is the same as that of the field strength. Electric field strength (E) - The force exerted by an electric field on a point charge divided by the electric charge. [1] Electric potential (V) - A scalar quantity whose gradient is equal to the negative of the electric field strength. Electrical conductance - See Conductance Electrical resistance - See Resistance Electrical resistivity - See Resistivity. Electrochemical series* - An arrangement of reactions which produce or consume electrons in an order based on standard electrode potentials. A common arrangement places metals in decreasing order of their tendency to give up electrons. Electrode potential* - The electromotive force of a cell in which the electrode on the left is the standard hydrogen electrode and that on the right is the electrode in question. [2] Electrolysis - The decomposition of a substance as a result of passing an electric current between two electrodes immersed in the sample. Electromotive force (emf) - The energy supplied by a source divided by the charge transported through the source. [1] Electron* - An elementary particle in the family of leptons, with negative charge and spin of 1/2. Electron affinity* - The energy difference between the ground state of a gas-phase atom or molecule and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron spin (s) - The quantum number, equal to 1/2, that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Electron stimulated desorption (ESD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Electron volt (eV)* - A non-SI unit of energy used in atomic and nuclear physics, equal to approximately 1.602177 × 10-19 J. The electron volt is defined as the kinetic energy acquired by an electron upon acceleration through a potential difference of 1 V. [1] Electronegativity* - A parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the power of an atom or group of atoms to attract electrons from the same molecular entity. [3] Electrophoresis - The motion of macromolecules or colloidal particles in an electric field. [3] Emissivity (ε)* - Ratio of the radiant flux emitted per unit area to that of an ideal black body at the same temperature. Also called emittance. [1] Emu - The electromagnetic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the emu of current (sometimes called the abampere). Enantiomers - A chiral molecule and its non-superposable mirror image. The two forms rotate the plane of polarized light by equal amounts in opposite directions. Also called optical isomers. Energy (E,U)* - The characteristic of a system that enables it to do work. Energy gap* - In the theory of solids, the region between two energy bands, in which no bound states can occur. Enols, alkenols - The term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR′=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R′ = H) or ketones (R′ not equal to H). [5] Enthalpy (H)* - A thermodynamic function, especially useful when dealing with constant-pressure processes, defined by H = E + PV, where E is energy, P pressure, and V volume. [1] Enthalpy of combustion* - The enthalpy change in a combustion reaction. Its negative is the heat released in combustion. Enthalpy of formation, standard* - The enthalpy change for the reaction in which a substance is formed from its constituent elements, each in its standard reference state (normally refers to 1 mol, sometimes to 1 g, of the substance). Enthalpy of fusion* - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to liquid state. Enthalpy of sublimation - The enthalpy change in the transition from solid to gas state. Enthalpy of vaporization* - The enthalpy change in the transition from liquid to gas state. Entropy (S)* - A thermodynamic function defined such that when a small quantity of heat dQ is received by a system at temperature T, the entropy of the system is increased by dQ/T, provided that no irreversible change takes place in the system. [1] Entropy unit (e.u.) - A non-SI unit of entropy, equal to 4.184 J/K mol. Ephemeris time - Time measured in tropical years from January 1, 1900. Epoxy compounds - Compounds in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent or non-adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system; thus cyclic ethers. [5] Equation of continuity - Any of a class of equations that express the fact that some quantity (mass, charge, energy, etc.) cannot be created or destroyed. Such equations typically specify that the rate of increase of the quantity in a given region of space equals the net current of the quantity flowing into the region. Equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure, volume, and temperature of a substance or system. Equilibrium constant (K)* - For a chemical reaction aA + bB 1 cC + dD, the equilibrium constant is defined by: K=
aC c ⋅ a D d aA a ⋅ aB b
where ai is the activity of component i. To a certain approximation, the activities can be replaced by concentrations. The equilibrium constant
is related to ∆rG°, the standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction, by RT lnK = -∆rG°. Equivalent conductance - See Conductivity, electrical Erg (erg) - A non-SI (cgs) unit of energy, equal to 10-7 J. Esters - Compounds formally derived from an oxoacid RC(=O)(OH) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking, with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. [5] Esu - The electrostatic system of units, based upon the cm, g, and s plus the esu of charge (sometimes called the statcoulomb or franklin). Ethers - Compounds with formula ROR, where R is not equal to H. [5] Euler number (Eu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Eu = ∆p/ρv2, where p is pressure, ρ is density, and v is velocity. [2] Eutectic - The point on a two-component solid-liquid phase diagram which represents the lowest melting point of any possible mixture. A liquid having the eutectic composition will freeze at a single temperature without change of composition. Excitance (M) - Radiant energy flux leaving an element of a surface divided by the area of that element. [1] Exciton - A localized excited state consisting of a bound electron-hole pair in a molecular or ionic crystal. The exciton can propagate through the crystal. Exosphere - The outermost part of the earth’s atmosphere, beginning at about 500 to 1000 km above the surface. It is characterized by densities so low that air molecules can escape into outer space. Expansion coefficient - See thermal expansion coefficient. Extended electron energy loss fine structure (EXELFS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Extinction coefficient - See Absorption coefficient, molar F-Center - See Color center Fahrenheit temperature (°F) - The temperature scale based on the assignment of 32°F = 0°C and a temperature interval of °F =(5/9)°C; i.e., t/°F = (9/5)t/°C + 32. Farad (F)* - The SI unit of electric capacitance, equal to C/V. [1] Faraday constant (F)* - The electric charge of 1 mol of singly charged positive ions; i.e., F = NAe, where NA is Avogadro’s constant and e is the elementary charge. [1] Faraday effect* - The rotation of the plane of plane-polarized light by a medium placed in a magnetic field parallel to the direction of the light beam. The effect can be observed in solids, liquids, and gasses. Fatty acids - Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil, or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids. [5] Fermat’s principle - The law that a ray of light traversing one or more media will follow a path which minimizes the time required to pass between two given points. Fermi (f) - Name sometimes used in nuclear physics for the femtometer. Fermi level - The highest energy of occupied states in a solid at zero temperature. Sometimes called Fermi energy. The Fermi surface is the surface in momentum space formed by electrons occupying the Fermi level. Fermi resonance - An effect observed in vibrational spectroscopy when an overtone of one fundamental vibration closely coincides in energy with another fundamental of the same symmetry species. It leads to a splitting of vibrational bands. Fermi-Dirac distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribu-
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) tion which takes into account the Pauli exclusion principle. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E-µ)/kT+1]-1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. The distribution is applicable to a system of fermions. Fermion - A particle that obeys Fermi-Dirac statistics. Specifically, any particle with spin equal to an odd multiple of 1/2. Examples are the electron, proton, neutron, muon, etc. Ferrimagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two nonequivalent sublattices with unequal magnetic moments, leading to a nonzero magnetic susceptibility. Ferrite - A ferrimagnetic material of nominal formula MFe2O4, where M is a divalent metal; widely used in microwave switches and other solid state devices. Ferroelectricity* - The retention of electric polarization by certain materials after the external field that produced the polarization has been removed. Ferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are aligned within domains which can in turn be aligned with each other by a weak magnetic field. Some ferromagnetic materials can retain their magnetization when the external field is removed, as long as the temperature is below a critical value, the Curie temperature. They are characterized by a large positive magnetic susceptibility. Fick’s law - The statement that the flux J of a diffusing substance is proportional to the concentration gradient, i.e., J = -D(dc/dx), where D is called the diffusion coefficient. Field - A mathematical construct which describes the interaction between particles resulting from gravity, electromagnetism, or other physical phenomena. In classical physics a field is described by equations. Quantum field theory introduces operators to represent the physical observables. Field emission microscopy (FEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Field ion microscopy (FIM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Fine structure - The splitting in spectral lines that results from interactions of the electron spin with the orbital angular momentum. Fine structure constant (α)* - Defined as e2/2hcε0, where e is the elementary charge, h Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and ε0 the permittivity of a vacuum. It is a measure of the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between particles. First radiation constant (c1)* - Constant (= 2πhc2) in the equation for the radiant excitance Mλ of a black body: Mλ =
c1λ–5 ∆λ
e c2 / λT – 1
where λ is the wavelength, T is the temperature, and c2 = hc/k is the second radiation constant. Flash point - The lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile combustible substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. [10] Fluence (F) - Term used in photochemistry to specify the energy per unit area delivered in a given time interval, for example by a laser pulse. [2] Fluorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of fluorine and carbon. [5] Fluxoid - The quantum of magnetic flux in superconductivity theory, equal to hc/2e, where h is Planck’s constant, c the velocity of light, and e the elementary charge. Force (F) - The rate of change of momentum with time. [1] Force constants (f, k)* - In molecular vibrations, the coefficients in the expression of the potential energy in terms of atom displacements from their equilibrium positions. In a diatomic molecule, f = d2V/dr2, where V(r) is the potential energy and r is the interatomic distance. [2]
Fourier number (Fo) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Fo = at/l2, where a is thermal diffusivity, t is time, and l is length. [2] Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) - A technique for obtaining an infrared spectrum by use of an interferometer in which the path length of one of the beams is varied. A Fourier transformation of the resulting interferogram yields the actual spectrum. The technique is also used for NMR and other types of spectroscopy. Fractals - Geometrical objects that are self-similar under a change of scale; i.e., they appear similar at all levels of magnification. They can be considered to have fractional dimensionality. Examples occur in diverse fields such as geography (rivers and shorelines), biology (trees), and solid state physics (amorphous materials). Franck-Condon principle - An important principle in molecular spectroscopy which states that the nuclei in a molecule remain essentially stationary while an electronic transition is taking place. The physical interpretation rests on the fact that the electrons move much more rapidly than the nuclei because of their much smaller mass. Franklin (Fr) - Name sometimes given to the unit of charge in the esu system. Fraunhofer diffraction - Diffraction of light in situations where the source and observation point are so far removed that the wave surfaces may be considered planar. Fraunhofer lines - Sharp absorption lines in the spectrum of sunlight, caused by absorption of the solar blackbody radiation by atoms near the sun’s surface. Free radical - See Radicals. The term “free radical” is often used more broadly for molecules that have a paramagnetic ground state (e.g., O2) and sometimes for any transient or highly reactive molecular species. Freezing point - See Melting point Frequency (ν)* - Number of cycles of a periodic phenomenon divided by time. [1] Fresnel diffraction - Diffraction of light in a situation where the source and observation point are sufficiently close together that the curvature of the wave surfaces must be taken into account. Froude number (Fr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Fr = v/(lg)1/2, where v is velocity, l is length, and g is acceleration due to gravity. [2] Fugacity (fB) - For a gas mixture, the fugacity of component B is defined as the absolute activity λB times the limit, as the pressure p approaches zero at constant temperature, of pB/λB. [2] Fullerenes - Compounds composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The archetypal example is [60]fullerene, where the atoms and bonds delineate a truncated icosahedron. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms. [5] Fulvalenes - The hydrocarbon fulvalene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed by replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the fulvalene skeleton by a heteroatom). [5] Fulvenes - The hydrocarbon fulvene and its derivatives formed by substitution (and by extension, analogues formed by replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the fulvene skeleton by a heteroatom). [5] Fundamental vibrational frequencies* - In molecular spectroscopy, the characteristic vibrational frequencies obtained when the vibrational energy is expressed in normal coordinates. They determine the primary features of the infrared and Raman spectra of the molecule. γ - Name sometimes used for microgram. γ-rays* - Electromagnetic radiation (photons) with energy greater than about 0.1 MeV (wavelength less than about 1 pm). g-Factor of the electron* - The proportionality factor in the equation
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) relating the magnetic moment µ of an electron to its total angular momentum quantum number J, i.e., µ = -gµBJ, where µB is the Bohr magneton. Also called Landé factor. Gal - A non-SI unit of acceleration, equal to 0.01 m/s. Also called galileo. Gallon (US) - A unit of volume equal to 3.785412 L. Gallon (UK, Imperial) - A unit of volume equal to 4.546090 L. Gauss (G) - A non-SI unit of magnetic flux density (B) equal to 10-4 T. Gaussian system of units - A hybrid system used in electromagnetic theory, which combines features of both the esu and emu systems. Gel - A colloidal system with a finite, but usually rather small, yield stress (the sheer stress at which yielding starts abruptly). [3] Genetic code* - The set of relations between each of the 64 codons of DNA and a specific amino acid (or other genetic instruction). Gibbs energy (G)* - An important function in chemical thermodynamics, defined by G = H-TS, where H is the enthalpy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. Sometimes called Gibbs free energy and, in older literature, simply “free energy”. [2] Gibbs phase rule - The relation F = C - P + 2, where C is the number of components in a mixture, P is the number of phases, and F is the degrees of freedom, i.e., the number of intensive variables that can be changed independently without affecting the number of phases. Glass transition temperature* - The temperature at which an amorphous polymer is transformed, in a reversible way, from a viscous or rubbery condition to a hard and relatively brittle one. [10] Glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Gluon - A hypothetical particle postulated to take part in the binding of quarks, in analogy to the role of the photon in electromagnetic interactions. Glycerides - Esters of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids, widely distributed in nature. They are by long-established custom subdivided into triglycerides, 1,2- or 1,3-diglycerides, and 1- or 2monoglycerides, according to the number and positions of acyl groups. [5] Glycols - Dihydric alcohols in which two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. Also called diols. [5] Grain (gr) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 64.79891 mg. Grain boundary - The interface between two regions of different crystal orientation. Grashof number (Gr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2, where T is temperature, ρ is density, l is length, η is viscosity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, and g is acceleration of gravity. [2] Gravitational constant (G)* - The universal constant in the equation for the gravitational force between two particles, F = Gm1m2/r2, where r is the distance between the particles and m1 and m2 are their masses. [1] Gray (Gy)* - The SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to J/kg. [1] Gregorian calendar - The modification of the Julian calendar introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XII which specified that a year divisible by 100 is a leap year only if divisible by 400. Grignard reagents - Organomagnesium halides, RMgX, having a carbon-magnesium bond (or their equilibrium mixtures in solution with R2Mg + MgX2). [5] Gruneisen parameter (γ) - Defined by γ = αV/κ cV ρ, where αV is the cubic thermal expansion coefficient, κ is the isothermal compressibility, cV is the specific heat capacity at constant volume, and ρ is the mass density. γ is independent of temperature for most crystalline solids. [1] Gyromagnetic ratio (γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called magnetogyric ratio. Hadron - Any elementary particle that can take part in the strong
interaction. Hadrons are subdivided into baryons, with odd half integer spins, and mesons, which have zero or integral spin. Hall effect* - The development of a transverse potential difference V in a conducting material when subjected to a magnetic field H perpendicular to the direction of the current. The potential difference is given by V = RH BJt, where B is the magnetic induction, J the current density, t the thickness of the specimen in the direction of the potential difference, and RH is called the Hall coefficient. Halocarbon - A compound containing no elements other than carbon, hydrogen, and one or more halogens. In common practice, the term is used mainly for compounds of no more than four or five carbon atoms. Halogens - The elements F, Cl, Br, I, and At. Compounds of these elements are called halogenides or halides. [7] Hamiltonian (H) - An expression for the total energy of a mechanical system in terms of the momenta and positions of constituent particles. In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian operator appears in the eigenvalue equation Hψ= Eψ, where E is an energy eigenvalue and ψ the corresponding eigenfunction. Hardness* - The resistance of a material to deformation, indentation, or scratching. Hardness is measured on various scales, such as Mohs, Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, and Vickers. [10] Hartmann number (Ha) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Ha = Bl(κ/η)1/2, where B is magnetic flux density, l is length, κ is electric conductivity, and η is viscosity. [2] Hartree (Eh)* - An energy unit used in atomic and molecular science, equal to approximately 4.3597482 × 10-18 J. Hartree-Fock method - A iterative procedure for solving the Schrödinger equation for an atom or molecule in which the equation is solved for each electron in an initial assumed potential from all the other electrons. The new potential that results is used to repeat the calculation and the procedure continued until convergence is reached. Also called self-consistent field (SCF) method. Heat capacity* - Defined in general as dQ/dT, where dQ is the amount of heat that must be added to a system to increase its temperature by a small amount dT. The heat capacity at constant pressure is Cp = (∂H/ ∂T)p; that at constant volume is CV = (∂E/∂T)V , where H is enthalpy, E is internal energy, p is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. An upper case C normally indicates the molar heat capacity, while a lower case c is used for the specific (per unit mass) heat capacity. [1] Heat of formation, vaporization, etc. - See corresponding terms under Enthalpy. Hectare (ha) - A unit of area equal to 104 m2. [1] Heisenberg uncertainty principle - The statement that two observable properties of a system that are complementary, in the sense that their quantum-mechanical operators do not commute, cannot be specified simultaneously with absolute precision. An example is the position and momentum of a particle; according to this principle, the uncertainties in position ∆q and momentum ∆p must satisfy the relation ∆p∆q ≥ h/4π, where h is Planck’s constant. Heitler-London model - An early quantum-mechanical model of the hydrogen atom which introduced the concept of the exchange interaction between electrons as the primary reason for stability of the chemical bond. Helicon - A low-frequency wave generated when a metal at low temperature is exposed to a uniform magnetic field and a circularly polarized electric field. Helmholz energy (A) - A thermodynamic function defined by A = E-TS, where E is the energy, S the entropy, and T the thermodynamic temperature. [2] Hemiacetals - Compounds having the general formula R2C(OH)OR′ (R′ not equal to H). [5] Henry (H)* - The SI unit of inductance, equal to Wb/A. [1]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Henry’s law * - An expression which applies to an ideal dilute solution in which one or more gasses are dissolved, viz., pi = Hixi, where pi is the partial pressure of component i above the solution, xi is its mole fraction in the solution, and Hi is the Henry’s law constant (a characteristic of the given gas and solvent, as well as the temperature). Hermitian operator - An operator A that satisfies the relation ∫ um*Aundx = (∫ un*Aum dx)*, where * indicates the complex conjugate. The eigenvalues of Hermitian operators are real, and eigenfunctions belonging to different eigenvalues are orthogonal. Hertz (Hz) - The SI unit of frequency, equal to s-1. [1] Heterocyclic compounds - Cyclic compounds having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements, e.g., quinoline, 1,2-thiazole, bicyclo[3.3.1]tetrasiloxane. [5] Heusler alloys - Alloys of manganese, copper, aluminum, nickel, and sometimes other metals which find important uses as permanent magnets. Holography - A technique for creating a three-dimensional image of a object by recording the interference pattern between a light beam diffracted from the object and a reference beam. The image can be reconstructed from this pattern by a suitable optical system. Homopolymer - A polymer derived from one species of (real, implicit, or hypothetical) monomer. [8] Hooke’s law - The statement that the ratio of stress to strain is a constant in a totally elastic medium. Horse power - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 746 W. Hubble constant - The ratio of the recessional velocity of an extragalactic object to the distance of that object. Its value is about 2 × 10-18 s-1. Huckel theory - A simple approximation for calculating the energy of conjugated molecules in which only the resonance integrals between neighboring bonds are considered. Also called CNDO method (complete neglect of differential overlap). Hume-Rothery rules - A set of empirical rules for predicting the occurrence of solid solutions in metallic systems. The rules involve size, crystal structure, and electronegativity. Hund’s rules - A series of rules for predicting the sequence of energy states in atoms and molecules. One of the important results is that when two electrons exist in different orbitals, the state with their spins parallel (triplet state) lies at lower energy than the state with antiparallel spins (singlet). Hydrazines - Hydrazine (diazane), H2NNH2, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. When one or more substituents are acyl groups, the compound is a hydrazide. [5] Hydrocarbon - A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. [5] Hydrolysis - A reaction occurring in water in which a chemical bond is cleaved and a new bond formed with the oxygen atom of water. Hyperfine structure - Splitting of energy levels and spectral lines into several closely spaced components as a result of interaction of nuclear spin angular momentum with other angular momenta in the atom or molecule. Hysteresis* - An irreversible response of a system (parameter A) as a function of an external force (parameter F), usually symmetric with respect to the origin of the A vs. F graph after the initial application of the force. A common example is magnetic induction vs. magnetic field strength in a ferromagnet. Ideal gas law - The equation of state pV = RT, which defines an ideal gas, where p is pressure, V molar volume, T temperature, and R the molar gas constant. Ideal solution - A solution in which solvent-solvent and solvent-solute interactions are identical, so that properties such as volume and enthalpy are exactly additive. Ideal solutions follow Raoult’s law, which states that the vapor pressure pi of component i is pi = xipi*, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi* the vapor pressure of the pure substance i.
Ignition temperature* - The lowest temperature at which combustion of a material will occur spontaneously under specified conditions. Sometimes called autoignition temperature, kindling point. [10] Imides - Diacyl derivatives of ammonia or primary amines, especially those cyclic compounds derived from diacids. Also used for salts having the anion RN2-. [5] Impedence (Z) - The complex representation of potential difference divided by the complex representation of current. In terms of reactance X and resistance R, the impedance is given by Z = R + iX. [1] Index of refraction (n)* - For a non-absorbing medium, the ratio of the velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuo to the phase velocity of radiation of a specified frequency in the medium. [1] Inductance - The ratio of the electromagnetic force induced in a coil by a current to the rate of change of the current. Inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Inertial defect - In molecular spectroscopy, the quantity Ic-Ia-Ib for a molecule whose equilibrium configuration is planar, where Ia, Ib, and Ic are the effective principal moments of inertia. The inertial defect for a rigid planar molecule would be zero, but vibration-rotation interactions in a real molecule lead to a positive inertial defect. Insulator - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons, while the next higher band (conduction band) is empty. Solids with an energy gap of 5 eV or more are generally considered as insulators at room temperature. Their conductivity is less than 10-6 S/m and increases with temperature. Intercalation compounds - Compounds resulting from reversible inclusion, without covalent bonding, of one kind of molecule in a solid matrix of another compound, which has a laminar structure. The host compound, a solid, may be macromolecular, crystalline, or amorphous. [5] International System of Units (SI)* - The unit system adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960. It consists of seven base units (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela), plus derived units and prefixes. [1] International Temperature Scale (ITS-90)* - The official international temperature scale adopted in 1990. It consists of a set of fixed points and equations which enable the thermodynamic temperature to be determined from operational measurements. [9] Ion - An atomic or molecular particle having a net electric charge. [3] Ion exchange - A process involving the adsorption of one or several ionic species accompanied by the simultaneous desorption (displacement) of one or more other ionic species. [3] Ion neutralization spectroscopy (INS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Ionic strength (I) - A measure of the total concentration of ions in a solution, defined by I = 1/2Σi zi2mi, where zi is the charge of ionic species i and mi is its molality. For a 1-1 electrolyte at molality m, I = m. Ionization constant* - The equilibrium constant for a reaction in which a substance in solution dissociates into ions. Ionization potential* - The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule (in its vibrational ground state) in the gaseous phase. More properly called ionization energy. [3] Irradiance (E) - The radiant energy flux incident on an element of a surface, divided by the area of that element. [1] Isentropic process - A thermodynamic process in which the entropy of the system does not change. Ising model - A model describing the coupling between two atoms in a ferromagnetic lattice, in which the interaction energy is proportional to the negative of the product of the spin components along a specified axis.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Isobar - A line connecting points of equal pressure on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isochore - A line or surface of constant volume on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isoelectric point* - The pH of a solution or dispersion at which the net charge on the macromolecules or colloidal particles is zero. In electrophoresis there is no motion of the particles in an electric field at the isoelectric point. Isomers - In chemistry, compounds that have identical molecular formulas but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. In physics, nuclei of the same atomic number Z and mass number A but in different energy states. [3] Isomorphs - Substances of different chemical nature but having the same crystal structure. Isotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially comprising only one species of repeating unit which has chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to its adjacent constitutional units. [8] Isotherm - A line connecting points of equal temperature on a graphical representation of a physical system. Isothermal process - A thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system does not change. Isotones - Nuclides having the same neutron number N but different atomic number Z. [3] Isotopes - Two or more nuclides with the same atomic number Z but different mass number A. The term is sometimes used synonymously with nuclide, but it is preferable to reserve the word nuclide for a species of specific Z and A. [3] Jahn-Teller effect - An interaction of vibrational and electronic motions in a nonlinear molecule which removes the degeneracy of certain electronic energy levels. It can influence the spectrum, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of the substance. Johnson noise - Electrical noise generated by random thermal motion of electrons in a conductor or semiconductor. Also called thermal noise. Josephson effect - The tunneling of electron pairs through a thin insulating layer which separates two superconductors. When a potential difference is applied to the superconductors, an alternating current is generated whose frequency is precisely proportional to the potential difference. This effect has important applications in metrology and determination of fundamental physical constants. Joule (J)* - The SI unit of energy, equal to N m. [1] Joule-Thomson coefficient (µ) - A parameter which describes the temperature change when a gas expands adiabatically through a nozzle from a high pressure to a low pressure region. It is defined by µ = (∂T/ ∂p)H, where H is enthalpy. Julian calendar - The calendar introduced by Julius Caeser in 46 B.C. which divided the year into 365 days with a leap year of 366 days every fourth year. Julian date (JD) - The number of days elapsed since noon Greenwich Mean Time on January 1, 4713 B.C. Thus January 1, 2000, 0h (midnight) will be JD 2,451,543.5. This dating system was introduced by Joseph Scaliger in 1582. Kaon - One of the elementary particles in the family of mesons. Kaons have a spin of zero and may be neutral or charged. Kelvin (K)* - The SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature. [1] Kepler’s laws - The three laws of planetary motion, which established the elliptical shape of planetary orbits and the relation between orbital dimensions and the period of rotation. Kerr effect* - An electrooptical effect in which birefringence is induced in a liquid or gas when a strong electric field is applied perpendicular to the direction of an incident light beam. The Kerr constant k is given by n1-n2 = kλE2, where λ is the wavelength, E is the electric field
strength, and n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction of the ordinary and extraordinary rays, respectively. Ketenes - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is connected by a double bond to an alkylidene group: R2C=C=O. [5] Ketones - Compounds in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R1R2C=O (neither R may be H). [5] Kilogram (kg)* - The SI base unit of mass. [1] Kinetic energy (Ek, T) - The energy associated with the motion of a system of particles in a specified reference frame. For a single particle of mass m moving at velocity v, Ek = 1/2mv2. Kirchhoff’s laws - Basic rules for electric circuits, which state (a) the algebraic sum of the currents at a network node is zero and (b) the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around a closed path is zero. Klein-Gordon equation - A relativistic extension of the Schrödinger equation. Klein-Nishima formula - An expression for the scattering cross section of a photon by an unbound electron, based upon the Dirac electron theory. Knight shift - The change in magnetic resonance frequency of a nucleus in a metal relative to the same nucleus in a diamagnetic solid. The effect is due to the polarization of the conduction electrons in the metal. Knudsen number (Kn) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Kn = λ/l, where λ is mean free path and l is length. [2] Kondo effect - A large increase in electrical resistance observed at low temperatures in certain dilute alloys of a magnetic metal in a nonmagnetic material. Kramers-Kronig relation - A set of equations relating the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of a medium Lactams - Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lactones - Cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. [5] Lagrangian function (L) - A function used in classical mechanics, defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy for a system of particles. Lamb shift - The small energy difference between the 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 levels in the hydrogen atom, which results from interactions between the electron and the radiation field. Laminar flow - Smooth, uniform, non-turbulent flow of a gas or liquid in parallel layers, with little mixing between layers. It is characterized by small values of the Reynolds number. Landé g-factor - See g-Factor of the electron Langevin function - The mathematical function L(x) = (ex+e-x)/(ex-e-x)1/x, which occurs in the expression for the average dipole moment of a group of rotating polar molecules in an electric field: µav = µL(µE/ kT), where µ is the electric dipole moment of a single molecule, E is the electric field strength, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Lanthanides - The elements of atomic number 57 through 71, which share common chemical properties: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu. [7] Larmor frequency (νL) - The precession frequency of a magnetic dipole in an applied magnetic field. In particular, a nucleus in a magnetic field of strength B has a Larmor frequency of γB/2π, where γ is the magnetogyric ratio of the nucleus. Laser* - A device in which an optical cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. When the resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to the separation of the inverted energy levels, stimulated emission occurs, producing a highly monochromatic, coherent beam of light.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Laser ionization mass spectroscopy (LIMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Lattice constants* - Parameters specifying the dimensions of a unit cell in a crystal lattice, specifically the lengths of the cell edges and the angles between them. Lattice energy* - The energy per ion pair required to separate completely the ions in a crystal lattice at a temperature of absolute zero. Laue diagram - A diffraction pattern produced when an x-ray beam passes through a thin slice of a crystal and impinges on a detector behind the crystal. Lenz’s law - The statement that the current induced in a circuit by a change in magnetic flux is so directed as to oppose the change in flux Leonard-Jones potential - A simple but useful function for approximating the interaction between two neutral atoms or molecules separated by a distance r by writing the potential energy as U(r) = 4ε{(r0/r)12 (r0/r)6}, where ε and r0 are adjustable parameters. In this form the depth of the potential well is ε and the minimum occurs at 21/6r0 . The (1/r)12 term is often replaced by other powers of 1/r. Lepton - One of the class of elementary particles that do not take part in the strong interaction. Included are the electron, muon, and neutrino. All leptons have a spin of 1/2. Lewis number (Le) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Le = a/D, where a is thermal diffusivity and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Ligand field theory - A description of the structure of crystals containing a transition metal ion surrounded by nonmetallic ions (ligands). It is based on construction of molecular orbitals involving the d-orbitals of the central metal ion and combinations of atomic orbitals of the ligands. Light year (l.y.) - A unit of distance used in astronomy, defined as the distance light travels in one year in a vacuum. Its approximate value is 9.46073 × 1015 m. Lignins - Macromolecular constituents of wood related to lignans, composed of phenolic propylbenzene skeletal units, linked at various sites and apparently randomly. [5] Ligroin - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C7 and C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 90-140°C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. Lipids - A loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. [5] Lipoproteins - Clathrate complexes consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding, in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids. [5] Liter (L)* - A synonym for cubic decimeter. [1] Lithosphere* - The outer layer of the solid earth, extending from the base of the mantle to the surface of the crust. Lorentz contraction - The reduction in length of a moving body in the direction of motion, given by the factor (1-v2/c2)1/2 , where v is the velocity of the body and c the velocity of light. Also known as the FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction. Lorentz force - The force exerted on a point charge Q moving at velocity v in the presence of external fields E and B. It is given (in SI units) by F = Q(E + v × B). Loss angle (δ) - For a dielectric material in an alternating electromagnetic field, δ is the phase difference between the current and the potential difference. The function tan δ is a measure of the ratio of the power dissipated in the dielectric to the power stored. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.
Lumen (lm)* - The SI unit of luminous flux, equal to cd sr. [1] Luminous flux (Φ) - The intensity of light from a source multiplied by the solid angle. The SI unit is lumen. [1] Lux (lx)* - The SI unit of illuminance, equal to cd sr m-2. [1] Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation - A relation between the phonon frequencies and dielectric constants of an ionic crystal which states that (ωT/ωL)2 = ε(∞)/ε(0), where ωT is the angular frequency of transverse optical phonons, ωL that of longitudinal optical phonons, ε(0) is the static dielectric constant, and ε(∞) the dielectric constant at optical frequencies. Lyman series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the ground state (principal quantum number n = 1) and successive excited states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1-1/n2), where n = 2,3,4,… and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 1↔2), which is often called the Lyman-α line, falls at a wavelength of 1216 Å, and the series converges at 912 Å, the ionization limit of hydrogen. Mach number (Ma) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Ma = v/c, where v is velocity and c is the speed of sound. [2] Macromolecule - A molecule of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass [8] Madelung constant* - A constant characteristic of a particular crystalline material which gives a measure of the electrostatic energy binding the ions in the crystal. Magnetic field strength (H) - An axial vector quantity, the curl of which is equal to the current density, including the displacement current. [1] Magnetic induction (B) - An axial vector quantity such that the force exerted on an element of current is equal to the vector product of this element and the magnetic induction. [1] Magnetic moment - See Dipole moment, magnetic. Magnetic susceptibility (χm, κ)* - Defined by χm = (µ-µ0)/µ0, where µ is the permeability of the medium and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Magnetization (M) - Defined by M = (B/µ0)-H, where B is magnetic induction, H magnetic field strength, and µ0 the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Magnetogyric ratio (γ) - Ratio of the magnetic moment of a particle to its angular momentum. Also called gyromagnetic ratio. Magneton - See Bohr magneton, Nuclear magneton. Magnetostriction* - The change in dimensions of a solid sample when it is placed in a magnetic field. Magnon - A quantum of magnetic energy associated with a spin wave in a ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic crystal. Mantle - The layer of the earth between the crust and the liquid outer core, which begins about 2900 km below the earth’s surface. Maser - A device in which a microwave cavity is filled with a medium where a population inversion can be produced by some means. When the resonant frequency of the cavity bears the proper relation to the separation of the inverted energy levels, the device can serve as an amplifier or oscillator at that frequency. Mass (m)* - Quantity of matter. Mass can also be defined as “resistance to acceleration”. Mass defect (B) - Defined by B = Zm(1H) + Nmn - ma, where Z is the atomic number, m(1H) is the mass of the hydrogen atom, N is the neutron number, mn is the rest mass of the neutron, and ma is the mass of the atom in question. Thus Bc2 can be equated to the binding energy of the nucleus if the binding energy of atomic electrons is neglected. [1] Mass excess (∆) - Defined by ∆ = ma - Amu, where ma is the mass of the
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) atom, A the number of nucleons, and mu the unified atomic mass constant (mu = 1 u). [1] Mass fraction (wB) - The ratio of the mass of substance B to the total mass of a mixture. [1] Mass number (A) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mass spectrometry - An analytical technique in which ions are separated according to the mass/charge ratio and detected by a suitable detector. The ions may be produced by electron impact on a gas, a chemical reaction, energetic vaporization of a solid, etc. [6] Massieu function - A thermodynamic function defined by J = -A/T, where A is the Helmholz energy and T the thermodynamic temperature. [2] Matthiessen’s rule - The statement that the electrical resistivity ρ of a metal can be written as ρ = ρL+ρi, where ρL is due to scattering of conduction electrons by lattice vibrations and ρi to scattering by impurities and imperfections. If the impurity concentration is small, ρi is temperature independent. Maxwell (Mx)* - A non-SI unit of magnetic field strength (H) equal to 10-8 Wb. [1] Maxwell’s equations - The fundamental equations of electromagnetism. In a form appropriate to SI units, they are: curl H = ∂D/∂t + j div B = 0 curl E = -∂B/∂t div D = ρ where H is the magnetic field strength, B the magnetic induction, E the electric field strength, D the electric displacement, j the current density, ρ the charge density, and t is time. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the fraction of molecules f(v) in a gas that have velocity v within a specified interval. It takes the form 2 3/ 2 f (v) = 4 π( M / 2 πRT ) v 2 e – Mv / 2 RT where M is the molar mass, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Mean free path* - The average distance a gas molecule travels between collisions. Meissner effect - The complete exclusion of magnetic induction from the interior of a superconductor. Melting point* - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure (normally taken to be atmospheric unless stated otherwise). Mercaptans - A traditional term abandoned by IUPAC, synonymous with thiols. This term is still widely used. [5] Meson - Any elementary particle that has zero or integral spin. Mesons are responsible for the forces between protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mesosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the stratosphere (about 50 km above the surface) to 80-90 km. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. Metal - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (conduction band) is only partially filled with electrons. The electrical conductivity of metals generally decreases with temperature. Metallocenes - Organometallic coordination compounds in which one atom of a transition metal such as iron, ruthenium or osmium is bonded to and only to the face of two cyclopentadienyl ligands which lie in parallel planes. [5] Meter (m)* - The SI base unit of length. [1] Methine group - In organic compounds, the -C= group. [5] Mho - An archaic name for the SI unit siemens (reciprocal ohm).
Micelle - A particle formed by the aggregation of surfactant molecules (typically, 10 to 100 molecules) in solution. For aqueous solutions, the hydrophilic end of the molecule is on the surface of the micelle, while the hydrophobic end (often a hydrocarbon chain) points toward the center. At the critical micelle concentration (cmc) the previously dissolved molecules aggregate into a micelle. Micron (µ) - An obsolete name for micrometer. Mie scattering - The scattering of light by spherical dielectric particles whose diameter is comparable to the wavelength of the light. Milky way - The band of light in the night sky resulting from the stars in the galactic plane. The term is also used to denote the galaxy in which the sun is located. Miller indices (hkl) - A set of indices used to label planes in a crystal lattice. [2] Millimeter of mercury (mmHg) - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with torr. Mobility (µ)* - In solid state physics, the drift velocity of electrons or holes in a solid divided by the applied electric field strength. The term is used in a similar sense in other fields. Molality (m) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per kilogram of solvent. Thus a 0.1 molal solution (often written as 0.1 m) has m = 0.1 mol/kg. Molar mass - The mass of one mole of a substance. It is normally expressed in units of g/mol, in which case its numerical value is identical with the molecular weight (relative molecular mass). [1] Molar quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by amount of substance (number of moles). The resulting quantity is called molar volume, molar enthalpy, etc Molar refraction (R) - A property of a dielectric defined by the equation R = Vm[(n2-1)/(n2+2)], where n is the index of refraction of the medium (at optical wavelengths) and Vm the molar volume. It is related to the polarizability α of the molecules that make up the medium by the Lorenz-Lorentz equation, R = NAα/3ε0 , where NA is Avogadro’s constant and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Molarity (c) - A measure of concentration of a solution in which one states the amount of substance (i.e., number of moles) of solute per liter of solution. Thus a 0.1 molar solution (often referred to as 0.1 M) has a concentration c = 0.1 mol/L. Mole (mol)* - The SI base unit of amount of substance. [1] Mole fraction (xB) - The ratio of the amount of substance (number of moles) of substance B to the total amount of substance in a mixture. [1] Molecular orbital - See Orbital. Molecular weight (Mr)* - The ratio of the average mass per molecule or specified entity of a substance to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. Also called relative molar (or molecular) mass. [1] Moment of inertia (I) - The moment of inertia of a body about an axis is the sum (or integral) of the products of its elements of mass and the squares of their distances from the axis. [1] Momentum (p) - The product of mass and velocity. [1] Monomer - A substance consisting of molecules which can undergo polymerization, thereby contributing constitutional units to the essential structure of a macromolecule. [8] Monosaccharides - A term which includes aldoses, ketoses, and a wide variety of derivatives. [5] Mössbauer effect - The recoilless emission of γ-rays from nuclei bound in a crystal under conditions where the recoil energy associated with the γ emission is taken up by the crystal as a whole. This results in a very narrow line width, which can be exploited in various types of precise measurements.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Muon* - An unstable elementary particle of spin 1/2 and mass about 200 times that of the electron. Naphtha - The petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C6 to C8 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 80-120°C. Solvents derived from this fraction include ligroin and petroleum ether. Nautical mile - A non-SI unit of length, equal to exactly 1852 m. Navier-Stokes equations - A set of complex equations for the motion of a viscous fluid subject to external forces. Néel temperature (TN)* - The critical temperature above which an antiferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic. [1] Nernst effect - The production of an electric field in a conductor subject to an applied magnetic field and containing a transverse temperature gradient. The electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field and the temperature gradient. Network - In polymer science, a highly ramified macromolecule in which essentially each constitutional unit is connected to each other constitutional unit and to the macroscopic phase boundary by many permanent paths through the macromolecule, the number of such paths increasing with the number of intervening bonds. The paths must on the average be coextensive with the macromolecule. [8] Neutrino - A stable elementary particle in the lepton family. Neutrinos have zero (or at least near-zero) rest mass and spin 1/2. Neutron* - An elementary particle on spin 1/2 and zero charge. The free neutron has a mean lifetime of 887 seconds. Neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Neutron number (N) - A characteristic property of a specific isotope of an element, equal to the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Newton (N)* - The SI unit of force, equal to m kg s-2. [1] Nitriles - Compounds having the structure RC≡N; thus C-substituted derivatives of hydrocyanic acid, HC≡N. [5] Nitrosamines - N-Nitroso amines: compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolatable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant. [5] Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)* - A widely used technique in which the resonant absorption of radiofrequency radiation by magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field is measured. The results give important information on the local environment of each nucleus. Nuclear magneton (µN)* - The unit of nuclear magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πmp, where h is Planck’s constant, mp the proton mass, and e the elementary charge. Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Nuclear spin (I) - The quantum number that specifies the intrinsic angular momentum of a particular nucleus. The magnitude of the angular momentum is given by [I(I+1)]1/2 h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant. Nucleic acids* - Macromolecules, the major organic matter of the nuclei of biological cells, made up of nucleotide units, and hydrolyzable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose. [5] Nucleon - A collective term for the proton and neutron. Nucleosides - Ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivatives (rarely, other glycosyl derivatives) of certain pyrimidine or purine bases. They are thus glycosylamines or N-glycosides related to nucleotides by the lack of phosphorylation. [5] Nucleotides - Compounds formally obtained by esterification of the 3′ or
5′ hydroxy group of nucleosides with phosphoric acid. They are the monomers of nucleic acids and are formed from them by hydrolytic cleavage. [5] Nuclide - A species of atoms in which each atom has identical atomic number Z and identical mass number A. [3] Nusselt number (Nu) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Nu = hl/k, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, l is length, and k is thermal conductivity. [2] Nyquist theorem - An expression for the mean square thermal noise voltage across a resistor, given by 4RkT∆f where R is the resistance, k the Boltzmann constant, T the temperature, and ∆f the frequency band within which the voltage is measured. Octanol-water partition coefficient (P)* - A measure of the way in which a compound will partition itself between the octanol and water phases in the two-phase octanol-water system, and thus an indicator of certain types of biological activity. Specifically, P is the ratio of the concentration (in moles per liter) of the compound in the octanol phase to that in the water phase at infinite dilution. The quantity normally reported is log P. Oersted (Oe) - A non-SI unit of magnetic field (H), equal to 79.57747 A/m. Ohm (Ω)* - The SI unit of electric resistance, equal to V/A. [1] Ohm’s law - A relation among electric current I, potential difference V, and resistance R, viz., I = V/R. The resistance is constant at constant temperature to high precision for many materials. Olefins - Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carboncarbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes. [5] Oligomer - A substance consisting of molecules of intermediate relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. In contrast to a polymer, the properties of an oligomer can vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of its units. [8] Oligopeptides - Peptides containing from three to nine amino groups. [5] Onsager relations - An important set of equations in the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. They express the symmetry between the transport coefficients describing reciprocal processes in systems with a linear dependence of flux on driving forces. Optical rotary power - Angle by which the plane of polarization of a light beam is rotated by an optically active medium, divided by path length and by concentration of the active constituent. Depending on whether mass or molar concentration is used, the modifier “specific” or “molar” is attached. [2] Orbital - A one-electron wavefunction. Atomic orbitals are classified as s-, p-, d,- or f-orbitals according to whether the angular momentum quantum number l = 0, 1, 2, or 3. Molecular orbitals, which are usually constructed as linear combinations of atomic orbitals, describe the distribution of electrons over the entire molecule. Oscillator strength (f) - A measure of the intensity of a spectroscopic transition, defined by 2 8π 2 Meν µ ij f= 2 3he where ν is the frequency, µij the transition dipole moment, me the mass of the electron, e the elementary charge, and h Planck’s constant. Osmosis - The flow of a solvent in a system in which two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane which cannot pass solute molecules. The solvent will flow from the side of lower concentration to that of higher concentration, thus tending to equalize the concentrations. The pressure that must be
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) applied to the more concentrated side to stop the flow is called the osmotic pressure. Osmotic coefficient (φ) - Defined by φ = ln aA/(MAΣmB), where MA is the molar mass of substance A (normally the solvent), aA is its activity, and the mB are molalities of the solutes. [1] Osmotic pressure (Π) - The excess pressure necessary to maintain osmotic equilibrium between a solution and the pure solvent separated by a membrane permeable only to the solvent. In an ideal dilute solution Π = cBRT , where cB is the amount-of-substance concentration of the solute, R is the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. [1,2] Ostwald dilution law - A relation for the concentration dependence of the molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution, viz., 1 1 Λc = + Λ Λo K Λo
( )
2
where c is the solute concentration, K is the equilibrium constant for dissociation of the solute, and Λ° is the conductivity at cΛ = 0. Ounce (oz) - A non-SI unit of mass. The avoirdupois once equals 28.34952 g, while the troy ounce equals 31.10348 g. Overpotential (η) - In an electrochemical cell, the difference between the potential of an electrode and its zero-current value. Oximes - Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes. [5] Oxo compounds - Compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. The term thus embraces aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, sulfonic acids, amides and esters. [5] Ozonides - The 1,2,4-trioxolanes formed by the reaction of ozone at a carbon-carbon double bond, or the analogous compounds derived from acetylenic compounds. [5] Pair production - A process in which a photon is converted into a particle and its antiparticle (e.g., an electron and positron) in the electromagnetic field of a nucleus. Paraffins - Obsolescent term for saturated hydrocarbons, commonly but not necessarily acyclic. Still widely used in the petrochemical industry, where the term designates acyclic saturated hydrocarbons, and stands in contradistinction to naphthenes. [5] Paramagnetism* - A type of magnetism characterized by a positive magnetic susceptibility, so that the material becomes weakly magnetized in the direction of an external field. The magnetization disappears when the field in removed. In the simplest approximation (Curie’s law) the susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature. Parity - The property of a quantum-mechanical wave function that describes its behavior under the symmetry operation of coordinate inversion. A parity of +1 (or even) is assigned if the wave function does not change sign when the signs of all the coordinates are changed; the parity is -1 (or odd) if the wave function changes sign under this operation. Parsec (pc) - A unit of distance defined as the distance at which 1 astronomical unit (AU) subtends an angle of 1 second of arc. It is equal to 206264.806 AU or 3.085678 × 1016 m. Particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Partition function (q, z) - For a single molecule, q = Σi giexp(εi/kT), where εi is an energy level of degeneracy gi, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the absolute temperature; the summation extends over all energy states. For a system of N non-interacting molecules which are indistinguishable, as in an ideal gas, the canonical partition function Q = qN/ N!. Pascal (Pa)* - The SI unit of pressure, equal to N/m2. [1]
Paschen series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 3 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/9-1/n2), where n = 4,5,6,… and RH is the Rydberg constant. The first member of the series (n = 3↔4), which is often called the Pα line, falls in the infrared at a wavelength of 1.875 µm. Paschen-Back effect - In atomic spectroscopy, the decoupling of electron spin from orbital angular momentum as the strength of an external magnetic field is increased. Pauli exclusion principle - The statement that two electrons in an atom cannot have identical quantum numbers; thus if there are two electrons in the same orbital, their spin quantum numbers must be of opposite sign. Pearson symbol - A code for designating crystallographic information, including the crystal system, the lattice type, and the number of atoms per unit cell. Péclet number (Pe) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Pe = vl/a, where v is velocity, l is length, and a is thermal diffussivity. [2] Peltier effect - The absorption or generation of heat (depending on the current direction) which occurs when an electric current is passed through a junction between two materials. Peptides - Amides derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. [5] Permeability (µ) - Magnetic induction divided by magnetic field strength; i.e. µ = B/H. The relative permeability µr = µ/µ0, where µ0 is the permeability of a vacuum. [1] Permittivity (ε) - Ratio of the electric displacement in a medium to the electric field strength. Also called dielectric constant. [1] Peroxides - Compounds of structure ROOR in which R may be any organic group. In inorganic chemistry, salts of the anion O2-2 [5] Peroxy acids - Acids in which an acidic -OH group has been replaced by an -OOH group; e.g. CH3C(=O)OOH peroxyacetic acid, PhS(=O)2OOH benzeneperoxysulfonic acid. [5] Petroleum ether - The petroleum fraction consisting of C5 and C6 hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 35-60°C; commonly used as a laboratory solvent. pH* - A convenient measure of the acid-base character of a solution, usually defined by pH = -log [c(H+)/mol L-1)], where c(H+) is the concentration of hydrogen ions.The more precise definition is in terms af activity rather than concentration. [2] Phenols - Compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. [5] Phonon - A quantum of energy associated with a vibrational mode of a crystal lattice. Phosphines - PH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RPH2, R2PH and R3P (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. [5] Phosphonium compounds - Salts (and hydroxides) [R4P]+X- containing tetracoordinate phosphonium ion and the associated anion. [5] Phosphonium ylides - Compounds having the structure R3P+-C -R 2 1 R3P=CR 2. Also known as Wittig reagents. [5] Phosphoresence - The process by which a molecule is excited by light to a higher electronic state and then undergoes a radiationless transition to a state of different multiplicity from which it decays, after some delay, to the ground state. The emitted light is normally of longer wavelength than the exciting light because vibrational energy has been dissipated.
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Photoelectric effect - The complete absorption of a photon by a solid with the emission of an electron. Photon - An elementary particle of zero mass and spin 1/2. The photon is involved in electromagnetic interactions and is the quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photon stimulated desorption (PSD) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Pinacols - Tetra(hydrocarbyl)ethane-1,2-diols, R2C(OH)C(OH)R2, of which the tetramethyl example is the simplest one and is itself commonly known as pinacol. [5] Pion - An elementary particle in the family of mesons. Pions have zero spin and may be neutral or charged. They participate in the strong interaction which holds the nucleus together. pK* - The negative logarithm (base 10) of an equilibrium constant K. For pKa, see Acid dissociation constant. Planck constant (h)* - The elementary quantum of action, which relates energy to frequency through the equation E = hν. Planck distribution - See Black body radiation Planck function - A thermodynamic function defined by Y = -G/T, where G is Gibbs energy and T thermodynamic temperature. [2] Plasma - A highly ionized gas in which the charge of the electrons is balanced by the charge of the positive ions, so that the system as a whole is electrically neutral. Plasmon - A quantum associated with a plasma oscillation in the electron gas of a solid. Point group* - A group of symmetry operations (rotations, reflections, etc.) that leave a molecule invariant. Every molecular conformation can be assigned to a specific point group, which plays a major role in determining the spectrum of the molecule. Poise (P) - A non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to 0.1 Pa s. Poiseuille’s equation - A formula for the rate of flow of a viscous fluid through a tube:
(
)
p12 – p2 2 πr 4 dV = 16lηp0 dt where V is the volume as measured at pressure p0; p1 and p2 are the pressures at each end of the tube; r is the radius and l the length of the tube; and η is the viscosity. Poisson ratio (µ) - The absolute value of the ratio of the transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit (i.e., where Hooke’s law is valid). [10] Polariton - A quantum associated with the coupled modes of photons and optical phonons in an ionic crystal. Polarizability (α)* - The change in dipole moment of a molecule produced by an external electric field; specifically, α ab = ∂p a / ∂E b , where p a is the dipole moment component on the a axis and E b is the component of the electric field strength along the b axis. [2] Polymer - A substance composed of molecules of high relative molecular mass (molecular weight), the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. A single molecule of a polymer is called a macromolecule. [8] Polypeptides - Peptides containing 10 or more amino acid residues. See also Peptides. [5] Polysaccharides - Compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. Also called glycans. [5] Porphyrins - Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the α-positions by four methine groups
to form a macrocyclic structure (porphyrin is designated porphine in Chemical Abstracts indexes). [5] Positron - The antiparticle of the electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron, and an equal but opposite charge. Positronium - The hydrogen-like “atom” formed from a positron nucleus and an electron. Its lifetime is very short because of annihilation of the positron and electron. Potential - See Electric potential Potential energy (Ep, V, U) - The portion of the energy of a system that is associated with its position in a force field. Pound (lb) - A non-SI unit of mass, equal to 0.4535924 kg. Power (P) - Rate of energy transfer. For electrical circuits, this is equal to the product of current and potential difference, P = IV. [1] Poynting vector (S) - For electromagnetic radiation, the vector product of the electric field strength and the magnetic field strength. [1] Prandtl number (Pr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Pr = η/ρa, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Pressure* - Force divided by area. [1] Proteins - Naturally occurring and synthetic polypeptides having molecular weights greater than about 10,000 (the limit is not precise). See also Peptides. [5] Proton* - A stable elementary particle of unit positive charge and spin 1/2. Protons and neutrons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. Pulsar - A neutron star which rotates rapidly and emits electromagnetic radiation in regular pulses at a frequency related to the rotation period. Purine bases* - Purine and its substitution derivatives, especially naturally occurring examples. [5] Pyrimidine bases* - Pyrimidine and its substitution derivatives, especially naturally occurring examples. [5] Q-switching - A technique for obtaining very high power from a laser by keeping the Q factor of the laser cavity low while the population inversion builds up, then suddenly increasing the Q to initiate the stimulated emission. Quad - A unit of energy defined as 1015 Btu, equal to approximately 1.055056 × 1018 J. Quadrupole moment - A coefficient of the third term (after monopole and dipole) in the power series expansion of the electric potential of an array of charges. A nucleus of spin greater than 1/2 has a nonvanishing nuclear quadrupole moment which can interact with the electric field gradient of the surrounding electrons. Molecular quadrupole moments have an influence on intermolecular forces. Quality factor (Q) - The ratio of the absolute value of the reactance of an electrical system to the resistance; thus a measure of the energy stored per cycle relative to the energy dissipated. Quantum yield - In photochemistry, the number of moles transformed in a specific process, either physically (e.g., by emission of photons) or chemically, per mole of photons absorbed by the system. [3] Quark - An elementary entity which has not been directly observed but is considered a constituent of protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. Quasar - An extragalactic object emitting electromagnetic radiation at a very high power level and showing a very large red shift, thus indicating that the object is receding at a speed approaching the speed of light. Quasicrystal - A solid having conventional crystalline properties but whose lattice does not display translational periodicity. Quaternary ammonium compounds - Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. Compounds having a carbon-nitrogen double bond (i.e. R2C=N+R2Y-) are more accurately called iminium compounds. [5]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Quinones - Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds. [5] Racemic mixture - A mixture of equal amounts of a pair of enantiomers (optical isomers); such a mixture is not optically active. Rad - A non-SI unit of absorbed dose of radiation, equal to 0.01 Gy. Radiance (L) - The radiant intensity in a given direction from an element of a surface, divided by the area of the orthogonal projection of this element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. [1] Radiant intensity (I) - The radiant energy flux leaving an element of a source within an element of solid angle, divided by that element of solid angle. [1] Radicals - Molecular entities possessing an unpaired electron, such as ·CH3, ·SnH3, ·Cl. (In these formulas the dot, symbolizing the unpaired electron, should be placed so as to indicate the atom of highest spin density, if this is possible). [5] Raman effect - The inelastic scattering of light by a molecule, in which the incident photon either gives up to, or receives energy from, one of the internal vibrational modes of the molecule. The scattered light thus has either a lower frequency (Stokes radiation) or higher frequency (anti-Stokes radiation) than the incident light. These shifts provide a measure of the normal vibrational frequencies of the molecule. Rankine cycle - A thermodynamic cycle which can be used to calculate the ideal performance of a heat engine that uses a condensable vapor as the working fluid (e.g., a steam engine or a heat pump). Rankine temperature - A thermodynamic temperature scale based on a temperature interval °R = (5/9) K ; i.e., T/°R = (9/5)T/K = t/°F + 459.67. Raoult’s law - The expression for the vapor pressure pi of component i in an ideal solution, viz., pi = xi pi0, where xi is the mole fraction of component i and pi0 the vapor pressure of the pure substance i. Rare earth elements - The elements Sc, Y, and the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). [7] Rayleigh number (Ra) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa, where l is length, g is acceleration of gravity, α is cubic expansion coefficient, T is temperature, ρ is density, η is viscosity, and a is thermal diffusivity. [2] Rayleigh scattering - The scattering of light by particles which are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It is characterized by a scattered intensity which varies as the inverse fourth power of the wavelength. Rayleigh wave - A guided elastic wave along the surface of a solid; also called surface acoustic wave. Reactance (X) - The imaginary part of impedance. For an inductive reactance L and a capacitive reactance C in series, the reactance is X = Lω-1/(Cω), where ω is 2π times the frequency of the current. [1] Red shift - A displacement of a spectral line toward longer wavelengths. This can occur through the Doppler effect (e.g., in the light from receding galaxies) or, in the general theory of relativity, from the effects of a star’s gravitational field. Reflectance (ρ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is reflected to that of the incident radiation. Also called reflection factor. [1] Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Relative humidity* - The ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in air to the saturation vapor pressure of water at the same temperature, expressed as a percentage. [10] Relative molar mass - See Molecular weight. Rem - A non-SI unit of dose equivalent, equal to 0.01 Sv. Resistance (R) - Electric potential difference divided by current when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. This definition applies
to direct current. More generally, resistance is defined as the real part of impedance. [1] Resistivity (ρ) - Electric field strength divided by current density when there is no electromotive force in the conductor. Resistivity is an intrinsic property of a material. For a conductor of uniform cross section with area A and length L, and whose resistance is R, the resistivity is given by ρ = RA/L. [1] Reynolds number (Re) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Re = ρvl/η, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and η is viscosity. [2] Rheology - The study of the flow of liquids and deformation of solids. Rheology addresses such phenomena as creep, stress relaxation, anelasticity, nonlinear stress deformation, and viscosity. Ribonucleic acids (RNA) - Naturally occurring polyribonucleotides. See also nucleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, ribonucleotides. [5] Ribonucleotides - Nucleotides in which the glycosyl group is a ribosyl group. See also nucleotides. [5] Roentgen (R) - A unit used for expressing the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or γ radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. A roentgen is defined as 2.58 × 10-4 C/kg. Rotational constants - In molecular spectroscopy, the constants appearing in the expression for the rotational energy levels as a function of the angular momentum quantum numbers. These constants are proportional to the reciprocals of the principal moments of inertia, averaged over the vibrational motion. Rutherford back scattering (RBS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Rydberg constant (R∞)* - The fundamental constant which appears in the equation for the energy levels of hydrogen-like atoms; i.e., En = hcR∞ Z2µ/n2, where h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, Z the atomic number, µ the reduced mass of nucleus and electron, and n the principal quantum number (n = 1, 2, …). Rydberg series - A regular series of lines in the spectrum of an atom or molecule, with the spacing between successive lines becoming smaller as the frequency increases (wavelength decreases). The series eventually converges to a limit which usually corresponds to the complete removal of an electron from the atom or molecule. Sackur-Tetrode equation* - An equation for the molar entropy Sm of an ideal monatomic gas: Sm = Rln(e5/2 V/NAΛ3), where R is the molar gas constant, V is the volume, and NA is Avogadro’s number. The constant Λ is given by Λ = h/(2πmkT)1/2, where h is Planck’s constant, m the atomic mass, k the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. Salinity (S)* - A parameter used in oceanography to describe the concentration of dissolved salts in seawater. It is defined in terms of electrical conductivity relative to a standard solution of KCl. When expressed in units of parts per thousand, S may be roughly equated to the concentration of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salt - An ionic compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base. Scanned probe microscopy (SPM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Schiff bases - Imines bearing a hydrocarbyl group on the nitrogen atom: R2C=NR′ (R′ not equal to H). Considered by many to be synonymous with azomethines. [5]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Schmidt number (Sc) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Sc = η/ρD, where η is viscosity, ρ is density, and D is diffusion coefficient. [2] Schottky barrier - A potential barrier associated with a metal-semiconductor contact. It forms the basis for the rectifying device known as the Schottly diode. Schrödinger equation - The basic equation of wave mechanics which, for systems not dependent on time, takes the form: –(h / 2 m)∇ 2 ψ + Vψ = Eψ
where ψ is the wavefunction, V is the potential energy expressed as a function of the spatial coordinates, E is an energy eigenvalue, ∇2 is the Laplacian operator, \ is Planck’s constant divided by 2π, and m is the mass. Second (s)* - The SI base unit of time. [1] Second radiation constant (c2)* - See First radiation constant. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Seebeck effect - The development of a potential difference in a circuit where two different metals or semiconductors are joined and their junctions maintained at different temperatures. It is the basis of the thermocouple. Selenides - Compounds having the structure RSeR (R not equal to H). They are thus selenium analogues of ethers. Also used for metal salts of H2Se. [5] Semicarbazones - Compounds having the structure R2C=NNHC(=O)NH2, formally derived by condensation of aldehydes or ketones with semicarbazide [NH2NHC(=O)NH2]. [5] Semiconductor - A material in which the highest occupied energy band (valence band) is completely filled with electrons at T = 0 K, and the energy gap to the next highest band (conduction band) ranges from 0 to 4 or 5 eV. With increasing temperature electrons are excited into the conduction band, leading to an increase in the electrical conductivity. Semiquinones - Radical anions having the structure -O-Z-O⋅ where Z is an ortho- or para-arylene group or analogous heteroarylene group; they are formally generated by the addition of an electron to a quinone. [5] SI units* - The International System of Units adopted in 1960 and recommended for use in all scientific and technical fields. [1] Siemens (S)* - The SI unit of electric conductance, equal to Ω-1. [1] Sievert (Sv)* - The SI unit of dose equivalent (of radiation), equal to J/ kg. [1] Silanes - Saturated silicon hydrides, analogues of the alkanes; i.e. compounds of the general formula SinH2n+2. Silanes may be subdivided into silane, oligosilanes, and polysilanes. Hydrocarbyl derivatives are often referred to loosely as silanes. [5] Silicones - Polymeric or oligomeric siloxanes, usually considered unbranched, of general formula [-OSiR2-]n (R not equal to H). [5] Siloxanes - Saturated silicon-oxygen hydrides with unbranched or branched chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (each silicon atom is separated from its nearest silicon neighbors by single oxygen atoms). [5] Skin effect - The concentration of high frequency alternating currents near the surface of a conductor. Slater orbital - A particular mathematical expression for the radial part of the wave function of a single electron, which is used in quantummechanical calculations of the energy and other properties of atoms and molecules. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Snell’s law - The relation between the angle of incidence i and the angle
of refraction r of a light beam which passes from a medium of refractive index n0 to a medium of index n1, viz., sin i/sin r = n1/n0. Solar constant* - The mean radiant energy flux from the sun on a unit surface normal to the direction of the rays at the mean distance of the earth from the sun. The value is approximately 1373 W/m2. Solar wind - The stream of high velocity hydrogen and helium ions emitted by the sun which flows through the solar system and beyond. Soliton - A spatially localized wave in a solid or liquid that can interact strongly with other solitons but will afterwards regain its original form. Solubility* - A quantity expressing the maximum concentration of some material (the solute) that can exist in another liquid or solid material (the solvent) at thermodynamic equilibrium at specified temperature and pressure. Common measures of solubility include the mass of solute per unit mass of solution (mass fraction), mole fraction of solute, molality, molarity, and others. Solubility product constant (Ksp)* - The equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a sparsely soluble salt into its constituent ions. Space group* - A group of symmetry operations (reflections, rotations, etc.) that leave a crystal invariant. A total of 230 space groups have been identified. Spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Specific gravity - Ratio of the mass density of a material to that of water. Since one must specify the temperature of both the sample and the water to have a precisely defined quantity, the use of this term is now discouraged. Specific heat - Heat capacity divided by mass. See Heat capacity. Specific quantity - It is often convenient to express an extensive quantity (e.g., volume, enthalpy, heat capacity, etc.) as the actual value divided by mass. The resulting quantity is called specific volume, specific enthalpy, etc. Specific rotation [α]θλ- For an optically active substance, defined by [α]θλ = α/γl, where α is the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated by a solution of mass concentration γ and path length l. Here θ is the Celsius temperature and λ the wavelength of the light at which the measurement is carried out. Also called specific optical rotatory power. [2] Spin (s, I)* - A measure of the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, which it possesses independent of its orbital motion. The symbol s is used for the spin quantum number of an electron, while I is generally used for nuclear spin. Spiro compounds - Compounds having one atom (usually a quaternary carbon) as the only common member of two rings. [5] Stacking fault - An error in the normal sequence of layer growth in a crystal. Standard mean ocean water (SMOW) - A standard sample of pure water of accurately known isotopic composition which is maintained by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is used for precise calibration of density and isotopic composition measurements. Standard reduction potential (E°) - The zero-current potential of a cell in which the specified reduction reaction occurs at the right-hand electrode and the left-hand electrode is the standard hydrogen electrode. Also called Standard electrode potential. Standard state - A defined state (specified temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) for tabulating thermodynamic functions and carrying out thermodynamic calculations. The standard state pressure is usually taken as 100,000 Pa (1 bar), but various standard state temperatures are used. [2] Stanton number (St) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by St = h/ρvcp, where h is coefficient of heat transfer, ρ is
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) density, v is velocity, and cp is specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [2] Stark effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external electric field. Statistical weight (g) - The number of distinct states corresponding to the same energy level. Also called degeneracy. Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ)* - Constant in the equation for the radiant exitance M (radiant energy flux per unit area) from a black body at thermodynamic temperature T, viz. M = σT4. [1] Stibines - SbH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: R3Sb. RSbH2, R2SbH, and R3Sb (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary stibines, respectively. [5] Stochastic process - A process which involves random variables and whose outcome can thus be described only in terms of probabilities. Stoichiometric number (ν) - The number appearing before the symbol for each compound in the equation for a chemical reaction. By convention, it is negative for reactants and positive for products. [2] Stokes (St) - A non-SI unit of kinematic viscosity, equal to 10-4 m2/s. Stokes’ law - The statement, valid under certain conditions, that the viscous force F experienced by a sphere of radius a moving at velocity v in a medium of viscosity η is given by F = -6πηav. Strain - The deformation of a body that results from an applied stress. Stratosphere - The part of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the troposphere (typically 10 to 15 km above the surface) to about 50 km. It is characterized by an increase in temperature with increasing altitude. Stress - Force per unit area (pressure) applied to a body. Tensile stress tends to stretch or compress the body in the direction of the applied force. Sheer stress results from a tangential force which tends to twist the body. Strong interaction - The short range (order of 1 fm) attractive forces between protons, neutrons, and other hadrons which are responsible for the stability of the nucleus. Strouhal number (Sr) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by Sr = lf/v, where l is length, f is frequency, and v is velocity. [2] Structure factor - In x-ray crystallography, the sum of the scattering factors of all the atoms in a unit cell, weighted by an appropriate phase factor. The intensity of a given reflection is proportional to the square of the structure factor. Sublimation pressure - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a solid at a specified temperature. Sulfides - Compounds having the structure RSR (R not equal to H). Such compounds were once called thioethers. In an inorganic sense, salts or other derivatives of hydrogen sulfide. [5] Sulfones - Compounds having the structure, RS(=O)2R (R not equal to H), e.g. C2H5S(=O)2CH3, ethyl methyl sulfone. [5] Sulfonic acids - HS(=O)2OH, sulfonic acid, and its S-hydrocarbyl derivatives. [5] Sulfoxides - Compounds having the structure R2S=O (R not equal to H), e.g. Ph2S=O, diphenyl sulfoxide. [5] Superconductor - A material that experiences a nearly total loss of electrical resistivity below a critical temperature Tc. The effect can occur in pure metals, alloys, semiconductors, organic compounds, and certain inorganic solids. Superfluid - A fluid with near-zero viscosity and extremely high thermal conductivity. Liquid helium exhibits these properties below 2.186 K (the λ point). Supernova - A star in the process of exploding because of instabilities which follow the exhaustion of its nuclear fuel.
Surface analysis by laser ionization (SALI) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Surface tension (γ,σ)* - The force per unit length in the plane of the interface between a liquid and a gas, which resists an increase in the area of that surface. It can also be equated to the surface Gibbs energy per unit area. Surfactant - A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and accordingly is positively adsorbed at the liquid-vapor or other interfaces. [3] Susceptance (B) - Imaginary part of admittance. [1] Svedberg - A non-SI unit of time, used to express sedimentation coefficients, equal to 10-13 s. Syndiotactic macromolecule - A tactic macromolecule, essentially comprising alternating enantiomeric configurational base units which have chiral or prochiral atoms in the main chain in a unique arrangement with respect to their adjacent constitutional units. In this case the repeating unit consists of two configurational base units that are enantiomeric. [8] Tacticity - The orderliness of the succession of configurational repeating units of a macromolecule or oligomer molecule. In a tactic macromolecule essentially all the configurational repeating units are identical with respect to directional sense. See Configurational repeating unit, Isotactic, Syndiotactic. [8] Tautomerism - Isomerism of the general form G-X-Y=Z 1 X=Y-ZG, where the isomers (called tautomers) are readily interconvertible; the atoms connecting the groups X, Y, Z are typically any of C, H, O, or S, and G is a group which becomes an electrofuge (i.e., a group that does not carry away the bonding electron pair when it leaves its position in the molecule) or nucleofuge (a group that does carry away the bonding electrons when leaving) during isomerization. The commonest case, when the electrofuge is H+, is also known as prototropy. A common example, written so as to illustrate the general pattern given above, is keto-enol tautomerism, such as H-O-C(CH3)=CH-CO2Et (enol) 1 (CH3)C(=O)-CH2-CO2Et (keto) In some cases the interconversion rate between tautomers is slow enough to permit isolation of the separate keto and enol forms. [5] Tensile strength* - In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load a body can bear before breaking to original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength. [11] Terpenes - Hydrocarbons of biological origin having carbon skeletons formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2]. [5] Terpenoids - Natural products and related compounds formally derived from isoprene units. They contain oxygen in various functional groups. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a methyl (or other) group. [5] Tesla (T)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux density (B), equal to V s/m2. [1] Thermal conductivity* - Rate of heat flow divided by area and by temperature gradient. [1] Thermal diffusivity - Thermal conductivity divided by density and by specific heat capacity at constant pressure. [1] Thermal expansion coefficient (α)* - The linear expansion coefficient is defined by αl = (1/l)(dl/dT); the volume expansion coefficient by αV = (1/V)(dV/dT). [1] Thermionic emission - The emission of electrons from a solid as a result of heat. The effect requires a high enough temperature to impart sufficient kinetic energy to the electrons to exceed the work function of the solid. Thermodynamic laws - The foundation of the science of thermodynamics:
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) First law: The internal energy of an isolated system is constant; if energy is supplied to the system in the form of heat dq and work dw, then the change in energy dU = dq + dw. Second law: No process is possible in which the only result is the transfer of heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion to work. Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the thermodynamic temperature approaches zero. Thermoelectric power - For a bar of a pure material whose ends are at different temperatures, the potential difference divided by the difference in temperature of the ends. See also Seeback effect. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Thermosphere - The layer of the earth’s atmosphere extending from the top of the mesosphere (typically 80-90 km above the surface) to about 500 km. It is characterized by a rapid increase in temperature with increasing altitude up to about 200 km, followed by a leveling off in the 300-500 km region. Thiols - Compounds having the structure RSH (R not equal to H). Also known by the term mercaptans (abandoned by IUPAC); e.g. CH3CH2SH, ethanethiol. [5] Thomson coefficient (µ, τ) - The heat power developed in the Thomson effect (whereby heat is evolved in a conductor when a current is flowing in the presence of a temperature gradient), divided by the current and the temperature difference. [1] Tonne (t) - An alternative name for megagram (1000 kg). [1] Torque (T) - For a force F that produces a torsional motion, T = r × F, where r is a vector from some reference point to the point of application of the force. Torr - A non-SI unit of pressure, equal to 133.322 Pa. The name is generally considered interchangeable with millimeter of mercury. Townsend coefficient - In a radiation counter, the number of ionizing collisions by an electron per unit path length in the direction of an applied electric field. Transducer - Any device that converts a signal from acoustical, optical, or some other form of energy into an electrical signal (or vice versa) while preserving the information content of the original signal. Transistor - A voltage amplifier using controlled electron currents inside a semiconductor. Transition metals - Elements characterized by a partially filled d subshell. The First Transition Series comprises Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu. The Second and Third Transition Series include the lanthanides and actinides, respectively. [7] Transition probability* - See Einstein transition probability. Transmittance (τ) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux at a given wavelength that is transmitted to that of the incident radiation. Also called transmission factor. [1] Tribology - The study of frictional forces between solid surfaces. Triple point* - The point in p,T space where the solid, liquid, and gas phases of a substance are in thermodynamic equilibrium. The corresponding temperature and pressure are called the triple point temperature and triple point pressure. Troposphere - The lowest part of the earth’s atmosphere, extending to 10-15 km above the surface. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude. The exact height varies with latitude and season. Tunnel diode - A device involving a p-n junction in which both sides are so heavily doped that the Fermi level on the p-side lies in the valence band and on the n-side in the conduction band. This leads to a currentvoltage curve with a maximum, so that the device exhibits a negative resistance in some regions. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.
Umklapp process - A process involving the interaction of three or more waves (lattice or electron) in a solid in which the sum of the wave vectors does not equal zero. Unified atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10-27 kg. [1] Universal time (tU , UT) - Mean solar time counted from midnight at the Greenwich meridian. Also called Greenwich mean time (GMT). The interval of mean solar time is based on the average, over one year, of the time between successive transits of the sun across the observer’s meridian. Vacancy - A missing atom or ion in a crystal lattice. Van Allen belts - Two toroidal regions above the earth’s atmosphere containing protons and electrons. The outer belt at about 25,000 km above the surface is probably of solar origin. The inner belt at about 3000 km contains more energetic particles from outside the solar system. Van der Waals’ equation* - An equation of state for fluids which takes the form: 1 a pVm = RT – 2 V b V – m m where p is pressure, Vm is molar volume, T is temperature, R is the molar gas constant, and a and b are characteristic parameters of the substance which describe the effect of attractive and repulsive intermolecular forces, respectively. Van der Waals’ force - The weak attractive force between two molecules which arises from electric dipole interactions. It can lead to the formation of stable but weakly bound dimer molecules or clusters. Van’t Hoff equation - The equation expressing the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant K of a chemical reaction: d ln k ∆ r H o = dT RT 2
where ∆rH° is the standard enthalpy of reaction, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. Also called van’t Hoff isochore. Vapor pressure* - The pressure of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid (or, in some usage, a solid) at a specified temperature. Varistor - A device that utilizes the properties of certain metal oxides with small amounts of impurities, which show abrupt nonlinearities at specific voltages where the material changes from a semiconductor to an insulator. Velocity (v) - Rate of change of distance with time. Verdet constants (V)* - Angle of rotation of a plane polarized light beam passing through a medium in a magnetic field, divided by the field strength and by the path length. Virial equation of state* - An equation relating the pressure p, molar volume Vm, and temperature T of a real gas in the form of an expansion in powers of the molar volume, viz., pVm= RT(1+BVm-1+CVm-2+ …), where R is the molar gas constant. B is called the second virial coefficient, C the third virial coefficient, etc. The virial coefficients are functions of temperature. Viscosity (η)* - The proportionality factor between sheer rate and sheer stress, defined through the equation F = η A(dv/dx), where F is the tangential force required to move a planar surface of area A at velocity v relative to a parallel surface separated from the first by a distance x. Sometimes called dynamic or absolute viscosity. The term kinematic viscosity (symbol ν) is defined as η divided by the mass density. Volt (V)* - The SI unit of electric potential, equal to W/A. [1] Volume fraction (φj) - Defined as Vj/ΣiVi, where Vj is the volume of the specified component and the Vi are the volumes of all the components of a mixture prior to mixing. [2]
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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS (continued) Watt (W)* - The SI unit of power, equal to J/s. [1] Wave function - A function of the coordinates of all the particles in a quantum mechanical system (and, in general, of time) which fully describes the state of the system. The product of the wave function and its complex conjugate is proportional to the probability of finding a particle at a particular point in space. Weak interaction - The weak forces (order of 10-12 of the strong interaction) between elementary particles which are responsible for beta decay and other nuclear effects. Weber (Wb)* - The SI unit of magnetic flux, equal to V s. [1] Weber number (We) - A dimensionless quantity used in fluid mechanics, defined by We = ρv2l/γ, where ρ is density, v is velocity, l is length, and γ is surface tension. [2] Weight - That force which, when applied to a body, would give it an acceleration equal to the local acceleration of gravity. [1] Wiedeman-Franz law - The law stating that the thermal conductivity k and electrical conductivity σ of a pure metal are related by k = LσT, where T is the temperature and L (called the Lorenz ratio) has the approximate value 2.45 × 10-8 V2/K2. Wien displacement law - The relation, which can be derived from the Planck formula for black body radiation, that λmaxT = 0.0028978 m K, where λmax is the wavelength of maximum radiance at temperature T. Wigner-Seitz method - A method of calculating electron energy levels in a solid using a model in which each electron is subject to a spherically symmetric potential. Wittig reagents - See phosphonium ylides. Work (W) - Force multiplied by the displacement in the direction of the force. [1] Work function (Φ)* - The energy difference between an electron at rest at infinity and an electron at the Fermi level in the interior of a substance. It is thus the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the interior of a solid to a point just outside the surface. [1]
X unit (X) - A unit of length used in x-ray crystallography, equal to approximately 1.002 × 10-13 m. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Yield strength - The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation (often chosen as 0.2% for metals) from proportionality of stress and strain. [11] Young’s modulus (E) - In tension or compression of a body below its elastic limit, the ratio of stress to corresponding strain. Since strain is normally expressed on a fractional basis, Young’s modulus has dimensions of pressure. Also called elastic modulus. [11] Zeeman effect - The splitting of an energy level of an atom or molecule, and hence a splitting of spectral lines arising from that level, as a result of the application of an external magnetic field. Zener diode - A control device utilizing a p-n junction with a well defined reverse-bias avalanche breakdown voltage. Zeotrope - A liquid mixture that shows no maximum or minimum when vapor pressure is plotted against composition at constant temperature. See Azeotrope. Zero-point energy - The energy possessed by a quantum mechanical system as a result of the uncertainty principle even when it is in its lowest energy state; e.g., the difference between the lowest energy level of a harmonic oscillator and the minimum in the potential well. Zeta potential (ζ) - The electric potential at the surface of a colloidal particle relative to the potential in the bulk medium at a long distance. Also called electrokinetic potential. Zwitterions - Neutral compounds having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign. Some chemists restrict the term to compounds with the charges on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer). [5]
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THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS p = pressure V = volume ni = amount of substance i xi = ni/Sj nj = mole fraction of substance i Energy Entropy Enthalpy Helmholtz energy Gibbs energy Isobaric heat capacity
T = temperature
U S H = U + pV A = U – TS G = U + pV –TS Cp = (∂H/∂T)p
CV = (∂U/∂T)V a = V–1(∂V/∂T)p kT = –V–1(∂V/∂p)T kS = –V–1(∂V/∂p)S kT –kS = Ta2V/Cp Cp – CV = Ta2V/kT Gibbs-Helmholtz equation H = G – T(∂G/∂T)p Maxwell relations (∂S/∂p)T = –(∂V/∂T)p (∂S/∂V)T = –(∂p/∂T)V Joule-Thomson expansion mJT = (∂T/∂p)H = –{V – T(∂V/∂T)p}/Cp fJT = (∂H/∂p)T = V – T(∂V/∂T)p Partial molar quantity Xi = (∂X/∂ni)T,p,njπi Chemical potential mi = (∂G/∂ni)T,p,njπi Perfect gas [symbol pg] pV = (Si ni)RT mi pg = miq + RT ln(xi p/pq) Fugacity fi = (xip)exp{(mi – mi pg)/RT} Activity coefficient gi = fi/(xifiq) Gibbs-Duhem relation 0 – SdT – Vdp + Sinidmi [Superscript q in above equations indicates standard state] Isochoric heat capacity Isobaric expansivity Isothermal compressibility Isentropic compressibility
Notation for chemical and physical changes (X = H, S, G, etc.): Chemical reaction DrX Formation from elements DfX Combustion Dc X Fusion (cryÆliq) DfusX Vaporization (liqÆgas) DvapX Sublimation (cryÆgas) DsubX Phase transition DtrsX Solution DsolX Mixing DmixX Dilution DdilX
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PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The basic physical constants and structure diagrams for about 10,900 organic compounds are presented in this table. An effort has been made to include the compounds most frequently encountered in the laboratory, the workplace, and the environment. Particular emphasis has been given to substances that are considered environmental or human health hazards. In making the selection of compounds for the table, added weight was assigned to the appearance of a compound in various lists or reference sources such as: • • • • • • • •
Laboratory reagent lists, e.g., the ACS Reagent Chemicals volume (Ref. 1) The DIPPR list of industrially important compounds (Ref. 2) and the (much larger) TSCA Inventory of chemicals used in commerce The Hazardous Substance Data Bank (Ref. 3) The UNEP list of Persistent Organic Pollutants (Ref. 4) Chemicals on Reporting Rules (CORR), a database of about 7500 regulated compounds prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency (Ref. 5) The EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), a database of human health effects of exposure to chemicals in the environment (Ref. 6) Compendia of chemicals of biochemical or medical importance, such as The Merck Index (Ref. 10) Specialized tables in this Handbook
It should be noted that the above lists vary widely in their choice of chemical names, and even in the use of Chemical Abstracts Registry Numbers. To the extent possible, we have attempted to systematize the names and registry numbers for this table. Clearly, criteria of this type are somewhat subjective, and compounds considered important by some users have undoubtedly been omitted. Suggestions for additional compounds or other improvements are welcomed. The data in the table have been derived from many sources, including both the primary literature and evaluated compilations. The Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition (Reference 7) and the Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary (Reference 8) were important sources. Other useful compilations of physical property data for organic compounds are listed in References 9-19. Many boiling point values (and some melting point and density values) were taken from recent physical chemistry literature dealing with fluid properties. Where conflicts were found, the value deemed most reliable was chosen. The table is arranged alphabetically by substance name, which generally is either an IUPAC systematic name or, in the case of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and other complex compounds, a simple trivial name. Names in ubiquitous use, such as acetic acid and formaldehyde, are adopted rather than their systematic equivalents. Synonyms are given in the column following the primary name, and structure diagrams are given below the data listing. The explanation of the data columns follows: • • • • • • • •
•
•
• •
No.: An identification number used in the indexes. Name: Primary name of the substance Synonym: A synonym in common use. When the primary name is non-systematic, a systematic name may appear here. Mol. Form.: The molecular formula written in the Hill convention. CAS RN.: The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number for the compound. Mol. Wt: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 2001 IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights. Physical Form: A notation of the physical phase, color, crystal type, or other features of the compound at ambient temperature. Abbreviations are given below. mp: Normal melting point in ˚C. A value is sometimes followed by “dec”, indicating decomposition is observed at the stated temperature (so that it is probably not a true melting point). The notation “tp” indicates a triple point, where solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium. bp: Normal boiling point in ˚C, if it is available. This is the temperature at which the liquid phase is in equilibrium with the vapor at a pressure of 760 mmHg (101.325 kPa). A notation “sp” following the value indicates a sublimation point, where the vapor pressure of the solid phase reaches 760 mmHg. When a notation such as “dec” or “exp” (explodes) follows the value, the temperature may not be a true boiling point. A simply entry “sub” indicates the solid has a significant sublimation pressure at ambient temperatures. The boiling point at reduced pressure is listed in some cases, with or without the normal boiling point. Here the superscript indicates the pressure in mmHg. den: Density (mass per unit volume) in g/cm3. The temperature in ˚C is indicated by a superscript. Values refer to the liquid or solid phase, and all values are true densities, not specific gravities. The number of decimal places gives a rough estimate of the accuracy of the value. nD: Refractive index, at the temperature in ˚C indicated by the superscript. Unless otherwise indicated, all values refer to a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line). Values are given only for liquids and solids. Solubility: Qualitative indication of solubility in common solvents. Abbreviations are: i insoluble sl slightly soluble s soluble vs very soluble msc miscible dec decomposes Abbreviations for solvents are given below.
3-1
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) In order to facilitate the location of compounds in the table, three indexes are provided: • • •
Synonym Index: Includes common synonyms, but not the primary name by which the table is arranged. Molecular Formula Index: Lists compounds by molecular formula in the Hill Order (see Introduction to this Handbook). CAS Registry Number Index: Lists compounds by Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. Note there is some redundancy in this index, because many compounds have several Registry Numbers associated with them. Thus the CAS RN in a table entry may differ from the CAS RN which points to it in the index. For example, CAS RN 1319-77-3 in the index points to all three cresol isomers, each of which has its own specific CAS RN.
The assistance of Fiona Macdonald in checking names and formulas is gratefully acknowledged, as well as the efforts of Janice Shackleton, Trupti Desai, Nazila Kamaly, Matt Griffiths, and Lawrence Braschi in preparing the structure diagrams.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ac Ac2O AcOEt ac ace al alk amor anh aq bipym bl blk bp br bt Bu BuOH bz chl col con, conc cry ctc cy, cyhex dec den dil diox dk DMF DMSO efflor Et EtOH eth exp fl
acetyl acetic anhydride ethyl acetate acid acetone alcohol (ethanol) alkali amorphous anhydrous aqueous bipyramidal blue black boiling point brown bright butyl 1-butanol benzene chloroform colorless concentrated crystals carbon tetrachloride cyclohexane decomposes density dilute dioxane dark dimethylformamide dimethyl sulfoxide efflorescent ethyl ethanol diethyl ether explodes flakes
flr fum gl gr gran grn hex HOAc hp hx hyd hyg i iiso lf lig liq lo mcl Me MeCN MeOH misc, msc mp n nd oct oran orth os pa peth Ph PhCl PhNH2 PhNO2 pl pow
fluorescent fumes, fuming glacial gray granular green hexagonal acetic acid heptane hexane hydrate hygroscopic insoluble isoisooctane leaves ligroin liquid long monoclinic methyl acetonitrile methanol miscible melting point refractive index needles octahedra, octahedral orange orthorhombic organic solvents pale petroleum ether phenyl chlorobenzene aniline nitrobenzene plates powder
Pr PrOH pr purp py pym reac rhom s sat sc sl soln sp stab sub sulf syr tab tcl tetr tfa thf, THF tol tp trg unstab vap viol visc vol vs w wh xyl ye
propyl 1-propanol prisms purple pyridine pyramids, pyramidal reacts rhombic soluble saturated scales slightly soluble solution sublimation point stable sublimes sulfuric acid syrup tablets triclinic tetragonal trifluoroacetic acid tetrahydrofuran toluene triple point trigonal unstable vapor violet viscous volatile very soluble water white xylene yellow
REFERENCES 1. American Chemical Society, Reagent Chemicals, Ninth Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 3. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank,
. 4. United Nations Environmental Program, Persistent Organic Pollutants, .
3-2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Environmental Protection Agency, Chemicals on Reporting Rules, . Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System, . Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. Macdonald, F., Editor, Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary, . Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Editors, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, July 2001, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, . Thermodynamics Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC Thermodynamic Tables, . O’Neil, M. J., Editor, The Merck Index, Thirteenth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 2001. Stevenson, R. M., and Malanowski, S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Physical Constants of Hydrocarbon and Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds, ASTM Data Series DS 4B, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1988. Beilstein Database, < http://www.mdli.com/products/xfirebeilstein.html>. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, . Vargaftik, N.B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996 Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Lide, D. R., Editor, Properties of Organic Compounds, .
3-3
No. 1 2 3 4
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C16H20O6P2S3 C30O2 20H H20O4 15C 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-C16H12O5 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one CH28N2O4 18 C16H16N2O4S
3383-96-8 514-10-3 21293-29-8 480-44-4
466.469 302.451 264.318 284.263
30 mcl pl (al-w) 173.5 cry (chl-peth) 160 ye nd (95% al) 263
37517-30-9 77-46-3
336.426 332.374
H C CH CH6O2 12 Nicoumalone CH15NO6 19 C4H10NO3PS Phosphoramidothioic acid, acetyl-, O,S-dimethyl ester C19H22N2OS C4H5NO4S Ethanal C4O 2H H10N2 8C NO Acetaldehyde oxime 2H5C Ethanamide 2HC 5NO N-Phenylacetamide H9NO 8C
83-32-9 208-96-8 82-86-0 152-72-7 30560-19-1
154.207 152.192 182.175 353.325 183.166
cry 121 pa ye nd (eth) lf 290 (dil al) 93.4 91.8 ye nd (HOAc) 261 cry (ace aq) 198 88
61-00-7 33665-90-6 75-07-0 935-07-9 107-29-9 60-35-5 103-84-4
326.455 163.153 44.052 134.178 59.067 59.067 135.163
oran oil nd (bz) 123.2 vol liq or gas -123.37 99.5 nd 45 trg mcl (al-eth) 80.16 114.3
N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide
C4H6N4O3S2
59-66-5
222.246
CH O PS2 H OC
919-54-0 64-19-7
272.322 60.052
liq
2 4 2
H CN O HC O 10HC11NO2
114-83-0 108-24-7 102-01-2
150.177 102.089 177.200
541-50-4 21282-97-3
102.089 214.215
hex pr (eth) liq pr or nd (bz or lig) cry (eth) liq
C14H20ClNO2 CH20N2O4S 15 H6N2O 2C H5NO2 2C C 12H10O C 12H10O C3H6O H7NO 4C
34256-82-1 968-81-0 1068-57-1 546-88-3 941-98-0 93-08-3 67-64-1 75-86-5
269.768 324.396 74.081 75.067 170.206 170.206 58.079 85.105
188 67 hyg cry 90 34 nd (lig, dil al) 56 liq -94.7 -19
297 302 56.05 8223
HCN O HCN
1567-89-1 627-70-3
238.200 112.172
ye nd or pl (al) 128 liq -12.5
H CN S H NC
1752-30-3 75-05-8
131.199 41.052
ye cry liq
Synonym
Abate Abietic acid Abscisic acid Acacetin
Temephos
7 8 9 10 11
Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene 1,2-Acenaphthylenedione Acenocoumarol Acephate
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Acepromazine Acesulfame Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone Acetaldoxime Acetamide Acetanilide
19 Acetazolamide 20 Acethion 21 Acetic acid
1,2-Dihydroacenaphthylene Acenaphthalene
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Acetochlor Acetohexamide Acetohydrazide Acetohydroxamic acid 1-Acetonaphthone 2-Acetonaphthone Acetone Acetone cyanohydrin
12 10 12 8
8 17 4
Ethanoic acid
22 Acetic acid, 2-phenylhydrazide 23 Acetic anhydride 24 Acetoacetanilide 25 Acetoacetic acid 26 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate
Mol. Form.
8 10 2 4 6 3
2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate
N-Hydroxyacetamide
2-Propanone
35 Acetone (2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone 36 Acetone (1-methylethylidene) Dimethyl ketazine hydrazone 37 Acetone thiosemicarbazide 38 Acetonitrile Methyl cyanide
4HC 6O3 C10H14O5
9 10 4 4 6 12 2
4 9 3 2 3
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
2509 sub 120
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, chl vs EtOH
sl H2O 279 280 sub
1.22220 0.898716 1.480020
1.604895
130.0 -74.1 86 36.5
2300.5 18 20.1 0.7834 15040, 13521 115 0.965620 85 222.0 0.9986 304 1.219015
1371.5 117.9
1.331620 1.426420 1.4278
139.5
dec 100 1000.8
1.1820 1.044625
1.372020
1.08220
1.390120
1.122
1340.4
ye liq cry (EtOH aq)
176 -43.82
i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs bz; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, HOAc; s lig i H2O
1.3520
260.5
16.64
Solubility
1.32
s bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, s bz, tol sl H2O
msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl, CS2 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl, tfa; s bz vs H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, acid, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH
1.456020 1.527220
sl H2O i 2HO, eth; sl EtOH, chl; s py s H2O, EtOH; sl eth
1.117121
1.628022
0.784525 0.93219
1.358820 1.399220
133
0.839020
1.453520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl EtOH, ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl; i peth i 2HO; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace
81.65
0.785720
1.344230
s ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc
13725
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5 Acebutolol, (±) 6 Acedapsone
3-4
CAS RN
Name
OH O
S O O P O
S Abate
HO
OH
H COOH
O
O
Abietic acid
N H
O O
OH
Abscisicacid
O
O OH
Acacetin
O Acebutolol,(±)
O O
O HN
NH O
O
O
N O
O
Acedapsone
Acenaphthene
H N
3-5
O
Acenaphthylene
1,2-Acenaphthylenedione
N
N
Acetaldehydephenylhydrazone
Acetaldoxime
Acetamide
O P
Acetanilide
N H
S
O
H
O
S
S O P S O
N
Acepromazine
O
H N OH
Aceticacid
O O
Acesulfame
O
Acethion
S
O
S
O
Acetazolamide
O
N
H N
Acephate
O
N N
O H2N S O
O
NH2
OH
O
Acenocoumarol
H N
O
H Acetaldehyde
N O
S
O
OH
O
O N H
Aceticacid,2-phenylhydrazide
O
O
O
Aceticanhydride
O
H N
O O
O
Cl
O
Acetoacetanilide
O
O OH
O
Acetoacetic acid
O
H N O
O
2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate
Acetochlor
N O
N
O
NH O N
O
O H N S O
N 1-Acetonaphthone
2-Acetonaphthone
Acetone
Acetonecyanohydrin
O
N
O
O N H
Acetohexamide
NH2
Acetohydrazide
N H
OH
Acetohydroxamicacid
O
OH O
O
O
Acetone(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazone
N
N
Acetone(1-methylethylidene)hydrazone
N HN
S NH2
Acetonethiosemicarbazide
N Acetonitrile
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
S O P O O
H N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form mcl pr or pl
Methyl phenyl ketone
8HC 8O
98-86-2
120.149
40 41 42 43 44
Methylphenyl ketazine Acetophos
CN2 16H16 C 8H17O5PS C7NO2 4H C5H9NO3 C 3S 8H8ClNO
729-43-1 2425-25-4 625-77-4 97-69-8 121-60-8
236.311 256.257 101.105 131.130 233.673
89-52-1
179.172
556-08-1 7512-17-6 3615-17-6 53-96-3 28322-02-3 57-08-9 100-06-1 577-56-0 586-42-5 586-89-0 644-31-5 506-96-7 75-36-5 66-23-9 60-31-1 2260-50-6 874-23-7 1670-46-8 616-91-1 517-23-7 490-78-8
179.172 221.208 221.208 223.270 223.270 173.210 150.174 164.158 164.158 164.158 180.158 122.948 78.497 226.112 181.661 273.112 140.180 126.153 163.195 128.126 152.148
2 2
CH
74-86-2
26.037
HCNO2 H CFO CNO5 7H11 C3 4H7NO
142-26-7 557-99-3 1188-37-0 543-24-8
103.120 62.042 189.166 117.104
CH NO4 H CNO 2H3IOC C 3H3NOS C8H16N2O3 C13NO3S 7H NO3S 7H13C
33996-33-7 2466-76-4 507-02-8 13250-46-9 692-04-6 1115-47-5 65-82-7
173.167 110.114 169.948 101.127 188.224 191.248 191.248
Acetophenone azine Acetoxon N-Acetylacetamide N-Acetyl-L-alanine 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride 45 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid
3-6
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid D-glucose 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxyD-mannose 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy2-(Acetylamino)fluorene 4-(Acetylamino)fluorene 6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid 4-Acetylanisole 2-Acetylbenzoic acid 3-Acetylbenzoic acid 4-Acetylbenzoic acid Acetyl benzoylperoxide Acetyl bromide Acetyl chloride Acetylcholine bromide Acetylcholine chloride Acetylcholine iodide 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 2-Acetylcyclopentanone N-Acetyl-L-cysteine 3-Acetyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene
67 Acetylene 68 69 70 71
N-Acetylethanolamine Acetyl fluoride N-Acetylglutamic acid N-Acetylglycine
72 73 74 75 76 77 78
trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole Acetyl iodide Acetyl isothiocyanate N6-Acetyl-L-lysine N-Acetyl-DL-methionine N-Acetyl-L-methionine
Acetylsulfanilyl chloride
H CNO3
9 9
N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine
e-Acetamidocaproic acid
Acetozone Ethanoyl bromide Ethanoyl chloride
Acetylcysteine a-Acetylbutyrolactone 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone Ethyne
NO3 9H9C C8H15NO6 C8H15NO6 CH13NO 15 CH13NO 15 8HC 15NO3 C10O2 9H 9HC8O3 9HC8O3 9HC8O3 9HC 8O4 BrO 2H3C C 2H3ClO 7HC 16BrNO2 CClNO2 7H16 CINO 2 7H16 H12O2 8C C10O2 7H C 3S 5H9NO 6HC 8O3 8HC 8O3
4 9
Ethanoyl fluoride Aceturic acid Oxaceprol
2 3
7 11
5 6 2
Ethanoyl iodide
Methionamine
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
20.5
202
den/g cm-3 1.028120
nD
Solubility
1.537220
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, con sulf, chl
120 liq nd (eth)
79 125 nd (bz), pr (bz- 149 chl) nd (HOAc) 187.5
nd (HOAc) cry (ace aq) cry (dil al) br cry (bz) cry (ace) pl (peth) nd (w), pr (bz) nd (w) wh nd (lig) liq liq hyg cry hyg
cry (w)
256.5 205 128 193 200 104.5 38.5 114.5 172 208 37 -96 -112.8 146 150 163 -11
730.005 223.5
s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, tfa dec alk i2O; H s EtOH, eth, HOAc
1.081841
1.54741
1.662516 20 1.1051
1.448620 1.388620
11218, 10114 1.078225 7320 1.043125
1.513820 1.490620
s ctc
1075
1.184620
1.458520
vs H2O sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH
-84.7 sp
0.37725 (p>1 atm) 1.107925 25 1.032
258 1112 1112 sub 13019 76 50.7
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH vs H2O vs eth msc eth, bz, chl; s ace msc eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; i eth
109.5
ye grn nd (dil al 205.3 or w) col gas -80.7 (triple point) 63.5 vol liq or gas -84 pr (w) 199 lo nd (w, 206 MeOH) cry (Ac) 132 104.5
1668 20.8
108 132.5 265 dec 114.5 105.5
2.0673 20 1.152313
sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl 1.467420
1.549120 1.523118
msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS 2 s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF vs eth s eth, CS2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
39 Acetophenone
O O S Cl
N
N
O
O Acetophenone
Acetophenoneazine
Acetoxon
HO
O
H N
O
O
N-Acetylacetamide
O H N
NH
OH
N H
O
NH
O
O
N-Acetyl-L-alanine
O
O
4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride
2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid
4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid
HO HO
O OH
O O
OH
HO
HO
HN
NH
HO O
N H
O
2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxyD-glucose
2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxyD-mannose
HO
3-7
HO
HN
OH
HO
O H N
O
O
2-(Acetylamino)fluorene
4-(Acetylamino)fluorene
O
OH O
O
O
6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid
4-Acetylanisole
2-Acetylbenzoic acid
O
O
O 3-Acetylbenzoic acid
O
O
Acetylbenzoylperoxide
Br N
O Br
O
4-Acetylbenzoic acid
O
O
O O
O
Acetylbromide
Cl Acetylchloride
O
Cl N
O
Acetylcholine bromide
O
I N
O
Acetylcholine chloride
O
O
Acetylcholine iodide
2-Acetylcyclohexanone
O O O
HS
O
OH
O
O 2-Acetylcyclopentanone
N-Acetyl-L-cysteine
O
O
OH
NH O
H
HO
3-Acetyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone
1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene
Acetylene
OH
N H
H
O HO
O F
N-Acetylethanolamine
NH
O
Acetylfluoride
H N
OH O
N-Acetylglycine
O
O N N
COOH
O trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline
O O
N O 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole
O I
Acetyliodide
N
C
S
Acetylisothiocyanate
S
O
HO NH2
N H
OH
N6-Acetyl-L-lysine
O
O
N-Acetylglutamic acid
HO
OH
OH
S
OH HN
HN O N-Acetyl-DL-methionine
O N-Acetyl-L-methionine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O P S O
O
HO
No.
Name
CH30N2O2 22
466-49-9
354.485
HC NO2 H C NO C8O4 8H
1113-68-4 4593-16-2 520-45-6
115.131 141.211 168.148
HC NO2 NO9 11H19C 2HC 3NO4 9H8O4 C
1696-20-4 131-48-6 591-09-3 50-78-2
129.157 309.271 105.050 180.158
87 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 88 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid 89 4-(Acetyloxy)-3methoxybenzaldehyde 90 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone 91 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone Acetoxyacetone 92 (Acetyloxy)tributylstannane Tributyltin acetate 93 (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane Triphenyltin acetate 94 4-Acetylphenyl acetate 95 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine 96 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester 97 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester 98 Acetyl phosphate 99 1-Acetylpiperidine 100 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone 101 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 3-Acetyl NAD 102 4-Acetylthioanisole 103 Acetyl thiocholine iodide 104 N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan 105 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine
HCO H BrOC4 C10H10O4
2345-34-8 1503-53-3 881-68-5
180.158 259.054 194.184
CH O C8O3 5H 14H30O2SnC C 20H18O2Sn C10O3 10H CH13NO3 11 13HC17NO3 C12H15NO3
2243-35-8 592-20-1 56-36-0 900-95-8 13031-43-1 2018-61-3 2361-96-8 3618-96-0
178.184 116.116 349.097 409.066 178.184 207.226 235.279 221.252
CH O P H CNO CNO2 7H11 O14P2 22H28N6C COS 9H10 C 7H16INOS C 13H14N2O3 CH13NO4 11
590-54-5 618-42-8 32161-06-1 86-08-8 1778-09-2 1866-15-5 1218-34-4 537-55-3
140.032 127.184 141.168 662.436 166.239 289.177 246.261 223.226
106 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester 107 N-Acetyl-L-valine 108 Acid Fuchsin
C17NO4 13H C7H13NO3 C17N3Na2O9 20H S3 C14H7ClF3NO5
840-97-1 96-81-1 3244-88-0
251.279 159.183 585.539
50594-66-6
361.658
C25H41NO9 H47NO11 34C CN2 13H10 13H9CN
509-20-6 302-27-2 90-45-9 260-94-6
499.596 645.737 194.231 179.217
13 9
HCN CH NO
92-62-6 578-95-0
209.246 195.216
amor orth lf ye nd (ace or al) orth nd or pr (al) ye nd (al or w) ye lf (al)
CH O
107-02-8
56.063
liq
3-8
109 Acifluorfen 110 111 112 113
Aconine Aconitine 9-Acridinamine Acridine
114 3,6-Acridinediamine 115 9(10H)-Acridinone 116 Acrolein
5 9
8 15
Dehydroacetic acid
6 11
Aceneuramic acid Acetylsalicylic acid
Fuchsin, acid 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid
Aminacrine Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine Proflavine
2-Propenal
9 8 4 9 7
10 10 3
2 5 5 7 13
13 11 3
3 4
mp/˚C
nd or pr (al) nd 208 (peth) liq -25 liq -13.6 109 14.5 186
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
2202
Solubility sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl
195; 114.561 1.066325 239 0.968425 270
1.450225 1.473125
msc H2O; i eth vs H2O vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl
15250, 11812 1.114520
1.482720
msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc
exp 60; 2270 1.2415 nd (w), mcl tab 135 (w) 188.5 nd (al) 60 78 orth pl
49
s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 270 171; 6311
1.116965 1.075720
1.503665 1.414120
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH
84.7 121.5 s ctc, CS2 s EtOH
173.5 93 91
cry (EtOH aq) nd (peth) or visc oil (chl) unstab in soln liq -13.4
226.5 218; 1240.2
1.0119 1.14625
1.479025 1.502620
vs H2O, EtOH
solid 81.5 205 nd (dil MeOH) 189.5 cry (w); pl 153 (diox) 80.5 164
s H2O, EtOH, alk
sl H2O, EtOH 150 132 204 241 106(form a); 110(form b) 285 >300 -87.7
344.86
52.6
s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig vs bz, EtOH, chl s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz
1.00520
0.84020
1.401720
s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz i2O, H eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
Aspidospermine
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
CAS RN
79 1-Acetyl-17methoxyaspidospermidine 80 N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 81 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine H-pyran-2,4(3H) 82 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2 -dione 83 4-Acetylmorpholine 84 N-Acetylneuraminic acid 85 Acetyl nitrate 86 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid
Synonym
O
N
N
N
H O
O
O
N
N O
NH
O
OH O
H
O
O
1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2 H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione 4-Acetylmorpholine
OH
O O
N-Acetylneuraminic acid
O N
O O
O
Acetylnitrate
2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid
O
HO
O
O O
O
O O
O
Sn O
Sn O
O O
O O
Br
O
O
O
O O
O
O
O
O
4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone
(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane(Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane4-Acetylphenylacetate
NH2 N
N O CH2O P O
3-9
O OH
HN
HN O
O
O
O
N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine,ethylester N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine,methylester
O P OH O OH
Acetylphosphate
N
N
O
O
O
S
HO
N H
Acetylthiocholine iodide
HN
OH H
N HO O
O
Aconine
O
OH H OH
H
HN
HN
O
O N-Acetyl-L-tyrosineethylester
NH
O S NaO O
O S OH O
O S NaO O
N-Acetyl-L-valine
4-Acetylthioanisole
HO Cl F F
NH2
O F
AcidFuchsin
O O N O
Acifluorfen
OH O
O
HO
N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine
OH
O
O
N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan
O
O OH
O
I N
3-Acetylpyridine adeninedinucleotide
H2N OH
O
OH OH
O
1-Acetylpiperidine1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone
O HN
S
OH OH
O N
O
O
HN
O
O
O
N N O O P OCH2 O OH COCH3
O O
H H
N OH
HO
O H
O
O OH
O
NH2
O
O
N Aconitine
9-Acridinamine
N Acridine
H2N
N 3,6-Acridinediamine
NH2
N H 9(10H)-Acridinone
O Acrolein
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
HO
OH
O
O
O COOH OH OH CH2OH OH
No.
Name
3-10
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C5NO 3H O2 3H4C 3H3N C C8H11N5O3 H5N5 5C C13N5O4 10H C10H12N5O6P
79-06-1 79-10-7 107-13-1 59277-89-3 73-24-5 58-61-7 60-92-4
71.078 72.063 53.063 225.205 135.128 267.242 329.206
liq cry (EtOH) orth nd (+3w) n(w+3/2) cry
1053-73-2
427.202
amor pow
3768-14-7
425.229
cry (w)
84-21-9 56-65-5 979-92-0 61-19-8 334-25-8 50-42-0 124-04-9
347.222 507.181 384.411 347.222 145.156 347.879 146.141
col nd
6H8N2 C C9H11NO3 C14H23NO
111-69-3 99-45-6 25394-57-4
108.141 181.188 221.339
CH O CH O CH12O7 17 C12H17N3O4
1162-65-8 7220-81-7 1165-39-5 2757-90-6
312.273 314.289 328.273 267.281
cry
CH N O
4360-12-7
326.432
pl (+3.5w) (aq AcOEt)
C14H20ClNO2 C7NO2 3H
15972-60-8 302-72-7
269.768 89.094
C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 NO2 3H7C H20O2 15C C7H14N2O2S C21H28O5 H14N2O4S 7C C12H8Cl6 1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione14H8CO4
338-69-2 56-41-7 107-95-9 546-43-0 116-06-3 52-39-1 1646-88-4 309-00-2 72-48-0
89.094 89.094 89.094 232.319 190.263 360.444 222.262 364.910 240.212
H NaO C 7S HC N O
130-22-3 2243-76-7
342.257 287.227
117 118 119 120 121 122 123
1H-Purin-6-amine b-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 cAMP
125 Adenosine 5’methylenediphosphonate 126 Adenosine 3’-phosphate 127 Adenosine 5’-triphosphate 128 S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine 129 5’-Adenylic acid 130 Adipamic acid 131 Adiphenine hydrochloride 132 Adipic acid
3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen C10H15N5O10P2 phosphate) Adenosine, 5’-[hydrogen C11H17N5O9P2 (phosphonomethyl)phosphonate] 3’-Adenylic acid 10HC 14N5O7P ATP C16N5O13P3 10H CH20N6O5S 14 Adenosine 5’-monophosphate 10HC 14N5O7P C11NO3 6H C26ClNO2 20H 1,6-Hexanedioic acid C4 6H10O
133 Adiponitrile 134 Adrenalone 135 Affinin 136 137 138 139
Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Agaritine
2-Propenamide 2-Propenoic acid Propenenitrile
Hexanedinitrile N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8decatrienamide
17 12 6 17 14 6
140 Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17 R,21a)
L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]hydrazide] Ajmaline
141 Alachlor 142 DL-Alanine
DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid
143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151
D-Alanine L-Alanine b-Alanine Alantolactone Aldicarb Aldosterone Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide Aldrin Alizarin
152 Alizarin Red S 153 Alizarin Yellow R
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
20 26 2 2
2-Aminopropanoic acid, R) ( 2-Aminopropanoic acid, S) ( 3-Aminopropanoic acid
Sodium alizarinesulfonate
14 7
13 9 3 5
lf (bz)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
84.5 12.5 -83.48 225 360 dec 235.5 219
192.6 141 77.3
1.051120 0.800725
1.422420 1.391120
vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
orth pr or nd (w) nd (w, al) orth (w) nd, orth pr (al) nd
s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH
204
195 dec 144 dec 210 dec 195 dec nd (w) 161.5 cry 113.5 mcl pr (w, ace, 152.5 lig) nd (eth) 1 nd 235 dec ye oil 23
cry cry (dil al)
sub 220
s H2O
vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl
337.5
1.36025
295
0.967620
1620.5
oran-br nd (dil 253 dec HOAc)
sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O
vs 2HO
206
314 dec 297 dec 200 dec 76 99 cry (HOAc) 166.5 cry 141 104 oran or red tcl 289.5 nd or pr (al)
1.438020 1.513425
268 287.5 245 207 dec
40 300 dec
vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig
i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz 1000.02 sub 250 sub sub 250
1.13325 1.42425
1.43222 1.43719
275
s H2O; vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl
1.19525 sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Acrylamide Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile Acyclovir Adenine Adenosine Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) 124 Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate
Synonym
NH2 NH2 O H
N NH2 N
N
Acrylamide
Acrylicacid
Acrylonitrile
Acyclovir
HO
O
O
O
O
HO P O P O P O O
OH
HO P O
OH
OH
N
N
N
HO
Adenosine3’-phosphate
HO
Adenosine5’-triphosphate
O
NH2 HO
3-11 N
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
H N
H
Adrenalone
O
O H
O
O H
Adipicacid
O O
O
NH2
H N
HO
H O
O
OH O
O
H O
O Aflatoxin B1
N
Adipheninehydrochloride
O
O
Affinin
HO
O Adipamicacid
O
H O
OH Adiponitrile
O O
O
O
O
O
OH
5’-Adenylicacid
H N
HO
N
HO
OH
O
O
Aflatoxin B2
O
O
O
Aflatoxin G1
OH N H
Agaritine
O
HO O N H Me
N
H
O
O Cl
N
O
O
O
O
OH OH
Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21a)
Alachlor
OH NH2
NH2
DL-Alanine
D-Alanine
L-Alanine
H2N
O
O N
S O O
O
Cl
N H
Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide
S
OH b-Alanine
OH
Cl
Alantolactone
SO3Na
Cl Aldrin
OH O Alizarin
N
O
N H
O
Aldicarb
Aldosterone
O OH
Cl
Cl
O
O
O
OH
NH2
Cl
OH
Adenosine5’-methylenediphosphonate
HCl
O
HO P
O
OH
OH
HO
Adenosine3’,5’-diphosphate
N
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
N N
O
NH2
OH
O
Adenosinecyclic3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)
N
N
N S
O
O
O
N
N
O O HO P P O OH OH
NH2
N
N
N
N
N
Adenosine
O
HO P O
HO
OH OH
NH2
NH2
N
N H
Adenine
NH2 N
O
N
N
OH
O P N
OH
N
N
HO P O
NH2
O
OH
Alizarin Red S
O N O
HO O
N N Alizarin YellowR
OH
OH OH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
OH
O
O
N
N O
N
N N
N
N
N
HO N
N
O
O NH
N
N
N
H 2N O
NH2
No.
Name
Synonym
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C21H15NO3
81-48-1
329.349
flat viol nd
23444-65-7 99-16-1
288.295 176.132
br-red pr (bz) nd
97-59-6
158.116
mcl pl or
239
463-49-0
40.064
col gas
-136.6
CH O HC OS2 C21H32O4
584-79-2 539-86-6 566-02-9
302.407 162.272 348.477
cry (aq, ac, +w) nd (bz, ac)
190
C21H34O2 C5H4N4O
516-58-5 315-30-0
318.494 136.112
C6H12O6 C4N2O5 4H C6N4O8 8H C8O2 5H 7HC 10O3 C8O2 6H C6O 3H 3HC 7N 9H11NC H10 9C H12O 10C CH10O2 10 C12O2 7H H7NO2 4C C 5H11ClSi 4HC 5ClO2 C12H12O2
2595-97-3 470-44-0 76-24-4 591-87-7 1118-84-9 999-55-3 107-18-6 107-11-9 589-09-3 300-57-2 936-58-3 583-04-0 2051-78-7 2114-11-6 4028-23-3 2937-50-0 1866-31-5
180.155 160.085 286.156 100.117 142.152 112.127 58.079 57.095 133.190 118.175 148.201 162.185 128.169 101.105 134.680 120.535 188.222
H C O HC C14 8H C2Si 8H18O 7HC15N 5HC11N 5HC 10O 4HC6O2 8H8O3C CO2 6H10 H16O2 9C 5HC 9NO3 4HC5NO
1123-34-8 13511-13-2 3524-75-2 18388-45-9 5666-17-1 2155-94-4 557-31-3 1838-59-1 4208-49-5 106-92-3 123-68-2 24935-97-5 1476-23-9
140.222 122.207 110.197 174.314 113.201 85.148 86.132 86.090 152.148 114.142 156.222 131.130 83.089
154 Alizurol purple
1-Hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl) amino]-9,10-anthracenedione
155 Alkannin 156 Allantoic acid
C16H16O5 Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino]acetic C4H8N4O4 acid C6N4O3 4H
157 Allantoin
159 Allethrin 160 Allicin 161 Allopregnane-3b,21-diol-11,20dione 162 Allopregnan-20b-ol-3-one 163 Allopurinol 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
D-Allose Alloxanic acid Alloxantin Allyl acetate Allyl acetoacetate Allyl acrylate Allyl alcohol Allylamine N-Allylaniline Allylbenzene a-Allylbenzenemethanol Allyl benzoate Allyl butanoate Allyl carbamate Allylchlorodimethylsilane Allyl chloroformate Allyltrans-cinnamate
181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193
1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene Allylcyclopentane Allyldiethoxymethylsilane Allyldiethylamine Allyldimethylamine Allyl ethyl ether Allyl formate Allyl 2-furancarboxylate Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl hexanoate Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate Allyl isocyanate
19 26 3 6 10
5a-Pregnan-20b-ol-3-one 1,5-Dihydro-4 H-pyrazolo[3,4d]pyrimidin-4-one
2-Propen-1-ol 2-Propen-1-amine Allylphenylamine 2-Propenylbenzene
Allyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate
9 16
1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene
N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1-amine
Allyl 2-furanoate
9 14
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
149 170 dec
cry
185 350
cry (w) tcl pr (eth) orth pr (w+2)
128 162 dec 254 dec
liq
-85
liq liq
-129 -88.2
liq
-40
sub 140
-34.4
103.5 196; 66.514 121 97.0 53.3 219; 10612 156 228.5 142; 44.515
hyg liq
cry (tol)
nD
Solubility s 2HSO4
dec
liq liq
den/g cm-3
-110.7
111 109.5 dec 268; 16317 190 156 125 155 110 63.5 67.6 83.6 207.5 154 186
57 88
vs EtOH sl H2O, os, dil acid
0.58425 (p>1 atm) 1.01020 1.11220
1.4168
sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH vs bz, peth
1.56120
vs H2O
0.927520 1.036620 0.944120 0.854020 0.75820 0.973625 0.892020 1.00418 1.056915 0.901720
1.404920 1.439820 1.432020 1.413520 1.420520 1.56320 1.513120 1.528921 1.517820 1.415820
0.896420 1.136 1.04823
1.419520 1.422020 1.53020
0.934122
1.475622
0.79325 0.857225 0.747725 0.709425 0.765120 0.946020 1.11525 0.969820 0.886920
1.441220 1.410420 1.420920 1.401020 1.388120 1.494520 1.433220
vs H2O vs 2HO, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl ctc
i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc
s chl
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s eth, ace; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
C3H4
158 Allene
3-12
Mol. Form.
O
OH
OH O
OH COOH O
O H2N
OH O
Alizurolpurple
N H
Alkannin
OH
O H
O
H
Allopregnane-3b,21-diol-11,20-dione
H H H H
O
H
N N
H Allopregnan-20b-ol-3-one
N H
Allopurinol
CHO OH OH OH OH CH2OH D-Allose
3-13 Allylalcohol
Allylchlorodimethylsilane
N-Allylaniline
Allylethylether
H N
O O OH
H N
N H
HO O O
N H
O
H
O
Alloxanicacid
O
O
Alloxantin
Allylbenzene
O O
Allylacetate
Allylacetoacetate
O O
O
a-Allylbenzenemethanol
Allylbenzoate
H2N
Allylbutanoate
O
O
O Si
O
Allylcarbamate
N
N
O
Allylchloroformate
Allyltrans-cinnamate
O
O Allylformate
1-Allylcyclohexanol
Allyl2-furancarboxylate
Allylcyclopentane
O
O O
1-Allylcyclohexene
Allyldiethoxymethylsilane
HO
H N
Allyldiethylamine
Allyldimethylamine
O
O O Allylglycidylether
S
Allicin
O
HO
O O
Allethrin
O
O
Cl
H Allene
O OH H N HO O O N
O S
O
C H
O
Allylamine
O
Si Cl
N H
O
NH2
OH
O Allylacrylate
O H
H
O
OH
H N
O
N H
Allantoin
OH H HN
HO
NH2
Allantoic acid
H
O
N H
H2N
H N
O Allylhexanoate
O Allyl(hydroxymethyl)carbamate
N
C
O
Allylisocyanate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O HN
O
O
No.
Name
194 Allyl isothiocyanate 195 Allyl methacrylate 196 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate Allyl 3-methylbutanoate Allylmethyldichlorosilane 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol
201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208
2-Allylphenol 4-Allylphenol Allyl phenyl ether Allyl propanoate N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Allyl propyl disulfide 3-(Allylsulfinyl)L-alanine, S) ( Allylthiourea
209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225
Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane Allylurea Allyl vinyl ether Aloin A Alphaprodine Alstonidine Alstonine D-Altrose Aluminum 2-butoxide Aluminum distearate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum isopropoxide Alverine a-Amanitin Amaranth dye
226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235
Eugenol 1,3,4-Eugenol acetate
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
C 4H5NS 7HC 10O2 C12O2 10H
57-06-7 96-05-9 97-53-0
99.155 126.153 164.201
liq
-80
liq
-7.5
H O C H CO C2Si 4H8Cl 5H10O2C
93-28-7 2835-39-4 1873-92-3 111-45-5
206.237 142.196 155.099 102.132
pr (al)
CH O HC O C10O 9H 6HC 10O2 C 6H11N 6HC 12S2 C11NO3S 6H 4H8NC 2S
1745-81-9 501-92-8 1746-13-0 2408-20-0 124-02-7 2179-59-1 556-27-4 109-57-9
134.174 134.174 134.174 114.142 97.158 148.289 177.221 116.185
liq
107-37-9 2550-04-1 762-72-1 557-11-9 3917-15-5 1415-73-2 15867-21-7 25394-75-6 642-18-2 1990-29-0 2269-22-9 300-92-5 555-75-9 555-31-7 150-59-4 23109-05-9 915-67-3
175.517 204.339 114.261 100.119 84.117 418.395 261.360 380.437 348.395 180.155 246.322 610.928 162.163 204.243 281.435 918.970 604.472
834-12-8 1830-95-1 1446-61-3 598-41-4 540-61-4 6011-14-9 5468-37-1 665-66-7 626-71-1 515-94-6
227.330 72.945 285.467 74.081 56.066 92.527 171.624 187.710 161.156 104.108
12 14 3 8 14 2
Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether
9 10
Chavicol 2-Propenyl propanoate Diallylamine Alliin Thiosinamine
9 10
H Cl3Si C H C O Si C 6H14Si C4H8N2O 3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene C 5H8O C21H22O9 C16H23NO2 C24N2O4 22H CH20N2O3 21 C6H12O6 2-Butanol, aluminum salt C 3 12H27AlO Hydroxyaluminum distearate C5 36H71AlO Aluminum ethoxide C3 6H15AlO 9HC 21AlO3 N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl)amine 20HC27N H54N10O14S 39C C20H11N2Na3O10 S3 Ametryn C9H17N5S Amminetrimethylboron 3HC 12BN 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene 20HC 31N 2-Aminoacetamide C6N2O 2H Aminoacetonitrile C2 2H4N Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride C2 2H5ClN a-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 8HC10ClNO 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride Adamantanamine hydrochloride 10H18ClN C 2-Aminoadipic acid 6HC 11NO4 3-Aminoalanine 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid C2 3H8N2O Trichloro-2-propenylsilane
Physical Form
CAS RN
3 5
9 20 3
mp/˚C
30.5
-6 15.8
nd (dil ac) 165 mcl or orth pr 78 (w) 35
nd (al)
85
cry cry (eth) ye nd (ace) pr (MeOH,al)
149.3 103 189 207 dec 103.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
152 6750, 5530 253.2
1.012620 0.933520 1.065220
1.530620 1.436020 1.540520
vs bz, eth, EtOH
281; 1276 154 119.5 158.5
1.080620
1.520520
1.075820 0.958020
1.441920 1.435820
1.024615 1.020315 0.981120 0.914020
1.518120 1.544118 1.522320 1.410520 1.438720 1.521920
1.21720
1.593678
1.201120 0.903020 0.715825
1.446020 1.407220 1.407420
0.790020
1.406220
220 238 191.7 123 111 7913
117.5 10050, 8228 85 66
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc
msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz
i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth i H2O; s eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl vs ace, EtOH vs H2O
19720 wh pow liq/wh solid hyg wh solid oil nd dk red pow
cry hyg nd (chl)
145 140 119
7 200 13510, 940.5 1660.3
254 dec s H2O 88 73.5 44.5 67.5 5815
hyg cry (al) cry (al-eth) pl (w) hyg rosettes
i H2O dec H2O; sl xyl reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl
165 dec 194 dec 360 dec 207.0 110
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl vs EtOH
vs 2HO, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H 2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-14
197 198 199 200
Synonym
OH OH
O
O O
O
OH
O N
S
C
Cl Si
O O
O
Allylmethacrylate
4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate
Allyl3-methylbutanoate
O O N H
O Allylpropanoate
S
N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine
OH O
H2N
S
Allylpropyl disulfide
N H
O
3-(Allylsulfinyl)L-alanine,(S)
O
Cl Cl Si Cl
NH2
Allylthiourea
2-Allylphenol
4-Allylphenol
Allylphenyl ether
O
O O Si O
N H
Si
Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane
NH2
O
Allylurea
Allylvinylether
OH
OH O
HO
S S
HO
Cl
Allylmethyldichlorosilane 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol
O
N H
N
O
OH
N
N
H
O OH
O
HO
N
3-15
OH AloinA
H
O
O
O
O
Alphaprodine
O
HO H H H
Alstonidine
Alstonine
CHO H OH OH OH CH2OH
D-Altrose
O
O Al
OH
O H3C(CH2)16
O
Aluminum2-butoxide
O
Al
O (CH2)16CH3
O
Aluminumdistearate
OH NaO
CH2OH HN H HO
O
O Al
O
O Al
CONH
CONH
NHCO
OH N H
Aluminumethanolate Aluminumisopropoxide
OH N
HN
NHCO
N
H
O S O ONa
H 2N
NH2
Amminetrimethylboron19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene 2-Aminoacetamide
H2N
N
H2N
N HCl
N N
N H Ametryn
NH2 NH2
O
S
Amaranthdye
O
H2N
N
NH
a-Amanitin
Alverine
H B NH3
O
CONH2
O
ONa
S
H
O S
O
O
OC
CO
N OC H
N
O
CONH H
O S
OH HCl
HCl
AminoacetonitrileAminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride a-Aminoacetophenonehydrochlorid e 1-Aminoadamantanehydrochloride
OH O
O NH2
OH
2-Aminoadipic acid
O
NH2 NH2 3-Aminoalanine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Allylisothiocyanate
O OH
No.
Name
236 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 237 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione
3-16
247 248 249 250 251 252 253
4-Aminoazobenzene 2-Aminobenzaldehyde 3-Aminobenzaldehyde 4-Aminobenzaldehyde 2-Aminobenzamide 4-Aminobenzamide a-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±) 4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 4-Aminobenzeneethanol 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine 2-Aminobenzenemethanol 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
254 255 256 257
4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride 2-Aminobenzenethiol 4-Aminobenzenethiol 2-Aminobenzonitrile
1-Aminoanthraquinone 2-Aminoanthraquinone
a-Phenylglycine p-Aminophenylacetic acid
Mol. Wt.
82-45-1 117-79-3
223.227 223.227
60-09-3 529-23-7 1709-44-0 556-18-3 88-68-6 2835-68-9 2835-06-5 1197-55-3 99-31-0
197.235 121.137 121.137 121.137 136.151 136.151 151.163 151.163 181.147
H NO C HC N H9NO 7C C2S 6H8N2O S 6H7NO3C S 6H7NO3C C 6H7NO3S
104-10-9 4403-69-4 5344-90-1 63-74-1 88-21-1 121-47-1 121-57-3
137.179 122.167 123.152 172.205 173.190 173.190 173.190
H CFNO2S HCNS 6HC7NS N2 7H6C
98-62-4 137-07-5 1193-02-8 1885-29-6
175.181 125.192 125.192 118.136
H CN
2237-30-1
118.136
873-74-5 1137-41-3 4271-30-1 61-78-9 90-41-5
118.136 197.232 266.249 194.186 169.222
108 61 83.5 lf (dil al) 165.5 pr (+ 1/2w) >320 dec nd, pr (w +1) dec orth pl or mcl 288 (w+2) 68.5 26 46 ye pr (CS2) nd 51 (peth) nd (dil al or 54.3 CCl4) pr or pl (w) 87.0 lf (dil al) 124 cry (w) 173 pr or nd (w) 198.5 lf (dil al) 51
2243-47-2 92-67-1 5794-88-7 116-81-4
169.222 169.222 216.033 382.187
nd lf (dil al) nd red nd (w)
31.5 53.5 219.5
2835-81-6 1492-24-6
103.120 103.120
304 dec 292 dec
HCNO2 HCNO2
2835-82-7 56-12-2
103.120 103.120
H NO C H NO C
13054-87-0 13325-10-5
89.136 89.136
lf (w) lf (dil al), cry (al) nd (al) pr or nd (al) lf (MeOH-eth) liq
NO2 14H9C NO2 14H9C C12H11N3 C7H7NO C7H7NO C7H7NO H8N2O 7C H8N2O 7C H9NO2 8C NO2 8H9C C8H7NO4
7 10 2
Sulfanilamide Orthanilic acid Metanilic acid Sulfanilic acid p-Sulfanilyl fluoride
6 6 6 7
7 6 2
4-Aminobenzonitrile 4-Aminobenzophenone N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine p-Aminohippuric acid 2-Aminobiphenyl
N2 7H6C C13H11NO C14N2O5 12H 9HC 10N2O3 12CH11N
3-Aminobiphenyl 12CH11N 4-Aminobiphenyl p-Biphenylamine 12CH11N 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoanthranilic acid C 2 7H6BrNO 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro1-Amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2- C14H8BrNO5S 9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic sulfonic acid acid 268 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid 4HC 9NO2 269 L-2-Aminobutanoic acid 4HC 9NO2
264 265 266 267
270 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid 271 4-Aminobutanoic acid 272 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±) 273 4-Amino-1-butanol
4 9
g-Aminobutyric acid
Physical Form
CAS RN
8 11
258 3-Aminobenzonitrile 259 260 261 262 263
Mol. Form.
4 9
4 11 4 11
red nd (al) red nd (al, HOAc) oran mcl nd (al) silv lf nd (AcOEt) pl (w) ye cry (+1/4w) pl pl (w) pr(al), pl(w)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
253.5 304.5
sub sub
127 40.5 29 71.5 110.5 dec 183 292 dec 200 dec 360
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl
>360 280
sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig s eth, acid s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s alk; sl os i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO i 2HO; sl EtOH
sub 255 sub
nd (al)
269 273
vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth
25 1.08
1.48525
1.460620
234 14317 263 289
sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc
13 246
vs ace, bz, EtOH O;Hs EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, 2i peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl2O;Hs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s DMSO
299
302
sub
1.230020
vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz
194.3 203 dec -1.0
s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl
vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz 178 205; 12534
0.916220 0.96712
1.448925 1.462520
msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246
Synonym
O
NH2
O
O O
NH2 H2N
O
NH2
2-Aminobenzaldehyde
3-Aminobenzaldehyde
NH2
4-Aminobenzaldehyde
OH
OH O
H2N
a-Aminobenzeneacetic acid,(±)
3-17
OH O S O
OH
NH2
NH2 NH2
H2N
5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid
OH O S O
OH O S O
OH
O
4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid
4-Aminobenzeneethanol
2-Aminobenzenemethanamine
F O S O
NH2
4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
N
O
O
O N H
H2N
O S OH O
H N
OH
HO
N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine
Br
1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid
2-Aminobiphenyl
O NH2
NH2 3-Aminobiphenyl
4-Aminobiphenyl
Br 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoicacid
O OH
O
4-Aminobenzonitrile
NH2
NH2
O
NH2
2-Aminobenzonitrile 3-Aminobenzonitrile
O H2N
O
NH2
2-Aminobenzenethiol 4-Aminobenzenethiol
OH
OH
N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)L-glutamic acid
NH2
NH2
4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride
O
O
N
NH2
NH2
NH2
3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
4-Aminobenzophenone
4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide
SH NH2
NH2
2-Aminobenzenemethanol
N SH
NH2
2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
4-Aminobenzamide
NH2 O S O
OH
H2N
O
2-Aminobenzamide
OH NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
4-Aminoazobenzene
NH2
OH
NH2
NH2
DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid
L-2-Aminobutanoic acid
OH
NH2 O OH DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid
H2N
O
4-Aminobutanoic acid
OH NH2 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)
H2N
OH
4-Amino-1-butanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione
O
NH2
N N
O
O 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione
O
O
No.
Name
Synonym
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
274 4-Amino-N-[(butylamino) Carbutamide CH17N3O3S 11 carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide 275 Aminocarb C11H16N2O2 276 N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide 3HC6N2O2 277 [4-[(Aminocarbonyl) Carbarsone C7H9AsN2O4 amino]phenyl]arsonic acid Carbromal C7H13BrN2O2 278 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2ethylbutanamide Bromisovalum C6H11BrN2O2 279 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3methylbutanamide O-acetic acid C9NO4 280 [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic Salicylamide 9H acid 281 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid C12N2O5S 10H 282 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,101-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone C8ClNO2 14H anthracenedione 283 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3Chloraminophenamide C8ClN3O4S2 6H benzenedisulfonamide ClNO3S 284 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic 6-Chlorometanilic acid 6H6C acid 285 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 7HC 6ClNO2 286 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 7HC 6ClNO2 287 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone 2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline CClNO 13H10 288 2-Amino-4-chloro-52-Chloro-p-toluidine-5-sulfonic acid C 3S 7H8ClNO methylbenzenesulfonic acid 289 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline C 6H6ClNO 290 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid Cycloleucine C2 6H11NO 291 7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic C8H10N2O3S acid 292 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol Glucamine CNO5 6H15 293 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose D-Glucosamine C6H13NO5 294 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10C14H7Br2NO2 anthracenedione 295 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid Chloramben C 2NO2 7H5Cl 296 2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone 13CH9Cl2NO 297 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol C5Cl2NO 6H 298 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol C5Cl2NO 6H
339-43-5
271.336
2032-59-9 591-07-1 121-59-5
208.257 102.092 260.079
cry
77-65-6
237.094
orth (dil al)
118
496-67-3
223.067
nd or lf (to)
154
25395-22-6
195.172
957-68-6 117-11-3
272.277 257.673
121-30-2
285.729
88-43-7
207.635
635-21-2 89-54-3 719-59-5 88-51-7
171.582 171.582 231.677 221.662
95-85-2 52-52-8 22252-43-3
143.571 129.157 214.241
488-43-7 3416-24-8 81-49-2
299 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6 H7-Methylguanine purin-6-one 300 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4Luminol phthalazinedione 301 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6 H-purine-6- Thioguanine thione 302 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2 H-purin-2Isoguanine one 303 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5- Me-IQ f]quinoline 304 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol Picramic acid
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
144.5
nd (w)
94 218 174
25 1.544
sl H2O, bz; s ace sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz
15 1.56
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
sub 180
sub
221
s alk
cry 212 254.5 nd (w)
ye nd short nd (w)
280 dec 211 188 100.5
1.51915
vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl
140 330 dec 241 dec
sl DMSO
cry (al-w)
181.187 179.171 381.020
cry (MeOH)
127
vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O
red nd (xyl)
226
133-90-4 2958-36-3 527-62-8 5930-28-9
206.027 266.122 178.016 178.016
200 ª80 long nd (CS2) 95.5 nd or lf (w, bz) 168
6 7 5
HNO C
578-76-7
165.153
C8H7N3O2
521-31-3
177.161
CH N S
154-42-7
167.193
>360
C5H5N5O
3373-53-3
151.127
>360
C12H12N4
77094-11-2
212.250
cry
96-91-3
199.121
dk red nd (al) pr 169 (chl)
5 5 5
HNC O
6 5 3 5
sl DMSO sub 70 sub
i2H O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc
370 ye nd (al)
330.5
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc
i H2O
297 vs bz, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-18
Mol. Form.
O H N O S
OH O As OH
H N O
N
O NH2
O
4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide
Aminocarb
O O
Br
H N O
NH2
H2N
3-19
HO
O
[4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acid
O
S
O
O
Cl
7-Aminocephalosporanic acid
NH2 O
O
1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedione
OH O S O
Cl
CH2NH2 OH H OH OH CH2OH
H HO H H
1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol
CHO NH2 H OH OH CH2OH
2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose
O
O
Br
Cl
OH
H2N
O
Cl
Br
1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione
2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6 H-purin-6-one
N
O O
O
1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid
NH2
O
7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid
OH
OH Cl
NH2
NH2
Cl
3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid
Cl
Cl
S
H H H
O 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione
H2N
N
H N
N O
N
N
2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6 H-purine-6-thione
N H
NH2
Cl
2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone
NH2 N N
N N
S
HO
2-Amino-4-chlorophenol
NH2 O
N
H
H2N HO H2N
Cl
O N
H2N
Cl
2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid
NH2
NH2
4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid
NH2
Cl
2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone
Cl
O
OH NH2
5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid
OH O S O
O
NH2
H2N
Cl
O
N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide
Cl
N
O
NH2
NH2 O S O
NH2
Cl
2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid
H
O
O
S
HO
O
NH2
H HO H H
N H
H N
NH2
O
N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamide [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid
HO
H
OH
O
O
HN
N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide
H2N
NH2
Br
O
2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol
4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol
NH2
H N
O
N
O N
OH NH2
N
N
6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2 H-purin-2-one
N
O
N
O
2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N H
O
No. 305 306 307 308 309
312 313 314 315
Synonym
Mol. Form.
2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid Taurine C 3S 2H7NO NO 1-Aminoethanol Acetaldehyde ammonia 2H7C 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol Diglycolamine C 2 4H11NO N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide 4HC 10N2O H,3H)- Aminometradine C13N3O2 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1 9H pyrimidinedione 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanolN-(2-Hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine 5HC14N2O 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, Dopamine hydrochloride C12ClNO2 8H hydrochloride C9H13NO a-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]a-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, C9H14ClNO hydrochloride N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine CN2O 4H12 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol Tyramine 8HC 11NO
3-20
316 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3propanediamine 317 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 318 L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid 319 6-Aminohexanenitrile 320 6-Aminohexanoic acid 321 6-Amino-1-hexanol 322 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 323 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 324 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide 325 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid 326 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
327 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid Mesalamine 328 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid g-Hydroxy-b-aminobutyric acid 329 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 330 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2benzenediol, (±) 331 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 332 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1 H)pyrimidinone 333 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 334 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1naphthalenesulfonic acid 335 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 336 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4carboxamide
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine
125.147 61.083 105.136 102.134 195.218
123-84-2 62-31-7
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
nd (w)
241 dec
vs H2O, MeOH
492-39-7
151.205
pl(MeOH)
77.5
vs eth, EtOH, chl
53631-70-2
187.666
198.5
s H2O
111-41-1 51-67-2
104.150 137.179
13531-52-7
117.193
HC NO2 H NOC4 6H12NC2 C13NO2 6H C6H15NO C14H9NO3
115-70-8 542-32-5 2432-74-8 60-32-2 4048-33-3 116-85-8
119.163 161.156 112.172 131.173 117.189 239.226
C6H7NO4S
98-37-3
189.190
orth (w+1)
H NCO HC NO3 C 3 7H7NO
6946-29-8 548-93-6 65-49-6
167.165 153.136 153.136
nd (al) 195 lf (w) 253.5 nd, pl (al-eth) 150 dec
H CNO3 HCNO3 4HC 9NO3
89-57-6 589-44-6 924-49-2
153.136 119.119 119.119
C8H11NO3
138-65-8
169.178
283 pr 216 pr (w), cry (dil 218 al) 189 dec
C15H11NO4
2379-90-0
269.253
HC N O
1123-95-1
141.129
90-20-0
319.311
116-63-2
239.248
gray nd
2236-60-4 360-97-4
163.137 126.117
ye cry cry (EtOH)
6 11
7 9 3 2
7 7 4 9
5 7 3 2
1-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonicC10H9NO7S2 acid 1-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid10H9NO C 4S 6HC 5N5O C4H6N4O
mcl pr (w) orth (eth-al)
mp/˚C
118.177 189.640
7 7
p-Aminosalicylic acid
107-35-7 75-39-8 929-06-6 1001-53-2 642-44-4
Physical Form
cry (+1w, w)
5 13
p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide
Mol. Wt.
328 97 -12.5 51 143
N-(3-Aminopropyl)ethylenediamine 5H15CN3
2-Aminoadipic acid 5-Cyano-1-pentylamine e-Aminocaproic acid
CAS RN
dec 110 221
1.057220 s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth
943
pl or nd (bz, w) 164.5 , cry (al)
vs H2O s 2HO; sl eth
239; 10510 20625
0.983725
1.028620
873
cry (EtOH, w) liq lf (eth)
37.5 205 dec
15210
1.473820
1.486320
msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol
1.480525 1.09920
1.49020
msc H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth
11816 205 57 216.5 >300
vs 2HO; i EtOH; sl MeOH 13730 s EtOH, ace sl H2O; i EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl 2HO; s EtOH, eth, chl s 2HO, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt vs H2O
sl chl >300 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk >360 170
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
310 311
Name
O
H2N
O S OH O
O
NH2 OH 1-Aminoethanol
H2N
OH
O
2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol
OH
H2N
N
N H
OH OH
HCl
N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol
4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride
HO
NH2 H2N
HCl a-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]-
HO
H2N
O
OH
NH2
OH
H2N
N H
NH2 a-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochlorid e
H2N
OH
N H
HO
N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol
N H
NH2
HO
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine
3-21
O
NH2
O
OH
NH2
2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol
OH O S O
O
H N
NH2 OH
O
O
OH
H2N
NH2
N
L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid
6-Aminohexanenitrile
6-Amino-1-hexanol
HO
OH
O
O
OH
1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid
NH2
4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoicacid
5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoicacid
NH2 HO
HO
N N H
O
OH O
NH2 O HO
H2N
NH2
4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide
OH OH
NH2 O
NH2
OH
O
NH2
2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoicacid
OH
O
OH
OH
NH2
H2N
6-Aminohexanoicacid
HO O
O
NH2 OH
OH
3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid
O
S
S
OH
H2N
HO OH
4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid,(±)
HO 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±)
OH O S O
OH
O OH NH2
1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1 H)-pyrimidinone 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
NH2 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
N
H2N N
N
O
O
O
O N N H
NH2
H2N
N H
2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid
NH2 N
No.
Name
337 O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]Lhomoserine 338 (Aminoiminomethyl)urea
343 344 345 346 347 348
2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid H)-dione 4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 R) ( 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione a-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol b-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid trans-4-(Aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone 2-Amino-4-methylphenol
Canavanine
3-22
356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C5H12N4O3
543-38-4
176.174
cry (al)
H CN O
141-83-3
102.095
pr
7HC 6INO 2 C8H6N2O2 C3H6N2O2 15HC11NO2
5326-47-6 2518-24-3 68-41-7 82-28-0
263.033 162.146 102.092 237.254
220 dec 269.5 155 dec 205.5
H NO C HC NO2
7568-93-6 1078-21-3
137.179 179.216
56.5 252 dec
88-44-8
187.216
CH NO2
1197-18-8
157.211
H NO C HC NO
625-04-7 95-84-1
115.173 123.152
HC NO HC NO
2835-96-3 2835-99-6
123.152 123.152
1066-51-9 115-69-5 144-90-1 124-68-5 554-01-8
111.038 105.136 103.120 89.136 125.129
15647-11-7
171.280
5959-52-4
187.195
2348-81-4 86-65-7
173.169 303.311
117-62-4
303.311
85-75-6
303.311
vs H2O
85-74-5
303.311
vs H2O, EtOH
81-16-3 84-86-6
223.248 223.248
2 6 4
Cycloserine 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone Phenylethanolamine 4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid
8 11
10 13
C7H9NO3S Tranexamic acid
349 4-Amino-2-methylphenol 350 4-Amino-3-methylphenol 351 352 353 354 355
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
Diacetonamine
8 15
6 13 7 9
7 9 7 9
(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid CH3P 6NO 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol 4HC 11NO2 NO2 L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 4H9C 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 2-Aminoisobutanol C 4H11NO 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1 H)5-Methylcytosine C7N3O 5H pyrimidinone 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,51-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5C10H21NO trimethylcyclohexanol trimethylcyclohexane 3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid C9NO2 11H acid 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione C7NO2 10H 7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonicAmido-G-Acid CH9NO6S2 10 acid 2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid C 6S2 10H9NO acid 4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid C 6S2 10H9NO acid 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid C 6S2 10H9NO acid 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid 10H9NO3S C 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid 10H9NO3S C
365 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 366 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 367 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 10H9NO3S C 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 10H9NO3S C Badische acid C3S 10H9NO
84-89-9 81-05-0 86-60-2
223.248 223.248 223.248
368 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid 10H9NO3S C
82-75-7
223.248
lt ye nd
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
vs H2O 105
dec 160
s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz s H2O; sl MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth
16017
vs H2O; s EtOH
132 dec
vs H2O
>300
cry (w), orth 136 (bz), lf or nd nd or lf (bz) 176.5 pr (dil al) cry 179 (bz) cry 309 110 cry (w) 182 25.5 pr (w+1/2) 270 dec 45.5 ye lf (dil al)
mcl pr or nd (w+4)
Solubility
vs H2O 250.14 sub
s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig
sub
sl 2HO, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO
15110
vs H2O; s EtOH
165.5
0.93420
1.44920
265
0.96925
1.490420
216.5
msc H2O; s ctc s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth
s EtOH, eth
207 274
i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH
>300
sc(hot w) wh nd (w+1/2) dec red-br cry wh cry nd(w) nd (w+1), pl (aq ace) nd
1.670325
s DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py s H2O; i eth i H2O, EtOH, eth vs HOAc vs gl HOAc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
339 340 341 342
Synonym
HO O
NH O
HO NH2
N H
H2N
NH2
NH2
I
OH
O
NH2 N H O
O
4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione
O 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione a-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol
4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)
OH O S O
O
NH2
OH
OH NH2 NH2
OH
NH2 b-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid
2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid
3-23
O OH P OH
4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone
2-Amino-4-methylphenol
4-Amino-2-methylphenol
(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid
H2N
OH
2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
OH
OH
L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid
NH2
O
O 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione
3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol
OH O S O
OH
7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
O S O OH
HO
2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
OH O S O
O
HO
OH O S O
S
O
O O
NH2
4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
OH O S O
NH2
OH O S O
NH2 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
OH H2N O S O
H2N NH2
2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
NH2
4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1 H)-pyrimidinone
O
OH O S O
OH O S O
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
H2N S
3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid
OH
O
N H
NH2
O NH2
OH NH2
OH O S O
OH O S O
O
4-Amino-3-methylphenol
N
O H2N HO
NH2
NH2
NH2 O
trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
NH2
H2N
OH
4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
NH2 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
H2N 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
(Aminoiminomethyl)urea 2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid
H2N
N H
NH2
NH2
NH O
O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]L-homoserine
H2N
H N
O
O
O
No.
Synonym
C 3S 10H9NO C 3S 10H9NO 10HC 9NO CH9NO 10
93-00-5 119-28-8 83-55-6 2834-92-6
223.248 223.248 159.184 159.184
C10H9NO N2O4 7H6C N2O4 7H6C
118-46-7 619-17-0 616-79-5
159.184 182.134 182.134
H NCO CH 5N 5O2 6HC6N2O3
17420-30-3 18264-75-0 99-57-0
163.134 119.084 154.123
HCN O HCN O
121-88-0 119-34-6
154.123 154.123
HC NO2 HC NO C3 4H5NO 5H9NO3C C4H11ClN2O6
644-90-6 515-96-8 557-24-4 106-60-5 2921-14-4
159.227 103.080 115.088 131.130 218.592
H N CO S HC NO2 H13NO 5C C6H7NO
551-16-6 660-88-8 2508-29-4 95-55-6
216.257 117.147 103.163 109.126
390 3-Aminophenol
C6H7NO
591-27-5
109.126
208 157 dec 38.5 wh orth bipym 174 nd (bz) pr (to) 123
391 392 393 394
p-Aminoacetanilide Arsanilic acid
C6H7NO 8HC10N2O CN2O 8H10 C 3 6H8AsNO
123-30-8 102-28-3 122-80-5 98-50-0
109.126 150.177 150.177 217.055
wh pl (w) nd or pl (bz) nd (w) mcl nd (w, al)
4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine
12 13 3
HC N
537-65-5
199.251
lf (w)
8 9
HCNO CH NO
613-89-8 99-03-6
135.163 135.163
99-92-3 38237-74-0 70-69-9
135.163 177.243 149.189
ye cry pa ye pl (al), lf (eth) ye mcl pr (al) cry (bz-peth) pl (al, w), nd (w)
HC N O S
144-80-9
214.241
HC N O S
473-30-3
255.316
373 8-Amino-2-naphthol 374 2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid 375 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid
b-naphthol 8-Amino-
376 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile 377 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 378 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol
7 5 3 2
379 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 380 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol 381 382 383 384 385
3-24
386 387 388 389
6 6 2 3 6 6 2 3
2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±) Aminooxoacetohydrazide Semioxamazide cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid Maleamic acid 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 5-Aminolevulinic acid (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1) 6-Aminopenicillanic acid Penicin 5-Aminopentanoic acid 5-Amino-1-pentanol 2-Aminophenol
4-Aminophenol N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide (4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid
395 N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4benzenediamine 396 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone 397 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone
Phenacylamine m-Aminoacetophenone
8 17
2 5 3 2
8 12 2 3 5 11
8 9
398 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone 399 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone 400 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone
p-Aminoacetophenone p-Aminopropiophenone
CH NO CH NO H11NO 9C
401 N-[(4-Aminophenyl) sulfonyl]acetamide 402 5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2thiazolamine
Sulfacetamide
8 10 2 3
Thiazolsulfone
9 9 3 2 2
8 9
11 15
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
lf nd or pr (w) 170 silvery lf (bz, 150 dec eth) nd (w, al) 206 oran pr (dil al) 269 lf (al), ye nd (w, 269 dil al) 203.5 187.8 oran pr (+w) 146 205.8 dk red pl or nd 131 (w, al) lf (w) 270 221 dec cry (al) 172.5 cry (EtOH) 145 152.5 cry (w) lf (dil al)
nd (al)
187.5 88 166.5 232
Solubility i cold2O; H sl hot H2O sl EtOH; s eth sl DMSO sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid
sub
s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig i2O; H vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth sl DMSO sl H2O sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO
11012 sub
dec 221.5 sub 153
sl 2HO, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid vs H2O, EtOH
0.948817 1.32825
1.461817
16411
s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz vs eth, EtOH
1100.3 267 1.957110
158
dec
20 98.5
251 289.5
106 74.5 140
294; 19515 1613
s2O;H sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig msc H2O, EtOH, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa
1.616020
i H2O; s eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO
183
sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk
220 dec
vs ace, eth, EtOH, diox
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid Bronner acid 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 1,7-Cleve’s acid 5-Amino-1-naphthol 1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene 1-Amino-2-naphthol
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
CAS RN
369 370 371 372
Name
O
OH
OH O S
NH2
OH
O S
O
O
5-Amino-1-naphthol
N
1-Amino-2-naphthol
OH
H2N
N O
2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile
H N
N
N NH2 O
O O
3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine
O
2-Amino-4-nitrophenol
O
N O
3-25
HO
HO
OH
NH2
O
O
cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid
5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid
O
OH
O
(Aminooxy)acetic acid,hydrochloride(2:1)
O
2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid
O
NH2 H 2N
O
4-Amino-2-nitrophenol
2-Aminooctanoic acid,(±)
O
N H
NH2
Aminooxoacetohydrazide
H
OH
S OH
H2N
O
COOH
6-Aminopenicillanic acid
NH2
OH
H2N
N
O 0.5HCl NH2
OH
2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid
O
N O
O
NH2
2-Amino-5-nitrophenol
H2N
H2N
N
OH
O O
OH O N
NH2
O N
8-Amino-2-naphthol
OH
NH2
NH2 O
O
NH2
8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid
NH2
OH
OH
5-Aminopentanoic acid
5-Amino-1-pentanol
2-Aminophenol
OH O As OH
NH
NH
O NH2
NH2
NH2 3-Aminophenol
NH2
4-Aminophenol
N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide
NH2
NH2 N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide
(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid
H2N
NH
NH2
N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine
2-Amino-1-phenylethanone
O NH O S O
O O
O
O H2N
NH2 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone
NH2 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone
H2N 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone
H2N 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone
NH2 N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide
O S O
N S
NH2
5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid
OH
NH2
NH2
OH O
H 2N
O
NH2
No.
Name
403 4-Aminophthalimide
Synonym 5-Amino-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)dione
404 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)
411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418
3-Aminopropanenitrile 3-Aminopropionitrile 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±) 3-Amino-1-propanol Propanolamine 1-Amino-2-propanol Isopropanolamine a-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol a-(a-Aminopropyl)benzyl alcohol N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3propanediamine Aminopropylon 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±) Hydroxyamphetamine N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine propanediamine Aminopterin 4-Amino-NSulfapyrazine pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide 3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile 3-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-Aminonicotinic acid
3-26
419 4-Amino-N-2pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 420 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 421 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 422 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione 423 5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 424 4-Amino-N-2pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide 425 Aminopyrine
1.175220
1.491025
20
20
C8H6N2O2
3676-85-5
162.146
2240.5
H C NO2
13552-31-3
91.109
dec 265; 1459 185; 8820 174.5 187.5 159.4
0.982426 0.961120
1.4396 1.450220 1.461720 1.447920
232.5; 1126
0.902320
1.470525
3H6N2 C C3H9NO C9NO 3H C9NO 3H H15NO 10C C7H19N3
151-18-8 6168-72-5 156-87-6 1674-56-2 5897-76-7 105-83-9
70.093 75.109 75.109 75.109 165.232 145.246
C16H22N4O2 9HC 13NO 6HC 17N3
3690-04-8 1518-86-1 56-18-8
302.372 151.205 131.219
pr (bz) cry (bz)
10 10 4 2
CH N O CH N O S
54-62-6 116-44-9
440.413 250.277
ye cry nd (PhNO2)
H NC H NC O 6H6N2O2 C
16617-46-2 5345-47-1 3167-49-5
108.102 138.124 138.124
cry (w)
HC N O S
144-83-2
249.289
173 296 dec cry (dil HOAc, 312 +2w) ye oran (al) 192
19 20 8 5
4 4 4
6 6 2 2
pl (bz-eth)
12.4 0.9 79.5
181 125.5 -14
bp/˚C
nD
Mol. Wt.
3 9
mp/˚C
den/g cm-3
CAS RN
15150
262 dec 251
0.9584
0.93825
Solubility
1.481020
s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc
vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt s chl
i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace sl H2O
i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH
Sulfapyridine
11 11 3 2
5-Aminouracil
4 5 3 2
H CNO
932-52-5
127.102
nd (w)
dec
i H2O; s alk, acid
C4H5N3O2
873-83-6
127.102
cry (w)
dec
vs H2O
2-Thiocytosine Uramil
C 4H5N3S C4H5N3O3
333-49-3 118-78-5
127.168 143.101
nd or pl (w)
>400
sl DMSO s H2O, chl; i eth, bz
Sulfadiazine
10 10 4 2
68-35-9
250.277
cry (w), wh pow 255 dec
sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO
CH N O
58-15-1
231.293
vs H2O, bz, EtOH
HC N O S
59-40-5
300.336
pr or pl (lig or 134.5 AcOEt) 247.5
sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk
H NO C 4S H CN O S
138-41-0 121-61-9
201.201 214.241
pr or lf (w) nd (HOAc)
i2H O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, ace
2349-67-9
133.195
H N OS C H N OSC C2 3H4N2OS C3NO 2H4Cl C6H3Cl3N2O2
556-90-1 591-08-2 1438-16-0 507-47-1 1918-02-1
116.141 118.157 148.206 164.418 241.459
CH NO2
2432-99-7
201.307
426 4-Amino-N-2Sulfaquinoxaline quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide 427 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid Carzenide 428 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl) Acetylsulfanilamide phenyl]acetamide 429 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3 H)thione 430 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone 431 N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide Acetylthiourea 432 N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-Aminorhodanine 433 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol Chloral ammonia 434 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2Picloram pyridinecarboxlic acid 435 11-Aminoundecanoic acid
HC N O S
13 17 3
14 12 4 2
7 7
8 10 2 3
C2H3N3S2 3 4 2 3 6 2
11 23
291 dec 219.5 243.0
pr or nd (w) 256 dec pr (w), orth (al) 165 101.5 nd (al) 73 218.5 189.0
dec 100
sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl 2HO, eth; s DMSO, EtOH s DMSO vs bz, eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
405 406 407 408 409 410
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
O H 2N
OH NH HO O
NH2
NH2
3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)
3-Aminopropanenitrile 2-Amino-1-propanol,(±)
OH
NH2
3-Amino-1-propanol
H N
O
O N
NH2 N
N NH2
HO Aminopropylon
4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol,(±)
NH2
N H
H2N
H2N
N
3-27
N H
OH
N N
NH2
H2N
3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
O S NH O
H2N
N
6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
N
NH2
NH2
H2N
NH
N
N
4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide
O
O
O S NH O
H2N
Aminopterin
OH
O
OH O
N
N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine
NH2
OH
N H
N NH2
O N H
N
N
a-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol N-(3-Aminopropyl)N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine
1-Amino-2-propanol
O
N
H2N
NH2
NH
O
N H
O
N H
N
O
N H
S
4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione
NH2 O O S HN O
O H2N O
O
N NH H2N
O
N H
O S NH O
OH
HN
O N
N N
H N
N
O S O
O S O
NH2
NH2
N
5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide
Aminopyrine
N N S
S
NH2 O N S
O
S NH2
H2N
O
OH
NH2 N
N H
S
S
NH2
4-Amino-N-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3 H)-thione
Cl Cl
NH2 Cl
Cl Cl
Cl OH
N
H2N
OH O
O
2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamideN-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acid
11-Aminoundecanoicacid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4-Aminophthalimide
H2N
OH
N
OH
OH
NH2
No.
Name
436 Amiton 437 Amitraz Amitriptyline Ammonium ferric oxalate Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium propanoate Amobarbital
443 Amolanone 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453
3-28
454 455 456 457
Amoxicillin Amphecloral Amphotericin B Ampicillin Ampyrone Amygdalin Anacardic acid Anagyrine Androstane Androstane-17-carboxylic acid, (5b,17b) Androstane-3,17-diol, a,5a,17b) (3 5a-Androstane-3,17-dione 5b-Androstane-3,17-dione Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
78-53-5 33089-61-1
269.342 293.406
liq
50-48-6 14221-47-7 3825-26-1 17496-08-1 57-43-2
277.404 374.017 431.100 91.109 226.272
cry
76-65-3
309.403
cry (peth)
26787-78-0 5581-35-1 1397-89-3 69-53-4 83-07-8 29883-15-6 11034-77-8 486-89-5 24887-75-0 438-08-4
365.404 264.579 924.080 349.405 203.240 457.428 344.487 244.332 260.457 304.467
cry (w)
1852-53-5 846-46-8 1229-12-5 63-05-8
292.456 288.424 288.424 286.408
382-45-6 508-44-1
300.392 192.169
643-60-7 17627-77-9 519-04-0 104-80-3 101-05-3
209.242 223.268 221.252 132.157 275.522
nd (al) 187.5 oct cry (bz, eth) 160.5 rhom nd 86 <-50 160
144-14-9 62-53-3
352.469 93.127
cry oily liq
7 7
H CNO2
118-92-3
137.137
lf (al)
H CNO2 H CNO2 6HC 8BrN C 6H8ClN C2O3 6H8N 12HC 16N2O4S
99-05-8 150-13-0 542-11-0 142-04-1 542-15-4 542-16-5
137.137 137.137 174.039 129.588 156.139 284.331
CH24NO3PS 10 N-Methylbis(2,4-xylyliminomethyl)C19H23N3 amine CN 20H23 CFeN3O12 6H12 C4F15NO2 8H H9NO2 3C H,3H,5H) C11H18N2O3 5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl-2,4,6(1 -pyrimidinetrione C20H23NO2 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-3-phenyl2(3H)-benzofuranone C19N3O5S 16H C11H12Cl3N H73NO17 47C C19N3O4S 16H C11H13N3O C20H27NO11 CH32O3 22 C15H20N2O C19H32 Etiocholanic acid 20HC 32O2 Epiandrostanediol
H C O CH O CH28O2 19 C26O2 19H 19 32 2 19 28 2
4-Androstene-3,17-dione
465 Anileridine 466 Aniline
Adrenosterone C24O3 19H trans-1,7C10H8O4 Dioxadispiro[4.0.4.2]dodeca-3,9diene-2,8-dione C11H15NO3 12CH17NO3 C12H15NO3 Tetrahydro-2,5-furandimethanol 6H12O3C 2,4-Dichloro-6-( o-chloroanilino)s- C9H5Cl3N4 triazine C28N2O2 22H Benzenamine 6HC 7N
467 Aniline-2-carboxylic acid
o-Anthranilic acid
468 469 470 471 472 473
m-Anthranilic acid p-Anthranilic acid
458 Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione 459 Anemonin
460 461 462 463 464
Anhalamine Anhalonidine Anhalonine 2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexitol Anilazine
Aniline-3-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid Aniline hydrobromide Aniline hydrochloride Aniline nitrate Aniline sulfate (2:1)
Benzenamine hydrochloride
Physical Form
CAS RN
7 7 7 7
solid hyg cry
ye pr (DMF) cry pa ye cry (bz)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
760.01
nD
86
1.12820
196 (HCl) 165 dec
1.7817.5
vs H2O; i EtOH
45 157 43.4
Solubility
1.465527
s H2O vs bz, EtOH, chl 1932.0
1.561425
96.0.5
1.530
s H2O 170 dec 200 dec 109 224.5 35.5
cry (ace) pe ye glass lf (ace-MeOH) 50 nd (gl HOAc) 228.5
223 135 135 143(form a); 173(form b) nd (al) 222 orth pl (chl) nd 158 (al or bz)
i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs eth, EtOH, peth s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl; i lig vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth
26512, 2124 600.003 sub 160
nd (ace aq) cry (MeOH) cry (ace-hx)
mcl pr (w) lf or nd orth
sub
1400.02 265
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs chl
vs eth, EtOH vs H 2O, EtOH vs EtOH, bz, chl, eth, peth vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH
1.15420 1.820
83 -6.02 146.5 173 188.2 286 198 190 dec
184.17 sub
1.5125 1.37420
s H2O s H2O, ctc, lig; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, tfa; vs chl, py sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, tfa; vs ace; i bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace; i bz, chl
4 1.2215 1.3564 1.3774
vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, chl; sl DMSO vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, tfa; i eth
20 1.0217
20 1.412
1.586320
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
438 439 440 441 442
Synonym
3
O O
N
O O
O
O
O
O
Fe
O O P S O
3NH4
O
N
N
N
F F F F F F
O
O
N
O
Amitraz
Amitriptyline
O
OH
OH
O
OH OH
N
N O
O
O
O Amolanone
Ammoniumpropanoate
OH
CH3
Cl
Cl Cl
O
O
N O
NH2 OH Amphecloral
H2N
S
NH2
HO
Amoxicillin
Amobarbital
H
NH
O
N
H
O
O
H S
NH4
N H
OH H
NH2
O
OH
OH OH O
O NH
O
Ammoniumperfluorooctanoate
O
HO
NH4
F F F F F F F F
Ammoniumferricoxalate
HO
NH
O
F
Amphotericin B
N
OH
O Ampicillin
N
Ampyrone
N OH
3-29
COOH O
OH
O O
HO
O
O HO OH
HO HO HO
O
H
5a-Androstane-3,17-dione
H
O O
H
O
5b-Androstane-3,17-dione
O
Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
O NH
O
H
Androstane-3,17-diol, (3a,5a,17b)
Anemonin
O NH
O
Anhalamine
NH O
HO
Anhalonidine
Anhalonine
OH O
O
OH
OH
O
Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione
Androstane-17-carboxylic acid,(5b,17b)
Androstane
O
H
H
HO
H
O
O O
H
H Anagyrine
O
H
O
H
O Anacardicacid
O
H
N
H
H
N
OH
Amygdalin
O
OH
2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexitol
NH2 Cl O N
N
HO N NH2
O Cl
N
N H
HO
HO
O
O
O NH2
HBr
NH2
HCl
NH2 HNO3
NH2 0.5H 2SO4
Aniline nitrate
Aniline sulfate (2:1)
NH2 NH2
Cl Anilazine
Anileridine
NH2
Aniline Aniline-2-carboxylic acid Aniline-3-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid Aniline hydrobromide Aniline hydrochloride
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Amiton
O O
No.
Name
474 475 476 477
Methoxybenzene Octatropine methylbromide
480 9-Anthracenecarbonitrile 481 9-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde
Physical Form
3-30
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
H8O 7C C2 17H32BrNO CH19N3 17 C34H16O2
100-66-3 80-50-2 91-75-8 116-71-2
108.138 362.346 265.353 456.490
liq -37.13 cry (ace) 329 cry 122 viol-bl or blk 492 dec nd (PhNO2)
153.7
CH11N 14 C14H10
613-13-8 120-12-7
193.244 178.229
ye lf (al) tab or mcl pr (al)
15HC9N C15H10O
1210-12-4 642-31-9
203.239 206.239
177.5 oran nd (dil 104.5 HOAc) ye nd (HOAc) 251.5 ye pr (al) ye lf (al) nd, lf 281 (sub) 217 dec 337 dec br or ye nd 180 ye orth nd (al, 286 bz) 160.5 148 ye lf, nd (al-w) 208 ye pl or nd (lig) 179 cry (bz), br nd 158 or lf (al) ye red lf (dil al) 152 nd (bz-lig, 155 HOAc) col cry 148 cry 52.5 ye nd (aq py) 347.5
238.8 215.76
den/g cm-3 0.994020
sub 339.9
1.2825
H CO
607-42-1
222.239
483 2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid
2-Anthroic acid
15 10 2
H CO
613-08-1
222.239
484 485 486 487
9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid 9,10-Anthracenedicarbonitrile 9,10-Anthracenediol 9,10-Anthracenedione
9-Anthroic acid
15 10 2
H CO H CN CH10O2 14 C8O2 14H
723-62-6 1217-45-4 4981-66-2 84-65-1
222.239 228.248 210.228 208.213
488 489 490 491 492
9-Anthracenemethanol 1,4,9,10-Anthracenetetrol 1,2,10-Anthracenetriol 1,8,9-Anthracenetriol 1-Anthracenol
CH O CH O CO3 14H10 CO3 14H10 C14H10O
1468-95-7 476-60-8 577-33-3 1143-38-0 610-50-4
208.255 242.227 226.227 226.227 194.228
H10O 14C C 14H10O
529-86-2 90-44-8
194.228 194.228
Antimony potassium tartrate trihydrate Tartar emetic C2 8H10K2O15Sb Apholate C12H24N9P3 Aphylline CH24N2O 15 Apigenin 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-C15H10O5 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 499 Apoatropine CH21NO2 17 500 Apocodeine C18H19NO2 501 Apomorphine C17H17NO2
28300-74-5 52-46-0 577-37-7 520-36-5
667.873 387.300 248.364 270.237
500-55-0 641-36-1 58-00-4
271.355 281.350 267.323
502 Apomorphine, hydrochloride 503 Aprobarbital
314-19-2 77-02-1
303.784 210.229
pr (chl) 62 pr (MeOH) 123.5 hex pl (chl195 dec peth) rods (eth) grn in air mcl pr 205 dec cry 141
7643-75-6 608-45-7 14116-69-9
152.146 150.130 312.271
cry (MeOH) nd (dil al)
102.5 155.5 210 dec
1.58525
20235-19-2
150.130
pr, nd (al)
164.5
1.58520
493 9-Anthracenol 494 9(10H)-Anthracenone
14 10 4
Anthrarobin Anthralin
Anthranol Anthrone
495 496 497 498
504 L-Arabinitol 505 a-D-Arabinopyranose 506 6-O-a-L-Arabinopyranosyl-DGlucose 507 DL-Arabinose
17CH18ClNO2 H,3H,5H)- C10H14N2O3 5-Isopropyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1 pyrimidinetrione 5HC12O5 C5H10O5 Vicianose CH20O10 11
C5H10O5
i2O; H s EtOH; i con sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc i H2O; s bz, HOAc
15 10 2
15 12
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz
1.300020
1-Anthroic acid
Anthraquinone
Solubility
1.517420
i EtOH, bz, HOAc; s xyl, py, sulf
482 1-Anthracenecarboxylic acid
16 8 2
nD
sub
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl
sub
vs HOAc
sub
i H2O; s EtOH
377
1.43820
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl
sl2H O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz i2O; H s EtOH, ace, bz; sl eth; vs py i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s NaOH
23413
s ace, bz, con sulf, dil alk 2.6 2004
sl H2O vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, py; vs dil alk sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk
vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth vs 2HO vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Anisole Anisotropine methylbromide Antazoline Anthra[9,1,2cde]benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,10dione 478 2-Anthracenamine 479 Anthracene
Synonym
Br N N O
N
O
NH2
N
Anisotropine methylbromide
O Antazoline
O
Anthra[9,1,2-cde]benzo[rst]pentaphene-5,10-dione
2-Anthracenamine
Anthracene
9-Anthracenecarbonitrile 9-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde
N OH HO
O
HO
OH
O
OH
OH OH
O
OH
OH
O N 1-Anthracenecarboxylic acid
2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid
9-Anthracenecarboxylic acid
OH
3-31
O OH OH OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
Sb
O
O O
Sb
O O
1-Anthracenol
9-Anthracenol
9(10H)-Anthracenone
OH
OH OH
9,10-Anthracenedione
9-Anthracenemethanol
1,4,9,10-Anthracenetetrol
1,2,10-Anthracenetriol
2
O
2K 3H2O
O O
O 1,8,9-Anthracenetriol
O
9,10-Anthracenedicarbonitrile 9,10-Anthracenediol
Antimonypotassiumtartrate trihydrate
OH O
N N N N P P N N N P N N
H
N
N
H
HO
O
O
Apholate
OH
Aphylline
Apigenin
N N H
HO
O
N H
HO
HO
HCl O Apoatropine
O
HO
HO Apocodeine
Apomorphine
O
N H
Apomorphine,hydrochloride
N O
N H
H O
Aprobarbital
H HO HO
CH2OH OH H H CH2OH
L-Arabinitol
O O
HO OH
O HO HO
O
CH2 O OH
OH
OH OH
OH a-D-Arabinopyranose
OH
OH HO OH 6-O-a-L-ArabinopyranosylD-Glucose
OH DL-Arabinose
OH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N H
O Anisole
O
No.
Name a-D-Arabinose b-D-Arabinose Aramite Arecaidine
512 513 514 515 516 517
Arecoline D-Arginine L-Arginine L-Arginine, monohydrochloride Artemisin Ascaridole
518 519 520 521 522 523
L-Ascorbic acid Ascorbyl palmitate L-Asparagine D-Asparagine, monohydrate L-Asparagine, monohydrate Aspartame
524 DL-Aspartic acid 525 L-Aspartic acid
3-32
526 Aspergillic acid 527 Astemizole 528 Asulam 529 Atenolol 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545
1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-3pyridinecarboxylic acid
8-Hydroxysantonin 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2,3dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene Vitamin C 6-Hexadecanoylascorbic acid a-Aminosuccinamic acid
L-a-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine, 2methyl ester
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C5H10O5 C5H10O5 CH23ClO4S 15 C7H11NO2
31178-68-4 31178-69-5 140-57-8 499-04-7
150.130 150.130 334.860 141.168
C8H13NO2 H14N4O2 6C H14N4O2 6C 6HC 15ClN4O2 15HC 18O4 C10H16O2
63-75-2 7200-25-1 74-79-3 1119-34-2 481-05-0 512-85-6
155.195 174.201 174.201 210.662 262.302 168.233
HC O H CO 4HC 8N2O3 H10N2O4 4C H10N2O4 4C C14H18N2O5
50-81-7 137-66-6 70-47-3 5794-24-1 5794-13-8 22839-47-0
176.124 414.533 132.118 150.133 150.133 294.303
617-45-8 56-84-8
HC N O CH FN4O C8H10N2O4S CH N O
6 8 6
22 38 7
HC NO4 4HC 7NO4 4 7
L-Aminosuccinic acid
12 20 2 2 28 31
Methyl [(4-aminophenyl) sulfonyl]carbamate
14 22 2 3
Atisine Anthorine 22HC 33NO2 H14ClN5 Atrazine 8C Atropine CH23NO3 17 Auramine hydrochloride 17CH24ClN3O Aureothin CH23NO6 22 Aurin C19H14O3 Aurin tricarboxylic acid, triammonium Aluminon C22H23N3O9 salt Avermectin B1a Abamectin C72O14 48H 3-Azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane C8H15N 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Quinuclidine C 7H13N 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol 3-Quinuclidinol C 7H13NO Azacitidine 4-Amino-1b-D-ribofuranosyl-1,3,5- C8H12N4O5 triazine-2(1 H)-one Azacyclotridecan-2-one CH23NO 12 8-Azaguanine C4H4N6O Azaserine C5H7N3O4 Azathioprine H-Purine, 1 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1 H- C9H7N7O2S imidazol-5-yl)thio]-
Physical Form
mp/˚C
156 156 -37.3 pl (dil al) tab 232 dec (dil al +1w)
cry liq
217 dec 244 dec 219 203 3.3
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
1952
1.58525 1.62525 1.14320
1.510020
209
1.048520
1.486-20
2600.1 exp; 11515, 390.2
1.010320
1.476920
nD
Solubility vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, MeOH vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, MeOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O, chl; s AcOEt; i peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, tol; sl chl
1.6525
vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, peth
1.54315 1.52315 1.54315
s H2O; i EtOH, eth, MeOH sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH
nd (w)
191 dec 112 235 215 234 246.5
133.104 133.104
mcl pr (w) orth lf (w)
277.5 270
1.662213 13 1.6603
490-02-8 68844-77-9 3337-71-1
224.299 458.570 230.241
pa ye rods wh cry
98 149.1 144
sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, py sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; s dil HCl, py vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s os
29122-68-7
266.336
cry (AcOEt)
147
466-43-3 1912-24-9 51-55-8 2465-27-2 2825-00-5 603-45-2 569-58-4
343.503 215.684 289.370 321.845 397.421 290.312 473.433
orth bipym
71751-41-2 283-24-9 100-76-5 1619-34-7 320-67-2
873.078 125.212 111.185 127.184 244.205
cry (eth) cry (bz) cry
947-04-6 134-58-7 115-02-6 446-86-6
197.317 152.114 173.128 277.263
152.5 300 ye-grn orth cry 150 dec ye cry 243 dec
orth (w+1)
58.5 173 orth nd (dil al) 118.5 ye nd (w) 267 ye pr 158 dk red lf or orth 309 dec red-br pow
sl H2O, diox, ace; i chl; s MeOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, chl sub 95
vs2O, H EtOH; i eth; sl chl sl H2O vs ace, EtOH, chl i2O, H bz; s EtOH, alk; sl eth, chl s H2O; sl EtOH; i peth
152 166500 158 221 229
sub 120
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s ace
vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace, MeOH sl H2O, EtOH, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
508 509 510 511
Synonym
O OH HO
O HO HO
O
O
O S
a-D-Arabinose
b-D-Arabinose
Aramite
H2N
N
N
OH
NH
O
OH
HO
OH OH
O
O Cl
O
Arecaidine
O
N H
Arecoline
O
NH OH
H2N
N H
NH2 D-Arginine
NH OH
H2N
N H
NH2 L-Arginine
O HCl
OH NH2
L-Arginine,monohydrochloride
O
O
H2N
O O
HO
Artemisin
Ascaridole
HO
OH
OH Ascorbyl palmitate
H2N
OH O
L-Ascorbicacid
O
O
O
O
O
O
H 2O
NH2
O
L-Asparagine
O H2N
OH
NH2
OH O
D-Asparagine,monohydrate
NH2
HO
O
H N
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH O
O OH O
CH2OH OH O
O
O
H2O
NH2
L-Asparagine,monohydrate
Aspartame
N NH
N
N O O
O
HO
NH2 OH
NH2 OH
3-33
DL-Asparticacid
F
N
L-Asparticacid
OH
O O S N O O H
OH O N
O
HO
O
Astemizole
H
Asulam
N
Atenolol
HO
OH
Atisine
HO
OH
O HN N Cl
N N
O
N H
O N
O Atropine
O
O
O
O
Atrazine
HO
NH
OH
H
O
ClH
N
N O
O
O O NH4
O NH4 O
O
O
O
O
O
Auraminehydrochloride
OH
H
N
H2N
H2N
Aspergillic acid
O
O
O H N
Aureothin
Aurin
O NH4
Aurintricarboxylic acid,triammonium salt
O
NH2 O
O O O OH H
N H
H
N HO
H
OH
N
N
1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane1-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol
N
N O
O
OH
O
AvermectinB1a
O
3-Azabicyclo[3.2.2]monane
N
N HO
OH
Azacitidine
H
H
O H2N Azacyclotridecan-2-one
N
H O O N O N HO N NH2
8-Azaguanine
Azaserine
N
N
S O N O N N N Azathioprine
N N H
No.
Name
54-25-1
245.189
503-29-7 2517-04-6
57.095 101.105
C5NO 3H C6H5N3 C6H4ClN3 H5N3O 2C H7N3 7C
930-21-2 622-37-7 3296-05-7 1517-05-1 2101-86-2
71.078 119.124 153.569 87.080 133.151
trans-Diphenyldiazene
HN C CH N O PS2 CH12N3O3PS2 10 NO 4H9C 12CH10N2
622-79-7 2642-71-9 86-50-0 1072-52-2 17082-12-1
133.151 345.377 317.324 87.120 182.220
559 cis-Azobenzene
cis-Diphenyldiazene
12 10 2
CH N
1080-16-6
182.220
560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568
HCCl2N2O4S2 HC N 2,2’-Azobis[2-methylpropionitrile] C 8H12N4 C8H18N2 C6H14N2 Diphenyldiazene 1-oxide, E) ( C12H10N2O Diphenyldiazene 1-oxide, Z) ( C12H10N2O Diethyldiazine 1-oxide C2O 4H10N H8 Bicyclo[5.3.0]decapentaene 10C
104115-88-0 2094-98-6 78-67-1 2159-75-3 821-67-0 21650-65-7 20972-43-4 16301-26-1 275-51-4
379.239 244.336 164.208 142.242 114.188 198.219 198.219 102.134 128.171
C13H16F3N3O4
1861-40-1
335.279
liq bl or gr-blk lf 99 (al) 66
C11H9Cl2NO2 C3 8H12N2O
101-27-9 57-44-3
258.101 184.192
nd (w)
67-52-7 43121-43-3 477-60-1
128.086 293.749 594.696
302-40-9 57-37-4
327.418 363.878
71626-11-4 22781-23-3
325.402 223.226
73-48-3 17804-35-2 83055-99-6
421.415 290.318 410.402
549 550 551 552 553
2-Azetidinone Azidobenzene 1-Azido-4-chlorobenzene 2-Azidoethanol 1-Azido-4-methylbenzene
554 555 556 557 558
(Azidomethyl)benzene Azinphos ethyl Azinphos-methyl 1-Aziridineethanol trans-Azobenzene
3-34
3,3’-Azobenzenedisulfonyl chloride 1,1’-Azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile 2,2’-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] Azobutane Azopropane cis-Azoxybenzene trans-Azoxybenzene Azoxyethane Azulene
569 Balan 570 Barban 571 Barbital 572 Barbituric acid 573 Bayleton 574 Bebeerine 575 Benactyzine 576 Benactyzine hydrochloride 577 Benalaxyl 578 Bendiocarb 579 Bendroflumethiazide 580 Benomyl 581 Bensulfuron-methyl
2b-D-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazine-C8H11N3O6 3,5(2H,4H)-dione C7N 3H C 2 4H7NO
7 7 3
12 16 3 3
12 8
14 20 4
N-Butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4(trifluoromethyl)aniline 5,5-Diethylbarbituric acid
HCN O HC ClN3O2 C36H38N2O6 4 4 2 3
Triadimefon
14 16
2-(Diethylamino)ethyl benzilate 20H25NOC3 2-Diethylaminoethyl benzilate C20H26ClNO3 hydrochloride C20H23NO3 1,3-Benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-, C11H13NO4 methylcarbamate H14F3N3O4S2 15C C14H18N4O3 H18N4O7S 16C
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
158 liq cry (95% MeOH) pa ye oil
-70.0 217 dec 73.5 -27.5 20 -29.0
nd
53 73
oran-red mcl lf 67.88 (al) oran-red pl 71 (peth) red nd (eth) 166.5 100
Solubility s H2O
63
10615 7011 9620 7540 dec 180; 8010 10823, 7812 1110.001 168 293
0.843620
1.428725
1.086020 1.263425 1.14624 1.052723
1.558925
1.073019 1.28420 1.4420 1.08825 1.20320
1.534125
1.456020 1.626678
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth vs H2O vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth reac alk
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc, lig vs eth i H2O; s lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth
6018 114 1.16620 1.159026
87 34.6
orth pr (w +2) cry (bz, eth, chl-MeOH) cry
75 190 248 82 221
225 dec 187
i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, acid; sl chl
1.22025 dec 260
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, lig, tfa s H2O, eth; sl EtOH
1.2220 s EtOH, MeOH, eth; vs ace, chl
51 177.5 79 130
cry
46 dec 270; 12510 1210.5, 1487
1.63320
s H2O; i eth 1.2725 1.2520 i H2O, bz, eth; s EtOH, ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
547 Azetidine 548 2-Azetidinecarboxylic acid
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
CAS RN
546 6-Azauridine
Synonym
O H
N
O HO
N N
HO
O
OH
Azetidine
N
N
N
Cl
H
2-Azetidinecarboxylic acid
2-Azetidinone
Azidobenzene
N
N
N H
H
6-Azauridine
N
N
N
1-Azido-4-chlorobenzene
N
N O N
OH
N
N N
2-Azidoethanol
1-Azido-4-methylbenzene
N
(Azidomethyl)benzene
N N
S O P S O
Azinphosethyl
N O
N
N N
S O P S O
N N N
Azinphos-methyl
N N
OH trans-Azobenzene
cis-Azobenzene
3-35 N
N
N N
3,3’-Azobenzenedisulfonyl chloride
N N O
N
N
Azopropane
cis-Azoxybenzene
trans-Azoxybenzene
N
1,1’-Azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile
O N
O N
O N
N
F Azulene
F
N
O H N
F
Cl
O O
Balan
Barban
O O
O N
O
O
N H Barbital
H O
N O
N H
O
H O
Cl
N
OH
N
N H
O O O Bendiocarb
HCl
O
S O
N
Benactyzine
Benactyzinehydrochloride
O
H N N
N H H
O
Bendroflumethiazide
N H
O
Benomyl
O
Benalaxyl
O
O
N
N O
N
Bebeerine
F F F O S H2 N O
HO
O
O
O
O
O HO
OH
Bayleton
O
H N
O
N
Barbituric acid
O
O
N H
S O
H N O O
N
2,2’-Azobis[isobutyronitrile]
Cl
Azoxyethane
N
N
O
O N N N
O OH S O N N
1-Aziridineethanol
Azobutane
HO O O S
H N
N N O
Bensulfuron-methyl
O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
N HO
O
O
N
No.
591 592 593 594 595
Bensulide Bentazon Benz[c]acridine Benzaldehyde Benzaldehyde hydrazone cis-Benzaldehyde oxime trans-Benzaldehyde oxime Benzaldehyde, phenylhydrazone Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene) hydrazone Benzamide Benz[a]anthracene Benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione Benzanthrone Benzene
596 Benzeneacetaldehyde 597 Benzeneacetamide 598 Benzeneacetic acid
3-36
599 600 601 602
Benzeneacetic acid, hydrazide Benzeneacetic anhydride Benzeneacetonitrile Benzeneacetyl chloride
603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610
Benzenearsonic acid Benzeneboronic acid Benzenebutanoic acid Benzenebutanol Benzenecarboperoxoic acid Benzenecarbothioamide Benzenecarbothioic acid Benzenecarboximidamide, monohydrochloride 611 1,2-Benzenediamine
612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620
Synonym
12-Azabenz[a]anthracene Benzenecarboxaldehyde Benzylidene hydrazine
Benzoic acid amide 1,2-Benzanthracene
[6]Annulene Phenylacetaldehyde a-Phenylacetamide Phenylacetic acid
mp/˚C
397.514 240.278 229.276 106.122 120.152 121.137 121.137 196.247 208.258
nd (dil al) liq lf pr nd (eth) nd (lig), pr ye pr (al)
34.4 138 132 -57.1 16 36.5 35 157.0 93
55-21-0 56-55-3 2498-66-0 82-05-3 71-43-2
121.137 228.288 258.271 230.260 78.112
mcl pr or pl (w) 127.3 lf (al) 160.5 170.5 170 orth pr or liq 5.49
HC O H NO C 8H8OC 2
122-78-1 103-81-1 103-82-2
120.149 135.163 136.149
lf, pl (peth)
33.5 157 76.5
HC N O CH O C 8H7N C 8H7ClO
937-39-3 1555-80-2 140-29-4 103-80-0
150.177 254.280 117.149 154.594
pr or nd (eth) liq
115.5 73.3 -23.8
CH AsO3 CH BO2 H12O2 10C C10H14O 7HC 6O3 C7NS 7H 7HC 6OS C7H9ClN2
98-05-5 98-80-6 1821-12-1 3360-41-6 93-59-4 2227-79-4 98-91-9 1670-14-0
202.040 121.930 164.201 150.217 138.121 137.203 138.187 156.612
95-54-5
108.141
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C14H24NO4PS3 C10H12N2O3S H11N 17C C7H6O C8N2 7H C7H7NO C7H7NO C13H12N2 C14H12N2
741-58-2 25057-89-0 225-51-4 100-52-7 5281-18-5 622-32-2 622-31-1 588-64-7 588-68-1
7HC 7NO C 18H12 CH10O2 18 C17H10O C6H6
8 8 8 9
8 10 2
16 14 3
Benzyl cyanide Phenylacetyl chloride
6 7 6 7
Perbenzoic acid
o-Phenylenediamine
1,3-Benzenediamine m-Phenylenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine p-Phenylenediamine 1,2-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride 1,3-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride 1,4-Benzenediamine, dihydrochloride 1,2-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride Phthaloyl chloride 1,3-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride 1,4-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride 1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde
621 1,3-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
H CN
6 8 2
H CN H CN CCl2N2 6H10 CCl2N2 6H10 CCl2N2 6H10 8H4ClC 2O2 8HC 4Cl2O2 8HC 4Cl2O2 C8H6O2
108-45-2 106-50-3 615-28-1 541-69-5 624-18-0 88-95-9 99-63-8 100-20-9 643-79-8
108.141 108.141 181.062 181.062 181.062 203.023 203.023 203.023 134.133
C8H6O2
626-19-7
134.133
6 8 2 6 8 2
cry (w) lf (w) mcl pl (peth) ye pl (HOAc) orth pr (w +2)
158 dec 219 52 42 117 24 169
brsh ye lf (w) pl 102.1 (chl) orth (al) 66.0 wh pl (bz, eth) 141.1 250 dec
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.22420
178.8 14014 200 11910
290 438
80.09 195 265.5
19512 233.5 170250, 10524
1.040125
1.546320
1.111120 1.14520
1.590820
1.0792130
20 0.8765
1.027220
1.525520
6 1.228
vs eth, chl 1.020515 1.168220
1.521125 1.532520
1.521420 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.2820
1.604020
257 285 267
vs eth vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth
290 14014 14 100 8610
1.501120
vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, liq3 NH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ctc, CS 2 i2O; H vs EtOH sl EtOH, eth, lig; s ace; vs bz, chl sl bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl; s ctc sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; i lig
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl tfa s H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH
58
1.0096
1.6339
58
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl 2HO; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O s H2O
pr(eth) nd or pl (lig) ye cry or nd (lig) nd (dil al)
15.5 43.5 83.5 55.8
281.1 276 9 258; 125 830.8
89.5
13 246; 136
1.408920 1.388017
1.568420 1.57047
sl H2O, EtOH; s eth s eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; s ace, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590
Name
O O O S N H
S
O
N S O N O H
O P O S
Bensulide
N
Bentazon
N
Benz[c]acridine
Benzaldehyde
NH2
N OH
Benzaldehyde hydrazone
N
cis-Benzaldehyde oxime
OH
N
trans-Benzaldehyde oxime
H N
Benzaldehyde, phenylhydrazone
N
N
O
NH2 O
O Benzaldehyde, (phenylmethylene)hydrazone
H N
Benzamide
Benz[a]anthracene
Benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione
NH2
3-37
O
Benzeneaceticacid,hydrazide
Benzanthrone
N
O
Benzeneaceticanhydride
O
Benzeneacetonitrile
Benzene
Benzeneacetylchloride
Benzenearsonicacid
Benzeneacetaldehyde
OH O
Benzeneacetamide
OH B OH
O As OH OH
Cl
O
O
NH2 O
Benzeneaceticacid
OH
OH
O Benzeneboronicacid
Benzenebutanoicacid
Benzenebutanol
NH2 O
OOH
S
NH2
NH2
OH
O
NH2
NH2
HCl Benzenecarboperoxoicacid
Benzenecarbothioamide
Benzenecarbothioic acid
Benzenecarboximidamide, monohydrochloride
Cl
NH2 NH2
Cl
O
1,3-Benzenediamine,dihydrochloride
NH2 1,4-Benzenediamine
O
2HCl 1,2-Benzenediamine,dihydrochloride
O O
NH2 1,4-Benzenediamine,dihydrochloride
1,3-Benzenediamine
O Cl
Cl 2HCl
NH2 1,2-Benzenediamine
Cl
O
2HCl NH2
NH2
NH2
NH
S
SH
NH2
O 1,2-Benzenedicarbonyldichloride
1,3-Benzenedicarbonyldichloride
O Cl
O
O
1,4-Benzenedicarbonyldichloride
1,2-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde
1,3-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
No.
Name
622 1,4-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde 623 1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide 624 1,4-Benzenedicarboxamide
Synonym Phthalamide
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
C8H6O2 N2O2 8H8C H8N2O2 8C
623-27-8 88-96-0 3010-82-0
134.133 164.162 164.162
20 30 6
H CO
117-83-9
366.448
14 18 6
H CO
117-82-8
282.289
14 14 4
HC O
131-17-9
246.259
HC O
131-16-8
250.291
3-38
625 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-Bis(2-butoxyethyl) phthalate butoxyethyl) ester 626 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate methoxyethyl) ester 627 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diallyl Diallyl phthalate ester 628 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Dipropyl phthalate dipropyl ester m-Xylene diamine 629 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine 630 1,2-Benzenedimethanol 631 1,3-Benzenedimethanol 632 1,4-Benzenedimethanol 633 1,2-Benzenediol, diacetate 634 1,4-Benzenediol, diacetate 635 1,3-Benzenediol, monobenzoate 636 1,3-Benzenedisulfonic acid 637 1,3-Benzenedisulfonyl dichloride 638 1,2-Benzenedithiol 639 1,3-Benzenedithiol 640 Benzeneethanamine 1-Amino-2-phenylethane 641 Benzeneethanamine, hydrochloride 642 Benzeneethanol Phenethyl alcohol 643 Benzenehexacarboxylic acid Mellitic acid 644 Benzenemethanamine, hydrochloride 645 Benzenemethanesulfonyl chloride 646 Benzenemethanesulfonyl fluoride 647 Benzenemethanethiol Thiobenzyl alcohol 648 Benzenepentanoic acid 5-Phenylvaleric acid 649 Benzenepentanol 650 Benzenepropanal Hydrocinnamic aldehyde 651 Benzenepropanenitrile Hydrocinnamonitrile 652 Benzenepropanethiol 653 Benzenepropanoic acid Hydrocinnamic acid 654 Benzenepropanol Hydrocinnamyl alcohol 655 Benzenepropanol carbamate Phenprobamate 656 Benzenepropanoyl chloride
H C N H O C H10O2 8C H10O2 8C 10HC10O4 10HC10O4 CH10O3 13 O6S2 6H6C C 2O4S2 6H4Cl 6HC6S2 6HC6S2 8HC 11N 8HC12ClN 8HC 10O 12H6OC 12 7HC10ClN ClO2S 7H7C 7HC 7FO2S 7H8SC 11H14CO2 C11H16O C10O 9H 9H9N C H12S 9C 9H10CO2 C12O 9H CH13NO2 10 H9ClO 9C
1477-55-0 612-14-6 626-18-6 589-29-7 635-67-6 1205-91-0 136-36-7 98-48-6 585-47-7 17534-15-5 626-04-0 64-04-0 156-28-5 60-12-8 517-60-2 3287-99-8 1939-99-7 329-98-6 100-53-8 2270-20-4 10521-91-2 104-53-0 645-59-0 24734-68-7 501-52-0 122-97-4 673-31-4 645-45-4
136.194 138.164 138.164 138.164 194.184 194.184 214.216 238.238 275.130 142.242 142.242 121.180 157.641 122.164 342.169 143.614 190.648 174.193 124.204 178.228 164.244 134.174 131.174 152.256 150.174 136.190 179.216 168.619
657 658 659 660 661 662
C 6H6O2Se C6H6Se C6O2S 6H C5ClOS 6H C7NO2S 6H 6H6OC 3S
6996-92-5 645-96-5 618-41-7 4972-29-6 98-10-2 98-11-3
189.07 157.07 142.176 160.621 157.191 158.175
Benzeneseleninic acid Benzeneselenol Benzenesulfinic acid Benzenesulfinyl chloride Benzenesulfonamide Benzenesulfonic acid
Phenylseleninic acid
Besylic acid
14 18 4
8 12 2 8 10 2
Physical Form nd (w) cry nd (w), pl (HOAc)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
117 222 322.3
246 dec
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth
270 -60.0
23010
1.159620
1614 liq
pl (eth, peth) nd (bz) nd (w) nd (al) pl (w, al)
-31.0
64.8 57 117.5 64.5 123.5 134.5
304.5 247 3 145 15613 1401 1429
1.076720 1.052
i H2O; s EtOH, eth
20
vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s peth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, lig
1.161018
0.873125
hyg cry 61.8 28.5 lf 27 liq <0 pl or lf (al) 218.5 liq -27 nd (al) 287 dec 258.3 pr (eth), nd (bz) 93 92.0 liq -30 pl (w), pr (peth) 57.5 mcl liq
47 -1
nd (w)
48 <-18 102
19510.5 238.5 245 195
0.964025
1.529025
218.2
1.020220
1.532520
1.05820
1.515120
0.972520 1.019020 1.001620 1.0125 1.071249 0.99525
1.515620
194.5 19030 15520, 15018 224; 11728 261; 14125 12123, 10910 279.8 235 dec 225; 10510
124.5 pr (w) pl (peth) lf, nd (w) nd (bz)
84 38 156 65
183.6; 8425 dec 1.5 71
1.526628 1.549420 1.535725
1.13521 1.9320 1.486515 1.346925
1.347025
vs EtOH, eth, bz; s AcOEt vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth vs2O, H EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, sulf vs H2O, EtOH vs eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s CS 2 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s os vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, CS 2; vs bz s H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl s eth, CS2 sl H2O; i bz; vs alk i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; i peth s eth, chl sl 2HO, tfa; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl bz; s HOAc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
H2N
O
O O
H 2N
O
O NH2 O
O 1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide
NH2
O
O
1,4-Benzenedicarboxamide
O O
O O
O O
O
O
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,bis(2-butoxyethyl) ester
O
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,bis(2-methoxyethyl) ester
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,diallyl ester
O O
OH
NH2
O
OH
OH
O O
OH
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,dipropylester
O
O O
O
O
OH
HO
O
3-39
SH
SH O Cl
NH2
O
NH2
OH
HOOC
1,3-Benzenedisulfonyl dichloride 1,2-Benzenedithiol 1,3-Benzenedithiol
Benzeneethanamine
Benzeneethanamine,hydrochloride
Benzeneethanol
Benzenemethanesulfonyl fluoride
Benzenemethanethiol
OH Benzenepropanol
OH
Benzenepentanoicacid
O
Benzenepentanol
O
O
O NH2
Benzenepropanol carbamate
Benzenemethanamine,hydrochloride Benzenemethanesulfonyl chloride
O
N OH
SH
HCl
Benzenehexacarboxylicacid
O
O S O Cl
NH2
COOH COOH
HCl
SH
Se
OH
SeH
O
OH
SH
O Benzenepropanal
Benzenepropanenitrile
S
OH
O
S
Benzenepropanethiol
Cl
NH2 O S O
Benzenepropanoicacid
OH O S O
Cl Benzenepropanoyl chloride
Benzeneseleninic acid
Benzeneselenol
O
1,3-Benzenedisulfonic acid
COOH COOH
HOOC
SH
O S O F
O
OH
1,3-Benzenedimethanamine 1,2-Benzenedimethanol 1,3-Benzenedimethanol 1,4-Benzenedimethanol 1,2-Benzenediol,diacetate 1,4-Benzenediol,diacetate 1,3-Benzenediol,monobenzoate
O Cl S O
S
OH S
NH2
O
O HO S O
O
O
Benzenesulfinic acid
Benzenesulfinyl chloride
Benzenesulfonamide
Benzenesulfonic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1,4-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde
O O
O O
No.
Synonym
Benzenesulfonyl chloride Phenylsulfonyl chloride Benzenesulfonyl fluoride Phenylsulfonyl fluoride 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid Pyromellitic acid Benzenethiol Phenyl mercaptan 1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl trichloride 1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acid Hemimellitic acid 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid Trimellitic acid
3-40
1,3,5-Benzenetriol 1,2,4-Benzenetriol triacetate Benzestrol Benzethonium chloride Benzidene-3,3’-dicarboxylic acid p-Benzidine Benzil 1H-Benzimidazol-2-amine
683 1H-Benzimidazole
Phloroglucinol
N,N’’-Methenyl-o-phenylenediamine
684 1H-Benzimidazole-2-acetonitrile 685 1H-Benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2 H)dione 686 Benzo[c]chrysene 687 Benzo[g]chrysene Benzo[a]triphenylene 688 1H,3H-Benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]difuran1,3,5,7-tetrone 689 1,3,2-Benzodioxaborole 690 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-amine 691 1,3-Benzodioxole 692 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde Piperonal 693 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid 694 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-ethanamine 695 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanamine
Piperonylic acid
696 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanol 697 1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ol 698 trans,trans-5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)- Piperinic acid 2,4-pentadienoic acid
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
dec 251 203.5
1.347015 1.328620
1.493218
169.1 18016
1.077520
1.589320
Mol. Wt.
C2S 6H5ClO C2S 6H5FO 10H6O8 C 6HC 6S C3O3 9H3Cl 9H6O6 C 9H6O6 C
98-09-9 368-43-4 89-05-4 108-98-5 4422-95-1 569-51-7 528-44-9
176.621 160.166 254.150 110.177 265.477 210.140 210.140
554-95-0 1204-28-0
210.140 210.571
2694-54-4
330.332
87-66-1 533-73-3
126.110 126.110
108-73-6 613-03-6 85-95-0 121-54-0 2130-56-5 92-87-5 134-81-6 934-32-7
126.110 252.219 298.419 448.081 272.256 184.236 210.228 133.151
51-17-2
118.136
9H7NC 3 C12H7NO2
4414-88-4 81-83-4
157.172 197.190
C22H14 CH14 22 C10H2O6
194-69-4 196-78-1 89-32-7
278.346 278.346 218.119
C6H5BO2 C7NO2 7H C7H6O2 8HC 6O3
274-07-7 14268-66-7 274-09-9 120-57-0
119.914 137.137 122.122 150.132
12 42
HOC HC NO2 8HC9NO2
94-53-1 1484-85-1 2620-50-0
166.132 165.189 151.163
229
HC O CH O C10O4 12H
495-76-1 533-31-3 136-72-1
152.148 138.121 218.205
HC O H CO C20H26O2 C42ClNO2 27H 14H12NC2O4 CN2 12H12 14HC 10O2 7HC 7N3 6 6 3
12 12 6
3,3’-Dicarboxybenzidine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine Diphenylethanedione
mp/˚C 14.5
CAS RN
O6 670 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 9H6C 671 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid 1,2- 4-(Chloroformyl)phthalic anhydride 9H3ClO C 4 anhydride, 4-chloride 672 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, C18H18O6 triallyl ester 673 1,2,3-Benzenetriol Pyrogallol 6HC 6O3 674 1,2,4-Benzenetriol Hydroxyhydroquinone 6HC6O3 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
H CN
7 6 2
8 6 4 9 11
8 8 3 7 6 3
tcl pr (w+2) liq pr (al) nd (w) cry (al) cry (HOAc) pr or nd (w+1)
276 -14.93 36.3 200 219
1.54620
380 66
orth bipym pl 170.5 (w) 208.4 nd (chl-al) 300 nd (AcOH) nd (AcOH)
1.16420
nd (al), ye nd (sub)
309
sub 300
401 347
1.4534
1.561134
25 1.46
vs H2O, EtOH, eth, NH 3; s ace; i bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s ace s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs ace, eth, EtOH, HOAc vs 2HO; s ace, chl, EtOH sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, DMSO sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; i bz; s dil alk
1.084102
>360
126.5 114.5 285.3
37
nd (peth)
i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc s EtOH, eth sl 2HO; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s chl vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth
<-30 lf or nd (bz) 133 pl (eth), lf or pl140.5 (w) lf or pl (w +2) 218.5 99 cry (al) 164 pl (chl/eth) 165 (hyd) nd 300 dec nd (w) 120 ye pr (al) 94.87 pl (w) 224
Solubility
58 64.9 215.8
88156, 5050 14416 172.5; 7727 263
1.270020
1.507020
1.06425
1.539820
16620, 1011 13913, 1000.07 15716
1.22520 1.21425
sub
sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace, chl 1.562020 1.563520 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig vs EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
663 664 665 666 667 668 669
Name
Cl O S O
Cl
COOH COOH
F O S O
O
OH
O
Cl O
HO
O
OH
OH OH
Cl O
COOH
HO HO
O
Benzenethiol 1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl trichloride 1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acid
OH
O
O
1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid
O
1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid
HO O O
O
O O O
O
O
O
3-41
Cl
O N
O
O
O
OH
1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid,triallyl ester
HO
OH
1,2,3-Benzenetriol
1,2,4-Benzenetriol
OH
1,3,5-Benzenetriol
O
O
HO
O
OH
OH OH
1,2,4,-Benzenetricarboxylic acid1,2-anhydride,4-chloride
O
OH
O
Cl
O
OH
O
HO
O 1,2,4-Benzenetriol triacetate
Benzestrol
O
OH
N
N
N
N H
N H
NH2 H 2N
Benzethoniumchloride
NH2
H2N
Benzidene-3,3’-dicarboxylic acid
O
N H
NH2 p-Benzidine
O
Benzil
N
1H-Benzimidazol-2-amine 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Benzimidazole-2-acetonitrile
O
NH O
O
O
H2N
O
O
O
O
O
B H Benzo[c]chrysene
Benzo[g]chrysene
O
O
O 1H-Benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2 H)-dione
1H,3H-Benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c’]difuran-1,3,5,7-tetrone 1,3,2-Benzodioxaborole
1,3-Benzodioxol-5-amine 1,3-Benzodioxole
O HO
O
O 1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde
O O O
1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid
H2N
O O
1,3-Benzodioxole-5-ethanamine
H2N
O O
1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanamine
HO
O O
1,3-Benzodioxole-5-methanol
HO
O O
1,3-Benzodioxol-5-ol
HO
O
O O
trans,trans-5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,4-pentadienoic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Benzenesulfonylfluoride 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid
OH O
O
SH
HOOC Benzenesulfonylchloride
O
No.
Name
699 7,8-Benzoflavone 700 Benzo[b]fluoranthene 701 Benzo[j]fluoranthene
3-42
704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718
11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Benzofuran 2-Benzofurancarboxylic acid 2(3H)-Benzofuranone 3(2H)-Benzofuranone 1-(2-Benzofuranyl)ethanone Benzofurazan, 1-oxide Benzohydrazide Benzoic acid Benzoic anhydride Benzoin Benzonitrile Benzo[ghi]perylene Benzo[c]phenanthrene Benzophenone
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
2-Phenyl-4H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran4-one Benz[e]acephenanthrylene Dibenzo[a,jk]fluorene
C19H12O2
604-59-1
272.297
ye pl (al)
20 12
CH HC
205-99-2 205-82-3
252.309 252.309
2,3,1’,8’-Binaphthylene
H12 20C C17H12
207-08-9 238-84-6
252.309 216.277
nd (bz) ye pl (al) nd (HOAc) pa ye nd (bz) pl (ace or HOAc)
243-17-4 271-89-6 496-41-3 553-86-6 7169-34-8 1646-26-0 480-96-6 613-94-5 65-85-0 93-97-0 579-44-2 100-47-0 191-24-2 195-19-7 119-61-9
216.277 118.133 162.142 134.133 134.133 160.170 136.108 136.151 122.122 226.227 212.244 103.122 276.330 228.288 182.217
5350-57-2 574-66-3 2421-28-5
20 12
C17H12 C8H6O 9H6O3C C8H6O2 C8H6O2 CH8O2 10 H4N2O2 6C Benzoic acid, hydrazide 7HC 8N2O O2 Benzenecarboxylic acid 7H6C CH10O3 14 2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone, (±) 14H C12O2 N Phenyl cyanide 7H5C 1,12-Benzperylene CH12 22 H12 Tetrahelicene 18C Diphenyl ketone CH10O 13
733 734 735 736
p-Benzoquinone 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole 2-Benzothiazolamine 6-Benzothiazolamine
b-Naphthoquinoline
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
217 189.5
480 405
212.246 724.716
pr (al), nd (w) br pow
168
314
254-04-6 81-30-1
132.159 268.178
nd (al)
450
132102, 9113 sub 320
491-31-6 91-64-5 491-38-3 50-32-8 192-97-2
146.143 146.143 146.143 252.309 252.309
13 9
H CN CH N
85-02-9 230-27-3
179.217 179.217
HCO HCN S 7H6NC 2S 7H6NC 2S
106-51-4 273-13-2 136-95-8 533-30-2
108.095 136.174 150.201 150.201
pl (bz) 47 orth pym (eth) 71 nd (peth w) 59 181.1 pa ye nd (bz181.4 MeOH) lf (peth or w) 94 lf (eth), pl 52 (peth) ye mcl pr (w) 115 43 pl (w), lf (w) 132 pr (w) 87
Solubility
i H2O; msc bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc
532-96-7 992-59-6
6 4 2
nD
168 166
196.247 197.232 322.226
13 9
den/g cm-3
sl EtOH, chl; s sulf
401 174 312.5 249 15215 12611
6 4 2
2-Aminobenzothiazole 6-Aminobenzothiazole
bp/˚C
157
212 <-18 nd (w) 192.5 50 red nd (al) 102.5 76 71.5 pl (w) 115 mcl lf or nd 122.35 pr (eth) 42.5 137 liq -13.99 ye-grn lf (bz) 272.5 68 (a) orth pr (al); 47.9 (a); (b) mcl pr 26 (b) 97.3 nd (al) 144 216
Coumarone Coumarilic acid
719 Benzophenone hydrazone C13H12N2 720 Benzophenone, oxime Diphenyl ketoxime 13HC 11NO 721 3,3’,4,4’4,4’-Carbonyldiphthalic anhydride 17HC 6O7 Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride 722 Benzo-2-phenylhydrazide C13H12N2O 723 Benzopurpurine 4B C.I. Direct Red 2, disodium salt 34H26CN6Na2O6 S2 724 2H-1-Benzopyran 1,2-Chromene C9H8O 725 [2]Benzopyrano[6,5,41,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic C14H4O6 def][2]benzopyran-1,3,6,8-tetrone acid anhydride 726 1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one Isocoumarin C9H6O2 727 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one Coumarin C9H6O2 728 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one C9H6O2 729 Benzo[a]pyrene 2,3-Benzopyrene C20H12 730 Benzo[e]pyrene 1,2-Benzpyrene C20H12 731 Benzo[f]quinoline 732 Benzo[h]quinoline
mp/˚C
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl
1.091325
1.561517
i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH
1.223614 vs bz s H2O 1.28080
dec 267 249.2 360 344; 19412 191.1
15 1.2659 1.98915 1.31020 1.009315
1.504132 1.576715
305.4
1.11118
1.607719
1.528920
s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc i2H O i H2O; sl EtOH, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, ace; s bz
22755 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, ace; s bz
286 301.7 sub
sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, ac, H2SO4 1.099316
20 0.935 1.290020
311 8 352; 203 339; 23347
sub 206
1.586924
i H2O i H2O; s Na2CO3, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 s H2O, EtOH, alk; vs eth, chl, py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; vs chl i H2O
1.234020
sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc
1.31820
sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, chl sl2H O; s EtOH, eth, chl, con HCl i H2O, eth; s EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
702 Benzo[k]fluoranthene 703 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene
Synonym
O O O Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzo[j]fluoranthene
N
O
2(3H)-Benzofuranone
3(2H)-Benzofuranone
O
O N H
N O
O O
11H-Benzo[a]fluorene
O
O O
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
O 1-(2-Benzofuranyl)ethanone
Benzofurazan,1-oxide
OH
O
NH2
Benzofuran
O
2-Benzofurancarboxylic acid
OH
N
O O
Benzohydrazide
NH2 N
O
11H-Benzo[b]fluorene
Benzoicacid
Benzoicanhydride
O
OH N
O
O
Benzoin
Benzonitrile
O O
O
3-43
H N O
Benzo[ghi]perylene
Benzo[c]phenanthrene
Benzophenone
Benzophenone hydrazone
Benzophenone, oxime
NH2
NH2 N
N
N
SO3Na
N
SO3Na
O
Benzopurpurine4B
2H-1-Benzopyran
O
O
O
O
O
O
3,3’,4,4’-Benzophenonetetracarboxylic aciddianhydride
O N H
Benzo-2-phenylhydrazide
O O O
O
[2]Benzopyrano[6,5,4-def][2]benzopyran-1,3,6,8-tetrone
1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one
O
2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one
O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one
O N
N N Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[e]pyrene
Benzo[f]quinoline
O Benzo[h]quinoline
p-Benzoquinone
H N
N S
N 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole
S
S 2-Benzothiazolamine
N NH
NH2
H 2N
S
6-Benzothiazolamine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7,8-Benzoflavone
OH
O
O
No.
Name
Mol. Wt.
NS 7H5C 7H5NSC2
95-16-9 149-30-4
135.187 167.252
C7H4NNaS2
2492-26-4
189.234
C H NOS C HNS C9NOS 13H 8HC 6S
934-34-9 615-21-4 3411-95-8 95-15-8
151.186 165.216 227.281 134.199
nd or lf (al) lf
139 202.8 131 32
Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid Thionaphthene-2-carboxylic acid 9H6O2SC 1,2,3-Triaza-1 H-indene C6H5N3 1H-Benzotriazole Benzo[b]triphenylene CH14 22 C7H4O4S 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-one 1,1dioxide 748 2H-3,1-Benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione C8H5NO3
6314-28-9 95-14-7 215-58-7 81-08-3
178.208 119.124 278.346 184.170
nd (w) nd (chl or bz) nd (al, HOAc) nd or pr (bz)
240.5 100 205 129.5
118-48-9
163.131
C7H5NO H5NOS 7C C7H5NO2 C13H9NO2
273-53-0 2382-96-9 59-49-4 835-64-3
119.121 151.186 135.121 211.216
753 N-Benzoyl-DL-alanine 754 4-(Benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic Benzoylpas acid 755 Benzoyl azide Benzazide 756 2-Benzoylbenzoic acid 757 4-Benzoylbenzoic acid
C10H11NO3 C14H11NO4
1205-02-3 13898-58-3
193.199 257.242
pr (al, gl HOAc) 243 dec cry (al) pr (dil al) 31 nd (w) 196 138 pink nd (al, 123.5 HOAc) pl, pr or lf (eth) 165.5 260.5
582-61-6 85-52-9 611-95-0
147.134 226.227 226.227
758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768
HC N O CH O BrO 7H5C C 7H5ClO C16O 13H C16H19NO4 C17H14FeO FO 7H5C C 3 9H9NO 7H5IOC C22H28ClNO2
787-84-8 2128-93-0 618-32-6 98-88-4 712-50-5 519-09-5 1272-44-2 455-32-3 495-69-2 618-38-2 63990-84-1
240.257 258.313 185.018 140.567 188.265 289.327 290.137 124.112 179.172 232.018 373.916
pl (ace) 32 tcl nd (w+1) 129.0 nd (HOAc), pl 199 (al) mcl lf (w) nd (al) 242.3 101.5 liq -24 liq -0.4 nd (peth) 59.5 nd (w) 195 110.0 liq -28 pr (w or al) 191.5 nd 1.5 183.5
C18H23NO4
529-38-4
317.381
pr (eth)
109
C14H10O4 C15NO 12H
94-36-0 776-75-0
242.227 189.253
orth (eth), pr tcl
105 49
Benzosulfonazole 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
7 5
7 7 3
744 745 746 747
749 750 751 752
Benzoxazole 2(3H)-Benzoxazolethione 2(3H)-Benzoxazolone 2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)phenol
1-Oxa-3-azaindene
3-44
2-Benzoylbenzoic acid, hydrazide 4-Benzoylbiphenyl 4-Phenylbenzophenone Benzoyl bromide Benzoic acid, bromide Benzoyl chloride Benzoic acid, chloride Benzoyl cyclohexane Cyclohexyl phenyl ketone Benzoylecgonine Benzoylferrocene Benzoyl fluoride Benzoic acid, fluoride N-Benzoylglycine Hippuric acid Benzoyl iodide Benzoic acid, iodide 2-Benzoylmethyl-6(2-hydroxy-2phenylethyl)-1-methylpiperidine, hydrochloride 769 3-(Benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8Cocaethylene azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2carboxylic acid, ethyl ester, R-[1 (exo,exo)] 770 Benzoyl peroxide 771 1-Benzoylpiperidine
H CNO CH O 14CH10O3 7 5 3
14 10 3
14 12 2 2 19 14
mp/˚C
1.0 pa ye mcl nd(al, 181 MeOH)
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
231
1.246020 1.4220
1.637920
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS 2; s ace i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, DMSO sl H2O
pr (dil al), nd
360 3 179 221
i2O; H vs EtOH, eth
1.148432
1.637437
20415 18418
s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, tol, DMF i H2O; vs bz vs bz, chl sl H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl
182.5
20 1.1754
1.559420
335; 23030 338 dec
exp
i H2O; s EtOH, sulf sl H2O, ace, EtOH; vs eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz s2O, H EtOH; sl eth, DMSO
1.168035
vs eth, EtOH vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl chl sl H2O, tfa, bz; s EtOH, eth, HOAc
sub
sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl; s MeOH 420; 1560.1 218.5 9 197.2; 71 16418
1.57015 1.212020
1.586825 1.553720
msc eth msc eth; s bz, ctc, CS 2 vs bz, EtOH
154.5 128 20
1.140020 1.37120 1.74618
vs EtOH, eth; s ctc s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl; i peth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs chl
vs eth, EtOH
exp 320.5
1.543
sl 2HO; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 i 2HO; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
739 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione, sodium salt 740 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone 741 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone, hydrazone 742 2-(2-Benzothiazolyl)phenol 743 Benzo[b]thiophene Thianaphthene
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
CAS RN
737 Benzothiazole 738 2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione
Synonym
N
H N
S
S
N SH
S S
Benzothiazole
2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione
S
H N
S N Na
S
HO N
N OH
O
S
S
2(3H)-Benzothiazolethione, sodiumsalt
2(3H)-Benzothiazolone
NH NH2
S
S Benzo[b]thiophene
N H
OH
Benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid
O O
O S O O
N 1H-Benzotriazole
Benzo[b]triphenylene
2-(2-Benzothiazolyl)phenol
N H
3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-one 1,1-dioxide
N O
O
2H-3,1-Benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione
Benzoxazole
HO H N
N S
OH
O
O 2(3H)-Benzoxazolethione
N O
O 2(3H)-Benzoxazolone
3-45
O
N H
O
O
O
O
HO
H N
N SH
2-(2-Benzoxazolyl)phenol
O
OH
OH N H
O
N-Benzoyl-DL-alanine
4-(Benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
OH O
HO
O N
N
O
O
O
N H
O N
Benzoyl azide
2-Benzoylbenzoicacid
4-Benzoylbenzoicacid
O
H N
O
O
Br
Cl
Benzoyl bromide
Benzoyl chloride
O
2-Benzoylbenzoicacid,hydrazide
4-Benzoylbiphenyl
Benzoyl cyclohexane
O OH N
O
O
Fe O
F
N H
O Benzoylecgonine
Benzoylferrocene
O
O
Benzoyl fluoride
OH
OH
O
I
N
O
N-Benzoylglycine
Benzoyl iodide
2-Benzoylmethyl-6(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)-1-methylpiperidine, hydrochloride
O O O
O N
O
O
O
N O
O 3-(Benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid,ethylester,[1R-(exo,exo)]
Benzoyl peroxide
ClH
1-Benzoylpiperidine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
S
2(3H)-Benzothiazolone, hydrazone
O O
N
No.
N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester Benzphetamine Benzpiperylon Benzquinamide Benzthiazide N-Benzylacetamide Benzyl acetate Benzyl acrylate Benzyl alcohol
781 Benzylamine 782 783 784 785 786
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
3483-82-7 156-08-1 53-89-4 63-12-7 91-33-8 588-46-5 140-11-4 2495-35-4 100-51-6
313.349 239.356 347.453 404.499 431.938 149.189 150.174 162.185 108.138
3-46
Benzenemethanol Benzenemethanamine
7 9
HCN
100-46-9
107.153
HC N O S HC NO H13N 13C CH13N 13 16CH16O2
104-22-3 104-63-2 1135-12-2 103-32-2 618-68-8
262.327 151.205 183.249 183.249 240.297
H12N2 14C C14H12O2
621-72-7 120-51-4
208.258 212.244
CH CH O 19H20OC 4 C9ClO2 9H ClO2 8H7C C16H14O2
613-42-3 103-37-7 85-68-7 140-18-1 501-53-1 78277-23-3
244.330 178.228 312.360 184.619 170.594 238.281
140-25-0 14321-27-8 92-59-1 539-30-0 104-57-4 538-64-7 581-55-5 524-96-9
290.440 135.206 211.303 136.190 136.149 296.318 208.211 331.408
2142-01-0 102-97-6 622-78-6 2495-37-6 103-38-8 538-86-3 10309-79-2 103-28-6 935-05-7
237.254 149.233 149.214 176.212 192.254 122.164 136.194 178.228 137.137
Bendazol
13 14 2 2 9 13
789 790 791 792 793 794
4-Benzyl-1,1’-biphenyl Benzyl butanoate Benzyl butyl phthalate Benzyl chloroacetate Benzyl chloroformate Benzyl trans-cinnamate
795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802
H30O2 Benzyl dodecanoate Benzyl laurate 19C Benzylethylamine N-Ethylbenzenemethanamine C13N 9H N-Benzyl-N-ethylaniline Ethylbenzylaniline 15H17NC Benzyl ethyl ether C12O 9H H8O2 Benzyl formate 8C Benzyl fumarate CH16O4 18 Benzylidene diacetate Toluenea,a-diol, diacetate 11HC12O4 Benzylimidobis( p-methoxyphenyl) C22H21NO2 methane 2-Benzyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione C15H11NO2 Benzylisopropylamine N-Isopropylbenzenemethanamine CH15N 10 Benzyl isothiocyanate (Isothiocyanatomethyl)benzene 8H7NSC H12O2 Benzyl methacryalate 11C Benzyl 3-methylbutanoate C16O2 12H Benzyl methyl ether C10O 8H 1-Benzyl-2-methylhydrazine 1-Methyl-2-phenylmethylhydrazine8H12NC2 Benzyl 2-methylpropanoate Benzyl isobutyrate 11H14CO2 Benzyl nitrite 7HC 7NO2
803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811
CAS RN
C19NO4 18H CH21N 17 C22H25N3O CH32N2O5 22 H14ClN3O4S3 15C H11NO 9C H10O2 9C CH10O2 10 C8O 7H
4-(Benzylamino)benzenesulfonamideN4-Benzylsulfanilamide 2-[Benzylamino]ethanol 4-Benzylaniline N-Benzylaniline N-Phenylbenzenemethanamine a-Benzylbenzenepropanoic acid
787 2-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole 788 Benzyl benzoate
Mol. Form.
19 16
11 14 2
Butyl benzyl phthalate Carbobenzoxy chloride Benzyltrans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.551519
vs eth, EtOH, MeOH, chl
i 2HO; s alk vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz; sl chl
119.5 1270.02 cry (al) cry cry (EtOH) liq
182 dec 131 236 61 -51.3
liq
-15.4
1572 213 228 205.31
1.055020 1.057320 1.041924
1.523220 1.514320 1.539620
185; 9012
0.981320
1.540120
225; 15412 300 306.5 23518
1.06525 25 1.038 1.029865
1.543020
1.112125
1.568020
171 mcl (lig) 34.5 pr 37.5 pl (peth HOAc) 90 nd (w) nd (bz) 187 nd or lf 21 lf
85
liq oily liq pr
39 8.5
pa ye oil
35
cry pow pl (eth) pa ye cry
59 46 90
ye nd (al)
116
ye oil
liq liq oil
-52.6
323.5 285110 239 370 1479, 850.4 20 103 dec 350; 2445 21012 194 288; 18522 186 203; 8410 2105 220
200; 9310 243 14450 245; 13625 170 11720 228; 11420 8135
1.1710 1.011120 1.11925 1.22234 1.19525 1.10915 0.942925 0.934217 1.00155 0.947820 1.08120
1.611825
1.492020 1.542618 1.519020
1.481224 1.511720 1.594323 1.495520 1.515420
1.1120
vs eth, EtOH, lig vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, EtOH, gl HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O vs eth, EtOH s eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, chl
1.34318 0.89225 1.124616
1.502520 1.604915
i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth
0.998315 0.963420
1.488420 1.500820
i H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth; s bz
1.015918 1.07525
1.488320 1.498925
s EtOH, HOAc; sl DMSO
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780
Name
O
O
HO
O
O O
HN
O N
O O
N-Benzoyl-L-tyrosineethylester
N H
Benzphetamine
N N
H2N
O
S
NH S O O
S O O
O
Benzpiperylon
N
Benzquinamide
N H
Benzthiazide
N-Benzylacetamide
NH2 O S O O
O
O
O
NH2
OH
HN Benzyl acetate
Benzyl acrylate
Benzyl alcohol
Benzylamine
4-(Benzylamino)benzenesulfonamide
H N
OH
N H
NH2
2-[Benzylamino]ethanol
4-Benzylaniline
N-Benzylaniline
O N
O
3-47
N H O
O
O
O
Cl
O
O
OH
a-Benzylbenzenepropanoicacid
2-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole
O O
O
O O
Benzyl benzoate
O Cl
O
Benzyl trans-cinnamate
O O
Benzylethylamine
O
O
Benzylidenediacetate
O
Benzyl methacryalate
O
Benzyl 3-methylbutanoate
N-Benzyl-N-ethylaniline
Benzylimidobis( p-methoxyphenyl)methane
O Benzyl methylether
O
Benzyl ethylether
O
Benzyl formate
N H
O 2-Benzyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione
O O
O
N
O O
O
Benzyl chloroacetate
O
N
O Benzyl fumarate
Benzyl butylphthalate
N
N H Benzyl dodecanoate
O O
Benzyl butanoate
O
O
Benzyl chloroformate
4-Benzyl-1,1’-biphenyl
N H
H N
1-Benzyl-2-methylhydrazine
N
Benzylisopropylamine
Benzyl 2-methylpropanoate
S
Benzyl isothiocyanate
O O
C
O
N
Benzyl nitrite
O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N CH3
Cl
N
No. 812 813 814 815 816
N-Benzyloxycarbonylaspartame Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutamine Benzyloxycarbonylglycine L-leucine BenzyloxycarbonylglycylLBenzyloxycarbonylglycylphenylalanine 2-(Benzyloxy)ethanol Benzylpenicillin sodium 2-Benzylphenol 4-Benzylphenol
Synonym
Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether
Mol. Wt.
CH24N2O7 22 CH16N2O5 13 10CH11NO4 C16H22N2O5 C19H20N2O5
33605-72-0 2650-64-8 1138-80-3 1421-69-8 1170-76-9
428.435 280.276 209.199 322.356 356.372
cry
622-08-2 69-57-8 28994-41-4 101-53-1
152.190 356.372 184.233 184.233
oil nd (BuOH aq)
946-80-5 2759-28-6 2905-56-8 31252-42-3 122-63-4 101-82-6 2116-65-6 94-44-0 2051-97-0 1148-11-4
184.233 176.258 175.270 175.270 164.201 169.222 169.222 213.232 157.212 249.263
lf (al)
118-58-1 4726-96-9 100-87-8 536-95-8
228.243 195.215 172.202 291.323
H CO H CN NaO4S C13H12O C13H12O 9 12 2
835 836 837 838 839 840 841
Benzyl phenyl ether CH12O 13 1-Benzylpiperazine 11CH16N2 1-Benzylpiperidine C17N 12H 4-Benzylpiperidine C17N 12H Benzyl propanoate C10H12O2 2-Benzylpyridine 12CH11N 4-Benzylpyridine 12CH11N Benzyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Benzyl nicotinate C2 13H11NO 1-Benzyl-1H-pyrrole C11H11N Benzyl 1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylate,N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-proline C13H15NO4 (S) Benzyl salicylate C12O3 14H O-Benzyl-L-serine 3-(Benzyloxy)-L-alanine C10H13NO3 Benzylsulfonic acid 7HC 8O3S 4-[(Benzylsulfonyl)amino]benzoic p-(Benzylsulfonamido)benzoic acid 14H13 CNO4S acid (Benzylsulfonyl)benzene 13CH12O2S (Benzylthio)benzene CH12S 13 Benzyl thiocyanate a-Thiocyanatotoluene C7NS 8H Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride ClN 10H16C Benzylurea C8H10N2O Bephenium chloride 17CH22ClNO Berberine C20H19NO5
3112-88-7 831-91-4 3012-37-1 56-93-9 538-32-9 13928-81-9 2086-83-1
232.298 200.299 149.214 185.694 150.177 291.816 353.369
842 843 844 845
Berberine chloride dihydrate Bergenin Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate Betaine
633-65-8 477-90-7 10210-64-7 107-43-7
407.845 328.272 207.228 117.147
846 847 848 849 850 851
Betaine, hydrochloride Betamethasone Bethanidine Betonicine Betulaprenol 9 9,9’-Bianthracene
590-46-5 378-44-9 55-73-2 515-25-3 13190-97-1 1055-23-8
153.608 392.460 177.246 159.183 631.069 354.443
821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830
3-48
CAS RN
16 17 2
o-Benzylphenol p-Benzylphenol
831 832 833 834
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
20HC 22ClNO6 C14H16O9 Beryllium acetylacetonate C4 10H14BeO 1-CarboxyN,N,NC5H11NO2 trimethylmethanaminium, inner salt 5HC12ClNO2 C 22H29FO5 H15N3 10C C13NO3 7H Nonaisoprenol C74O 45H CH18 28
mp/˚C
<-75 215 21 84 40
16.8 nd
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
122 134.5 121 100 126
12.5 12.4 15 78.5
Solubility s DMSO s ace
256
1.064020 1.41
1.599420
312 322 286.5 14612 245 270; 15017 221 277; 14916 288; 18031 1703 247
320
1.523320
vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s MeOH; i ace, eth, chl vs ace, bz, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc, chl
1.543028 1.522720 1.533725
s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl
1.578520 1.581820
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth
1.018320
1.565524 1.531020
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl chl
1.179920
1.580520
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc
0.962516 0.997020 1.033520 1.0670 1.061220
i H2O; s EtOH, eth
218 dec hyg cry 229.5 nd (al) lf (al) pr (al) nd (al) cry (ace) red-ye nd (w+6) cry (chl) ye cry cry (MeOH) pr or lf (al) mcl cry (al) cry (AcOMe) cry (aq MeOH) pr (dil al, +1w) oil or cry
146 43.5 43 243 148 135 145
238 108 293 dec 227.5 232 dec 196 252 dec 41 321.3
vs EtOH 153
1.1261 27 197 232
dec 200
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, con sulf i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS 2 vs H2O; s ace vs ace, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
vs H2O, EtOH 270
1.16820 vs 2HO, MeOH; s EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O
vs EtOH s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
817 818 819 820
Name
O O O
HN H N O
O
O
OH O
O
O NH2
N H
O
O
OH
O
O
N H
O
Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutamine
O
OH
O
H N
N H
OH
O
O
HO
Benzyloxycarbonylglycine
BenzyloxycarbonylglycylL-leucine
BenzyloxycarbonylglycylL-phenylalanine
S OH
N O
N
N
O
2-(Benzyloxy)ethanol
N H
O
O
H N
H N
H
O
O
OH
O
O Na
N H
HO
Benzylpenicillin sodium
2-Benzylphenol
4-Benzylphenol
Benzyl phenyl ether
1-Benzylpiperazine
1-Benzylpiperidine
4-Benzylpiperidine
OH O
O
3-49
2-Benzylpyridine
OH S
OH O
O-Benzyl-L-serine
OH
Benzyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate
S
O
HO
O
O
O
N
4-Benzylpyridine
H N
O
NH2
O
N
N Benzyl propanoate
O
O
O
O
O
N
N
1-Benzyl-1H-pyrrole
O O S
O
Benzyl 1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylate, (S)
Benzyl salicylate
N
S
N
S
O
Benzylsulfonic acid
4-[(Benzylsulfonyl)amino]benzoic acid
(Benzylsulfonyl)benzene
(Benzylthio)benzene
Benzyl thiocyanate
Cl
Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride
O O N O N H
O
N
O
Cl
O
Cl N
O O
Berberine
O HO
O
O
Betaine
O
N
HCl
Betaine,hydrochloride
O
O
HO
F O Betamethasone
H
H
O
OH OH
HO Berberinechloridedihydrate
OH OH
N H Bethanidine
Bergenin
O O Be O O Beryllium2,4-pentanedioate
HO
N
H N
O
O
Bepheniumchloride
O
HO
2H2O
NH2
Benzylurea
O
N H
O
N
OH
H O
Betonicine
9
Betulaprenol9
9,9’-Bianthracene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N-Benzyloxycarbonylaspartame
O
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
522-75-8
296.364
279-23-2 286-08-8 497-38-1 498-66-8 95-11-4
96.170 96.170 110.153 94.154 119.164
5453-80-5
122.164
95-12-5 90-42-6 1636-39-1 4884-25-7 4884-24-6 42576-02-3
124.180 180.286 138.250 154.249 152.233 342.131
82657-04-3 56-03-1 6078-26-8 635-65-4
422.868 101.111 673.790 584.662
33 34 4 6
H NC O
114-25-0
582.646
C15H18N2O6 20HC 14
485-31-4 604-53-5
322.313 254.325
CH HC O H16N2O3S 10C 4HC 6O2 H10 12C
612-78-2 602-09-5 58-85-5 1464-53-5 92-52-4
254.325 286.324 244.310 86.090 154.207
5728-52-9 2920-38-9 14002-51-8 1454-80-4 492-17-1 531-85-1
212.244 179.217 216.662 184.236 184.236 257.158
CH O
482-05-3
242.227
12 10 2
CH O
1806-29-7
186.206
CH O CH O O6S2 12H10C
1079-21-6 92-88-6 5314-37-4
186.206 186.206 314.333
852 D2,2’(3H,3’H)-Bibenzo[b]thiophene- Durindone Red C16H8O2S2 3,3’-dione H12 853 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 7C H12 854 Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Norcarane 7C 855 Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one H10O 7C H10 856 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 7C 857 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2C8H9N carbonitrile 858 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2C8H10O carboxaldehyde 859 Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-methanol 8HC 12O 860 [1,1’-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one 2-Cyclohexylcyclohexanone C20O 12H 861 1,1’-Bicyclopentyl H18 10C 862 [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-ol 2-Hydroxybicyclopentyl O 10H18C 863 [1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-one H16O 10C 864 Bifenox Methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2- C14H9Cl2NO5 nitrobenzoate 865 Bifenthrin C22ClF3O2 23H 866 Biguanide Imidodicarbonimidic diamide 2H7N5 C 867 Bikhaconitine 3-Deoxypseudaconitine C 11 36H51NO 868 Bilirubin C36N4O6 33H
3-50
869 Biliverdine 870 Binapacryl 871 1,1’-Binaphthalene 872 873 874 875 876
2,2’-Binaphthalene [1,1’-Binaphthalene]-2,2’-diol Biotin 2,2’-Bioxirane Biphenyl
877 878 879 880 881 882
Dehydrobilirubin
1,1’-Binaphthyl
20 14
20 14 2
Coenzyme R Diepoxybutane Diphenyl
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-acetic acid Felbinac [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonyl chloride [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diamine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,4’-diamine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, dihydrochloride 883 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid o,o’-Diphenic acid 884 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diol
885 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,5-diol 886 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diol 887 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-disulfonic acid
H CO HCN C9ClO 13H C12N2 12H C12N2 12H C12H14Cl2N2 14 12 2 13 9
14 10 4
12 10 2 12 10 2
Physical Form br nd (xyl) red mcl nd (bz)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
359
sub
87.5
105.3 116.5 170 96 8410
89.5 45 13
7120
liq
-32
liq
20 -13 85
pr or nd (al)
69 136 164
10320 264
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility i H2O, EtOH; sl chl, CS 2; s bz, xyl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
0.85325
1.456420
0.99925
1.488520
1.01825
1.489320
0.969625
1.487725
0.978515 0.974521
1.488417 1.4763
s ctc, CS2
red mcl pr or pl (chl) dk grn pl or pr >300 (MeOH) 70 (i) pl(HOAc) (ii)160 orth (peth) bl flr pl (al) 187.9 nd (al), cry (w) 220 nd (w) 232 dec 2.0 lf (dil al) 68.93
pr or nd (al) nd (dil al)
160.5 88 111 81 54.5 >300
mcl pr or lf (w) 233.5 cry (HOAc) 109 nd (dil al) pr
97.5 278 dec 72.5
235.5 232.5
1.2125 dec 142
vs H2O; s EtOH; i bz, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth, chl, CS 2
>360; 24012
1.2720 1.300020
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS 2
452
144 256.1
19020 1602 1624 363
1.11320 20 1.04
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.309020
sub 320
>200
1.43520 1.58877
i2H O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, ctc, MeOH
s H2O, ace, bz i2O; H s EtOH, eth
i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.342020
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl peth, chl vs EtOH sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, eth vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
O S
O O
S
H N
O D2,2’(3H,3’H)-Bibenzo[b]thiophene-3,3’-dione
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one
Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene
Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbonitrile
Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxaldehyde
OH H
OH
Cl
O Cl
Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-methanol
[1,1’-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one
OH O
1,1’-Bicyclopentyl
O
H
3-51
N H
H
NH2
O
Biguanide
[1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-one
OO
OO
NH HN
NH HN
NH HN
NH N
O
O
O
HO
OH
O
O
O
Biotin
O
N O O
O
Binapacryl
1,1’-Binaphthalene
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonylchloride
H H
OH
O
O
2,2’-Bioxirane
H2N NH2
Biphenyl
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diamine
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-acetic acid
H2N H2N
O
H2N
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,4’-diamine
NH2
2HCl
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, dihydrochloride
HO
OH HO OH
OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid
HO
O
Biliverdine
S N H H
Cl
OO
O
H H N
[1,1’-Binaphthalene]-2,2’-diol
N
HO
Bilirubin
OH
HO
O O N
O
OH OH
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile
O Bifenthrin
O
Bikhaconitine
2,2’-Binaphthalene
O
F3C
NO2
Bifenox
O
N
H2N
O
O
O H
NH NH
[1,1’-Bicyclopentyl]-2-ol
O
Cl
O
H
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,2’-diol
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-2,5-diol
HO
OH [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diol
O HO S O
O S OH O
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-disulfonic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
No.
Name
888 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,4,4’-tetramine, tetrahydrochloride 889 [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,5,5’-tetrol 890 N-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylacetamide 891 1-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylethanone
Synonym
Diresorcinol
Mol. Wt.
C12H18Cl4N4
7411-49-6
360.110
H CO HC NO H12O 14C
531-02-2 4075-79-0 92-91-1
218.205 211.259 196.244
852-38-0
298.337
366-18-7 581-50-0 581-47-5 581-46-4 553-26-4 119-91-5 91-96-3
156.184 156.184 156.184 156.184 156.184 256.301 380.437
603-50-9 101-14-4 1761-71-3 111-40-0 112-24-3
361.391 267.153 210.358 103.166 146.234
1141-88-4 722-27-0 621-95-4 80-08-0 119-59-5 7300-34-7
248.366 248.366 212.290 248.300 232.300 204.310
71-44-3
202.340
29
306-67-2
348.184
301.5
5414-19-7 91-13-4
231.914 263.958
H Br2 C
626-15-3
263.958
H Br2 C
623-24-5
263.958
H Br C 2O2
3296-90-0
261.940
C6H16Br2OSi2
2351-13-5
320.169
CH Br2O 22H42CO8 C20H34O4
2050-47-7 141-17-3 2781-00-2
327.999 434.563 338.482
12 10 4 14 13
915 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene
8 8
916 1,4-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene
8 8
5 10
12 8
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
245 dec pl or nd (w+2) 310 cry (dil MeOH) 172.8 pr (ace), cry 121 (al) 168 pr (peth)
nd (w+2) pl or lf (al)
72 61.5 68 114 196 212
326
273.5 295.5 281 291.5 305
vs H2O, eth, EtOH i2H O; vs EtOH, ace, MeOH i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; sl chl
1.25100
1.14020
1.622320
1.161420
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth i2O;H vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz sl DMSO
133.5 s ctc ye hyg liq
pl (w) cry (95% al) pr (w, al) liq
orth (chl)
15 -39 12 93 85 137 175.5 175 dec
95
60.5 79
0.9275 0.956920
1.481025 1.497120
msc H2O, EtOH; i eth; s lig s H2O, EtOH, acid i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH s EtOH; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH
sub
1353
nd (chl), pr 77 (ace) mcl pr (al), cry 144.5 (chl, bz) nd (bz) 113
lf (al) liq cry
320 207 266.5
0.9620
1.461920
1505 s H2O 11532, 9212 1294.5
1.845220 1.98825
13720
1.95925
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, peth, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, lig
245
2.01225
i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; sl eth; s bz
233; 10315
1.391825
339
25 1.8 1.125
1.513127
1.471925 i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth; sl chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-52
CAS RN
892 2-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-yl-5-phenylC20H14N2O 1,3,4-oxadiazole a,a’-Dipyridyl 893 2,2’-Bipyridine 10CH8N2 N2 894 2,3’-Bipyridine 2,3’-Bipyridyl 10H8C N2 895 2,4’-Bipyridine 2,4’-Bipyridyl 10H8C N2 896 3,3’-Bipyridine 3,3’-Bipyridyl 10H8C 897 4,4’-Bipyridine g,g’-Dipyridyl 10CH8N2 898 2,2’-Biquinoline C12N2 18H 899 4,4’-Bis(acetoacetamido)-3,3’N,N’-Bis(acetoacetyl)-3,3’C22H24N2O4 dimethyl-1,1’-biphenyl dimethylbenzidine 900 Bisacodyl C22H19NO4 N2 901 Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane 4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) 13H12Cl2C 902 Bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane C26N2 13H 903 Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Diethylenetriamine 4H13N3 C 904 N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2Triethylenetetramine 6H18CN4 ethanediamine 905 Bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfide C12N2S2 12H 906 Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide C12N2S2 12H 907 1,2-Bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane C16N2 14H 908 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone Dapsone C12N2O2S 12H 909 Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfoxide 4,4’-Sulfinyldianiline C 12H12N2OS 910 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane 1,4-Butanediol bis(3-aminopropyl) C10H24N2O2 ether 911 N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4Spermine C10H26N4 butanediamine 912 N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4C10H30Cl4N4 butanediamine, tetrahydrochloride 913 Bis(2-bromoethyl) ether Bromex C8Br2O 4H 914 1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene H8Br2 8C
917 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3Pentaerythritol dibromide propanediol 918 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 919 Bis(4-bromophenyl) ether 920 Bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipate 921 1,4-Bis(a-(tert -butyldioxy)isopropyl) benzene
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
OH
HO H2N
N N
NH2
H 2N
NH
NH2
4HCl
OH
HO
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,4,4’-tetramine, tetrahydrochloride
O
O
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-3,3’,5,5’-tetrol
O
N-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylacetamide
N
1-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ylethanone
2-[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-yl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole
N
N
2,2’-Bipyridine
N
2,3’-Bipyridine
O
N
HN N N
N 2,4’-Bipyridine
N
N 3,3’-Bipyridine
NH2
H2N
N
4,4’-Bipyridine
H 2N
Bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane
O
N
H N
N
H2N
N H
NH2
NH2
H N
Bisacodyl
H2N
NH2
S S
N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine
3-53
NH2 H2N
Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone
NH2
NH2
Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane
H2N H2N
S S
Bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfide
H2N
O
H2N
Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfoxide
NH2
NH2
Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide
O S
O S O
H2N
O
O
4,4’-Bis(acetoacetamido)-3,3’-dimethyl-1,1’-biphenyl
Cl
Cl
O
O
O
2,2’-Biquinoline
Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine
H2N
NH
H N
NH2
O
1,4-Bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane
1,2-Bis(4-aminophenyl)ethane
NH2
N H
N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine
Br Br H N
H 2N
NH2
N H
4HCl
Br
N,N’-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine, tetrahydrochloride
O
Br Br
Br
Bis(2-bromoethyl) ether
Br Br Br
Br
OH
1,2-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene 1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis(bromomethyl)benzene 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
O
Si
O
Si
Br
Br
1,3-Bis(bromomethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane Bis(4-bromophenyl)ether
O
O
O Br
OH
O Br
O
O
O O
Bis(2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl) adipate
O
O
O
O
1,4-Bis(a-(tert -butyldioxy)isopropyl)benzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
Synonym
934 1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene 935 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene 936 1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene
3-54
937 Bis(chloromethyl) ether 938 3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane 939 2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3Pentaerythritol dichlorohydrin propanediol 940 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 941 Bis(4-chlorophenoxy)methane Di(4-chlorophenoxy)methane 942 Bis(4-chlorophenyl) disulfide 943 Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanedione 944 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol 945 1,2-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-hydrazine 2,2’-Dichlorohydrazobenzene 946 Bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane 947 Bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfone 948 N,N’-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea p-chlorophenyl)thiourea Di( 949 1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2trichloroethanol 950 Bis(3-chloropropyl) ether 3-Chloropropyl ether 951 Bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether 952 Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide 953 Bis(h-cyclopentadienyl)titanium chloride 954 Bis(h-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chloride 955 1,2-Bis(dibromomethyl)benzene 956 Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
C25H36O2
88-24-4
368.553
cry
123
CH Cl2O4 HC Cl2O2 C10Cl2O2 5H 10H13ClC 2N 5HC 8Cl2O3 C6H12Cl3O3P
94-17-7 112-26-5 111-91-1 553-27-5 623-97-2 6294-34-4
311.118 187.064 173.037 218.123 187.021 269.490
pr cry (bz)
141
5 12
H ClC 2O HCCl3N
111-44-4 55-86-7
143.012 192.515
liq hyg nd
CH Cl2N3O2
154-93-8
214.049
lt ye pow
6 12
HCCl2S H C Cl2O4S2
505-60-2 3944-87-4
159.078 283.193
HC Cl2 HC Cl2 C8Cl2 8H
612-12-4 626-16-4 623-25-6
175.056 175.056 175.056
cry (MeOH/ HOAc) mcl (lig) cry pl (al)
HCCl2O HCCl2O C2O2 5H10Cl
542-88-1 78-71-7 2209-86-1
114.958 155.022 173.037
liq liq cry
C6H16Cl2OSi2
2362-10-9
231.267
liq
HC Cl2O2 C8Cl2S2 12H C8Cl2O2 14H C12Cl2O 14H 12HC 10Cl2N2 H10Cl2 13C C8Cl2O2S 12H H10Cl2N2S 13C C14H9Cl5O
555-89-5 1142-19-4 3457-46-3 80-06-8 782-74-1 101-76-8 80-07-9 1220-00-4 115-32-2
269.123 287.228 279.119 267.150 253.126 237.124 287.162 297.202 370.485
cry (peth)
H CCl2O C8N2O 6H C8N2S 6H C10H10Cl2Ti
629-36-7 1656-48-0 111-97-7 1271-19-8
171.064 124.140 140.206 248.959
C10H10Cl2Zr
1291-32-3
292.316
13209-15-9 133-14-2
421.750 380.008
14 8
6 12
4 8
5 9
4 8
8 8 8 8
2 4 5 8
13 10
6 12
HCBr4 HC Cl4O4
8 6
14 6
pr
nd cry (petr)
red cry
45 8
-51.9 111.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
232 215.0 16414 241 170.25
1.19520
1.459225
s ctc
1.350620
1.46120 1.48825
1.2220
1.45120
178.5
31 216
1.274120
55 34.2 100
25 1.393 1.30220 1.41725
-41.5 18.7 83
239.5 251.5 dec 245; 13516 106 10127 15912
1.32315 1.29525
1.43521
-90
204; 9221
1.04520
1.439820
289
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz
vs H2O, EtOH
13.5 205
70.5 72.8 197.8 70 87 55.5 147.9 176 77.5
sl eth; s EtOH, MeOH i H2O
1.531320
1916
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl HOAc msc EtOH, eth
vs ace, bz s chl i H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz
18818 25010
1.36517
s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, chl
1800.1 216; 90.511 1615, 1110.5 1631.5 25810
i H2O, os 1.13620 1.050420 1.60
1.415820 1.440520 1.504720
s EtOH, eth
sl H2O, bz; s chl, EtOH, tol
1800.5 mcl
116.5 106
sl H2O; vs chl; i lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
922 Bis(3-tert -butyl-5-ethyl-2hydroxyphenyl)methane 923 Bis(4-chlorobenzoyl) peroxide 924 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane 925 Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane Aniline mustard 926 N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)aniline 927 Bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonate 928 Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2chloroethylphosphonate 929 Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Dichloroethyl ether 930 Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride hydrochloride 931 N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)NCarmustine nitrosourea 932 Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Mustard gas 933 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfonyl)ethane
Mol. Form.
OH
Cl
OH O O
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
O O Bis(3-tert -butyl-5-ethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)methane
Bis(4-chlorobenzoyl)peroxide
O
O
Cl
Cl
1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane
O
O
Cl
Cl
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)aniline
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl O O P O
O Cl
O Cl
O
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonate
Bis(2-chloroethyl) 2-chloroethylphosphonate
Cl
Cl
O
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
N H
HCl
Cl
N
Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine hydrochloride
N N
Cl Cl
O
N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)N-nitrosourea
Cl
S
Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide
Cl Cl Cl
O O S
3-55
S
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
O O 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfonyl)ethane
1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene
Cl
1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene
Cl
1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene
O
Cl
Cl
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
O
OH
3,3-Bis(chloromethyl)oxetane
2,2-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,3-propanediol
OH
O Cl Si
Cl
O
Si
Cl
O
Cl
O
1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxane
H H N N
Cl Cl
1,2-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-hydrazine
Cl
Cl
S S
Bis(4-chlorophenoxy)methane
Cl
Cl
Cl Bis(4-chlorophenyl)methane
Cl
Cl
O
Bis(4-chlorophenyl)disulfide
H N
O S O
Cl Cl
Bis(4-chlorophenyl)sulfone
O
S N
Bis(2-cyanoethyl) ether
Ti
Cl3C
H N S
Cl
N,N’-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)thiourea
Cl Zr Cl
Cl
Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanedione
Cl Cl
OH
Cl
Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide
Cl
O Bis(3-chloropropyl)ether
Cl
Br
Cl O O
Br
N
N
Cl
Cl
Br
Cl
1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol
1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol
Br
N
OH
Cl
Cl O O
Bis(h-cyclopentadienyl)titanium chloride
Bis(h-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium chloride
1,2-Bis(dibromomethyl)benzene
Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide
No.
Name
Synonym
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C6H14Cl4OSi2
2943-70-6
300.157
28076-73-5 90-93-7 14267-17-5 14324-55-1 1691-17-4 3033-62-3
307.987 324.459 355.232 361.948 118.030 160.257
cry (eth) lf (al)
101-61-1
254.370
pl or tab (al, lig) 91.5
1226-46-6
284.419
pl
119-58-4 5966-51-8 129-73-7
270.369 146.230 330.465
137-29-1 15521-65-0 79-74-3
303.978 299.125 250.376
120-95-6 1663-45-2 101-90-6 605-54-9 5648-29-3 620-99-5
234.376 398.417 222.237 310.342 134.173 334.841
cry (w+1)
15243-01-3
254.649
dk bl cry
103-23-1 106-20-7 103-24-2 10143-60-9 298-07-7 3658-48-8 5810-88-8 117-81-7 122-62-3 577-11-7
370.566 241.456 412.647 242.440 322.420 306.421 354.552 390.557 426.673 444.559
6422-86-2 76-20-0 2587-42-0
390.557 242.357 398.538
94-93-9
268.310
2,2’,4,4’-Tetrachlorodiphenyl ether 12H6ClC4O Michler’s ethyl ketone 21H28NC 2O NiS4 10H20N2C 10H20NC 2S4Zn Difluoromethyl ether C 2H2F4O 2,2’-Oxybis[ N,NC8H20N2O dimethylethanamine] Michler’s Base C17H22N2
3-56
964 Bis[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]methane 965 Bis[4-(dimethylamino) 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino) C17H20N2S phenyl]methanethione thiobenzophenone 966 Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino)benzhydrol 17H22N2O C 967 1,3-Bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol CN2O 7H18 968 4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino) C23H26N2 triphenylmethane 969 Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)copper C 2S4 6H12CuN 970 Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)nickel C 4 6H12N2NiS 971 2,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-1,4- 2,5-Di-tert -pentylhydroquinone CH26O2 16 benzenediol 972 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenol 16HC 26O 973 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane Diphos CP2 26H24 O4 974 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene Diglycidyl resorcinol ether 12H14C 975 Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate CO6 16H22 976 Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether 6HC 14O3 Phenacaine hydrochloride 977 N,N’-Bis(4-ethoxyphenyl) 18CH23ClN2O2 ethanimidamide monohydrochloride 978 Bis(ethylenediamine)copper Cupriethylenediamine dichloride 4H16Cl C2CuN4 dichloride 979 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate 22HC 42O4 980 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine C35N 16H 981 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate 25HC48O4 982 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ether 2,2’-Diethyldihexyl ether 16H34OC 983 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate C35O4P 16H 984 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite 16H35O3CP 985 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorodithioate O2PS2 16H35C sec -octyl phthalate C38O4 986 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Di24H 987 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate C50O4 26H 988 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium Docusate sodium CH37NaO7S 20 sulfosuccinate 989 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate 24H38CO4 990 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)butane Sulfonethylmethane C2 8H18O4S 991 Bis[4-(hexyloxy)phenyl]diazene, 1C24H34N2O3 oxide 992 N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2- Disalicylidene-1,2-ethanediamine 16H16NC2O2 ethylenediamine
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
14950, 11711 1.221320
nD
Solubility
1.466020
71 95.3 2020.02 1780.05 2 8015
col gas liq
1.4320
dec 390; 1833
i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s acid
204 102.0 181.5
0.878820
1.441820
1.218330 1.122921
1.540820
nd or lf (al, bz) 102
i H2O, EtOH, lig; sl eth; s bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc vs H2O vs bz, eth
2060.01 2080.002 180 26.0 143.5 42.5 34
1470.4 345 140.6
191
vs H2O, EtOH, chl s EtOH 2145 16121 2375 269; 14413 0.015 155 1501
0.92225
1.447420
vs ace, eth, EtOH
0.91525
1.44625 1.432520
0.97525 0.9325
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc sl ctc sl H2O; s bz, hx
1.442020
-55 -48
384 2565
0.98125 0.91225
1.485320 1.45125
76
383 dec
1.19985
-67.8 -78 visc liq liq cry liq
16922
waxy solid
pl (w)
125.5
s bz, hp, chl sl ctc vs ace, bz, EtOH s peth, ctc, eth, ace
s chl s chl sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
957 1,3-Bis(dichloromethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane 958 Bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ether 959 4,4’-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenone 960 Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)nickel 961 Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)zinc 962 Bis(difluoromethyl) ether 963 Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
O
Si
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Si
Cl
S
Cl
N Cl
Cl
O
N
Cl
S
1,3-Bis(dichloromethyl)tetramethyldisiloxaneBis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ether
4,4’-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenone
S
S Zn
S
Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)nickel
F
N S
O F
F N
F
N
O
Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)zinc Bis(difluoromethyl) ether Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether
OH
N
N
S N
N
N
N
S
OH
N
N
N
S Cu
N
N
N
S
S N
S Ni
N
S
S
N S
Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanethione Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol 1,3-Bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino)triphenylmethane Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)copper Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)nickel
OH OH
O
O P
O
P
O O
O 2,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-1,4-benzenediol
2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenol
1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane
O
O
O
OH
O
1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene
O
Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate
O
O
Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether
3-57
O
H N
H H N N Cu N N H H
N
O
O
N,N’-Bis(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethanimidamide monohydrochloride
O O
2
O
O
2Cl
O
O
H N
O
Bis(ethylenediamine)copper dichloride
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate
O O
O
O
OH
O
P
P O
O
O
O
H
O
P
S
O O
SH
O O
O Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphorodithioate
O O
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate
O O Na OO S O O
O O
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodiumsulfosuccinate
O
O
O
O
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate
O S O
S O O
O
N N
HO
N
N
OH
O
2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)butane Bis[4-(hexyloxy)phenyl]diazene, 1-oxide
N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
S
N
S Ni
N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
119-47-1
340.499
nd (peth)
131
97-24-5
287.162
637-39-8
185.649
102-79-4 1892-29-1 120-40-1
161.243 154.251 287.438
139-87-7 4439-20-7
133.189 148.203
ye liq
-50 97.5
150-25-4 105-59-9 91-99-6
163.172 119.163 195.259
nd (al) liq
194 dec -21 64.5
4985-85-7
162.230
111-48-8
122.186
liq
C12H14O6
959-26-2
254.235
cry (w)
6H14CO2S2 C15H14O5
5244-34-8 131-54-4
182.304 274.269
5 10 2 3
136-84-5
146.144
cry (MeOH)
101
C17H20O2
79-97-0
256.340
nd (xyl)
140
17 20 8
H OC
4986-89-4
352.336
H OC
3524-68-3
298.289
HC O HC O
77-40-7 620-92-8
242.313 200.233
CH O
80-05-7
228.287
HC O
3253-39-2
364.435
HC O S
80-09-1
250.270
993 Bis(2-hydroxy-3-tert -butyl-5C23H32O2 methylphenyl)methane 994 Bis(2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl) Fenticlor CH8Cl2O2S 12 sulfide 995 2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanolTriethanolamine hydrochloride CClNO3 6H16 hydrochloride Butylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine 8H19NO2C 996 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)butylamine 997 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide 4HC 10O2S2 998 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) C16H33NO3 dodecanamide CNO2 999 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamine N-Ethyldiethanolamine 6H15 1000 N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) C6H16N2O2 ethylenediamine 1001 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine Bicine C 4 6H13NO 1002 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine Methyldiethanolamine 5H13NO2C 1003 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3Diethanolm-toluidine C17NO2 11H methylaniline 1004 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,33-(Aminopropyl)diethanolamine CN2O2 7H18 propanediamine 1005 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide 2,2’-Thiodiethanol C2S 4H10O 1006 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) 1,4benzenedicarboxylate
3-58
1007 1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane 1008 Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) 2,2’-Dihydroxy-4,4’methanone dimethoxybenzophenone 1009 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-21,3-Dimethylolethyleneurea imidazolidone 1010 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) Bisphenol C propane 1011 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) ester 1012 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3Pentaerythritol triacrylate propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) ester 1013 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane Bisphenol B 1014 Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane Bisphenol AD 1015 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane 1016 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate 1017 Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone 1018 Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide 1019 Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate 1020 Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine 1021 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1oxide
Bisphenol A Bisphenol A dimethacrylate Bisphenol S 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl sulfide
HCN O
14 18 7
16 18 2 13 12 2
15 16 2
23 24 4
12 10 4
H SC HCO C6H15NO2
3570-55-6 64057-79-0 111-95-5
154.317 170.205 133.189
C14H14N2O3
1562-94-3
258.272
4 10 3
9 14 3
2-MethoxyN-(2-methoxyethyl) ethanamine
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
174
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, gl HOAc
cry (al)
179.5
vs H2O
waxy solid
26 38.7
275; 8035 1603.5
0.968120
1.462520
s chl
247 1361
1.013520
1.466320
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth s H2O
247 1601
1.04325
1.468520
1.179325
1.521120
vs H2O; i EtOH vs H2O sl chl
1601 -10.2
282
msc H2O, EtOH, chl, AcOEt; s eth; sl bz
109.5 64.8 139.5
1700.5
s H2O, EtOH, bz, peth
1.18525
17.3
1.18020
cry or fl
120.5 162.5
sub
153
2204, 2223
vs ace, MeOH s EtOH, eth, chl, alk; sl DMSO; i CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, alk; s HOAc
73 nd (w), orth bipym
1.366315
240.5 -11 201.3
135 663
18
25
1.183 0.94325
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO 20
1.5982 1.437120 s ctc
ye nd (al)
1.171111
s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
OH
OH
OH
O
OH S
Cl
N
HO
Cl
N
HCl
OH
OH
OH
N
HO
OH
HO
S
S
OH
OH
Bis(2-hydroxy-3-tert -butyl-5-methylphenyl)methaneBis(2-hydroxy-5-chlorophenyl)sulfide 2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanol hydrochloride N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)butylamine Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide
HO
HO
N
N H
OH
HO
N
OH OH
OH OH
N
HO
N
HO
OH
H2N
OH
N
OH
HO
S
OH
N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylamine N,N’-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycineBis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamineN,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylaniline N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-propanediamine Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide
OH O
O
O
O
OH O
3-59
OH
HO
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate
S
S
OH
O
1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane
OH
O
HO
OH
Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methanone 1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidone 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane
O
O O
O O
O
N
HO
O
N
OH
O
O
O O
O
O
O OH
O
HO
2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) ester 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) ester
OH
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane
HO
OH Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane
HO
OH
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane
O
O
O O S
O O
O
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanedimethacrylate
HO
O OH
Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfone
HS
S
SH
Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide
O
O
Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate
O
N H
O
O
N N O
Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O H N
N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide
No.
Name
Synonym
3-60
1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059
Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea 1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane Bis(methylthio)methane 1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane Bismuth acetate Bismuth subsalicylate Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)urea 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Bithionol 2,2’-Bithiophene Bixin
1060 Boldenone 1061 Boldine 1062 Bomyl
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
16HC14O4 C16H14N2O2
1226-42-2 2475-44-7
270.280 266.294
HC 14CH14S2 CH14O 14 18H22OC 2 CH14Hg 14 C26H20N2O2
3748-13-8 103-19-5 1579-40-4 80-43-3 537-64-4 3073-87-8
158.239 246.391 198.260 270.367 382.85 392.449
liq nd or lf (al)
CH S
620-94-0
214.326
nd (al)
599-66-6 137-97-3 64168-11-2 1618-26-4 1723-94-0 22306-37-2 14882-18-9 1155-00-6 537-91-7 100-32-3 736-30-1 587-90-6 14024-48-7 10024-74-5 37853-59-1
246.325 256.366 238.412 108.226 200.278 386.111 362.093 308.333 308.333 308.333 272.256 302.242 257.149 225.329 687.637
pr(bz), nd(w,al) 159 nd (al, sub) 13.7
116-52-9
354.831
196
12 14
14 14
H C OS HC N S 15HC 30N2 C2 3H8S CH20N2O2 10 6HC 9BiO 6 BiO4 7H5C 12HC 8N2O4S2 O4S2 Nitrophenide 12H8N2C 12HC 8N2O4S2 O4 4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl 14H12N2C O5 4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide 13H10N4C Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate) 10H14CoOC4 C19N 16H C14H8Br6O2 p-tolyl Di- sulfone
14 14 2 15 16 2
C5H6Cl6N2O3
Cl6 68-36-0 8H4C 32315-10-9 Triphosgene 3Cl6OC3 Ditridecyl thiodipropionate 32H62O4S C 10595-72-9 N 328-74-5 8H5F6C 402-31-3 8HC 4F6 433-19-2 8HC 4F6 372-64-5 2F6SC 2 14630-40-1 C2 8H18Si Dipicryl sulfide C12S 2217-06-3 12H4N6O 764-99-8 Diethylene glycol divinyl ether 8H14O3 C C6Cl4O2S 97-18-7 12H 492-97-7 C6S2 8H 6983-79-5 CH30O4 25
Dehydrotestosterone
H26O2 19C C19H21NO4 C9H15O8P
846-48-0 476-70-0 122-10-1
312.836 296.748 542.897 229.123 214.108 214.108 202.141 170.400 456.258 158.195 356.052 166.264 394.504 286.408 327.375 282.184
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
133
cry (EtOH)
wh-ye (eth,lig) col tablets pr
47.5 51 40 245.7 232 57.3
75 250
bl-viol cry
198.5 84 182 181.8 312 dec 167
nd (bz/EtOH)
222
ye nd (al,bz)
231 20 212 285 1000.2
109 79
liq
ye cry
26 230
viol pr (ace)
188 33 198
cry (eth) ye oil
0.925 1.11451
1.557020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH
sl chl >300; 17516
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS 2 vs bz, EtOH, chl
406 21550 148 25 285; 160
0.896225
1.480425 vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i2OH i H2O, EtOH; reac alk i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl EtOH, chl; s eth sl EtOH, HOAc i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc
2550.1
296.5
cry (bz, eth) cry (eth, peth)
Solubility sl EtOH, chl sl chl
1.01815
1.573
vs ace, EtOH s chl 203 2650.25 8515, 7610 116 115 34.6 134 exp 8110
80 1.6290
vs EtOH 1.48725 1.379025
1.433520 1.391625
0.77020
1.41320
vs EtOH, peth
1.7325 260
165 163 16017
i H2O
vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc i2H O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xyl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1022 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione 1023 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10anthracenedione 1024 1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene 1,3-Diisopropenylbenzene 1025 Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide pDi-Tolyl disulfide p-Tolyl ether 1026 Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether 1027 Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide Dicumyl peroxide 1028 Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury Dip-tolylmercury 1029 1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2- 2,2’-p-Phenylenebis(4-methyl-5phenyloxazole) yl)benzene p-tolyl sulfide 1030 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide Di-
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
O O HN
O O
O
S
Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene
N O
Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide
Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether
Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury
H N
H N
N
N
N
S
O
O Bi
Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide
O N O O O N S S
O
OH
Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone
O O N
O N O S
Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide
S
3-61 Br
S
O N O
S Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide
O N O 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane
Cl
Cl Cl
Br Br
NH2
F
H N
F
Cl
H N
OH O
1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane
F
Cl
Cl
F
F
F
O
O
O Co
O
N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea
O
Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt
O
Cl
Cl
OH
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
F F
F
O
Cl
O
F
F
O
O Cl Cl
O
F
F
Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate
O O N OO N
F
F F
N O
N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)urea 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate
F F F
Bismuthacetate
S Cl Cl
F F
S
S
O N O
F F
Si
F
O N O
S N OO N O O
Si
3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene
O
Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide
O
O
Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether
HO OH OH HO Cl
S Cl
Cl Cl
Bithionol
O S
S
2,2’-Bithiophene
OH
O Bixin
O
O
O
OH O
N H
O
H
O
Boldenone
O O
H N O
N O
O Bi O
O
O
O
Br
Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine
O
Br O
N H
N
O
H N
O N O
Cl Br
S
O
N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propaneBis(methylthio)methane 1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane
O N O
S
Bismuthsubsalicylate Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide
Hg
O
O O S
S
1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene
O
Boldine
O Bomyl
O P O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N O
O
S
O HN
O
No. 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067
Name Borane carbonyl Borneol, (±) l-Bornyl acetate Bornylamine Bornyl chloride
1073 Brodifacoum 1074 Bromacil 1075 Bromadiolone 1076 1077 1078 1079
Bromal hydrate Bromdian N-Bromoacetamide Bromoacetic acid
3-62
1080 Bromoacetone 1081 a-Bromoacetophenone 1082 1083 1084 1085
1087 1088 1089
4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl Bromoacetyl bromide Bromoacetylene 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-secbutylbarbituric acid 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5isopropylbarbituric acid 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline
1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099
2-Bromoanisole 3-Bromoanisole 4-Bromoanisole 2-Bromobenzaldehyde 3-Bromobenzaldehyde 4-Bromobenzaldehyde Bromobenzene 4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile a-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile
1086
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
-137 208 27 163 132
-64 sub 223.5
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
CH3BO C10H18O CH20O2 12 C10H19N C10H17Cl
13205-44-2 6627-72-1 5655-61-8 32511-34-5 464-41-5
41.845 154.249 196.286 153.265 172.695
H26O2 15C C2H6BF3O
53022-14-3 353-42-4
238.366 113.874
109-63-7 633-03-4 3051-11-4
141.927 482.635 626.569
liq small gold cry ye cry (w)
56073-10-0 314-40-9 28772-56-7
523.417 261.115 527.406
off-wh pow
C2H3Br3O2 C12Br4O2 15H H4BrNO 2C C3BrO2 2H
507-42-6 79-94-7 79-15-2 79-08-3
298.756 543.871 137.963 138.948
mcl pr (w+1)
53.5 179 nd (chl-hx) 103.5 hex or orth cry 50
dec
2.566140
208
1.933550
1.480450
C3H5BrO C8H7BrO
598-31-2 70-11-1
136.975 199.045
138; 31.58 13518
1.63423 1.64720
1.469715
135-73-9 598-21-0 593-61-3 1142-70-7
275.140 201.844 104.933 303.152
148.5 4.7
2.31222
1.544920
Butallylonal
HC BrO H Br2O C C2HBr H15BrN2O3 11C
liq -36.5 nd (al) orth pr 50.5 (al) pl(peth) nd (95% al) 127
Propallylonal
10 13
CH BrN2O3
545-93-7
289.125
H C BrN H C BrN C6BrN 6H
615-36-1 591-19-5 106-40-1
172.023 172.023 172.023
578-57-4 2398-37-0 104-92-7 6630-33-7 3132-99-8 1122-91-4 108-86-1 1878-68-8 16532-79-9 5798-79-8
187.034 187.034 187.034 185.018 185.018 185.018 157.008 215.045 196.045 196.045
2-Chloro-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo d-Bornyl isovalerate
H CBF3O HC N O S 26HC 20N4Na2O8 S2 CH23BrO3 31 5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil 9HC 13BrN2O2 C30H23BrO4 4 10
27 34 2 4
Tetrabromobisphenol A
w-Bromoacetophenone 2-Bromo-4’-phenylacetophenone
14 11 2 2
6 6 6 6
Phenyl bromide
a-Bromobenzyl cyanide
C7H7BrO C7H7BrO C7H7BrO C7H5BrO C7H5BrO C7H5BrO C6H5Br C7BrO2 8H 8HC 6BrN C8H6BrN
col gas lf (lig)
nd
-14
ye-wh pow
-60.4
nD
Solubility
20 1.011 0.98225
1.462620
dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth
257.5 dec 127
0.95525 1.241020
1.30220
125.5
1.12525
1.34820
207.5
230 158 205
col gas
vs eth, EtOH
i2O; H sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl 1.5525
131.5 cry (dil HOAc, 181 dil al) 32 18.5 orth bipym nd 66.4 (60% al) 1.3 13.5 21.5 lf (dil al) 58 liq -30.72 nd (w) 116 pa ye cry (al) 48.0 ye cry (dil al) 29
dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl ace
229 251 dec
1.57820 1.579320 1.4970100
1.611320 1.626020
216 211; 10516 215 230 234 267 156.06 sub
1.501820 1.456420
1.572720 1.563520 1.564220 1.592520 1.593520
1.495020
1.559720
dec 242; 13312
1.53929
vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl
s ace, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS 2 vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1068 Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate,R(1 ) 1069 Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex 1070 Boron trifluoride etherate 1071 Brilliant Green 1072 Brilliant Yellow
Synonym
H 3B
O
OH
Borane carbonyl
Borneol, (±)
l-Bornyl acetate
Bornylamine
HO
N
O Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)
OH
OH
Br
N
Br O
N H
O
Brilliant Yellow
Brodifacoum
O
Bromacil
OH
OH
3-63
Br O
HO Br
Br
Br
O
O
Br Br
HO
OH
Bromadiolone
OH Br
Bromal hydrate
N H
Br Bromdian
O
Br
O Br
4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl
Br
Br
Br
Bromoacetylbromide
Bromoacetylene
OH
Br
Bromoaceticacid
Bromoacetone
5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5sec-butylbarbituric acid
N H
Br
O
Br
5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid
Br
3-Bromoanisole
Br 4-Bromoanisole
Br
3-Bromoaniline
4-Bromoaniline
N Br
2-Bromobenzaldehyde
Br
OH
Br Br
2-Bromoaniline
O
O
Br
NH2
NH2
NH O
O
a-Bromoacetophenone
NH2
O Br
Br
O
O
O O
N H
Br
N-Bromoacetamide
NH O
O
Br
O
2-Bromoanisole
Boron trifluoride etherate
O
N N
S O O O O S Na O O Na
Brilliant Green
O
Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ethercomplex
N N
HSO4
O
Bornyl chloride
3-Bromobenzaldehyde
Br 4-Bromobenzaldehyde
Br Bromobenzene
O
4-Bromobenzeneaceticacid
Br 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile
N a-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
Cl
NH2
O
F O B F F
F O B F F
O
O
No.
Name
Synonym
1100 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol 1101 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride
p-Brosyl chloride
1102 4-Bromobenzenethiol 1103 2-Bromobenzoic acid
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C6H5BrO2
583-69-7
189.007
lf (lig), cry (chl) 111.5
6 4
CH BrClO2S
98-58-8
255.517
H BrS C H5BrO2 7C
106-53-6 88-65-3
189.073 201.018
tcl or mcl pl (eth) lf (al) mcl pr (w), nd
CH BrO2 H5BrO2 7C
585-76-2 586-76-5
201.018 201.018
2042-37-7 6952-59-6 623-00-7 21248-00-0
182.018 182.018 182.018 331.205
6 5
1104 3-Bromobenzoic acid 1105 4-Bromobenzoic acid
7 5
HCBrN HCBrN 7HC4BrN C20H11Br
mp/˚C
15315
73 150
230.5 sub
mcl nd (dil al) 155 nd (eth), lf (w), 254.5 mcl pr nd (w) 55.5 39.5 nd (w, al) 114 cry (ace/ 223 MeOH) nd 11 nd (peth) 42 0.8
3-64
2-Bromobenzonitrile 3-Bromobenzonitrile 4-Bromobenzonitrile 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene
1110 1111 1112 1113 1114
2-Bromobenzoyl chloride 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride 2-Bromobiphenyl 3-Bromobiphenyl 4-Bromobiphenyl
CH BrClO CH BrClO C12H9Br C12H9Br C12H9Br
7154-66-7 586-75-4 2052-07-5 2113-57-7 92-66-0
219.463 219.463 233.103 233.103 233.103
1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile 1119 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl) ethanone 1120 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene 1121 1-Bromobutane
p-Bromobenzyl bromide 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane
C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C6Br2N2 6H
3433-80-5 823-78-9 589-15-1 35691-65-7
249.931 249.931 249.931 265.933
cry (al, lig) nd or lf nd (al)
31 42 63 52
p-Bromophenacyl bromide
C8H6Br2O
99-73-0
277.941
nd (al)
111
4 9
CH Br HC Br
1822-86-2 109-65-9
132.987 137.018
liq
-112.6
H Br C H BrO C4 4HC 6BrN C7BrO2 4H
5787-31-5 584-98-5 5332-06-9 2385-70-8
137.018 196.985 148.002 167.002
liq
-112.65 161
C7BrO2 4H C4H7BrO C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C10H13BrO C10H13Br 8HC6BrClO
2623-87-2 814-75-5 31849-78-2 32620-08-9 23074-36-4 5162-44-7 4784-77-4 3017-68-3 3017-71-8 1200-03-9 3972-65-4 41011-01-2
167.002 151.002 135.003 135.003 135.003 135.003 135.003 135.003 135.003 229.113 213.114 233.490
1115 1116 1117 1118
1122 1123 1124 1125
2-Bromobutane, (±) Bromobutanedioic acid, (±) 4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)
1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137
4-Bromobutanoic acid 3-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene trans-1-Bromo-1-butene 2-Bromo-1-butene 4-Bromo-1-butene 1-Bromo-2-butene cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene (4-Bromobutoxy)benzene 1-Bromo-4-tert -butylbenzene 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone
7 4
7 4 7 4
4 5
Butyl bromide (±)-sec-Butyl bromide Bromosuccinic acid DL-a-Bromobutyric acid
3-Chlorophenacyl bromide
4 9 4 5
pl (al)
91.5
-2.0 33
liq liq
liq liq cry (al) nd
-100.3 -133.4
-111.5 -114.6 41 19 40
den/g cm-3
nD
sub
76
1106 1107 1108 1109
7 4
bp/˚C
>280
vs2O,H EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc i H2O; vs eth; s chl 83 1.5260 1.92925
sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth
20 1.845 1.89420
252 225 236
243 246; 181125 297 300; 17117 310
Solubility
s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl
1.596320 1.217526
1.624825 1.641120
0.932725
19 129 12212
sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl vs eth, EtOH, HOAc s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS 2 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl
42165 101.6
1.39720 1.275820
1.498820 1.440120
91.3
1.258520 2.07325 1.496720 1.564120
1.436620
1.326515 1.320915 1.320915 1.323020 1.337125 1.341615 1.332315
1.453620 1.452720 1.452720 1.462220 1.482220 1.463119 1.460216
1.228620
1.543620
206 dec 217; 12725 14225, 1257 3611 86.1 94.7 88 98.5 104.5 93.9 85.6 15418 231.5 397.5
1.481820
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl vs ace, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth
i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz sl EtOH, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
Cl O S O
OH
HO
SH HO
Br
HO
O
N
O
N
N
O
Cl
OH
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol 4-Bromobenzenesulfonylchloride 4-Bromobenzenethiol 2-Bromobenzoicacid 3-Bromobenzoicacid 4-Bromobenzoicacid 2-Bromobenzonitrile3-Bromobenzonitrile4-Bromobenzonitrile 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene
Cl
O
2-Bromobenzoyl chloride
Br Br
Br
Br
N
Br
N
Br 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride
3-65
O
Br
Br
Br 2-Bromobiphenyl
3-Bromobiphenyl
Br
4-Bromobiphenyl
1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene
Br
Br
1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene
1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene
2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile
Br OH Br
Br Br
Br 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone
2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene
1-Bromobutane
O Br
2-Bromobutane,(±)
Br OH Br
O
Bromobutanedioic acid,(±)
O O
N
OH
O Br
4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoicacid,(±)
OH
4-Bromobutanoicacid
Br
Br
3-Bromo-2-butanone
cis-1-Bromo-1-butene
Br O Br Br Br trans-1-Bromo-1-butene
Br Br
2-Bromo-1-butene
4-Bromo-1-butene
O
Br
Br 1-Bromo-2-butene
Br
Cl cis-2-Bromo-2-butene
trans-2-Bromo-2-butene
(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene
1-Bromo-4-tert -butylbenzene
2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Br
Br Br
O
No. 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143
1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155
3-66
1156
1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Bromochlorodifluoromethane 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromochloromethane 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone 1-Bromo-2-chloropropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 2-Bromo-1-chloropropane 2-Bromo-2-chloropropane 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2trifluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane Bromocresol Green
1157 Bromocresol Purple 1158 Bromocycloheptane 1159 Bromocyclohexane 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174
trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol 2-Bromocyclohexanone 3-Bromocyclohexene Bromocyclopentane 1-Bromodecane 2-Bromodecanoic acid 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene Bromodichlorofluoromethane Bromodichloromethane 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline Bromodifluoromethane 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone 1175 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide 1176 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 1177 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene
Synonym
Halon 1211
Halon 1011 p-Bromobenzyl chloride p-Chlorophenacyl bromide
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C4H8BrCl CBrClF 2 C5H6BrClN2O2
694-80-4 108-37-2 106-39-8 6940-78-9 353-59-3 126-06-7
191.453 191.453 191.453 171.464 165.365 241.471
C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl CHBrClF CH 2BrCl H6BrCl 7C H6BrClO 8C
593-96-4 107-04-0 593-98-6 74-97-5 589-17-3 536-38-9
143.410 143.410 147.374 129.384 205.480 233.490
C3H6BrCl C3H6BrCl C3H6BrCl C3H6BrCl C2HBrClF3
3017-96-7 109-70-6 3017-95-6 2310-98-7 354-06-3
157.437 157.437 157.437 157.437 197.381
Halothane
C2HBrClF3
151-67-7
197.381
Bromcresol Green
C21H14Br4O5S
76-60-8
698.014
CH Br2O5S HCBr C11Br 6H
115-40-2 2404-35-5 108-85-0
540.222 177.082 163.055
C6H11BrO C6H9BrO C6H9Br 5HC 9Br C10H21Br CH19BrO2 10 C6H3BrCl2 C6H3BrCl2 CBrCl 2F CHBrCl 2 H3BrCl2O 6C C13BrO2 6H 10HC 14BrN CHBrF 2 H5BrO2 4C
32388-22-0 822-85-5 1521-51-3 137-43-9 112-29-8 2623-95-2 19752-55-7 18282-59-2 353-58-2 75-27-4 1940-42-7 2032-35-1 2052-06-4 1511-62-2 5061-21-2
179.054 177.038 161.039 149.029 221.178 251.161 225.898 225.898 181.819 163.829 241.897 197.070 228.129 130.920 164.986
H BrNO C 3 CH BrO2 H9BrO2 8C
5798-94-7 25245-34-5 2859-78-1
232.032 217.060 217.060
Bromcresol Purple Cycloheptyl bromide Cyclohexyl bromide
Cyclopentyl bromide
Halon 1121
a-Bromo-g-butyrolactone 5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic acid
21 16 7 13
7 6 8 9
Physical Form
mp/˚C
liq -12.3 liq -21.5 nd or pl (al, eth) 68 col gas
-159.5 162
liq liq liq nd (al, peth) nd
-16.7 -115 -87.9 50 96.5
liq
wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc)
-58.9
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
204 196 196 175; 6310 -3.7
25 1.6387 20 1.6302 71 1.576 1.48920
1.580920 1.577120 1.553170 1.488520
i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc
83 107 36 68.0 236
1.66710 20 1.7392 0 1.9771 20 1.9344
1.466020 1.490820 1.414425 1.483820
118 143.3 117 95 52.5
1.53120 20 1.5969 1.53720 1.49520 1.857425
1.474520 1.486420 1.479520 1.457520 1.373820
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
50.2; 20243
1.856325
1.36970
sl H2O; s peth
218.5
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i2O; H vs EtOH, eth; s peth
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz
241.5 liq pl (hx)
liq pr (al) pr liq liq nd nd or pr
cry (al) oil
-56.5
10140, 7512 166.2
1.308020 1.335920
1.499620 1.495720
11432, 9014 8140, 5611 137.5 240.6 1402 232 237 52.8 90
1.34025 1.389020 1.387320 1.070220 1.191224
1.508525 1.532020 1.488620 1.455720 1.459524
1.9522 1.98020
1.496420
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc
170; 6618 270 -14.6 13020
1.28320
1.438720
1.5516 1.820
s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH
1.505920
262; 13010 254.5
1.445 1.70225
1.570020 1.574320
i H2O; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc
81.5
-29.2 2.0 83 25 -57 71.5 38 -145
232 dec
i H2O; s eth, bz, chl sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149
Name
Br Br
N
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene
F
Cl
1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene
1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane
Br
O
Bromochlorodifluoromethane
Cl
O
N Cl
F
Br
Br
Br
Cl
Br
3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
1-Bromo-1-chloroethane
Br
1-Bromo-2-chloroethane
Br
Cl
Cl
H
H
Cl
H
F
Br
Bromochlorofluoromethane
Bromochloromethane
Cl
Br Br
Cl
1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene
2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone
Br
Br
HO
OH
Cl
1-Bromo-2-chloropropane
HO
Cl
Br
1-Bromo-3-chloropropane
Br Cl
2-Bromo-1-chloropropane
2-Bromo-2-chloropropane
OH OH
3-67
Br Cl
Br
Br
F F
Br F
Cl F
F F
1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
Br
Br
Br
O
O
S O O
S O O
Bromocresol Green
Bromocresol Purple
Br
O Br Br
Bromocycloheptane
Bromocyclohexane
trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol
2-Bromocyclohexanone
Cl Br
O
Br
Cl Br
OH Br
Br 3-Bromocyclohexene
Bromocyclopentane
Cl
Br
1-Bromodecane
Cl
2-Bromodecanoicacid
Cl
N
OH
F Br
4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol
O
Br
Br
Br Cl O
2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane
Br
4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene
O
Cl
H N
Cl
Cl
Br
1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene
Br F
H Cl
Bromodichlorofluoromethane Bromodichloromethane
O
O Br
OH OH
O
H F
4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline Bromodifluoromethane
O
O
3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone
Br 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide
O 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene
Br 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene
Br
O
Br
No.
Name
2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6octadiene 1186 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 1187 2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline
3-68
1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197
1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene a-Bromodiphenylmethane 1-Bromododecane 2-Bromododecanoic acid Bromoethane 2-Bromoethanol Bromoethene 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene (2-Bromoethoxy)benzene
1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220
1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane 2-Bromoethyl acetate 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (1-Bromoethyl)benzene (2-Bromoethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene (2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane Bromofluoromethane 2-Bromofuran 3-Bromofuran 5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde 1-Bromoheptadecane 1-Bromoheptane 2-Bromoheptane 4-Bromoheptane
trans-Geranyl bromide
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C9BrO2 4H CBrN 8H10 H9Br 8C H9Br 8C H9Br 8C H9Br 8C H9Br 8C C10H17Br
7252-83-7 586-77-6 583-70-0 556-96-7 576-22-7 553-94-6 583-71-1 6138-90-5
169.017 200.076 185.061 185.061 185.061 185.061 185.061 217.146
C H Br H BrN C 3O4
630-17-1 1817-73-8
151.045 262.018
HC BrN2O4 CH Br C12H25Br CH23BrO2 12 C5Br 2H 2HC 5BrO 2HC3Br C8H9BrO C8H9BrO C8H9BrO
584-48-5 776-74-9 143-15-7 111-56-8 74-96-4 540-51-2 593-60-2 583-19-7 588-96-5 589-10-6
247.003 247.130 249.231 279.214 108.965 124.964 106.949 201.060 201.060 201.060
592-55-2 927-68-4 2576-47-8 585-71-7 103-63-9 1973-22-4 2725-82-8 1585-07-5 1647-26-3 574-98-1 766-96-1 1072-85-1 1073-06-9 460-00-4 762-49-2 373-52-4 584-12-3 22037-28-1 1899-24-7 3508-00-7 629-04-9 1974-04-5 998-93-6
153.017 167.002 204.892 185.061 185.061 185.061 185.061 185.061 191.109 254.081 181.030 174.998 174.998 174.998 126.955 112.929 146.970 146.970 174.981 319.364 179.098 179.098 179.098
5 11 6 4
6 3
13 11
Lauryl bromide Ethyl bromide Ethylene bromohydrin Vinyl bromide
H BrO C C7BrO2 4H 2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide 2H7BrC2N C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br H15Br 8C 10HC 8BrNO2 C8H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C2H4BrF CH2BrF C4H3BrO C4H3BrO C5H3BrO2 C17H35Br Heptyl bromide C15Br 7H 2-Heptyl bromide C15Br 7H 4-Heptyl bromide C15Br 7H 2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether
4 9
Physical Form
liq
lf or pl liq
ye nd (al or HOAc) ye nd (al) liq pl liq vol liq or gas
mp/˚C 55 -17
9 -0.2
153.5 75 45 -9.5 32 -118.6 -139.54 2.0 39
liq
-13.8 174.0
liq liq
-55.9 -67.9
liq liq nd (w)
liq
-43.5 -57 83 64.5
-17.4
vol liq or gas
cry (50% al) liq
83.5 29.6 -56.1 47
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
149 264 205 204 203.5; 10020 13 199; 88 214.5 10112, 470.005 106 sub
1.43020 1.3220100 1.341920 1.36220
1.445020
s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth; s ace, bz vs eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
18420, 1522 276 1582 38.5 150; 514 15.8 223 231 dec 240; 12820 127.5 162.5 219; 9211 219; 10518 199.3 202 204 212 8916 154 150 151.5 71.5 19 103 103 201; 11216 349 178.9 166 161; 8472
1.358218 1.370820 1.094022
1.550120 1.546222 1.555220 1.551418 1.553020 1.502720
1.199720
1.437020
1.039920 1.147474 1.460420 1.762920 20 1.4933 1.422320 1.407125 1.355520
1.458320 1.458524 1.423920 1.491520 1.438020
1.38520 1.51420
1.444720 1.45723
1.353525 1.364320 1.354820 1.349320 1.342320 1.235720
1.554325 1.537220 1.547220 1.546520 1.544520 1.489920
1.551720
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, chl; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth
i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth; sl chl s chl
1.073821 1.708120 1.59315 1.704425
1.533720 1.525720 1.531015 1.423620
1.650020 1.660620
1.498020 1.495820
0.991620 1.140020 1.127720 1.135120
1.462520 1.450220 1.450320 1.449520
s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185
Synonym
N
Br Br
Br
Br Br
O
Br
Br
O
Br
O
O N
Br
NH2
O
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
O N
Br Br
N
O
O
O
Br
O OH
N
Br
O
2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline 1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene a-Bromodiphenylmethane
Br
1-Bromododecane
Br
2-Bromododecanoicacid
OH
Br
Bromoethane
2-Bromoethanol
Br
3-69
Br
Br O
O
Br
O
Br Bromoethene
1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene
Br
O
1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene
(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene
1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane
O
Br
2-Bromoethylacetate
HBr H2N
Br
2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide
(1-Bromoethyl)benzene
Br
Br Br
(2-Bromoethyl)benzene
Br
Br N
F Br
O 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene
1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene
F
N-(2-Bromoethyl) phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene
1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene
F
F
1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene
1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene
Br
1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane
Br
F H
(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane
1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene
Br
O Br
Br Br
O
H Br
Bromofluoromethane
O
Br
2-Bromofuran
O 3-Bromofuran
Br
O Br
O
5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde
1-Bromoheptadecane
Br 1-Bromoheptane
Br 2-Bromoheptane
Br 4-Bromoheptane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene
No.
Synonym
1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255
1-Bromohexadecane 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid 1-Bromohexane 2-Bromohexane 3-Bromohexane 2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±) 6-Bromohexanoic acid 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Bromo-a-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±) 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene 1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene Bromoiodomethane 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 4-Bromoisoquinoline Bromomethane 1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane Bromomethoxymethane 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline (Bromomethyl)benzene 4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane,DL 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene
1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263
1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene (Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane 3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane 1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene
1232 1233 1234
Hexyl bromide
p-Bromomandelic acid Bromosaligenin
3-70
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C16H33Br CH31BrO2 16 C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br H11BrO2 6C H11BrO2 6C H10BrClO 6C C12H17BrO C7H5BrO2 C7BrO3 8H
112-82-3 18263-25-7 111-25-1 3377-86-4 3377-87-5 2681-83-6 4224-70-8 22809-37-6 30752-19-3 1761-61-1 7021-04-7
305.337 335.320 165.071 165.071 165.071 195.054 195.054 213.499 257.166 201.018 231.044
HCBrO2 CH BrO3 C8H7BrO3
2316-64-5 89-55-4 2973-76-4
C6H4BrI C6H4BrI C6H4BrI CH 2BrI H4BrNO 7C C9H11Br 9HC 6BrN CH 3Br C 3H7BrO C 2H5BrO 7HC 8BrN 7HC 8BrN C7Br 7H 8HC7BrO2 BrN 8H6C BrN 8H6C C5H11Br CBr 5H11 H11Br 5C 5HC 9BrO2 H9Br 5C
7 7 7 5
p-Bromophenyl isocyanate
Methyl bromide
Benzyl bromide
Isopentyl bromide tert -Pentyl bromide b-Bromoisovaleric acid
CH BrCl H BrClSi C Br 7H13C H13Br 7C C7H6BrF H17Br 8C C9Br 8H C9Br 8H 7 6 3 8
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
336
0.999120
1.461825
i H2O; s eth
liq
18 52.8 -83.7
1.447820 1.483225 1.447220
2.0 35
1.174420 1.165820 1.179920 1.281033
cry (peth)
155.3 143; 7890 142 240; 14023 16720 1016 15613
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth vs peth
1.230620
1.526220
nd (al), lf (eth)
105.5 119
203.034 217.017 231.044
lf (bz) nd (w, dil al) pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)
113 169.8 167.0
583-55-1 591-18-4 589-87-7 557-68-6 2493-02-9 586-61-8 1532-97-4 74-83-9 6482-24-2 13057-17-5 583-68-6 583-75-5 100-39-0 6232-88-8 28188-41-2 17201-43-3 5973-11-5 107-82-4 507-36-8 5798-88-9 870-63-3
282.904 282.904 282.904 220.835 198.017 199.087 208.055 94.939 138.991 124.964 186.050 186.050 171.035 215.045 196.045 196.045 151.045 151.045 151.045 181.028 149.029
9.5 liq -9.3 pr or pl (eth-al) 92
611-17-6 16532-02-8 13905-48-1 2550-36-9 456-41-7 18908-66-2 89-92-9 620-13-3
205.480 187.539 177.082 177.082 189.025 193.125 185.061 185.061
nd liq cry (peth) col gas
lf cry (al) liq
-22.5 41.5 -93.68
26 59.5 -1.5 226.3 96.5 114
liq
-112
nd (lig)
74
pr
21
i2O;H s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl2H O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz
sub 100
257; 120 15 252; 12018 252 139.5 226 218.7 282.5 3.5 110 87 240 240 201
2.257025
1.661825
2.926 17
1.641020
i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i2O; H sl EtOH, chl; s eth vs chl vs eth i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS 2
1.314520
1.556920
1.675520 1.462320 1.597620 1.51020
1.421820 1.4475320 1.456220 1.599920
1.438025
1.575220
119 120.4 108
1.220520 1.207120 1.19718
1.445220 1.442020 1.4421
dec 131; 5040 10910 131 181; 6011 7626 8820 6710 217; 10816 212.5
1.293015
1.493015
1.37525 1.267615 1.28320
1.463025 1.497920 1.490730 1.547420
i H2O; vs eth; s bz vs bz, eth, chl
1.381123 1.371123
1.573020 1.566020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc
1304 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231
Name
Br
Br O
Br
O Br
OH
1-Bromohexadecane
2-Bromohexadecanoicacid
Br
Br
1-Bromohexane
2-Bromohexane
OH
Br
Br
O
O
O
6-Bromohexanoicacid
6-Bromohexanoyl chloride
OH
Br
4-Bromo-a-hydroxybenzeneaceticacid,(±)
Br
5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol
5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoicacid
Br
Br Br
Br Br
I I
3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde
Br
Br
I
OH 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene
1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene
H O
H
I 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene
Bromoiodomethane
C
N N
1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene
1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene
4-Bromoisoquinoline
3-71 O
Br H
O
Bromomethane
Br
Br
1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane
O
Br
Br
Bromomethoxymethane
N
N
Br
Br
H
OH
NH2
NH2
H
O
Br
O
O
O
Br
5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
HO
OH
OH
Br
1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene
OH
OH OH
Cl
2-Bromohexanoicacid,(±)
2-Bromo-4-methylaniline
4-Bromo-2-methylaniline
(Bromomethyl)benzene
Br
Br
4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid
3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile
4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile
Br Br
Br
Br
1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL
Cl
OH
Br 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane
Br
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
Br
Br
Br
O 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid
1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene
Br
1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene
Br
Si
Cl
(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane
Br
Br F 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane
(Bromomethyl)cyclohexane
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene
3-(Bromomethyl)heptane
1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Br O
OH
3-Bromohexane
No.
Name
Synonym
1264 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene 1265 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene 1266 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±) 1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone 1278 N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 1279 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane
3-72
1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287
2-Methylpentyl bromide
3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide
2-(Bromomethyl)-1 H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione Isobutyl bromide
1291 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline 1292 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene
Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 1-Bromononane 1-Bromooctadecane 1-Bromooctane 2-Bromooctane, (±) 8-Bromooctanoic acid
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
C9Br 8H H9Br 11C H9Br 11C
104-81-4 3163-27-7 939-26-4
185.061 221.093 221.093
nd (al) cry (peth, al) lf (al)
35 56 56
1.32425
HC BrNO2 HC BrNO2 7HC 6BrNO3 H5BrO 3C C 6H13Br H13Br 6C H13Br 6C H13Br 6C H7BrO 7C H11BrO 13C C9H9BrO
3958-57-4 100-11-8 772-33-8 82584-73-4 25346-33-2 626-88-0 4283-80-1 25346-31-0 6627-55-0 51632-16-7 619-41-0
216.033 216.033 232.032 136.975 165.071 165.071 165.071 165.071 187.034 263.129 213.070
nd or pl (al) nd (al)
59.3 99.5 148 -40
220 18318, 16710 100, 213 16714 16213
137 141 145 142.5; 70100 130; 76100 213.5
1.61514 1.162420 1.168320
C9H6BrNO2
5332-26-3 78-77-3
7 6
1288 2-Bromonaphthalene 1289 4-Bromo-1,8naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride 1290 1-Bromo-2-naphthol 1-Bromo-b-naphthol
1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301
Physical Form
7 6
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane tert -Butyl bromide 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid a-Bromoisobutyric acid 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Naphthyl bromide
1293 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene 1294 1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene
Mol. Wt.
HCBr
4 9
H Br C HCBrO2 C6Br2O 4H C4H7Br C4H7Br 5HC 9BrO C 4H11BrSi C7Br 10H
Octyl bromide
56.5
240.054
pr (chl, bz)
151.5
137.018
liq
51
-119
137.018 167.002 229.898 135.003 135.003 165.028 167.120 207.067
liq cry (peth)
C10H7Br C12H5BrO3
580-13-2 81-86-7
207.067 277.070
pl or orth lf (al) 55.9 222
C10H7BrO
573-97-7
223.066
6 4
H CBrN2O2 CH BrNO2
875-51-4 577-19-5
217.020 202.006
orth pr (bz-lig) 84 nd (HOAc) oran-ye nd (w) 111.5 pa ye (al) 43
CH BrNO2 CH BrNO2
585-79-5 586-78-7
202.006 202.006
563-70-2 52-51-7 693-58-3 112-89-0 111-83-1 60251-57-2 17696-11-6
139.937 199.989 207.151 333.391 193.125 193.125 223.108
4 7
6 4
Bronopol
nd (peth) oil nd or lf (al)
507-19-7 2052-01-9 20769-85-1 3017-69-4 1458-98-6 1192-30-9 18243-41-9 90-11-9
4 9
6 5
p-Nitrobromobenzene
liq
6 4
CH 2BrNO2 HCBrNO4 C9H19Br C18H37Br C17Br 8H C8H17Br C15BrO2 8H 3 6
oily liq
-16.2 48.5
6.1
orth 56 orth or mcl pr 127 (al)
liq cry (al) liq nd (peth)
38.5
Solubility i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc
1.183520 1.542225
1.484120 1.449520 1.4490 1.44223 1.452520 1.577220
14 157
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt
91.1 73.3 199; 11524 163 91 95 170; 7022 116.5 281 281.5
1.27215 20
1.4278 1.496960 1.406714 1.33620 1.31320 1.467920 1.17025 20 1.4785 25 1.605
1.434820 1.4278
20
sub 258
1.624580
265 256
1.703620 1.94825
221.4; 884 362; 21010 200.8 188.5 1472
1.485020 1.446020 1.65820 1.638260
1.597920
1.488020 1.084525 0.984820 1.107225 1.087825
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc i H2O; sl ctc vs ace, CS2
130
149; 7140 131.5 -29.0 28.2 -55.0
nD
1.452225 1.463120 1.450325 1.444225
s EtOH, eth s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; sl ctc
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
Br
Br
Br
OH
Br
Br
1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene
1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene
2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene
N O
O O
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene
OH
N
O
O
1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene
N
2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)
O
O
Br
Br
O
O
Br
1-Bromo-2-methylpentane
O
Br N Br
Br
Br Br
Br 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane
2-Bromo-2-methylpentane
3-Bromo-3-methylpentane
2-Bromo-4-methylphenol
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene
3-73
Br
Br O 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid
2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoylbromide
O
O
1-Bromo-2-methylpropene
NH2 O N
Br
3-Bromo-2-methylpropene
Br
O
O N
O
1-Bromo-2-naphthol
2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran
4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene
Br
(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1-Bromonaphthalene
Br
N O
Br
Br
Si
Br
O
Br
OH
4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride
Br
Br
O
Br
2-Bromonaphthalene
N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane
Br
OH
O
2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone
Br
Br
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
Br
O
O
1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene
O
N
Br
O
1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene
O N
NO2 OH
Br O
HO
Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
OH Br 1-Bromononane
Br
Br 1-Bromooctadecane
1-Bromooctane
Br 2-Bromooctane,(±)
Br
O 8-Bromooctanoicacid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Br
No.
Name
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.067520 1.98125 1.809825 1.218220
1.461120 1.449020
i H2O; s ace; vs chl
1.444720
117.4 118.6 11112, 10310 14213 125.5 >360 194.5 236.5 238
1.207520 1.21420 1.398920
1.441320 1.444120 1.478020
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl
1.258120 1.409310 1.492420
1.464020
3-74
Mol. Wt.
Pentyl bromide
C15H31Br C6BrF5 C 2BrF5 C11Br 5H
629-72-1 344-04-7 354-55-2 110-53-2
291.311 246.960 198.917 151.045
C5H11Br C5H11Br 5HC 8BrN C9BrO2 5H C5H9Br H9Br 14C C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO CH10Br4O5S 19
107-81-3 1809-10-5 5414-21-1 2067-33-6 1119-51-3 573-17-1 95-56-7 591-20-8 106-41-2 115-39-9
151.045 151.045 162.029 181.028 149.029 257.125 173.007 173.007 173.007 669.960
CH BrO H CBrOSi 8HC8BrNO C8H7BrO C8H7BrO C6H7BrN2
101-55-3 17878-44-3 103-88-8 2142-63-4 99-90-1 589-21-9
249.102 245.188 214.060 199.045 199.045 187.037
1146-98-1
301.135
90-90-4 2114-00-3 2104-96-3 4824-78-6
261.113 213.070 317.999 394.049
ye cry pale-ye liq
106-94-5
122.992
liq
-110.3
75-26-3
122.992
liq
-89.0
2417-90-5 10327-08-9 590-92-1 627-18-9 19686-73-8 563-76-8 7148-74-5 590-13-6 590-15-8 557-93-7 106-95-6
133.975 152.975 152.975 138.991 138.991 215.871 171.420 120.976 120.976 120.976 120.976
1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315
2-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 5-Bromopentanenitrile 5-Bromopentanoic acid 5-Bromo-1-pentene 9-Bromophenanthrene 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol Bromophenol Blue
1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321
1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether (4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide p-Bromoacetanilide 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone p-Bromoacetophenone (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine (
9-Phenanthryl bromide
Bromphenol Blue
1322 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 1323 (4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone 1324 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone 1325 Bromophos 1326 Bromophos-ethyl
Bromindione
1327 1-Bromopropane
Propyl bromide
1328 2-Bromopropane
Isopropyl bromide
12 9
9 13
CH BrO2
15 9
CH9BrO 13 C9H9BrO C8H8BrCl2PS C10H12BrCl2O3P S C3H7Br C3H7Br HCBrN CH BrO2 C5BrO2 3H C3H7BrO C3H7BrO C3H4Br2O H4BrClO 3C C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Br C5Br 3H 3 4 3 5
b-Bromopropionic acid
Allyl bromide
liq col gas liq liq liq
-88.0 -95.5 -126.2 40.0
pr (al)
hex pr (HOAcace)
64.5 5.6 33 66.4 279 dec 18.72
168 7.5 lf (al) 50.5 nd (w), lf (lig), 108 cry (al) cry (lig) 138
1263.5 12625
nd (60% al)
lf (al)
pr pl (CCl4)
82.5 54
25.7 62.5
liq
-113
liq liq
-126 -119
s chl
1.58920
1.84015
1.608820 1.261920 1.71725
1.608420 1.514520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2; sl chl sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; s eth, ctc
1.64725
1.575520 1.647
i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig
1.429820
1.572020
i2O; H sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol
71.1
1.353720
1.434320
59.5
1.314020
1.425120
1.615220 1.700020 1.4825 1.537420 1.558530 2.061116 1.69711 1.429120
1.480020 1.475320
1.396516 1.39820
13319 11 257; 130
350 247.5 1410.01 0.004 122
9225, 697 203.5 14145 105185, 8022 146.5 153 132 57.8 63.2 48.4 70.1
1.483425 1.480120
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth
1.478020 1.456020
s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl
1.446716 1.469720
i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
bp/˚C 322 137 -21 129.8
CAS RN
1-Bromopentadecane Bromopentafluorobenzene Bromopentafluoroethane 1-Bromopentane
3-Bromopropanenitrile 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±) 3-Bromopropanoic acid 3-Bromo-1-propanol 1-Bromo-2-propanol 2-Bromopropanoyl bromide 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride cis-1-Bromopropene trans-1-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene
mp/˚C 19 -31
Mol. Form.
1302 1303 1304 1305
1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339
Physical Form
Synonym
F F
Br
F
F
F F F
Br
F
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Bromopentafluorobenzene Bromopentafluoroethane
1-Bromopentane
2-Bromopentane
3-Bromopentane
O
N
OH
5-Bromopentanenitrile
5-Bromopentanoicacid
Br 5-Bromo-1-pentene
OH Br
Br
O Br O
OH Br
O S O O
Br Br 9-Bromophenanthrene
2-Bromophenol
HN
OH
OH
OH
Si
3-Bromophenol
Br 4-Bromophenol
O
Br
Br
Bromophenol Blue
O O
1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene
Br
Br
Br
Br
(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilaneN-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone
3-75 HN
NH2
O
O
O
O
S O P O Cl
O
S O P O Cl
Br Cl
Cl O
Br (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine
Br
Br
2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione
(4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone
2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone
N Br
Br
Br Bromophos
Bromophos-ethyl
1-Bromopropane
Br 2-Bromopropane
Br 3-Bromopropanenitrile
Br O OH 2-Bromopropanoicacid,(±)
Br
O OH
3-Bromopropanoicacid
Br
OH Br
OH
3-Bromo-1-propanol
Br 1-Bromo-2-propanol
Br
O
2-Bromopropanoyl bromide
Cl Br
O
2-Bromopropanoyl chloride
Br Br cis-1-Bromopropene
Br trans-1-Bromopropene
Br 2-Bromopropene
3-Bromopropene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Br 1-Bromopentadecane
F F
No.
Name
1340 (3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene 1341 (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene 1342 3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide 1343 Bromopropylate
3-76
1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360
(3-Bromopropyl)benzene 3-Bromo-1-propyne 2-Bromopyridine 3-Bromopyridine 4-Bromopyridine 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 3-Bromoquinoline 6-Bromoquinoline N-Bromosuccinimide 1-Bromotetradecane 2-Bromothiazole 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone 2-Bromothiophene 3-Bromothiophene Bromothymol Blue 2-Bromotoluene 3-Bromotoluene
Bromotrichloromethane 1-Bromotridecane Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene Bromotrinitromethane Bromotriphenylmethane 1-Bromoundecane 11-Bromoundecanoic acid (1-Bromovinyl)benzene (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene (trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene
1379 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene 1380 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C9H9Br C9H11BrO C3H9Br2N
4392-24-9 588-63-6 5003-71-4
197.071 215.086 218.918
18181-80-1
428.115
637-59-2 106-96-7 109-04-6 626-55-1 1120-87-2 51-20-7
199.087 118.960 157.997 157.997 157.997 190.983
H C BrN H C BrN C4BrNO2 4H C 14H29Br H2BrNS 3C C5BrOS 6H BrS 4H3C H3BrS 4C C28Br2O5S 27H C7H7Br C7H7Br
5332-24-1 5332-25-2 128-08-5 112-71-0 3034-53-5 5370-25-2 1003-09-4 872-31-1 76-59-5 95-46-5 591-17-3
C7H7Br
3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromide 4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl C17H16Br2O3 ester C9H11Br Propargyl bromide C3H3Br H4BrN 5C H4BrN 5C H4BrN 5C 5-Bromouracil C4H3BrN2O2 9 6 9 6
2-Thienyl bromide Bromthymol Blue
1361 4-Bromotoluene 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378
Mol. Form.
CBrCl 3 CH Br CBrSi 6H15 C2BrF3 2H C 3 2BrF CBrF 3 C4BrF3 7H C4BrF3 7H C4BrF3 7H C11Br 9H CBrN 3O6 C 19H15Br C11H23Br CH21BrO2 11 C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br 13 27
Triphenylmethyl bromide
C8H7Br C8H7Br
Physical Form nd (al, eth)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
34 10.7 171.5
13010 12718
1.342830 1.36416
1.61320
vs EtOH vs eth
1.544025 1.492220 1.573420 1.569420 1.569420
i H2O; vs eth s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ace, bz
1.5920
77
liq liq
-40.1 -27.3 0.5 310
208.055 208.055 177.985 277.284 164.024 205.072 163.036 163.036 624.381 171.035 171.035
ye oil
13.3 24 174 5.6
liq liq
201 -27.8 -39.8
106-38-7
171.035
cry (al)
28.5
75-62-7 765-09-3 1112-48-7 421-06-7 598-73-2 75-63-8 392-83-6 401-78-5 402-43-7 576-83-0 560-95-2 596-43-0 693-67-4 2834-05-1 98-81-7 588-73-8 588-72-7
198.274 263.257 195.173 162.936 160.920 148.910 225.006 225.006 225.006 199.087 229.931 323.226 235.205 265.188 183.046 183.046 183.046
liq
-5.65 6.2 liq -49.3 vol liq or gas -93.9 col gas col gas -172
2039-88-5 2039-86-3
183.046 183.046
liq
cry (bz)
nd (al)
94.5
1 liq
liq nd (liq)
-1 17.5 153 -9.7 57 -44 -7 7 -52.8
219.5; 11725 89 193; 7513 173; 6918 290.4
1.310625 1.57919 1.633720 1.6450 1.64500
1.664120
275 281 307 171 1034 150 159.5
2.09825 1.017020 1.8225
1.460320 1.592720
1.68420 1.73520
1.586820 1.591920
1.423220 1.409920
1.556520 1.551020
184.3
1.395935
1.547720
105 292 24 163; 66 26 -2.5 -57.8 167.5 151.5 160 225 5610 23015 258.8 18818 8614, 713 552 dec 219; 10820 209.2; 9820 9220
2.01225 1.023425 1.14320 20 1.7881
1.506520 1.457425 1.456120 1.333120
181.7 183.7
1.580020 1.65225 1.61325 1.60725 1.319110 2.031220 1.550020 1.049425
s chl; vs HOAc s EtOH, eth, acid sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx vs ace, bz, EtOH sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl
i H2O; vs chl 1.481720 1.471620 1.470525 1.551020 1.480820 1.455225
1.402523 1.432210 1.426916
1.588120 1.599022 1.609320
1.416020 1.405920
1.592720 1.593320
i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc vs EtOH, chl sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349
Synonym
O HO O
Br
Br
Br
Br H2N
(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene
Br
O
(3-Bromopropoxy)benzene
Br
HBr
Br
Br
3-Bromopropylaminehydrobromide
Bromopropylate
(3-Bromopropyl)benzene
Br
N
3-Bromo-1-propyne
Br
N
2-Bromopyridine
N
3-Bromopyridine
4-Bromopyridine
N N H
H Br
O 3-Bromoquinoline
3-77
HO
OH
Br
Br
Br
Br
N-Bromosuccinimide
1-Bromotetradecane
Br
2-Bromothiazole
S O
Br
S
1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone
Br Si
Br Cl
Cl
2-Bromothiophene
2-Bromotoluene
3-Bromotoluene
4-Bromotoluene
Br
Br
Cl
BromothymolBlue
Br Br
S
Br Br
O S O O
S
6-Bromoquinoline
N
O
N Br
N
N
5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
3-Bromothiophene
Br
O
Bromotrichloromethane
1-Bromotridecane
F
F F
Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
Br Br F
Br
F F
F
Br
Br F
F
Br
F F
F
F
Br
F F
F
F
F
Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
Br
Br
Br
Bromotrinitromethane
Br
Bromotriphenylmethane
Br
Br
OH 11-Bromoundecanoicacid
NO2 NO2
Br
O
1-Bromoundecane
Br O 2N
(1-Bromovinyl)benzene
(cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene
(trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene
1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene
1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O Br
No. 1381 1382 1383 1384
Synonym
1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene Brompheniramine Brucine Brucine hydrochloride
C8H7Br CH19BrN2 16 C23H26N2O4 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10-one,C23H27ClN2O4 monohydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10-one, C46H68N4O19S sulfate, heptahydrate C14H22N2O3 5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione C36O6 26H C19H19NO4 N-sec-Butyl-N’-ethyl-6-methoxyC10H19N5O 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl C9H6N2S3 thiocyanate C17H26ClNO2 Methylallene 4HC 6 Divinyl 4H6C
1385 Brucine sulfate heptahydrate 1386 Bucolome 1387 Bufotalin 1388 Bulbocapnine 1389 sec-Bumeton 1390 BUSAN 72A 1391 Butachlor 1392 1,2-Butadiene 1393 1,3-Butadiene
3-78
1394 1395 1396 1397
1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate (trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene 1,3-Butadiyne Butalbital
1398 Butanal 1399 Butanal oxime
Mol. Form.
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.398420
1.594720
i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc s dil acid sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH
183.046 319.239 394.463 430.924
ye oily liq mcl pr (w +4) pr
60583-39-3
1013.113
nd (w)
841-73-6
266.336
nd (MeOH)
84
471-95-4 298-45-3 26259-45-0
444.560 325.359 225.291
cry (+1 al) pr (al)
223 dec 199.5 87
21564-17-0
238.352
liq
23184-66-9 590-19-2 106-99-0
311.847 54.091 54.091
vol liq or gas col gas
1515-76-0 16939-57-4 460-12-8 77-26-9
112.127 130.186 50.059 224.256
2.3 vol liq or gas -36.4 pr 138.5
HC O H NO C
123-72-8 110-69-0
72.106 87.120
liq liq
4HC 9NO C4H10
541-35-5 106-97-8
87.120 58.122
lf (bz) col gas
638-37-9 110-60-1 333-93-7 26171-83-5 107-88-0 110-63-4 6982-25-8 628-67-1 1070-70-8 2425-79-8 1189-08-8 2082-81-7 55-98-1 431-03-8 57-71-6 543-20-4 1191-08-8
86.090 88.151 161.073 90.121 90.121 90.121 90.121 174.195 198.216 202.248 226.269 226.269 246.301 86.090 101.105 154.980 122.252
HCO CH 4HC 2 C11H16N2O3 10 10
4 8 4 9
Butyramide
1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418
HO C CN2 4H12 Cl2N2 4H14C H10O2 4C 1,3-Butylene glycol CO2 4H10 Tetramethylene glycol O2 4H10C H10O2 4C 8H14CO4 10HC 14O4 1,4-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane 10H18OC4 CO4 12H18 CO4 12H18 Busulfan C2 6H14O6S Diacetyl 4HC 6O2 C7NO2 4H O2 Succinyl chloride 4H4Cl2C Tetramethylenedithiol 4H10S2 C 4 6 2
Putrescine
bp/˚C 212; 10320 0.5 150
2039-82-9 86-22-6 357-57-3 5786-96-9
1400 Butanamide 1401 Butane Butanedial 1,4-Butanediamine 1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride 1,2-Butanediol, (±) 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol diacetate 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate 1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate 2,3-Butanedione 2,3-Butanedione monooxime Butanedioyl dichloride 1,4-Butanedithiol
mp/˚C 7.7
Mol. Wt.
6 8 2
Diacetylene 5-Isobutyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Butyraldehyde
Physical Form
CAS RN
lf nd or lf (al, w)
cry (eth)
178
s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz 1860.8 i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl
dec <-5 -136.2 -108.91
-96.86 -29.5 114.8 -138.3
21.91 280 dec <-50 20.4 7.6 12
liq cry 116 liq -1.2 pr (chl), lf (w) 76.8 pl or lf 20 liq -53.9
156.5 10.9 -4.41 5840 7611 10.3
74.8 154 216 -0.5 dec 170; 589 158.5 sub 190.5 207.5 235 182.5 229 830.3 266; 15511 290 1334, 760.027 88 185.5 193.3 195.5
1.07025 0 0.676 0.614925 (p>1 atm 0.94525 0.928620 0 0.7364
0.801620 0.92320
1.42051 1.4292-25 1.469020 1.608925 1.41895
1.384320
0.8850120 0.57325 (p>1 atm) 1.06520 0.87725
1.4087130 1.332620
1.002420 1.005320 1.017120 1.003320 1.047915 1.10525 1.125
1.437820 1.440120 1.446020 1.431025 1.425115
1.02520
1.426218 1.496920
1.461120 1.449525 1.456020
0.980818
1.395120
20 1.3748 1.00210
1.468320 1.529020
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O vs 2HO, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH s H2O, EtOH, ace msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl
vs ace, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O i H2O; sl EtOH, ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc sl2H O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s alk s eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Name
O N
Br
H
O
N
NH
O H
O
N
N
H H
Brompheniramine
O
N
O
H
O
Brucine
H O
N
Brucinehydrochloride
O
N
O
H
O
O
H
H
N
H2SO4.7H2O
O
H
Brucinesulfate heptahydrate
Bucolome
O O O H OH HO
HO
O
HN
N H
O
O
N O
O Bufotalin
N
Bulbocapnine
N
N
O
H
Cl
N
O
N
O
S
N H
S
sec-Bumeton
C
S
BUSAN 72A
Butachlor
O
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate
3-79 O N O (trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene
1,3-Butadiyne
N H
Butalbital
H O
O
N
O Butanal
O
NH2
OH
Butanaloxime
Butanamide
Butane
NH2
H2N
O Butanedial
NH2 2HCl
H2N
1,4-Butanediamine
1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride
OH OH
OH OH
OH
1,2-Butanediol, (±)
O
HO
1,3-Butanediol
O
O
OH
OH
1,4-Butanediol
O
O
O
2,3-Butanediol
O
O 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate
O
1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate
O
S O O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O
1,4-Butanediol diacetate
1,4-Butanediol diacrylate
O
O
O O S O
1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate
1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether
O O 2,3-Butanedione
O
N OH
2,3-Butanedionemonooxime
Cl Cl
Butanedioyl dichloride
HS
SH 1,4-Butanedithiol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene
NH
H O
H
O Br
HCl
No.
C 4H7N ClO2S 4H9C 4H8OC 3S 8H10CO8 C4 4H10O C12 4H6N4O
109-74-0 2386-60-9 1633-83-6 1703-58-8 149-32-6 7297-25-8
69.106 156.631 136.170 234.160 122.120 302.111
liq
H CS H10S 4C C10O3 4H C13H19ClN2O
109-79-5 91840-99-2 3068-00-6 3785-21-5
90.187 90.187 106.120 254.755
liq liq
H OC H C O 4HC 10O H10O 4C O 4H8C
107-92-6 106-31-0 71-36-3 78-92-2 78-93-3
88.106 158.195 74.121 74.121 72.106
liq liq liq liq liq
C8H16N2
5921-54-0
140.226
CH NO C4 8H16O C7ClO 4H CH31N3OS 24 C6H10N4O3S2
96-29-7 1338-23-4 141-75-3 653-03-2 16790-49-1
87.120 176.211 106.551 409.587 250.298
liq col liq liq
C4H6O
123-73-9
70.090
liq
4 8
CH
106-98-9
56.107
col gas
-185.34
-6.26
1442 cis-2-Butene
C4H8
590-18-1
56.107
col gas
-138.88
3.71
1443 trans-2-Butene
C4H8
624-64-6
56.107
col gas
-105.52
0.88
764-42-1
78.072
nd (bz-peth)
96.8
186
1429 1430 1431 1432 1433
Butanenitrile Propyl cyanide 1-Butanesulfonyl chloride 1,4-Butane sultone 1,2-Oxathiane 2,2-dioxide 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Erythritol 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, Erythrityl tetranitrate (R*,S*) 1-Butanethiol Butyl mercaptan 2-Butanethiol sec-Butyl mercaptan 1,2,4-Butanetriol Butanilicaine 2-(Butylamino)N-(2-chloro-6methylphenyl)acetamide Butanoic acid Butyric acid Butanoic anhydride Butyric anhydride 1-Butanol Butyl alcohol 2-Butanol sec-Butyl alcohol 2-Butanone Methyl ethyl ketone
3-80
1434 2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene) hydrazone 1435 2-Butanone oxime 1436 2-Butanone peroxide Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 1437 Butanoyl chloride n-Butyryl chloride 1438 Butaperazine 1439 Butazolamide N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamide 1440 trans-2-Butenal trans-Crotonaldehyde 1441 1-Butene
1-Butylene
cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile cis-2-Butenoic acid trans-2-Butenoic acid
1453 3-Butenoic acid 1454 2-Butenoic anhydride 1455 cis-2-Buten-1-ol
4 10
4 8 2 8 14 3
4 9
H NC
1444 trans-2-Butenedinitrile 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452
Mol. Form.
4 2 2
HO C HO C 4H2Cl2OC 2 4H5N C 4H5N C 4H5NC C2 4H6O C2 4H6O
6117-80-2 821-11-4 627-63-4 1190-76-7 627-26-9 109-75-1 503-64-0 107-93-7
88.106 88.106 152.964 67.090 67.090 67.090 86.090 86.090
HC O H OC H8O 4C
625-38-7 623-68-7 4088-60-2
86.090 154.163 72.106
4 8 2 4 8 2
Fumaric acid dichloride Isocrotononitrile Crotononitrile Allyl cyanide Isocrotonic acid Crotonic acid
4 6 2
Crotonic acid anhydride cis-Crotyl alcohol
8 10 3
liq lf (w) cry (ace) bipym tetr pr
cry
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-111.9
117.6 7510 1354
13.5 236.5 121.5 61 -115.7 -165 46 -5.1 -75 -88.6 -88.5 -86.64
330.5
cry
-89
0.793620 1.33120
nD
Solubility
1.384220 1.455920 1.464020
sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz
vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i eth, bz vs EtOH
20 1.451
98.5 0.841620 85.0 0.829520 19018, 17212 1.1820 1450.001
1.444020 1.436620 1.468820
sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, bz, peth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH
0.952825 0.966820 0.809520 0.806320 0.799925
1.398020 1.407020 1.398820 1.397820 1.378820
msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth; sl ctc s H2O, bz; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl
0.840420
1.451120
152.5 exp 110 102 2750.05
0.923220
1.441020
20 1.0277
1.412120
102.2
0.851620
1.436620
163.75 200 117.73 99.51 79.59 171.5
-29.5
den/g cm-3
s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl2H O; misc os msc eth
261 dec -76
2.0 25 pa ye lig liq liq -51.5 liq -87 nd or pr (peth) 15 mcl pr or nd (w, 71.5 lig) liq -35
0.58825 (p>1 atm) 0.61625 (p>1 atm) 0.59925 (p>1 atm) 0.9416111 20
1.396220
s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz
1.3931-25
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz
1.3848-25
s bz
1.4349111
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth s H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
20
235 13113 159 107.4 120 119 169 184.7
1.0698 1.070020 1.40820
1.4782 1.475520 1.500418
0.823920 0.834120 1.026720 0.960477
1.422520 1.406020 1.445020 1.424977
s eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, lig
169 247; 12919 123
1.009120 1.039720 0.866220
1.423920 1.474520 1.434225
s H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
1425 1426 1427 1428
Synonym
Physical Form
CAS RN
1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424
Name
COOH
Butanenitrile
Cl
H N
O S O O
1-Butanesulfonyl chloride
1,4-Butanesultone
OH
N H
O
HOOC
1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid
O
O
Butanilicaine
Butanoicacid
COOH COOH
CH2OH OH OH CH2OH
H H
1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol
CH2ONO2 ONO2 ONO2 CH2ONO2
HO SH
1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S*)
O
1-Butanethiol
N OH
O Butanoicanhydride
OH
1-Butanol
2-Butanone
OH
2-Butanethiol
1,2,4-Butanetriol
O O N
N
O
2-Butanol
OH
SH
2-Butanone(1-methylpropylidene)hydrazone
O O
OH
2-Butanoneoxime
2-Butanoneperoxide
3-81
N
O H N
N
Cl O
S
Butanoylchloride
O Butaperazine
S
O
S
O NH2
N
N N
N
O
Butazolamide
trans-2-Butenal
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
HO
trans-2-Butenedinitrile
OH
cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol
Cl O HO
OH
trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol
O
O Cl
trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride
N
HO
N cis-2-Butenenitrile
trans-2-Butenenitrile
3-Butenenitrile
O
O
O
O
N
cis-2-Butenoicacid
OH trans-2-Butenoicacid
OH 3-Butenoicacid
O 2-Butenoicanhydride
OH cis-2-Buten-1-ol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl O S O
N
H H
No.
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
trans-2-Buten-1-ol 3-Buten-1-ol 3-Buten-2-ol 3-Buten-2-one 2-Butenoyl chloride (trans-1-Butenyl)benzene 2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yne Butethamine hydrochloride
trans-Crotyl alcohol
H8O 4C C4H8O C4H8O O 4H6C C5ClO 4H C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 4HC 4 C13H21ClN2O2
504-61-0 627-27-0 598-32-3 78-94-4 10487-71-5 1005-64-7 1560-06-1 768-56-9 689-97-4 553-68-4
72.106 72.106 72.106 70.090 104.535 132.202 132.202 132.202 52.075 272.771
1466 Buthalital sodium 1467 Buthiazide
Methyl vinyl ketone
Vinylacetylene 2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4aminobenzoate
HC N NaO2S 510-90-7 CH ClN3O4S 2043-38-1
11 15 2 11 16
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
<-30
121.2 113.5 97 81.4 124.5 198.7 176 177 5.1
0.852120 0.842420
1.428820 1.422420
vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl
0.86420 1.090520 0.901920 0.883120 0.883120 0.70940
1.408120 1.46018 1.542020 1.510120 1.505920 1.41611
s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc
liq
-43.1
liq col gas cry
-70
262.304 353.846
194
i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s bz s H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz
221.5
2
3-82
1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494
Buthiobate Denmert C28N2S2 21H Butonate C 8H14Cl3O5P Butoxyacetylene H10O 6C 4-Butoxyaniline C15NO 10H 4-Butoxybenzaldehyde C11H14O2 2-Butoxyethanol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 6H14OC2 2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol C22O4 10H 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate Lethane 384 C 2S 9H17NO H20O3 1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol 9C 2-Butoxyethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monobutyl etherC8H16O3 acetate H18Cl2O4 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) 2,4-D 2-Butoxyethyl ester 14C acetate 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,52,4,5-T Butoxyethyl ester H17Cl3O4 14C trichlorophenoxy)acetate Bufexamac C12H17NO3 4-Butoxy-Nhydroxybenzeneacetamide 1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene CH16O 11 4-Butoxyphenol C10H14O2 4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy) Pramoxine C17H27NO3 propyl]morpholine 1-Butoxy-2-propanol C7H16O2 tert -Butyl-N-sec-butyl-2,6C14H21N3O4 Butralin 4dinitroaniline N-Butylacetamide C13NO 6H Butyl acetate C12O2 6H sec-Butyl acetate C12O2 6H tert -Butyl acetate C12O2 6H tert -Butylacetic acid 6HC 12O2 Butyl acetoacetate 8HC 14O3 Butyl acrylate C12O2 7H tert -Butyl acrylate C12O2 7H Butylamine 1-Butanamine 4HC 11N
ye oil
32
1.086525
1.59626
i H2O; s os
0.820020
1.4067
vs eth, EtOH
0.901520 0.989020
1.419820 1.438920
msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs EtOH, MeOH i H2O; vs os s H2O
51308-54-4 126-22-7 3329-56-4 4344-55-2 5736-88-9 111-76-2 143-22-6 112-56-1 124-16-3 112-07-2
372.590 327.527 98.142 165.232 178.228 118.174 206.280 203.302 176.253 160.211
1929-73-3
321.197
1591
1.23220
2545-59-7
355.642
1641
1.28020
2438-72-4
223.268
10519-06-9 122-94-1 140-65-8
164.244 166.217 293.401
229.5 1254 1966
0.920525
1.497020
s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
5131-66-8 33629-47-9
132.201 295.335
171.5; 7120 1350.5
0.88220
1.416820
s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, MeOH
1119-49-9 123-86-4 105-46-4 540-88-5 1070-83-3 591-60-6 141-32-2 1663-39-4 109-73-9
115.173 116.158 116.158 116.158 116.158 158.195 128.169 128.169 73.137
229 126.1 112 95.1 190 12750, 858 145 120; 6260 77.00
0.896025 0.882520 0.874820 0.866520 0.912420 0.967125 0.889820 0.87925 0.741420
1.438825 1.394120 1.388820 1.385520 1.409620 1.413720 1.418520 1.411020 1.403120
liq
-74.8
liq col liq liq
-90
nd (ace)
60
liq liq liq
20 0.931
s ctc
154
65.5
liq liq
1290.5 104 1324 14810 168.4 278 1220.25 230 192
-78 -98.9 6.5 -35.6 -64.6 -49.1
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc msc H2O; s EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465
Name
H2N O OH
OH
OH
trans-2-Buten-1-ol
3-Buten-1-ol
O
3-Buten-2-ol
O Cl
3-Buten-2-one
Na+
O
N H
S
Cl
Cl O NH
S
S O
O
Buthalital sodium
3-Butenylbenzene
1-Buten-3-yne
Butethamine hydrochloride
S
H N
O H2N
2-Butenylbenzene
S
N
NH
(trans-1-Butenyl)benzene
O
O
Buthiazide
Buthiobate
O
O
NH2 Cl Cl
P O O
O
Butonate
O
Butoxyacetylene
O
4-Butoxyaniline
OH
O
4-Butoxybenzaldehyde
O
2-Butoxyethanol
O
O
3-83
O Cl
O
O
O
OH
O
2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol
O
O
O
S
O
O
N
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate
O O
1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol
O
2-Butoxyethyl acetate
Cl 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate
O
O
OH
O
Cl
H N
Cl 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate
H N
N-Butylacetamide
OH
4-Butoxy-N-hydroxybenzeneacetamide
O O
O O Butylacetate
O N
O
O
Cl
O 1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene
O O
sec-Butylacetate
tert -Butylacetate
O OH
tert -Butylacetic acid
O
O N
NH O N
O
O
4-Butoxyphenol
O O
O
OH 4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy)propyl]morpholine
O
O O
Butylacetoacetate
1-Butoxy-2-propanol
Butralin
O O
Butylacrylate
O tert -Butylacrylate
NH2 Butylamine
O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
O
O
2-Butenoylchloride
HCl
N H
No.
1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513
Synonym
sec-Butylamine 2-Butanamine, (±)tert -Butylamine 2-Methyl-2-propanamine Butylamine hydrochloride 1-Butanamine hydrochloride Butyl 4-aminobenzoate Butamben 2-(Butylamino)ethanol -Butylamino)ethanol 2-(tert N-tert -Butylaminoethyl methacrylate 2-(tert -Butylaminothio)benzothiazole N-tert -Butyl-2benzothiazolesulfenamide 2-sec-Butylaniline 4-Butylaniline 4-sec-Butylaniline 4-tert -Butylaniline N-Butylaniline N-tert -Butylaniline 2-tert -Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione tert -Butyl azidoformate tert -Butyl carbonazidate 4-Butylbenzaldehyde 4-tert -Butylbenzaldehyde Butylbenzene
3-84
1514 sec-Butylbenzene, (±) 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530
tert -Butylbenzene 4-tert -Butyl-1,2-benzenediol 2-tert -Butyl-1,4-benzenediol N-tert -Butylbenzenemethanamine 4-tert -Butylbenzenemethanol Butyl benzoate 2-tert -Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert -Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert -Butylbenzoic acid 4-Butylbenzoyl chloride 4-tert -Butylbenzoyl chloride 2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl tert -Butyl bromoacetate Butyl butanoate Butylcis-2-butenedioate Butyl carbamate
1531 1532 1533 1534 1535
Butyl chloroacetate tert -Butyl chloroacetate Butylchlorodimethylsilane Butyl chloroformate N-Butyl-4-chloro-2hydroxybenzamide
2-Phenylbutane
Monobutyl maleate
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
4HC 11N CN 4H11 C 4H12ClN C15NO2 11H 6HC 15NO 6HC 15NO 10H19CNO2 C11H14N2S2
33966-50-6 75-64-9 3858-78-4 94-25-7 111-75-1 4620-70-6 3775-90-4 95-31-8
73.137 73.137 109.598 193.243 117.189 117.189 185.264 238.372
HC N HC N C15N 10H C15N 10H C15N 10H C15N 10H H16O2 18C C9N3O2 5H CH14O 11 CH14O 11 C10H14
55751-54-7 104-13-2 30273-11-1 769-92-6 1126-78-9 937-33-7 84-47-9 1070-19-5 1200-14-2 939-97-9 104-51-8
149.233 149.233 149.233 149.233 149.233 149.233 264.319 143.144 162.228 162.228 134.218
10 14
36383-15-0
C10H14 H14O2 10C H14O2 10C H17N 11C H16O 11C CH14O2 11 C14O2 11H C14O2 11H C14O2 11H C13ClO 11H C13ClO 11H H18 16C C11BrO2 6H C16O2 8H O4 8H12C H11NO2 5C HC ClO2 HC ClO2 ClSi 6H15C 5HC 9ClO2 C11H14ClNO2
10 15 10 15
CH
6 11 6 11
Buclosamide
Physical Form liq cry (al or bz)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
<-72 -66.94 213 58
62.73 44.04
0.724620 0.695820 0.98220
1.393220 1.378420
0.890720 0.881820
1.443720
s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth
44
1738 199; 9111 176.5; 7214 10212
s chl
108
pa ye ye rd (peth) liq
17 -14.4
12016 261 238; 11815 241 243.5 215; 9519
0.957420 0.94520 0.94915 0.952515 0.932320
1.536029 1.538020 1.534120 1.527020
99 unstab >80 liq liq
-87.85
134.218
liq
-82.7
98-06-6 98-29-3 1948-33-0 3378-72-1 877-65-6 136-60-7 1077-58-3 7498-54-6 98-73-7 28788-62-7 1710-98-1 54532-97-7 5292-43-3 109-21-7 925-21-3 592-35-8
134.218 166.217 166.217 163.260 164.244 178.228 178.228 178.228 178.228 196.673 196.673 210.314 195.054 144.212 172.179 117.147
liq
-57.8 54.3 128
590-02-3 107-59-5 1000-50-6 592-34-7 575-74-6
150.603 150.603 150.722 136.577 227.688
liq pl (dil al) nd (peth) nd (dil al)
-22.4 80.5 128.8 164.5
liq
-9.65
liq oil pr
-91.5 53
91.5
7370 1237 10711, 13025 0.970 183.31 0.860120
1.5265 1.527020 1.489820
0.862120
1.490220
0.866520
1.492720
173.3 169.1 285; 16022 755 236; 14020 250.3
15526 266; 13520 291.2 7325 166 dec 204; 10814 183 150; 5010 139 142
0.92825 1.00020
1.05125 1.00725 0.967620 0.870020 1.0925
1.495125 1.517920 1.494025
1.535120 1.536420 1.560420 1.443020 1.407520
s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc sl ctc vs bz, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz; s ctc vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl s ctc, CS2
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz s tfa
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc vs EtOH vs EtOH, peth i2O; H vs EtOH, bz; s chl
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs EtOH; sl chl
1.070420 0.87620 1.07425
1.429720 1.426020 1.514520 1.411420
vs eth, EtOH dec H2O msc eth; s ace; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502
Name
O
NH2
NH2
tert -Butylamine
Butylamine hydrochloride
NH2 Butyl4-aminobenzoate
2-(Butylamino)ethanol
2-(tert -Butylamino)ethanol
O
H N
N-tert -Butylaminoethyl methacrylate
4-sec-Butylaniline
H N
4-tert -Butylaniline
N-Butylaniline
O
O
N-tert -Butylaniline
O
2-tert -Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione
3-85 tert -Butylbenzene
HO HO HO
O
O
O
4-tert -Butyl-1,2-benzenediol
O
N
tert -Butylazidoformate
4-Butylbenzaldehyde
N H
OH sec-Butylbenzene,(±)
N
OH
OH
Butylbenzene
N
OH
OH
4-tert -Butylbenzaldehyde
2-(tert -Butylaminothio)benzothiazole
O
O 4-Butylaniline
2-tert -Butyl-1,4-benzenediol
O
Cl
N-tert -Butylbenzenemethanamine
4-tert -Butylbenzenemethanol
Cl
O O
O
Br
Butylbenzoate
S HN
S
O
NH2
2-sec-Butylaniline
N
O
H N
OH
OH
NH2
NH2
NH2
H N
H N
2-tert -Butylbenzoic acid
3-tert -Butylbenzoic acid
4-tert -Butylbenzoic acid
4-Butylbenzoylchloride
4-tert -Butylbenzoylchloride
2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl
O O
O
tert -Butylbromoacetate
Butylbutanoate
H N
O
OH HO
O
O O O Butylcis-2-butenedioate
H2N
O O
Butylcarbamate
Cl
O O
Butylchloroacetate
Cl
O
tert -Butylchloroacetate
Cl Si Butylchlorodimethylsilane
O Cl
O Butylchloroformate
Cl N-Butyl-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
sec-Butylamine
NH2 HCl
O
No.
3-86
1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578
Butyl 2-chloropropanoate Butyl 3-chloropropanoate tert -Butyl chromate Butyl citrate Butyl cyanoacetate Butylcyclohexane sec-Butylcyclohexane tert -Butylcyclohexane 2-tert -Butylcyclohexanol cis-4-tert -Butylcyclohexanol trans-4-tert -Butylcyclohexanol 4-tert -Butylcyclohexanone Butylcyclohexylamine Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate Butylcyclopentane Butyl dichloroacetate Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate 5-Butyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone Butyldimethylamine 1-tert -Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 4-tert -Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5dinitroacetophenone 2-tert -Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol 4-tert -Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-tert -Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol 1-tert -Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6trinitrobenzene 2-tert -Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane Butyl dodecanoate Butylethylamine 1-tert -Butyl-4-ethylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether sec-Butyl ethyl ether tert -Butyl ethyl ether 2-tert -Butyl-4-ethylphenol 2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Butyl ethyl sulfide tert -Butyl ethyl sulfide N-tert -Butylformamide Butyl formate sec-Butyl formate tert -Butyl formate
Synonym
N-Butylcyclohexanamine
2,4-D Butyl ester N,N-Dimethyl-1-butanamine Musk ketone
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C13ClO2 7H C13ClO2 7H H18CrO4 8C C32O7 18H C11NO2 7H CH20 10 CH20 10 CH20 10 CH20O 10 CH20O 10 CH20O 10 CH18O 10 H21N 10C 18HC 24O4 C18 9H CCl2O2 6H10 C 2O3 12H14Cl C8H14O2 6HC 15N C18 12H C14H18N2O5
54819-86-2 27387-79-7 1189-85-1 77-94-1 5459-58-5 1678-93-9 7058-01-7 3178-22-1 13491-79-7 937-05-3 21862-63-5 98-53-3 10108-56-2 84-64-0 2040-95-1 29003-73-4 94-80-4 104-50-7 927-62-8 98-19-1 81-14-1
164.630 164.630 230.223 360.443 141.168 140.266 140.266 140.266 156.265 156.265 156.265 154.249 155.281 304.382 126.239 185.048 277.143 142.196 101.190 162.271 294.303
HC O HC O 12HC18O C12H15N3O6
1879-09-0 17696-37-6 879-97-0 81-15-2
178.270 178.270 178.270 297.263
10HC 12N2O5 C26H54 C26H54 CH32O2 16 C15N 6H H18 12C 6HC 14O 6HC 14O H14O 6C H18O 12C 9HC 20O2 CH16N2O3 10
1420-07-1 55282-16-1 13475-76-8 106-18-3 13360-63-9 7364-19-4 628-81-9 2679-87-0 637-92-3 96-70-8 115-84-4 77-28-1
240.212 366.707 366.707 256.424 101.190 162.271 102.174 102.174 102.174 178.270 160.254 212.245
ye solid
HC S H SC 5HC11NO C10O2 5H C10O2 5H 5H10O2 C
638-46-0 14290-92-7 2425-74-3 592-84-7 589-40-2 762-75-4
118.240 118.240 101.147 102.132 102.132 102.132
liq liq liq liq
12 18 12 18
N-Ethyl-1-butanamine
Ethyl tert -butyl ether
Butethal
6 14
2-Methyl-2-propanethiol
1,1-Dimethylethyl formate
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
6 14
red cry (peth)
mp/˚C
-5 -20
liq liq
-74.73 -41.2 45 83 83 48 208.3
col liq liq
-108 9
liq ye cry
-18 135.5
pl, nd (al)
22.3 71.2 82.4 110
liq liq liq wh cry
liq
126 208
-38.4 -124 -94 23 43.8 128.5 -95.1 -88.9 16 -91.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
184 10422, 926
1.025320 1.037020
1.426320 1.432120
vs eth vs H2O, eth reac H2O
23322 231; 11515 180.9 179.3 171.5 13995 11215 11215 909
1.04320 1.001020 0.790220 0.813120 0.812720 0.90225
1.446020 1.420020 1.440820 1.446720 1.446920
i H2O i H2O; s ace i H2O
ª2055 156.6 193.5 1331 13220 95 207
1.07625 0.784620 1.182020
1.431620 1.442020
sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
0.979619 0.720620 0.866820
1.445119 1.397020
s EtOH; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz s ctc vs chl
249 264 248
0.91780 0.93980 0.91680
1.518320 1.531120
i alk s alk s alk i 2HO; sl EtOH; s eth, chl
24410 242.510 18018 107.5 211 92.3 81 72.6 250 262
0.805820 0.804120
1.450320 1.449920
0.739820 0.864120 0.749520 0.750320 0.73625
1.404020
msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz
1.381820 1.380220 1.375620
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
0.92750
1.458725
sl H2O, ace; s EtOH
0.837620
1.449210
vs EtOH; s chl
0.903 0.895820 0.884620 0.872
1.433020 1.388720 1.386520 1.379020
sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth
144.3 120.4; 56109 202 106.1 97 82
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556
Name
O
O O Cr O O
O
O Cl
Cl Butyl2-chloropropanoate
O Butyl3-chloropropanoate
O O
O
O
OH
tert -Butylchromate
O
N
O
O
Butylcitrate
OH
Butylcyanoacetate
O
Butylcyclohexane
sec-Butylcyclohexane tert -Butylcyclohexane
O
OH
O
O O
H N
Cl
2-tert -Butylcyclohexanol
cis-4-tert -Butylcyclohexanol
trans-4-tert -Butylcyclohexanol
4-tert -Butylcyclohexanone
Butylcyclohexylamine
O Cl
O Butylcyclohexylphthalate
Butylcyclopentane
Butyldichloroacetate
O
OH OH
O O Cl
O
O O
Cl
3-87
Butyl(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate
OH O
O
N
5-Butyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone
O N
O N
O
N
O
O
O
N O
N O
O
Butyldimethylamine 1-tert -Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 4-tert -Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone2-tert -Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol 4-tert -Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol
O N
OH
O
N
O
4-tert -Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol 1-tert -Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 2-tert -Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
5-Butyldocosane
11-Butyldocosane
OH
O O Butyldodecanoate
OH HO
O
H N
O
Butylethylamine
1-tert -Butyl-4-ethylbenzene
O
Butylethylether
sec-Butylethylether
tert -Butylethylether
2-tert -Butyl-4-ethylphenol 2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol
O N O
N H
H S
O
5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
H N
O
S Butylethylsulfide
O tert -Butylethylsulfide
N-tert -Butylformamide
O Butylformate
O
O
sec-Butylformate
O
O
tert -Butylformate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
O
No.
3-88
1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608
Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl heptanoate Butyl hexanoate tert -Butylhydrazine hydrochloride Butyl hydrogen succinate tert -Butyl hydroperoxide tert -Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Butylcis-12-hydroxy-9octadecenoate,R) ( tert -Butyl hypochlorite Butyl isobutyl ether tert -Butyl isobutyl ether Butyl isocyanate Butyl isocyanide tert -Butyl isopropyl ether Butyl isothiocyanate sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±) tert -Butyl isothiocyanate Butyl lactate Butyl methacrylate tert -Butyl methacrylate 1-tert -Butyl-4-methoxybenzene 1-tert -Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-tert -Butyl-4-methoxyphenol 3-tert -Butyl-4-methoxyphenol Butylmethylamine 1-tert -Butyl-2-methylbenzene 1-tert -Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-tert -Butyl-4-methylbenzene
1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621
Butyl 2-methylbutanoate Butyl 3-methylbutanoate Butyl methyl ether sec-Butyl methyl ether 2-tert -Butyl-4-methylphenol 2-tert -Butyl-5-methylphenol 2-tert -Butyl-6-methylphenol 4-tert -Butyl-2-methylphenol Butyl methyl sulfide tert -Butyl methyl sulfide 4-Butylmorpholine 1-Butylnaphthalene 2-Butylnaphthalene
1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602
Synonym Butyl enanthate Butyl caproate Monobutyl succinate Butylated hydroxyanisole Butylparaben Butyl ricinoleate
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
2426-08-6 5454-28-4 626-82-4 7400-27-3 5150-93-6 75-91-2 25013-16-5 2052-14-4 94-26-8 151-13-3
130.185 186.292 172.265 124.612 174.195 90.121 180.244 194.227 194.227 354.566
507-40-4 17071-47-5 33021-02-2 111-36-4 2769-64-4 17348-59-3 592-82-5 116724-11-9 590-42-1 34451-18-8 97-88-1 585-07-9 5396-38-3 83-66-9
108.566 130.228 130.228 99.131 83.132 116.201 115.197 115.197 115.197 146.184 142.196 142.196 164.244 268.265
CH O CH O C13N 5H H16 11C H16 11C H16 11C
121-00-6 88-32-4 110-68-9 1074-92-6 1075-38-3 98-51-1
180.244 180.244 87.164 148.245 148.245 148.245
CH O CH O 5HC 12O 5HC 12O H16O 11C H16O 11C H16O 11C H16O 11C C12S 5H C12S 5H C17NO 8H H16 14C H16 14C
15706-73-7 109-19-3 628-28-4 116783-23-4 2409-55-4 88-60-8 2219-82-1 98-27-1 628-29-5 6163-64-0 1005-67-0 1634-09-9 1134-62-9
158.238 158.238 88.148 88.148 164.244 164.244 164.244 164.244 104.214 104.214 143.227 184.277 184.277
7HC 14O2 O2 11H22C 10HC 20O2 4HC 13ClN2 C4 8H14O H10O2 4C O2 11H16C CH14O3 11 C14O3 11H 22HC 42O3
HCClO H CO CO 8H18 C9NO 5H 5HC9N 7HC 16O 1-Isothiocyanatobutane 5H9NS C 2-Isothiocyanatobutane, (±) 5H9NS C 2-Isothiocyanato-2-methylpropane5H9NS C 7HC 14O3 8HC 14O2 8HC 14O2 CH16O 11 C12H16N2O5 4 9
8 18
11 16 2 11 16 2
N-Methyl-1-butanamine tert 2- -Butyltoluene tert 3- -Butyltoluene tert 4- -Butyltoluene Butyl o-toluate Butyl p-toluate
9 18 2 9 18 2
Physical Form liq liq
wax liq
mp/˚C -67.5 -64.3 192.5 8.6 6 51 -5.9 68.5
ye liq liq liq
liq
-88
10.5
pa ye lf (al)
19.0 85
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
169; 7526 226.2 208
0.91820 0.863820 0.865320
1.420420 1.415220
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth
136.53 1.073220 dec 89; 3617 0.896020 268 271 1.072820
1.436020 1.401520
27513
0.905822
1.456622
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; s peth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH vs eth
18 0.9583 0.76315
1.40320 1.407721
i H2O; vs eth, bz; s ace vs ace, eth, EtOH
0.88020 0.7820 0.736525 0.954620 0.94412 0.918710 0.974427 0.893620
1.406020
0.938320
1.503920
77.5 151 112.0 115 120 87.6 168 159.5 140 7710 160 135.2 238 16 185
1.511520
1.50120
1.424020
vs eth, EtOH s chl vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl
18450 65 liq liq liq
liq
liq liq liq liq liq
-50.3 -41.4 -52
-115.7 51.5 46.5 31 27.5 -97.8 -57.1 -19.8 -2.5
91 200.4 189.3 190
0.763715 0.889720 0.865720 0.861220
179
0.862020
70.16 59.1 237 12711 230 237; 13220 123.4 98.9 213.5 289.3 292
0.739225 0.741520 0.924775 0.92280 0.924080 0.96520 0.842620
1.413520 1.405825 1.373620 1.368025 1.496975 1.525020 1.519520 1.523020 1.447720
0.906820 0.973820 0.967320
1.445120 1.581920 1.577720
1.507620 1.494420 1.491820
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, chl; s ace, bz
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s eth, ace, bz vs EtOH, MeOH vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588
Name
OH O
O O O
O
O
Butylglycidylether
O
Butylheptanoate
Butylhexanoate
O
OH
O
NH2 HCl
OH
O
OH
O
tert -Butylhydrazine hydrochloride
Butylhydrogen succinate
O
O
tert -Butylhydroperoxide tert -Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole Butyl2-hydroxybenzoate
O O O OH
OH Butyl4-hydroxybenzoate
Butylcis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate,(R)
O
Cl
tert -Butylhypochlorite
N
O Butylisobutyl ether
tert -Butylisobutyl ether
C
O N
O
Butylisocyanate
C
Butylisocyanide
tert -Butylisopropylether
OH O
O
3-89
N
C
S
N
C
N S
C
O O
S
O
OH
Butylisothiocyanate sec-Butylisothiocyanate, (±) tert -Butylisothiocyanate
Butyllactate
O
Butylmethacrylate
O O
O
N O
O
N O
O
tert -Butylmethacrylate 1-tert -Butyl-4-methoxybenzene 1-tert -Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-tert -Butyl-4-methoxyphenol
OH O H N
O 3-tert -Butyl-4-methoxyphenol
O O
Butylmethylamine 1-tert -Butyl-2-methylbenzene 1-tert -Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-tert -Butyl-4-methylbenzene
O
O
Butyl2-methylbutanoate
Butyl3-methylbutanoate
Butylmethylether
O sec-Butylmethylether
OH OH OH
OH
N S S
2-tert -Butyl-4-methylphenol 2-tert -Butyl-5-methylphenol 2-tert -Butyl-6-methylphenol 4-tert -Butyl-2-methylphenol Butylmethylsulfide
O tert -Butylmethylsulfide 4-Butylmorpholine
1-Butylnaphthalene
2-Butylnaphthalene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
H N
O
No. 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626
Synonym
Mol. Form.
Butyl nitrate 4HC 9NO3 Butyl nitrite C 2 4H9NO tert -Butyl nitrite C 2 4H9NO sec-Butyl nitrite C 2 4H9NO C8H18N2O2 4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine 5-Butylnonane C13H28 Butyl nonanoate Butyl pelargonate 13HC 26O2 Butyl octanoate H24O2 12C H26O 2-Butyl-1-octanol 12C Butyl oleate Butyl cis-9-octadecenoate C 22H42O2 tert -Butyl 3-oxobutanoate C14O3 8H Butyl 4-oxopentanoate Butyl levulinate 9H16OC 3 Butyl palmitate Butyl hexadecanoate C2 20H40O Butyl pentanoate C18O2 9H sec-Butyl pentanoate C18O2 9H 4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine 14HC 23N tert -Butyl peroxybenzoate Benzoyl tert -butyl peroxide CH14O3 11 2-Butylphenol CH14O 10 2-sec-Butylphenol CH14O 10 2-tert -Butylphenol CH14O 10 3-Butylphenol CH14O 10 3-tert -Butylphenol CH14O 10 4-Butylphenol CH14O 10 4-sec-Butylphenol 4-(1-Methylpropyl)phenol 10HC14O 4-tert -Butylphenol CH14O 10 H39O4P 4-tert -Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1) 30C [(4-tert -Butylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane C18O2 13H N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide CH17NO 12 H16O 1-(4-tert -Butylphenyl)ethanone 12C Butyl phenyl ether Butoxybenzene C14O 10H N-Butylpiperidine CN 9H19 Butylpropanedioic acid Butylmalonic acid 7H12O4C O2 Butyl propanoate Butyl propionate 7H14C H14O2 sec-Butyl propanoate 7C N-tert -Butyl-2-propenamide N-tert -Butylacrylamide C13NO 7H Butyl propyl ether C16O 7H 4-tert -Butylpyridine 9HC13N 5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid Fusaric acid C2 10H13NO H44O2 Butyl stearate 22C Butyl thiocyanate 1-Thiocyanobutane C 5H9NS 2-Butylthiophene C12S 8H Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Butyl 2-thiophenecarboxylate 9H12O2SC Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate CO3S 11H16 Butyl trichloroacetate C 3O2 6H9Cl Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate 2,4,5-T Butyl ester C3O3 12H13Cl
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
928-45-0 544-16-1 540-80-7 924-43-6 3817-11-6
119.119 103.120 103.120 103.120 174.241
17312-63-9 50623-57-9 589-75-3 3913-02-8 142-77-8 1694-31-1 2052-15-5 111-06-8 591-68-4 116836-32-9 2961-47-9 614-45-9 3180-09-4 89-72-5 88-18-6 4074-43-5 585-34-2 1638-22-8 99-71-8 98-54-4 78-33-1 3101-60-8 91-49-6 943-27-1 1126-79-0 4945-48-6 534-59-8 590-01-2 591-34-4 107-58-4 3073-92-5 3978-81-2 536-69-6 123-95-5 628-83-1 1455-20-5 56053-84-0 778-28-9 3657-07-6 93-79-8
184.361 214.344 200.318 186.333 338.567 158.195 172.221 312.531 158.238 158.238 205.340 194.227 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 150.217 494.602 206.281 191.269 176.254 150.217 141.254 160.168 130.185 130.185 127.184 116.201 135.206 179.216 340.583 115.197 140.246 184.255 228.308 219.493 311.588
Physical Form
mp/˚C
pa ye liq
liq
-38 -42.9
ye cry
-26.4
cry (dil al) liq
liq liq nd (peth)
16.9 -92.8
-20 16 -6.8
nd (lig)
42.3 22 61.5 98
liq
24.5 17.7 -19.4
pr (w) liq
104.5 -89
cry (bz)
128
liq
-41 97 27
28.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
133 78 63 68.5 1150.01
1.022830 0.911425 0.867020 0.872620
1.401323 1.376220 1.36820 1.371020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS 2 vs eth, EtOH, chl
217.5 12320 240.5 246.5; 13215 22715 71.511 237.5
0.763518 0.852025 0.862820 0.89120 0.870415 0.975620 0.973520
1.427318 1.426225 1.423225
vs ace, eth, EtOH
185.8 174.5 265; 18150 750.2 235 228; 11621 223 248 240 248 241 237
0.871015 0.860520 0.887825 1.02125 0.97520 0.980425 0.978320 0.97420 0.97622 0.98620 0.90880
1.516525 1.518221 1.4787114
16714, 1450.5 281 263; 13720 210 176
1.03625 0.991220 0.963520 0.935120 0.824520
1.514520 1.514620 1.51815 1.496920 1.446720
146.8 133
0.875420 0.865720
1.401420 1.395220
118.1 196.5
0.77720 0.91525
1.495820
343 186 181.5 580.15 1656 204 337
0.85425 0.956315 0.953720
1.432850 1.436020 1.509020
i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth
1.131920 1.277820
1.505020 1.452525
i H2O; s eth; sl ctc s ctc
1.448025 1.418020 1.429020 50 1.4312 1.412820 1.407020 1.484625 1.499020 1.518025 1.520025 1.516020
vs EtOH sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, py, EtOH
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk s EtOH, ctc, alk; vs eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, alk; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, alk i EtOH; sl eth, bz sl chl s eth, ace vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth sl H2O; i peth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ctc, CS2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-90
1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666
Name
O
N O
O O
Butylnitrate
N
O O
Butylnitrite
N
O
O
tert -Butylnitrite
N N
O
N
sec-Butylnitrite
O
O
O
O
Butylnonanoate
Butyloctanoate
O
tert -Butyl3-oxobutanoate
O O
O
Butyl4-oxopentanoate
Butylpalmitate
Butylpentanoate
OH OH
OH O
O
OH O
O
HO
OH
OH
O
N
sec-Butylpentanoate
4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine
tert -Butylperoxybenzoate
2-Butylphenol
2-sec-Butylphenol
3-91
O O P O O
OH
2-tert -Butylphenol
3-Butylphenol
3-tert -Butylphenol
4-Butylphenol
O O
O
O
O N
O
OH OH
N
[(4-tert -Butylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 1-(4-tert -Butylphenyl)ethanone
H N O
N-tert -Butyl-2-propenamide
S
C
N
Butylpropyl ether
Butylthiocyanate
S 2-Butylthiophene
5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid
O O S O
O Butylthiophene-2-carboxylate
Butyl4-toluenesulfonate
Butylpropanoate
O
O
4-tert -Butylpyridine
O
S N
N-Butylpiperidine Butylpropanedioic acid
O
OH
N O
O
sec-Butylpropanoate
Butylphenyl ether
O O
O 4-tert -Butylphenol 4-tert -Butylphenol,phosphate(3:1)
O
4-sec-Butylphenol
Butylstearate
O Cl Cl
O Cl Butyltrichloroacetate
O
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
O Butyl(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Butyloleate
O
O O
2-Butyl-1-octanol
5-Butylnonane
O O
O
OH
O
OH
4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol
O
O
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
C 4H9Cl3Si F3O2 6H9C C5H12N2O C12N2O 5H C5H12N2O CH16 12 C 6H12O C 6H12O 4HC 6 4H6C 4H4NC2O2 4N2 C 4HC 2O4 4H6OC 2
7521-80-4 367-64-6 592-31-4 689-11-2 1118-12-3 1746-23-2 111-34-2 926-02-3 107-00-6 503-17-3 543-21-5 1071-98-3 142-45-0 110-65-6
191.559 170.129 116.161 116.161 116.161 160.255 100.158 100.158 54.091 54.091 112.087 76.056 114.057 86.090
H OC HC O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O O 4H4C C10H10 C6O2 4H CH21N3O7 21 C15H24 C 2S4 10H20CdN C10N4O2 8H
1573-17-7 590-93-2 764-01-2 927-74-2 2028-63-9 1423-60-5 16520-62-0 96-48-0 561-20-6 39029-41-9 14239-68-0 58-08-2
170.163 84.074 70.090 70.090 70.090 68.074 130.186 86.090 427.408 204.352 408.950 194.191
H C O CH CaO12 12HC10Ca3O14 Calcium carbimide CCaN 2 H24CaN2O6 12C S2 H22CaO14 12C Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt44H84CaI C 2O4 6HC 10CaO6 Calcium acetylacetonate C4 10H14CaO C 4S2 4H6CaO b-Hydroxy-19-oxogomphoside 4’ C29H40O10 CH40O9 29 C28H48O 2,2-Dimethyl-3C10H16 methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, (1R)-
20304-47-6 5743-27-1 7693-13-2 156-62-7 139-06-0 299-28-5 1319-91-1 814-80-2 19372-44-2 814-71-1 20304-49-8 1986-70-5 17021-26-0 5794-03-6
Butyltrichlorosilane Butyl trifluoroacetate Butylurea sec-Butylurea tert -Butylurea -Butyl-4-vinylbenzene 1-tert Butyl vinyl ether tert -Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne 2-Butyne 2-Butynediamide 2-Butynedinitrile 2-Butynedioic acid 2-Butyne-1,4-diol
Trichlorobutylsilane
1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692
2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate 1,4-Diacetoxy-2-butyne 2-Butynoic acid 2-Butyn-1-ol 3-Butyn-1-ol 3-Butyn-2-ol 3-Butyn-2-one Ethynyl methyl ketone 3-Butynylbenzene g-Butyrolactone Oxolan-2-one Cacotheline g-Cadinene Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) Caffeine
1693 1694 1695 1696 1697
Calactin Calcium ascorbate Calcium citrate Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyclamate
1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706
Calcium gluconate Calcium iodobehenate Calcium lactate Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate Calcium thioglycollate Calotoxin Calotropin Calusterone Camphene, (+)
(1-Methylpropyl)urea p-tert -Butylstyrene 1-(Ethenyloxy)butane 2-(Ethenyloxy)-2-methylpropane Ethylacetylene Dimethylacetylene Cellocidin
Bis(hydroxymethyl)acetylene
19-Oxogomphoside
8 10 4 4 4 2
29 40 9 12 14
Physical Form
mp/˚C
tab (w), nd (bz) 97.0 pr (w) 169 176 dec liq -36.9 liq -92 liq -112 col gas -125.7 vol liq or gas -32.2 cry (dil MeOH) 217 dec 20.5 183 dec pl (bz, AcOEt) 50
pl (eth, peth) liq liq liq
78 -1.1 -63.6 -1.5
liq ye cry
-43.61 >300 255 238
532.623 390.310 498.433 80.102 396.535
wh cry wh nd (w+1), hex pr (sub) small pr (ace) tricl cry (w) cry (w) col hex cry cry
430.373 971.023 218.217 238.294 222.297 548.622 532.623 400.680 136.234
cry wh-ye pow wh pow (w) col cry (MeOH) pr (w) cry (EtOH) pl (EtOH) cry (ace) nd
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
148.5 102
1.160620 1.026822
1.436320 1.35322
s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt s chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl
9914 94 75 8.08 26.9
0.8920 0.788820 0.769120 0.67830 20 0.6910
1.402620 1.392220 1.396220 1.392120
76.5
0.970825
1.464725
s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz
1.480420
238 12210 203 148 129 106.5 84 190 204
20 0.9641 0.937020 0.925720 0.861820 0.879320 0.925820 1.129620
1.461120 1.453020 1.440920 1.420720 1.407020 1.520820 1.434120
12612
0.918215
1.316620
sub 90
1.2319
i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl 2HO, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O
sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py
271 ª100 dec (hyd) ª1340 sub
s 2HO; i MeOH, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH dec H2O vs H2O
2.29
i EtOH, os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; i EtOH dec 220 dec 268 221 157.5 52
s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O, EtOH; i eth 161
0.895050
1.457025
vs eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-92
CAS RN
1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680
Mol. Form.
O Cl Cl Si Cl
F F
H N
NH2
Butyltrifluoroacetate
Butylurea
HO
sec-Butylurea
O O
tert -Butylurea
HO
OH
NH2 O 1-tert -Butyl-4-vinylbenzene
O
Butylvinylether
tert -Butylvinylether
1-Butyne
OH
O
2-Butyne
OH
O
OH H2N
NH2
N
2-Butynediamide
N
O
2-Butynedinitrile
O
O
OH
2-Butynedioic acid
2-Butyne-1,4-diol
O
OH
O
2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate
2-Butynoicacid
2-Butyn-1-ol
3-Butyn-1-ol
3-Butyn-2-ol
3-Butyn-2-one
O O H
O
CH2O
N H
O O
3-93
O
O
O
O
S O
O
g-Butyrolactone
3-Butynylbenzene
OH
H N
2
3Ca
O 2
2
Ca
HO
N
N
Cd
H HO H H
O
2
Ca
2
N
O
S
COO OH H OH OH CH2OH
O
H
O
Caffeine
HO Ca
O 2
Calciumlactate
2
O
O Ca
O
O
Calcium2,4-pentanedioate
O
Ca
OH H O
O
O I
O
2
O O
2
HO
H
O
H
O
H Calotoxin
2
Ca
Calciumiodobehenate
OH H O
O
OH H OH
OH
2
Calciumthioglycollate
2
Calciumascorbate
2
Calciumgluconate
O HS
HO HO H Calactin
O
HO
Ca2
O OH
N
N
O
HO
H
2
Calciumcyclamate
O
OH O
O
OH H O
Ca
2
Calciumcyanamide
N
N
Cadmiumbis(diethyldithiocarbamate)
O S
S
S
g-Cadinene
Cacotheline
Calciumcitrate
N
H
O
OH
O
H
O
O
O
O
N
H
N H H
O
H
O
H Calotropin
O Calusterone
Camphene, (+)
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
H N
NH2 O
O
F
Butyltrichlorosilane
O
H N
O
No.
Name
1707 Camphene, (-)
1708 d-Camphocarboxylic acid 1709 Camphor, (±) 1710 Camphor, (+)
1712 Camphoric acid, (±) 1713 1714 1715 1716
d-Camphorsulfonic acid Canadine, (±) Cannabidiol Cannabinol
1717 Canrenone 1718 Cantharidin
3-94
6-Hexanelactam
1721 Capsanthin
3,3’-Dihydroxyb,k-caroten-6’-one, (3R,3’S,5’R)
1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732
Carbachol Carbamic chloride Carbamodithioic acid Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate Carbaryl Carbazole 9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid Carbendazim
1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741
Carbetapentane N-Carbethoxyphthalimide Carbic anhydride Carbimazole Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Carbofuran Carboimidic difluoride g-Carboline Carbon dioxide
1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1oxypropyl)proline
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
52
158
0.844650
1.456454
vs eth
Mol. Wt.
5794-04-7
136.234
18530-30-8 21368-68-3
196.243 152.233
464-49-3
152.233
464-48-2
152.233
5394-83-2
200.232
pr, lf
3144-16-9 29074-38-2 13956-29-1 521-35-7
232.297 339.386 314.462 310.430
pr (HOAc) mcl nd (al) rods (peth) pl, lf (peth)
195 dec 134 67 77
1882 0.05 185
976-71-6 56-25-7
340.455 196.200
cry (AcOEt) orth pl
150 218
sub 84
18 27
105-60-2 404-86-4
113.157 305.412
lf (lig) mcl pl or sc (peth)
65
C40H56O3
465-42-9
584.871
CH9Cl4NO2S 10 C9H8Cl3NO2S C9H15NO3S
2425-06-1 133-06-2 62571-86-2
349.061 300.590 217.285
51-83-2 463-72-9 594-07-0 590-55-6 63-25-2 86-74-8 524-80-1 10605-21-7
182.648 79.486 93.172 141.021 201.221 167.206 225.243 191.186
77-23-6 22509-74-6 129-64-6 22232-54-8 5331-43-1 1563-66-2 2712-98-3 244-69-9 124-38-9
333.465 219.194 164.158 186.231 166.177 221.252 65.023 168.195 44.010
H C NO CH NO3
6 11
C6H15ClN2O2 CH 2ClNO CH2 3NS CH 4NO5P C12H11NO2 Dibenzopyrolle 12CH9N C11NO2 14H Carbamic acid,H-benzimidazol-21 C9H9N3O2 yl-, methyl ester Pentoxyverine C31NO3 20H N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide 11HC 9NO4 H8O3 9C C7H10N2O2S H10N2O2 Benzyl carbazate 8C C12H15NO3 N 2CHF H 5 -Pyrido[4,3-b]indole 11CH8N2 Carbonic anhydride 2CO Carbamyl chloride
Physical Form
CAS RN
C10H16 2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, (1S)11CH16O3 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-C10H16O 2-one, (±) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-C10H16O 2-one, (1R) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-C10H16O 2-one, (1S) 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopentane- C10H16O4 dicarboxylic acid,RS (1, 3SR) C16O4S 10H DL-Tetrahydroberberine CH21NO4 20 21CH30O2 6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6 HC21H26O2 dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol C22H28O3 H12O4 10C
1719 Caprolactam 1720 Capsaicin
1722 Captafol 1723 Captan 1724 Captopril
Mol. Form.
pr (eth, 50% al) 127.5 wh rhom cry 178.3 (EtOH) pl 178.8
vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc
sub 207.4
0.99025
178.6
0.985318
202
1.186
69.3
1.04040
1.5462
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz sl 2HO; s chl, eth, EtOH
1.540420
vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk i 2HO; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc vs2O, H bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl
270 2150.01
176 cry cry (CCl4) cry (AcOEt)
161 172.5 105
1.7425
210 dec
vs chl s H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl
dec 62 vs EtOH, eth unstab in soln pl or lf lf (AcOEt)
145 246.3 215 300 dec
1.22825 354.69
vs ace, DMF i2O; H sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc
1.45 1650.01
91 orth cry (peth) 164.5 cry, pow 123.5 69.5 151 gas -90 nd 225 col gas -56.56 tp
25 1.417
vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl vs ace, chl
1.18 -13 dec -78.5 sp
1.352 0.72025 (p>1 atm)
sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH sl H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1711 Camphor, (-)
Synonym
O N
O O
COOH O
Camphene, (-)
d-Camphocarboxylicacid
O
Camphor, (±)
O
O
Camphor, (+)
Camphor, (-)
Camphoricacid, (±)
O
d-Camphorsulfonic acid
Canadine,(±)
O O OH
O
OH O
HO
O
O Cannabidiol
O
Cannabinol
Canrenone
Cantharidin
3-95
O
O
OH
HO
Cl O Cl Cl
H
Captafol
O
N H
HO
Caprolactam
Capsaicin
OH
N
N S
Cl
O Cl Cl Cl
Capsanthin
N H
O
H
N S
O O
O
Cl
O O
SH
Captan
Captopril
N
O
NH2
O
H2N
O Carbachol
Cl
Carbamicchloride
O O S H2N
O SH
H2N
Carbamodithioic acid
Carbaryl
O
N
O N
O O
O N-Carbethoxyphthalimide
O Carbicanhydride
O
9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid
O O
O Carbimazole
N H
O
S
N
NH
OH
Carbazole
N H
NH2
Carbobenzoxyhydrazine
O
N
N N H
Carbamoyl dihydrogenphosphate
O
N H
O OH P O OH
Carbendazim
O O Carbofuran
F F
N
O Carbetapentane
O
H N
O
O
O
N
F NH
Carboimidic difluoride
N H g-Carboline
O C O Carbon dioxide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
O O S O OH
OH
HO
No. 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747
Name
Synonym
1752 1753 1754 1755 1756
Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon suboxide Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride
1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771
Carbonyl chloride fluoride Carbonyl dicyanide N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole Carbonyl fluoride Carbophenothion Carbosulfan Carboxin 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine L-g-Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 3-Carene, (+) Carisoprodol Carminic acid
1748 1749
3-96
1772 Carnitine 1773 Carnosine 1774 a-Carotene
Carbonyl selenide Carbonyl sulfide 1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione Bromophosgene Phosgene Carbonic chloride fluoride
Mol. Wt.
CSe 2 CS 2 CH 2O3 N4O 6CH CO C7H4ClNO4
506-80-9 75-15-0 463-79-6 497-18-7 630-08-0 7693-46-1
169.93 76.141 62.025 90.085 28.010 201.565
C8H6ClNO4
4457-32-3
215.592
C3H2Cl4O2
17341-93-4
211.859
463-71-8 2231-57-4
114.982 106.151
1603-84-5 463-58-1 504-64-3 593-95-3 75-44-5
106.97 60.075 68.031 187.818 98.916
353-49-1 1115-12-4 530-62-1 353-50-4 786-19-6 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 89-51-0 34522-32-2 53861-57-7 638-23-3 552-94-3 498-15-7 78-44-4 1260-17-9
82.461 80.044 162.149 66.007 342.866 380.544 235.302 180.158 246.264 191.138 179.195 258.226 136.234 260.330 492.386
541-15-1
161.199
305-84-0 7488-99-5
226.232 536.873
C40H56
7235-40-7
536.873
C40H56
472-93-5
536.873
SCCl N S CH
2
6 4
COSe COS C2 3O CBr2O CCl 2O CClFO N CO 7HC 6N4O CF2O CH16ClO2PS3 11 C20H32N2O3S C12H13NO2S C8O4 9H 9HC 18N4O4 6HC9NO6 5HC 9NO4S H10O5 14C C10H16 C12H24N2O4 H20O13 22C 3 2
Octopine Carbocysteine Salsalate
4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid C7H15NO3 trimethylbetaine N-b-Alanyl-L-histidine 9HC 14N4O3 C40H56
1775 b-Carotene 1776 b,y-Carotene
CAS RN
g-Carotene
Physical Form ye liq col liq nd (dil al) col gas
mp/˚C
den/g cm-3
bp/˚C
2.682320 20 1.2632
-43.7 -112.1
125.5 46
154 -205.02 80
-191.5 16019
nD 1.845420 1.631920
20 1.616 -19 0.7909
Solubility s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth Aq. soln. of CO2 vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s bz, HOAc
32.8 6311 red liq nd, pl (w) nd, pl 170 dec (w) col gas; unstab -122 col gas -138.8 col gas -107 col gas
-127.78
col gas liq cry (bz) col gas
-36 119 -111.2
nd (w) cry nd
1.50815
73
-21.5 -50 6.8 64.5 8
-148
1.24-87 1.45380
1.12420
-84.5 820.01 126
1.13925 1.27120 1.05620
1.391920
1.410020
171; 123200
0.854930
dec H2O, EtOH; s eth vs H2O dec 2O H sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH s eth, bz, CS2 s bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc
-47.2 65.5
94 184.5 281 167 206 147
cry 92 red mcl pr (aq, 136 dec MeOH) cry (al-ace), 197 dec hyg 260 red pl or pr 187.5 (peth, bzMeOH) red red br hex 183 pr (bz-MeOH) red pr (bz153 MeOH), viol pr (eth)
17 1.028 1.1140 2.5215 1.371925 (p>1 atm
1.544220
O H 2reac s eth, ace, ctc, chl
s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl
1.4693
sl ace vs ace, bz, eth s os s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH
1.0020
vs H2O vs bz, eth, chl
1.0020
i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1750 1751
Carbon diselenide Carbon selenide Carbon disulfide Carbon bisulfide Carbonic acid Carbonic dihydrazide Carbohydrazide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxide Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester Carbonochloridic acid, (4nitrophenyl)methyl ester Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2trichloroethyl ester Carbonothioic dichloride Thiophosgene Carbonothioic dihydrazide 1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea
Mol. Form.
Cl O
O
O
Cl O
Se C Se
HO
S C S
O
O
O
H2N OH
N H
C O
Carbonicdihydrazide
O
N H
N H
O
O
NH2 O C Se
O C S
O C C C O
Carbonothioic dihydrazide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide
O
O
N
O
O
S
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Carbon monoxide Carbonochloridic acid,4-nitrophenyl ester Carbonochloridic acid,(4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester Carbonochloridic acid,2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester Carbonothioic dichloride
S H2N
N
Cl Cl
Carbon suboxide
Br
Cl
Br
O Cl
Cl
F
S
O
O
O
N
N
N
N
N
N
F
Cl
F
Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl chloridefluoride Carbonyl dicyanide N,N’-CarbonyldiimidazoleCarbonyl fluoride
S
S O P O
Carbophenothion
HO OH O
3-97
O
O
N
S
S
N
O
H N
O
O OH
OH O
O
O
Carbosulfan
HO
Carboxin
2-Carboxybenzeneaceticacid
N H
NH
O
O H 2N
O
N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine
OH
OH
NH2
H N
O
OH
L-g-Carboxyglutamic acid
OH O
OH O S
NH2
O
O
OH
S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine
2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate
HO O OH
OH O
OH H2N
O
H N
O
O
O Carisoprodol
OH
OH O
O
OH HO
OH OH
OH OH O Carminicacid
b-Carotene
N
O Carnitine
N
H2N
NH O
N H a-Carotene
Carnosine
b,y-Carotene
3-Carene, (+)
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Carbon diselenide Carbon disulfide Carbonicacid
N H
NH2
No.
Name
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
1777 y,y-Carotene
trans-Lycopene
C40H56
502-65-8
536.873
1778 b,b-Carotene-3,3’-diol, R(3,3’R)
Zeaxanthin
40 56 2
CH O
144-68-3
568.872
1779 b,e-Carotene-3,3’-diol, R(3,3’R,6’R)
Xanthophyll
40 56 2
CH O
127-40-2
568.872
1780 b,b-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)
Cryptoxanthin
40 56
CH O
472-70-8
552.872
1781 b,y-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)
Rubixanthin
40 56
CH O
3763-55-1
552.872
Lycoxanthin
40 56
C H O
19891-74-8
552.872
23465-76-1 3463-92-1 22042-59-7 10395-45-6 6485-40-1 2244-16-8 87-44-5 477-89-4
365.468 478.708 273.804 152.233 150.217 150.217 204.352 233.220
468-76-8 486-86-2
405.572 204.267
C15H24 C15H26O 14CH14N8O4S3 CH22O11 12 H32O16 18C C16H17N3O4S C19N3O6S 18H 19CH17N3O4S2 CH16N2O6S2 16 CH17N3O6S2 17 CH38N2O6 37 C16H19N3O4S C12H17NO3
469-61-4 77-53-2 25953-19-9 13360-52-6 33404-34-1 15686-71-2 3577-01-3 50-59-9 153-61-7 21593-23-7 481-49-2 38821-53-3 17397-89-6
204.352 222.366 454.508 342.296 504.437 347.389 405.425 415.486 396.437 423.463 606.707 349.405 223.268
C32H49NO9 CH19NO3 17 C9NO2S2 5H CH19NO5 21
62-59-9 495-91-0 505-34-0 34316-15-9
591.733 285.338 179.261 365.380
HC NO5 C6N2OS2 10H H3Cl3O2 2C CH19Cl2NO2 14
476-32-4 2439-01-2 302-17-0 305-03-3
353.369 234.297 165.403 304.213
1782 y,y-Caroten-16-ol 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790
Caroverine Carpaine Cartap hydrochloride Carvenone, (S) (R)-Carvone (S)-Carvone Caryophyllene Casimiroin
p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one,R)( p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one,S)( 6-Methoxy-9-methyl-1,3dioxolo[4,5-h]quinolin-8(9 H)-one
3-98
C24H39NO4 12CH16N2O
1791 Cassaine 1792 Caulophylline 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805
a-Cedrene Cedrol Cefazolin b-Cellobiose Cellotriose Cephalexin Cephaloglycin Cephaloridine Cephalothin Cephapirin Cepharanthine Cephradine Cerulenin
1806 1807 1808 1809
Cevadine Chavicine Cheirolin Chelerythrine
1810 1811 1812 1813
Chelidonine Chinomethionat Chloral hydrate Chlorambucil
C22H27N3O2 C28H50N2O4 H16ClN3O2S2 7C C10H16O C10H14O C10H14O C15H24 C12H11NO4
Kafocin
2,3-Epoxy-4-oxo-7,10dodecadienamide, (2 R,3S)-
Stylophorine
20 19
Physical Form red pr or nd (peth) ye pr (MeOH) orth (chl-eth) ye or viol pr (eth-MeOH) garnet red pr (bz-MeOH) dk red nd (bzMeOH) oranred (bz-peth) red pl (bzMeOH) cry mcl pr (al, ace) cry
mp/˚C
nD
Solubility
196 160
vs bz, chl
160
sl EtOH, peth; s bz, chl
168
i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, CS2
215.5
69 121 180
2270.06
2020.01
233 231 231 12213.5
0.928920 0.959320 0.96520 0.907520
1.480520 1.498820 1.498920 1.498620
142.5 137
sl i-PrOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz sl chl s EtOH, ace, chl, eth, bz, MeOH vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH
262.5; 12512
nd (ace aq) cry (dil al)
86 200 dec 225 dec 208
cry cry (w) cry
ª220 dec
cry (ace aq) ye amor pow col cry (w) wh nd
den/g cm-3
sl EtOH, peth; s eth; vs bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, py, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth
25.2 <15
fl (eth) cry (w+2), nd (al, bz) oil
bp/˚C
175
0.947990
1.482490 s DMF, py; sl MeOH; i chl, bz, eth s 2HO; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz
s H2O 160 155 150 141 dec 94
flat nd (eth)
213 dec
cry (eth) cry (chlMeOH) mcl pr (al)
47.5
135.5 170 57 65
sl H2O; s bz, EtOH, ace; i peth
vs eth, EtOH, peth vs EtOH, chl vs chl
2003 207 2200.002 dec 96
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1.908120
vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Synonym
N N
y,y-Carotene
OH
H N
O
O
O
O
O
O O
Caroverine
NH2
S
NH2
N
N H
N
S
O Cartaphydrochloride
Carpaine
O
O
O
O
O
(R)-Carvone
(S)-Carvone
HCl
Carvenone, (S)
N
HO O H N
O H H
N
H
OH O
HO
O
Caryophyllene
O
H
Casimiroin
OH
N
H
O
Cassaine
H
H
a-Cedrene
Caulophylline
HO b,e-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)
Cedrol
HO HO N N N N
NH H O
HO
S S
O
S
O
3-99
NH2
H
NH2 O
O O Cephalexin
S
O
HN
S
S
N
O
HO
Cephalothin
N
N H
O
O O
H OH Cevadine
H OH
H
NH
S
N
O
N
O
O
O
O
Cephaloridine
O H
NH
N H
NH2
S
O
N
NH2
O O
O
Cephapirin
S
S
O OH Cephaloglycin
O
Cepharanthine
OH
O Cerulenin
Cephradine
O
H
OH
OH H
H N
O
O
O
OH
O O
O O
OH
S
N
O O
O
H
N H
N
O
H
Cellotriose
O
NH
S
N
HO
H
OH
OH b-Cellobiose
O HN
y,y-Caroten-16-ol
OH
HO
OH
O b,y-Caroten-3-ol,(3R)
OH
OH OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
OH
HO Cefazolin
HO
HO
O
O
OH O
OH
HO
N N
N
b,b-Caroten-3-ol,(3R)
O
O HO
O OH
OH OH OH
HO
O
O
O H
O
O
O
O
N Chavicine
O S
O
N
C
Cheirolin
O S
O H
N
N
N
OH S O
O O
O Chelerythrine
Chelidonine
S N Chinomethionat
Cl Cl
OH Cl
Chloralhydrate
Cl
N
Cl
Chlorambucil
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
b,b-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)
No.
Name
1814 Chloramine B 1815 Chloramine T 1816 Chloramphenicol
1819 Chlorbenside 1820 Chlorbicyclen 1821 Chlorbromuron 1822 Chlorbufam 1823 Chlorcyclizine 1824 Chlordane 1825 Chlordantoin
3-100
1826 Chlordene 1827 Chlordimeform 1828 Chlorendic acid 1829 Chlorendic anhydride 1830 Chlorfenvinphos 1831 Chlorflurecol 1832 Chloridazon 1833 Chlorimuron-ethyl 1834 Chlormephos 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845
Chlormequat chloride Chlormezanone Chlornaphazine Chloroacetaldehyde 2-Chloroacetamide Chloroacetic acid Chloroacetic anhydride 4-Chloroacetoacetanilide Chloroacetone Chloroacetonitrile a-Chloroacetophenone
1846 4-(2-Chloroacetyl)acetanilide 1847 Chloroacetyl chloride 1848 Chloroacetylene
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
N-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide C6H5ClNNaO2S sodium N-Chloro-4C7H7ClNNaO2S methylbenzenesulfonamide sodium CH12Cl2N2O5 11
127-52-6
213.618
pr (w)
190
sl EtOH; i chl, eth
127-65-1
227.645
pr (hyd)
180 (hyd)
s H2O; i bz, chl, eth
56-75-7
323.129
150.5
530-43-8 87-88-7
561.537 208.984
pa ye pl or nd (w) cry (bz) red lf (w+2)
103-17-3
269.189
2550-75-6 13360-45-7
397.768 293.544
pow
1967-16-4
223.656
cry
82-93-9 57-74-9 5588-20-5
300.826 409.779 347.689
oil
3734-48-3 6164-98-3 115-28-6
338.873 196.676 388.844
cry (EtOH)
115-27-5 470-90-6 2464-37-1
370.828 359.569 260.672
235
1698-60-8
221.643
205
90982-32-4 24934-91-6
414.821 234.705
999-81-5 80-77-3 494-03-1 107-20-0 79-07-2 79-11-8 541-88-8 101-92-8 78-95-5 107-14-2 532-27-4
158.069 273.736 268.182 78.497 93.512 94.497 170.979 211.645 92.524 75.497 154.594
140-49-8 79-04-9 593-63-5
211.645 112.942 60.482
CCl2N2O6 27H42 2,5-Dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-2,5- C6H2Cl2O4 cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 1-Chloro-4[[(4-chlorophenyl) C13H10Cl2S methyl]thio]benzene H6Cl8 9C N’-(4-Bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-NC9H10BrClN2O2 methoxy-N-methylurea 1-Methyl-2-propynyl(3C11H10ClNO2 chlorophenyl)carbamate H21ClN2 18C C10H6Cl8 CH17Cl3N2O2 11 S C10H6Cl6 10CH13ClN2 1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-5C9H4Cl6O4 norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid C2Cl6O3 9H 12CH14Cl3O4P 9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid, 2- C14H9ClO3 chloro-9-hydroxy3(2H)-Pyridazinone, 5-amino-4C10H8ClN3O chloro-2-phenylH15ClN4O6S 15C ChloromethylO,O-diethyl C5H12ClO2PS2 dithiophosphate C13Cl2N 5H C11H12ClNO3S C14H15Cl2N H3ClO 2C H4ClNO 2C 2HC3ClO2 4HC4Cl2O3 N-Acetoacetyl-4-chloroaniline CClNO2 10H10 C3H5ClO Chloromethyl cyanide C 2H2ClN w-Chloroacetophenone C8H7ClO H CClNO2 HCCl2O HCl 2C 10 10 2 2
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
sub
vs ace, EtOH, chl
90 283.5
vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O 1.421020
75 105 96
1742 1.6920
45.5
106
Solubility
sl H2O; s MeOH, EtOH, ace 1400.12 1751
1.6025 s CS2
cry (w)
155 35 232
1560.4
1.10525
1.588525
vs bz, eth, EtOH
1.5244
sl H2O; misc os
1.435155
sl EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc
1700.05 1.49620
186 830.1
oil
cry pl (peth) liq mcl pl pr (bz) liq
239 dec 117 55 -16.3 121 63 46 132 -44.5
pl(dil al), rhom, 56.5 lf (peth) 218 liq -22 col gas -126
2105 85.5 225 189.3 203
1.404340 1.549720
119 126.5 247
20 1.15 1.193020 1.32415
1.420225
1.420220
1.453020
106 -30
1.19
s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, peth
msc eth; s ace, ctc sl EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1817 Chloramphenicol palmitate 1818 Chloranilic acid
Mol. Form.
Synonym
OH O
O
Na O N S Cl
O N S Cl
Na
OH
O
Cl O
HO
N O
O
O
Cl HO
O
N O
Cl
OH
O
ChloramineT
Cl
O
Chloramphenicol
O
Chloramphenicolpalmitate
Chloranilic acid
Cl H
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
H N Cl Cl
Cl S
Cl
Chlorbenside
3-101
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
Br
Chlorbromuron
N
Cl H
Cl
Cl
Chlordene
Chlordimeform
Cl
Cl
N
Chlorcyclizine
Cl Cl O Cl
OH OH
Cl
O Cl
Cl
O
Chlorendicacid
Cl
O
Cl
Chlorendicanhydride
Cl
O
N
Cl Cl Cl Cl H
O
Cl
O
N S
Cl H
Cl Chlorbufam
Cl Cl O Cl N
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
O O
O
Chlorbicyclen
Cl Cl Cl H
Cl
N
H N
Cl
Chlordane
Cl Cl
Chlordantoin
Cl O
O P O O
HO
Chlorfenvinphos
H2N OH
Cl
O N
Chlorflurecol
N
Chloridazon
O
S O
O H N
O H N
O O
N
Cl
N
S O P O S
N
Cl
Cl
O Chlorimuron-ethyl
Chlormephos
Cl N
S N
Cl
O O
Chlormequatchloride
O
Cl Cl
Cl
Chlormezanone
Chlornaphazine
O Cl
O O
Cl
Chloroacetic anhydride
Cl
O O
O
4-Chloroacetoacetanilide
Cl
O Cl Chloroacetone
Cl
N
Chloroacetonitrile
O NH2
2-Chloroacetamide
Cl
OH
Chloroacetic acid
O
O
O Cl
a-Chloroacetophenone
Cl
Chloroacetaldehyde
H N H N
O
4-(2-Chloroacetyl)acetanilide
Cl
Cl
Chloroacetylchloride
Cl Chloroacetylene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
ChloramineB
H N
Cl
H N
Cl
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
13CH8ClN C6ClN 6H C6ClN 6H
1207-69-8 95-51-2 108-42-9
213.663 127.572 127.572
nd (al) liq liq
121 -1.9 -10.28
sub 208.8 230.5
1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860
4-Chloroaniline 2-Chloroaniline hydrochloride 3-Chloroaniline hydrochloride 2-Chloroanisole 3-Chloroanisole 4-Chloroanisole 1-Chloroanthracene 1-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione
HC ClN H CCl2N Cl2N 6H7C 7HC7ClO 7HC7ClO 7HC7ClO C14H9Cl CH7ClO2 14 CH7ClO2 14
106-47-8 137-04-2 141-85-5 766-51-8 2845-89-8 623-12-1 4985-70-0 82-44-0 131-09-9
127.572 164.033 164.033 142.583 142.583 142.583 212.674 242.658 242.658
orth pr pl (w, aq al) pl liq
70.5 235 222 -26.8
232
1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867
2-Chlorobenzaldehyde 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde 2-Chlorobenzamide Chlorobenzene 2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid
C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H6ClNO C5Cl 6H 8HC7ClO2 8HC7ClO2
89-98-5 587-04-2 104-88-1 609-66-5 108-90-7 2444-36-2 1878-65-5
140.567 140.567 140.567 155.582 112.557 170.594 170.594
1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880
4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 2-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile 3-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile a-Chlorobenzeneacetyl chloride 3-Chlorobenzenecarboperoxoic acid 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediol 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediol
HCClO2 H CClN ClN 8H6C ClN 8H6C 8HC6Cl2O C5ClO3 7H C7ClN2 6H C7ClN2 6H C7ClN2 6H H5ClO2 6C H5ClO2 6C H5ClO2 6C H5ClO2 6C
1878-66-6 2856-63-5 1529-41-5 140-53-4 2912-62-1 937-14-4 95-83-0 5131-60-2 615-66-7 4018-65-9 2138-22-9 95-88-5 615-67-8
170.594 151.594 151.594 151.594 189.039 172.566 142.586 142.586 142.586 144.556 144.556 144.556 144.556
1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886
2-Chlorobenzenemethanamine 3-Chlorobenzenemethanamine 4-Chlorobenzenemethanamine 4-Chlorobenzenemethanethiol 2-Chlorobenzenemethanol 4-Chlorobenzenemethanol
H ClN C H8ClN 7C H8ClN 7C 7HC 7ClS H7ClO 7C H7ClO 7C
89-97-4 4152-90-3 104-86-9 6258-66-8 17849-38-6 873-76-7
141.599 141.599 141.599 158.649 142.583 142.583
HC ClNO2S HC ClNO2S 6HC 5ClO3S
6961-82-6 98-64-6 98-66-8
191.636 191.636 192.620
1887 2-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide 1888 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide 1889 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid
6 6 6 7
1-Chloro-2-methoxybenzene 1-Chloro-3-methoxybenzene 1-Chloro-4-methoxybenzene
Phenyl chloride
8 7 8 6
4-Chloroo-phenylenediamine 2-Chlorop-phenylenediamine
7 8
6 6 6 6
p-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid
lf (HOAc) ye nd (to or al) pa ye nd (al, HOAc) nd pr pl orth nd (w) liq nd (w) pl (dil al), nd (lig) nd (w)
<-18 83.5 163 211 12.4 17.5 47.5 141.8 -45.31 96 77.5 105.5 24 11.5 29
92 dec pl (bz-lig) lf (w) 76 pl or nd 91 nd 64 cry (lig) 48.5 lf (bz-peth) 90.5 red lf (chl), nd 108 (bz)
19.5 lf or nd (dil al) 73 nd (w), pl (bz or 75 bz-lig) lf (al) 188 pr or pl (eth) 146 nd (w+1) 67
198.5 193.5 197.5
den/g cm-3
20 1.2161
nD 20 1.5895 1.594120
1.42919 1.50518
1.554687
20 1.1911 1.175912 1.20120 100 1.1707
1.548020 1.536520 1.539020 1.6959100
1.248320 1.241020 1.19661
1.566220 1.565020 1.55561
20 1.1058
1.524120
sub sub 211.9 213.5 213.5 131.72
Solubility vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i 2HO; sl EtOH, ctc; msc eth; s bz i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz; vs tol; s PhNO2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, ace, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH sl H2O, bz, ctc, EtOH; msc eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz
251 1.173718 261; 13510 1.180630 265.0 1.177830 12023, 11014 1.19625
1.543720 s ctc 1.544020 sl2O;Hvs EtOH, eth; s bz, lig vs EtOH
11011 10.5 139 257 263 722 892 10913 11317 230 235
14725
vs lig vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz
1.20225
1.559425 1.557025 1.556625 1.589320 sl 2O;Hvs EtOH, eth, lig vs bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs bz, eth s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-102
1849 9-Chloroacridine 1850 2-Chloroaniline 1851 3-Chloroaniline
O
NH2 Cl
NH2
NH2
NH2 HCl
NH2
Cl
Cl
N
Cl
O
2-Chloroaniline
Cl
HCl
Cl
3-Chloroaniline
Cl
Cl
4-Chloroaniline
2-Chloroaniline hydrochloride
3-Chloroaniline hydrochloride
2-Chloroanisole
O
O
Cl
O
NH2
Cl
2-Chlorobenzaldehyde
OH
Cl
Cl
2-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione
3-103
OH
3-Chlorobenzaldehyde
Cl
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde
2-Chlorobenzamide
Chlorobenzene
4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid
2-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile
NH2
NH2
3-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile
4-Chlorobenzeneacetonitrile
OH Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
OH
NH2
OH
4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediamine
NH2 Cl 4-Chlorobenzenemethanamine
3-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol
NH2 NH2
SH Cl 4-Chlorobenzenemethanethiol
Cl
4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediol
Cl 2-Chlorobenzenemethanol
2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediol
O O S NH2 Cl
2-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide
Cl
2-Chlorobenzenemethanamine
3-Chlorobenzenemethanamine
O O S NH2
O O S OH
Cl
Cl 4-Chlorobenzenemethanol
Cl
OH
4-Chloro-1,3-benzenediol
OH
OH
4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine
OH
OH 2-Chloro-1,4-benzenediamine
Cl
3-Chlorobenzenecarboperoxoicacid
Cl
NH2 Cl
NH2
Cl
a-Chlorobenzeneacetylchlorid e
OH
Cl
Cl 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid
OH
OH NH2
O
O
N
N Cl
O
2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid
Cl
N
O
Cl
1-Chloroanthracene
OH
Cl
O
Cl
4-Chloroanisole
Cl
O
O
Cl
3-Chloroanisole
O
O
1-Chloro-9,10-anthracenedione
Cl
Cl
4-Chlorobenzenesulfonamide
Cl 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9-Chloroacridine
O
O
No.
Name
Synonym
4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2-Chlorobenzenethiol 3-Chlorobenzenethiol 4-Chlorobenzenethiol Chlorobenzilate 2-Chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphole 2-Chlorobenzoic acid
1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928
3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobenzonitrile 3-Chlorobenzonitrile 4-Chlorobenzonitrile 2-Chlorobenzophenone 2-Chlorophenyl phenyl ketone 4-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine 6-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine 2-Chlorobenzothiazole 5-Chloro-1H-benzotriazole 6-Chloro-2H-3,1-benzoxazine5-Chloroisatoic anhydride 2,4(1H)-dione 5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolamine Zoxazolamine 2-Chlorobenzoxazole 5-Chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone Chlorzoxazone 2-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 1-Chloro-4-benzylbenzene o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 2-Chlorobiphenyl 3-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl 4’-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-amine 4-Amino-4’-chlorodiphenyl 3-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-2-ol 2-Phenyl-6-chlorophenol 4-Chloro-1,2-butadiene 1-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Chloroprene 4-Chlorobutanal 1-Chlorobutane Butyl chloride 2-Chlorobutane (±)-sec-Butyl chloride 4-Chlorobutanenitrile 2-Chlorobutanoic acid
1929 1930 1931 1932
3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chloro-1-butanol 1-Chloro-2-butanol
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
51
14115 205.5 206 206 1570.07 8020 sub
1.275210 1.263713 1.191120 1.281620 1.465020 1.54420
sub
1.49625
Mol. Wt.
6HC 4Cl2O2S C5ClS 6H C5ClS 6H C5ClS 6H H14Cl2O3 16C H4ClO2P 6C C5ClO2 7H
98-60-2 6320-03-2 2037-31-2 106-54-7 510-15-6 1641-40-3 118-91-2
211.066 144.622 144.622 144.622 325.186 174.522 156.567
mcl pr (w)
H C ClO2 H C ClO2 7HC 4ClN 7HC 4ClN 7HC 4ClN H9ClO 13C 7HC 5ClN2S 7HC 5ClN2S C4ClNS 7H H4ClN3 6C ClNO3 8H4C
535-80-8 74-11-3 873-32-5 766-84-7 623-03-0 5162-03-8 19952-47-7 95-24-9 615-20-3 94-97-3 4743-17-3
156.567 156.567 137.567 137.567 137.567 216.662 184.646 184.646 169.632 153.569 197.576
pr (w) 158 tcl pr (al-eth) 243 nd 46.3 41 nd (al) 95 pl (chl-lig) 54 204 200 24 158 280 dec
7HC 5ClN2O C7H4ClNO C7H4ClNO2 C4Cl2O 7H C4Cl2O 7H C4Cl2O 7H C13H11Cl C 2 10H5ClN CH9Cl 12 CH9Cl 12 CH9Cl 12 ClN 12H10C C9ClO 12H H5Cl 4C H5Cl 4C C5Cl 4H H7ClO 4C 4HC 9Cl C9Cl 4H ClN 4H6C 4HC7ClO2
61-80-3 615-18-9 95-25-0 609-65-4 618-46-2 122-01-0 831-81-2 2698-41-1 2051-60-7 2051-61-8 2051-62-9 135-68-2 85-97-2 25790-55-0 627-22-5 126-99-8 6139-84-0 109-69-3 53178-20-4 628-20-6 4170-24-5
168.580 153.566 169.566 175.012 175.012 175.012 202.679 188.613 188.652 188.652 188.652 203.667 204.651 88.536 88.536 88.536 106.551 92.567 92.567 103.551 122.551
pl (bz)
625-68-3 627-00-9 928-51-8 1873-25-2
122.551 122.551 108.566 108.566
cry (eth)
7 5 7 5
HCClO2 HCClO2 H9ClO 4C C9ClO 4H 4 7 4 7
a-Butylene chlorohydrin
Physical Form
CAS RN
cry (ace) liq
61 37 30 140.2
184.5 7 191.5 -4
16 7.5 wh cry 96 mcl (dil al) 34 16 lf (lig or al) 78.8 cry (peth) 134 6
liq
-130
liq liq
-123.1 -131.3
16 16
232 10015 223; 955 330
nD
Solubility
1.548020
vs eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl
1.571220 s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace; sl CS2 sl H2O, bz, ctc, CS2; s EtOH, eth i2O,H bz, ctc; vs EtOH; sl eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl
1.113317
248
1.371510
1.633810
201.5
1.345318
1.567820
vs ace, eth, EtOH
vs EtOH
238 225 222 1.377020 299; 1478 1.124720 312 32 274 1.1499 284.5 1.157925 10 292.9; 146 dec 317 88 68 59.4 5113 78.4 68.2 192 189627, 10115 11622 19622, 680.2 8416 141
1.572616 1.567720 1.575620
vs EtOH, MeOH s ctc
1.2425 0.989120 0.960620 20 0.956 1.1068 20 0.8857 20 0.8732 1.093415 1.179620
1.623730 1.477520 1.471220 1.458320 1.44668 1.402320 1.397120 1.441320 1.44120
sl chl vs ace sl H2O; s bz, diox, EtOAc, ace i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, lig vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, lig vs ace, bz, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc eth, ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth
1.189820 1.223620 1.088320 1.06825
1.422120 1.464220 1.451820 1.440020
s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth
1.618125
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-104
1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896
Mol. Form.
O O S Cl
O
SH
O
SH
SH
HO
O
O
OH
O
Cl
O
OH
OH
Cl P Cl
Cl
4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride
2-Chlorobenzenethiol
Cl
Cl
3-Chlorobenzenethiol
O
Cl
4-Chlorobenzenethiol
Chlorobenzilate
Cl
2-Chloro-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphole
2-Chlorobenzoicacid
Cl
3-Chlorobenzoicacid
4-Chlorobenzoicacid
N N
N
O Cl
Cl
O
Cl N
N
Cl
2-Chlorobenzonitrile 3-Chlorobenzonitrile 4-Chlorobenzonitrile 2-Chlorobenzophenone
2-Chlorobenzothiazole
3-105
O
Cl
Cl
N
N
Cl
2-Chlorobenzoxazole
2-Chlorobiphenyl
3-Chlorobiphenyl
2-Chlorobenzoylchloride
Cl
Cl
Cl
3-Chlorobenzoylchloride
4-Chlorobenzoylchloride
HO
4-Chlorobiphenyl
N
Cl
N
Cl Cl
6-Chloro-2H-3,1-benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione
Cl
Cl
5-Chloro-2(3H)-benzoxazolone
5-Chloro-1H-benzotriazole
O
Cl
O
O
5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolamine
O
Cl
N H
Cl
O
Cl
NH2 O
O
H N
N H
S
4-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine 6-Chloro-2-benzothiazolamine
O
N Cl
S
Cl
S
N
N
NH2
NH2 Cl
Cl
Cl
o-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile
Cl Cl
NH2 4’-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-amine
1-Chloro-4-benzylbenzene
3-Chloro-[1,1’-biphenyl]-2-ol
C
Cl
4-Chloro-1,2-butadiene
1-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
Cl 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene
O Cl
O 4-Chlorobutanal
Cl 1-Chlorobutane
Cl 2-Chlorobutane
Cl
OH N
4-Chlorobutanenitrile
Cl 2-Chlorobutanoic acid
Cl
O
O OH
3-Chlorobutanoic acid
Cl
OH
4-Chlorobutanoic acid
Cl
Cl OH 4-Chloro-1-butanol
OH 1-Chloro-2-butanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl
No.
Synonym
1957 1958 1959 1960 1961
3-Chloro-2-butanone 4-Chlorobutanoyl chloride 2-Chloro-1-butene 3-Chloro-1-butene 4-Chloro-1-butene cis-1-Chloro-2-butene trans-1-Chloro-2-butene cis-2-Chloro-2-butene trans-2-Chloro-2-butene 1-Chloro-4-tert -butylbenzene Chloro-(tert -butyl)dimethylsilane Chloro(tert -butyl)diphenylsilane 2-Chloro-4-tert -butylphenol 3-Chloro-1-butyne 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl) ethanamine, hydrochloride 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)NHN1 ethylethanamine 2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)NMechlorethamine methylethanamine 1-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)benzene 2-Chlorobenzyl chloride 1-Chloro-3-(chloromethyl)benzene 3-Chlorobenzyl chloride 1-Chloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene 4-Chlorobenzyl chloride Chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane 3-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1propene 1-Chloro-4-[(chloromethyl) thio]benzene 2-Chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone 3-Chlorocholest-5-ene, (3 b) trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid Chlorocyclohexane Cyclohexyl chloride
1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
2-Chlorocyclohexanone 1-Chlorocyclohexene Chlorocyclopentane 2-Chlorocyclopentanone 3-Chlorocyclopentene 4-Chloro-2-cyclopentylphenol 1-Chlorodecane 10-Chloro-1-decanol 2-Chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide
1948 1949
3-106
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956
Cyclopentyl chloride
Dowicide 9
Allidochlor
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C4H7ClO 4HC6Cl2O C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C10H13Cl ClSi 6H15C 16HC 19ClSi CH13ClO 10 C4H5Cl C4H10Cl3N
4091-39-8 4635-59-0 2211-70-3 563-52-0 927-73-1 4628-21-1 4894-61-5 2211-69-0 2211-68-9 3972-56-3 18162-48-6 58479-61-1 98-28-2 21020-24-6 821-48-7
106.551 140.996 90.552 90.552 90.552 90.552 90.552 90.552 90.552 168.663 150.722 274.861 184.662 88.536 178.488
C6H13Cl2N
538-07-8
170.080
51-75-2
156.053
HC Cl2 HC Cl2 Cl2 7H6C C2Si 3H8Cl C4H6Cl2
611-19-8 620-20-2 104-83-6 1719-57-9 1871-57-4
161.029 161.029 161.029 143.088 124.997
C7H6Cl2S
7205-90-5
193.094
C8H6Cl2O
937-20-2
189.039
C27H45Cl 9HC 7ClO2 9HC 7ClO2 9HC 7ClO2 6HC 11Cl
910-31-6 939-58-2 14473-90-6 940-62-5 542-18-7
405.099 182.604 182.604 182.604 118.604
C6H9ClO C6H9Cl C 5H9Cl H7ClO 5C H7Cl 5C 11HC 13ClO C10H21Cl C10H21ClO C 8H12ClNO
822-87-7 930-66-5 930-28-9 694-28-0 96-40-2 13347-42-7 1002-69-3 51309-10-5 93-71-0
132.587 116.588 104.578 118.562 102.563 196.673 176.727 192.726 173.640
H Cl2N C
5 11
7 6 7 6
Physical Form
liq liq
mp/˚C
-117.3 -105.8 89.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
115 173.5 58.5 64.5 75 84.1 85 70.6 62.8 213 125 1200.06 1148 68.5
1.055425 1.258120 0.910715 0.897820 0.921120 0.942620 0.929520 20 0.9239 20 0.9138 1.007518
1.421920 1.461620 1.416521 1.414920 1.423320 1.439020 1.435020 1.424020 1.419020 1.512320
s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, ace; s chl vs ace, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s ace, chl
1.0720
1.567520
1.421825
1.421825
12 66
1.086123
1.465325
215.0 col liq
-34 -60
8718, 645
sl H2O; msc ctc, DMF
217 216; 11025 223 115.5 138
1.26990 1.269515
1.553020 1.555420
1.086520 1.178220
1.436020 1.4753
21.5
12812
1.34625
nd (al)
101.5
270
nd (al, ace)
96 212 165 249.5 -43.81
liq
-17
nd (dil al)
31
liq
-14
liq
23
liq liq
-31.3 12.5
142 8215 142.5 114 8719, 7312 4040, 2730 18318 225.9 18715 1, 920.7 116
i H2O
i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz vs EtOH sl ctc vs EtOH, chl
1.605520 s EtOH, bz, MeOH
20 1.000
1.462620
1.16020 1.036119 1.005120 1.18525 1.038825
1.482520 1.479720 1.451020 1.475020 1.470826
20 0.8696 0.963025 1.08825
1.438020 1.457820 1.493225
i 2HO; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; vs CS2 vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl s eth, bz, diox; sl ctc s eth, ace, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947
Name
Cl O
Cl
Cl
Cl
O 3-Chloro-2-butanone
Cl
Cl
4-Chlorobutanoylchloride
2-Chloro-1-butene
3-Chloro-1-butene
Cl
4-Chloro-1-butene
Cl
Cl
cis-1-Chloro-2-butene
trans-1-Chloro-2-butene
cis-2-Chloro-2-butene
Si
Cl Cl Cl
Si Cl
Cl
Cl
trans-2-Chloro-2-butene
1-Chloro-4-tert -butylbenzene
Cl
Chloro-(tert -butyl)dimethylsilane
Chloro(tert -butyl)diphenylsilane
2-Chloro-4-tert -butylphenol
H N
Cl
HCl
3-Chloro-1-butyne
2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)ethanamine, hydrochloride
Cl Cl N
Cl
N
Cl
Cl
2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)N-ethylethanamine
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
2-Chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)N-methylethanamine
1-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)benzene
Cl
1-Chloro-3-(chloromethyl)benzene
1-Chloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene
3-107
Cl O Cl
Cl Si
Cl
Cl
Chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane
S
Cl
3-Chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1-propene
Cl
Cl
1-Chloro-4-[(chloromethyl)thio]benzene
Cl
2-Chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone
3-Chlorocholest-5-ene,(3b)
O O
O
OH OH
Cl trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
OH Cl
trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid
trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid
Chlorocyclohexane
2-Chlorocyclohexanone
1-Chlorocyclohexene
Chlorocyclopentane
Cl
O
HO
O
Cl Cl 2-Chlorocyclopentanone
3-Chlorocyclopentene
Cl 4-Chloro-2-cyclopentylphenol
Cl 1-Chlorodecane
Cl
OH 10-Chloro-1-decanol
N 2-Chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
No.
Name
Synonym
2007 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitroaniline 2008 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
16CH14ClN3O CHBr 2Cl C3H7Cl3Si
58-25-3 124-48-1 18171-59-0
299.754 208.280 177.533
642-84-2
316.568
HC ClO2 H15ClO2 7C 6HC 12ClNO C6H15Cl2N
621-62-5 35573-93-4 2315-36-8 869-24-9
152.619 166.646 149.618 172.096
HClF C 2O2 H ClF C 2 H3ClF2 2C C2 2HClF CHClF 2 9HC 9ClO 12H9CAsClN CClNO2 8H10 C9ClO2 4H C12H14ClNO4
76-04-0 75-68-3 338-65-8 359-10-4 75-45-6 145-94-8 578-94-9 97-50-7 97-97-2 4433-79-8
130.478 100.495 100.495 98.479 86.469 168.619 277.581 187.624 124.566 271.697
1184-58-3 69-09-0
92.504 355.325
H CClN H CClN CClN 8H10 C9Cl 8H C9Cl 8H C4H11Cl2N
698-01-1 6848-13-1 698-69-1 95-72-7 615-60-1 4584-46-7
155.625 155.625 155.625 140.610 140.610 144.043
H CCl HCClO 8HC9ClO ClO 8H9C CClSi 8H11 C5H13Cl2N
515-40-2 1124-06-7 1123-63-3 88-04-0 768-33-2 17256-39-2
168.663 156.609 156.609 156.609 170.712 158.069
HC Cl HC ClO2 ClSi 2H7C C 3O4 6H4ClN
753-89-9 13511-38-1 1066-35-9 3531-19-9
106.594 136.577 94.616 217.567
H ClN C 3O4 HCClN2O4
5388-62-5 97-00-7
217.567 202.552
H Cl C 3NO2
13 8
6 13
2
2 3
H AlClC HC Cl2N2S
2 6
17 20
8 10 8 10
10 13 8 9
5 11 5 9
6 4 6 3
Physical Form
mp/˚C
liq liq
236.2 -20 -48
bp/˚C 120 149
den/g cm-3 20 2.451 20 1.2369
nD
Solubility
1.548220 1.46120
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
1.417020 1.426820
sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, bz
247 157.4 8425 19225
1.018020 0.995119
200 hyg col gas
25 -130.8
col gas col gas nd (peth) ye cry
-138.5 -157.42 92 195 91
sl H2O 122 -9.1 35.1 -18.5 -40.7
1.355920 1.10725
s chl i H2O; s bz
1.4909-69
sl H2O; s eth, ace, chl
1.65
i H2O; sl ctc, bz, xyl
127.5
1.06820
126
0.996
205 232 231 187 194
1.106720 1.0480100 1.058915 15 1.0682
223; 10518
246 195; 8216
1.415020
107 hyg liq
nd (al) liq
-21 195 dec
35.5 0.8 -6 201.0
silv-grn nd (lig) 74.5 nd (w) 83 115
sl EtOH, eth, bz, ctc s chl reac2H O; s hx s H2O; i eth, bz; vs chl, EtOH
1.557820
vs bz, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz s EtOH i H2O; s ace, ctc; vs bz i H2O; s ace, ctc; vs bz sl H2O
1.04720
1.524720
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl2O;Hvs bz, EtOH, peth sl H2O; vs bz, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, bz, peth; s EtOH, eth
1.03220
1.508220 s chl
liq
-20 41.5 -111 157
liq ye cry (DMF aq) oran-ye nd (al) 147 ye orth (eth) nd 53 (al) ye cry
84.3 11010 34.7
315
20 0.8660
0.852
1.498275
1.404420
vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs ctc
20 1.3830
1.585760
s EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS 2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-108
1971 Chlorodiazepoxide 1972 Chlorodibromomethane 1973 Chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilane (Dichloromethyl) dimethylchlorosilane 1974 5-Chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2- 3’,4’,5-Trichlorosalicylanilide hydroxybenzamide 1975 2-Chloro-1,1-diethoxyethane 1976 3-Chloro-1,1-diethoxypropane 1977 2-Chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide 1978 2-Chloro-N,N-diethylethanamine, hydrochloride 1979 Chlorodifluoroacetic acid 1980 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Refrigerant 142b 1981 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1982 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene 1983 Chlorodifluoromethane Refrigerant 22 1984 7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-ol Chlorindanol 1985 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine Phenarsazine chloride 1986 5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline 1987 2-Chloro-1,1-dimethoxyethane 1988 N-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)3-oxobutanamide 1989 Chlorodimethylaluminum Dimethylaluminum chloride 1990 2-Chloro-10-(3Aminazin hydrochloride dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine monohydrochloride 1991 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline 1992 3-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline 1993 4-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline 1994 2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1995 4-Chloro-1,2-dimethylbenzene 1996 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylethanamine, hydrochloride 1997 (2-Chloro-1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene Neophyl chloride 1998 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol 1999 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol 2000 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Chloroxylenol 2001 Chlorodimethylphenylsilane 2002 1-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-2propanamine, hydrochloride 2003 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane 2004 3-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid 2005 Chlorodimethylsilane 2006 2-Chloro-4,6-dinitroaniline
Mol. Form.
H N
N
Cl
OH O N
Cl
O
Br H
Cl
N H
Cl
Br Chlorodibromomethane
Cl
Cl
N
N
Chloro(dichloromethyl)dimethylsilane
2-Chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide
Cl
OH
F
2-Chloro-N,N-diethylethanamine, hydrochloride
O
5-Chloro-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide
Chlorodifluoroacetic acid
2-Chloro-1,1-diethoxyethane
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane
Cl
As
O
Cl 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine
O
5-Chloro-2,4-dimethoxyaniline
Chlorodifluoromethane
H N
O
Cl
O
2-Chloro-1,1-dimethoxyethane
O
Cl Al
O
N-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide
Chlorodimethylaluminum
3-109
N
N N
1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene
O
O Cl
7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-4-ol
Cl F
NH2
H N
OH
H F
Cl
F
O
3-Chloro-1,1-diethoxypropane
F Cl
F
F F
O
Cl O
O
F
Cl
Cl
HCl
Cl
Cl
F
O
Cl
Cl
N
N
HCl
Cl
Cl Cl
S 2-Chloro-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine monohydrochloride
2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline
Cl
Cl
3-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline
4-Chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline
OH
2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene
4-Chloro-1,2-dimethylbenzene
OH
OH
Si
Cl Cl
N
HCl
2-Chloro-N,N-dimethylethanamine, hydrochloride
Cl (2-Chloro-1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene
4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol
4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol
O O N
Cl HCl
1-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-2-propanamine, hydrochloride
Cl 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane
Cl
OH
3-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid
H Si Cl Chlorodimethylsilane
Cl
Cl
Cl
O N
4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol
NH2 Cl O
O
N
O
2-Chloro-4,6-dinitroaniline
O N
NH2 O N
Chlorodimethylphenylsilane
Cl
O N
O
Cl 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitroaniline
O
N
O
O
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Chlorodiazepoxide
Cl Si
Cl
No.
Name
Synonym
2009 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene 2010 2011 2012 2013
den/g cm-3 1.686716
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, tol; sl chl
1.7422
vs eth, EtOH, chl
3-110
202.552
HCClN2O4 HCClN2O5 C 3O4 5H2ClN C7H2ClF3N2O4
2401-85-6 88-87-9 2578-45-2 393-75-9
252.611 218.551 203.541 270.550
H CClO3 CH ClO H11Cl 13C 12CH25Cl 2HC 5Cl
3967-54-2 447-31-4 90-99-3 112-52-7 75-00-3
122.507 230.689 202.679 204.780 64.514
1622-32-8 107-07-3 80-41-1
163.023 80.513 234.699
75-01-4 622-61-7 622-86-6 7081-78-9 628-89-7 542-58-5 54527-68-3 870-24-6 672-65-1 622-24-2 89-96-3 620-16-6 622-98-0
62.498 156.609 156.609 108.566 124.566 122.551 164.586 115.990 140.610 140.610 140.610 140.610 140.610
liq liq liq
627-11-2 13010-47-4
142.969 233.695
ye pow
90
16 19
51-50-3 55-43-6
259.774 296.235
oily liq cry
194
H C ClSi 4HC 9ClO 3HC 4ClNO CH18ClN3O2 10
6917-76-6 628-34-2 1943-83-5 13909-09-6
122.669 108.566 105.523 247.722
H ClNS C HC ClNO C6H13Cl2NO
533-45-9 3240-94-6 3647-69-6
161.653 149.618 186.079
H CClS
693-07-2
124.632
6 3
3 3
14 11
Cl2O2S 2019 2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride 2H4C 2020 2-Chloroethanol Ethylene chlorohydrin ClO 2H5C 2021 2-Chloroethanol, 4C9H11ClO3S methylbenzenesulfonate Cl 2022 Chloroethene Vinyl chloride 2H3C 2023 1-Chloro-4-ethoxybenzene C8H9ClO 2024 (2-Chloroethoxy)benzene C8H9ClO H9ClO 2025 1-Chloro-1-ethoxyethane 4C 2026 2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol C9ClO2 4H 2027 2-Chloroethyl acetate b-Chloroethyl acetate 4HC 7ClO2 ClO3 2028 2-Chloroethyl acetoacetate 6H9C 2029 2-Chloroethylamine hydrochloride 2-Chloroethanamine hydrochloride2H7Cl2N C H9Cl 2030 (1-Chloroethyl)benzene 8C 2031 (2-Chloroethyl)benzene H9Cl 8C 2032 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene H9Cl 8C H9Cl 2033 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene 8C H9Cl 2034 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 8C 2035 2-Chloroethyl chloroformate 2036 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1- Lomustine nitrosourea 2037 N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine Dibenamine 2038 N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine Dibenamine hydrochloride hydrochloride 2039 Chloroethyldimethylsilane 2040 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether 2041 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 2042 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4Semustine methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea 2043 5-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole Clomethiazole 2044 N-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine 2045 4-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine, hydrochloride 2046 1-Chloro-2-(ethylthio)ethane
bp/˚C 315
606-21-3
10 5
Lauryl chloride Ethyl chloride
mp/˚C 88
Mol. Wt.
6HC3ClN2O4
Chloroethylene carbonate
Physical Form
CAS RN
HCCl2O2 CH ClN3O2
3 4
9 16
H CClN HC Cl2N
16 18
4 11
6 8
6 12
4 9
ye nd (al, HOAc) ye nd (bz) pa ye cry
146.5 81 66.5 57
110 68.5 16 liq -9.3 vol liq or gas -138.4
213; 12218 dec 1403 263.2 12.3
liq
201.5 128.6 21021
liq nd (al)
col gas
-67.5
-153.84 21 28
nD
1.504
1.454020
1.14025 20 0.8673 25 (p>1 0.8902 atm 1.55520 20 1.2019
1.595120 1.443420 1.367620 1.492020 1.441920
-13.8 213 218.5 93.5 180; 805 145 198; 12019
0.910620 1.125420
1.370020 1.525220
0.965520 1.1825 1.17820 1.205521
1.405320 1.452920 1.423420 1.443020
10550 197.5; 9220 178.4 183.8 184.4
1.06925 20 1.0569 20 1.0529 20 1.0455
1.527620 1.521820 1.519520 1.517520
155
1.384720
1.448320
146.3
cry
-82.7 -55 -62.6
Solubility
s EtOH; sl chl; i alk s chl i H2O; vs EtOH; msc ace, ctc; s bz sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; msc eth
msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s chl i H2O; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 i H2O; s ace, bz, ctc, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, peth; s HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH
3 169
i H2O; s EtOH, dil acid 89.5 107.5 4417
0.867520 0.989520
7 92 421
1.23325
157
1.066325
64 dec
oil 185
1.410520 1.411320
sl H2O; msc eth; s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene 4-Chloro-2,6-dinitrophenol 2-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine 2-Chloro-1,3-dinitro-5(trifluoromethyl)benzene 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one 2-Chloro-1,2-diphenylethanone Chlorodiphenylmethane 1-Chlorododecane Chloroethane
Mol. Form.
O
N
O
O N
Cl Cl
O
O N
O
OH O N
O O
O N
O
2-Chloro-1,3-dinitrobenzene
O N
O N
Cl
O
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene
N
4-Chloro-2,6-dinitrophenol
N
O Cl
F F
O
Cl
2-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyridine
N O
F
O
Cl O
O
O
O
Cl
2-Chloro-1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one
Cl
O O S O
2-Chloro-1,2-diphenylethanone
Cl
Cl O
Cl Cl Chlorodiphenylmethane
1-Chlorododecane
Cl
Chloroethane
O
O S
Cl
Cl
2-Chloroethanesulfonyl chloride
Cl
OH
2-Chloroethanol
2-Chloroethanol,4-methylbenzenesulfonate
Chloroethene
1-Chloro-4-ethoxybenzene
Cl
3-111
O
O
Cl O
Cl
O 1-Chloro-1-ethoxyethane
2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol
Cl Cl
Cl
O
2-Chloroethylacetate
(2-Chloroethoxy)benzene
Cl
O
Cl
O
OH
Cl
O
2-Chloroethylacetoacetate
NH2 HCl
2-Chloroethylamine hydrochloride
(1-Chloroethyl)benzene
(2-Chloroethyl)benzene
1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene
Cl Cl O Cl 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene
1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene
N N
H N Cl
O
O Cl
O
2-Chloroethylchloroformate
N
N
Cl
Cl
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea
N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine
N-(2-Chloroethyl)dibenzylamine hydrochloride
Cl
O O
Cl
2-Chloroethylethylether
C
N N
H N N
Cl
2-Chloroethylisocyanate
O
Cl Cl
S
N O
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea 5-(2-Chloroethyl)-4-methylthiazole N-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine
Cl Si Chloroethyldimethylsilane
Cl
O N
HCl
N
HCl
O 4-(2-Chloroethyl)morpholine, hydrochloride
S
Cl
1-Chloro-2-(ethylthio)ethane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N O
O
No.
2058 2059
3-112
2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086
Synonym
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 3-Chloro-4-fluoroaniline 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane Chlorofluoromethane 1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-methylbenzene 2-Chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 3-Chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene 4-Chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1butanone 3-Chloro-2,5-furandione 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4Refrigerant C317 heptafluorocyclobutane 1-Chloroheptane Heptyl chloride 2-Chloroheptane 3-Chloroheptane 4-Chloroheptane 7-Chloro-1-heptanol Heptamethylene chlorohydrin 1-Chlorohexadecane 1-Chlorohexane Hexyl chloride 2-Chlorohexane 2-Hexyl chloride 3-Chlorohexane 3-Hexyl chloride 6-Chloro-1-hexanol 4-Chloro-17-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3- Clostebol one, (17b) 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Chloro-a-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid 3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzophenone 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-4-iodobutane Chloroiodomethane 1-Chloro-3-iodopropane 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol Iodochlorhydroxyquin 1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene 1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
4HC 7ClO C5ClFN 6H C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C2H4ClF C2H4ClF CH2ClF H6ClF 7C ClFNO2 6H3C C10H10ClFO
110-75-8 367-21-5 348-51-6 625-98-9 352-33-0 1615-75-4 762-50-5 593-70-4 443-83-4 350-30-1 3874-54-2
106.551 145.562 130.547 130.547 130.547 82.504 82.504 68.478 144.574 175.545 200.636
96-02-6 377-41-3
132.502 216.485
7HC 15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl ClO 7H15C C16H33Cl C13Cl 6H
629-06-1 1001-89-4 999-52-0 998-95-8 55944-70-2 4860-03-1 544-10-5
134.647 134.647 134.647 134.647 150.646 260.886 120.620
H C Cl C13Cl 6H C6H13ClO CH27ClO2 19
638-28-8 2346-81-8 2009-83-8 1093-58-9
120.620 120.620 136.619 322.869
C7H5ClO2 C8H7ClO3
635-93-8 492-86-4
156.567 186.593
pl (al)
100.3 120.3
H C ClO3 H C ClO3 C13H9ClO2 C8H7ClO3
3964-58-7 321-14-2 85-19-8 19463-48-0
172.566 172.566 232.662 186.593
nd (w) nd (w, al)
171 174.8 95.3 165
sub
615-41-8 625-99-0 637-87-6 10297-05-9 593-71-5 6940-76-7 130-26-7 3320-83-0 2909-38-8 2077-13-6
238.453 238.453 238.453 218.464 176.384 204.437 305.499 153.566 153.566 154.636
0.7
234.5 230 227 19 116; 89 109 171
HClO C 3 C 7 4ClF 4
6 13
7 5 7 5
C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4ClI H8ClI 4C CH 2ClI C3H6ClI C 9H5ClINO H4ClNO 7C H4ClNO 7C H11Cl 9C
liq liq liq vol liq or gas col gas
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-70 45.0 -43
108 227.0 137.6 127.6 130 16.2 52.8 -9.1 154 229.5 1366
-26.8
-135.1 41.5
liq or gas liq
cry (peth, bz) liq
33 -39.1 -69.5
11 17.9 -94.0
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
20 1.0495
1.437820
vs EtOH, eth; sl chl
30 1.2233 1.22125 15 1.4990
1.491830 1.4911 1.499015
i H2O; s ace, bz
1.174720
1.377520
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs chl
1.19125
1.502620
1.2225
1.525520
196 25
1.537525 1.60215
1.498020
160.4 6132, 4619 144; 4820 144 15020 326.6 135.1
20 0.8762 0.867220 0.869020 0.871020 0.999815 0.863520 20 0.8781
1.426420 1.422120 1.422820 1.423720 1.453725 1.450320 1.420020
122.5 123 10712
0.869421 0.868420 1.024120
1.414222 1.416320 1.455020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; vs eth; s bz, chl, HOAc vs bz, eth vs bz, eth vs EtOH, peth i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth
189
tetr
lf (ace, al) liq
ye br nd (al)
liq
57
178.5 30.5 -74.4
10512
200; 11543 11343 191.1
i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, alk vs bz, EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, bz; sl ace i H2O i2O; H s EtOH, HOAc 1.951525 1.925520 27 1.886 1.785 2.42220 1.90420
1.633125
1.540020 1.582220 1.547220
20 1.0341
1.516820
i H2O; s ace; sl ctc i H2O; s ace i H2O; s EtOH, PhNO2; sl chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc sl EtOH; s HOAc sl ctc sl chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057
Name
Cl
NH2 Cl
Cl
Cl
F Cl
O
Cl
F
F
1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene
1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane
F
F
2-Chloroethylvinylether
H
Cl
3-Chloro-4-fluoroaniline 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene
1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene
Cl
Cl
F
1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane
F H
F
Chlorofluoromethane
1-Chloro-3-fluoro-2-methylbenzene
Cl
O
N
O
O
F F
Cl
Cl O
F
Cl F
O
O
F F
Cl
Cl
Cl
F F
2-Chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 4-Chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanone 3-Chloro-2,5-furandione 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluorocyclobutane
Cl
1-Chloroheptane
2-Chloroheptane
3-Chloroheptane
4-Chloroheptane
OH H
3-113
Cl
Cl Cl
OH
Cl
7-Chloro-1-heptanol
1-Chlorohexadecane
1-Chlorohexane
O O
Cl 2-Chlorohexane
OH
O
3-Chloro-4-hydroxybenzoicacid
5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzoicacid
Cl
2-Chloro-5-hydroxybenzophenone
Cl N
H
1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene
1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene
I
Cl Cl
1-Chloro-4-iodobutane
I
I H
Chloroiodomethane
I
Cl
1-Chloro-3-iodopropane
N
I
Cl OH
Cl
Cl
OH
4-Chloro-a-hydroxybenzeneaceticacid
I
O Cl
Cl
I
4-Chloro-17-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one,(17b)
OH O
OH
Cl
O
Cl
Cl 5-Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
6-Chloro-1-hexanol
OH
OH
OH
Cl
OH
3-Chlorohexane
OH O
O
Cl
C
3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde
O
N
C
1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene
O Cl
Cl
OH 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol 1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene
Cl 1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene
1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
F
No.
Name
Synonym
2087 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene 2088 1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene 2089 Chloromethane
3-114
2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
H11Cl 9C
2621-46-7
154.636
liq
HCClNS Cl 3CH
2131-55-7 74-87-3
169.632 50.488
nd (al) col gas
H ClNO C HCClNO C 3H7ClO H7ClO 3C C9ClO 8H C4H9ClO 3HC 5ClO2 C14H12ClNO
93-50-5 95-03-4 3188-13-4 627-42-9 3587-60-8 3587-57-3 625-56-9 1022-13-5
157.598 157.598 94.540 94.540 156.609 108.566 108.524 245.704
nd or pr (dil al) 52 nd (dil al) 84
HCClN ClN 7H8C ClN 7H8C ClN 7H8C ClN 7H8C 7HC8ClN ClN 7H8C C15H9ClO2
932-96-7 615-65-6 87-63-8 87-60-5 95-74-9 95-69-2 95-79-4 129-35-1
141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599 256.684
7HC 7Cl C8H10ClN
100-44-7 39191-07-6
126.584 155.625
HC ClO HC ClO 8HC7ClO2 Cl 5H11C C11Cl 5H C11Cl 5H C9Cl 5H C7Cl 5H H7Cl 4C C9H11Cl
1674-30-2 3391-10-4 20850-43-5 107-84-6 594-36-5 631-65-2 503-60-6 1111-97-3 5911-08-0 824-55-5
156.609 156.609 170.594 106.594 106.594 106.594 104.578 102.563 90.552 154.636
H ClSi C HC ClSi C6H13ClO2
1833-51-8 144-79-6 4288-84-0
184.738 232.781 152.619
225 295 182; 8720
1.024025 1.127720 1.091020
1.574220 1.437025
HC Cl HC Cl H6ClF 7C H6ClF 7C C5ClO 5H C17Cl 8H
1467-05-6 934-53-2 345-35-7 352-11-4 617-88-9 123-04-6
154.636 154.636 144.574 144.574 116.546 148.674
9515 981 172; 8640 8226, 7620 4926 172
1.19225 1.21625 1.214320 1.178320 0.876920
1.529025 1.529025 1.515020 1.5130 1.494120 1.431920
7 4
Methyl chloride
4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline 4-Chloro-2-anisidine 5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline (Chloromethoxy)ethane Chloromethyl ethyl ether 1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane [(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene 1-(Chloromethoxy)propane Chloromethyl acetate N-Methyl-2-amino-55-Chloro-2-(methylamino) chlorobenzophenone benzophenone 4-Chloro-N-methylaniline 2-Chloro-4-methylaniline 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline 3-Chloro-2-methylaniline 3-Chloro-4-methylaniline 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline p-Chloro-o-toluidine 5-Chloro-2-methylaniline 1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione (Chloromethyl)benzene Benzyl chloride 3-Chloro-Nmethylbenzenemethanamine a-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol 4-Chloro-a-methylbenzenemethanol 5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Isopentyl chloride 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne (Chloromethyl)cyclopropane 1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4dimethylbenzene (Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane Chloromethyldiphenylsilane 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2propanol 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene (1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 2-(Chloromethyl)furan 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane
7 8 7 8
7 8
8 9 8 9
9 13
13 13
9 11 9 11
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-12.3
198.3
46 -97.7
249.5 -24.09
den/g cm-3 20 1.0208
0.91125 (p>1 atm)
nD
Solubility
1.511720
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, ctc; vs bz i 2HO; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH; sl lig
1.338920
260 83 92.5 10313 109 116
1.018815 1.034520 1.135020 0.988420 1.19420
1.404020 1.411120 1.519220 1.412520 1.40920
240 220 215; 9710 245 243 244 239; 14038
1.16911 1.15120
1.583520 1.574822
s EtOH, ace, bz sl EtOH, bz
1.588020
s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s EtOH; sl ctc s EtOH; sl ctc vs EtOH i EtOH, eth; sl py
20 1.1004
1.539120 1.535025
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s chl
12817, 12111 1.192620 12115 13414 1.31225 20 98.9 0.8750 20 85.6 0.8653 91.5 0.87820 109 0.927320 20 76 0.9061 25 88 0.98 215.5; 11020 1.058019
1.552320 1.550520 1.566020 1.408420 1.405520
s EtOH; vs eth s ctc
1.448520
vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl
vs H2O, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
92
7
lf (al)
liq
1 26 30.3 26 170.5 -45
liq liq
20.5 -104.4 -73.5
liq liq
-61 -90.9
179 884
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc
1.435020 vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 s EtOH, eth vs bz, EtOH, chl
vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
Cl
N
C
S NH2 O
NH2
H H 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene
Cl
H
1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene Chloromethane
NH O
Cl
Cl
4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline 5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline (Chloromethoxy)ethane
HN
NH2
Cl O
Cl
1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane
[(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene
Cl
1-(Chloromethoxy)propane
NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
Cl
O
O
O
NH2
Cl
O O
Cl
Cl
Chloromethylacetate
O
Cl
5-Chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenone
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
4-Chloro-N-methylaniline 2-Chloro-4-methylaniline 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline 3-Chloro-2-methylaniline 3-Chloro-4-methylaniline 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline 5-Chloro-2-methylaniline
Cl Cl
3-115
OH
OH
N H
Cl
Cl
O 1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione
(Chloromethyl)benzene
O
Cl
O
Cl
3-Chloro-N-methylbenzenemethanamine
a-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol
4-Chloro-a-methylbenzenemethanol
5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole
Cl 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane
Cl
Cl
Cl 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane
Si Cl
Cl
Cl
Si
Cl
2-Chloro-3-methylbutane
1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene
3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne
(Chloromethyl)cyclopropane
1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethylbenzene (Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane Chloromethyldiphenylsilane
Cl
Cl Cl
OH O
Cl F
Cl
F 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol
Cl
1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene
(1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene
1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene
1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene
O
Cl
2-(Chloromethyl)furan
Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl
O Cl
No.
Name
Synonym
2137 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 2138 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene
3-116
2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159
Mol. Wt.
CH13ClO 10
89-68-9
184.662
H C ClO HC Cl C9Cl 8H C9Cl 8H 2HC 5ClO 4HC 7ClO H9Cl 11C H9Cl 11C 7HC 6ClNO2
824-94-2 552-45-4 620-19-9 104-82-5 107-30-2 598-09-4 86-52-2 2506-41-4 612-23-7
156.609 140.610 140.610 140.610 80.513 106.551 176.642 176.642 171.582
pr lf (al) cry (lig)
32 48.5 50.0
HCClNO2 H ClNO C 2
619-23-8 100-14-1
171.582 171.582
pa ye nd (lig) pl or nd (al)
46 71
HCClNO2 HCClNO2 C 2 7H6ClNO 7HC 6ClNO2 7HC 6ClNO2 C13Cl 6H C13Cl 6H C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C9H9ClO3
83-42-1 13290-74-9 89-60-1 121-86-8 89-59-8 25346-32-1 4737-41-1 6640-27-3 615-74-7 87-64-9 615-62-3 1570-64-5 59-50-7 94-74-6
171.582 171.582 171.582 171.582 171.582 120.620 120.620 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 200.618
nd (dil al) ye cry
C11H13ClO3
94-81-5
228.672
1631-82-9 2565-58-4 17564-64-6 917-93-1 513-36-0 507-20-0
156.685 130.468 195.603 106.551 92.567 92.567
513-37-1 563-47-3 6959-48-4
90.552 90.552 164.033
993-00-0 98-57-7
80.590 190.648
123-09-1
158.649
8 9 8 9
7 6
4-Nitrobenzyl chloride
1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene 4-Chloro-1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane 3-(Chloromethyl)pentane 2-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2-Chlorop-cresol 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol 6-Chlorom-cresol 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 6-Chloroo-cresol 3-Chloro-4-methylphenol 3-Chlorop-cresol 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 4-Chloroo-cresol 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 4-Chlorom-cresol (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic MCPA acid 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butanoic acid Chloromethylphenylsilane (Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid N-Chloromethylphthalimide 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane Isobutyl chloride 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane tert -Butyl chloride
Physical Form
CAS RN
7 6
7 6 7 6
HCClSi ClO3P 4CH C 2 9H6ClNO H7ClO 4C Cl 4H9C C9Cl 4H 7 9
2160 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Dimethylvinyl chloride 4H7ClC H7Cl 2161 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 4C 2162 3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, C6H7Cl2N hydrochloride 2163 Chloromethylsilane CH 5ClSi 2164 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene 4-Chlorobenzenethiol, S-methyl,S,S- C7H7ClO2S dioxide 2165 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene 7HC 7ClS
nd
liq
nd (al) mcl nd
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
63
258.5
24.5
262.5 198; 9020 195.5 201; 9020 59.5 122 291.5 20 169 1254
-103.5
37.8 42.5 7 66.5 38
pr (peth)
45.5
nd (al) nd (peth) nd (peth) pl (bz, to)
55.5 51 67 120
den/g cm-3
1.26120 1.06325 1.06420 1.051220 10 1.063 1.101120 1.181320
nD
1.58020 1.541025 1.534520 1.5380 1.39720 1.431020 1.638020 1.555762
17334
1.557762 1.564762
238 249 261; 11811 260 242; 115.511 1.255980 113 0.861020 126; 83202 0.891420 195.5 1.178527 196 1.21515 189; 8020 228 223 235
69 1.5377
1.557220 1.547069 1.411320 1.422220 1.520027 1.544920
Solubility vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth, alk vs ace, bz, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH vs eth i H2O; s ctc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH sl 2HO; s peth sl 2HO, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth sl 2HO; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc
100 113100 nd (bz/MeNO2)
liq liq
hyg col gas
1.04320
1.517120
90 68.5 50.9
1.05315 20 0.8773 20 0.8420
1.416016 1.398420 1.385720
68 71.5
0.918620 0.916520
1.422120 1.429120
90 135.5 -130.3 -25.60
143.8 -135 98
63 7; -45
10510
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s chl msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2127 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2Chlorothymol isopropylphenol 2128 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene 2129 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene 2130 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methylbenzene 2131 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methylbenzene 2132 Chloromethyl methyl ether 2133 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane 2134 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene 2135 2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene 2136 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene
Mol. Form.
Cl
OH
Cl Cl
Cl
O
Cl 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol
Cl
1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene
1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene
1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methylbenzene
1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methylbenzene
Cl
O
Cl
O N
O
N O
Cl 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane
1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene
2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene
1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene
Cl Cl
3-117
O
N
O N
O O
1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene
1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene
O
O
2-Chloro-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene
Cl
4-Chloro-1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene
OH
2-Chloro-4-methylpentane
3-(Chloromethyl)pentane
2-Chloro-4-methylphenol
OH O
Cl
3-Chloro-4-methylphenol
Cl
4-Chloro-2-methylphenol
O O
OH
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol
OH
Cl
Cl (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid
4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid
O
Cl Chloromethylphenylsilane
1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene
Cl
O
2-Chloro-6-methylphenol
O
OH
Cl
Cl SiH
1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene
Cl
Cl 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol
N O
O
O
OH Cl
N
Cl
N
OH OH
O
1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene
O N
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
O P OH OH
(Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid
N O N-Chloromethylphthalimide
Cl O 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal
Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane
Cl
Cl Cl 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene
N
HCl
3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride
H Si Cl H Chloromethylsilane
O S O 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene
Cl
Cl
2-Chloro-2-methylpropane
1-Chloro-2-methylpropene
Cl
S 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl
Cl Cl
O
Chloromethylmethylether
No.
Synonym
Mol. Form.
1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane Chloro(methylthio)methane (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 4-Chloro-1-naphthol Chloroneb 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline 2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline
ClS 3H7C ClS 2H5C C 4H11ClSi 1-Naphthyl chloride 10HC 7Cl CH7Cl 10 CH7ClO 10 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene 8HC8Cl2O2 ClN2O2 6H5C ClN2O2 6H5C ClN2O2 6H5C
Physical Form
3-118
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
542-81-4 2373-51-5 2344-80-1 90-13-1 91-58-7 604-44-4 2675-77-6 121-87-9 6283-25-6 89-63-4
110.606 96.579 122.669 162.616 162.616 178.615 207.055 172.569 172.569 172.569
HC ClN2O2
635-22-3
172.569
HC ClN2O2
1635-61-6
172.569
129-40-8
287.656
6361-21-3 16588-34-4 88-73-3
185.565 185.565 157.555
cry (al)
H ClNO2 C
121-73-3
157.555
pa ye orth pr (al) mcl pr
2176 4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline
6 5
2177 5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline
6 5
C14H6ClNO4
2178 1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 2179 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde 2180 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2181 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene
o-Chloronitrobenzene
HC ClNO3 HC ClNO3 H4ClNO2 6C
2182 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene
m-Chloronitrobenzene
6 4
7 4 7 4
oily liq pl (dil al), lf nd (chl, aq al)
mp/˚C
-2.5 58.0 120.5 134 108 121 116.5
ye nd (w) ye nd (lig) dk oran-ye pr (dil al) ye nd or pr (w) 103 nd (peth) ye nd (CS2)ye lf 127.8 (al, bz) 315.3
mcl nd
Solubility
1.490220 1.496320 1.417520 1.632620 1.607913
s EtOH, eth, ace
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
268 vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ace, lig s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl lig sub
vs eth, EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig; sl bz; s py
245.5
1.368242
44.4
235.5
1.34350
1.537480
82 167
242
1.297990
1.5376100
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl, CS 2
124.5
1.60818 1.64518 1.283720
1.422420
sub 142 dec 134; 5750
1.20720 1.220
1.425120 1.437819
222; 9510
1.51125
1.489320
1.52725
1.508326
100-00-5 42389-30-0
157.555 187.584
ClN2O4S 6H5C C6H3Cl2NO4S
97-09-6 97-08-5
236.633 256.064
ye cry (EtOH)
175 60.8
H CClNO4 H CClNO4 ClNO4 7H4C C4ClNO2 2H C4ClNO3 6H C4ClNO3 6H C4ClNO3 6H H6ClNO2 3C H6ClNO2 3C
99-60-5 2516-96-3 96-99-1 598-92-5 619-08-9 89-64-5 611-07-4 600-25-9 594-71-8
201.565 201.565 201.565 109.512 173.554 173.554 173.554 123.539 123.539
nd (w) nd or pr (w) nd or pl (w)
141.8 166.5 182.8
2196 2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine 2197 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2198 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2199 1-Chlorononane 2200 9-Chloro-1-nonanol 2201 1-Chlorooctadecane
ClN2O2 5H3C C7H3ClF3NO2
5470-18-8 121-17-5
158.543 225.553
nd (w) liq
C7H3ClF3NO2
777-37-7
225.553
C9H19Cl C9H19ClO C18H37Cl
2473-01-0 51308-99-7 3386-33-2
162.700 178.699 288.940
wh nd (50% al) 111 ye mcl pr (al) 88.5 ye pr or nd (w) 41 -21.5
liq
nD
vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, tol, py i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2
H4ClNO2 6C C6H6ClN3O2
7 4
den/g cm-3
140; 6030 1.12320 105 1.15325 98.5 0.87925 5 259; 106.5 1.188025 71 256 1.1377
81.3 64.5 32.1
2183 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene p-Chloronitrobenzene 2184 5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2benzenediamine 2185 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide 2186 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2187 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid 2188 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid 2189 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid 2190 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane 2191 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol 2192 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol 2193 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol 2194 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 2195 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane
7 4
bp/˚C
104.0 -1.3 22
232
-39.4 28 28.6
205.2 14714 352
20 0.8706
0.861620
1.434320 1.457520 1.452420
s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, alk s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz i 2HO; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, oils sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, oils; i KOH
i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175
Name
NH2
O
OH Cl
S
NH2 O N
Cl N O
(Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane
Cl
4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline
3-119
O N
O
O
1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene
N
Cl
N
O
O
1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione
O
O
N O
N O
Cl
2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde
NH2 O S O
O
1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene
O
5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine
OH Cl
N O
Cl
2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid
N O
OH
O
N O
O N
O N
O
O
Cl
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid
Cl
N
O O
5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline
O
N O
OH
O N
N
2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline
O
Cl
O
NH2
Cl O
O
Chloroneb
Cl
Cl
Cl
4-Chloro-1-naphthol
Cl O S O
O
1-Chloro-1-nitroethane
N
O
2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol
Cl
Cl
N O
O
OH
O
Cl
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide
OH O N
O
O N
O
O
N
O
2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid
O Cl N O
Cl
Cl
4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol
O
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride
OH O N
O
Cl
N O
Cl
O
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde
NH2
1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene
O
O
4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline
Cl Cl
2-Chloronaphthalene
O NH2 O N
O
Cl
2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline
1-Chloronaphthalene
NH2
N O
O
Cl
5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol
1-Chloro-1-nitropropane
2-Chloro-2-nitropropane
F
O F
F Cl
O
Cl
2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine
F
F
F
O
N
Cl
O
1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
1-Chlorononane
Cl
OH 9-Chloro-1-nonanol
1-Chlorooctadecane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Chloro(methylthio)methane
NH2
Cl
Cl
S
Cl
1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane
O
Cl
Si
Cl
Cl
Cl
No.
Name 1-Chlorooctane 2-Chlorooctane 8-Chloro-1-octanol Chloropentafluoroacetone Chloropentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluoroethane 1-Chloropentane
2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226
2-Chloropentane, (+) 3-Chloropentane 5-Chloropentanoic acid 5-Chloro-1-pentanol 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 1-Chloro-3-pentanone 5-Chloropentanoyl chloride 4-Chloro-2-pentene 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol Chlorophenol Red 2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2propanediol 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide 4-Chloro-a-phenylbenzenemethanol 4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate 4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone 4-Chlorophenyl 4chlorobenzenesulfonate (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl) methanone N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,Ndimethylurea 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4pyrimidinediamine 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione
2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241
Octyl chloride
Refrigerant 115 Pentyl chloride sec-Pentyl chloride
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether Chlorphenesin
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
8HC 17Cl C8H17Cl H17ClO 8C ClF5O 3C C6ClF5 C5 2ClF 5HC 11Cl
111-85-3 628-61-5 23144-52-7 79-53-8 344-07-0 76-15-3 543-59-9
148.674 148.674 164.673 182.476 202.509 154.466 106.594
C11Cl 5H C5H11Cl 5HC9ClO2 H11ClO 5C C5H9ClO C5H9ClO 5HC8Cl2O C5H9Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C19H12Cl2O5S H8ClNS 12C 8HC7ClO3 8HC7ClO3 8HC7ClO3 H9ClO 12C C9H11ClO3
29882-57-3 616-20-6 1119-46-6 5259-98-3 5891-21-4 32830-97-0 1575-61-7 1458-99-7 95-57-8 108-43-0 106-48-9 4430-20-0 92-39-7 614-61-9 588-32-9 122-88-3 7005-72-3 104-29-0
106.594 106.594 136.577 122.593 120.577 120.577 155.022 104.578 128.556 128.556 128.556 423.266 233.717 186.593 186.593 186.593 204.651 202.634
liq
mp/˚C -57.8
col gas
-133
col gas liq
-99.4 -99.0
liq liq
-137 -105 18
nd (w, al) cry (w) pr or nd (w)
9.4 32.6 42.8 261 198.5 148.5 110 156.5
cry
78
grn-br cry
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
183.5 172; 7528 13919 8 117.96 -39.1 108.4
20 0.8734 0.865817
1.430920 1.427321 1.456325
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH
1.56825 1.5678-42 20 0.8820
1.425620 1.2678-42 1.412620
20 0.8698 20 0.8731 1.341625
1.406920 1.408220 1.455520 1.451820 1.437520 1.436120 1.463920 1.432220 1.552420 1.556540 1.557940
97.0 97.5 230 11212 106110, 7634 6820 8312 103; 4725 174.9 214 220
284.5 21419
cry 113 nd (dil HOAc) 88.3 nd 79 179 59 col cry 62 19.5 86.5
100 sub
HC Cl2O
85-29-0
251.108
pr (al)
67
21422
C9H11ClN2O
150-68-5
198.648
wh pl (MeOH)
170.5
m-Chloroacetophenone p-Chloroacetophenone Pyrimethamine
C8H7ClO C8H7ClO H13ClN4 12C
99-02-5 99-91-2 58-14-0
154.594 154.594 248.711
Clorindione
15 9
1146-99-2
256.684
8 8
Ovex 2,4’-Dichlorodiphenyl ketone Monuron
13 8
CH ClO2
20 233.5 dk red nd (al)
145.5
1.21018 0.898820 1.263420 1.24545 1.265140
1.202615
1.599 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf
1.5
200.618 169.609 169.609 169.609 169.609 218.678 268.715 182.646 303.161
9 9
1.052320
i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s eth, ace; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH vs eth vs ace, eth, chl sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s alk sl H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH i H2O vs H2O; sl chl
101-10-0 587-65-5 533-17-5 588-07-8 539-03-7 119-56-2 80-38-6 939-52-6 80-33-1
Cloprop
HC ClO3 C H ClNO C8ClNO 8H C8ClNO 8H C8ClNO 8H CH11ClO 13 C9ClO3S 12H CH11ClO 10 C12H8Cl2O3S
Physical Form
333 333
1.38522
1314
1.33 1.13725
vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc sl chl sl H2O 1.545920 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace
1.39314
s EtOH; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ace
244; 12930 232
1.213040 1.192220
1.549420 1.555020
s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl
vs bz, eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-120
2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208
Synonym
Cl
F Cl
Cl
Cl
1-Chlorooctane
F Cl
OH
2-Chlorooctane
O
8-Chloro-1-octanol
2-Chloropentane,(+)
3-Chloropentane
F
F
Cl
5-Chloropentanoic acid
5-Chloro-1-pentanol
Cl
Cl Cl
1-Chloro-3-pentanone
O
Cl
S O O
Cl 4-Chlorophenol
Cl
O
S
ChlorophenolRed
O
O
H N
O
3-Chlorophenol
4-Chloro-2-pentene
Cl
OH
2-Chlorophenol
Cl Cl
5-Chloropentanoylchloride
OH
Cl
1-Chloropentane
O
O
5-Chloro-2-pentanone
Cl
Chloropentafluoroethane
OH OH
Cl
F F
Chloropentafluorobenzene
Cl
OH
F
F
O OH
HO
F
Cl
Cl
2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine
O
OH
O
OH
2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid
Cl
3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid
(4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid
3-121
O O
OH O
O
Cl
3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol
OH
H N O
N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide
4-Chloro-a-phenylbenzenemethanol
Cl
2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide
4-Chlorophenylbenzenesulfonate
4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone
O S O O
Cl
Cl
O
N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea
Cl (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone
O
O N
O
Cl
4-Chlorophenyl4-chlorobenzenesulfonate
O H N
Cl N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide
Cl Cl
Cl
O O
N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide
O
O S O O
Cl
Cl O
2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoicacid
H N
H N
H N
Cl
Cl
1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene
Cl
OH
OH
OH
N Cl
NH2
Cl
N Cl 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone
Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone
H2N 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
O 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl
Cl
F F F
F
Chloropentafluoroacetone
O
Cl
F
F
No.
Name
Clortermine
Chlorophenylsilane 1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene 5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole (2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea a-Chlorophyll b-Chlorophyll
3-122
2258 Chloropropamide
104-12-1 10389-73-8
153.566 183.678
93-70-9
211.645
CH ClO HC ClO2 C9ClO2 9H C9ClO2 9H 9HC 9ClO
134-85-0 1643-28-3 21640-48-2 2019-34-3 936-59-4
216.662 184.619 184.619 184.619 168.619
C9H9ClO C5ClO2 9H
6285-05-8 7396-28-3
168.619 180.588
H ClSi C HC ClO2S C5ClN4 7H C7ClN2S 7H C55H72MgN4O5 C55H70MgN4O6
4206-75-1 80-00-2 14210-25-4 5344-82-1 479-61-8 519-62-0
142.659 252.716 180.595 186.662 893.490 907.473
94-20-2
276.739
nd or pl bl blk hex pl bl-blk or grn pow cry (EtOH)
C3H5ClO C7Cl 3H
683-50-1 540-54-5
92.524 78.541
liq
-122.9
86 46.5
1.18215 20 0.8899
1.43117 1.387920
-117.18
35.7
20 0.8617
1.377720
dec 213; 1.32518 11611 14618, 12414 1.321920 9 192.5 1.5112 20 175.5 1.1573 185 1.258520 dec 204
1.480920
133.5 165 127 144 32.8 37.4 22.6 45.1
1.10320 1.130920 1.11320 1.330713 20 0.9347 20 0.9349 20 0.9017 20 0.9376
1.439020 1.445920 1.439220 1.454920 1.405520 1.405420 1.397320 1.415720
88.5 sub 10613
25 1.096
1.429020
1.092620
1.585120
C4ClNO 7H CH14ClN 10
9 9
Phenylchlorosilane Sulphenone
4-ChloroN-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide
6 7
12 9
C10H13ClN2O3S
nd (al) nd or lf (w) lf (peth)
77.5 102 77 126 lf (eth), cry (al,49.5 peth) 37.3 cry (HOAc, bz- 144.5 peth)
Isopropyl chloride
3 7
H Cl C
75-29-6
78.541
liq
2262 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol
a-Chlorohydrin
C3H7ClO2
96-24-2
110.540
ye liq
C3H7ClO2 3H5ClNC 2O6 ClN 3H4C C 2 3H5ClO 3HC 5ClO2
497-04-1 2612-33-1 542-76-7 598-78-7 107-94-8
110.540 200.534 89.524 108.524 108.524
C7ClO 3H C3H7ClO H7ClO 3C C4Cl2O 3H C3H5Cl C3H5Cl H5Cl 3C 3HC 5Cl
78-89-7 627-30-5 127-00-4 625-36-5 16136-84-8 16136-85-9 557-98-2 107-05-1
94.540 94.540 94.540 126.969 76.525 76.525 76.525 76.525
HCClN H ClO C 2 C9H9Cl
920-37-6 598-79-8 21087-29-6
87.508 106.508 152.620
2-Chloro-1-propanol 3-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol 3-Chloropropanoyl chloride cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene
2276 2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile 2277 2-Chloropropenoic acid 2278 trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene
Propylene chlorohydrin sec-Propylene chlorohydrin
Isopropenyl chloride Allyl chloride
3 2
2-Chloroacrylic acid
3 3
nD
sl ye liq liq
332
liq
s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc
1134 13531, 1142
i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl vs HOAc 1.068320
1.534020
94 123 146 152.3 125
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz
128
i 2HO; s EtOH; sl eth, bz
-51
lf (w), hyg cry 41 (lig)
liq liq vol liq or gas liq
Solubility
s EtOH; i eth, lig
162.5
2261 2-Chloropropane
2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275
11645 16 117
106.5
Propyl chloride
2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol Glycerol b-chlorohydrin 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Clonitrate 3-Chloropropanenitrile b-Chloropropionitrile 2-Chloropropanoic acid 2-Chloropropionic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid b-Chloropropionic acid
bp/˚C
31.3 liq
2259 2-Chloropropanal 2260 1-Chloropropane
2263 2264 2265 2266 2267
mp/˚C
den/g cm-3
Mol. Wt.
13 9
2-Chloroethyl phenyl ketone
Physical Form
CAS RN
C10H10ClNO2
2250 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone 2251 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257
Mol. Form.
-134.8 -99 -137.4 -134.5 -65 66 8.5
vs bz, EtOH i2H O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, py; s MeOH
1.483120 1.436020 1.438020
vs bz, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs ace, EtOH, chl sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2242 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate 2243 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2propylamine 2244 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3oxobutanamide 2245 (4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone 2246 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2247 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2248 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2249 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone
Synonym
N
C
O O H N
NH2 Cl
Cl
4-Chlorophenylisocyanate
O
O
O
Cl
N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutanamide
Cl
(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone
Cl
Cl
3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoicacid
O S O
O
Cl 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone
1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone
3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoicacid
Chlorophenylsilane
Cl
3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoicacid
Cl
SiH2
OH
Cl
OH Cl
3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoicacid
N N N N
Cl
Cl
H N
NH2 S
1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene
5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole
(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea
O
3-123
N
N
N
N
N Mg
Mg N
N
O
N
HN N H O S O O
O
O
O O
O
Cl
Cl O
O
O a-Chlorophyll
Cl
OH
HO
OH
b-Chlorophyll
Cl
Cl
O2N
OH
3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol
2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol
O
3-Chloro-1,2-propanedioldinitrate
O
3-Chloropropanenitrile
2-Chloropropanoicacid
3-Chloropropanoylchloride
Cl cis-1-Chloropropene
Cl trans-1-Chloropropene
2-Chloropropanal
Cl 2-Chloropropene
Cl
1-Chloropropane
2-Chloropropane
OH
Cl
3-Chloropropanoicacid
Cl
OH
OH
2-Chloro-1-propanol
O
Cl Cl
O
OH
Cl N
O Cl
Chloropropamide
Cl
Cl
NO2
O
O
Cl
O
3-Chloropropene
Cl
N
2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile
Cl
OH
3-Chloro-1-propanol
Cl 1-Chloro-2-propanol
Cl
OH
2-Chloropropenoicacid
trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
O
OH OH
Cl
1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propylamine
O
No.
Synonym
Chloropropham Chloropropylate (3-Chloropropyl)benzene 3-Chloropropyl chloroformate (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane 3-Chloro-1-propyne Propargyl chloride 6-Chloro-1H-purine 6-Chloropurine 6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine 5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride Chloroquine 2-Chloroquinoline 4-Chloroquinoline 6-Chloroquinoline 8-Chloroquinoline 5-Chloro-8-quinolinol Cloxyquin 2-Chlorostyrene
2302 3-Chlorostyrene 2303 4-Chlorostyrene 2304 N-Chlorosuccinimide 2305 1-Chlorotetradecane 2306 6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine 2307 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2308 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2309 Chlorothalonil 2310 Chlorothen Chloromethapyrilene 2311 Chlorothiazide 2312 2-Chlorothiophene 2-Thienyl chloride 2313 5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2314 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one 2315 2-Chlorotoluene 2316 2317 2318 2319
3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene 6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
1492
1.1830
1.538820
pow
41 73
219.5 177 91 151 58
1.05621 1.292625 1.07725 0.878920 1.03025
1.516025 1.445620 1.418325 1.431920 1.434920
15 1.205
1.532020 1.530420
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C10H12ClNO2 CH16Cl2O3 17 C9H11Cl 4HC6Cl2O2 ClO3Si 6H15C ClSi 6H15C C3Cl 3H C3ClN4 5H 4HC 4ClN3 5HC 5ClN2 C4ClN 5H C4ClN 5H C4ClN 5H C 2 6H4ClNO C 2 6H4ClNO 5HC 5Cl2N C18H26ClN3 C6ClN 9H C6ClN 9H C6ClN 9H C6ClN 9H C 9H6ClNO C8H7Cl
101-21-3 5836-10-2 104-52-9 628-11-5 2530-87-2 2344-83-4 624-65-7 87-42-3 5469-69-2 1072-98-6 109-09-1 626-60-8 626-61-9 2942-59-8 5326-23-8 7379-35-3 54-05-7 612-62-4 611-35-8 612-57-7 611-33-6 130-16-5 2039-87-4
213.661 339.213 154.636 156.996 198.720 150.722 74.509 154.558 129.548 128.560 113.546 113.546 113.546 157.555 157.555 150.006 319.872 163.604 163.604 163.604 163.604 179.603 138.595
C8H7Cl C8H7Cl
2039-85-2 1073-67-2
138.595 138.595
HCClNO2 CH29Cl 14
128-09-6 2425-54-9
133.534 232.833
pl (CCl4)
580-48-3
257.764
oily liq
HClF C 4 HClF C 4 C4N2 8Cl 14HC18ClN3S 7HC6ClN3O4S2 C 4H3ClS C3ClOS 5H H7ClOS 13C H7Cl 7C
354-25-6 2837-89-0 1897-45-6 148-65-2 58-94-6 96-43-5 7283-96-7 86-39-5 95-49-8
136.476 136.476 265.911 295.831 295.724 118.585 146.595 246.712 126.584
col gas col gas
CH Cl CH Cl C 5 3H4ClN 7HC 4Cl4
108-41-8 106-43-4 3397-62-4 2136-89-2
126.584 126.584 145.551 229.919
liq
4 4
C11H20ClN5 2 2
7 7 7 7
nd (w) pl oil liq
-78 176 dec 220 137
-43.5 >175 dec 198 dec
12711 170 148; 86100 147.5
25 1.2000
Solubility sl H2O; s os sl ctc i H2O
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc
s H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO; i peth, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O s H2O; msc EtOH
sub 210 90 nd (aq al) 38 cry 34.5 pr (eth), nd (al) 43.8 liq -20 cry (al) 130 liq -63.1
266; 15322 262; 13015 263 288.5 188.7
1.246425 1.25125
1.634225
14 1.2834
56 1.6110 1.640814
20 1.1000
1.564920
15.9
636 192
1.103320 1.086820
1.562520 1.566020
150 4.9
296.8
1.6525 0.865420
1.447420
9 155
1.095620
1.532020
27 -117 250
liq
350 dec -71.9
liq
153.5 -35.8 -47.8 7.5 >330 29.4
-11.7 -12 350 15510, 1925
1.725 1.175125
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig
i H2O; sl ace, cyhex
128.3 77.55
20 1.2863
1.548720 1.603625
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl chl
159.0
20 1.0825
1.526820
161.8 162.4
20 1.075 1.069720
1.521419 1.515020
i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth
264.3
1.518720
1.583620
i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-124
2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301
Name
Cl
O O
HO H N
Cl
Cl
O
Cl Cl
Cl
Chloropropylate
(3-Chloropropyl)benzene
O
Cl
3-Chloropropylchloroformate
Cl
N
N
NH2
N
5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine
Cl
N
3-Chloropyridine
N
4-Chloropyridine
O Cl
Cl
2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
N
N
4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride
Cl
3-125
Cl
Chloroquine
Cl
N
N
2-Chloroquinoline
4-Chloroquinoline
O
N Cl
OH
Cl
6-Chloroquinoline
Cl
N
N N
8-Chloroquinoline
N
HCl
6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
Cl
N
N
6-Chloro-1H-purine
Cl
OH
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
N
HN
Cl
OH
N
2-Chloropyridine
Si
O
Cl
N
6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine
Cl
(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane 3-Chloro-1-propyne
Cl Cl
NH2
N
HN
5-Chloro-8-quinolinol
2-Chlorostyrene
3-Chlorostyrene
4-Chlorostyrene
O
N-Chlorosuccinimide
N Cl N
Cl H2N
N
O O
O O
S
F
F
Cl
F
F
F
Cl
2-Chlorothiophene
Cl
Cl
Cl
F
Cl
N N
Cl
Chlorothalonil
Cl Cl
NH
S
Cl F
O
S
F
6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
N
Chlorothiazide
Cl
N
Cl 1-Chlorotetradecane
N
N
NH2
Cl N
S
Cl
S 2-Chlorotoluene
3-Chlorotoluene
4-Chlorotoluene
N
N
S
N
Chlorothen
Cl
N
O
5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
NH2
6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O Chloropropham
O O Si O
O
No.
Synonym
1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene Chlorotriethoxysilane Chlorotriethylplumbane Lead triethyl chloride Chlorotriethylsilane 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chlorotrifluoromethane Refrigerant 13 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane
2336 Chlorotrimethylstannane 2337 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene
3-126
Chlorotriphenylsilane Chlorotriphenylstannane Chlorotripropylstannane Chlorovinyldimethylsilane Chloroxuron
2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350
Chlorozotocin Chlorphenesin carbamate Chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine maleate Chlorphentermine Chlorpromazine
2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359
Chlorprothixene Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlortetracycline Chlorthalidone Chlorthion Chlorthiophos Chlortoluron
Mol. Wt.
7HC 4Cl4 CClO3Si 6H15 C 6H15ClPb ClSi 6H15C C2ClF3 2H C2ClF3 2H C2ClF3 2H 2ClF3C 3CClF C 3N 7H5ClF C 3N 7H5ClF 7HC4ClF3 7HC4ClF3 7HC4ClF3 H4ClF3 3C CCl 8H17
5216-25-1 4667-99-6 1067-14-7 994-30-9 421-04-5 431-07-2 75-88-7 79-38-9 75-72-9 121-50-6 320-51-4 88-16-4 98-15-7 98-56-6 460-35-5 6111-88-2
229.919 198.720 329.8 150.722 118.485 118.485 118.485 116.469 104.459 195.570 195.570 180.555 180.555 180.555 132.512 148.674
H CClSn H ClN C 3O6
1066-45-1 88-88-0
199.266 247.549
CClN 3O6
1943-16-4
185.480
76-83-5
278.775
76-86-8 639-58-7 2279-76-7 1719-58-0 1982-47-4
294.851 385.475 283.426 120.653 290.745
54749-90-5 886-74-8 132-22-9 113-92-8 461-78-9 50-53-3
313.692 245.660 274.788 390.861 183.678 318.864
cry cry (bz) oily liq
113-59-7 2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 57-62-5 77-36-1 500-28-7 21923-23-9 15545-48-9
315.861 350.586 322.534 357.773 478.879 338.765 297.653 361.245 212.675
pale ye cry
6 2
HC Cl
2339 Chlorotriphenylmethane
19 15
HC ClSi H ClSn C 9HC 21ClSn C 4H9ClSi C15H15ClN2O2 18 15
Triphenyltin chloride
N’-[4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl]N,N-dimethylurea
Physical Form
CAS RN
3 9
Picryl chloride
2338 Chlorotrinitromethane
2340 2341 2342 2343 2344
Mol. Form.
18 15
H ClN3O7 C CH ClNO4 16CH19ClN2 Chloroprophenpyridamine ClN2O4 20H23C 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2-propylamine 10HC 14ClN 2-ChloroN,N-dimethyl-10 HC17H19ClN2S phenothiazine-10-propanamine CH18ClNS 18 C11Cl3NO3PS 9H 7HC 7Cl3NO3PS CH12ClN5O4S 12 C23ClN2O8 22H H11ClN2O4S 14C H9ClNO5PS 8C CH15Cl2O3PS2 11 N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)N,N- C10H13ClN2O dimethylurea 9 16
10 12
liq
vol liq or gas vol liq or gas col gas col gas col gas
liq liq liq liq
mp/˚C -51 123 dec
-105.5 -158.2 -181 36.5 -6 -56 -33 -106.5 -26
38.5 wh nd or pl 83 (chl, al-lig) 2.3 nd or pr (bzpeth)
113.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
245 156
1.446320 20 1.030
1.399920
vs ace, eth vs EtOH s H2O
0.896720
1.431420
144.5 12 17.3 6.1 -27.8 -81.4 10325 13227 152.2 137.5 138.5 45.1 dec 147; 4416 148
1.3890 1.54-60
1.30900 1.380
1.42825
1.497520
1.254030 1.331125 1.334025 1.325320 0.874620
1.451325 1.443825 1.443130 1.335020 1.430820
1.79720 dec 134; 5640 310
1.676920
1.450020
s bz, chl i H2O
s chl
i H2O vs EtOH s H2O, chl, os i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace
24135 103.5 -23.5
12313 83.5
1.267828 0.874420
1.4910228 1.414120
s chl s ctc, os
151 147 dec 90
s H2O vs ace, EtOH, diox 1 142
132.5 2 231; 101 2020.8
liq
gold-ye wh pow or cry ye cry
97 42 43 176 168.5 225 dec 21
cry
147
1250.1 1500.001
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl i 2HO, EtOH, eth, chl
1.43720
1.566120
i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox s alk, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s os
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335
Name
Cl
Cl
Cl
O O Si Cl O
Pb Cl
Si Cl
Chlorotriethoxysilane
Chlorotriethylplumbane
Chlorotriethylsilane
Cl
F F F F
1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene
Cl
F
Cl
Cl F
F
1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
F F
2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
F
Cl
F
F
Chlorotrifluoroethene
NH2
Cl
Cl Cl F
F F
F F
Chlorotrifluoromethane
F
Cl
Cl
F
F
F F
F F F
2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
O O N
F
F F
F
1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
Cl
O N O
Sn Cl 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane
Chlorotrimethylstannane
Cl
N O O
2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene
NO2 NO2 NO2
Chlorotrinitromethane
Cl
1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
Chlorotriphenylmethane
Chlorotriphenylsilane
F F
3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane
Cl Sn
Cl Si
Cl Cl
F
F
Sn Cl
Chlorotriphenylstannane
Chlorotripropylstannane
3-127
HO O OH
OH H N
Cl Si
Cl
N
ON
Chloroxuron
N
Cl
N
HO
OH O O
Chlorpheniramine maleate
N
N N
Chlorphentermine
Cl
O O O O S N N H H
Chlorsulfuron
NH2
Cl
OH H
O
H
OH NH2
HO OH O HO O Chlortetracycline
Chlorpheniramine
N Cl
Cl
Cl
S
Cl
S
Chlorpromazine
Chlorprothixene
O
HO S NH
N
Cl
Cl
N
O Chlorthalidone
Cl
Cl
Chlorpyrifos
N
O O N O
Cl Chlorthion
O P O S
O
S O P O
Chlorpyrifos-methyl
O O P S O
NH2
O O
Cl
S O P O O
Cl
N
Cl
NH2
Chlorphenesincarbamate
N N
N O
Cl
Chlorozotocin
N
Cl
O
O
HN
O
O
Chlorovinyldimethylsilane
OH
OH
H N
Cl
N O
Cl S Chlorthiophos
Cl Chlortoluron
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl NH2
No.
Name
2360 Cholane 2361 Cholan-24-oic acid
Synonym Cholanic acid
2362 Cholesta-3,5-diene
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C24H42 CO2 24H40
548-98-1 25312-65-6
330.590 360.574
27 44
CH
747-90-0
368.638
27 44
CH O
434-16-2
384.637
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
pr (al) nd (al), cry (HOAc) wh nd (al)
90 163.5
1900.001
pl (+1w), (ethMeOH) pl (MeOH),nd sc or pl (eth-al, ace) orth nd (al, ace) sc (al,+1w) nd (al) nd (eth-MeOH) cry (al, chlMeOH) wh nd (ace, al) wh nd wh nd (eth al)
150.5
80
7-Dehydrocholesterol
2364 Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, b(3,5a) 2365 Cholestane, (5a)
28,29,30-Trinorlanostane
C27H44O CH48 27
128-33-6 481-21-0
384.637 372.670
Coprostane Dihydrocholesterol Epicholestanol Allocholesterol Epicholesterol
C27H48 27HC 48O H48O 27C H46O 27C H46O 27C
481-20-9 80-97-7 516-95-0 517-10-2 474-77-1
372.670 388.669 388.669 386.653 386.653
C 29H48O2 C34H50O2 C43H76O2
604-35-3 604-32-0 601-34-3
428.690 490.760 625.062
C45H78O2
303-43-5
651.100
C27H44O CH46O 27
601-57-0 57-88-5
384.637 386.653
81-25-4
408.572
nd or pl (al) 81.5 orth or tcl lf (al)148.5 nd (eth) 198
67-48-1 107-73-3
139.624 219.605
hyg cry visc liq
305 dec
617-12-9 13007-92-6 814-90-4
226.182 220.056 140.015
148 dec 130
21679-31-2 548-80-1
349.320 513.366
cry col orth cry ye-grn pow (hyd) red mcl cry red-br pow
517-92-0
420.202
ye pl or lf
2642-98-0 218-01-9
243.303 228.288
2636-26-2 505-75-9
243.219 258.356
lf (al) 210.5 red bl fl or orth 255.5 pl (bz, HOAc) ye to red-ye liq 15 pr (eth/peth) 54
2602-46-2
932.752
dk bronze pow
51481-61-9
252.339
cry
2366 2367 2368 2369 2370
Cholestane, (5b) Cholestanol a,5a) Cholestan-3-ol, (3 b) Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3 a) Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3
3-128
b), acetate 2371 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 2372 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 b), benzoate 2373 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 b)-, hexadecanoate 2374 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 b)-, cis-9octadecenoate 2375 Cholest-4-en-3-one 2376 Cholesterol 2377 Cholic acid 2378 Choline chloride 2379 Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate 2380 Chorismic acid 2381 Chromium carbonyl 2382 Chromium(II) oxalate 2383 Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2384 Chromotrope 2B 2385 Chrysamminic acid 2386 6-Chrysenamine 2387 Chrysene
3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, C24H40O5 (3a,5b,7a,12a) C14ClNO 5H H15ClNO4P Phosphorylcholine 5C H10O6 10C C6CrO6 CrO4 2C C 6 15H21CrO C16H9N3Na2O10 S2 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetranitro-C14H4N4O12 9,10-anthracenedione 6-Aminochrysene CH13N 18 Benzo[a]phenanthrene C18H12 Chromium acetylacetonate
H10NO3PS 9C 8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6-diyneC17H22O2 1,14-diol Na4O14 2390 C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt Direct Blue 6 32H20N6C S4 2391 Cimetidine C16N6S 10H
2388 Ciafos 2389 Cicutoxin
110 80
nD
s EtOH, chl, HOAc 13
100
260
0.925
1600.001 2501
0.909088
1.488788
0.911987
1.488488
72 141.5 185.5 132 141.5 115.5 151.3 79.3
i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace
exp
142
s ace, chl, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl s chl i 2HO; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl EtOH vs bz, eth, chl i EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, chl
0.9413200
46.3
208 300
Solubility
s chl 2450.03 dec 360; 2330.5
1.06720
sub
1.77
345
1.34
i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH
s H2O i 2HO, EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s bz s H2O; i EtOH
dec
448 0.09 dec 120
vs eth, EtOH
1.27420 1.540432
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2; s tol sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH s hot2H O, EtOH, eth, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2363 Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, b(3)
den/g cm-3
O OH H HO
HO Cholane
Cholan-24-oicacid
Cholesta-3,5-diene
Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3b)
H
H
Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3b,5a)
Cholestane,(5a)
HO
H
HO
H
Cholestane,(5b)
HO
H
Cholestanol
HO
Cholestan-3-ol,(3a,5a)
Cholest-4-en-3-ol,(3b)
Cholest-5-en-3-ol,(3a)
H H
H
O
O
H O
O
O O
H
O
O
3-129
Cholest-5-en-3-ol(3b), acetate
O
Cholest-5-en-3-ol(3b), benzoate
Cholest-5-en-3-ol(3b)-, hexadecanoate
Cholest-5-en-3-ol(3b)-, cis-9-octadecenoate
Cholest-4-en-3-one
O HO
OH
O
H
H HO
HO
H
Cholesterol
OH
HO
Cholicacid
O N
O Cr
O
OH OH O
N
O Na O3S Chromium(III)2,4-pentanedioate
Cl
Cholinechloride
O O
N
O
O
O N
O OH
Cholinechloridedihydrogenphosphate
OH O
OH O N
OC
OH
OC O
Chorismicacid
CO Cr CO
O
CO
SO3 Na
O
N
O
O
O
N
O
Chromiumcarbonyl
O
NH2
O O S O
NH2
S
HO N
N O
H2N
4Na
OH
O N
N
6-Chrysenamine
N O O
O C.I. DirectBlue 6, tetrasodium salt
S
O
Chrysene
O S O O
N N H
Ciafos
S
H N
H N N N
Cimetidine
2
O
Chromium(II)oxalate
O
O
Chrysamminicacid
O Cr
CO
O
OH
Cicutoxin
Cl
N
N
Chromotrope2B
OH
O O P OH OH
OH
P
S O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H
No.
Name
Synonym
2392 Cinchonamine Cinchonidine Cinchonine Cinchotoxine trans-Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamedrine
2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404
cis-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate Cinnamyl cinnamate Cinnamyl formate Cinnoline Cinoxate
2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412
Cinquasia Red Ciodrin C.I. Pigment Red 170 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 Cisapride Citral b-Citraurin
2413 Citrazinic acid 2414 Citric acid 2415 Citric acid monohydrate
2416 2417 2418 2419
Citrinin Citrulline Citrus Red 2 C.I. Vat Blue 6
2420 C.I. Vat Yellow 4 2421 Clayton Yellow 2422 2423 2424 2425
Clemastine fumarate Clindamycin Cloconazole Clofentezine
2426 Clofibrate 2427 Cloforex
CH24N2O 19 CH N O CH N O H22N2O 19C C9H8O C19H23NO 19 22 2 19 22 2
3-Phenyl-2-propenal,E)( a-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl) amino]ethyl]benzenemethanol 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, Z) ( 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, E) (
C9H8O2 C9H8O2 16HC 15NO2 C16O2 18H 3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate 10H10CO2 1,2-Benzodiazine N2 8H6C 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic C14H18O4 acid, 2-ethoxyethyl ester Quinacridone C12N2O2 20H CH19O6P 14 CH22N4O4 26 H16N4O4 17C H26Cl2N6O4 32C CH29ClFN3O4 23 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal C 10H16O H40O2 30C
1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo-4- C6H5NO4 pyridinecarboxylic acid 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3C6H8O7 propanetricarboxylic acid 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3C6H10O8 propanetricarboxylic acid, monohydrate Antimycin C5 13H14O N5-(Aminocarbonyl)-L-ornithine C13N3O3 6H CH16N2O3 18 7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydroC28H12Cl2N2O4 5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone Anthanthrone C12O2 24H Thiazol Yellow G 28HC 19N5Na2O6 S4 25HC30ClNO5 18CH33ClN2O5S C18H15ClN2O 3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4,5- C14H8Cl2N4 tetrazine C12H15ClO3 C13H18ClNO2
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
482-28-0
296.406
485-71-2 118-10-5 69-24-9 14371-10-9 90-86-8
294.390 294.390 294.390 132.159 281.392
102-94-3 140-10-3 87-29-6 122-69-0 104-65-4 253-66-7 104-28-9
148.159 148.159 253.296 264.319 162.185 130.147 250.291
mcl pr (w) 42 mcl pr (dil al) 133 cry 64 nd (al) 44 0 pa ye cry (lig) 38 col liq -25
1047-16-1 7700-17-6 2786-76-7 2512-29-0 6358-85-6 81098-60-4 5392-40-5 650-69-1
312.321 314.271 454.478 340.334 629.492 465.945 152.233 432.638
red-viol cry
99-11-6
orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH) or pl or pr (al) pr nd (al, eth) nd or pr (eth) ye liq
red solid ye cry ye cry cry (hp)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
186 210.5 265 59 -7.5 75
Solubility i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl
sub
246
300
252 1140.3 2 185
i 2HO, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth
1.049720
1.619520
vs EtOH, HOAc, lig i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz
4 1.2475
1.15654 1.08625 1.10225
i 2HO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig
i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth
1.56720
390
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH i2H O, os
1350.03
1.1925
228.3
0.888820
256 317 132 1.489820
147
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig
155.109
pl (bz-peth), cry (al) ye pow
>300 dec
s H2O, alk; sl HCl
77-92-9
192.124
orth (w+1)
153
5949-29-1
210.138
cry (w)
135
518-75-2 372-75-8 6358-53-8 130-20-1
250.247 175.185 308.331 511.312
ye nd (MeOH) pr (aq MeOH) cry viol-bl pow
178 dec 222 156
128-66-5 1829-00-1
332.351 695.721
ye cry ye-br pow
14976-57-9 18323-44-9 77175-51-0 74115-24-5
459.963 424.983 310.777 303.147
637-07-0 14261-75-7
242.698 255.741
dec
1.66520 1.542
vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH
s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 181
ye amorp solid 73 182
cry
52.8
s EtOAc
14920 890.005
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-130
2393 2394 2395 2396 2397
Mol. Form.
NH HO
OH
H
HO
N
H
O
N
N H H
Cinchonamine
N Cinchonine
Cinchonidine
trans-Cinnamaldehyde
O
O
O
N
Cinnamylcinnamate
Cinnamylformate
trans-Cinnamicacid
O O
O
Cinoxate
O P O O O
O
N H O CinquasiaRed
O
Cinnoline
OH
cis-Cinnamicacid
H N O
N
Ciodrin
NH2 O
O
N
Cinnamedrine
O
O
trans-Cinnamylanthranilate
OH O
N Cinchotoxine
N
N OH H N
O
O N H
N
O N
O
N O
N H NH O N
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
N N
HN
HN
O
O
O N N
NH O
N
H2N O
O
O
O
F
O
O C.I. PigmentRed 170
C.I. PigmentYellow1
C.I. PigmentYellow12
3-131
O
Cisapride
OH
O COOH
O
HOOC HO
HO b-Citraurin
N
Citral
OH
OH
COOH OH Citric acid
Citrazinic acid
O
HO
HOOC
COOH H2O COOH Citric acidmonohydrate
O O
O N H
HO NH2
OH Citrinin
NH2
Citrulline
O O
Cl O N
O
O HN
N
N NH O
S
OH O
O
HO
O
Cl Clemastine fumarate
ClaytonYellow
Cl
Cl NH N
OH N SO3 Na
O C.I. VatYellow4
C.I. VatBlue 6
N S
SO3 Na
Cl
CitrusRed 2
N N HN
N O
HO
N
O
Cl
N
OH
N
S OH Clindamycin
N
O N
Cl Cloconazole
Clofentezine
O
H N
O Cl
Cl Clofibrate
O O
Cloforex
O O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
NH2
O
O
N
O N
O
O
OH
N
No.
Name
2428 Clomazone Clomiphene Clonazepam Clonidine Clopidol Clopyralid
2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443
Clorophene Clotrimazole Clozapine Cobalt carbonyl Cobalt hydrocarbonyl Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Cocaine Coclaurine Codamine Codeine
2444 Codeine phosphate 2445 Coenzyme A
3-132
2446 Coenzyme I 2447 Coenzyme II 2448 Colchiceine 2449 Colchicine
2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4-dimethyl- C12H14ClNO2 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one C26H28ClNO C15H10ClN3O3 C9Cl2N3 9H H7Cl2NO 7C 3,6-Dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylicC6H3Cl2NO2 acid C13H11ClO H17ClN2 22C Clozaril C19ClN4 18H Dicobalt octacarbonyl 8CoC 2O8 Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt C 4 4HCoO Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate C 6 15H21CoO C17H21NO4 C17H19NO3 C20H25NO4 C18H21NO3 CH24NO7P 18 C21H36N7O16P3 S Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide21H27NC7O14P2 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide C21H28N7O17P3 phosphate 21CH23NO6 22CH25NO6 H C N O CH O
2450 Colistin A 2451 Collinomycin
53 100 16 13 27 20 12
2452 Columbin 2453 Conessine 2454 Congo Red 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466
Conhydrine Conhydrine, (+) Coniferin Conquinamine Convallatoxin Copaene Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate Copper(II) gluconate Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Copper phthalocyanine Coronene Corticosterone
Mol. Form.
2-(a-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine
Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper Cupric gluconate Copper(II) acetylacetonate Pigment Blue 15
C20H22O6 C24H40N2 C32H22N6Na2O6 S2 C8H17NO 8HC 17NO H22O8 16C CH24N2O2 19 H42O10 29C C15H24 C6 12H18CuO C22CuO14 12H CCuO4 10H14 32HC 16CuN8 C24H12 H30O4 21C
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
81777-89-1
239.698
911-45-5 1622-61-3 4205-90-7 2971-90-6 1702-17-6
405.959 315.711 230.093 192.043 192.000
120-32-1 23593-75-1 5786-21-0 10210-68-1 16842-03-8 21679-46-9 50-36-2 486-39-5 21040-59-5 76-57-3
218.678 344.836 326.824 341.947 171.982 356.257 303.354 285.338 343.418 299.365
52-28-8 85-61-0
397.361 767.535
53-84-9 53-59-8
663.425 743.405
477-27-0 64-86-8
385.411 399.437
7722-44-3 27267-69-2
1169.47 536.441
546-97-4 546-06-5 573-58-0
358.385 356.588 696.663
3238-62-8 495-20-5 531-29-3 464-86-8 508-75-8 3856-25-5 14284-06-1 527-09-3 13395-16-9 147-14-8 191-07-1 50-22-6
143.227 143.227 342.341 312.406 550.637 204.352 321.813 453.841 261.762 576.069 300.352 346.461
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.19220
wh cry cry pow
117 237.5 137 >320 151
48.5 148 183.5 51 dec ª-30 240 mcl pr (al) 98 pl (al) 220.5 pr (bz, eth) 127 orth cry (w, dil 157.5 al, eth) lf or pr (dil al) 227 dec pow; unstab in air hyg pow gray-wh pow cry ye cry oran cry ye liq or gas
pa ye nd (diox) ye pl (w + 1/2) ye cry (bz) amorp pow oran pr (chlMeOH) nd (MeOH) lf or pl (ace) pow
i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl i H2O
1613.5
s ctc, CS2 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF
1.78
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 s os
10 1870.1
1.502298
s H2O s H2O 1.2425
sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH vs ace, diox, chl
281 195.5 125.5 >360
437.4 181
i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl sl H2O; s chl, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth
0.1 166
226 226
248.5 192 156 284 dec
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS 2 vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs EtOH, chl s H2O
25022, 1401.5 1.3225
178.5 156
nd (peth) 121 lf (eth) 121 nd (w+2) 186 ye tetr 123 pr (eth/MeOH) 238 grn cry (EtOH) bl-grn cry bl pow bl-purp cry ye nd (bz) nd (al, pl) (ace)
1.18558
0.899620
sub 525
1.37125
1.489420
sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH sl2O; H vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth sl 2HO; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig s EtOH, chl sl EtOH; i os sl H2O; s chl i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 i H2O, con sulf; sl bz i 2HO; s EtOH, eth, ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2429 2430 2431 2432 2433
Synonym
H N
Cl O
O O
O
N
N
O
N
N
N O
Clomazone
Clonazepam
CO
O
CO
N
O
Cocaine
3-133
N H
HO
HO
N
N
O
Codeine
O O O P OH OH
HO NH2 O N
O
O
O
O NH
NH
HO
OH
Coenzyme A
OH
Coenzyme I
O O
O
O HO
O
O
OH Colchiceine
Coenzyme II
O
O
O HO
O
O
O O
OH
Codeinephosphate
N
N
O O O O P P OH O
OH
O N
O
H HO
N
O HO
N
NH2 N
O
NH2
N
N
N
HO
Codamine
H2PO4
O
O
O O
Coclaurine
N N
O O O O P P OH O O
Clozapine
O
H
Cobalt(III)2,4-pentanedioate
NH2
N H
Clotrimazole
O N H
OH
N O O O O P P OH OH
Clorophene
O
HO
N H
Cl
Clopyralid
CO
O
O
O
N H H
O
NH2
HS
N
O
Cobalthydrocarbonyl
O
Cl
Cl
OH
O O
N
O
Cl
Clopidol
O
N
Cl
Cl N H
O O
N
HO
HO
O
Colchicine
O
O
Collinomycin O O
OH
O OH O
H
H
O
H
O
O
H
N N
H H
OH
N
N
HO
N
SO3Na
O
H N H
SO3Na
Conessine
O O O
H
N
Columbin
NH2
NH2
N H
Congo Red
OH
Conhydrine
N H
HO HO
OH
Conhydrine,(+)
O H N
OH O O HO HO
OH
Coniferin
OH
OH
Conquinamine
Convallatoxin
N H
H HO H H
O O
O Cu
O H
Copaene
O O
Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate
COO OH H OH OH CH2OH
O N Cu
Cu
N
2
O
O
N
N
HO
N N
Cu O
O
N O
2
Copper(II) gluconate
Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate
Copper phthalocyanine
Coronene
Corticosterone
OH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H OC Co
Cl
N
Co
O O C C OC CO Co Co CO OC CO CO
Cl
Clonidine
O O
Cobaltcarbonyl
Cl
N H
Cl
Clomiphene
OH
O
N
Cl
N
Cl
OH
H N
Cl
N
No. 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472
Name
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
518-77-4 521-85-7 518-69-4 476-69-7 18904-54-6 82-54-2
355.429 367.396 369.454 341.402 366.452 237.252
2473 Coumaphos 2474 Coumestrol
56-72-4 479-13-0
362.766 268.222
4 7 3
CH N O HC N O
57-00-1 60-27-5
131.133 113.118
7 8
C HO
95-48-7
108.138
C HO H8O 7C H18O4 22C C2O12 32H32N 21HC 18O5S H17O4P 19C C10ClN3 7H C16O11 23H CH19ClNO3P 12 C23NO5 21H
108-39-4 106-44-5 596-27-0 2411-89-4 1733-12-6 78-31-9 535-89-7 16110-51-3 299-86-5 482-74-6
108.138 108.138 346.376 636.602 382.430 340.309 171.627 468.366 291.711 369.412
C3 25H30ClN C20H20O6 H46O8 32C H48O8 32C C6H9N3O2 C19H22N2O2 C26N2O 19H CH20O6 21
548-62-9 18423-69-3 6199-67-3 5988-76-1 135-20-6 524-63-0 18397-07-4 458-37-7
407.979 356.369 558.702 560.718 155.154 310.390 298.421 368.380
C36H38N2O6
436-05-5
594.696
C13H24N2O 2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)ethyl]-4-C19H17NO3 methoxyquinoline
454-14-8 529-92-0
224.342 307.343
C19H21N3S CH 2N2
3546-03-0 420-04-2
323.455 42.040
C9H13ClN6 CHNO
21725-46-2 420-05-3
240.692 43.025
CH N O
107-91-5
84.076
C21H25NO4 C21H21NO5 C22H27NO4 C20H23NO4 CH26N2O3 22 CH15NO4 12
H-benzofuro[3,23,9-Dihydroxy-6 c][1]benzopyran-6-one
2475 Creatine 2476 Creatinine 2477 o-Cresol
3-134
2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487
m-Cresol p-Cresol o-Cresolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein complexone Cresol Red p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate Crimidine Cromolyn Crufomate Cryptopine
2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495
Crystal Violet Cubebin Cucurbitacin B Cucurbitacin C Cupferron Cupreine Curan-17-ol, (16a) Curcumin
4 9 3 2
2-Methylphenol 3-Methylphenol 4-Methylphenol Metalphthalein o-Cresolsulfonphthalein
Cromoglicic acid Cryptocavine Gentian violet
Geissoschizoline Turmeric
2496 Curine 2497 Cuscohygrine 2498 Cusparine
2499 Cyamemazine 2500 Cyanamide 2501 Cyanazine 2502 Cyanic acid 2503 2-Cyanoacetamide
C14H16ClO5PS C15H8O5
Cyanogenamide
Hydrogen cyanate
7 8
3 4 2
Physical Form nd (al) pr (eth, al) pr (al) tetr pr (eth) nd (bz), cry (eth)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
1.474
mcl pr (w+1) 303 dec orth pr (w+2) lf 300 dec (w) 31.03
1.3325
12.24 34.77 223 186 >300 -40 87 241 dec 60 pr or pl (bz) nd 223 (chl-MeOH) grn pow 215 dec nd (al, bz) 131.5 cry (EtOH) 181 cry (AcOEt) 207.5 163.5 pr (eth) 202 pa ye amor pow 135 dec oran ye pr, orth 183 pr (MeOH) pr, nd (chl221 MeOH) oil (a) wh or ye nd 92(a form); (peth); (b) 111(b form) amber pr ye pow 92 nd 45.56
pr cry (al) ye cry pow red-br cry pow col liq br wax col cry
168 unstab liq or -86 gas pl (w) 121.5
Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl vs EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH
93 385 dec
cry rods
nD
237.5 149 136 149 165.5 132 dec
i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl
191.04
1.032735
1.538635
202.27 201.98
1.033920 1.018540
1.540120 1.531220
25 1.208
1434
s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s os vs EtOH
1180.01 1.31520
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc vs H2O, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl
sl DMSO vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs EtOH, HOAc vs ace, bz, py 16923, 1222
0.973320
1.483220
2120.25 14019
1.28220
1.441848
23
1.14020
vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2 vs H2O, bz, eth, chl vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
Corybulbine Corycavamine Corydaline Corydine Corynantheine Cotarnine
Mol. Form.
HO
O
O N
O
N
O
H
O N
O
H
O
O
O
O
O
Corybulbine
Corycavamine
O
HO O
O
O
Corydaline
N
N H H
N H
O
O H
O
N
O O
O Corydine
Corynantheine
Cl
S O P O O
O
O
OH
Cotarnine
Coumaphos
HO
HO OH
OH
O
NH2 HN
O
HO
O
O
N
N
O
O
Coumestrol
NH2
OH
OH
OH
H
OH
N
N
OH
HO
N
O
OH
O
O NH
N Creatinine
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
N
O
O
Creatine
o-Cresolphthalein
O
3-135
O
O
O
Cresol Red
N
N p-Cresyl diphenylphosphate
HO O
Cl
O Cromolyn
O
HO
O O OH
HO
O
O N
O
Crufomate
Cryptopine
Cl
OH
O
CrystalViolet
Cubebin
O N
O OH
N N
HO
O
H
HO
O
N
N
Cucurbitacin C
Cupferron
Cupreine
O
O
N H H
NH4
O
OH
Cucurbitacin B
O
O
H
O H
O
O
O
O O P O NH
OH
O
O
N
O
Cl
O
Crimidine
H
O
HO
N N
HO
OH
O
O O P O O
O H
O S O O
OH
o-Cresolphthalein complexone
N
HO
OH O
O
H OH
HO
OH
Curan-17-ol, (16a)
Curcumin
O N H
O
O OH O O OH Curine
Cl
N
H N
O
O
N N
N Cuscohygrine
O Cusparine
N S Cyamemazine
N
N H2N
N
Cyanamide
N H
N N
NH2 N H
Cyanazine
N
HO
N
Cyanicacid
N
O
2-Cyanoacetamide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH O
No.
Name
Synonym
2504 Cyanoacetic acid
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
372-09-8
85.062
3HC 5N3O C3HN H5NO2 8C H5NO2 8C C7NO2 5H C7NO2 6H C15H14NO2PS C2N2 CBrN CClN
140-87-4 1070-71-9 1877-72-1 619-65-8 39201-33-7 106-71-8 13067-93-1 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4
99.091 51.047 147.132 147.132 113.116 125.126 303.317 52.034 105.922 61.471
CFN CIN C4 2H4N C 2H3HgN C7NO3 9H H8N2O 9C H2N2S 4C C3H3N3O3
1495-50-7 506-78-5 461-58-5 2597-97-9 1878-82-6 621-03-4 1452-15-9 108-80-5
45.016 152.922 84.080 241.64 177.157 160.172 110.137 129.074
675-14-9 14901-08-7 456-59-7 82-92-8 1134-23-2
135.047 252.222 276.371 266.381 215.356
52-31-3
236.266
H CN 4HC 8 5H7NC 5HC 8O2 O4 6H8C C8O 4H C4H6O
2516-34-9 287-23-0 4426-11-3 3721-95-7 5445-51-2 2919-23-5 1191-95-3
71.121 56.107 81.117 100.117 144.126 72.106 70.090
C4H6 H31Cl2N5O7 24C C10H20 H16O2 10C C10H20O C10H18O 36HC60O30 CO35 42H70 CO40 48H80
822-35-5 12663-46-6 293-96-9 96-01-5 1502-05-2 1502-06-3 10016-20-3 7585-39-9 17465-86-0
54.091 572.439 140.266 168.233 156.265 154.249 972.843 1134.984 1297.125
C3NO2 3H
2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514
Cyanoacetohydrazide Cyanoacetylene 3-Cyanobenzoic acid 4-Cyanobenzoic acid 4-Cyanobutanoic acid 2-Cyanoethyl acrylate Cyanofenphos Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride
2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522
Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cyanoguanidine Cyanomethylmercury (4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid 2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide 4-Cyanothiazole Cyanuric acid
Fluorine cyanide Iodine cyanide Dicyanodiamide Methylmercurynitrile
2523 2524 2525 2526 2527
Cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclandelate Cyclizine Cycloate
3F3NC 3 C8H16N2O7 CH24O3 17 18CH22N2 Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, C11H21NOS S-ethyl ester H16N2O3 12C
2528 Cyclobarbital 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535
Cyclobutanamine Cyclobutane Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid Cyclobutanol Cyclobutanone
2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544
Cyclobutene Cyclochlorotine Cyclodecane 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Cyclodecanol Cyclodecanone a-Cyclodextrin b-Cyclodextrin g-Cyclodextrin
Cyacetacide
Bromine cyanide Chlorine cyanide
1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)trione 2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine
Aminocyclobutane Tetramethylene Cyanocyclobutane
Hydroxycyclobutane
Sebacil
Cyclomaltohexaose Cyclomaltoheptaose Cyclomaltooctaose
4 9
Physical Form
pr (al) nd (w) hyg cry
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
66
dec 160; 10815
114.5 5 219 219 45
83 col gas -27.83 nd 52 col vol liq or -6.5 gas col gas -82 nd (al, eth) 146.7 211 cry (chl) 92 cry (w) 178 nd (al) 199.5 nd 58 wh cry >330
den/g cm-3
nD
s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc
42.5 sub
0.816717
10812
1.06220
-21.1 61.5 13
0.9537-21 20 2.015 1.18620
1.386825
1.583925
-46 sub
vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth
18 2.84 1.40414
vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth
1.7525
sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl
subl
sub
Solubility
72.8 nd (ace aq) cry (peth)
154 dec 52 106 11.5
lf (w)
173
vol liq or gas
-90.7
liq pr (w, eth)
-1.0 158.0
liq
-50.9
col gas nd (MeOH)
amor pow hx pl or nd mcl cry (w) sq pl or rods
255 dec 10 40.5 40.5 28 260 dec
19314 14510
i H2O i 2HO; s chl; sl EtOH 1.015630 i2H O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc
82 12.6 149.6 190; 742
0.832820 0 0.7038
1.436319 1.37520
1.059920
1.440020
124 99
0.921815 0.95470
1.437120 1.421520
2
0.7330
202 10410 12512 10613
0.853825
1.471620
0.960620 0.965420
1.492620 1.480620
i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs ace; s bz, peth
s EtOH vs bz, eth, chl vs cold H2O; i hot 2HO
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-136
CAS RN
O O H N
OH N
N
O
O O
NH2
O
N
Cyanoacetohydrazide
N
Cyanoacetylene
N
N
3-Cyanobenzoicacid
O N
OH
4-Cyanobenzoicacid
4-Cyanobutanoicacid
O
S P O N
N
2-Cyanoethylacrylate
N
Cyanofenphos
Cyanogen
O
O O H 2N N
Cl
Cyanogen bromide
N
F
Cyanogen chloride
N
Cyanogen fluoride
N N
HO F
3-137
N F
H 2N
N Cyanogen iodide
Hg
Cyanoguanidine
(4-Cyanophenoxy)aceticacid
N
O
OH O
N
N
N
O
HO
O
OH
Cyanuricfluoride
Cycasin
Cyclandelate
Cyclizine
Cycloate
O O
OH
HO
O
OH
O 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid
OH
Cyclobutanol
Cyclobutanone
OH
OH
OH
O OH
4
N
2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide
4-Cyanothiazole
H O
Cyanuricacid
OH
Cyclobutanamine Cyclobutane
Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid
O
Cyclodecane
O
O
1,2-Cyclodecanedione
O
HO
HO
5
O
OH
O
OH
O
O
O b-Cyclodextrin
Cyclodecanone
HO
O
OH
OH OH
Cyclodecanol
OH
O
OH
OH O
OH
O OH
O
OH
OH
OH 6
a-Cyclodextrin
O
N
NH2
O
Cl
OH
OH OH
N H
Cl
O
O
O
OH
N H
S
OH
NH O O O H N N H
Cyclochlorotine
O
O
OH
Cyclobutene
OH
OH
O
O
N
H
Cyclobarbital
H N HO
N
O S
OH F
N
O
N
Cyanomethylmercury
N
O
O O N
N
I
N
N
N Br
N
H N
OH
H
O g-Cyclodextrin
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cyanoaceticacid
OH
OH
No.
Name Cyclododecane Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene cis-Cyclododecene trans-Cyclododecene cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Cycloheptanamine Cycloheptane 1,2-Cycloheptanedione Cycloheptanol Cycloheptanone 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene
2559 2560 2561 2562
2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Cycloheptene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene
3-138
2563 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione 2564 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime 2565 Cyclohexane 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580
Cyclohexaneacetic acid Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid 1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol trans-1,4-Cyclohexanediol 1,2-Cyclohexanedione 1,3-Cyclohexanedione 1,4-Cyclohexanedione
2581 2582 2583 2584 2585
1,2-Cyclohexanedione dioxime Cyclohexaneethanol Cyclohexanemethanamine Cyclohexanemethanol Cyclohexanepropanoic acid
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nd (al)
60.4
0.8280
liq
59 -17
247 286 12712 240 13335, 712 11317 343; 1592 120.5 5411 118.4 10817 185 178.5 117; 60.5122
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Suberone Tropilidene
C12H24 C12H24O C12H22O CH18 12 C12H22 C12H22 H30O 17C H10 7C H15N 7C C7H14 H10O2 7C H14O 7C C7H12O 7H8 C
294-62-2 1724-39-6 830-13-7 4904-61-4 1129-89-1 1486-75-5 542-46-1 4054-38-0 5452-35-7 291-64-5 3008-39-7 502-41-0 502-42-1 544-25-2
168.319 184.318 182.302 162.271 166.303 166.303 250.419 94.154 113.201 98.186 126.153 114.185 112.169 92.139
1,4-Dihydrobenzene
C6O 7H C7H12 C6H8 C8 6H
539-80-0 628-92-2 592-57-4 628-41-1
106.122 96.170 80.128 80.128
liq; cub cry (- -79.5 80¯C) -7 liq -56 liq -89 liq -49.2
C4O2 6H C6H6N2O2
583-63-1 105-11-3
108.095 138.124
red pl or pr pa ye nd (w)
C6H12
110-82-7
84.159
HC O H N C C11ClO 7H C7H12O 7H12CO2 C14N2 6H C14N2 6H C8H12O4
5292-21-7 766-05-2 2719-27-9 2043-61-0 98-89-5 1436-59-5 1121-22-8 619-82-9
142.196 109.169 146.614 112.169 128.169 114.188 114.188 172.179
HC N HC O H12O2 6C H12O2 6C C8O2 6H 6HC 8O2 6HC8O2
2579-20-6 105-08-8 1792-81-0 6995-79-5 765-87-7 504-02-9 637-88-7
142.242 144.212 116.158 116.158 112.127 112.127 112.127
H CN O CH O H15N 7C CO 7H14 C16O2 9H
492-99-9 4442-79-9 3218-02-8 100-49-2 701-97-3
142.155 128.212 113.201 114.185 156.222
CDT
Civetone
Hexahydrobenzene
8 14 2
Cyclohexyl cyanide
Hexahydrobenzoic acid cis-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane
7 11
8 18 2 8 16 2
1,2-Dioxocyclohexane Dihydroresorcinol Tetrahydroquinone Nioxime
6 10 2 2 8 16
Cyclohexylcarbinol
0.905966 0.84100
nD
Solubility
1.457160 1.484020 1.485020
vs bz, chl vs bz, chl
0.809820 1.058322 0.955420 0.950820 0.887519
1.497820 1.472420 1.443620 1.468922 1.4070520 1.460820 1.534320
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl
11315, 846 115 80.5 85.5
1.09522 0.822820 0.840520 0.847120
1.617222 1.455220 1.475520 1.472520
vs bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth; vs eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth s eth, ace, bz; i peth s H2O
6.59
80.73
0.773925
1.423525
nd (HCO2H) liq
33 11
mcl pr liq
31.5
245 184; 7616 180 159.3 232.5 402 8015, 412 sub 300
1.042318 0.919 1.096215 0.903520 1.033422 0.95220 0.95120
1.477520 1.450520 1.471129 1.449620 1.453020 1.495120
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ace
220 283; 16710 12015
0.94520
vs H2O, eth, EtOH
13220
1.0297101 1.1820 1.118721 1.086191 1.086191
s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
208 160 183 276.5
0.922920 0.8725 0.929720 0.91225
liq liq
pr (w)
mcl pr (ace) cry (peth) pr (bz) mcl pl (w),nd (peth) nd (w, HOAc)
liq
32.5 -110.4 -8.46 -40 7.2
0.86825
ª65 dec 240 dec
14.8 312.5 <-70 43 100 143 40 105.5 78
194
sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s ace; i chl
1.499520 1.4576102
192
-43 16
s H2O, eth sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, bz, chl
1.464120 1.463020 1.464420 1.463820
s H2O, ace, chl; sl tfa s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH s H2O, eth; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558
Synonym
OH
O NH2 O
Cyclododecanol
Cyclododecanone
O
1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene
cis-Cyclododecene
OH
O
Cycloheptanol
Cycloheptanone
trans-Cyclododecene
cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one
1,3-Cycloheptadiene
Cycloheptanamine
O
O
Cycloheptane
1,2-Cycloheptanedione
N
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene
OH
3-139
N
1,3-Cyclohexadiene
1,4-Cyclohexadiene
N O
O
O
Cycloheptene
OH
O
3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione
2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one
O
Cl
O
OH
OH
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime
Cyclohexane
O
Cyclohexaneacetic acid
Cyclohexanecarbonitrile
OH
Cyclohexanecarbonylchloride
Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde
Cyclohexanecarboxylicacid
OH OH
NH2
NH2
NH2
OH
NH2
NH2
O cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine
OH
trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine
NH2
OH
trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid
OH
1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine
1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol
OH cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol
trans-1,4-Cyclohexanediol
O O
O
N
O
N O
1,2-Cyclohexanedione
OH
1,3-Cyclohexanedione
O OH
OH
NH2
OH
OH
O 1,4-Cyclohexanedione
1,2-Cyclohexanedionedioxime
Cyclohexaneethanol
Cyclohexanemethanamine
Cyclohexanemethanol
Cyclohexanepropanoicacid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cyclododecane
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
hyg nd
25.93
158.8 160.84
0.978220 0.962420
1.492120 1.464120
liq hex pr (lig) cry or long nd liq
-27.9 90 79 -103.5
155.43 206
0.947820
1.450720
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, MeOH; sl chl
82.98
0.811020
1.446520
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc
0.969420 0.969220 1.10920 1.082020
1.500520 1.474520 1.490220 1.481420
s EtOH, eth s ace, MeOH; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, ace vs H2O; s EtOH, ace
0.992315 0.962025 0.993920
s EtOH, ace vs EtOH; s ace vs MeOH
0.965520
1.479025 1.488320 1.571820 1.507020 1.488120
226
1.022225
1.546625
173; 9675 183; 8820 134
0.96820 1.027520 0.819120
1.44220 1.467320 1.462515
279; 19273 240.1 285 213
1.015520 0.942720 1.042920 0.95720
1.561020 1.532920 1.520020
Cyclohexyl mercaptan Cyclohexyl alcohol
CS 6H12 C12O 6H
1569-69-3 108-93-0
116.224 100.158
2588 2589 2590 2591
Cyclohexanone Cyclohexanone oxime Cyclohexanone peroxide Cyclohexene
Pimelic ketone
6HC 10O C6H11NO C12H22O5 C6H10
108-94-1 100-64-1 78-18-2 110-83-8
98.142 113.157 246.300 82.143
2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603
1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 1-Cyanocyclohexene 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid 4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol 2-Cyclohexen-1-one 1-Cyclohexen-1-ylbenzene 2-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexanone 1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)ethanone 3-Cyclohexenylmethyl 3cyclohexenecarboxylate 4-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)pyridine Cycloheximide Cyclohexyl acetate Cyclohexyl acrylate Cyclohexylamine Cyclohexanamine
1855-63-6 1192-88-7 100-50-5 636-82-8 4771-80-6 88-98-2 822-67-3 930-68-7 771-98-2 1502-22-3 932-66-1 2611-00-9
107.153 110.153 110.153 126.153 126.153 170.163 98.142 96.127 158.239 178.270 124.180 220.308
CH N 15CH23NO4 C14O2 8H H14O2 9C 6HC 13N
70644-46-1 66-81-9 622-45-7 3066-71-5 108-91-8
159.228 281.349 142.196 154.206 99.174
C 6H14ClN C13H16N2S2
4998-76-9 95-33-0
135.635 264.409
nd (w, al-eth)
206.5 103
1821-36-9 827-52-1 2412-73-9 1551-44-6 25229-42-9 13248-54-9 92-51-3 91-65-6 98-94-2 131-89-5 13291-61-7
175.270 160.255 204.265 170.249 168.233 162.614 166.303 155.281 127.228 266.249 364.349
mcl pr pl
16 7.07 <-10
pr (aq-MeOH)
85.5
CDTA
C17N 12H C12H16 CH16O2 13 H18O2 10C 10H16OC 2 7HC11ClO2 C12H22 C21N 10H 8HC 17N 12HC 14N2O5 C14H24N2O9
N-Ethylcyclohexanamine Hexazole
CH O HC N C10H17N3
823-76-7 5459-93-8 4671-03-8
126.196 127.228 179.262
2604 2605 2606 2607 2608
2609 Cyclohexylamine hydrochloride 2610 2-(Cyclohexylaminothio) benzothiazole 2611 N-Cyclohexylaniline 2612 Cyclohexylbenzene 2613 Cyclohexyl benzoate 2614 Cyclohexyl butanoate 2615 3-Cyclohexyl-2-butenoic acid 2616 Cyclohexyl chloroformate 2617 Cyclohexylcyclohexane 2618 Cyclohexyldiethylamine 2619 Cyclohexyldimethylamine 2620 2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 2621 (1,2-Cyclohexylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid monohydrate 2622 1-Cyclohexylethanone 2623 Cyclohexylethylamine 2624 4-Cyclohexyl-3-ethyl-4 H-1,2,4triazole
Tetrahydrobenzene
Cyclohexanamine hydrochloride
Cicrotoic acid
N,N-Diethylcyclohexanamine N,N-Dimethylcyclohexanamine
N 7H9C C7H10O C7H10O C10O2 7H C10O2 7H 8HC 10O4 C6H10O C6H8O C12H14 C12H18O H12O 8C C14H20O2 11 13
8 14 8 17
pr (w)
1.0 38 17 173.0
liq liq
-53 -11 73
liq
pl (al)
22.1 119
liq
-17.8
4
cry cry (w)
pr (eth)
8112 6918 105 241 234.5 164 170 252 1163 201.5 1537, 1090.6
87.527 238 192; 8520 162
vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz vs 2HO, EtOH
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl ctc
0.844325
104 215
89.5
s EtOH, eth
sl H2O; s bz, DMF
180.5 164 22710
0.917620 0.8680
1.456516
i H2O; s eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-140
mp/˚C
2586 Cyclohexanethiol 2587 Cyclohexanol
SH
OH
HO
Cyclohexanol
O
N
Cyclohexanone
HO
N
OH HO
Cyclohexanone oxime
O
O
O O
O
O
OH
Cyclohexanone peroxide
OH OH
O
Cyclohexene
1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile
OH
O
2-Cyclohexen-1-ol
2-Cyclohexen-1-one
1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde
3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde
O
O
O 1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylicacid
3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxylicacid
4-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
O
1-Cyclohexen-1-ylbenzene
2-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexanone
1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)ethanone
OH H
3-141
O
NH2 O
O
N
3-Cyclohexenylmethyl 3-cyclohexenecarboxylate
4-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)pyridine
N H
O
O
O
Cycloheximide
NH2
HCl
N
O
S
O
Cyclohexylacetate
Cyclohexylacrylate
Cyclohexylamine
Cyclohexylamine,hydrochloride
S HN
2-(Cyclohexylaminothio)benzothiazole
O
H N
O
O O
N-Cyclohexylaniline
Cyclohexylbenzene
O
OH
N
O
N
3-Cyclohexyl-2-butenoic acid
COOH COOH N
N
Cyclohexyldimethylamine
Cyclohexylbutanoate
HOOC
Cl
N
O
O
Cyclohexylbenzoate
O N
O
OH
O
COOH
Cyclohexylchloroformate
Cyclohexyldiethylamine
H N N
O
2-Cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
Cyclohexylcyclohexane
(1,2-Cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acidmonohydrate
1-Cyclohexylethanone
Cyclohexylethylamine
N N
4-Cyclohexyl-3-ethyl-4 H-1,2,4-triazole
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cyclohexanethiol
O
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C12O2 7H
4351-54-6
128.169
2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638
CH O H NC 12CH18O 7HC 11NO H19N 9C C 7H11NS 6HC 11ClMg H16O2 10C C15N 7H H18O2 10C C12H16O C12H16O 20CH31NO
766-07-4 4435-18-1 1011-12-7 3173-53-3 1195-42-2 1122-82-3 931-51-1 101-43-9 100-60-7 1129-47-1 119-42-6 1131-60-8 144-11-6
116.158 121.180 178.270 125.168 141.254 141.234 142.909 168.233 113.201 170.249 176.254 176.254 301.466
CH O H NO C 3S C9H18 C9H16O H12 8C H12 8C CN 8H17 C8H16 H16O 8C C8H14O 8HC 8 C10 8H C8H14 C8H14 C8H12 C41NO2 27H C15H30 C30O 15H C15H28O 5HC 6 5HC 10
6222-35-1 100-88-9 293-55-0 3350-30-9 1073-07-0 111-78-4 5452-37-9 292-64-8 696-71-9 502-49-8 629-20-9 1871-52-9 931-87-3 931-89-5 1781-78-8 4449-51-8 295-48-7 4727-17-7 502-72-7 542-92-7 287-92-3
156.222 179.237 126.239 140.222 108.181 108.181 127.228 112.213 128.212 126.196 104.150 106.165 110.197 110.197 108.181 411.621 210.399 226.398 224.382 66.102 70.133
HCO H NC H10O 6C 6H10OC 2 C10O2 5H C10O2 5H C12O 6H 8HC14O2
1123-00-8 4254-02-8 872-53-7 3400-45-1 5057-98-7 5057-99-8 3637-61-4 140-77-2
128.169 95.142 98.142 114.142 102.132 102.132 100.158 142.196
2639 2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659
Cyclohexyl hydroperoxide Cyclohexylideneacetonitrile 2-Cyclohexylidenecyclohexanone Cyclohexyl isocyanate Cyclohexylisopropylamine Cyclohexyl isothiocyanate Cyclohexylmagnesium chloride Cyclohexyl methacrylate Cyclohexylmethylamine Cyclohexyl 2-methylpropanoate 2-Cyclohexylphenol 4-Cyclohexylphenol a-Cyclohexyl-a-phenyl-1piperidinepropanol Cyclohexyl propanoate Cyclohexylsulfamic acid Cyclononane Cyclononanone 1,4-Cyclooctadiene cis,cis-1,5-Cyclooctadiene Cyclooctanamine Cyclooctane Cyclooctanol Cyclooctanone 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene 1,3,5-Cyclooctatriene cis-Cyclooctene trans-Cyclooctene Cyclooctyne Cyclopamine Cyclopentadecane Cyclopentadecanol Cyclopentadecanone 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane
2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667
Cyclopentaneacetic acid Cyclopentanecarbonitrile Cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol Cyclopentanemethanol Cyclopentanepropanoic acid
6 12 2 8 11
Isocyanatocyclohexane N-Isopropylcyclohexanamine Isothiocyanatocyclohexane
N-Methylcyclohexanamine
Trihexphenidyl
9 16 2
Cyclamic acid
Aminocyclooctane
[8]Annulene
11-Deoxojervine Exaltol Pyropentylene Pentamethylene
6 13
7 12 2
Cyanocyclopentane Cyclopentanoic acid
6 9
mp/˚C
-20 cry (MeOH aq)
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
162
1.00570
1.443020
420.1 10722
1.01920 0.948315
1.464525 1.438225
i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc, HCOOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH
172 6212 221
0.9825 0.85925 1.033920
1.455120 1.448020 1.537520
210 147 204
0.962620 0.866023 0.94890
1.457820 1.456020
193; 9335
0.935920
1.440320
178.4 14824, 9412 145 150.5 190 149 9916 196 140.5 145.5 138 143 158
0.846325 0.956020 0.875420 0.88320 0.92825 0.834920 0.974020 0.958120 0.920620 0.897125 0.847220 0.848320 0.86820
1.466620 1.472920
0.836461 17711, 1450.3 0.93020 1200.3 0.889525 41 0.802120 49.3 0.745720
1.459261 1.455598 1.463760 1.444020 1.406520
1.021618 0.912 0.937120 1.052720
1.452318 1.441020 1.443220 1.453220
0.933220 1.010017
1.457920 1.457020
56.5
hyg liq
nd (lig) nd (bz)
liq liq liq
liq liq liq liq nd (EtOH) nd (MeOH) cry (MeOH)
56.5 133 114
169.5 11 34 -53 -56.4 -48 14.59 25.1 29 -2.4 -83 -12 -59
liq liq
237 61.3 80.5 63 -85 -93.4
pl liq
13.5 -76
liq
-7 30 54.7
294; 1334
228 170; 6710 133.5 212; 10411 12429, 10010 226; 13621 163 15826, 13112
1.490525 1.480420 1.458620 1.487120 1.469420 1.538120 1.503525 1.469820 1.474125 1.485020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH vs EtOH, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl lig
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs alk s EtOH vs bz i H2O; s bz, lig s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s EtOH, eth, ctc s EtOH, chl; sl ctc
sl H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc
vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s MeOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-142
2625 Cyclohexyl formate
Physical Form
N O
O
O
O
C
S N
H N
OH
Cyclohexylhydroperoxide
Cyclohexylideneacetonitrile
2-Cyclohexylidenecyclohexanone
Cyclohexylisocyanate
C
N Mg
Cyclohexylisopropylamine
Cyclohexylisothiocyanate
Cl
Cyclohexylmagnesiumchloride
N H N
O O
OH
OH
O
HO
O
Cyclohexylmethacrylate
Cyclohexylmethylamine
Cyclohexyl2-methylpropanoate
2-Cyclohexylphenol
3-143 Cyclononane
O a-Cyclohexyl-a-phenyl-1-piperidinepropanol
4-Cyclohexylphenol
NH2
O
Cyclononanone
1,4-Cyclooctadiene
cis,cis-1,5-Cyclooctadiene
H N
O
OH
Cyclooctanamine
Cyclooctane
Cyclohexylsulfamic acid
O
Cyclooctanol
Cyclooctanone
OH
H H N
Cyclohexylpropanoate
O S OH O
1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene
1,3,5-Cyclooctatriene
O
O H HO cis-Cyclooctene
trans-Cyclooctene
Cyclooctyne
N
Cyclopamine
O
Cyclopentadecane
HO
O
OH
Cyclopentadecanol
Cyclopentadecanone
OH
OH OH
Cyclopentanecarbonitrile
Cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde
Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid
cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol
Cyclopentane
OH OH
O Cyclopentaneacetic acid
1,3-Cyclopentadiene
trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol
OH Cyclopentanemethanol
O Cyclopentanepropanoic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cyclohexylformate
O
No.
Name
2668 Cyclopentanethiol 2669 Cyclopentanol 2670 Cyclopentanone
Cyclopentyl mercaptan Cyclopentyl alcohol Adipic ketone
2677 2678 2679 2680
Cyclopentanone oxime Cyclopentene 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile 1-Cyanocyclopentene 1-Cyclopentene-1-carboxaldehyde 2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid, Chaulmoogric acid (S ) 2-Cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid, Hydnocarpic acid (R ) 2-Cyclopenten-1-one 3-Cyclopenten-1-one N-(1-Cyclopenten-1-yl)pyrrolidine 1-Pyrrolidinylcyclopentene Cyclopenthiazide
2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688
Cyclopentobarbital Cyclopentylamine Cyclopentanamine Cyclopentylbenzene 2-Cyclopentylidenecyclopentanone Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide Cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphane Cycloposine Cyclopropane Trimethylene
2689 2690 2691 2692 2693
Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Cyclopropyl cyanide Cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde Formylcyclopropane Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid
2676
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C 5H10S CO 5H10 5HC 8O
1679-07-8 96-41-3 120-92-3
102.198 86.132 84.117
H9NO 5C C5H8 6H7NC H8O 6C 18CH32O2
1192-28-5 142-29-0 3047-38-9 6140-65-4 29106-32-9
99.131 68.118 93.127 96.127 280.446
CH O
459-67-6
252.392
16 28 2
3-144
C5H6O C5H6O 9H15N C H18ClN3O4 13C S2 C14N2O3 12H N 5H11C CH14 11 10HC14O 6HC 12S H15Cl2N2O2P 7C C33H51NO7 C6 3H
930-30-3 14320-37-7 7148-07-4 742-20-1
82.101 82.101 137.222 379.883
76-68-6 1003-03-8 700-88-9 825-25-2 7133-36-0 50-18-0 23185-94-6 75-19-4
234.250 85.148 146.229 150.217 116.224 261.086 573.761 42.080
H NC H C ClO H6O 4C C6O2 4H 5HC 6O4
5500-21-0 4023-34-1 1489-69-6 1759-53-1 598-10-7
67.090 104.535 70.090 86.090 130.100
4 5 4 5
Physical Form liq liq
liq liq liq pl or lf (al, HOAc)
-32 68.5
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.955020 0.948820 0.948720
1.453020 1.436620
0.772020
1.422520
sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc, hx; msc eth vs H2O, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth
0.97021
1.487217
196 44.2 8130 146 24720
vs eth, chl vs EtOH, chl, peth
136; 40 2817 10515
12
0.989
15
1.4629
15
vs eth, EtOH
1.512820
238 cry (w, dil al) liq
col gas
139.5 -82.7
43 268 -127.58
liq 18.5 pr or nd (chl) pr 140.5 (w +1)
2516-33-8 5009-27-8
72.106 56.063
2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702
C3H4 3HC 7N C9H10 C8O 4H C8O 5H C8 4H8N8O H16ClN3O4 14C S2 CH22N2O 11 CH18Cl2FNO3 22 C5H12NO3PS2
2781-85-3 765-30-0 873-49-4 540-47-6 765-43-5 2691-41-0 2259-96-3
40.064 57.095 118.175 72.106 84.117 296.156 389.878
gas liq liq liq liq cry
2163-69-1 68359-37-5 60-51-5
198.305 434.287 229.258
cry
N’-CyclooctylN,N-dimethylurea
57.8 -135.0
liq
H8O 4C C3H4O
2703 Cycluron 2704 Cyfluthrin 2705 Cygon
-17.5 -51.90
bp/˚C 132.1 140.42 130.57
60.5
2694 Cyclopropanemethanol 2695 Cyclopropanone Cyclopropene Cyclopropylamine Cyclopropanamine Cyclopropylbenzene Cyclopropyl methyl ether Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine HMX Cyclothiazide
mp/˚C
108 219 13525 156.2
0.868920 0.946220 1.017918
1.472825 1.528020 1.521518
sl2H O; vs EtOH s ace, bz, chl vs eth
vs H2O; sl bz, chl, diox, EtOH
135.1 119 100 183
0.61725 (p>1 atm) 0.894620 1.151620 0.938 1.088520
124
0.91125
dec -36 50.5 173.6; 8037 44.7 111.3 exp
0.824020 0.931720 0.810020 0.898420
-32.81
1.3799-42
s H2O, bz, peth; vs EtOH, eth
1.422920
s eth, hx; sl ctc
1.429820 1.439020
s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, eth sl ctc
stable only at low temp. -35.39 -31 -119 -68.3 286 234 138 60 52
1.421020 1.528520 1.380220 1.425120
msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH
sl H2O; s bz, ace; vs MeOH 1170.1
1.27765
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2671 2672 2673 2674 2675
Synonym
SH
OH
O
N
N
OH
O
OH O
Cyclopentanethiol
Cyclopentanol
Cyclopentanone
Cyclopentanoneoxime
Cyclopentene
1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile
1-Cyclopentene-1-carboxaldehyde
O
N
H2N 2-Cyclopentene-1-undecanoic acid,(R)
2-Cyclopenten-1-one
3-Cyclopenten-1-one
NH2
NH
O S
S O
O
N-(1-Cyclopenten-1-yl)pyrrolidine
NH N H
O
Cyclopenthiazide
O
Cyclopentobarbital
Cyclopentylamine
H H N O
3-145
H
HO O
P
O
NH
N
O
O N S
Cl Cl
O Cyclopentylbenzene
O
2-Cyclopentylidenecyclopentanone
Cl
Cyclopentylmethylsulfide
O
O
O
Cyclopropylmethylether
Cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde
OH
O
O
Cyclopropylmethylketone
Cyclopropanecarboxylicacid
OH
Cyclophosphamide
OH
NO2 N
Cl
N O2N
N NO2
O S H2N O
Cyclopropanemethanol
Cyclopropanecarbonitrile
NH2
O
Cyclopropanone
NH
N
O
Cl
O N
Cycluron
Cyclopropylamine
Cyclopropylbenzene
F
O
S O O
Cyclothiazide
Cyclopropene
Cl
O
H N HN
Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine
Cyclopropane
OH
1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid
O2N N
Cycloposine
O
HO Cyclopropanecarbonylchloride
HO HO
Cyfluthrin
O O S P S O Cygon
N H
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
O
H N
Cl
OH
2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid,(S)
No.
2706 Cyhalothrin
91465-08-6
449.850
49.2
2707 2708 2709 2710 2711
13121-70-5 52315-07-8 22936-86-3 129-03-3 66215-27-8
385.172 416.297 227.694 287.399 166.183
cry (EtOH aq) cry
196 70 167 113 220
56-17-7 60-23-1 13100-82-8 52-90-4
225.203 77.149 169.157 121.159
nd (MeOH) cry (sub) cry cry (w)
868-59-7 52-89-1 56-89-3
185.673 157.620 240.300
125.8 cry 175 dec hex pl or pr (w) 260 dec
147-94-4 65-46-3
243.216 243.216
pr (EtOH aq) nd (dil al)
212 230 dec
85-94-9 84-52-6 63-37-6 485-35-8 14930-96-2 22144-77-0 36011-19-5 71-30-7
323.196 323.196 323.196 190.241 479.608 507.618 495.565 111.102
orth nd pr nd (ace) nd (ace/peth)
239 dec 233 dec 233 dec 153 219 270 207 322 dec
C6H10N6O
4342-03-4
182.182
H86N12O16 62C C15H10O4
50-76-0 486-66-8
1255.416 254.238
C6H12N2O3
1596-84-5
160.170
C14H10N4O5 C10O6 15H
7261-97-4 480-15-9
314.253 286.236
C15H26O2 CH29NO10 27 C5H10N2S2 12BrC 10O CCl10 12 C18 10H C10H18 C12F10
887-08-1 20830-81-3 533-74-4 1163-19-5 2051-24-3 2051-25-4 1647-16-1 434-90-2
238.366 527.520 162.276 959.167 498.658 138.250 138.250 334.112
2719 2720
3-146
2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728
2,2C23H19ClF3NO3 Dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate Cyhexatin Stannane, tricyclohexylhydroxyCOSn 18H34 Cypermethrin CH19Cl2NO3 22 Cyprazine C9H14ClN5 Cyproheptadine CH21N 21 N-Cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6- C6H10N6 Cyromazine triamine Cystamine dihydrochloride CCl2N2S2 4H14 H7NS Cysteamine 2C L-Cysteic acid C7NO5S 3H L-Cysteine Propanoic acid, 2-amino-3C3H7NO2S mercapto-, (R)ClNO2S L-Cysteine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride 5H12C L-Cysteine, hydrochloride 3HC8ClNO2S L-Cystine 3,3’-Dithiobis(2-aminopropanoicC6H12N2O4S2 acid) N3O5 Cytarabine Cytosine arabinoside 9H13C Cytidine 4-Amino-1b-D-ribofuranosyl-2(1 H) C9H13N3O5 -pyrimidinone O8P 2’-Cytidylic acid Cytidine 2’-monophosphate 9H14N3C O8P 3’-Cytidylic acid Cytidine 3’-monophosphate 9H14N3C O8P 5’-Cytidylic acid Cytidine 5’-monophosphate 9H14N3C Cytisine Sophorine C14N2O 11H Cytochalasin B CH37NO5 29 Cytochalasin D Zygosporin A C37NO6 30H Cytochalasin E CH33NO7 28 H5N3O Cytosine 4C
2729 Dacarbazine 2730 Dactinomycin 2731 Daidzein 2732 Daminozide
5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazenyl)-1 Himidazole-4-carboxamide 7-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4 H1-benzopyran-4-one Butanedioic acid, mono(2,2dimethylhydrazide)
2733 Dantrolene 2734 Datiscetin 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742
Mol. Form.
Daucol Daunorubicin Dazomet Decabromobiphenyl ether Decachlorobiphenyl 1,3-Decadiene 1,9-Decadiene 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’,6,6’-Decafluoro1,1’-biphenyl
Bis(pentabromophenyl) ether 1-Hexyl-1,3-butadiene
mcl or tcl pl (w+1) cry
pa ye pr (50% al)
mp/˚C
218 dec 99.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.2520
vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH
dec
240 dec
vs H2O s H2O sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; s acid, alk
1.67725
s H2O vs 2HO; sl EtOH
s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s bz, ace
2182
s H2O; sl EtOH, chl; i eth
205 245 dec 323 dec
sub
s EtOH, eth
154.5 cry (DMF aq) pa ye nd (al, aq HOAc) cry red nd nd (bz) ye pr (tol) cry (bz)
280 277.5 114 208 106 305 309
67.5
vs ace, eth, EtOH 1282
169 167 206
0.75230 0.7525 1.78520
reac H2O; s EtOH i 2HO i H2O vs bz 1.432520
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
2716 2717 2718
Synonym
Physical Form
CAS RN
2712 2713 2714 2715
Name
OH Cl F F
HN
Cl
Sn O
O
O
F
O
Cl
N
O
O
N
Cyhalothrin
Cl
N Cypermethrin
Cyhexatin
NH2 N
N
N N
N H
Cyprazine
N H
Cyproheptadine
N N
NH2
HCl H2N
Cyromazine
S
S
NH2 HCl
Cystaminedihydrochloride
NH2
O O S HO O
SH
H2N
Cysteamine
O OH
HS
O OH
NH2
HCl HS
O
NH2
L-Cysteicacid
O HS
OH HCl
NH2
L-Cysteine
NH2 HO
NH2
L-Cysteine,ethylester,hydrochloride
O S
S
O
L-Cysteine,hydrochloride
O
OH
O
3-147
HO HO P O O
O
O
N
O O P OH O
OH
Cytidine
2’-Cytidylic acid
OH
OH
O
N H
O
N H
O O
Cytochalasin B
Cytochalasin D
H 2N N N N
N
H
N H Cytisine
O
NH2
NH
O
5’-Cytidylic acid
O
O
H
H
N OH
O
O HO
NH
O
HO
O O
HO
OH
Cytochalasin E
N
N H Dacarbazine
O
Cytosine
O
N
N O
N
N
O NH
N O
N O
O
HO
OH Cytarabine
O O
N
3’-Cytidylic acid
H
HO
N
O
N
HO HO P O O
O
HO
NH2
NH2
N HO
O
HO
O HO
OH
L-Cystine
NH2
N
O
HO
N
N
N
O
O
O HN
O O
O
O
N O
HN
H
O
NH N
NH2
O
O
O
N HO
Daidzein
Br Br
N S
Dazomet
Br
S
Br
Br
Br
Cl Br
Br
Br
Decabromobiphenylether
Cl Cl
N O Dantrolene
O
HO
Cl Cl
O
O
O HO Datiscetin
NH2 Daucol
Daunorubicin
F F
F
F
F F
Cl
Decachlorobiphenyl
HO
HO
F Cl
Cl
OH O
O
Cl
Cl
O
OH
OH
Daminozide
Br
O
N
O
H N
O
OH O
O
O
O
Dactinomycin
N
OH
O OH
O
O
NH
N
OH
1,3-Decadiene
1,9-Decadiene
F F
F
2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’,6,6’-Decafluoro-1,1’-biphenyl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
NH2
NH2
No.
Name
2743 cis-Decahydronaphthalene 2744 trans-Decahydronaphthalene 2745 Decahydro-2-naphthol 2746 Decamethonium dibromide Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decanal Decane 1,10-Decanediamine Decanedinitrile 1,10-Decanediol
2754 2755 2756 2757 2758
Decanedioyl dichloride Decanenitrile 1-Decanethiol Decanoic acid 1-Decanol
2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784
2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol 2-Decanone 3-Decanone 4-Decanone Decanoyl chloride trans-2-Decenal 1-Decene cis-2-Decene trans-2-Decene cis-5-Decene trans-5-Decene 9-Decenoic acid 9-Decen-1-ol 3-Decen-2-one Declomycin Decyl acetate Decylamine Decylbenzene Decylcyclohexane Decylcyclopentane Decyl decanoate Decyl formate 11-Decylheneicosane
cis-Decalin trans-Decalin Decahydro-b-naphthol
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C10H18 C10H18
493-01-6 493-02-7
138.250 138.250
liq liq
C10H18O C38Br2N2 16H
825-51-4 541-22-0
154.249 418.294
HC O Si5 10HC 30O3Si 4 C10H20O C10H22 CH24N2 10 10HC 16N2 C22O2 10H
541-02-6 141-62-8 112-31-2 124-18-5 646-25-3 1871-96-1 112-47-0
370.770 310.685 156.265 142.282 172.311 164.247 174.281
HC Cl2O2 10H19NC C22S 10H C20O2 10H 10CH22O
111-19-3 1975-78-6 143-10-2 334-48-5 112-30-1
239.139 153.265 174.347 172.265 158.281
C10H22O C10H22O C22O 10H C10H22O C20O 10H C20O 10H CH20O 10 CClO 10H19 C10H18O C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 10HC 18O2 H20O 10C H18O 10C C21ClN2O8 21H CH24O2 12 10CH23N C16H26 C16H32 CH30 15 C20H40O2 CH22O2 11 C31H64
74742-10-2 1565-81-7 2051-31-2 5205-34-5 693-54-9 928-80-3 624-16-8 112-13-0 3913-81-3 872-05-9 20348-51-0 20063-97-2 7433-78-5 7433-56-9 14436-32-9 13019-22-2 10519-33-2 127-33-3 112-17-4 2016-57-1 104-72-3 1795-16-0 1795-21-7 1654-86-0 5451-52-5 55320-06-4
158.281 158.281 158.281 158.281 156.265 156.265 156.265 190.710 154.249 140.266 140.266 140.266 140.266 140.266 170.249 156.265 154.249 464.853 200.318 157.297 218.377 224.425 210.399 312.531 186.292 436.840
Mol. Form.
10 30 5
Capraldehyde
Decamethylene glycol
10 16
Caprinitrile Decyl mercaptan Capric acid Capric alcohol
1-Propylheptyl alcohol Methyl octyl ketone Ethyl heptyl ketone Hexyl propyl ketone Caprinoyl chloride
Caproleic acid Decylenic alcohol Heptylidene acetone Demeclocycline 1-Decanamine
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-42.9 -30.4
195.8 187.3 10914
cry (MeOH/ ace) liq liq liq liq
i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl MeOH
1.499220
i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; sl ctc
0.91320
1.447420
i H2O; s chl sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s DMSO; i lig
22075, 16511 243; 10610 240.6 268.7 231.1
1.121220 0.819920 0.844320 0.885840 0.829720
1.468418 1.429620 1.450920 1.428840 1.437220
211 213; 10112 210.5 201 210; 9612 203 206.5 95 230; 10711 170.5 174.2 173.3 20 171; 73 171 15821, 1424 236 10215.3
0.825020 0.82720 0.826120 0.82420 0.824820 0.825120 0.82420 25 0.919
1.432625 1.43420 1.432020 1.433320 1.425520 1.425220 1.424021 1.441020
0.740820
1.421520
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth
0.744520 20 0.7401 0.923815 0.87625 0.847320
1.425820 1.424320 1.450715 1.448020 1.448020
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH
0.867120 0.793620 0.855520 0.818620 0.811020 0.858620
1.427320 1.436920 1.483220 1.453420 1.448620 1.442320
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
0.811620
1.454020
-1.3 -17.9 -26 31.4 6.9
liq liq liq liq nd liq liq liq
-1.2 -7.5 -11 8.7 14 1.3 -9 -34.5
liq liq liq
Solubility
1.481020 1.469520
1.398220 1.389520 1.428720 1.409025
liq liq nd
cry liq
0.99625
nD
i eth 210 194 208.5 174.15 14012 20416 20 192
liq col liq col liq col liq col liq
0.896520 0.865925
269 dec -38 -76 -4.0 -29.6 59.73 7.6 74
nd (w, dil al)
den/g cm-3
-66.3
-112 -73 26.5
176 dec -15 17 -14.4 -0.9 -22 9.7
liq 10.0
244 220.5 293 299 279 21915 243 282.010
0.959320 0.853625 0.83015 0.726625
vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s eth, ctc
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-148
2747 2748 2749 2750 2751 2752 2753
Synonym
O H
H
N
Si
O
N
O Si
Br
H
H
cis-Decahydronaphthalene
trans-Decahydronaphthalene
O
Si
Br OH
Si
Decahydro-2-naphthol
Decamethoniumdibromide
Si
O
Si
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Decamethyltetrasiloxane
Decanal
NH2
H2N Decane
OH
HO
N
1,10-Decanediamine
Decanedinitrile
Cl
Cl O
1,10-Decanediol
Decanedioyldichloride
O N Decanenitrile
SH
OH
1-Decanethiol
Decanoicacid
1-Decanol
OH
2-Decanol
3-Decanol
O
O O
OH 4-Decanol
OH
OH
OH
5-Decanol
2-Decanone
Cl
O 3-Decanone
4-Decanone
Decanoyl chloride
3-149
O O trans-2-Decenal
OH 1-Decene
cis-2-Decene
Cl
OH H
H
trans-2-Decene
cis-5-Decene
OH 9-Decen-1-ol
3-Decen-2-one
OH O HO
9-Decenoicacid
N OH NH2
O
trans-5-Decene
O OH
O
O NH2
O
Declomycin
Decyl acetate
Decylamine
Decylbenzene
O O
O Decylcyclohexane
Decylcyclopentane
Decyl decanoate
Decyl formate
O 11-Decylheneicosane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O N
No.
2801 2802 2803 2804
3-150
2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817
2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823
Synonym
Mol. Form.
1-Decylnaphthalene CH28 20 Decyloxirane C12H24O Decyl vinyl ether 1-(Ethenyloxy)decane 12HC24O 1-Decyne Octylacetylene H18 10C 5-Decyne Dibutylacetylene C18 10H Dehydroabietic acid 8,11,13-Abietatrien-18-oic acid 20H28O2 C Delphinidin C11ClO7 15H Delphinine 33CH45NO9 H19Br2NO3 Deltamethrin 22C Demecarium bromide CH52Br2N4O4 32 Demeton Systox C 8H19O3PS2 Demeton-S-methyl C6H15O3PS2 2’-Deoxyadenosine C10H13N5O3 2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate C16N5O12P3 10H H8O5 6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid 6C Deoxycholic acid 3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid,C24H40O4 (3a,5b,12a) O7P 2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate 2’-Deoxy-5’-cytidylic acid 9H14N3C 2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine Floxuridine CFN2O5 9H11 2-Deoxy-D-glucose C6H12O5 2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’2’-Deoxy-5’-guanylic acid 10CH14N5O7P monophosphate H12O5 2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol D-Quercitol 6C 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)D-glucitol N-Methylglucamine C17NO5 7H 6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose Digitalose C5 7H14O D-2-Deoxyribose C5H10O4 Deserpidine CH38N2O8 32 Desethyl atrazine 6-ChloroN-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-C6H10ClN5 2,4-diamine Desferrioxamine Deferoxamine CN6O8 25H48 Desipramine CH22N2 18 Desmedipham C16H16N2O4 Desmetryne C8H15N5S Desthiobiotin 10HC 18N2O3 Dexamethasone C22H29FO5 Dexon Sodium C8H10N3NaO3S dimethylaminobenzenediazosulfona te Dexpanthenol C9H19NO4 Dextroamphetamine sulfate CN2O4S 18H28 H26BrNO Dextromethorphan hydrobromide 18C Diacetone alcohol 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 6H12CO2 H10O4 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene 7C 1,3-Diacetylbenzene CH10O2 10
2824 1,4-Diacetylbenzene 4-Acetylacetophenone 2825 N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl
HC O 16H16CN2O2 10 10 2
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
15
379
0.932220
-41 -44 -73 172 >350 199 99 165 dec
10110 174 177; 78.825
0.81220 0.765520 0.769020
1.543520 1.434725 1.434620 1.426520 1.433120
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
26438-27-7 2855-19-8 765-05-9 764-93-2 1942-46-7 1740-19-8 528-53-0 561-07-9 52918-63-5 56-94-0 8065-48-3 919-86-8 958-09-8 1927-31-7 528-81-4 83-44-3
268.436 184.318 184.318 138.250 138.250 300.435 338.697 599.712 505.199 716.588 258.339 230.285 251.242 491.182 160.125 392.573
1032-65-1 50-91-9 154-17-6 902-04-5
307.197 246.191 164.156 347.222
pow cry
488-73-3 6284-40-8 4481-08-7 533-67-5 131-01-1 6190-65-4
164.156 195.214 178.183 134.131 578.652 187.630
pr (w, dil al) cry (MeOH) nd (AcOEt) nd or pr cry
236 128.5 119 90 230.5 136
70-51-9 50-47-5 13684-56-5 1014-69-3 533-48-2 50-02-2 140-56-7
560.684 266.381 300.309 213.304 214.261 392.460 251.238
cry (EtOH aq)
139
cry lo nd (H2O)
120 85 157 262
81-13-0 51-63-8 125-69-9 123-42-2 869-29-4 6781-42-6
205.252 368.491 352.309 116.158 158.152 162.185
1009-61-6 613-35-4
162.185 268.310
liq liq cry (EtOH aq) orth (al) hyg pow oily liq ye liq cry (EtOH aq) pr (AcOEt) cry (al)
sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt i 2HO; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH
2 134 890.15, 1181
168 177
Solubility
1.2020
1.506320
sub 160
vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, tol i H2O; s os sl H2O vs H2O, ace, EtOH
183 dec 150 146.5 s H2O 13 1.5845
vs H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl
1730.02
s H2O
ye-br pow
sl H2O; s DMF
hyg oil wh cry pow liq liq
nd (HOAc)
dec >300 123 -44 -37.6 32 113.0 328.3
167.9 180 15215 1283
1.2020 1.1525 0.938720 1.076020
1.49720
1.421320 1.419320
vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth vs H2O s EtOH, chl; i eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; sl chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800
Name
OH OH HO
O 1-Decylnaphthalene
Decyloxirane
Decyl vinylether
Dehydroabietic acid
O
H
Br
O
HO
O
O
Deltamethrin
O
O P O O
N
Demecariumbromide
S
O O P S O
Demeton
OH
N
N
Br
N
O
Br Delphinine
Br
N
N
N
N
S
O
O
N
O N
N
O O
NH2
NH2
O
N
O
5-Decyne
O
H
H
1-Decyne
OH Delphinidin
O
O
P
O O
O
P
OH
O
OH
N
N
P
O
O
OH
S OH
Demeton-S-methyl
OH
2’-Deoxyadenosine
2’-Deoxyadenosine5’-triphosphate
O NH2 O CH2OH H OH O
HO
OH
OH O
P
3-151
HO
N
O O
HO
O
N
Deoxycholicacid
2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate
H
O
O O OH OH
6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose
N
O
O O
Cl
Deserpidine
N
N H
OH
N S
H2N
N
N H Desmetryne N
N H Desthiobiotin
O
O
O N H
O
N
O Dexamethasone
O N N S O Na O Dexon
N H Desipramine
OH HO
H N
OH NH2
O Dexpanthenol
H
N
Dextromethorphanhydrobromide
O OH O
Diacetonealcohol
O
O O
O
O O 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene
O 1,3-Diacetylbenzene
1,4-Diacetylbenzene
O HN
0.5H 2SO4
Dextroamphetamine sulfate
O
O HBr
N
N OH
OH
F
O
OH N
H N
Desferrioxamine
H
NH O
OH
CH2NHMe OH H OH OH CH2OH
O
HO
HO
N OH
Desethylatrazine
HN O
H HO H H
OH HO HO OH OH 2’-Deoxyguanosine5’-monophosphate 2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)D-glucitol
O
N
O N H
O
NH2
O
OH D-2-Deoxyribose
O
OH
OH OH HO 2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine 2-Deoxy-D-glucose
O O
O
HO
P
N
N
N H H
O
OH
N O H Desmedipham
O
HO
OH
OH
N H
O
H2N OH
O
H
6-Deoxy-L-ascorbicacid
HO
HN
O O
F
OH
O HO
O
N
N
HN
NH
N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
OH
OH O
O
OH
OH
O
No.
Mol. Wt.
2826 Diacetylmorphine 2827 Diacetylperoxide 2828 Dialifor
561-27-3 110-22-5 10311-84-9
369.412 118.089 393.846
2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836
2303-16-4 538-08-9 142-22-3 1113-12-8 2179-57-9 557-40-4 2807-54-7 1087-21-4
270.219 122.167 274.267 140.299 146.273 98.142 196.200 246.259
999-21-3 615-99-6 102-70-5 52-43-7
196.200 170.163 137.222 208.213
592-88-1 2050-87-5 2292-79-7 1758-68-5
114.208 178.338 188.309 238.241
14 10 2 2
HC N O HC N O
128-95-0 129-44-2
238.241 238.241
3-152
2841 2842 2843 2844
Synonym
Mol. Form.
C23NO5 21H Acetyl peroxide C4 4H6O C17ClNO4P 14H S2 H17Cl2NOS Diallate 10C Diallylcyanamide 7HC 10N2 Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) C 12H18O7 Diallyldimethylsilane C 8H16Si Diallyl disulfide 6HC 10S2 Diallyl ether Allyl ether O 6H10C Diallyl fumarate 10HC 12O4 Diallyl isophthalate Di-2-propenyl 1,3C14H14O4 benzenedicarboxylate Diallyl maleate C12O4 10H Diallyl oxalate 8HC 10O4 N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine Triallylamine 9H15NC 5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)Allobarbital C12N2O3 10H pyrimidinetrione Diallyl sulfide C10S 6H Diallyl trisulfide CS3 6H10 Diamantane Congressane CH20 14 1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione C10N2O2 14H
2845 1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione 2846 1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
14 10 2 2
2847 1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
14 10 2 2
HC N O
129-42-0
238.241
2848 2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
14 10 2 2
HC N O
131-14-6
238.241
2849 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene
12 12 4
CH N
538-41-0
212.250
HCN O H CN O 4H4N4C C14H10N2O4
535-87-5 305-62-4 1187-42-4 128-94-9
152.151 118.134 108.102 270.240
H NCO H NC
101-80-4 101-77-9
200.235 198.263
H N CS H N OCS 7H14N2O4 C C15H12N2O3
139-65-1 599-61-1 922-54-3 2872-48-2
216.301 248.300 190.197 268.267
C14H9N3O4
82-33-7
283.239
2850 2851 2852 2853
3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 2854 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 2855 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane
2856 2857 2858 2859
7 8 2 2
4 10 2 2
4,4-Oxydianiline 4,4’-Methylenedianiline
4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide 4,4’-Thiodianiline 3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone 3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 2860 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione
12 12 2 13 14 2
12 12 2
12 12 2 2
Physical Form orth nd (eth) lf
col liq
liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
173 30 68
27312 21 63
1.5625
-4
-6
lf
94 172
liq
-85
cry viol nd
236 303.5
dk viol nd (py) dk red nd (al, HOAc) red nd (al, HOAc) red-br pr (aqpy) ye nd (al), oran-ye pr (al) nd (+1w) hyg cry
268 319
1509 14290, 959 2 161 137; 6850 10048, 7916 94 1403 1765
1.1420 0.767920 1.023715 0.826020 1.076820
nD
Solubility vs bz, chl vs eth, EtOH
s EtOH; sl eth, ctc i H2O; s os 1.442020 1.416320 1.467025
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
12910, 1093 217 155.5
1.07520 1.158220 0.80920
1.469920 1.448120 1.450220
s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid sl 2HO, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz
138.6 11716
0.887727 1.084515
1.487025
vs eth, EtOH vs eth sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf sl 2HO; s EtOH, bz, PhNO2; vs py i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc
sub
265 320 dec
sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl
250.5
228
sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH 1.4120
178.5 bl nd (xyl)
i 2HO; s bz, xyl, EtOH
189 dec pl or nd (w) pl 92.5 (bz) nd (w) 108.5 168.5 nd (w) 314 dec 235 278
>300 398; 25718
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa vs H2O, EtOH s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
2837 2838 2839 2840
Name
O O
O O
O O
H
N
O
O
O
O Diacetylmorphine
Cl S S P O O
N
O
Diacetylperoxide
O Cl
S
N O
N N
Cl
Dialifor
Diallate
O
O
Diallylcyanamide
O
O
O
O
Diallyl diethylene glycolcarbonate
O O O S
Si Diallyldimethylsilane
S
O
Diallyl disulfide
Diallyl ether
O O
O
O
O
O Diallyl fumarate
O
O
Diallyl isophthalate
O
Diallyl maleate
O
O
O
O O
Diallyl oxalate
NH2
O
NH2
O
NH2
NH2 NH
3-153
O
N N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine
O
N H
O
5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
NH2
NH2 O
S
S Diallyl sulfide
NH2
S
S
O
Diallyl trisulfide
Diamantane
1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
O
O
NH2 H2N
O
1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
NH2 O N
2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
H2N
N N
O
1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
OH O
H2N NH2 O
1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
NH2
4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene
H2N
3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid
2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid
NH2
N O
H2N
OH NH2
NH2
NH2
OH O
cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile
S
H2N
OH
1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
H2N
NH2 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether
O O H2N
O
O S
NH2
3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone
4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide
O
NH2
O
NH2
O OH
NH2
NH2
H2N
NH2
O
HO
NH2 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane
NH2
meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid
O
NH2
1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione
O
N
O
1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
Synonym
2868 8,8’-Diapo-y,y-carotenedioic acid 2869 Diatrizoic acid
3-154
2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877
Diazenedicarboxamide Diazinon Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenz[a,j]anthracene
2878 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5carboxamide 2879 Dibenzepin 2880 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 2881 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 2882 Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene 2883 Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin 2884 Dibenzofuran
Crocetin
Diphenylene dioxide 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide
2885 Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene
2886 2887 2888 2889 2890
Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Dibenzothiophene Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione
2891 Dibenzoyl disulfide 2892 Dibenzylamine 2893 Dibenzyl disulfide 2894 N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine 2895 Dibenzyl ether
Benzoyl disulfide N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine
vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid
249.5
sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats
42.8 300
i eth, bz sl H2O
C8N2O 6H 6H10CCl2N2O CH10ClN3S 12
95-86-3 137-09-7 581-64-6
124.140 197.061 263.745
12 14
CH ClN5O2S
103-12-8
327.790
H C NO CH N O S
616-29-5 81-11-8
90.123 370.400
cry ye nd
645-92-1
127.105
nd (aq Na2CO3) dec
27876-94-4
328.403
brick red orth
117-96-4
613.913
cry (EtOH aq)
123-77-3 333-41-5 334-88-3 226-36-8 224-42-0 224-53-3 53-70-3 224-41-9
116.079 304.345 42.040 279.335 279.335 279.335 278.346 278.346
C15H12N2O
298-46-4
236.268
CH21N3O 18 C20H13N 20CH13N C26H16 C2 12H8O 12HC 8O
4498-32-2 194-59-2 239-64-5 217-54-9 262-12-4 132-64-9
295.379 267.324 267.324 328.405 184.191 168.191
nd (MeOH) lf or nd (al)
117 158 221.3 400 120.5 86.5
24 14
192-65-4
302.368
pa ye nd(xyl)
233.5
CH HC C14 24H H8S 12C H8O3 14C
189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0 132-65-0 6050-13-1
302.368 302.368 302.368 184.257 224.212
oran pl
644-32-6
274.358
3 10 2
14 14 2 6 2
C3H5N5O H CO
20 24 4
CH
24 14 24 14
HCO S
14 10 2 2
14 15
CH N
103-49-1
197.276
CH S H CN C14O 14H
150-60-7 140-28-3 103-50-4
246.391 240.343 198.260
14 14 2
Benzathine Benzyl ether
79 dec 235 dec
Mol. Wt.
N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino-2,4,6- C11H9I3N2O4 triiodobenzoic acid Azodicarbonamide C4O2 2H4N CH21N2O3PS 12 CH 2N2 H13N 21C 7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene C 21H13N H13N 21C 1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene C14 22H H14 22C Carbamazepine
mp/˚C
lf nd
CAS RN
16 20 2
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk sl 2HO, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH
286 300 212 dec
ye gas ye cry ye cry (EtOH) pl (dil ace) oran lf or nd (bz)
-145 228 216 189 269.5 197.5
870.05 -23
1.108820
1.492220 vs eth, diox i H2O i2O; H sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS2 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth
190.2
cry (EtOH)
315 281.5 ye pl (bz/EtOH) 164.5 nd (dil al, lig) 98.2 nd (HOAc or 217 bz) pr(al), sc(chl- 134.5 peth) -26 lf (al) oily lig
71.5 26 1.8
1850.01 i H2O
287
99 1.0886
1.607999
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf
2750.05 332.5 sub
O;Hs chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz 2i i H2O; sl eth
dec
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS 2 22
dec 300; 270250
1.0256
4 195 298
1.02420 1.042820
1.5781
20
1.563520 1.516820
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl2H O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2861 2,4-Diaminophenol 2862 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride 2863 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium Thionine chloride 2864 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl) Prontosil azo]benzenesulfonamide 2865 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 2866 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic Amsonic acid acid H)-one 2867 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
OH
OH O S O
OH NH2
NH2
NH2
N 2HCl NH2
H2N
NH2 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride
NH2 Cl
S
3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride
4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide
O NH2 N O
O
N N H
HO NH2
O OH
O 8,8’-Diapo-y,y-carotenedioic acid
4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1 H)-one
O S O OH
H2N
NH2
1,3-Diamino-2-propanol
4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid
OH
I
I
N H
OH H2N
I
O
O H2N
N H
N
N
NH2
O
Diatrizoic acid
N
S
Diazenedicarboxamide
O P O O
H
N
C N
N
N
H
Diazinon
Diazomethane
Dibenz[a,h]acridine
N
3-155
O N N
N O
N Dibenz[a,j]acridine
Dibenz[c,h]acridine
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
Dibenz[a,j]anthracene
NH2
5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
N
N H
Dibenzepin
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
O N H
O
13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole
Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene
O
O
O
Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin
Dibenzothiophene
S O
Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene
O S
S
O Dibenzofuran
Dibenzoyldisulfide
N H Dibenzylamine
S
S
Dibenzyldisulfide
N H
H N
N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
O Dibenzylether
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2,4-Diaminophenol
H2N
O S NH2 O
N N
NH2
No.
2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone Dibenzyl malonate Dibenzyl phosphite Dibenzyl sulfide Dibenzyl sulfone Dibenzyl sulfoxide 1,3-Dibenzylurea Dibromoacetic acid
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
H18O 20C H16O4 17C C15O3P 14H H14S 14C H14O2S 14C C14OS 14H C15H16N2O 2HC 2Br2O2
897-78-9 15014-25-2 17176-77-1 538-74-9 620-32-6 621-08-9 1466-67-7 631-64-1
274.356 284.307 262.241 214.326 246.325 230.325 240.300 217.844
6 5
HBrC2N HCBr2N
3252-43-5 615-57-6
198.844 250.919
HCBr2N CH Br2 H4Br2 6C
626-40-4 523-27-3 583-53-9
250.919 336.022 235.904
Pentaerythritol tetrabromide
CH Br2 CH Br2 C8Br2O 13H 12CH8Br2 5H8BrC 4
108-36-1 106-37-6 3988-03-2 92-86-4 3229-00-3
235.904 235.904 340.010 312.000 387.734
Tribromsalan
C13H8Br3NO2
87-10-5
449.921
CH Br2 HCBr2 H8Br2 4C H8Br2 4C H8Br2 4C H6Br2 4C H4Br2 4C C10H14Br2O
62168-25-6 533-98-2 107-80-2 110-52-1 5408-86-6 821-06-7 2219-66-1 514-12-5
215.915 215.915 215.915 215.915 215.915 213.899 211.883 310.025
CBr 2ClF C3H5Br2Cl C2Br2ClF3
353-55-9 96-12-8 354-51-8
226.270 236.333 276.277
C2Br2N2O 3H C6H10Br2
10222-01-2 5183-77-7
241.868 241.951
cry (bz)
HC Br2 HCBr2Cl2 2HC2Br2Cl2 CBr 2Cl2 2HC 2Br2F2 CBr 2F2
4101-68-2 75-81-0 683-68-1 594-18-3 75-82-1 75-61-6
300.074 256.751 256.751 242.725 223.842 209.816
pl (al) liq liq
2904 Dibromoacetonitrile 2905 2,4-Dibromoaniline
2906 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2907 9,10-Dibromoanthracene 2908 o-Dibromobenzene
3-156
2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922
m-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl) propane 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2hydroxybenzamide 1,1-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne a,a’-Dibromo-d-camphor
2
6 5
14 8
1,2-Dibromobenzene 1,3-Dibromobenzene 1,4-Dibromobenzene Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone
1,10-Dibromodecane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane Dibromodichloromethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane Dibromodifluoromethane
6 4 6 4
4 8
a-Butylene dibromide
2923 Dibromochlorofluoromethane 2924 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2925 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 2926 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide 2927 trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±) 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933
Physical Form
CAS RN
Benzyl sulfide
Mol. Form.
Decamethylene dibromide
4 8
10 20 2 2
Genetron 132b-B2
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
117.5
19020 1872 1620.1 dec dec 290 dec 210
-2.5 pl (eth or chl) 49.5 nd (al-bz) 152 lf (al, w) 134 nd (al) 169.5 hyg cry 49
orth bipym 79.5 (chl) nd or lf (al) nd (dil al) 57 ye nd (to or xyl) 226 7.1 liq -7 pl 87.43 pl (al) 177 mcl pr (MeOH) 164 cry (ace), nd 163 (lig) 227
liq
-65.4
liq liq pl (peth)
-16.5 -24 53.4
195250, 13016 169; 6824 15674
sub 225 218 218.5 395 357.5 305.5
158; 91101 166.3 174 197 161 203; 7414 9215
126 -2.0
28 -26 -26 38 liq -61.3 vol liq or gas -110.1
nD
1.13725
1.544720 1.552118
Solubility sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc
50 1.0583
2.36920 2.26020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc i2O; H vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.539320 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc
1.984320
1.615520
1.952320 2.26117
1.608317 1.5742
2.59615
vs EtOH, eth, bz i 2HO; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS 2 vs bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl
1.78425 1.791520 1.80020 1.819925 1.789322
1.498825 1.402520 1.50720 1.516725 1.513322
2.01418 1.85421
1.58818
80.3 196 93
2.317322 2.09314
1.457020 1.55314
i H2O
145100, 10520 1619, 1284 195 195 150.2 92.5 22.76
1.775920
1.544519
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
1.33530 2.13520 2.13520 2.4225 2.223820
1.492725 1.566220 1.566220
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
61
50
den/g cm-3
i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; s eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace s eth, ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt
1.445620 s 2HO, eth, ace, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903
Name
O O
O O
O
S
Dibenzylmalonate
Dibenzylphosphite
Dibenzylsulfide
NH2
N H
Br
N H
Br
Br
O
Br
Br
Dibromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetonitrile
Br
2,4-Dibromoaniline
Br
Br
3,5-Dibromoaniline
Br
3-157
Br Br
4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone
Br Br
Br 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl
Br
trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene
Br
m-Dibromobenzene
p-Dibromobenzene
Br N H
Br
Br
Br
Br Br
Br
Br
Br O
Br 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne
F F
Br F
Cl
Br
a,a’-Dibromo-d-camphor
Br
Br
Cl
Dibromochlorofluoromethane
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br 1,10-Dibromodecane
Br Cl Cl
1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane
Br
1,4-Dibromobutane
O
N
Br
NH2 Br Br
1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide
Br Br
Cl 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane
Cl
Br
Br
Cl F
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
Cl Br
trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane,(±)
o-Dibromobenzene
Br
Br
Br Br
Br
9,10-Dibromoanthracene
1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide 1,1-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane
Br
2,3-Dibromobutane
Br
Br
OH O
Br
Dibenzylsulfoxide
Br
NH2
Br
OH
O
Br
Dibenzylsulfone
N
1,3-Dibenzylurea
Br
O
Br Br
O
S O
S O
O
Br Cl
Br Dibromodichloromethane
Br
Br F
F
F
F Br
1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane Dibromodifluoromethane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone
O
O P
No.
Name
Synonym
2934 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4Dibromantine imidazolidinedione 2935 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 2936 1,12-Dibromododecane 2937 1,1-Dibromoethane Ethylidene dibromide 1,2-Dibromoethane cis-1,2-Dibromoethene trans-1,2-Dibromoethene 1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene
2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949
Dibromofluoromethane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 1,7-Dibromoheptane Heptamethylene dibromide 2,3-Dibromoheptane 3,4-Dibromoheptane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,2-Dibromohexane 1,6-Dibromohexane 3,4-Dibromohexane 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile Bromoxynil Dibromomethane Methylene bromide 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2,5-Dibromotoluene 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene (Dibromomethyl)benzene 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol
2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961
Ethylene dibromide cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene
2962 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 2963 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene 2964 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline
1,9-Dibromononane 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 1,8-Dibromooctane 1,2-Dibromopentane 1,4-Dibromopentane 1,5-Dibromopentane 2,4-Dibromopentane 2,4-Dibromophenol
Mol. Wt.
C6Br2N2O2 5H
77-48-5
285.922
5434-27-5 3344-70-5 557-91-5
229.941 328.127 187.861
106-93-4 590-11-4 590-12-5 2983-26-8 24442-57-7 93-52-7
187.861 185.845 185.845 231.914 245.898 263.958
1868-53-7 42474-21-5 4549-31-9 21266-88-6 21266-90-0 661-95-0
191.825 257.994 257.994 257.994 257.994 309.830
5HC10Br2 C12H24Br2 C2 2H4Br
H Br C2 H2Br2 2C H2Br2 2C C8Br2O 4H 4HC 6Br2O2 H8Br2 8C 2 4
CHBr 2F CH Br2 C2 7H14Br H14Br2 7C H14Br2 7C C3Br2F6 7 14
C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2 C 2O2 7H4Br O3 7H4Br2C C2NO 7H3Br Br2 2CH Br2 7H6C H6Br2 7C H6Br2 7C C10Br2 5H C6Br2O 7H
624-20-4 629-03-8 89583-12-0 90-59-5 3147-55-5 1689-84-5 74-95-3 615-59-8 31543-75-6 618-31-5 594-51-4 609-22-3
243.967 243.967 243.967 279.914 295.913 276.913 173.835 249.931 249.931 249.931 229.941 265.930
H Br2 C CH Br2 C 2N2O2 6H4Br
594-34-3 83-53-4 827-94-1
215.915 285.963 295.916
HCBr2NO3
99-28-5
296.901
4549-33-1 335-48-8 4549-32-0 3234-49-9 626-87-9 111-24-0 19398-53-9 615-58-7
286.047 359.838 272.021 229.941 229.941 229.941 229.941 251.903
4 8
10 6
2965 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973
CAS RN
6 3
Octamethylene dibromide
C9H18Br2 C 2F8 4Br C2 8H16Br H10Br2 5C H10Br2 5C H10Br2 5C H10Br2 5C C6H4Br2O
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
184; 8026 21515 108.0
1.677520
1.5090
2.055520
1.512820
131.6 112.5 108 8020 89.516 13319
2.168325 2.246420 2.230820 1.732020 1.9120
1.535625 1.542820 1.550518 1.504420
64.9 228 263 10117 10724 72.8
2.42120 1.508620 1.530620 1.513920 1.518220 2.163020
1.468520 1.498620 1.503420 1.499220 1.501020
36
20
20
Solubility
198 dec
nd (al,HOAc) liq
41 -63
liq liq
9.84 -53 -6.5
liq 75 liq
-78 41.7
liq pa ye pr nd liq
nd (peth)
ye nd (al, HOAc) pa ye pr or lf (al) liq
-1.2 86 228 190 -52.5 5.6 -9.7 1.0 7 58 10.5 83 207
103 245.5 8013 sub
1.5774 1.602525 1.602720
97 236 10311 15623 6217 dec 265; 1054 150 310
2.496920 1.812717 1.817625 1.836528 1.671720
15.5
liq
-34.4 -39.5
nd (peth)
38
s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl
i H2O 1.5024 1.505425 1.504320
vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, chl s ace
1.542020 1.598218 1.596425 1.614720 1.572925
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl
1.782720
1.511920
145 dec -22.5
i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, chl
s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc sl H2O; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc
285; 15410 97 271 184 146150, 9914 222.3 7521, 6012 238.5
1.422920 1.459425 1.66818 1.622220 1.692825 1.665920 2.070020
1.497125
i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl
1.508620 1.510225 1.498720
i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-158
2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943
Mol. Form.
O
Br N N Br
Br
1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione
Br
Br
1,12-Dibromododecane
1,1-Dibromoethane
H
Br Br
Br
trans-1,2-Dibromoethene
O O
1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane
Br
Br
O
H
cis-1,2-Dibromoethene
Br
Br
(1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene
Br
Br
H
1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate
H
Br
1,2-Dibromoethane
F
Br
Br
Br
Dibromofluoromethane
1,2-Dibromoheptane
Br 1,7-Dibromoheptane
O Br
Br
Br
F Br
Br
3,4-Dibromoheptane
Br
Br
F F F F
Br
2,3-Dibromoheptane
Br
F Br
1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane
Br
1,2-Dibromohexane
1,6-Dibromohexane
OH
Br
Br
3,4-Dibromohexane
Br
3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
3-159
N HO
Br
O
Br OH Br
Br
Br
Br Br
Br Br
H
OH
H
3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile
Dibromomethane
Br
3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoicacid
Br
OH
Br Br
Br
Br 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene
NH2 Br
Br
2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene
(Dibromomethyl)benzene
2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane
OH Br
Br
Br F F F F Br
Br Br
Br 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol
Br
1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane
1,4-Dibromonaphthalene
O
N
O
2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline
O
N
Br
O
2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol
Br 1,9-Dibromononane
Br F F F F
1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane
OH Br Br
Br
Br 1,8-Dibromooctane
Br
Br Br
Br
1,2-Dibromopentane
1,4-Dibromopentane
Br
Br
Br 1,5-Dibromopentane
Br 2,4-Dibromopentane
2,4-Dibromophenol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H
Br
Br
Br
1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
Br Br
Br
Br
O
No.
2,6-Dibromophenol 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 2,2-Dibromopropane 2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol
Synonym Propylene dibromide
Mol. Form.
2989 1,14-Dibromotetradecane
3-160
2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012
-butylbenzene 1,4-Di-tert -butyl-1,4-benzenediol 2,5-Di-tert Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane Dibutyl carbonate -butyl carbonate Di-tert -butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene2,5-Di-tert 1,4-dione
bp/˚C
56.5 -55.49 -34.5
255; 16221 141.9 1.932420 167.3 1.970125 113 1.88020 16020, 13812 219 2.12020 dec 219; 2.136420 10516
608-33-3 78-75-1 109-64-8 594-16-1 600-05-5 96-13-9 96-21-9
251.903 201.888 201.888 201.888 231.871 217.887 217.887
126-72-7
697.610
816-39-7 13195-80-7 26391-16-2 513-31-5 625-92-3 521-74-4
215.871 199.872 199.872 199.872 236.893 302.950
nd
537-45-1
299.347
37688-96-3
356.180
Br2FC4 C2Br2S 4H C2Br2S 4H C2Br2S 4H C 2F3 2HBr 7HC 4Br2O5
124-73-2 3140-93-0 3141-27-3 3141-26-2 354-04-1 602-92-6
259.823 241.932 241.932 241.932 241.832 327.912
ye pr (al or 83 HOAc) lf (al-eth) cry 50.4 (al) liq -110.32 liq -17.5 liq -6 4.5
CH Br2NO3 HC N O C30ClN3O2 20H CH22O2 14 10H22OC 2 CO2 9H20 14HC26O4 C19N 8H C19N 8H 10HC 23NO 14HC 23N
300-38-9 85-79-0 61-12-1 104-36-9 112-48-1 2568-90-3 105-99-7 111-92-2 626-23-3 102-81-8 613-29-6
338.980 343.463 379.924 222.324 174.281 160.254 258.354 129.244 129.244 173.296 205.340
1012-72-2 88-58-4 1185-81-5 542-52-9 34619-03-9 2460-77-7
190.325 222.324 635.722 174.237 174.237 220.308
C6H4Br2O 3HC 6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C4Br2O2 3H C3H6Br2O C3H6Br2O
2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)-2,5C6H2Br2ClNO cyclohexadien-1-one Tetradecamethylene dibromide C2 14H28Br
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Refrigerant 114B2 2,3-Dibromothiophene 2,5-Dibromothiophene 3,4-Dibromothiophene 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Halon 2302 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoicDibromogallic acid acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine Dibucaine Cinchocaine Dibucaine hydrochloride 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Dibutoxymethane Butylal Dibutyl adipate N-Butylbutanamine Dibutylamine N-sec-Butyl-2-butanamine Di-sec-butylamine 2-Dibutylaminoethanol N,N-Dibutylaniline
mp/˚C
nd (w) liq liq
Mol. Wt.
2981 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 9HC15Br6O4P (3:1) 2982 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 1,3-Dibromoacetone C4Br2O 3H 2983 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene C3H4Br2 2984 1,2-Dibromo-1-propene C3H4Br2 2985 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene C3H4Br2 2986 3,5-Dibromopyridine C3Br2N 5H 2987 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol Broxyquinoline 9H5BrC2NO 2988 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide
Physical Form
CAS RN
2
9 9
20 29 3 2
C14H22 H22O2 14C Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide)32H68S2Sn C C18O3 9H H18O3 9C C14H20O2
66.5 ye liq
den/g cm-3
nD 1.520120 1.520425
1.549525
Solubility s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl
nd (al) nd (al)
nd, pr or lf (w+1) nd or pl hyg cry
26
112 196
9722 125 131.5 141; 37.711 222 sub
2.167018 1.976720 2.007620 2.034525
1.526020 1.541625
1908 47.35 218.5; 8913 210.3 221.5 76
vs eth, CS2 sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl
2.14925 2.14223
1.36125 1.630422 1.628820
2.27427
1.419124
i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc
150
vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid
liq
245 64 94 dec 45.5 -69.1 -58.1 -32.4 -62
liq
-32.2
liq liq
nd (MeOH) cry (aq HOAc) col liq cry (al) ye cry (al)
79.5 213.5
40 152.5
15815 203.3 179.2 16510 159.6 134 11418 274.8
s chl s ctc 0.831925 0.833920 0.961320 0.767020 0.753420
1.411225 1.407217 1.436920 1.417720 1.416220
0.903720
1.518620
238; 10915
0.985020
0.3 122 207 158
1.0520 0.925120
1.411720
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth s tol, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980
Name
Br Br OH Br
Br
Br
2,6-Dibromophenol
Br
Br
OH
O P O O Br
2,3-Dibromopropanoicacid
2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol
1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol
2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol,phosphate(3:1)
Br
Br Br Br
Br
1,2-Dibromopropane
OH
Br
1,3-Dibromopropane
2,2-Dibromopropane
Br
Br
OH
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone
Br
Br
1,1-Dibromo-1-propene
1,2-Dibromo-1-propene
N
N
OH
N
2,3-Dibromo-1-propene
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
3,5-Dibromopyridine
5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol
Cl
2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide
O F F
Br
3-161
Br
Br F
Br
F Br
Br
S
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 2,3-Dibromothiophene
H N
O
S
F
S
2,5-Dibromothiophene
3,4-Dibromothiophene
Br F
HO
OH OH
1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
O
H N
O
N
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
N
HCl
OH
HO O
Br F
Br 1,14-Dibromotetradecane
Br
OH
NH2
Br
N
3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine
O
N
Dibucaine
O
O
Dibucainehydrochloride
O
O
1,4-Dibutoxybenzene
O
1,2-Dibutoxyethane
O
Dibutoxymethane
N
O O
O
N H
O Dibutyl adipate
Dibutylamine
H N
N OH
Di-sec-butylamine
2-Dibutylaminoethanol
N,N-Dibutylaniline
OH
OH 2,5-Di-tert -butyl-1,4-benzenediol
1,4-Di-tert -butylbenzene
O
Sn S S Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane
O O
O O
Dibutyl carbonate
O
O
Di-tert -butylcarbonate
O 2,5-Di-tert -butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Br
Br
O
Br
O
Br
O
Br
O
No.
Name
Synonym
3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027
3-162
Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert -butyl ether N,N’-Di-tert -butylethylenediamine N,N’-Di-tert -butylethanediamine 2,6-Di-tert -butyl-4-ethylphenol N,N-Dibutylformamide Dibutyl fumarate N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine 3,5-Di-tert -butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3028 Di-tert -butyl ketone 3029 Dibutyl maleate 3030 Dibutyl malonate
3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053
Di-tert -butyl malonate Dibutylmercury 2,4-Di-tert -butyl-5-methylphenol 2,4-Di-tert -butyl-6-methylphenol 2,6-Di-tert -butyl-4-methylphenol Dibutyl nonanedioate Dibutyl oxalate Di-tert -butyl peroxide 2,6-Di-sec-butylphenol 2,4-Di-tert -butylphenol 2,6-Di-tert -butylphenol 3,5-Di-tert -butylphenol Dibutyl phosphate Dibutyl phosphonate Dibutyl phthalate 2,6-Di-tert -butylpyridine Dibutyl sebacate Dibutyl succinate Di-tert -butyl succinate Dibutyl sulfate Dibutyl sulfide Di-sec-butyl sulfide Di-tert -butyl sulfide
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C14H20O2
719-22-2
220.308
C17H29NO
88-27-7
263.418
pl (EtOH)
94
C12H20O4Sn
78-04-6
346.995
ye solid
110
629-45-8 110-06-5 692-47-7 142-96-1
178.359 178.359 140.266 130.228
oil
HC S HC S CH20 10 C18O 8H
8 18 2 8 18 2
130.228 130.228 172.311 234.376 157.253 228.285 228.417 250.334
liq liq cry
CH O HC O C20O4 11H
815-24-7 105-76-0 1190-39-2
142.238 228.285 216.275
liq
CH O H Hg C H24O 15C H24O 15C H24O 15C 17HC32O4 C18O4 10H H18O2 8C CH22O 14 CH22O 14 CH22O 14 CH22O 14 C19O4P 8H C19O3P 8H 16HC 22O4 C21N 13H H34O4 18C 12HC22O4 H22O4 12C C 8H18O4S C18S 8H H18S 8C H18S 8C
541-16-2 629-35-6 497-39-2 616-55-7 128-37-0 2917-73-9 2050-60-4 110-05-4 5510-99-6 96-76-4 128-39-2 1138-52-9 107-66-4 1809-19-4 84-74-2 585-48-8 109-43-3 141-03-7 926-26-1 625-22-9 544-40-1 626-26-6 107-47-1
216.275 314.82 220.351 220.351 220.351 300.434 202.248 146.228 206.324 206.324 206.324 206.324 210.208 194.209 278.344 191.313 314.461 230.301 230.301 210.292 146.294 146.294 146.294
9 18
12 20 4
11 20 4 8 18
DBMC
DTBP
Butyl sulfate
liq liq
6863-58-7 6163-66-2 4062-60-6 4130-42-1 761-65-9 105-75-9 4835-11-4 19715-19-6
8 18
bp/˚C 600.01
-2.5
CH O CH O 10HC24N2 H26O 16C CNO 9H19 12HC20O4 14HC 32N2 C15H22O3 8 18
mp/˚C 69
liq
-95.2
53.3 44 -13.5
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.93820 0.922620 0.74420 0.768420
1.492320 1.489920 1.427020 1.399220
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth
17940
226; 11720 8821 144 140.28 121.1 107.23 189 272
0.756 0.765820 0.69
285; 1504 1383.5
0.977520
1.394920
1.446920 1.447025
163.3
liq
liq liq liq pr (al) oil oil liq liq liq
0.824018
1.419420
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, HOAc
0.982420
1.426220
11331, 662 223; 10510 282 269 265 1702 241; 962 111 257.5 263.5 16150, 13320
1.418420 1.777920 0.91280 0.89180 0.893775
1.418429 1.505720
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, ctc s ace, chl
0.987320 0.70420
1.423420 1.389020 1.508020 1.508020 1.500120
1360.05 230; 13119 340 12020 344.5 274.5 1099 1156 185 165 149.1
1.0620 0.98525 1.046520
1.422020 1.491120
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc
0.940515 0.975220
1.443315 1.429920
i H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc
0.838620 0.834820 0.81525
1.453020 1.450620 1.450620
vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
152 280; 14210 251.5
-6
-30.5 -40 -42 56.5 39 88
-35 -10 -29.2 36.5
liq liq
-79.7
liq
-9.0
i alk s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s ace, chl s chl
-25.2 <-80 -83
62.1 51 71
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc
25
1.485975
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i alk i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, peth; i alk sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc ace; s ctc, lig sl ctc; i alk sl EtOH; s ctc; i alk s ctc, BuOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3013 2,6-Di-tert -butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 3014 2,6-Di-tert -butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 3015 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin4,7-dione 3016 Dibutyl disulfide -butyl disulfide 3017 Di-tert 3018 cis-1,2-Di-tert -butylethene cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3-hexene 3019 Dibutyl ether
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
OH O
O
O Sn O N
S
O
O
2,6-Di-tert -butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 2,6-Di-tert -butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione
S
S
Dibutyl disulfide
S O
Di-tert -butyldisulfide cis-1,2-Di-tert -butylethene
Dibutyl ether
O O
O Di-sec-butylether
O
H N
Di-tert -butylether
O N H
N,N’-Di-tert -butylethylenediamine2,6-Di-tert -butyl-4-ethylphenol
H N
O
O N
N H
O
N,N-Dibutylformamide
Dibutyl fumarate
N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine
OH
OH OH
O
O O
3-163
O
O O 3,5-Di-tert -butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
Di-tert -butylketone
O
O
O
O Dibutyl maleate
O
O
Dibutyl malonate
O
Hg
Di-tert -butylmalonate
Dibutylmercury
2,4-Di-tert -butyl-5-methylphenol
OH
OH OH OH
O O
O O
2,4-Di-tert -butyl-6-methylphenol 2,6-Di-tert -butyl-4-methylphenol
O
O
O
O
Dibutyl nonanedioate
Dibutyl oxalate
O
Di-tert -butylperoxide
2,6-Di-sec-butylphenol
2,4-Di-tert -butylphenol
O
OH OH
2,6-Di-tert -butylphenol
O
3,5-Di-tert -butylphenol
O P O O OH
O P O O H
Dibutyl phosphate
Dibutyl phosphonate
O
O O
O O
Dibutyl succinate
O
O O
Di-tert -butylsuccinate
O
O O N
O Dibutyl phthalate
O S O O O Dibutyl sulfate
O
O O
2,6-Di-tert -butylpyridine
Dibutyl sebacate
S
S
S Dibutyl sulfide
Di-sec-butylsulfide
Di-tert -butylsulfide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
No.
Name Dibutyl sulfite Dibutyl sulfone Dibutyl sulfoxide Dibutyl tartrate N,N’-Dibutylthiourea Dibutyltin dichloride Dibutyltin dilaurate Dicapthon Dicentrine Dichlofenthion Dichlofluanid
3065 3066 3067 3068
Dichloroacetaldehyde 2,2-Dichloroacetamide Dichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic anhydride
Butyl sulfite
Dibutyldichlorostannane
3-164
3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074
1,1-Dichloroacetone 1,3-Dichloroacetone Dichloroacetonitrile Dichloroacetyl chloride Dichloroacetylene 4-[(Dichloroamino)sulfonyl]benzoicHalazone acid 3075 2,3-Dichloroaniline 3076 2,4-Dichloroaniline 3077 3078 3079 3080 3081
2,5-Dichloroaniline 2,6-Dichloroaniline 3,4-Dichloroaniline 3,5-Dichloroaniline 9,10-Dichloroanthracene
3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090
1,5-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione 1,8-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione trans-4,4’-Dichloroazobenzene 4,4’-Dichloroazoxybenzene 2,3-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 2,6-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 3,5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C3S 8H18O 8HC 18O2S COS 8H18 12HC 22O6 9HC 20N2S 8H18Cl2SnC O4Sn 32H64C H9ClNO5PS 8C H21NO4 20C 10HC 13Cl2O3PS C11Cl2FN2O2 9H S2 C2Cl2O 2H 2HC3Cl2NO Cl2O2 2H2C Cl4O3 4H2C
626-85-7 598-04-9 2168-93-6 87-92-3 109-46-6 683-18-1 77-58-7 2463-84-5 517-66-8 97-17-6 1085-98-9
194.292 178.293 162.293 262.299 188.333 303.845 631.558 297.653 339.386 315.153 333.229
79-02-7 683-72-7 79-43-6 4124-30-5
112.942 127.957 128.942 239.869
513-88-2 534-07-6 3018-12-0 79-36-7 7572-29-4 80-13-7
126.969 126.969 109.942 147.387 94.927 270.091
6 5
HCCl2N HCCl2N
608-27-5 554-00-7
162.017 162.017
HCCl2N HCCl2N 6HC 5Cl2N 6HC 5Cl2N CH8Cl2 14
95-82-9 608-31-1 95-76-1 626-43-7 605-48-1
162.017 162.017 162.017 162.017 247.120
H C Cl2O2 H C Cl2O2 C12H8Cl2N2 C12H8Cl2N2O H4Cl2O 7C H4Cl2O 7C H4Cl2O 7C H4Cl2O 7C H4Cl2O 7C
82-46-2 82-43-9 1602-00-2 614-26-6 6334-18-5 874-42-0 83-38-5 6287-38-3 10203-08-4
277.103 277.103 251.111 267.110 175.012 175.012 175.012 175.012 175.012
H C Cl2NO HC Cl2
2008-58-4 95-50-1
190.027 147.002
nd (lig) 24 pr (ace) nd (dil 63.5 al) (lig) nd (lig) 50 39 nd (lig) 72 nd (lig, dil al) 52 ye nd (MeCOEt 213.5 or CCl4) ye nd (to) 252 ye nd (HOAc) 202.5 ye nd (ace) 189 ye nd (EtOH) 158 cry (dil al) 66 pr 73.3 nd (lig) 71.8 44 nd or lf (dil 65 HOAc) cry 198 liq -17.0
HC Cl2
541-73-1
147.002
liq
C H Cl2O H Cl2O C C2N 2HCl C 3O 2HCl C2 2Cl C7H5Cl2NO4S 3 4 3 4
6 5
6 5 6 5
14 6 14 6
3091 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide 3092 o-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
6 4
3093 m-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
6 4
7 5
mp/˚C
nd (dil al) pr nd (al) solid ye liq or cry cry (MeOH)
45 32.6 22 78 43 23 53
wh pow
105.3
99.4 13.5 18.0
pr or nd
45
liq pr (HOAc)
-66 195 dec
-24.8
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
230 291 dec 320
0.995720 0.988547 23 0.8317 1.090920
1.431020
s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH
1.466920 1.445120
13510
s hx, eth, thf i2H O, MeOH; s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s ace, tol, xyl, AcOEt s chl s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s ace, MeOH, xyl 1.43625
90.5 234 194; 10220 dec 215; 10010 120 173.4 112.5 108 33
1.30418 1.382646 1.36920 1.531516 1.26120
252 245
1.56720
1.563420 1.57424
1.465820
1.471640 1.439125 1.459120 1.4279020
sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc
sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s MeOH dec H2O, EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O, chl; vs HOAc; i peth s EtOH, ace; vs eth; sl bz, ctc, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth
251
sl 2HO; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl O;Hs EtOH, eth, ctc, lig 2i sl EtOH, eth, chl; s bz
272 261
i 2HO; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, tol, PhNO 2
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
10515 247.5 240
180
1.305920
1.551520
173
1.288420
1.545920
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; msc ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3054 3055 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064
Synonym
O
O S
O
O S O
O
Dibutyl sulfite
S O
Dibutyl sulfone
OH
S
O
O
N H
OH O
Dibutyl sulfoxide
Dibutyl tartrate
Cl Sn Cl
N H
N,N’-Dibutylthiourea
Dibutyltin dichloride
O Sn O
O
N
N H
O
S O O P O Cl
O O O
O
O Dibutyltin dilaurate
Dicapthon
Cl
S P
N O S OF Cl N S Cl
O O
Dicentrine
3-165
Cl
O Cl
NH2 Cl
Cl OH
Cl O
Cl
Cl
O
2,2-Dichloroacetamide Dichloroacetic acid
O
Dichlofenthion
Dichlofluanid
Cl
Cl O
Cl
Cl
Dichloroacetic anhydride
NH2
1,1-Dichloroacetone
Cl
O Cl
1,3-Dichloroacetone
Cl
OH
NH2
Cl
Cl
Cl
Dichloroacetonitrile Dichloroacetyl chloride
O
Cl
Dichloroacetylene
Cl
Cl
Cl
O S O N Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
4-[(Dichloroamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid
O
2,3-Dichloroaniline
Cl
Cl
NH2
NH2 Cl
Cl
Cl
NH2 NH2
Cl
Dichloroacetaldehyde
O
N
O Cl
Cl
O
O
Cl
N N
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl 2,4-Dichloroaniline
Cl
Cl
2,5-Dichloroaniline
2,6-Dichloroaniline
3,4-Dichloroaniline
Cl
Cl
Cl
3,5-Dichloroaniline
9,10-Dichloroanthracene
O Cl N Cl
N O
4,4’-Dichloroazoxybenzene
O
Cl trans-4,4’-Dichloroazobenzene
O
Cl
2,3-Dichlorobenzaldehyde
O
O
O
Cl
Cl
O
1,5-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione 1,8-Dichloro-9,10-anthracenedione
Cl
Cl
2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde
2,6-Dichlorobenzaldehyde
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
O
3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde
Cl
NH2 Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
3,5-Dichlorobenzaldehyde
2,6-Dichlorobenzamide
o-Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
No.
Name
3094 p-Dichlorobenzene 3095 3096 3097 3098
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C4Cl2 6H
106-46-7
147.002
mcl pr, lf (ace)
HCCl2N2 HCCl2N2 C4Cl2O2 6H C4Cl2O2 6H
20103-09-7 609-20-1 13673-92-2 3428-24-8
177.031 177.031 179.001 179.001
HC Cl2O2 HC Cl2O2
137-19-9 824-69-1
179.001 179.001
H C Cl2N2O4S2
120-97-8
305.159
pr (w) 170 nd, pr (dil al) 125 pr 83.5 pr(chl-CS2) 116.5 nd(bz-peth) 113 nd or pr w, ace, 172.5 bz) 228.7
HCCl2N H Cl C2O 6HC 5Cl2NO2S 6HC 4Cl2S [1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, 2,2’- C12H10Cl2N2 dichloro[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine, 3,3’- C12H10Cl2N2 dichloroC12H12Cl4N2
95-00-1 1777-82-8 473-29-0 5858-18-4 84-68-4
176.044 177.028 226.081 179.067 253.126
ye mcl or pl
59.5 76
nd (w), pr (al)
165
vs eth, EtOH
91-94-1
253.126
nd
132.5
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc
612-83-9
326.048
HCCl2O2 HCCl2O2 7HC 4Cl2O2 7HC 4Cl2O2 7HC 4Cl2O2 N Dichlobenil 7H3Cl2C Bis(4-chlorophenyl) ketone 13HC 8Cl2O 1,2-Dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)C7H3Cl2F3 benzene 7HC 3Cl3O 7HC 3Cl3O 7HC 3Cl3O 7HC 3Cl3O H8Cl2 12C H8Cl2 12C H8Cl2 12C H8Cl2 12C
50-84-0 50-79-3 50-30-6 51-44-5 51-36-5 1194-65-6 90-98-2 328-84-7
191.012 191.012 191.012 191.012 191.012 172.012 251.108 215.000
nd (w or bz) nd (w) nd (al), pr (w) nd (w, al, bz) nd (al, w) cry (peth) pl (al) liq
2905-60-4 89-75-8 2905-61-5 3024-72-4 34883-39-1 33146-45-1 2050-67-1 2050-68-2
209.457 209.457 209.457 209.457 223.098 223.098 223.098 223.098
liq
C14H10Cl4
72-54-8
320.041
C14H8Cl4
72-55-9
318.026
1653-19-6 541-33-3 616-21-7 1190-22-3
122.981 127.013 127.013 127.013
Synonym 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol
6 6 6 6
3107 3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine
3-166
3108 3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine dihydrochloride 3109 2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3110 2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3111 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3112 3,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3113 3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid 3114 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile 3115 4,4’-Dichlorobenzophenone 3116 3,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124
2,3-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 2,5-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl 3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl 4,4’-Dichlorobiphenyl
6 4 6 4
Dichlorphenamide
6 6
7 7
2,4-Dichlorobenzyl alcohol
3125 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl) ethane 3126 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethene 3127 2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadiene 3128 1,1-Dichlorobutane Butylidene chloride 3129 1,2-Dichlorobutane 3130 1,3-Dichlorobutane
7 6
7 4 7 4
HCCl2 C2 4H8Cl H8Cl2 4C H8Cl2 4C 4 4
mp/˚C 53.09
bp/˚C 174
den/g cm-3 55 1.2475
nD
Solubility
1.528520
i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH; vs ace s H2O; vs EtOH, bz
254
vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl lig s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace
1.815024
12513 15025
1.576225
s chl s chl s EtOH; sl ctc
11550
i H2O; vs EtOH 164.2 154.4 144 208.5 188 144.5 147.5
16.5 liq 25 cry 35.5 nd (dil al) 29 pr or nd (al, to- 149.3 peth) 109.5
sub 301 sub sub 270 353 173.5; 6414
s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ace sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl DMSO sl H2O, lig, DMSO; s EtOH, eth 1.450020 1.472925
14014 15034, 1117.5 95.41 242 18230, 17115 320 317
i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl; sl ace
1.589520
s ctc sl ctc i H2O i H2O vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s bz
1.44200
1931
sl chl
89 98 113.8 124.1 134
1.182920 1.086320 1.111625 1.115820
1.489020 1.435520 1.445020 1.444520
vs chl i H2O; s chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3099 4,6-Dichloro-1,3-benzenediol 3100 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediol 3101 4,5-Dichloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 3102 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanamine 3103 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanol 3104 N,N-Dichlorobenzenesulfonamide 3105 2,5-Dichlorobenzenethiol 3106 2,2’-Dichloro-p-benzidine
Mol. Form.
NH2
Cl
NH2 Cl
Cl
OH Cl
OH
OH
OH
NH2 O S O
OH Cl
Cl
OH
O
Cl NH2
Cl
NH2
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
S Cl O
OH
NH2
2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediamine 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,6-Dichloro-1,3-benzenediol 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide
NH2
OH
Cl
Cl
Cl N O S O
Cl
Cl
O
OH
O O
3-167
O
Cl NH2 HCl
2,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid
Cl
O O
Cl
Cl
O Cl
Cl
3,4-Dichlorobenzoic acid
O O
Cl
N
OH
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
3,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid
2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile
4,4’-Dichlorobenzophenone
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl F
O
2,6-Dichlorobenzoic acid
NH2 3,3’-Dichlorop-benzidine
OH
Cl
2,5-Dichlorobenzoic acid
Cl
H2N
NH2 2,2’-Dichlorop-benzidine
OH
Cl
Cl
3,3’-Dichlorop-benzidinedihydrochloride
Cl
OH
Cl
H2N
Cl
Cl
HCl H2N
Cl Cl
Cl
N,N-Dichlorobenzenesulfonamide 2,5-Dichlorobenzenethiol
Cl Cl
SH
Cl
2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanamine 2,4-Dichlorobenzenemethanol
F
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
F
Cl
Cl
Cl
3,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride 2,3-Dichlorobenzoylchloride
2,4-Dichlorobenzoylchloride
Cl
Cl
2,5-Dichlorobenzoylchloride
Cl
Cl
Cl
3,4-Dichlorobenzoylchloride
Cl
2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl
2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl
3,3’-Dichlorobiphenyl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl 4,4’-Dichlorobiphenyl
Cl
Cl
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethane
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
2,2-Dichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethene 2,3-Dichloro-1,3-butadiene 1,1-Dichlorobutane
Cl 1,2-Dichlorobutane
Cl Cl 1,3-Dichlorobutane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
p-Dichlorobenzene
OH
Cl
No.
3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147
3-168
3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161 3162 3163 3164 3165 3166 3167 3168
Synonym
Mol. Form.
1,4-Dichlorobutane H8Cl2 4C H8Cl2 2,2-Dichlorobutane 4C H8Cl2 2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±) 4C 1,4-Dichloro-2,3-butanediol 4HC 8Cl2O2 H6Cl2 3,4-Dichloro-1-butene 4C cis-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene H6Cl2 4C trans-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene H6Cl2 4C cis-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene H6Cl2 4C trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene H6Cl2 4C H4Cl2 1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne 4C H2Cl3NO 2,6-Dichloro-4-(chloroimino)-2,5- Gibbs’ reagent 6C cyclohexadien-1-one 1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl) C7H5Cl3 benzene 2,4-Dichloro-1-(chloromethyl) C7H5Cl3 benzene Dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane C3Si 2H5Cl Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine AsCl3 2H2C 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadieneC6H2Cl2O2 1,4-dione 2,6-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadieneC6H2Cl2O2 1,4-dione H10Cl2 1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane 6C cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane H10Cl2 6C 1,10-Dichlorodecane C10H20Cl2 2,7-Dichlorodibenzop-dioxin CH6Cl2O2 12 1,2-Dichloro-4-(dichloromethyl) C7H4Cl4 benzene Dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilane 2H4ClC 4Si 2,3-Dichloro-5,6C8Cl2N2O2 dicyanobenzoquinone Cl2Si Dichlorodiethylsilane 4H10C 1,1-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 2HC2Cl2F2 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 2HC2Cl2F2 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 2HC2Cl2F2 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene 2Cl2F2C cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene Fluorocarbon 1112 C2F2 2Cl trans-1,2-Dichloro-1,2C2Cl2F2 difluoroethene Dichlorodifluoromethane Refrigerant 12 2FCCl 2 2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1Methoxyflurane C3H4Cl2F2O methoxyethane 2,2’-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether CCl2O 6H12 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylbenzene 8HC 8Cl2 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane 8HC 16Cl2 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin C2N2O2 5H6Cl 2,4-Dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Dichloroxylenol C2O 8H8Cl
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
-37.3 -74 -80 126.5 -61
161 104 119; 5380 15030 116 130; 3420 132; 5350 152.5 155.4 165.5
1.133125 1.104825 1.10525
1.452225 1.4295 1.440925
1.117020 1.160520 1.16020 1.18825 1.18325 1.25820
1.464120 1.473520 1.471920 1.488725 1.487125 1.505820
i H2O; vs chl i H2O; s chl i H2O vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s eth, ace; sl ctc; vs chl
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
110-56-5 4279-22-5 2211-67-8 2419-73-0 760-23-6 10075-38-4 7415-31-8 1476-11-5 110-57-6 821-10-3 101-38-2
127.013 127.013 127.013 159.012 124.997 124.997 124.997 124.997 124.997 122.981 210.445
102-47-6
195.474
94-99-5
195.474
1558-33-4 541-25-3 615-93-0
163.506 207.318 176.985
697-91-6
176.985
2108-92-1 10498-35-8 2162-98-3 33857-26-0 56961-84-3
153.049 153.049 211.172 253.081 229.919
1558-31-2 84-58-2
197.951 227.004
ye-oran cry
1719-53-5 25915-78-0 1649-08-7 431-06-1 79-35-6 311-81-9 381-71-5
157.114 134.940 134.940 134.940 132.924 132.924 132.924
col liq liq liq vol liq or gas vol liq vol liq
75-71-8 76-38-0
120.914 164.966
col gas col liq
-158 -35
108-60-1 1124-05-6 6223-78-5 118-52-5 133-53-9
171.064 175.056 183.119 197.019 191.055
lf, nd pr
71 67.5 132 83
liq liq liq liq
liq
-48 1.0 66 37.5
241
i H2O; s EtOH, ctc
12013
liq 0.1 pa ye mcl pr 162.3 (al) ye orth (lig, bz) 121.8 liq liq cry
-47 -1.5 15.6 201
121.5 190
1.285820 1.88820
1.450020 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl sl2O, H EtOH; s chl
171 206.9 16728
1.155920 1.202120 0.994525
257
1.51522
149
1.411620
1.480320 1.496720 1.458625
vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.470020
214.5 -96.5 -101.2 -101.2 -116 -119.6 -93.3
vs bz
vs bz, HOAc, diox dec 129 48.4 46.2 59.6 19 21.1 22 -29.8 105 187 222
1.050420
1.430920
1.416320 1.416320 -20 1.555 0 1.495 0 1.494
1.3619320 1.361920 1.383-20
20 1.43
1.386120
1.10320
1.450520
sl H2O
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc
0.954320 1.520
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl, ctc, bz vs eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140 3141
Name
OH
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
OH
Cl
Cl Cl
1,4-Dichlorobutane
2,2-Dichlorobutane
2,3-Dichlorobutane, (±)
Cl
Cl 3,4-Dichloro-1-butene
cis-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
trans-1,3-Dichloro-2-butene
Cl
cis-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
N
Cl
trans-1,4-Dichloro-2-butene
1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne
Cl
Cl
2,6-Dichloro-4-(chloroimino)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one
O
Cl
2,4-Dichloro-1-(chloromethyl)benzene
Dichloro(chloromethyl)methylsilane
O Cl
Cl Cl As
1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene
Si Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl
O
Dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine
2,6-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane
3-169
Cl
Cl
Si
O
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone
Dichlorodiethylsilane
N
Cl
Cl
Dichloro(dichloromethyl)methylsilane
Cl
Si Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2-Dichloro-4-(dichloromethyl)benzene
O 2,7-Dichlorodibenzop-dioxin
1,10-Dichlorodecane
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane
O
N
Cl O
Cl
Cl
O
2,5-Dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
F Cl
1,1-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane
Cl Cl F
F Cl
1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane
F
F
F
F
Cl
F
Cl
F
Cl
Cl
Cl
F
1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane
Cl
Cl
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene
Cl
Cl
F
cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene
Cl
trans-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene
Cl
O
Cl Cl F
2,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1-methoxyethane
Cl
O
Cl Cl
2,2’-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether
Cl 1,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylbenzene
Cl 2,5-Dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane
N Cl
F F
Dichlorodifluoromethane
OH Cl
N O F
Cl F
O
1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin
Cl 2,4-Dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,4-Dichloro-2,3-butanediol
No.
Name
Synonym
3169 Dichlorodimethylsilane 3170 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-dioxane 3171 Dichlorodiphenylmethane
3175 2,2-Dichloroethanol 3176 1,1-Dichloroethene 3177 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene
Vinylidene chloride cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
3178 trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
3-170
3179 3180 3181 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191
3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206
2,6-Dichloroindophenol, sodium salt Tillman’s reagent 5,6-Dichloro-1,3-isobenzofurandione 4,5-Dichlorophthalic anhydride Dichloromethane Methylene chloride 1,2-Dichloro-3-methoxybenzene 1,3-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzene 2,6-Dichloroanisole 2,4-Dichloro-1-methoxybenzene 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid Dicamba
3192 3193 3194 3195
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
-16 30
25 1.064 1.46820 1.23518
1.403820 1.492820
dec H2O, EtOH i H2O; vs eth, ace, bz, ctc, diox s eth, bz, ctc
-96.9 -35.7
70.3 8110 dec 305; 19021 305 57.3 83.5
1.20425 1.175720 1.245425
1.580020 1.416420 1.442225
liq liq
-122.56 -80.0
146 31.6 60.1
1.404025 1.21320 1.283720
1.462625 1.424920 1.449020
liq
-49.8
48.7
1.256520
1.445420
145 7933, 3210 50 115 101
1.137020
1.443520
s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl sl chl
1.207 1.004720
1.419720
1.25010 1.381420 1.373216 1.4059 1.313811 1.302625 1.040825
1.360010 1.413220 1.403116 1.37249 1.518011 1.419625 1.456525
1.654620
1.367620
C 2Si 2H6Cl C6Cl2O2 4H C10Cl2 13H
75-78-5 95-59-0 2051-90-3
129.061 156.996 237.124
HC Cl2Si H ClC2 C2 2H4Cl
80-10-4 75-34-3 107-06-2
253.199 98.959 98.959
liq liq
HC Cl2O H ClC2 C2Cl2 2H
598-38-9 75-35-4 156-59-2
114.958 96.943 96.943
HC Cl2
156-60-5
96.943
HC Cl2O H CCl2O2 C2 2H5AlCl C2Si 3H8Cl CCl2O5 20H10 H3Cl2F 2C H3Cl2F 2C C2F 2HCl CHCl 2F C5Cl2F 7H C3H3Cl2F H14Cl2 7C C4Cl2F6
623-46-1 10140-87-1 563-43-9 4525-44-4 76-54-0 1717-00-6 430-57-9 359-02-4 75-43-4 498-67-9 430-95-5 821-76-1 356-18-3
143.012 156.996 126.949 143.088 401.196 116.949 116.949 114.933 102.923 179.019 128.960 169.092 232.939
C5Cl2F6
706-79-6
244.949
C3Cl2F6
661-97-2
220.928
Cl C 2F6
662-01-1
220.928
liq
-125.4
35.7
1.57320
3582-71-6
277.369
liq
-53
184
1.01820
C6H12Cl2 C6H12Cl2 H4Cl2O2 7C 7HC 4Cl2O3
2162-92-7 2163-00-0 90-60-8 320-72-9
155.065 155.065 191.012 207.011
H Cl2CNNaO2 H Cl2OC3 CH 2Cl 2 H6Cl2O 7C C 2O 7H6Cl H6Cl2O 7C C 2O3 8H6Cl
620-45-1 942-06-3 75-09-2 1984-59-4 1984-65-2 553-82-2 1918-00-9
290.078 217.006 84.933 177.028 177.028 177.028 221.038
2 4
2 4
1,2-Dichloro-1-ethoxyethane 1,2-Dichloroethyl acetate Dichloroethylaluminum Ethylaluminum chloride Dichloroethylmethylsilane 2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescein 2’,7’-Dichloro-3,6-fluorandiol 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethylene Dichlorofluoromethane Refrigerant 21 (Dichlorofluoromethyl)benzene 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene 1,7-Dichloroheptane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4hexafluorocyclobutane 1,2-Dichloro-3,3,4,4,5,5hexafluorocyclopentene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3Refrigerant 216 hexafluoropropane 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5hexamethyltrisiloxane 1,2-Dichlorohexane 1,6-Dichlorohexane 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
mp/˚C
Mol. Wt.
12 10
Ethylidene dichloride Ethylene dichloride
Physical Form
CAS RN
2 2
2 2
4 8 4 6
3
C6H18Cl2O2Si3
12 6 8 2
liq
liq hyg solid or liq 32
liq liq liq col gas liq
-103.5 -60 -108.8 -135 -26.8
liq
-24.2
32.0 73.8 37.5 8.9 179 78 12435 59.5
liq
-105.8
90.7
reac H2O
34.1
173 204 ye orth (HOAc) 95 nd (dil al) orth 220.5 pr dk grn cry tab or pr (to) 188 liq -97.2 32 liq 10 pr 28.5 cry (pent) 115
10520 232; 12510
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, HOAc vs EtOH
i H2O
1.08515 1.067625
1.303020 dec H2O
1.455525
sub
313 40
sl DMSO i H2O
1.326620 1.291
1.424220
vs eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl i 2HO sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, ace vs eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc
1.543020 sl chl
1.5725
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3172 Dichlorodiphenylsilane 3173 1,1-Dichloroethane 3174 1,2-Dichloroethane
Mol. Form.
Cl
Cl
O Cl Si Cl
O
Cl Si Cl
Cl
Cl
Dichlorodimethylsilane 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-dioxane
Dichlorodiphenylmethane
Cl
Cl Cl
Dichlorodiphenylsilane
Cl
1,1-Dichloroethane
Cl
Cl
1,2-Dichloroethane
Cl OH
Cl
2,2-Dichloroethanol
Cl
1,1-Dichloroethene
Cl
Cl
Cl
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
O
O
Cl
Cl Cl
O
Cl
Al Cl
1,2-Dichloro-1-ethoxyethane 1,2-Dichloroethyl acetate
Cl
Cl
Si Cl Cl
O
Cl
HO
Dichloroethylaluminum Dichloroethylmethylsilane
O
2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescein
F F
Cl
3-171
Cl Cl
Cl
F
F
F
F
F F
Cl F
F
F
Cl Si
Cl F
F
F
F
F F
F
O
Cl
Si O Cl
Cl
1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane
Cl
O Na
HO
Cl 2,6-Dichloroindophenol, sodiumsalt
F
O OH
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
Cl
3,5-Dichloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
O Cl H
Cl
1,6-Dichlorohexane
Cl
Cl O
O
Cl
Cl
1,2-Dichlorohexane
O
N
F
Cl F
1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane 1,2-Dichloro-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopentene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane
OH Si
Cl F
Cl F
Cl
O F F
Cl
Cl
F
Cl Cl
1,7-Dichloroheptane
Cl
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene Dichlorofluoromethane
F Cl
Cl
(Dichlorofluoromethyl)benzene 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene
H
Cl
F
Cl
Cl Cl
OH
F Cl
F
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
OH O
H Cl
5,6-Dichloro-1,3-isobenzofurandione Dichloromethane
O 1,2-Dichloro-3-methoxybenzene
Cl 1,3-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzene
Cl 2,4-Dichloro-1-methoxybenzene
Cl 3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
Synonym
3-172
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
Cl2 7H6C C7Cl2NO2S 7H
98-87-3 473-34-7
161.029 240.108
liq pr(chl-peth)
CH2 3BCl H Cl C2 C 2H4Cl2O 7HC6Cl2O 7HC6Cl2O 7HC6Cl2O Cl2Si 7H8C CH 3Cl2P C2 4H8Cl C2N2 5H4Cl C2N2 5H4Cl CH2Si 4Cl H6Cl2 10C H6Cl2 10C H6Cl2 10C
7318-78-7 507-45-9 4885-02-3 17788-00-0 1570-65-6 2432-12-4 149-74-6 676-83-5 594-37-6 1780-31-0 5424-21-5 75-54-7 2050-69-3 2198-75-6 1825-31-6
96.752 141.038 114.958 177.028 177.028 177.028 191.131 116.915 127.013 163.004 163.004 115.035 197.061 197.061 197.061
col gas
CH Cl2
1825-30-5
197.061
CH Cl2
2050-72-8
197.061
CH Cl2
2050-73-9
197.061
CH Cl2
2050-74-0
197.061
10 6
CH Cl2 CH Cl2
2050-75-1 2065-70-5
197.061 197.061
CH Cl2 H CCl2O2 C10H6Cl2O C2N2O2 6H4Cl
2198-77-8 117-80-6 2050-76-2 99-30-9
197.061 227.044 213.060 207.014
6 3
HCCl2NO2
3209-22-1
192.000
HCCl2NO2 6HC3Cl2NO2
99-54-7 618-62-2
192.000 192.000
6 3
HCCl2NO2
89-61-2
192.000
HCCl2NO2 H Cl C2NO2 6HC 3Cl2NO3 3HC5Cl2NO2 C9H18Cl2 H16Cl2 8C
611-06-3 594-72-9 618-80-4 595-44-8 821-99-8 2162-99-4
192.000 143.957 207.999 157.984 197.145 183.119
5 10
3224 1,5-Dichloronaphthalene
10 6
3225 1,6-Dichloronaphthalene
10 6
3226 1,7-Dichloronaphthalene
10 6
3227 1,8-Dichloronaphthalene
10 6
3228 2,3-Dichloronaphthalene 3229 2,6-Dichloronaphthalene 3230 3231 3232 3233
2,7-Dichloronaphthalene 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione 2,4-Dichloro-1-naphthol 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline
10 6
10 6
Dichlone 2,4-Dichloroa-naphthol
3234 1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzene 3235 1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene 3236 1,3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzene
6 3
3237 1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243
2,4-Dichloro-1-nitrobenzene 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane 1,9-Dichlorononane 1,8-Dichlorooctane
10 4
6 3
Ethide
2 3
pr (peth) nd (w, peth) nd (lig)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-17 83
205
58 55 39
11 129 85 236; 774
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.2625
1.550220
i H2O; vs eth, EtOH i 2HO; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc
1.069615 1.27125
1.445018 1.430020
i H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, CS 2 i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, HOAc
pl (al) nd (lig) liq pl (al) nd or pr (al) nd or pr (al, ace) nd or lf (al) pr (sub) nd or pr (al, peth) nd or pr (al, HOAc) orth pl (hx) nd (al, sub) orth lf (al) nd or lf (al) pl (eth, bz) pl or lf (al) ye nd (al) nd (al, bz) ye nd (al, HOAc) mcl nd (peth, HOAc) nd (al) mcl pr or lf (HOAc, al) pl or pr (al) pl (AcOEt) nd (al)
26 46.5 -93 36 62.3 67.5
231; 13828 206.5 1250 106.5 235 219 41 296.5 291 288; 14712
107
sub
49
sub
63.5
285.5
1.2611100
1.6092100
s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc
89
sub
1.2924100
1.6236100
s EtOH, peth
120 140.5
285
br nd (w)
127 exp
115.0 195 107.5 191
1.186620 1.30420 1.09320
1.518020 1.494020 1.437020
25 1.105 1.314749
1.533849
1.299776
1.622876
s EtOH, eth s EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc; vs ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth
1.490020
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl
i2O;H sl EtOH; vs eth sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; s hx, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, acid; sl DMSO
180
61.5
257.5
1.72114
43 65.4
255.5
1.455875 1.4000100
56
267
1.43975
1.439075
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; sl ctc
34
258.5 123.5
1.479080
1.551270
1.82225 1.31220 1.017325 1.024825
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl s ctc vs eth, chl s ctc
1.458625 1.457225
145 260; 13817 241
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3207 (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzal chloride Dichloramine-T 3208 N,N-Dichloro-4methylbenzenesulfonamide 3209 Dichloromethylborane Methyldichloroborane 3210 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane Amylene dichloride 3211 1,1-Dichloromethyl methyl ether Methoxydichloromethane 3212 2,4-Dichloro-3-methylphenol 3213 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol 3214 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 3215 Dichloromethylphenylsilane 3216 Dichloromethylphosphine Methylphosphonous dichloride 3217 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dichloroisobutane 3218 2,4-Dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine 3219 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine 3220 Dichloromethylsilane 3221 1,2-Dichloronaphthalene 3222 1,3-Dichloronaphthalene 3223 1,4-Dichloronaphthalene
Mol. Form.
O Cl O S N Cl
Cl
OH Cl Cl
Cl
B
Cl N,N-Dichloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide
Cl
Cl
Cl
Dichloromethylborane
2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane
OH Cl
Cl 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol
Cl
1,1-Dichloromethyl methylether
Cl
Cl Si Cl
Cl
Dichloromethylphenylsilane
P
Cl
Cl
Dichloromethylphosphine
Cl
N
1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane
Cl
2,4-Dichloro-3-methylphenol
N
Cl
2,4-Dichloro-5-methylpyrimidine
Cl
Cl
2,4-Dichloro-6-methylpyrimidine
3-173
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,5-Dichloronaphthalene
O
N
O
O
Cl
2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione
2,4-Dichloro-1-naphthol
O
N
1,8-Dichloronaphthalene
N O
O
O
O O
2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline 1,2-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzene
N
2,6-Dichloronaphthalene
O
1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene
N O
O N
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,3-Dichloronaphthalene
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,7-Dichloronaphthalene
1,7-Dichloronaphthalene
NH2 Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,6-Dichloronaphthalene
OH Cl
Cl
1,2-Dichloronaphthalene
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,4-Dichloronaphthalene
O Cl
Cl
Dichloromethylsilane
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Si H Cl
N
Cl
Cl
1,3-Dichloronaphthalene
2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol
Cl N
Cl
Cl
O
Cl Cl
1,3-Dichloro-5-nitrobenzene
1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene
OH Cl
Cl
Cl 2,4-Dichloro-1-nitrobenzene
NO2 Cl Cl 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane
Cl O N O
N
O
2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol
O
Cl Cl 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane
Cl
Cl 1,9-Dichlorononane
O
Cl
Cl 1,8-Dichlorooctane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
(Dichloromethyl)benzene
OH Cl
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
507-55-1
202.938
liq
52
1.5525
422-56-0
202.938
liq
45.5
1.5425
1674-33-5 628-76-2 600-11-3 97-23-4 576-24-9 120-83-2 583-78-8 87-65-0 95-77-2 591-35-5 94-75-7 94-82-6
141.038 141.038 141.038 269.123 163.001 163.001 163.001 163.001 163.001 163.001 221.038 249.090
liq liq cry (bz, peth) cry (lig, bz) hex nd (bz) pr (bz, peth) nd (peth) nd (bz-peth) pr (peth) cry (bz)
148.3 179 139
1.087220 1.095625 1.078920
120-36-5
235.064
696-28-6 97-16-5 2648-61-5 2234-16-4 2476-37-1 2642-63-9 102-36-3 34893-92-0 2164-09-2
222.932 303.161 189.039 189.039 189.039 189.039 188.011 188.011 230.090
1201-99-6
217.049
1631-84-1 78-99-9 26198-63-0 142-28-9 594-20-7 75-99-0 616-23-9 96-23-1 78-43-3
177.104 112.986 112.986 112.986 112.986 142.969 128.985 128.985 430.904
7623-13-4 563-58-6 6923-20-2 7069-38-7 10061-01-5 10061-02-6
161.414 110.970 110.970 110.970 110.970 110.970
mp/˚C
-72.8 -77.3 177.5 58 45 59 68.5 68 68 140.5 118
bp/˚C
210 211 220; 824 253 233 1600.4
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.448520 1.454525 1.446420
i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O i 2HO; s EtOH, ace s EtOH, eth, bz, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth i H2O; s EtOH; sl bz, DMSO
1.65320
117.5 liq amor
nd (peth) cry cry (al-peth)
-19 45.5 20.5 33.5 12 76 42 33 128
sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth 255
1.651620
249
1.34016
11812 13512 11212
1.32130
1.638615 1.568620 1.564020 1.559530
i H2O; s ctc, lig 1.380 vs ace, EtOH
234
liq liq liq visc
-100.53 -99.5 -33.9
vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 s EtOH, bz, ctc i H2O
s DMSO 181 88.1 96.4 120.9 69.3 187.5; 9214 184 176 1900.1
1.22125 1.132120 1.156020 1.178525 1.113620 1.38912 1.360720 1.350617 1.51722
5317 76.5 93 77 104.3 112
1.475720 1.186425 1.181820 1.22420 1.21720
1.481920 1.483720
dec H2O s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; msc eth vs H2O, alk, EtOH; s eth, ctc sl H2O, lig; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH; msc eth; s ace, chl
1.476420 1.443025 1.454920 1.447120 1.468220 1.473020
i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, ctc, MeOH i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl
1.428920 1.439420 1.445525 1.414820
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-174
3244 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3C3HCl2F5 pentafluoropropane 3245 3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2Refrigerant 225ca C 2F5 3HCl pentafluoropropane 3246 1,2-Dichloropentane H10Cl2 5C H10Cl2 3247 1,5-Dichloropentane 5C H10Cl2 3248 2,3-Dichloropentane 5C 3249 Dichlorophene C13H10Cl2O2 H4Cl2O 3250 2,3-Dichlorophenol 6C H4Cl2O 3251 2,4-Dichlorophenol 6C H4Cl2O 3252 2,5-Dichlorophenol 6C H4Cl2O 3253 2,6-Dichlorophenol 6C H4Cl2O 3254 3,4-Dichlorophenol 6C H4Cl2O 3255 3,5-Dichlorophenol 6C Cl2O3 3256 (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 2,4-D 8H6C 3257 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic Butyrac 118 C10H10Cl2O3 acid 3258 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic Dichlorprop C9H8Cl2O3 acid 3259 Dichlorophenylarsine C5AsCl2 6H 3260 2,4-Dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate Genite C 2O3S 12H8Cl 3261 2,2-Dichloro-1-phenylethanone C6Cl2O 8H 3262 1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone C6Cl2O 8H 3263 1-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone C6Cl2O 8H 3264 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone C6Cl2O 8H 3265 3,4-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate 1,2-Dichloro-5-isocyanatobenzene 7H3ClC2NO 3266 3,5-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate 1,3-Dichloro-5-isocyanatobenzene 7H3ClC2NO C10H9Cl2NO 3267 N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2- Dicryl propenamide 3268 3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-propenoic C9H6Cl2O2 acid 3269 Dichlorophenylsilane Phenyldichlorosilane 6H6ClC 2Si Cl2 3270 1,1-Dichloropropane Propylidene chloride 3H6C Cl2 3271 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±) Propylene dichloride 3H6C 3272 1,3-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 3273 2,2-Dichloropropane C3H6Cl2 O2 3274 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid 2,2-Dichloropropionic acid 3H4Cl2C H6Cl2O 3275 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol 3C H6Cl2O 3276 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 3C 3277 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate C9H15Cl6O4P (3:1) 3278 2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride 3HC 3Cl3O 3279 1,1-Dichloropropene C3H4Cl2 3280 cis-1,2-Dichloropropene C3H4Cl2 3281 trans-1,2-Dichloropropene C3H4Cl2 H4Cl2 3282 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene 3C H4Cl2 3283 trans-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropylene 3C
CAS RN
HO Cl F
F
Cl
F
F
Cl
1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane
OH OH
Cl
F F
F F Cl
OH
F F
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
3,3-Dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2-Dichloropentane
1,5-Dichloropentane
Cl
2,3-Dichloropentane
Cl
Cl
Dichlorophene
Cl
2,3-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
OH
OH
Cl
Cl
Cl
OH
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
2,5-Dichlorophenol
2,6-Dichlorophenol
3,4-Dichlorophenol
Cl
O
3-175
O S O O
Cl
Cl
(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid
O
OH Cl
Cl
4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid
O
Cl Cl
Cl
3,5-Dichlorophenol
O
C
Dichlorophenylarsine
O N
C
O
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
2,4-Dichlorophenylbenzenesulfonate
Cl
Cl
N
O
Cl
As
OH
2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid
O
Cl
Cl
O
O
O O
2,2-Dichloro-1-phenylethanone
1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone
1-(2,5-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone
Cl
Cl
Cl 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethanone
3,4-Dichlorophenylisocyanate
Cl
3,5-Dichlorophenylisocyanate
O HN O
Cl HSi
OH
Cl Cl
Cl N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propenamide
Cl Dichlorophenylsilane
Cl OH Cl 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol
Cl
Cl
OH
1,2-Dichloropropane,(±)
Cl
1,3-Dichloropropane
O 2,2-Dichloropropane
2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid
O
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol
1,1-Dichloropropane
OH
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl O O P O O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-propenoic acid
Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol,phosphate(3:1)
Cl Cl
2,3-Dichloropropanoylchloride
Cl
Cl
Cl 1,1-Dichloropropene
Cl
Cl
cis-1,2-Dichloropropene
trans-1,2-Dichloropropene
Cl Cl cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
Cl
Cl
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH OH
No. 3284 3285 3286 3287 3288 3289
Name
Synonym
2,3-Dichloropropene 3,6-Dichloropyridazine 2,6-Dichloropyridine 4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine 2,4-Dichloropyrimidine 4,7-Dichloroquinoline
3-176
3291 2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline 3292 2,5-Dichlorostyrene 3293 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6tetrafluorobenzene 3294 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2tetrafluoroethane 3295 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane 3296 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetramethyldisilane 3297 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane 3298 2,5-Dichlorothiophene 3299 2,3-Dichlorotoluene 3300 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3301 2,5-Dichlorotoluene 3302 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3303 3,4-Dichlorotoluene
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
10 68.8 87 215 59 93
94 890.2 211
1.21120
1.460320
i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, bz, chl s chl
Mol. Wt.
78-88-6 141-30-0 2402-78-0 56-05-3 3934-20-1 86-98-6
110.970 148.978 147.990 163.993 148.978 198.049
773-76-2
214.048
HCCl2N2 H Cl2 C C6Cl2F4
2213-63-0 1123-84-8 1198-59-0
199.037 173.040 218.964
cry (al, bz)
Cl C 2F4
374-07-2
170.921
col gas
Cl C 2F4
76-14-2
170.921
col gas
C4H12Cl2Si2
4342-61-4
187.215
C4H12Cl2OSi2
2401-73-2
203.214
liq
3172-52-9 32768-54-0 95-73-8 19398-61-9 118-69-4 95-75-0
153.030 161.029 161.029 161.029 161.029 161.029
liq
liq
-13.5 2.5 25.8 -15.2
2782-57-2
197.964
cry
226.6
13014-24-9
264.364
354-23-4 306-83-2 812-04-4 320-60-5
152.930 152.930 152.930 215.000
3615-21-2
255.024
124-70-9 62-73-7
141.072 220.976
51338-27-3
341.186
141-66-2 66-76-2 504-66-5 91-15-6
237.191 336.294 67.049 128.131
C3H4Cl2 4HC 2Cl2N2 5HC 3Cl2N C 2N3 4H3Cl Cl2N2 4H2C 9HC 5Cl2N Chloroxine
Physical Form
CAS RN
H Cl C2NO
9 5
8 4 8 6
Refrigerant 114a
2
Refrigerant 114
2
HCCl2S C6Cl2 7H C6Cl2 7H C6Cl2 7H C6Cl2 7H C6Cl2 7H 4 2
3304 1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazineDichlorocyanuric acid C 2N3O3 3HCl 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione 3305 1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl) C7H3Cl5 benzene 3306 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Refrigerant 123a F3 2HCl2C 3307 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane C 2F3 2HCl F3 3308 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Refrigerant 123b 2HCl2C Cl2F3 3309 2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl) 2,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride 7H3C benzene 3310 4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H- Chloroflurazole C8H3Cl2F3N2 benzimidazole 3311 Dichlorovinylmethylsilane C2Si 3H6Cl 3312 Dichlorvos Phosphoric acid, 2,2-dichloroethenyl C4H7Cl2O4P dimethyl ester 3313 Diclofop-methyl Methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)C16H14Cl2O4 phenoxy]propanoate 3314 Dicrotophos H16NO5P 8C 3315 Dicumarol C19H12O6 3316 Dicyanamide Cyanocyanamide C3 2HN 3317 o-Dicyanobenzene o-Phthalodinitrile C2 8H4N
cry (MeOH), nd (80% al) cry (al)
s DMSO 198; 10123 14810
179.5 152 8.0
sl EtOH, ace, chl, DMSO; s alk, bz, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc 935, 743 157.7
1.24620
1.579820
-56.6
3.4
1.30920
vs bz, eth, EtOH
-92.53
3.5
1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.01020
1.30920
i H2O; vs eth, EtOH
148; 4918 138
1.03820
-40.5
162 207.5 201 200 198 208.9
1.442220 1.245820 1.247620 1.253520 1.268620 1.256420
1.562620 1.551120 1.551120 1.544920 1.550720 1.547120
283.1
1.591320
1.588620
25.8 vol liq or gas vol liq or gas
1.454820
-37.5
6 liq
sl chl
-78 -107
29.5 27.82 30.2
25 1.50 25 1.4638
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz i H2O; s ctc i H2O; s bz i H2O; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc
sl H2O 1.480220
213.5 92.5 14020, 841 40
1.427020
dec H2O
1760.1 400; 1300.1
nd aq soln only nd (w, lig)
1.086820 1.41525
1.21615
290 141
15010
1.125025
sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3290 5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol
Mol. Form.
Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl
N
N
Cl
3,6-Dichloropyridazine
Cl
N
N
Cl
Cl
2,6-Dichloropyridine
Cl N
NH2
N
4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine
Cl Cl
Cl
2,4-Dichloropyrimidine
N
OH
4,7-Dichloroquinoline
N
Cl
N
Cl
N
5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol
2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline
Cl F
Cl F
F Cl
F F
F
Cl
F
2,5-Dichlorostyrene
1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene
Cl F
Cl F
F
F
1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Cl
F Cl
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Si
Si
Si Cl
Cl
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane
O
Si Cl
1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane
O Cl
H
Cl
3-177
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,5-Dichlorothiophene
Cl
Cl
2,3-Dichlorotoluene
2,4-Dichlorotoluene
O
Cl
2,5-Dichlorotoluene
2,6-Dichlorotoluene
3,4-Dichlorotoluene
N Cl
O
Cl F F
Cl
F
F Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene
F F
Dichlorovinylmethylsilane
O O P O O
O
Dichlorvos
Cl
F
O
O Diclofop-methyl
Cl Cl
Cl
2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
O O P O O
Cl F
F
Dicrotophos
OO
O
Dicumarol
N H
F
N N
O
F
4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-benzimidazole
OH
N
N
F
F
2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
OH
O
O
Cl
F
2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
Cl
Cl Cl
F
Cl
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
Cl Si
Cl
1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trione
Cl
Cl
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
N
Cl Cl
Cl
S
Cl
N N H Dicyanamide
N o-Dicyanobenzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2,3-Dichloropropene
N
Cl
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
m-Phthalodinitrile
C2 8H4N
626-17-5
128.131
nd(al)
162
sub
0.99240
3319 p-Dicyanobenzene 3320 Dicyclohexyl adipate 3321 Dicyclohexylamine
p-Phthalodinitrile
8 4 2
623-26-7 849-99-0 101-83-7
128.131 310.429 181.318
nd (w, MeOH)
224 35 -0.1
sub
N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine
H NC HC O 12CH23N
3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 3329 3330 3331 3332
N2O2 N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, nitrite 12H24C CN2 13H22 C22S2 12H H22O 12C H22O 13C H23P 12C 20HC26O4 C24N2S 13H CH24N2O 13 Dicycloverine hydrochloride C 2 19H36ClNO C12 10H
3129-91-7 538-75-0 2550-40-5 4645-15-2 119-60-8 829-84-5 84-61-7 1212-29-9 2387-23-7 67-92-5 1755-01-7
228.331 206.327 230.433 182.302 194.313 198.285 330.418 240.408 224.342 345.948 132.202
cry
10137-73-2 1121-37-5 1120-49-6 2456-28-2 84-77-5 514-92-1
154.249 110.153 297.562 298.546 446.663 564.840
69655-05-6
236.227
Name
Dicyclohexylamine nitrite Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dicyclohexyl disulfide Dicyclohexyl ether Dicyclohexylmethanone Dicyclohexylphosphine Dicyclohexyl phthalate N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicyclopentadiene
Synonym
Mol. Form.
18 30 4
3-178
3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338
Dicyclopentyl ether Cyclopentyl ether Dicyclopropyl ketone Didecylamine N-Decyl-1-decanamine Didecyl ether Didecyl phthalate 3’,4’-Didehydro-b,y-caroten-16’-oic Torularhodin acid 3339 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine Didanosine
H CO HC O C20H43N CH42O 20 C46O4 28H C40H52O2 10 18 7 10
HCN O
10 12 4 3
3340 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose
Cymarose
C7H14O4
579-04-4
162.184
3341 3342 3343 3344
Didodecanoyl peroxide Didodecylamine Didodecyl phosphate Didodecyl phthalate
Lauroyl peroxide N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine
C46O4 24H C24H51N CH51O4P 24 C32H54O4
105-74-8 3007-31-6 7057-92-3 2432-90-8
398.620 353.669 434.633 502.769
3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350
Dieldrin Dienestrol 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane Diethanolamine Diethatyl, ethyl ester 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene
60-57-1 84-17-3 96-08-2 111-42-2 38727-55-8 588-52-3
380.909 266.335 168.233 105.136 311.804 270.326
3351 3352 3353 3354 3355
3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde 1,2-Diethoxybenzene 1,4-Diethoxybenzene 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine 1,1-DiethoxyN,Ndimethylmethanamine
2029-94-9 2050-46-6 122-95-2 6346-09-4 1188-33-6
194.227 166.217 166.217 161.243 147.216
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl ester
CH Cl6O CH O C16O2 10H C2 4H11NO CClNO3 16H22 CH18N2O2 16 12 8
18 18 2
Limonene diepoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine
CH O CH O CH14O2 10 8HC 19NO2 C7H17NO2 11 14 3 10 14 2
liq liq
pr (al) cry (MeOH) cry
182 dec 34.5 -36 57 66 180 233.8 165 32
liq
16 2.5 211
purp nd (MeOH-eth) wh cry (EtOH 162 aq) pr (eth-peth) nd 101 (ace) wh pl 49 53.7 cry (MeOH) 59 22.0
cry (dil al)
cry ye lf (al)
175.5 227.5 242 28 49.5 162
22 pr (peth, dil al) 44 pl (dil al) 72
dec 256; 1149 1236, 990.5 19520 242.5 15920 281; 1298 2254
dec 170; 6514 8013 161 359.0 19615.5 2403
nD
Solubility
0.912320
1.484220
sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc s chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz
0.922720 0.9860 0.90425 1.38320
1.474120 1.486020 1.516320 1.43120
0.930235
1.505035
0.97725
1.467020
s eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl
vs eth, EtOH
0.818720 0.963920 vs py, chl, CS2
vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl
26327 2561
0.938920 1.7525
i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH
sub 130 268.8
1.096620
1.477620
dec 279; 20050 219 246 196 129
1.010022 20 1.0075
1.508325
0.93325 0.85925
1.427520 1.400720
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz i2O; H sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, ctc; vs eth vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
mp/˚C
3318 m-Dicyanobenzene
No.
N N O O
N
H N
Dicyclohexyladipate
Dicyclohexylamine
Dicyclohexylamine nitrite
S S
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
Dicyclohexyldisulfide
Dicyclohexylether
O O
H N
Dicyclohexylphosphine
H N
H N
S
O Dicyclohexylmethanone
H
HCl
O O
H P
Dicyclohexylphthalate
H N
O
O
N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea
N
O
1,3-Dicyclohexylurea
O
H
Dicyclomine hydrochloride
Dicyclopentadiene
O
Dicyclopentyl ether
Dicyclopropylketone
O O O HN
O
O
3-179
Didecylamine
O N
3’,4’-Didehydro-b,y-caroten-16’-oicacid
Didecylphthalate
OH HO
O
Didecylether
N
OH
O
N
O
N
HO
O O
OH
2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine
O
2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose
O O
O O
O O P HO O
HN
O
Didodecanoylperoxide
Didodecylamine
OH
Cl Cl Cl H Cl
O
H Didodecylphthalate
Cl
Didodecylphosphate
O
O Cl
O Cl
HO
Dieldrin
Dienestrol
H N
HO
O
O
1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane
N N 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene
Diethatyl, ethylester
O
O OH
OH
Diethanolamine
O
O HO
O
N
O
O 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde
O O
1,2-Diethoxybenzene
1,4-Diethoxybenzene
NH2
N O
O 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine
1,1-DiethoxyN,N-dimethylmethanamine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
p-Dicyanobenzene
O
C N
HNO2
O
N
N m-Dicyanobenzene
H N
O
No.
Diethoxydimethylsilane Diethoxydiphenylsilane 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine 1,1-Diethoxyethane 1,2-Diethoxyethane 1,1-Diethoxyethene Diethoxymethane 2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan Diethoxymethylphenylsilane Diethoxymethylsilane 1,1-Diethoxypentane 1,1-Diethoxypropane 2,2-Diethoxypropane 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne N,N-Diethylacetamide
3-180
3372 3373 3374 3375 3376 3377 3378 3379 3380 3381 3382
Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide Diethyl acetylphosphonate Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate Diethyl adipate Diethyl 2-allylmalonate Diethylamine Diethylamine hydrochloride (Diethylamino)acetonitrile 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde 2-(Diethylamino)N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide 3383 2-(Diethylamino)N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride 3384 2-Diethylaminoethanol
Synonym Dimethyldiethoxysilane
Acetal Ethylene glycol diethyl ether
Acrolein, diethyl acetal
Lidocaine
nD
Solubility
25 0.865 1.032920 0.915925 0.825420 0.835125 0.793220 0.831920 0.997620 0.962720 0.82925 0.82922 0.82520 0.820021 0.854315 0.894222 0.913017
1.381120 1.526920 1.412325 1.383420 1.389825 1.364321 1.374818 1.445120 1.469020
s ctc
1.100520 1.08120 1.007620 1.009820 0.705620 22 1.0477 0.866020
1.420026 1.434620 1.427220 1.430520 1.386420
78-62-6 2553-19-7 645-36-3 105-57-7 629-14-1 2678-54-8 462-95-3 13529-27-6 775-56-4 2031-62-1 3658-79-5 4744-08-5 126-84-1 3054-95-3 10160-87-9 685-91-6
148.276 272.415 133.189 118.174 118.174 116.158 104.148 170.205 210.346 134.250 160.254 132.201 132.201 130.185 128.169 115.173
H CNO5 H CNO2 CO4P 6H13 CO5 10H16 10HC18O4 CO4 10H16 C11N 4H CClN 4H12 6H12N2C C15NO 11H CH22N2O 14
1068-90-2 2235-46-3 919-19-7 1115-30-6 141-28-6 2049-80-1 109-89-7 660-68-4 3010-02-4 120-21-8 137-58-6
217.219 157.211 180.138 216.231 202.248 200.232 73.137 109.598 112.172 177.243 234.337
C14H23ClN2O
73-78-9
270.798
6 15
H CNO
100-37-8
117.189
H CNO2 H NO C 2 13H20NC2O2
140-82-9 2426-54-2 59-46-1
161.243 171.237 236.310
105-16-8
185.264
8010
CH NO2
14007-64-8
263.376
16811
1.490920
C11H15NO2
17754-90-4
193.243
CNO4 7H13 C14H17NO2
6829-40-9 91-44-1
175.183 231.291
12216, 11612 1.10016
1.435316
8 19 9 17
C10H19NO2 Butethamate
den/g cm-3
114 302; 16715 163 102.25 121.2 68100 88 191.5 218 98 5912 123 114 123.5 139 185.5
6H16O2SiC 16HC 20O2Si 6HC 15NO2 6HC 14O2 6H14O2C C12O2 6H C12O2 5H 9HC 14O3 CO2Si 11H18 CO2Si 5H14 C20O2 9H H16O2 7C H16O2 7C 7H14OC 2 H12O2 7C 6HC 13NO
16 25
liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
Mol. Wt.
8 15
N-Ethylethanamine N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride
Physical Form
CAS RN
9 15
3385 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol 3386 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3387 2-Diethylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate Procaine 3388 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3389 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2phenylbutanoate 3390 4-(Diethylamino)-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 3391 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate 3392 7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one
Mol. Form.
-87
liq liq liq
-78 -100 -74.0
liq
-66.5
cry (al,bz-peth) 96.3 liq
liq
-19.8
liq lf (al-eth)
-49.8 228.5
ye nd (w) nd (bz, al)
41 68.5
18520 7613 11420 255; 13317 245 222.5; 936 55.5 170 17210 1814
1.402922 1.392419 1.389120 1.400020 1.414020 1.437417
1.426020
128
hyg
<-60 nd (w+2) pl (lig 61 or eth)
vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl vs EtOH
s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc sl H2O, eth; s tfa, EtOH
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ctc vs H2O, EtOH s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O
163
0.892120
1.441220
221.5; 927 8110
0.942125 0.93720
1.448020 1.437625
msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl ctc
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 0.9230
65.0
cry (al, bz-lig)
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; i lig sl2H O; s EtOH, eth, ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3356 3357 3358 3359 3360 3361 3362 3363 3364 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 3370 3371
Name
O Si O O
Si O O
NH2 O
Diethoxydiphenylsilane
2,2-Diethoxyethanamine
O
1,1-Diethoxyethane
O
O
O
O
1,2-Diethoxyethane
O
O
1,1-Diethoxyethene
Diethoxymethane
2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan
O O
H Si O O
O
O
O Diethoxymethylsilane
1,1-Diethoxypentane
O
1,1-Diethoxypropane
O
O
2,2-Diethoxypropane
O
O
3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene
Diethoxymethylphenylsilane
O
O
O
O HN
N
O
O
O
O
O
N
O
O
3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne
N,N-Diethylacetamide
Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate
N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide
O
3-181
O O P O
O O
O
O
O O
O
O
O
O
O
Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate
Diethyl adipate
Diethyl 2-allylmalonate
N
N H HCl
N H
O
O Diethyl acetylphosphonate
O
Diethylamine
N
N
Diethylamine hydrochloride
(Diethylamino)acetonitrile4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde
O H N
H N
N
N
N
HCl
O
O
N
O
OH
O
2-Diethylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate
O O
OH
N
O
O
O
O O
N 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2-phenylbutanoate
4-(Diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
O
N
O
O
NH2 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate
N
H 2N
2-Diethylaminoethanol 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate
O
2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
N
O O
2-(Diethylamino)N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide 2-(Diethylamino)N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride
N
OH
7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Diethoxydimethylsilane
O
O Si
O
No.
Name
Synonym
3393 3-(Diethylamino)phenol Diethylpropion
Mol. Wt.
C15NO 10H
91-68-9
165.232
13 19
H C NO
90-84-6
205.296
HC NO 7HC 13N 10HC 15N 10HC 15N
622-93-5 4079-68-9 579-66-8 91-66-7
131.216 111.185 149.233 149.233
692-42-2 1696-17-9 135-01-3
134.052 177.243 134.218
liq
-31.2
7 17
N,N-Diethyl-2-propargylamine
Physical Form
CAS RN
orth bipym (CS2-lig) liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
78
276; 17015
nD
Solubility s H2O, EtOH, eth, CS 2; sl lig
11114
liq ye oil
den/g cm-3
1.5 -38.8
189.5 120 243 216.3
1.443920
0.90625 0.930720
1.545220 1.540920
1.133824
1.4709
0.880020
1.503520
s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl
sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
3-182
3399 Diethylarsine 3400 N,N-Diethylbenzamide 3401 o-Diethylbenzene
1,2-Diethylbenzene
HC As H C NO 10HC 14
3402 m-Diethylbenzene
1,3-Diethylbenzene
10 14
HC
141-93-5
134.218
liq
-83.9
181.1
0.860220
1.495520
3403 p-Diethylbenzene
1,4-Diethylbenzene
10 14
HC
105-05-5
134.218
liq
-42.83
183.7
0.862020
1.496720
93-05-0 5292-53-5 607-81-8 1080-32-6 511-70-6 685-87-0 1114-76-7 133-08-4
164.247 248.275 250.291 228.225 194.069 239.064 143.227 216.275
261 21630, 19614 1.104520 300 1.07615 1102
1.538920 1.487220 1.493020
dec 254 206 238
1.402225 0.888420 0.976420
1.452120 1.440325 1.425020
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl chl s ctc sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs H2O, EtOH vs EtOH, eth
762-21-0 1642-54-2 88-10-8 85-98-3 105-58-8 2524-04-1 96-10-6 14064-10-9 814-49-3 617-83-4 3779-29-1 78-01-3 1559-02-0
170.163 391.416 135.592 268.353 118.131 188.613 120.557 194.613 172.547 98.146 200.232 140.266 186.205
184200
1.007520
1.442520
s EtOH, eth, ctc
0.969225
1.384520
i H2O; vs EtOH; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s ctc
1.204020 1.20519 0.85420 1.045620
1.432720 1.417020 1.412625 1.433026
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s CS 2
1.05525
1.434518
vs EtOH, eth
596-75-8 1609-47-8 2781-11-5
272.381 162.140 255.249
0.945720 1.12020
1.434120 1.396020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, EtOH, lig
liq
702-54-5
171.194
cry (eth)
632-93-9
267.322
lt bl flr pl (al)
3404 3405 3406 3407 3408 3409 3410 3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425 3426 3427 3428 3429
4 11
11 15
HC N H OC 14HC18O4 C17O3P 11H 2-Bromo-2-ethylbutanamide C 6H12BrNO Ethyl bromomalonate C 4 7H11BrO 8HC 17NO Pentane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid, diethyl C11H20O4 ester Diethyl 2-butynedioate 8H10CO4 N3O8 Diethylcarbamazine citrate 16H29C Diethylcarbamic chloride CClNO 5H10 N,N’-Diethylcarbanilide 17HC 20N2O O3 Diethyl carbonate Ethyl carbonate 5H10C O,O-Diethyl chloridothionophosphate Diethyl thiophosphoryl chloride C 4H10ClO2PS Diethylchloroaluminum CAlCl 4H10 Diethyl chloromalonate Ethyl chloromalonate C4 7H11ClO Diethyl chlorophosphonate Diethoxyphosphoryl chloride C 3P 4H10ClO Diethylcyanamide 5HC10N2 O4 Diethyl 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate 10H16C H20 1,1-Diethylcyclohexane 10C Diethyl 1,1C9H14O4 cyclopropanedicarboxylate O4 Diethyl dibutylmalonate 15H28C Diethyl dicarbonate Pyrocarbonic acid diethyl ester 6H10O5 C Diethyl [(diethanolamino) C9H22NO5P methyl]phosphonate 5,5-Diethyldihydro-2 H-1,3-oxazine- Diethadione C13NO3 8H 2,4(3H)-dione Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl3,5-Diethoxycarbonyl-1,4C14H21NO4 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate dihydrocollidine
N,N-Diethyl-1,4-benzenediamine Diethyl benzylidenemalonate Diethyl benzylmalonate Diethyl benzylphosphonate Diethylbromoacetamide Diethyl 2-bromomalonate N,N-Diethylbutanamide Diethyl 2-butylmalonate
10 16 2
Diethyl benzalmalonate
14 16 4
32
67 -54
cry
0.8 138
cry (al) liq
79 -43
105 1325 184
0.860020
186
liq
-80.6
126 453 13470 222 93.5 188 224 179.5 215; 10012 15012 9318 1500.01
i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH; sl ctc
97.5 131
sl2O, H EtOH, eth, CS 2; vs chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3394 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanone 3395 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol 3396 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne 3397 2,6-Diethylaniline 3398 N,N-Diethylaniline
Mol. Form.
OH NH2
O N
N
2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone
N
OH
3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol
N
As H
N
3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne
2,6-Diethylaniline
N,N-Diethylaniline
Diethylarsine
N,N-Diethylbenzamide
o-Diethylbenzene
NH2 O
O
N m-Diethylbenzene
p-Diethylbenzene
O
N,N-Diethyl-1,4-benzenediamine
O
3-183
O N
O
O
O
Diethyl 2-butylmalonate
S O P Cl O
O
O,O-Diethyl chloridothionophosphate
Diethyl chloromalonate
Diethyl chlorophosphonate
OH O O
O O
O O
Diethyl dibutylmalonate
N
O O
O
Diethyl dicarbonate
N
Cl
Diethylcarbamic chloride
O O
NH2
O Br
Br Diethylbromoacetamide
Diethyl 2-bromomalonate
N
O
N O
O
O O P O Cl
N
HO Diethyl [(diethanolamino)methyl]phosphonate
O
N
Diethylcyanamide
O P O O
O
O
O
OH OH
Diethylcarbamazine citrate
Cl
Diethylchloroaluminum
HO
N
O
O
Diethyl benzylphosphonate
O
O
OH O
O
Diethyl 2-butynedioate
Al Cl
O
N
O
O
O
Diethyl benzylmalonate
N
O O
N,N-Diethylbutanamide
O
Diethyl benzylidenemalonate
O O
O P O O
O
O
N,N’-Diethylcarbanilide
O
O O
O Diethyl 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate
1,1-Diethylcyclohexane
N O
H O
5,5-Diethyldihydro-2 H-1,3-oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione
O O
Diethyl 1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate
O
O
O
Diethyl carbonate
O
O
O N H
Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-(Diethylamino)phenol
N
O
N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
3468 N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzamide
Ethamivan
CH NO3
12 17
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3 1.7920
71
13 51 301; 20840
Mol. Wt.
1762-27-2 1149-24-2
295.4 251.279
col liq
2436-79-5
239.268
nd (dil al)
137.8
110-81-6 3352-87-2 111-46-6 106-75-2
122.252 255.439 106.120 231.031
liq
-101.5
liq liq
-10.4
628-68-2 120-55-8 112-73-2 112-36-7 2358-84-1 111-96-6 693-21-0 112-34-5 124-17-4
190.194 314.333 218.332 162.227 242.268 134.173 196.116 162.227 204.264
141-20-8 111-90-0 112-15-2
liq liq
18 33.5 -60 -45
liq
-68
liq liq
-68 -32
288.423 134.173 176.211
lt ye hyg liq liq
17.5
112-59-4 111-77-3 6881-94-3 100-36-7 111-74-0 60-29-7 87-13-8
190.280 120.147 148.200 116.204 116.204 74.121 216.231
col liq
-28
liq
-53.3
1462-12-0 133-13-1 76-67-5 78-38-6 617-84-5 623-91-6 818-38-2 19398-77-7 142-16-5 1615-80-1 4114-28-7 598-02-7
186.205 188.221 264.318 166.155 101.147 172.179 188.221 142.282 340.498 88.151 176.170 154.101
304-84-7
223.268
liq
syr liq
-25
-116.2
0.8 -24.1
nd (chl), pr (w) 135 syr 95
nD
Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i2O; H sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl
154.0 1662 245.8 1265
0.993120 0.84725 1.119715 1.3920
1.507320 1.454520 1.447220 1.454220
200 28024, 2501 256 188 >200; 1508 162 440.01 231 245
1.106815 1.169015 0.88525 0.906320 1.082120 0.943420
1.434820
0.955320 0.98520
1.430620 1.426220
msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz vs ace, eth, EtOH
0.9625 0.988520 1.009620
1.430020 1.421320
msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
1.03520
1.426420
msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth
0.828020 0.828020 0.713820
1.434020 1.434020 1.352620 1.460020
msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl
1.040420 1.00620 1.07120 1.025920 0.908019 1.045220 1.022020 0.747225 0.9420 0.79726 1.3248 1.180020
1.430817 1.416620 1.489625 1.416320 1.432125 1.441220 1.424120 1.419020
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, chl vs eth
1.420420
vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth
>270 196 218.5 100 258; 192 193 213; 1244 144 146 34.5 dec 280; 16519 11617, 863 208; 9812 17019 198; 9016 177.5 214 236.5 163.9 1567 85.5 dec 250 dec 203; 870.0001
1.423520 1.411520 1.457125 1.409720
1.417020
vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth
s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-184
3430 Diethyldimethyllead Diethyldimethylplumbane 6H16Pb C 3431 Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5C13H17NO4 pyridinedicarboxylate 3432 Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4C12H17NO4 dicarboxylate 3433 Diethyl disulfide 4HC 10S2 C33NO 3434 N,N-Diethyldodecanamide 16H O3 3435 Diethylene glycol Diglycol 4H10C 3436 Diethylene glycol, bischloroformate Oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl C6H8Cl2O5 carbonochloridate 3437 Diethylene glycol diacetate C5 8H14O 3438 Diethylene glycol dibenzoate CO5 18H18 3439 Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Bis(2-butoxyethyl) ether 12H26O3 C 3440 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether 8H18O3 C 3441 Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate Oxydiethylene methacrylate 12H18O5 C 3442 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diglyme 6H14O3C 3443 Diethylene glycol dinitrate 2,2’-Oxybisethanol, dinitrate 4H8N2O7 C 3444 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether O3 8H18C 3445 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate 10HC 20O4 acetate 3446 Diethylene glycol monododecanoate 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl laurate 16H32OC4 3447 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Carbitol 6H14O3C 3448 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Carbitol acetate 8HC 16O4 acetate 3449 Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether 2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol C3 10H22O 3450 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol 5H12O3 C 3451 Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether CO3 7H16 3452 N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine N,N-Diethylethylenediamine N2 6H16C N2 3453 N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine 6H16C O 3454 Diethyl ether Ethyl ether 4H10C 3455 Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate 2-Ethoxy-1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl) C10H16O5 ethene 3456 Diethyl ethylidenemalonate C4 9H14O 3457 Diethyl ethylmalonate 9H16CO4 3458 Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate CO4 15H20 3459 Diethyl ethylphosphonate CO3P 6H15 3460 N,N-Diethylformamide CNO 5H11 3461 Diethyl fumarate 8HC 12O4 3462 Diethyl glutarate CO4 9H16 3463 3,4-Diethylhexane CH22 10 3464 Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate 20HC36O4 3465 1,2-Diethylhydrazine 4HC12N2 3466 Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl bicarbamate 6H12N2OC 4 3467 Diethyl hydrogen phosphate Diethyl phosphate C4P 4H11O
Physical Form
CAS RN
O O
O
O
O
O
O
N H
Pb N Diethyldimethyllead
O
Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
O
S
Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate
Cl
O
O
O
O
O
Diethylene glycol,bischloroformate
O
O
O
O
Cl
O
O
O
Diethylene glycoldimethacrylate
O
O
O
O
O Diethylene glycoldibenzoate
O O
O N
Diethylene glycoldimethyl ether
O
O
O
O N
O
O O
O
O
Diethylene glycoldinitrate
OH
O
O
OH
O
O
3-185
Diethylene glycolmonoethylether
NH2
N
OH
Diethylene glycolmonopropyl ether
N H
N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
O O
O
O
O
O
O
H N O
Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate
O O
Diethyl ether
O
N
Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate
Diethyl ethylidenemalonate
Diethyl ethylphosphonate
N,N-Diethylformamide
O
O
O
O
O O
Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate
O
O
O
O
O
O
Diethyl fumarate
N H
H N
1,2-Diethylhydrazine
O
N H
H N
O O
Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate
O O P O OH Diethyl hydrogen phosphate
O
O
O Diethyl glutarate
O O
OH
O
Diethylene glycolmonomethylether
O
O
N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
O
OH
Diethylene glycolmonohexyl ether
O
3,4-Diethylhexane
O
Diethylene glycolmonobutyletheracetate
O
Diethylene glycolmonoethyletheracetate
O P O O
O
O
Diethyl ethylmalonate
O
O
OH
Diethylene glycolmonobutylether
O
O
O
Diethylene glycoldiethyl ether
O O
Diethylene glycolmonododecanoate
O
O
O
O
Diethylene glycoldibutyl ether
O
O
OH
Diethylene glycol
O O
O
Diethylene glycoldiacetate
O
N,N-Diethyldodecanamide
N
O OH N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
HO
Diethyl disulfide
O O
N
S
No.
Diethyl iminodiacetate Diethyl isobutylmalonate Diethyl isophthalate Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate Diethyl isopropylmalonate Diethyl ketomalonate Diethyl malate Diethyl maleate Diethyl malonate Diethyl mercury Diethylmethylamine N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene
Synonym
Ethyl isopropylmalonate Ethyl mesoxalate Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate
N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine
DEET
3-186
4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-23484 N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4benzenediamine, methylbenzene, hydrochloride monohydrochloride 3485 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide Isovaleryl diethylamide 3486 Diethyl methylenesuccinate 3487 Diethyl methylmalonate 3488 Diethyl methylphosphonate Diethylcarbamazine 3489 N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1piperazinecarboxamide 3490 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4piperidinedione 3491 N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine 3492 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline 3493 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline
Physical Form
mp/˚C
189.210 216.275 222.237 200.232 202.248 174.151 190.194 172.179 160.168 258.71 87.164 163.260 163.260 191.269 148.245
orth cry
247 dec
2051-79-8
214.735
533-32-4 2409-52-1 609-08-5 683-08-9 90-89-1
157.253 186.205 174.195 152.129 199.293
48
125-64-4
183.248
75.5
HC N H N CO
84-95-7 2216-15-1
199.292 194.230
H N CO
120-22-9
178.230
624-17-9 95-92-1 108-56-5 105-50-0 1067-20-5 140-80-7 512-48-1 2049-67-4 628-37-5 60-91-3
244.328 146.141 188.178 202.204 128.255 158.284 155.237 186.205 90.121 298.446
519-72-2
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C4 8H15NO O4 11H20C CO4 12H14 O4 10H16C 10H18O4 C 7H10OC 5 8H14O5 C 8HC 12O4 7HC 12O4 H10Hg 4C C13N 5H N 11H17C N 11H17C 12HC 17NO C16 11H
6290-05-7 10203-58-4 636-53-3 6802-75-1 759-36-4 609-09-6 7554-12-3 141-05-9 105-53-3 627-44-1 616-39-7 606-46-2 613-48-9 134-62-3 2050-24-0
C11H19ClN2
H NO C O4 9H14C 8H14CO4 CO3P 5H13 C21N3O 10H 9 19
C10H17NO2 14 17
10 14 2 2
10 14 2
Diethyl nonanedioate Diethyl azelate 13H24OC 4 Diethyl oxalate 6HC 10O4 Diethyl oxobutanedioate Diethyl oxalacetate 8H12O5 C Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate9H14O5 C 3,3-Diethylpentane Tetraethylmethane 9H20 C N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine Novoldiamine 9H22N2C 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Novonal CNO 9H17 Diethyl 2-pentenedioate Diethyl glutaconate 9H14O4 C Diethylperoxide 4HC10O2 N,N-Diethyl-10 H-phenothiazine-10- Diethazine H22N2S 18C ethanamine aN,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine C21N 3504 N,N-Diethyl17H phenylbenzenemethanamine 3505 Diethyl phenylmalonate 13HC16O4
3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501 3502 3503
3506 Diethyl phenylphosphonite
HC O P
10 15 2
11.5
pa ye grn oil
-30
liq liq
-8.8 -50
liq liq
-196 -60
liq
-74.1
cry
250 dec
58.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
302 176.5; 11614 215 210; 10519 253; 12413 223 200 159; 5716 66 209 229 16019, 1111 205
0.980420 1.123917 1.028218 0.996120 1.141916 1.129020 1.066220 1.055120 2.4320 0.70325 0.928620 0.924216 0.99620 0.874820
1.423620 1.50818 1.448617 1.418821 1.431022
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS 2
1.441620 1.413920
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s eth; sl EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc
0.876420 1.046720 1.022520 1.040630
1.442220 1.437720 1.412620 1.410130
211 228 201 194 1103
1.521220 1.502720
vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz
s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH 285
ye nd (lig) pl 77.5 (al) grn mcl pr (eth) 87.5 grn lf (ace) liq -18.5 liq -40.6
1.387925 1.515320
1.01320 1.22525
1.596120
1.2415
s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl
291.5 185.7 13124 250 146.3 201
0.972920 1.078520 1.13120 1.11320 0.753620 0.81420
1.435120 1.410120 1.456117
-70
237 65 1670.5
1.049620 0.824019
1.441120 1.371517
vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl
239.356
58.5
17017
83-13-6
236.264
16.5
1.095020
1.497720
vs ace, EtOH
1638-86-4
198.199
dec 205; 16812 235; 621
liq wh pow liq oil
-33.1
1.420620 1.442920
75.5
1.03216
i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483
Name
O O O O O
O
O
H N
O O
O O
O O
O
O O
O
O
O
Diethyl isobutylmalonate
O O
Diethyl isophthalate
Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate
Diethyl isopropylmalonate
Diethyl malate
O
O
O
O
O
O Diethyl maleate
N
O
N
Hg
Diethyl malonate
Diethyl mercury
Diethylmethylamine
N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline
N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline
N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide
HCl NH2 O
O N
N
3-187
1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene
O
N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide
N
O O P O
O
Diethyl methylmalonate
N
N
N
N
Diethyl methylphosphonate
N N H
N N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide
O
O O
3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine
O
N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline
O
O
O
N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline
O Diethyl nonanedioate
O
O O
Diethyl methylenesuccinate
O
O
O
O
N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochloride
N
O
O
O
O
O Diethyl oxalate
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Diethyl oxobutanedioate
N
O
Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate
3,3-Diethylpentane
O
N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine
N
N O
O
Diethylperoxide
O N
O
NH2
NH2
O
2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide
O
O
Diethyl 2-pentenedioate
O O
O P
O
S N,N-Diethyl-10 H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamine
N,N-Diethyla-phenylbenzenemethanamin e
Diethyl phenylmalonate
O
Diethyl phenylphosphonite
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N O
O O
Diethyl ketomalonate
N
O
OH
O
O
O
Diethyl iminodiacetate
O
O O
No.
Name
Synonym
Phenetharbital 3507 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione 3508 Diethylphosphine 3509 Diethyl phosphonate 3510 O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate 3511 Diethyl phthalate
H16N2O3 14C
357-67-5
260.288
HC P HC O P C2PS2 4H11O 12HC 14O4
627-49-6 762-04-9 298-06-6 84-66-2
90.104 138.102 186.233 222.237
H NO2C HC NO CN2 7H18 7H12O4 C 7HC 16O2 10HC18O4 10H14NC 2O
77-03-2 1114-51-8 104-78-9 510-20-3 115-76-4 2163-48-6 59-26-7
169.221 129.200 130.231 160.168 132.201 202.248 178.230
530-40-5 77-04-3 110-40-7 627-53-2 542-91-6 56-53-1 130-80-3 18839-90-2
178.230 167.205 258.354 137.08 88.224 268.351 380.477 282.377
123-25-1 64-67-5 352-93-2 623-81-4 597-35-3 70-29-1 57968-71-5 627-54-3 636-09-9 673-79-0 105-55-5 996-50-9
174.195 154.185 90.187 138.185 122.186 106.186 206.193 185.72 222.237 234.313 132.227 145.319
liq oil liq
3600-24-6 634-95-7 623-76-7
154.317 116.161 116.161
-72.6 pl, nd (eth) 75 tab (lig), hyg nd 112.5 (al)
682-30-4 557-20-0 119446-68-3 43222-48-6
164.139 123.531 406.262 360.428
4 11
4 11 3
3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526
3539 3540 3541
N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide Isonicotinic acid diethylamide10H14N2O C 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyridinedione Pyrithyldione C2 9H13NO H26O4 Diethyl sebacate 14C Diethyl selenide 4HC 10Se Diethylsilane 4HC 12Si O2 trans-Diethylstilbestrol 18H20C trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate Clinestrol 24H28O4 C H22O2 trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl Mestilbol 19C ether Diethyl succinate Ethyl succinate 8H14OC 4 Diethyl sulfate CO4S 4H10 Diethyl sulfide C10S 4H Diethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfite C3S 4H10O Diethyl sulfone Ethyl sulfone 4H10OC2S Diethyl sulfoxide COS 4H10 DiethylDL-tartrate C14O6 8H Te Diethyl telluride 4H10C Diethyl terephthalate CO4 12H14 Diethyl thiodipropionate C4S 10H18O N,N’-Diethylthiourea 5HC 12N2S N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1(Diethylamino)trimethylsilane C 7H19NSi trimethylsilanamine Diethyltrisulfide CS3 4H10 N,N-Diethylurea H12N2O 5C H12N2O N,N’-Diethylurea 5C
3542 3543 3544 3545
Diethyl vinylphosphonate Diethyl zinc Difenoconazole Difenzoquat methyl sulfate
9 15 7 15
Nikethamide
H CO P H Zn C 19CH17Cl2N3O3 H-Pyrazolium, 1 1,2-dimethyl-3,5- C18H20N2O4S diphenyl-, methyl sulfate 6 13 3
Zinc diethyl
4 10
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
178 85 546 liq nd (w)
pr (w,bz)
-40.5
ye solid or visc 25 liq
pa ye liq pl (bz) pr (MeOH) nd (bz-peth)
orth pl syr
90.7 2.5 55 -134.3 170.5 104 117.5 -21 -24 -103.91 73.5 14 18.7
red-ye mcl pr (al, peth) 44 78
col liq
0.78620
-28 76 157
s ctc s H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs EtOH
295
1.23214
1.500021
191 168.5
0.897220 0.82220
1.442520 1.44320
240.5 221; 11422 dec 280; 17525 1191
1.05020 0.98920 1.06025
1.457425 1.419720 1.52520
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl DMSO
1.52520
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
305; 18819 108 57
0.964620 1.230020 20 0.6843
1.430620 1.476820 1.392120
sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz
217.7 208 92.1 158; 5113 248 10425, 9015 281; 15814 137.5 302 17415, 1212 dec 126.3
1.040220 1.17225 0.836220 1.120 1.35720 1.009222 1.204620 1.59915 45 1.0989 1.103420
1.420120 1.398920 1.443020 1.431020
0.762720
1.411220
8526 950.02 263
1.108220
1.568913
1.041525
1.461640
vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth
1.06825 1.206520
1.429020 1.493620
dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz
104
127 dec 61.5
Solubility vs EtOH
1900.3
1102 200 118; 80 2200.03
1.443820 1.518215
i H2O vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
1.465520 s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-188
Mol. Wt.
3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione N,N-Diethylpropanamide N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Diethylpropanedioic acid 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol Diethyl 2-propylmalonate N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide
Diethylmalonic acid
Physical Form
CAS RN
3512 3513 3514 3515 3516 3517 3518
3527 3528 3529 3530 3531 3532 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537 3538
Piperidione
Mol. Form.
O N O
N
H
O
O
5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione Diethylphosphine
O HO
OH
Diethylpropanedioic acid
O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate
O O
3-189
Se
Diethylsilane
N H
O
O
O
Diethyl sulfide
O
Diethyl sulfite
Diethyl sulfone
trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethylether
Diethyl succinate
Diethyl sulfate
O
OH O
O
O OH O
Diethyl sulfoxide
O O S O O
O
O
trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate
S O
O O
O
O
O
S
Diethyl sebacate
OH
O trans-Diethylstilbestrol
S
O
O
O
O S
O
O
O
N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyridinedione
HO
N
O
N
N
O
Diethyl selenide
H2N
O
O
N Diethyl 2-propylmalonate
N
O
3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedioneN,N-Diethylpropanamide N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine
N
OH
Si H2
Diethyl phthalate
O
O
OH OH 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol
N H
O
Diethyl phosphonate
O
O
O O O
O
Te
Diethyl DL-tartrate
Diethyl telluride
O
O
Diethyl terephthalate
S
O S
N H
O
Diethyl thiodipropionate
N H
N,N’-Diethylthiourea
N N
N
O Si N N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine
N S
S
S
Diethyltrisulfide
NH2 O
N,N-Diethylurea
H N
H N
O O P O
O N,N’-Diethylurea
Cl O Zn
Diethyl vinylphosphonate
Diethyl zinc
Cl
N
N
SO4 2
O Difenoconazole
Difenzoquat methylsulfate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O P O H
P H
O
S O P SH O
No.
Name
3546 Diflubenzuron
Difluoroacetic acid 2,4-Difluoroaniline o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane
3-190
3559 3560 3561 3562 3563 3564
1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane 3565 Difluoromethylborane 3566 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene 3567 2,2-Difluoropropane
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl) amino]carbonyl]-2,6difluorobenzamide
C14H9ClF2N2O2
35367-38-5
310.683
HCF O HCF N H4F2 6C H4F2 6C H4F2 6C 12H8CF2 C6H10F2 C3H2F2 F2Si 2H6C 6HC 2F2N2O4 C10F2Si 12H 2H4FC 2
381-73-7 367-25-9 367-11-3 372-18-9 540-36-3 398-23-2 371-90-4 56830-75-2 353-66-2 327-92-4 312-40-3 75-37-6
96.033 129.108 114.093 114.093 114.093 190.189 120.140 76.045 96.152 204.088 220.290 66.050
liq liq liq liq liq mcl pr (al) lf (w) liq liq col gas
624-72-6 75-38-7 1630-77-9 1630-78-0 75-10-5 1885-48-9
66.050 64.034 64.034 64.034 52.024 150.047
vol liq col gas col gas col gas col gas col liq
373-64-8 446-35-5 420-45-1
63.843 159.091 80.077
gas
C3H6F2O 10HC 6O4
453-13-4 492-94-4
96.076 190.153
C8N2O4 10H C13H10O3
522-27-0 886-77-1
220.182 214.216
H OCS H O C C92O29 56H 23HC 34O4 C64O13 41H
4437-20-1 4437-22-3 11024-24-1 143-62-4 71-63-6
226.315 178.184 1229.312 374.514 764.939
6 12 4
HC O
527-52-6
148.157
H OC HO C H34O5 23C CH64O14 41 H31N 14C CO 14H30
2238-07-5 110-99-6 1672-46-4 20830-75-5 2470-68-0 629-64-1
130.141 134.088 390.513 780.939 213.403 214.387
2 2 2 2 6 5 2
1,2-Difluorobenzene 1,3-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene 4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl
Ethylidene difluoride
Ethylene difluoride C2 2H4F Vinylidene fluoride C2 2H2F H2F2 cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene 2C H2F2 trans-1,2-Difluoroethylene 2C F2 Methylene fluoride 2CH Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl C3H3F5O ether CH 3BF2 C3F2NO2 6H C3H6F2
3568 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol 3569 Di-2-furanylethanedione 3570 Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime a-Furildioxime 3571 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3one 3572 Difurfuryl disulfide Furfuryl disulfide 3573 Difurfuryl ether Furfuryl ether 3574 Digitonin 3575 Digitoxigenin 3576 Digitoxin 3577 Digitoxose 3578 3579 3580 3581 3582 3583
Diglycidyl ether Diglycolic acid Digoxigenin Digoxin Diheptylamine Diheptyl ether
Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid
N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine Heptyl ether
10 10 2 2 10 10 3
6 10 3 4 6 5
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
239
col gas
col gas
-1 -7.5 -47.1 -69.12 -23.55 94.5
-87.5 75.5 -117
-144
-136.8 tp
9.8 -104.8
133 170 94 82.6 89 254.5 99.5 34 2.5 1322 246; 15750 -24.05 26 -85.7 -26 -53.1 -51.6 29 -78.5287 207 -0.4 127; 5534
ye nd (al), cry (bz)
cry (MeOH+eth)
1.347020 1.506320 1.445118 1.437420 1.442220
1.522125 1.3011-72 vs bz, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH
1.2139-52
1.457114 0.920520 (p>1 atm 1.2425
i H2O; s EtOH
1.514914 1.290420
reac H2O sl chl
1.372520 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH, chl
1814 16713, 1120.5 1012 1.140520
1.508820
237.5 253 255.5
vs EtOH i H2O s EtOH; vs MeOH sl2H O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt
112
mcl pr (w + 1) 148 pr (AcOEt) 222 trc pl (dil al, py) 249 dec nd 31.5
i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc i2O;H vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace
sl EtOH 1.14517 0.89625 (p>1 atm)
166.3
167 hyg pr (peth) ye 60.5 pr (lig) 10
pr (dil al)
1.52625 1.26825 1.159918 1.157220 1.170120
260 dec
1.119520
271; 1359 258.5
0.795621 0.800820
1.427520
vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3547 3548 3549 3550 3551 3552 3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558
Physical Form
Synonym
NH2
F H N
H N O
Cl
F O
F
F
F
F
F F F F
F
OH
F Si F
O
F
N F F F O O F F Difluoroacetic acid 2,4-Difluoroaniline o-Difluorobenzenem-Difluorobenzenep-Difluorobenzene 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane3,3-DifluorocyclopropeneDifluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene O
Diflubenzuron
O
F
F
F
F
F
O
N
O F
F F
F H F F B F F F F F F H F F F F F Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane1,2-Difluoroethane1,1-Difluoroethenecis-1,2-Difluoroethenetrans-1,2-DifluoroetheneDifluoromethane2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Difluoromethylborane2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene2,2-Difluoropropane F
O O
N
O F
O
HO
Di-2-furanylethanedione
O O
O
O
O
OH 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol
HO
O
O
F
OH
O
OH
N
O O
3-191
OH
O
O 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one
S S
O
O
O
Difurfuryl disulfide
OH
OH
HO
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
O
HO O
O
H O
OH HO HO
OH
O O OH
HO
HO
Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime
HO
HO
Difurfuryl ether
H
Digitonin
Digitoxigenin
O
O O
O HO
OH O
O
OH
H
O O
O O
O
O O
HO
OH
O O OH HO
OH
O
Digitoxin
Digitoxose
O
O O
OH
OH
OH
O O OH
O
HO
O
Diglycidyl ether
H N Diheptylamine
HO
O O
Diglycolic acid
OH
OH
HO
H Digoxigenin
O Diheptyl ether
HO OH Digoxin
H
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
F F Si
O N
F
F F
No.
3594 3595 3596
3-192
3597 3598 3599 3600 3601 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617
Synonym
Diheptyl phthalate Diheptyl sulfide Heptyl sulfide N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine Dihexylamine Dihexyl ether Hexyl ether Dihexyl hexanedioate Dihexyl phthalate Dihexyl sulfide Hexyl sulfide 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin1 G Aflatoxin 2G 9,10-Dihydroanthracene 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18Indanthrene anthrazinetetrone 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene Cholanthrene 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]Triptycene benzenoanthracene 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2- 2-Benzimidazolethiol thione 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Coumaran 3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran Isochroman 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 4-Chromanone 6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5 H)- 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4one benzothiophenone 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4one 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole Tolazoline 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin Dihydrocodeine 16,17-Dihydro-15H1,2-Cyclopentenophenanthrene cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine 10,11-Dihydro-5Hdibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2 H)Corydaldine isoquinolinone 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl- Antipyrine 3H-pyrazol-3-one 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenecarboxylic acid 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5anthracenedisulfonic acid
3618 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6anthracenedisulfonic acid
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
22HC 34O4 14HC 30S C12H27N C26O 12H C34O4 18H C30O4 20H H26S 12C C17H14O7 CH12 14 C28H14N2O4
3648-21-3 629-65-2 143-16-8 112-58-3 110-33-8 84-75-3 6294-31-1 7241-98-7 613-31-0 81-77-6
362.503 230.453 185.349 186.333 314.461 334.450 202.399 330.289 180.245 442.422
HC CH
479-23-2 477-75-8
254.325 254.325
pa ye lf (bz-al) 174 cry (cyhex) 256
HC NS
583-39-1
150.201
H CNO HC O H8O 8C C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C8H8OS
615-16-7 493-09-4 496-16-2 493-05-0 493-08-3 119-84-6 491-37-2 13414-95-4
134.135 136.149 120.149 134.174 134.174 148.159 148.159 152.214
pl (dil al or NH3) lf (w or al)
C9H8OS
3528-17-4
164.224
59-98-3 6779-87-9 125-28-0 482-66-6
160.215 239.231 301.381 218.293
494-19-9 1210-35-1
195.260 208.255
332-77-4 493-49-2
130.141 207.226
mcl pr (w, al)
60-80-0
188.225
lf or sc (eth, bz) 114
C6O2 4H C15H8O4
543-75-9 117-78-2
86.090 252.223
ye nd (HOAc)
C14H8O8S2
117-14-6
368.339
C14H8O8S2
84-50-4
368.339
20 14 20 14
7 6 2
7 6 2 8 8 2
HC N HC N O CH23NO3 18 CH14 17 10 12 2
9 13 5 3
H13N 14C C15H12O 6HC 10O3 C11H13NO3
CH N O
11 12 2
liq liq
tab or pr bl nd
liq
lf
mp/˚C 70 -13.1 -9
239.3 111 485 dec
bp/˚C 360 298 236; 751 226 348; 182.54 2105 230; 13620 305
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.841620 0.788920 0.793620 0.94120
1.460620 1.433920 1.420420
i H2O; s eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth; sl ctc
0.841120
1.458620
1.21520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO 2, dil alk i2O; H s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol
298
vs EtOH
318 dec
sl2H O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH
-21.5 4 4.8 25 36.5
212; 1036 188.5 11025, 9012 215; 9818 272 16050, 12713
1.18020 1.05825 1.06725 1.07220 1.16918 1.1291100
1.548520 1.549720 1.544420 1.544420 1.556320 1.5750
29
15412
1.248714
1.639520
cry (peth) 67 hyg nd (w) cry (aq, MeOH) 112.5 nd (al, petr) 135.5
vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O; msc os i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl chl
s H2O 24815 i 2HO; s EtOH, peth s chl
30
2037
1.163520
1.632420
161
1.07325
1.433920
175
291
ye nd (HCl 310 dec +4w) pl (dil HOAc)
vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 319 94.1 sub
vs 2HO, EtOH 1.083620
1.437220
s ctc sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc
vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3584 3585 3586 3587 3588 3589 3590 3591 3592 3593
Name
O O
O O N H
S
O Diheptyl phthalate
Diheptyl sulfide
O
O O
O
Dihexylamine
Dihexylether
Dihexylhexanedioate
O
O H
O O
O
O
O HN NH O
O
O
O
H O
S
Dihexylphthalate
Dihexylsulfide
H N
9,10-Dihydroanthracene
H N S N H
3-193
1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione
6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone
1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene
O
O
N H 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthracene
O
O
15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1
O
O
O
1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one
2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin
2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran
O
3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran
3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran
O O
N
N O
O
S
O
3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
OH
N H
S
6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5 H)-one
O
OH
O
O
2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one
4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1 H-imidazole
N H
O
NH NH2
N
H
N
HO
7,8-Dihydrobiopterin
Dihydrocodeine
O
16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene
NH
O
N H
O
O
10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine
10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one
O
O
2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran
O 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2 H)-isoquinolinone
OH OO S O O O
N
N
2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin
O
O
O S OO OH 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid
HO
OH O
O
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid
O S
OH
O O
1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3 H-pyrazol-3-one
O
S O
O
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
Synonym
3619 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid
Mol. Wt.
C14H8O5S
82-49-5
288.276
84-48-0
288.276
lf (HOAc) ye lf 216.0 (conc HCl, +3w) ye lf (+3w)
128-56-3
310.258
ye lf (w)
131-08-8
310.258
4033-27-6 1191-99-7 1708-29-8 54-06-8
443.413 70.090 70.090 179.172
ye cry
24425-40-9 6351-10-6 1470-94-6 83-33-0 615-13-4 768-22-9
133.190 134.174 134.174 132.159 132.159 132.159
nd (peth) pl (peth)
496-15-1 59-48-3 480-91-1 462-20-4 1078-19-9
119.164 133.148 133.148 208.342 176.212
nd (w) 128 nd (w) 151 ye liq cry (MeOH, lig) 78
229 1.06920 22723, 19517 338; 10318 1450.2 17111
4454-05-1 56-49-5
114.142 268.352
liq ye nd (bz)
128 28080
1746-11-8 2170-03-8
134.174 112.084
HCO H CO H8O2 5C H8O2 5C H8O2 5C
547-65-9 4100-80-5 1679-47-6 1679-49-8 57129-69-8
98.101 114.100 100.117 100.117 100.117
liq liq liq
H CN HNS C
534-26-9 60-56-0
84.120 114.169
hyg lf (al)
3649 3650
C10H12 C11H12O
767-58-8 1590-08-5
132.202 160.212
3651
C10H10N2O4S
89-36-1
254.262
3652
C10H10N2O
19735-89-8
174.198
5 6 2 5 6 3
4 8 2 4 6 2
bp/˚C
nD
Solubility vs H2O, HOAc; s EtOH
vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl 2HO sl DMSO
54.5
0.92725
1.423920 1.431120
125 dec
ta, nd (w + 3) nd (al, eth)
37.5 54.8 58 42 59 24.5
180
248; 13115 220; 12812 253 243; 12912 dec 218 11320, 986
1.094340 1.071269 1.125524
1.006 1.2820
1.56125 1.53867
1.592320
sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz vs bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl
1.442020 i H2O
197.5 1.06125 13930, 11418
1.5308
1.465020
s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH
-31
8510 239 200; 7910 7611 206
1.432520 1.433920 1.432820
msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc
107 146
196.5 dec 280 190.6 13616
0.93825 1.05725
1.526620 1.553520
i H2O
15
287105, 19117
1.260020
1.637
s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth
orth bipym pr 69 (eth, chl) 34
nd (w+1)
vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz
1.120620 1.2225 1.057020 1.05820 1.055120
sl eth; vs chl
vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl vs 2HO; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig
ª300 dec 128
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-194
3647 3648
Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3 H)-furanone a-Methylene butyrolactone Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone 2-Methylg-butyrolactone Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3-Methylg-butyrolactone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone, (±)-g-Valerolactone (±) 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1 H-imidazole Lysidine 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2 H-imidazole- Methimazole 2-thione 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1 H-indene 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2 H)naphthalenone 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1 Hpyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3 H- 5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1pyrazol-3-one phenylpyrazole
mp/˚C
den/g cm-3
CAS RN
C14H8O5S 3620 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid 3621 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1Sodium anthraquinone-1-sulfonate 14H7CNaO5S anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 3622 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2C14H7NaO5S anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 3623 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid 19HC 21N7O6 H6O 3624 2,3-Dihydrofuran 4C 3625 2,5-Dihydrofuran H6O 4C 3626 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1 H- Adrenochrome C9H9NO3 indole-5,6-dione H11N 3627 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine 9C 3628 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol C9H10O 3629 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol C9H10O 3630 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one C9H8O 3631 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one 2-Indanone C9H8O 3632 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2C9H8O b]oxirene 3633 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole C8H9N 3634 1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one C8H7NO 3635 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one C7NO 8H S2 3636 Dihydro-a-lipoic acid 6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid 8H16O2C 3637 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2 H)6-Methoxy-a-tetralone CH12O2 11 naphthalenone 3638 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2 H-pyran C6H10O2 3639 1,2-Dihydro-33-Methylcholanthrene H16 21C methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene 3640 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran 9HC10O O3 3641 Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione 5H4C 3642 3643 3644 3645 3646
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
OH OO S O
O
O S
O
OH
SO3Na
O SO3Na
O O
O
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid
O
HO
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid,sodiumsalt
O
N H
O
O
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid,sodiumsalt
O N H
N
OH O
NH
N H
N
NH2
2,3-Dihydrofuran
2,5-Dihydrofuran
N
O
O
O
7,8-Dihydrofolic acid
OH H2N
2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1 H-indole-5,6-dione
2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine
2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol
O O O
3-195
HO 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol
2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one
1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene
O
2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole
1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one
1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene
2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran
2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one
O
O HS
N H
N H
1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one
NH
O
OH SH
O
O
Dihydro-a-lipoic acid
3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2 H)-naphthalenone
O
O
O
3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2 H-pyran
O
O
Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione
N O
O
Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3 H)-furanone
O
O
O
Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione
O
Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone
O
NH N
O
O
O
O
Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone
Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3 H)-furanone,(±)
N
O S OH O
O 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1 H-indene
3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2 H)-naphthalenone
4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1 H-imidazole
O
H N
S
1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2 H-imidazole-2-thione
N H
O
4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid
N H
N
1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3 H-pyrazol-3-one
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
HO
O
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid
No.
Name
Synonym
3679 3680 3681 3682 3683 3684 3685 3686
Dihydrotachysterol Dihydrothebaine 4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide 3-Sulfolene Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1 H,5H)2-Thiobarbituric acid pyrimidinedione 3687 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1 H)2-Thiouracil pyrimidinone 3688 1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3thione 3689 (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2 Hindol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
C10H10N2O
89-25-8
174.198
mcl pr (w)
127
C6H10O NS 4H7C CH10 10 10CH10 C10H10O 12HC9NO2 C6H5NO3
16302-35-5 2346-00-1 447-53-0 612-17-9 530-93-8 602-87-9 5006-66-6
98.142 101.171 130.186 130.186 146.185 199.205 139.109
liq liq pl
nd(w)
-101 -8 25 18 103 310 dec
287105, 19117 117.5 145 206.5 211.5 237
H CO CH C15H12O2
104-61-0 776-35-2 487-26-3
156.222 180.245 224.255
oil nd (MeOH) nd (lig)
34.5 76
C10H13ClN2
59-97-2
196.676
7 6 4
HC N O CH N S
2207-50-3 86-93-1
162.187 178.215
CH O 7HC 10N2OS
105-21-5 51-52-5
128.169 170.231
50-44-2 110-87-2 3174-74-1 108-55-4 109-98-8 123-33-1 504-07-4 109-96-6 553-03-7 15804-19-0
152.178 84.117 84.117 114.100 70.093 112.087 114.103 69.106 147.173 162.146
H O C CH NO3 N2S 3H6C C6S 4H C6S 4H S 4H6O2C H6OS 4C N2O2S 4H4C
67-96-9 561-25-1 1779-81-3 1120-59-8 1708-32-3 77-79-2 1003-10-7 504-17-6
H C N OS
9 16 2 14 12
9 10 2
7 12 2
N4S 5H4C C5H8O C5H8O C5H6O3 H6N2 3C 4H4NC 2O2 4H6NC 2O2 H7N 4C NO 9H9C 8H6N2OC 2
den/g cm-3
nD
0.91225 1.06725 0.997420 0.992833 1.105527
1.449520 1.520020 1.581420 1.557720 1.559820
1.075740
1.641520
sub 13412 16815
Solubility
1.637
i H2O; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl
s chl i2H O; s ace, bz; sl ctc
174 cry (bz)
137 145
w pow (w)
219
845
1.438525 sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz
ye pr (w, + l w) 313 dec liq 56.3
86 95 15815 144
0.92119 0.9419 1.411020 1.020017
1.440219
90.5 20145
0.909720
1.466420
1.1825
1.523020
1.479617
i H2O; s alk s H2O, EtOH; sl chl
vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, tfa vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc i H2O; s os i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl
cry (w) nd (w)
307 275.5
pr (al, eth) nd (w)
163.5 410
398.664 313.391 102.158 86.156 86.156 118.155 102.155 144.152
cry (MeOH)
131 162.5 85.3
pl (w)
235 dec
sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl
141-90-2
128.152
pr (w, al)
>340 dec
sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF
C2H3N3S
3179-31-5
101.130
222.5
s DMSO
C13H15NO
84-83-3
201.264
28 46 19 23
4 4 2
nd or lf (bz)
dec 112.1 122.4
64.5
s chl 11152, 391
s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-196
3653 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3 Hpyrazol-3-one H-pyran 3654 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2 3655 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole 3656 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 3657 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene D 2-Dialin 3658 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone 3659 1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene 3660 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 3661 Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3 H)-furanone 4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone 3662 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene 3663 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 3664 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1 Himidazole, monohydrochloride 3665 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine Aminorex 3666 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole- 1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1H-tetrazole 5-thione 3667 Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone g-Propyl-g-butyrolactone 3668 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1 H) Propylthiouracil -pyrimidinone 3669 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione 6-Mercaptopurine 3670 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3671 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3672 Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione 3673 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole 2-Pyrazoline 3674 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione Maleic hydrazide 3675 Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 5,6-Dihydrouracil 3676 2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole 3-Pyrroline 3677 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone Hydrocarbostyril 3678 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione 2,3-Quinoxalinediol
Mol. Form.
O
N
N N O
2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3 H-pyrazol-3-one
O
S
3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2 H-pyran
O
4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole
1,2-Dihydronaphthalene
1,4-Dihydronaphthalene
3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone
O
N H
1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
HCl
O
O
Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3 H)-furanone
9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene
HN N N N
2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one
O
S NH
1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5 H-tetrazole-5-thione
N H
O
O
Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3 H)-furanone
N
N
2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1 H)-pyrimidinone
4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1 H-imidazole, monohydrochloride
NH2
4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine
H N
HN
S
O
N H
1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione
O
O
3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran
3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran
O
O
O
Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione
3-197 O O N H
N
O
4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole
N H
NH
NH
N H
1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione
O
Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
N H
N H
2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole
3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone
O
H N
O
N H
O
HO
1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione
Dihydrotachysterol
O O O H
S
O Dihydrothebaine
NH
N
N
NH2
S
4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine
2,3-Dihydrothiophene
S
O
2,5-Dihydrothiophene
S
O
S
2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide
O
O
Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone
N H
S
2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1 H)-pyrimidinone
S HN N
NH
1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione
N
S
Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1 H,5H)-pyrimidinedione
O NH
N H
O
(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2 H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
N
OH
S
O
1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene
O
O
O
N
No.
Name
Synonym
3690 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3phenyl-1H-indene 3691 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline 3692 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Quinizarin
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
C18H20
3910-35-8
236.352
tcl pr (al)
52.5
14 8 4
H N C HO C
147-47-7 81-64-1
173.254 240.212
12 15
bp/˚C 308.5
den/g cm-3 20 1.0009
nD
Solubility
1.568120
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH
26.5 200
260; 13213
280
sub
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS 2; s bz
193
sub
360 dec 353.8
sub
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl
173
1400.001
108 135
235; 12016 22 226
100.0 153 dec 168
sub
Anthrarufin
14 8 4
HC O
117-12-4
240.212
3694 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
Danthron
14 8 4
HC O
117-10-2
240.212
CH O CH O
84-60-6 572-93-0
240.212 240.212
C12H10N2O2
2050-14-8
214.219
C7H6O3 C7H6O3
24677-78-9 95-01-2
138.121 138.121
C7H6O3 7HC 6O3 C3 7H7NO
1194-98-5 139-85-5 89-73-6
138.121 138.121 153.136
ye nd (bz) lf (w, to) nd (HOAc)
8 8 4
HOC
451-13-8
168.148
HC O C6O4 7H 7H6O4C
303-38-8 89-86-1 490-79-9
154.121 154.121 154.121
pr (w+1), lf (al- 153 chl) pr or nd (w+1) 205.5 cry (+w) 226 dec nd or pr (w) 199.5
1.54220
303-07-1 99-50-3 99-10-5 835-11-0 611-99-4 305-01-1
154.121 154.121 154.121 214.216 214.216 178.142
nd (+w) mcl nd (w+1) pr or nd
Daphnetin
9 6 4
CH O
486-35-1
178.142
167 dec 201 dec 239 59.5 nd (lig), cry (w) 210 nd (w), pr 276 (HOAc) lf (sub) ye nd (dil al) 262
1.5244
Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone Esculetin
HC O H OC C6O4 7H C10O3 13H C10O3 13H H6O4 9C
Hyodeoxycholic acid
HCO 24CH40O4
1518-62-3 83-49-8
120.105 392.573
liq cry (AcOEt)
198.5
sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc
Ursodiol
C24H40O4
128-13-2
392.573
pl (al)
203
vs EtOH; sl eth
Chenodiol
C24H40O4
474-25-9
392.573
32222-06-3 615-94-1
416.636 140.094
nd (EtOAc+hep) wh cry pow dk ye nd
80-72-8
114.100
3695 2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 3696 2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
14 8 4 14 8 4
3697 2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene 3698 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3699 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3700 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3701 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde 3702 N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide 3703 2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid
3-198
3704 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3705 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3706 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711 3712
2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone 6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2one
3713 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 3714 2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid 3715 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3a,5b,6a) 3716 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3a,5b,7b) 3717 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3a,5b,7a) 3718 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol 3719 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 3720 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one
b-Resorcylaldehyde
Protocatechualdehyde Salicylhydroxamic acid Homogentisic acid
7 6 4
b-Resorcylic acid Gentisic acid
7 6 4
Protocatechuic acid
7 6 4
4 8 4
Calcitriol
Reductic acid
27H44O3C C6H4O4
H OC
5 6 3
s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf
i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk vs ace, EtOH, HOAc s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz vs H2O, EtOH, chl s 2HO; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl
333 1.133131 sub
sub
s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS 2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS 2 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt s 2HO, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS 2
963
119 115 211 212
i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3693 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
ye red lf (eth) dk red nd pa ye pl (gl HOAc) red or red-ye nd or lf (al) ye nd (al) ye nd (+1w, dil al) nd (sub) gold-ye lf (bz), nd (al) ye nd nd (eth-lig)
O
O
OH
OH
OH O
OH
O OH HO
N H 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1 H-indene
O
1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline
OH O
OH
1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
O
1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
O
1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
N N
O 2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
3-199
2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid
2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
HO
2,4-Dihydroxybenzoicacid
OH O
OH
OH
OH HO
OH
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoicacid
OH
N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide
OH
HO
OH
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoicacid
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
O O
OH
O
N H OH
OH
HO
2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
O
OH
OH OH
OH
OH 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
HO
HO
O OH OH
2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene
O
O O
OH
2,6-Dihydroxybenzoicacid
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoicacid
OH
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoicacid
O OH
OH O
O
OH
O
HO HO HO
2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone
HO
OH 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone
O
O
O
7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
HO
2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid
H
OH
3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid,(3a,5b,6a)
OH
O OH
OH OH
OH
6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
O
O
HO
OH H
O OH
O OH
HO
H
OH
3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid,(3a,5b,7b)
HO
H
OH
3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid,(3a,5b,7a)
HO HO
OH 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
O 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
OH 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O HO
2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
3682-91-5
174.237
pale ye cry
2467-02-9 2664-63-3 481-72-1
200.233 218.271 270.237
526-84-1 55-10-7
148.071 198.172
118.3 mcl pr or lf (al) 151 oran ye nd (to, 223.5 al) pl (w+2) 155 dec sc (bz-eth) 132 dec
574-84-5
208.168
pl (dil al)
491-80-5
284.263
214.8
479-21-0
244.243
437-50-3
258.226
ye pr (chl) lf or 130.5 nd (w) ye orth 266.5
481-74-3
254.238
480-64-8
168.148
C10H8O4
2107-76-8
192.169
C10H8O4
529-84-0
192.169
H CO
475-38-7
190.153
10 8 8 2
CH O S
148-25-4
CH NO4
3721 2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4Di(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) ketone 9HC18O3 heptanone O2 3722 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane 2,2’-Methylenebisphenol 13H12C 3723 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide 4,4’-Thiobisphenol CO2S 12H10 3724 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)- Aloe-emodol C15H10O5 9,10-anthracenedione 3725 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid Dihydroxymaleic acid 4H4O6C Vanilmandelic acid 3726 a,4-Dihydroxy-39HC 10O5 methoxybenzeneacetic acid H-1Fraxetin CH8O5 3727 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2 10 benzopyran-2-one 3728 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)C16H12O5 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 3729 (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) Cotoin CH12O4 14 phenylmethanone H10O5 3730 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9 HGentisin 14C xanthen-9-one 3731 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10Chrysophanic acid CH10O4 15 anthracenedione 3732 2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acido-Orsellinic acid 8HC 8O4
3-200
3733 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3734 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3735 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione
3736 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7Chromotropic acid naphthalenedisulfonic acid 3737 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3Alizarin Blue f]quinoline-7,12-dione 3738 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10Alizarin Orange anthracenedione 3739 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid,Phloionic acid (R*,R*)-(±) 3740 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid 9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid 3741 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1Chrysin benzopyran-4-one 3742 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone Resacetophenone 3743 (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) Benzoresorcinol phenylmethanone 3744 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2Caffeic acid propenoic acid 3745 Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide Benzenestibonic acid 3746 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene- Prednisone 3,11,20-trione 3747 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20- 11-Deoxy-17-hydrocorticosterone dione
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
363
1.28025
sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth
231
vs EtOH
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i 2HO; vs EtOH; i ace; s py sub
sub
320.296
dk red mcl pr 232 (bz) red-br nd (al) nd or lf (w+2)
568-02-5
291.258
br-viol nd (bz)
CH NO6
568-93-4
285.209
HC O
23843-52-9
346.459
oran nd or pl (HOAc) cry (al)
18H36OC 4 C15H10O4
120-87-6 480-40-0
316.477 254.238
90 lt ye pr (MeOH) 285.5
C8O3 8H C13H10O3
89-84-9 131-56-6
152.148 214.216
nd or lf nd (w)
146 144
HCO
331-39-5
180.158
ye pr, pl (w)
225 dec
C 6H7O3Sb C21H26O5
535-46-6 53-03-2
248.878 358.428
nd (HOAc)
139 234 dec
CH O
152-58-9
346.461
17 9
14 7
18 34 6
9 8 4
21 30 4
0.9225
vs bz, HOAc s EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk s 2HO, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc
s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth
269 244 dec
Solubility
sl2O, H EtOH, eth, CS 2 vs bz, eth, EtOH
sub
ye hex or mcl 196 nd (sub) nd (dil HOAc, 176 dec +1w) nd (al), lf 283 (HOAc) ye nd (dil al) 275
10 6 4
nD
vs bz, gl HOAc sub
sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc
126
215
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i2HO; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS 2 1.18141
i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl vs EtOH
vs ace, EtOH, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
HO OH
OH
HO
OH
2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone
2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane
OH 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide
HO
O
O
HO
7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one
OH O O
O
OH
a,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid
OH O
O
O
5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one
HO
OH
OH
(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone
O OH
OH
OH HO
HO O
O
OH
O
1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9 H-xanthen-9-one
1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione
3-201
OH O
HO
O
O
S
S
O
HO
2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid
O
HO
O
5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one
O
OH
O
O N
OH OH
O OH HO
OH O 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione
O
6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one
O
OH
4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
OH
O
5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dione
N O
1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione
O
OH O O
OH
OH OH
HO OH
OH
O HO
OH
O
OH
9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one
O O O
OH
O
OH
9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid,(R*,R*)-(±)
OH
O
O HO Sb OH
O
1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone
O
OH OH
OH OH
HO OH (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone
OH 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
O Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide
17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione
O 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
HO
O
2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid
O
OH O
OH O
1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione
O
OH
HO
O
OH OH
OH
S
O HO
O
HO
OH
No.
Name
3748 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione 3749 2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)
3755 3756 3757 3758 3759
Cortisone
3-202
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
CH28O5 21
53-06-5
360.444
C3H6O3
56-82-6
90.078
6000-40-4 96-26-4 2277-23-8 26402-26-6 59-00-7
106.078 90.078 246.343 218.291 205.168
76-30-2 536-08-3
182.086 322.224
518-44-5
334.322
624-74-8 533-70-0
277.830 344.920
6 42
HCI HCI
615-42-9 626-00-6
329.905 329.905
HCI HC I C4I2 2H
624-38-4 628-21-7 624-73-7
329.905 309.916 281.862
HCI CH I O 6H12IC 2 2I 2 CH NO3 6H3I 2C
590-26-1 38577-97-8 629-09-4 75-11-6 305-85-1
279.846 584.099 337.968 267.836 390.902
H I C CH I 3H6I 2 C
628-77-3 598-29-8 627-31-6
323.942 295.889 295.889
9 52
HIC NO
83-73-8
396.951
CH I NO3
300-39-0
432.981
141-04-8 1779-25-5 1191-15-7 110-96-3
258.354 176.664 142.219 129.244
539-92-4 628-55-7 84-69-5 592-65-4
174.237 130.228 278.344 146.294
Glyceric acid C6O4 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid,R)( 3H 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone Dihydroxyacetone C6O3 3H 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate Decanoic acid glycerol monoester 13H26CO4 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate Octanoic acid glycerol monoester 11H22OC4 H7NO4 4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylicXanthurenic acid 10C acid O8 Dihydroxytartaric acid 4H6C 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5Digallic acid C10O9 14H trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl) Fluorescin C20H14O5 benzoic acid Diiodoacetylene 2I 2C I2N 2,4-Diiodoaniline 6H5C
3760 o-Diiodobenzene 3761 m-Diiodobenzene
1,2-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene
3762 p-Diiodobenzene 3763 1,4-Diiodobutane 3764 1,2-Diiodoethane
1,4-Diiodobenzene
3765 3766 3767 3768 3769
Mol. Form.
cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein 1,6-Diiodohexane Diiodomethane 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol
3770 1,5-Diiodopentane 3771 1,2-Diiodopropane 3772 1,3-Diiodopropane 3773 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol
Diisobutyl adipate Diisobutylaluminum chloride Diisobutylaluminum hydride Diisobutylamine
3779 3780 3781 3782
Diisobutyl carbonate Diisobutyl ether Diisobutyl phthalate Diisobutyl sulfide
6 42 4 82
cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene
2 22
20 10 2 5
Hexamethylene diiodide Methylene iodide Disophenol Pentamethylene diiodide
5 10 2 3 62
Trimethylene diiodide Iodoquinol
3774 3,5-DiiodoL-tyrosine 3775 3776 3777 3778
6 42
9 92
H CO H AlCl C C 8H19Al C8H19N 14 26 4 8 18
2-MethylN-(2-methylpropyl)-1propanamine
HCO C 8H18O CO4 16H22 8HC 18S 9 18 3
1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane]
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
222 nd or pr (40% MeOH) thick gum pr (peth) cry (peth) ye micry cry (w) nf (dil al + 1w)
145
liq
1.45318
s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig
dec s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig
i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz
114.5 269 dec
-20
hyg col liq liq liq
1450.8
90 53 40 289
col or ye nd 126 (eth), pl (bz) orth nd (lig) 81.5 br nd or orth 95.5 cry (al) pl or pr (lig) 27 orth pl or pr 40.4 (eth-al) orth lf (al) 131.5 5.8 ye mcl pr or 83 orth (eth) -14 oran-red pow nd 9.5 ye nd or lf 6.1 lt ye cry (gl 157 HOAc) 9
ye nd (HOAc, xyl) ye nd (w, 70% al)
Solubility sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace
vs ace, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc exp
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
2.74825 3 287; 100 285
2.5420 2.4725
1.717920
285 12515 dec 200
2.349425 3.32520
1.618425 1.87120
72.516
3.062520
16317, 14110 2.034225 182 3.321120
1.583725 1.741120
14920, 1013
1.598725
dec 227; 11019
2.169225 2.49018 2.561225
1.639125
i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl i2O;H s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl ctc; s os sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s eth, chl sl H2O; s alk, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl
210
sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk
213
sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz 0.954319 0.905
-73.5
293; 18715 10 152 4, 850.5 140 139.6
-105.5
190 122.6 296.5; 1594 171
0.913820 0.76115 1.049015 0.836310
-40
1.430120 1.450620 1.409020 1.407220
s eth, hx s cyhex, eth, bz, tol sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3750 3751 3752 3753 3754
Synonym
O
OH OH
O
O OH
HO O
HO
O 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione
O O
OH
2,3-Dihydroxypropanal,(±)
2,3-Dihydroxypropanoicacid,(R)
HO
OH
N
OH
OH
O
4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid
O
O
NH2 I
O
OH
I
OH
OH
Dihydroxytartaric acid
OH
I
OH
HO
O HO OH
2,3-Dihydroxypropyloctanoate
3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid
I
2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid
I
I
Diiodoacetylene
2,4-Diiodoaniline
o-Diiodobenzene
O OH
3-203
I
O
I
I
I
I
m-Diiodobenzene
I
I
I
p-Diiodobenzene
HO
I
I 1,4-Diiodobutane
I
I
1,2-Diiodoethane
cis-1,2-Diiodoethene
OH
O I
I
I
4,4’-Diiodofluorescein
I
I 1,5-Diiodopentane
I I
I
1,2-Diiodopropane
I
I
1,3-Diiodopropane
H I
I 1,6-Diiodohexane
O
Diiodomethane
OH NH2
HO
N OH
O O
O
5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol
Cl Al
O
I 3,5-DiiodoL-tyrosine
Diisobutyl adipate
Diisobutylaluminum chloride
O O
O
Diisobutylaluminum hydride
H N Diisobutylamine
O
2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol
O
H Al
N
O I
I
H
I
O
O
Diisobutyl carbonate
O Diisobutyl ether
O Diisobutyl phthalate
S Diisobutyl sulfide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
HO OH O
OH OH
2,3-Dihydroxypropyldecanoate
HO
HO
O
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone
O
OH
O
HO
OH
O
No.
3-204
3802 3803 3804 3805 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819 3820 3821 3822 3823 3824
Synonym
Mol. Form.
1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene C4N2O2 8H 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene C4N2O2 8H Diisodecyl phthalate Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate 28H46O4 C Diisononyl phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate 26H42O4 C Diisooctyl adipate CO4 22H42 Diisooctyl phthalate CO4 24H38 N-isopentyl-1-butanamine 10HC23N Diisopentylamine 3-MethylDiisopentyl ether Diisoamyl ether 10H22OC Diisopentyl phthalate Diisoamyl phthalate 18H26O4 C Diisopentyl sulfide C22S 10H Diisopropanolamine 1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol C 2 6H15NO Diisopropyl adipate 12HC 22O4 Diisopropylamine N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine C6H15N 2,6-Diisopropylaniline CN 12H19 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene 12CH18 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene 12CH18 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene 12CH18 p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide C18O2 12H N,N-Diisopropyl-2C13H18N2S2 benzothiazolesulfenamide N2 N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide 7H14C Diisopropyl disulfide 6HC 14S2 N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine N,N-Diisopropyl-2-aminoethanol 8H19CNO Diisopropyl ether Isopropyl ether CO 6H14 Diisopropyl methylphosphonate CO3P 7H17 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene C20 16H Diisopropyl oxalate 8HC 14O4 Diisopropyl phosphonate 6HC15O3P O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate C2PS2 6H15O Diisopropyl phthalate 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, C14H18O4 diisopropyl ester Diisopropyl sulfide C14S 6H Diisopropyl tartrate, (±) CO6 10H18 Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate Diisopropyl dixanthogen 8H14O2S4C S2 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene Bitoscanate 8H4N2C H4O2 Diketene 4C Dilactic acid 2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid 6H10OC 5 Dimefline CH21NO3 20 Dimefox Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic C4H12FN2OP fluoride Dimemorfan 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan,a,13 (9 C18H25N a,14 a)2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid C4S2 4H6O 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol 4HC 10O2S2 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 2-Mercaptoethyl ether C2 4H10OS 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol Dimercaprol 3HC 8OS2
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
51 95 -50
1038 11714 2534
0.96620
2104 370 188 172.5 dec 334 211 250; 15123 1206.5 83.9 257 204 203.2 210.3 1231
0.767221 0.777720 1.020916 0.832320 0.98920 0.956920 0.715320 0.9425 0.870120 0.855920 0.856820 0.993220
1.423520 1.408520 1.487120 1.452020
147 177 190 68.4 663
0.80625 0.943520 0.82625 0.719225
1.432020 1.491620 1.441720 1.365825 1.412016
190 9740, 7610 713 13012
1.00220 0.997018 1.0920 1.061515
1.410020
120.0 275; 15412
0.814220 1.116620
1.443820
1.087720
1.437920
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
123-61-5 104-49-4 26761-40-0 28553-12-0 1330-86-5 27554-26-3 544-00-3 544-01-4 605-50-5 544-02-5 110-97-4 6938-94-9 108-18-9 24544-04-5 577-55-9 99-62-7 100-18-5 98-49-7 95-29-4
160.130 160.130 446.663 418.609 370.566 390.557 157.297 158.281 306.397 174.347 133.189 230.301 101.190 177.286 162.271 162.271 162.271 194.270 266.425
693-13-0 4253-89-8 96-80-0 108-20-3 1445-75-6 24157-81-1 615-81-6 1809-20-7 107-56-2 605-45-8
126.199 150.305 145.243 102.174 180.182 212.330 174.195 166.155 214.286 250.291
625-80-9 58167-01-4 105-65-7 4044-65-9 674-82-8 19201-34-4 1165-48-6 115-26-4
118.240 234.246 270.456 192.261 84.074 162.140 323.386 154.122
-78.1 34 52 nd (ace, HOAc) 132 liq -6.5 orth 112.5 109.5 liq
36309-01-0
255.399
ye oil
2418-14-6 7634-42-6 2150-02-9 59-52-9
182.219 154.251 138.251 124.225
wh cry (MeOH) 193 42.5 liq -80
cry cry liq col liq
liq
-44
liq cry
-74.6 44.5 -0.6 -61 -45 -57 -63.1 -17 30.1 59.0
liq liq liq liq liq waxy cry
liq
-69
liq
-85.4
cry (MeOH)
nD
Solubility
i H2O; s os i2O; H s ace, MeOH; bz, eth
1.424720 1.392420 1.533220 1.496020 1.488320 1.489820
i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs ace, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc
70
liq
liq
92
126.1
8615
1.115120
vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl
1.490020
1.426720
i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl
vs H2O, eth s chl vs H2O, bz, eth
1330.3
s chl 217; 642 830.8
1.11420 1.246320
1.574920
s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3783 3784 3785 3786 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3796 3797 3798 3799 3800 3801
Name
N
C
O
C
N
O O
N C O
O
O O
N
O O
O
1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene
O O
O Diisodecyl phthalate
O O
Diisononyl phthalate
O
Diisooctyl adipate
O O O
O O N H
O Diisooctyl phthalate
O
O
Diisopentylamine
O OH
Diisopentyl ether
S
Diisopentyl phthalate
Diisopentyl sulfide
O
O
OH
H N
O O
Diisopropanolamine
Diisopropyl adipate
OH
NH2
N S N
3-205
N H
S
Diisopropylamine
2,6-Diisopropylaniline
1,2-Diisopropylbenzene
1,3-Diisopropylbenzene
1,4-Diisopropylbenzene
p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
O S
S
N
O O P O
OH O
Diisopropyl disulfide
N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine
Diisopropyl ether
O
O O P O H
O O
Diisopropyl methylphosphonate
2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene
N C N
N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide
Diisopropyl oxalate
S O P O SH
Diisopropyl phosphonate
O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate
O O O
O
OH
O
O
S
S
OH O
S
Diisopropyl phthalate
S O
O Diisopropyl sulfide
S
Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)
O
O S C N
Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate
O
N C S
O
1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene
HO
Diketene
O O
OH
Dilactic acid
O
O
O
O N N Dimefline
P
O N
F Dimefox
H
N
Dimemorfan
SH
OH OH
HO SH
O
2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid
HS
SH OH
1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol
HS
O
HS SH
2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether
OH SH
2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene
C
O
No.
Name
® 3825 Dimetan 3826 Dimethipin
3827 Dimethirimol 3828 Dimethisoquin
3-206
3833 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 3840 3841 3842 3843 3844 3845 3846 3847 3848
Dimethoxane 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3benzodioxole 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid
3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’diisocyanate 3849 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3850 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3851 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
122-15-6 55290-64-7
211.258 210.271
cry
46 165
17511
5221-53-4
209.288
nd
102
86-80-6
272.385
828-00-2 1201-38-3 93-15-2 523-80-8
174.195 180.200 178.228 222.237
liq cry liq nd
H CNO2 H CNO2 CNO2 8H11 H10O3 9C H10O3 9C 9HC 10O3 H10O3 9C C10O2 8H H10O2 8C H10O2 8C 10HC 12O4
2735-04-8 102-56-7 6315-89-5 613-45-6 93-02-7 120-14-9 7311-34-4 91-16-7 151-10-0 150-78-7 93-40-3
153.179 153.179 153.179 166.173 166.173 166.173 166.173 138.164 138.164 138.164 196.200
pl (lig)
HC NO2 HC NO2 C12O3 9H 14H16NC 2O2 C16H12N2O4
120-20-7 5763-61-1 93-03-8 119-90-4 91-93-0
181.232 167.205 168.189 244.289 296.277
HC O HC O 9H10OC4
91-52-1 1466-76-8 93-07-2
182.173 182.173 182.173
HC O CH O C10O4 11H
1132-21-4 119-52-8 487-06-9
182.173 272.296 206.195
H C O CH BO2 C12O3 6H C8H8O4
2132-80-1 4542-61-4 5436-21-5 530-55-2
214.260 73.887 132.157 168.148
H C O Si HC O Si O2 14H30C 4HC 11NO2
1112-39-6 6843-66-9 14620-52-1 22483-09-6
120.223 244.362 230.387 105.136
C11H17NO3 2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4- C6H10O4S2 dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6- C11H19N3O H)-one methylpyrimidin-4(1 C17H24N2O 2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl)oxy]N,N-dimethylethanamine 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol acetate 8H14OC 4 H12O3 10C C14O2 11H Apiole C12H14O4 8 11 8 11
Veratraldehyde Veratrole
10 15 9 13
Dianisidine
9 10 4 9 10 4
Veratric acid
3852 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3853 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin p-Anisoin 3854 5,7-Dimethoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2- Limettin one 3855 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl 3856 Dimethoxyborane 3857 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 3858 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene- 2,6-Dimethoxyp-quinone 1,4-dione 3859 Dimethoxydimethylsilane 3860 Dimethoxydiphenylsilane 3861 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal 3862 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine
Physical Form
CAS RN
9 10 4
16 16 4
14 14 2 2 7
4 12 2
14 16 2
visc oil lf or nd (w) cry
nd (w or HOAc) orth (sub) nd (w), pr (al) pr (dil al) pr or nd (al) lf (bz) vol liq or gas ye mcl pr (HOAc)
nD
1563
21 -2.0 29.5
8610 15614 254.7 294; 17935
s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace
1.065520 1.139 1.039620 1.01520
262.0 270 14 159 10 290; 165 270; 14610 10 281; 155 15116 206 217.5 212.6
1.081025 1.052125 1.037555
16414 15612, 1203 12 298; 172
1.14325 1.17817
1.548620
s H2O, EtOH
1.431020 1.544120 1.534020 1.536020
msc H2O; s os
1.582721 1.523120
1.546420 1.55517
137 112 108.5 186 dec 181 185.5 114.0 149 175 -130.6
Solubility
sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace
146
33.5 82.5 lf (eth) 87.5 nd (al or lig) 72 52 nd (eth, lig, to) 43 46.3 22.5 liq -52 lf (w) 59 cry (bz-peth) 98 nd (w+1)
den/g cm-3
i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig sl2H O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth s ctc s chl s H2O, EtOH i2H O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc sub
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl
sub
vs eth, EtOH sl2H O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig
dec 200
256
sub 25.9 505 sub
-78
82 286; 16115 1335 13795
0.864620 1.077120 0.96625
1.370820 1.544720 1.431025 1.417020
i2H O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth dec 2HO s ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc dec H2O vs eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3829 3830 3831 3832
Synonym
O O O S O
O
S O O
N
Dimethipin
Dimethirimol
NH2
O
O
N
O
O
Dimethisoquin
2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone
O
O
O
2,5-Dimethoxyaniline
O
O
O 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline
O
O
O
O
4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole
O
O O
1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene
O
O
NH2
O
O
Dimethoxane
O
NH2 O
O
O
N
O
O
3,4-Dimethoxyaniline
O
O
2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
O
3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
O
O
3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
1,2-Dimethoxybenzene
1,3-Dimethoxybenzene
O NH2
3-207
OH O
O O
O
O O
O
O
O
H2N
O
2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
OH
O NH2
O
O C N
3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine
O
3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
O
O
O O
2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
O
N C O
3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate
OH
OH
O
O
3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol
OH O
O O
O
3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid
OH
O
O
O
1,4-Dimethoxybenzene
NH2
O
O
3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
OH 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin
O
O
O
O
O
5,7-Dimethoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one
O 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl
O O H O
B
O O
Dimethoxyborane
O
O
O 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone
O 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
O Si O Dimethoxydimethylsilane
O Si O Dimethoxydiphenylsilane
O
O O
1,1-Dimethoxydodecane
O
NH2
2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
® Dimetan
N
O
N
N
O
O
O
OH
No. 3863 3864 3865 3866 3867
3870 3871 3872 3873 3874 3875 3876 3877 3878
3-208
3879 3880 3881 3882 3883 3884 3885 3886 3887 3888 3889 3890 3891 3892 3893 3894 3895 3896 3897 3898 3899 3900 3901
Synonym
Mol. Form.
1,2-Dimethoxyethane Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 4H10O2C H14O2 (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene 10C NO3 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline Fagarine 13H11C 1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal 18H38O2C 2,4-Dimethoxy-6Xanthoxylin CH12O4 10 hydroxyacetophenone H12O3 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone 11C H)Meconin C10H10O4 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3 isobenzofuranone O2 Dimethoxymethane Methylal 3H8C 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene C12O2 9H 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene C12O2 9H 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene C12O2 9H N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine Dimethylformamide dimethyl 5acetal H13NO2 2,2-DimethoxyN-methylethanamine C13NO2 5H Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane O2Si 9H14C 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene 8HC 9NO4 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene 8HC 9NO4 H10O3 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol 8C H10O3 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 8C H12O3 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone 10C H12O2 1,1-Dimethoxypropane 5C 2,2-Dimethoxypropane H12O2 5C 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene H10O2 5C 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl) C11H14O2 benzene 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)-1,3- Apiole (Dill) C14O4 12H benzodioxole 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene C12O2 10H Dimethylacetal 4HC 10O2 N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylethanamide 4HC 9NO H16ClN3 2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine,Acridine Yellow 15C monohydrochloride Dimethyl adipate 8HC 14O4 3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate 3-Methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate 5H12O7PC 2 Dimethylamine N-Methylmethanamine C7N 2H Dimethylamine hydrochloride N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride2H8CClN (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 4H8N2C 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone 4-AcetylN,N-dimethylaniline 10HC 13NO 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10 HAhistan CH16N2OS 16 phenothiazine p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene C15N3 14H 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene o-Tolylazo4o-toluidine C15N3 14H 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde Ehrlich’s reagent C 9H11NO p-(Dimethylamino)benzalrhodanine 12HC 12N2OS2
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
110-71-4 101-48-4 524-15-2 2791-29-9 90-24-4
90.121 166.217 229.231 286.494 196.200
2107-69-9 569-31-3
192.211 194.184
109-87-5 494-99-5 4179-19-5 24599-58-4 C 4637-24-5 122-07-6 3027-21-2 709-09-1 89-39-4
76.095 152.190 152.190 152.190 119.163 119.163 182.292 183.162 183.162
Physical Form liq pr (al)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-69.20
84.50 193.5
cry (al)
142 10 82
wh nd (w)
119.5 102.5
liq pr (eth)
-105.1 24 21
ye nd (al-w) 98 gold-ye nd (dil 72.5 al) mcl pr (w) 56.5 37 pr (dil al) 51
91-10-1 500-99-2 1131-62-0 4744-10-9 77-76-9 6044-68-4 93-16-3
154.163 154.163 180.200 104.148 104.148 102.132 178.228
484-31-1
222.237
oil
29.5
6380-23-0 534-15-6 127-19-5 135-49-9
164.201 90.121 87.120 273.761
liq liq red cry pow
-113.2 -18.59
627-93-0 358-72-5 124-40-3 506-59-2 926-64-7 2124-31-4 518-61-6
174.195 246.092 45.084 81.545 84.120 163.216 284.375
cry cry (MeOH) col gas orth nd (al) nd (w, peth) cry
105.5 144.5
60-11-7 97-56-3 100-10-7 536-17-4
225.289 225.289 149.189 264.365
ye lf (al) ye lf (al) lf (w) dp red nd (xyl)
117 102 74.5 270 dec
liq
1442 18520
42 220 244 214.0 104 140 12979 23015
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.863725
1.377025
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc
0.854220
1.438225
sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
0.859320 1.050925 1.047815
1.351320 1.525725 1.523420
0.89725 0.92825
1.397220 1.411520 1.479520
1.1888133 1.1666132
sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc; vs os vs bz, eth, EtOH
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf
261 19935, 17010 287 86 0.864820 83 0.84725 88 0.86225 270.5 1.052120
1.378020 1.395420 1.561620
285
1.159815
1.530517
64.5 165
0.850120 0.937225
1.571120 1.366820 1.434125
s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl; vs ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s hot H2O, EtOH
10.3
11513
1.060020
1.428320
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc
-92.18 171
6.88
0.68040
1.35017
137.5
0.864920
1.409520
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs 2HO, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, lig; sl chl
-47 18
dec 17617
1.0254100
vs eth, EtOH s eth, bz; sl lig vs 2HO, bz, EtOH, chl
i2O; H vs EtOH, py; s eth; sl chl, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth, ctc; s ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3868 3869
Name
O
O
O O
O
N
O
O
O O
4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline
1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane
2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone
5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone
N O
O
O 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene
O
O
O
1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene
O N
O
3-209
1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene
O
O
N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine
O Si O
H N
2,2-DimethoxyN-methylethanamine
Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane
OH
OH
O
O O
1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene
O
O
O
O
O
1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene
O
O
O N
6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3 H)-isobenzofuranone
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Dimethoxymethane
O
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol
O
O
3,5-Dimethoxyphenol
O O
O
1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone
1,1-Dimethoxypropane
2,2-Dimethoxypropane
O O
O
O
O 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene
O
O
O
O O
O
1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene
4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole
O
1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene
N
O
Dimethylacetal
H2N
N,N-Dimethylacetamide
HCl NH2
N
2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride
N O O O
O O Dimethyl adipate
O N
O O O P O P OH OH OH
H N
3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate
H N HCl
Dimethylamine
Dimethylamine hydrochloride
N N
N
S
(Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone
10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10 H-phenothiazine
O O NH N N
H2N N
p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene
N N
2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene
N 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde
N
S S
p-(Dimethylamino)benzalrhodanine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
(2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene
O O
O
O
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
O
O
HO
O
No. 3902 3903 3904 3905
3908 3909 3910 3911 3912
Synonym
2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 4,4’Brilliant Oil Yellow Dimethylaminobenzophenonimide (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3heptanone 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3- Normethadone hexanone 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 HBufotenine indol-5-ol 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol Hordenine
3-210
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
NO2 9H11C NO2 9H11C NO2 9H11C N3 17H21C
610-16-2 99-64-9 619-84-1 492-80-8
165.189 165.189 165.189 267.369
pr, nd (eth) nd (w) nd (al) ye or col pl (al)
72 152.5 242.5 136
sub
vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl eth i2H O; s EtOH; sl eth
BN 4H12C C21H27NO
1113-30-0 76-99-3
84.956 309.445
liq
-92 99.5
65
vs eth, ace vs EtOH
C20H25NO
467-85-6
295.419
oily liq
12 16 2
H NO C 2 CH N O
2439-35-2 487-93-4
143.184 204.267
pr (EtOAc)
H NO C2 NO 10H15C
2867-47-2 539-15-1
157.211 165.232
3030-47-5
173.299
605-65-2
269.747
99-07-0 619-60-3 530-44-9
137.179 137.179 225.286
879-72-1
213.704
153.5
6203-18-5
175.227
139.5
1738-25-6 15521-18-3 3179-63-3 108-16-7 7223-38-3 938-55-6 1628-58-6
98.146 103.163 103.163 103.163 83.132 163.180 280.387
87-59-2 95-68-1 95-78-3 87-62-7 95-64-7 108-69-0 611-21-2 696-44-6 623-08-5 121-69-7 5882-44-0 1004-66-6
121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 157.641 136.190
Mol. Form.
7 13
8 15
N,N’,N’C9H23N3 3913 N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine 3914 5-(Dimethylamino)-1Dansyl chloride CH12ClNO2S 12 naphthalenesulfonyl chloride 3915 3-(Dimethylamino)phenol 8HC 11NO 3916 4-(Dimethylamino)phenol 8HC 11NO 3917 [4-(Dimethylamino) 4-(Dimethylamino)benzophenone C15NO 15H phenyl]phenylmethanone 3918 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1C11H16ClNO propanone, hydrochloride 3919 3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-24-(Dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde 11HC 13NO propenal 3920 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile 5H10NC2 3921 2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol 5HC 13NO 3922 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol 5HC 13NO 3923 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanol 5HC 13NO 3924 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne N,N-Dimethyl-2-propargylamine 5HC 9N 3925 2-Dimethylaminopurine N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-purin-6-amine H9N5 7C 3926 2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl) C17H16N2S benzothiazole 3927 2,3-Dimethylaniline 2,3-Xylidine 8H11NC 3928 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Xylidine 8H11NC 3929 2,5-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Xylidine 8H11NC 3930 2,6-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Xylidine 8H11NC 3931 3,4-Dimethylaniline 3,4-Xylidine 8H11NC 3932 3,5-Dimethylaniline 3,5-Xylidine 8H11NC 3933 N,2-Dimethylaniline CN 8H11 3934 N,3-Dimethylaniline CN 8H11 3935 N,4-Dimethylaniline CN 8H11 3936 N,N-Dimethylaniline CN 8H11 3937 N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride C 8H12ClN 3938 2,6-Dimethylanisole 9HC 12O
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
3 165
<-60 146.5
orth pr (al), nd 117.5 (w)
9550 3200.1
0.93820 vs eth, EtOH
636 17311
vs eth, EtOH, chl
8412
1.441325
70 nd (lig) ye lf (al) nd (peth)
ye nd (MeOH)
liq ye lf (lig) pl or pr (lig)
pa ye hyg pl (w, bz)
86 77 92.5
1.589526
266.5 16530
173 150.3 163.5 124.5 80
0.870520 0.882026 0.87225 0.83725 0.779220
221.5 214 214 215 228 220.5 207.5 206.5 210 194.15
0.993120 0.972320 21 0.9790 0.984220 18 1.076 0.970620 0.970920 0.966020 0.934855 0.955720 1.115619 0.961914
1.436020 1.419320 1.419520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s chl, peth
s H2O s ctc s ctc
263 207 dec <-15 -14.3 15.5 11.2 51 9.8
2.42 90
182.5
1.568420 1.556920 1.559121 1.561020 1.558120 1.564920 1.555725 1.556820 1.558220 1.505314
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s eth, ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s eth; vs lig sl H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3906 3907
Name
O O
OH
O
OH
NH
OH N N 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid
4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid
N
N
O
N
B
N O
4,4’-Dimethylaminobenzophenonimide (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3-hexanone
Cl O S O
N HO O
N
N H
O 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate
N
N O
3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-5-ol
N
HO
2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
OH
OH
N
O
O
3-211
N
O
OH
N OH
N
3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol 1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanol 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne
N
OH
N
N
N
3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-propenal 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol
NH2
N N
N
HCl
N
N
3-(Dimethylamino)phenol 4-(Dimethylamino)phenol [4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethanone 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone, hydrochloride
N
N
4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine5-(Dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride
O N
N
N
N
N H
S
2-Dimethylaminopurine
NH2
NH2
NH2
N
2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl)benzothiazole 2,3-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline
NH
NH2 NH2
NH
NH
N
O
N HCl
3,4-Dimethylaniline
3,5-Dimethylaniline
N,2-Dimethylaniline
N,3-Dimethylaniline
N,4-Dimethylaniline
N,N-Dimethylaniline
N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride
2,6-Dimethylanisole
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid
N
N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
874-63-5 781-43-1 1519-36-4 593-57-7 75-60-5 15764-16-6 5779-94-2 5779-95-3 611-74-5 57-97-6
136.190 206.282 236.265 105.999 137.998 134.174 134.174 134.174 149.189 256.341
Physical Form
3-212
3,5-Dimethylanisole 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1,4-Dimethyl-9,10-anthracenedione Dimethylarsine Dimethylarsinic acid 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
3949 3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 3955 3956 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961 3962 3963
4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine Dimethylp-phenylenediamine 2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol 2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediol N,b-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine Phenylpropylmethylamine a,a-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine Phentermine a,a-Dimethylbenzenemethanamine a,4-Dimethylbenzenemethanol 1-(4-Methylphenyl)ethanol a,a-Dimethylbenzenemethanol a-Cumyl alcohol a,a-Dimethylbenzenepropanol Benzyltert -butanol N,4-Dimethylbenzenesulfonamide H-benzimidazole Dimedazole 5,6-Dimethyl-1 2,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid
H CN H CN CN2 8H12 C12N2 8H 8HC 10O2 8HC 10O2 10H15NC N 10H15C 9HC 13N 9H12OC C9H12O C11H16O CNO2S 8H11 9HC 10N2 CO2 9H10
3171-45-7 2836-03-5 2836-04-6 99-98-9 488-87-9 654-42-2 93-88-9 122-09-8 585-32-0 536-50-5 617-94-7 103-05-9 640-61-9 582-60-5 611-01-8
136.194 136.194 136.194 136.194 138.164 138.164 149.233 149.233 135.206 136.190 136.190 164.244 185.244 146.188 150.174
3964 3965 3966 3967 3968 3969
2,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid 2,6-Dimethylbenzoic acid 3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid Mesitylenic acid 4,4’-Dimethylbenzophenone Bis(4-methylphenyl) ketone 7,8-Dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine- Lumichrome 2,4(1H,3H)-dione 2,5-Dimethylbenzoxazole N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine Dimethylbenzylamine N,N-DimethylN’-benzyl-1,2N-Benzyl-N’,N’-dimethyl-1,2ethanediamine ethanediamine N,N-DimethylN’-benzyl-N’-2Tripelennamine pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamine 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2one, (1R) 2,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-norbornene 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2ene-2-ethanol 2,2’-Dimethylbiphenyl 3,3’-Dimethylbiphenyl
H CO CO2 9H10 CO2 9H10 9H10O2 C O 15H14C C12H10N4O2
610-72-0 632-46-2 619-04-5 499-06-9 611-97-2 1086-80-2
150.174 150.174 150.174 150.174 210.271 242.233
5676-58-4 103-83-3 103-55-9
147.173 135.206 178.274
91-81-6
255.358
ye oil
C9H14O
38651-65-9
138.206
liq
9H14 C C11H18O
529-16-8 128-50-7
122.207 166.260
HC HC
605-39-0 612-75-9
182.261 182.261
3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978
8 12 2 8 12 2
9 10 2
HC NO H NC C11H18N2 9 9
9 13
CH N
16 21 3
14 14 14 14
mp/˚C
183.6 ye nd (al, sub) 140.5 liq, ign in air -136.1 195 liq -9
pa ye pl (al, HOAc)
9 44.8 122.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
194; 8915 360.0 sub 36 >200 218 220 221 272.0
0.962715
1.511020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; sl ctc i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, xyl, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
29 1.208
0.950020
vs ace, bz
128 oil <-20 nd (bz) 53 nd (bz), pr (w) 163 nd (xyl), cry (w) 152.3 oily liq
pr nd pl (dil al) cry (eth) mcl or tcl nd (w) nd (al) nd (lig) pr (al) nd (w, al) orth (al) ye cry (chl)
36 24.5 78.5 205.5 90 132 116 167.3 171.1 96.5 300
218; 9022 270; 13810 263 278.5
0.99522 0.99525 1.03620
207.5 21 205; 100 196.5 219 202 12113
0.91525 0.942320 0.966825 0.973520 0.962621 25 1.340
cry (al)
sub 274.5; 15517
1.06921
sub 334
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc, tol i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, chl
1.541220 1.501120 1.508920
s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth
1.57625
misc H2O
0.980720
1.478720
vs eth, EtOH
140.5 235; 11010
0.869817 0.97325
1.468817 1.493020
s eth, ace, bz s chl
256 280
0.990620 0.999520
1.575220 1.594620
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace
1400.1
19.5 9
1.518125 1.524620 1.532520 1.507721
sub 268
218.5 1.088018 181 0.9150 14530, 12311 0.934320
-1
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH
209
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 3945 3946 3947 3948
3970 3971 3972
9HC 12O H14 16C 16HC12O2 2HC7As Cacodylic acid C2 2H7AsO C10O 9H Isoxylaldehyde 9HC 10O C10O 9H 9HC11NO 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 20H16C
CAS RN
O
O
O
O
N 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
N NH2
OH
N
N
OH H N
NH2 NH2
NH2
OH
NH2
OH
4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamineN,N-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamineN,N-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediamineN,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenediolN,b-Dimethylbenzeneethanaminea,a-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine
O
3-213
NH2
OH
OH
O
a,a-Dimethylbenzenemethanamine a,4-Dimethylbenzenemethanol a,a-Dimethylbenzenemethanol a,a-Dimethylbenzenepropanol
O O
O
3,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid
N
N
N
3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid
O
OH
N
N H
N H 2,4-Dimethylbenzoic acid
2,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid
O
OH
O
N N
2,6-Dimethylbenzoic acid
S
N,4-Dimethylbenzenesulfonamide 5,6-Dimethyl-1 H-benzimidazole
OH
OH
OH O
OH
4,4’-Dimethylbenzophenone
O
N,N-DimethylN’-benzyl-N’-2-pyridinyl-1,2-ethanediamine 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-one, (1R)
NH N H
O
7,8-Dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1 H,3H)-dione
N
N
O
N H
N
2,5-Dimethylbenzoxazole N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine N,N-DimethylN’-benzyl-1,2-ethanediamine
OH
2,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-ethanol 2,2’-Dimethylbiphenyl
3,3’-Dimethylbiphenyl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3,5-Dimethylanisole 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1,4-Dimethyl-9,10-anthracenedione Dimethylarsine Dimethylarsinic acid
NH2
O
O As OH
H As
O
O
No. 3979 3980 3981 3982 3983 3984
Name 4,4’-Dimethylbiphenyl 4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridine 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene N,N-Dimethylbutanamide 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylbutane
Synonym
Diisopropenyl
Neohexane
3-214
2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-butanediol Pinacol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol 2,2-Dimethylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±) 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Pinacolone 3,3-Dimethylbutanoyl chloride 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)N’-phenyl-1,4benzenediamine 3999 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne tert -Butylacetylene 4000 Dimethyl 2-butynedioate
4001 Dimethyl cadmium 4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 4007
Dimethylcarbamic chloride Dimethylcarbamothioic chloride Dimethyl carbate Dimethyl carbonate Dimethylcyanamide 2,3-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 4008 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 4009 2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene1,4-dione 4010 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
Mol. Wt.
C14 14H CN2 12H12 6H10 C 6HC 13NO 6HC 15N C14 6H
613-33-2 1134-35-6 513-81-5 760-79-2 3850-30-4 75-83-2
182.261 184.236 82.143 115.173 101.190 86.175
mcl pr (eth)
HC
79-29-8
86.175
liq
-128.10
76-09-5 1639-01-6 595-37-9 1185-33-7 624-95-3 594-60-5 20281-91-8 75-97-8 7065-46-5 563-78-0 558-37-2 563-79-1 793-24-8
118.174 118.240 116.158 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 100.158 134.603 84.159 84.159 84.159 268.397
nd (al,eth) liq liq
43.32
liq liq liq
-157.3 -115.2 -74.19 46
HC C4 6H6O
917-92-0 762-42-5
82.143 142.110
liq
-78.2
HCCd
506-82-1
142.480
6 14
3986 3987 3988 3989 3990 3991 3992 3993 3994 3995 3996 3997 3998
H OC H CS O2 6H12C 6HC 14O 6HC 14O 6HC 14O 6HC 14O CO 6H12 ClO 6H11C C12 6H C12 6H C12 6H C18H24N2 6 14 2 6 14
6 10
2 6
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
liq liq liq liq
liq liq liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
125 171.5 -76 -40 -20 -98.8
295
-14 <-15 -60 -14 5.6 -52.5
-4.5
68.8 186; 125100 102 49.73 57.93 174.4 126.1 186 136.5 143 118.4 120.4 106.1 130; 68100 55.6 41.2 73.3 1641 37.7 dec 197; 9820 105.5 (exp 150) 167 9810 13712.5 90.5 163.5 sub
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.917121 1.439420 1.439125 1.410525 1.368820
0.661620
1.375020
0.927620 0.828320 0.84415 0.823620 0.812225 0.722925 0.96920 0.680320 0.652920 0.708020
1.414520 1.420820 1.432315 1.417620 1.414820 1.395220 1.421020 1.399520 1.376320 1.412220
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl
0.662325 1.156420
1.373620 1.443420
s EtOH, eth, ctc
1.984618
1.5488
s peth
25
20
79-44-7 16420-13-6 39589-98-5 616-38-6 1467-79-4 526-86-3
107.539 123.605 210.227 90.078 70.093 136.149
liq pr cry
-33 42.5 38 0.5
ye nd
55
C8H8O2
137-18-8
136.149
ye nd (al)
126.0
C8H8O2
527-61-7
136.149
ye nd
72.5
HC
590-66-9
112.213
liq
-33.3
119.6
0.780920
1.429020
8 16
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS 2 s chl s ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc sl 2HO, CS2; vs EtOH, eth
0.722225 0.906425 0.766820 0.644425
H ClNO C H ClNS C H14O4 11C C3 3H6O 3HC6N2 C8H8O2 3 6 3 6
Methyl carbonate
Physical Form
CAS RN
1.168
1.4540
1.16421 1.063625
1.485220 1.368720 1.408919
vs eth; s chl, peth i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz, chl
sub
1.047928
s chl
4011 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
8 16
HC
2207-01-4
112.213
liq
-49.8
129.8
0.796320
1.436020
4012 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
8 16
HC
6876-23-9
112.213
liq
-88.15
123.5
0.776020
1.427020
4013 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
8 16
HC
638-04-0
112.213
liq
-75.53
120.1
0.766020
1.422920
4014 trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
8 16
HC
2207-03-6
112.213
liq
-90.07
124.5
0.7915
1.428425
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; msc eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz; vs lig i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3985 2,3-Dimethylbutane
Mol. Form.
O
4,4’-Dimethylbiphenyl
N
N
N
4,4’-Dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridine
2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene
3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanamine
2,2-Dimethylbutane
OH OH
SH
2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-butanediol
OH
OH
O
2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol
2,2-Dimethylbutanoic acid
O
OH
2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol
3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol
Cl O
OH 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol
3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol, (±)
3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone
3,3-Dimethylbutanoyl chloride
2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene
3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene
3-215
H N N H 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)N’-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine
3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne
O
O
O
O
N
O
O
Dimethyl carbate
O
Cl
Dimethylcarbamic chloride
O
N
O
Dimethylcarbamothioic chloride
Dimethyl cadmium
O O
Cl
N
Cd
Dimethyl 2-butynedioate
O S
O
O
Dimethyl carbonate
N
O
Dimethylcyanamide
O
2,3-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
O
O 2,6-Dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane
cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
HO
2,3-Dimethylbutane
NH2
N,N-Dimethylbutanamide
No.
Name
Synonym
4015 cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 4016 trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 4017 Dimethyltrans-1,4cyclohexanedicarboxylate 4018 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione
4034 4035 4036 4037 4038 4039 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
nD
Solubility
C16 8H
624-29-3
112.213
liq
-87.39
124.4
0.782920
1.423020
C16 8H C10H16O4
2207-04-7 3399-22-2
112.213 200.232
liq ndl (eth)
-36.93 71
119.4
0.7715
1.418525
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc i H2O s eth
126-81-8
140.180
nd (w)
150 dec
101-40-6 767-12-4 1193-47-1 2816-57-1 2979-19-3 4255-62-3 1674-10-8 2808-76-6 1123-09-7 1638-26-2 1192-18-3 822-50-4 2532-58-3 1759-58-6 102-45-4
155.281 128.212 126.196 126.196 126.196 126.196 110.197 110.197 124.180 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 141.254
liq
11.5 -20.5
liq
39 -84.1
765-47-9 16491-15-9 1630-94-0 930-18-7 2402-06-4 1120-24-7 2182-66-3 4143-41-3 2033-24-1 4511-42-6
96.170 96.170 70.133 70.133 70.133 185.349 176.243 58.082 144.126 144.126
100-79-8
132.157
3440-02-6 1889-67-4 139-25-3
244.362 238.368 278.305
4733-39-5
360.450
778-24-5 611-92-7 624-92-0 756-80-9 1643-20-5
212.363 240.300 94.199 158.180 229.402
H OC
8 12 2
N,a-Dimethylcyclohexaneethanamine Propylhexedrine N 10H21C 3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanol 8HC16O 2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanone C14O 8H 2,6-Dimethylcyclohexanone C14O 8H 3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanone C14O 8H 4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone C14O 8H 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene C14 8H 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene C14 8H 3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one C12O 8H 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane 7HC 14 cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 7HC 14 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 7HC 14 cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 7HC 14 trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 7HC 14 N,aCyclopentamine H19N 9C Dimethylcyclopentaneethanamine 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene 7HC 12 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene 7HC 12 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane C10 5H cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane C10 5H trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane C10 5H Dimethyldecylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-decanamine C27N 12H Dimethyldiacetoxysilane Bis(acetyloxy)dimethylsilane 6H12O4Si C trans-Dimethyldiazene Azomethane 2HC 6N2 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione Meldrum’s acid 6H8OC4 cis-3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5C6H8O4 dione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4Isopropylidene glycerol H12O3 6C methanol Dimethyldiphenoxysilane 14HC 16O2Si 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane Dicumene C 18H22 3,3’-Dimethyldiphenylmethane 4,4’C17H14N2O2 diisocyanate 2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10C26H20N2 phenanthroline Dimethyldiphenylsilane CSi 14H16 N,N’-DimethylN,N’-diphenylurea C15H16N2O Dimethyl disulfide Methyl disulfide 2H6S2C O,O-Dimethyl dithiophosphate O,O-Dimethyl phosphorodithionate 2H7OC2PS2 N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine oxide 14HC 31NO
liq liq liq liq liq
-69.8 -54 -117.6 -133.7 -134
liq liq vol liq or gas liq vol liq or gas
-90.4 -118 -109 -140.9 -149.6
liq gas orth (eth)
cry (MeOH)
-12.5 -78 94 96.8
-23 119.5
205; 8210 185; 99.535 172 175 180; 7225 7314 138 127 208.5 87.5 99.5 91.9 90.8 91.7 171
den/g cm-3
sl H2O, eth; s ace, ctc; vs chl, HOAc vs EtOH
0.850120 0.912814 0.914520 0.92525 0.90915 0.93220 0.822025 0.79925 0.940020 0.749925 0.768025 0.746825 0.740225 0.744325
1.460020 1.460615 1.448620 1.446020 1.448217 1.453724 1.462020 1.44920 1.481220 1.413620 1.422220 1.412020 1.408920 1.410720 1.450020
0.792825 0.78020 20 0.6604 0.688925 25 0.6648
1.444820 1.433120 1.366820 1.382920 1.371320
i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, sulf i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH
20 1.0540 0.7430
1.403020 1.419919
vs ace, EtOH, eth; s ctc, hp
8210
1.06420
1.438320
1315
1.059925
1.533020
105.8 99 20.6 37.0 28.2 234.5 165 1.5
s EtOH, eth
25 150
s chl 280 dec
pl (al) liq liq hyg nd (tol)
122 -84.67 130.5
277; 17345 350 109.74 564
0.986720
1.564420
1.062520 1.2920
1.528920
vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-216
4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033
5,5-Dimethyldihydroresorcinol
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
O
O O
O cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
2,6-Dimethylcyclohexanone
NH
O 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione
N,a-Dimethylcyclohexaneethanamin e
3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanol
O
O
O
2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanone
O
Dimethyl trans-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate
O
3,3-Dimethylcyclohexanone
4,4-Dimethylcyclohexanone
1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene
1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene
3,5-Dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one
H N
3-217
1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane
cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane
cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane
N,a-Dimethylcyclopentaneethanamin e
O N 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene
1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane
cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane
Dimethyldecylamine
O
Si
1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene
O
O
N N
Dimethyldiacetoxysilane
trans-Dimethyldiazene
O O
O O
O O
O
2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione
HO
O
O
O
cis-3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione
O
O
Si
O 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol
Dimethyldiphenoxysilane
O N
N
2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline
Si Dimethyldiphenylsilane
N
N
N,N’-DimethylN,N’-diphenylurea
S
S
Dimethyl disulfide
2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane
S O P O SH O,O-Dimethyl dithiophosphate
C
N
N
C
O
3,3’-Dimethyldiphenylmethane 4,4’-diisocyanate
O N N,N-Dimethyldodecylamine oxide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
OH
No.
Name
Synonym
1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine N,N’-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Deanol Dimethyl ether Methyl ether (1,1-Dimethylethoxy)benzene [(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)methyl]oxirane N,N-Dimethylformamide DMF Dimethyl fumarate 2,5-Dimethylfuran
4064 4065 4066 4067 4068 4069 4070
3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione Dimethyl germanium sulfide Dimethyl glutarate N,N-Dimethylglycine Dimethylglyoxime 2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene 2,2-Dimethylheptane
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.836120 0.80325 0.82815 0.886620
1.471825 1.426020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace
-59 -141.5 -24 -70 -60.48 103.5 -62.8
127; 6090 104 120 134 -24.8 185.5 152 153 193 93
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C12 8H N2 4H12C N2 4H12C NO 4H11C C 2H6O H14O 10C O2 7H14C NO 3H7C 6HC 8O4 6HC8O
2819-48-9 108-00-9 110-70-3 108-01-0 115-10-6 6669-13-2 7665-72-7 68-12-2 624-49-7 625-86-5
108.181 88.151 88.151 89.136 46.068 150.217 130.185 73.094 144.126 96.127
H CO HCGeS CO4 7H12 4HC 9NO2 4HC 8N2O2 9HC 16 C20 9H
766-39-2 16090-49-6 1119-40-0 1118-68-9 95-45-4 6709-39-3 1071-26-7
126.110 134.77 160.168 103.120 116.119 124.223 128.255
pl or lf (dil al) 96 col cry 54.5 liq -42.5 hyg nd (PrOH) 185.5 nd (to or dil al) 245.5 liq -70 liq -113 liq
6 6 3 2 6
liq col gas liq liq liq liq
msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig i H2O; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl
100 1.107
3-218
223 302 214; 10921
1.087620
1.424220
sub 234 143 132.7
vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O, MeOH; s EtOH, eth, ace i2O;H vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, tol
0.764825 0.710520
1.401620
140.5
0.726020
1.408820
132.9
0.711525
1.403420
136 135.2 137.3 140.6
0.719820 0.708920 0.725420 0.731420
1.403320 1.401120 1.408720 1.410820
i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, peth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz i H2O; s eth, ctc; vs ace, chl; msc bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz
9 20
HC
3074-71-3
128.255
4072 2,4-Dimethylheptane
9 20
HC
2213-23-2
128.255
HC HC C20 9H C20 9H
2216-30-0 1072-05-5 4032-86-4 922-28-1
128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255
HC
926-82-9
128.255
136
0.722520
1.408320
135.2
0.722120
1.407620
12010, 801 173 174.5 186 169.4 120100 177 114.3 134.5 106.86 115.62 109.5 109.12 111.97 117.73
1.062520 0.818620 0.811420 0.83618 0.806220
1.430920 1.424220 1.424220 1.428320 1.41221
0.74320 0.757725 0.695320 0.691225 0.696225 0.690125 0.710020 0.715125
1.4399521 1.478520 1.393520 1.401120 1.392925 1.392520 1.400120 1.404120
2,5-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane 3,3-Dimethylheptane 3,4-Dimethylheptane
9 20 9 20
4077 3,5-Dimethylheptane
9 20
4078 4,4-Dimethylheptane
9 20
HC
1068-19-5
128.255
H O C HC O 9H20O C 9HC 20O 9H18OC 9HC 16O N 9H19C 8HC14 8HC14 H18 8C H18 8C H18 8C H18 8C H18 8C H18 8C
1732-08-7 13254-34-7 108-82-7 19549-79-2 108-83-8 106-72-9 503-01-5 627-58-7 764-13-6 590-73-8 584-94-1 589-43-5 592-13-2 563-16-6 583-48-2
188.221 144.254 144.254 144.254 142.238 140.222 141.254 110.197 110.197 114.229 114.229 114.229 114.229 114.229 114.229
4079 4080 4081 4082 4083 4084 4085 4086 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093
Dimethyl heptanedioate 2,6-Dimethyl-2-heptanol 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal N,6-Dimethyl-5-hepten-2-amine 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene 2,5-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane
Dimethyl pimelate
9 16 4 9 20
Diisobutylcarbinol Diisobutyl ketone Isometheptene
liq
-102.9
-21
liq oil
-41.5
liq liq
-75.6 14 -121.1
liq liq
-91 -126.1
s EtOH, eth, dil HCl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl bz
1.430520 1.4062111 1.436320
4071 2,3-Dimethylheptane
4073 4074 4075 4076
-116
0.921420 0.89820 0.944525 1.3720 0.888320
1.430020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 4059 4060 4061 4062 4063
Mol. Form.
O H2N
N
N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
N H
N
N,N’-Dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
O
OH
N,N-Dimethylethanolamine
Dimethyl ether
(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)benzene
O O N
O [(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)methyl]oxirane
O
N,N-Dimethylformamide
HO O
O
3-219
O
O
O
O
O
O
Dimethyl fumarate
2,5-Dimethylfuran
O
S Ge
O
3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione
Dimethyl germaniumsulfide
N
O N
O Dimethyl glutarate
N
OH
N,N-Dimethylglycine
OH
Dimethylglyoxime
2,6-Dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene
2,2-Dimethylheptane
2,3-Dimethylheptane
2,4-Dimethylheptane
O
O
O 2,5-Dimethylheptane
2,6-Dimethylheptane
3,3-Dimethylheptane
3,4-Dimethylheptane
3,5-Dimethylheptane
4,4-Dimethylheptane
O Dimethyl heptanedioate
OH OH
OH
O
NH O
2,6-Dimethyl-2-heptanol
2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol
2,5-Dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene
3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol
2,2-Dimethylhexane
2,3-Dimethylhexane
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone
2,4-Dimethylhexane
2,6-Dimethyl-5-heptenal
2,5-Dimethylhexane
N,6-Dimethyl-5-hepten-2-amine
3,3-Dimethylhexane
3,4-Dimethylhexane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane
H N
No.
Name
4094 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine 4095 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol
4105 4106 4107 4108
3-220
4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130
CN2 8H20 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,4-butanediol8H18O2C
2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol 2,3-Dimethyl-1-hexene 5,5-Dimethyl-1-hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 3,5-Dimethyl-1-hexen-3-ol 1-(1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4a-Curcumene methylbenzene 2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride Dimethyl hydrogen phosphate Dimethyl phosphate Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite 1,2-Dimethyl-1 H-imidazole 2,4-Dimethyl-1 H-imidazole 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 1,1-Dimethylindan 1,3-Dimethyl-1 H-indole 2,3-Dimethyl-1 H-indole N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-indole-3N,N-Dimethyltryptamine ethanamine N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-indole-3Gramine methanamine Dimethyl isophthalate 1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene Guaiazulene 1,6-Dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene Cadalene 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane 3,5-Dimethylisoxazole Dimethylmagnesium Magnesium dimethyl Dimethyl maleate Methyl cis-butenedioate Dimethyl malonate Methyl malonate Dimethylmalonic acid Dimethylpropanedioc acid Dimethyl mercury Dimethylcis-2-methyl-2Dimethyl citraconate butenedioate Dimethyl methylenesuccinate
4131 Dimethyl methylmalonate 4132 Dimethyl methylphosphonate
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
23578-35-0 110-03-2
144.258 146.228
HC O C H H16 8C H16 8C H16 8C H16 8C H16 8C C16O 8H C15H22
2370-13-0 16746-86-4 7116-86-1 7145-20-2 3404-78-2 690-92-6 690-93-7 3329-48-4 644-30-4
130.228 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 128.212 202.336
HC O 2HC8N2 2HC8N2 C2H10Cl2N2
142-30-3 57-14-7 540-73-8 306-37-6
142.196 60.098 60.098 133.019
H OCP HCO P C8N2 5H C8N2 5H C2 5H8N2O
813-78-5 868-85-9 1739-84-0 930-62-1 77-71-4
126.048 110.049 96.131 96.131 128.130
C14 11H C10H11N C10H11N CN2 12H16
4912-92-9 875-30-9 91-55-4 61-50-7
146.229 145.201 145.201 188.268
C11H14N2
87-52-5
H CO 15H18C C 15H18 10HC 22 5HC 7NO C 2H6Mg C8O4 6H 5H8OC 4 5H8O4 C H6Hg 2C 7H10CO4
8 18 8 16
8 14 2
2 7 4 2 7 3
Physical Form pr (AcOEt) fl (peth)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
0.848515 0.89820
1.445920
88.50
184; 638 214
0.717225 0.70525 0.736625 0.718220 0.708625 0.699525 0.838220 0.880520
1.411320 1.404920 1.426820 1.414020 1.409920 1.406320 1.434220 1.498920
0.94720 22 0.791 20 0.8274
1.407522 1.420920
liq
-115.1
liq
-137.4
95 liq, fumes in air -57.20 fumes (air) -8.9 pr (w) 170 dec
pr (dil al)
92 178
142 107.5 46
174.242
nd or pl (ace)
138.5
1459-93-4 489-84-9 483-78-3 13475-79-1 300-87-8 2999-74-8 624-48-6 108-59-8 595-46-0 593-74-8 617-54-9
194.184 198.304 198.304 142.282 97.116 54.374 144.126 132.116 132.116 230.66 158.152
nd(dil al) bl-viol pl (al)
67.5 31.5
liq
-81.7
solid liq liq pr (bz/peth)
220 dec -19 -61.9 192.5
7 10 4
H CO
617-52-7
158.152
H CO O3P 3H9C
609-02-9 756-79-6
146.141 124.075
6 10 4
s H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl
29
nd
10 10 4
Solubility
hyg mcl (MeOH)
38
95 110.5 104 121.8 112.2 105.5 100.8 146.5 14019 205 63.9 81
dec 174 170.5 206 267 sub
1.322520 1.200220 1.005111
191 258.5 287
0.91920
1.40825 1.403620
i H2O; s bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth, MeOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH s EtOH, py; sl ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs 2HO, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s DMSO
1.513525 s eth
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i peth 20 1.194 0.97320 0.966725 0.754525 0.9925
1.516820
1.160620 1.52820
1.441620 1.413520
3.1725 1.115320
1.545220 1.447320
sl H2O, lig; s eth, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s chl s hot 2HO i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH
208
1.124118
1.445720
s EtOH, eth, MeOH; vs ace
174 181; 79.520
1.097720 1.168420
1.412820 1.409930
vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth
282 12 167 294; 14910 157.1 143 subl 202 181.4 subl 93 210.5
1.578525 1.424620 1.442120
sl H2O s EtOH, eth, AcOEt vs oils
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104
Synonym
H2N
HO NH2
OH
OH 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol
2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol
2,3-Dimethyl-1-hexene
5,5-Dimethyl-1-hexene
2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene
2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene
cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene
HO NH2 N
OH OH trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene
3,5-Dimethyl-1-hexen-3-ol
1-(1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methylbenzene
2,5-Dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol
N H
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
H N
N H
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
H N
2HCl
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride
O O
3-221
O O P O OH
N
O P O H
Dimethyl hydrogen phosphate
N
N
Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite
NH
N H
1,2-Dimethyl-1 H-imidazole
O
N H
2,4-Dimethyl-1 H-imidazole
N H
N
5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 1,1-Dimethylindan
1,3-Dimethyl-1 H-indole
2,3-Dimethyl-1 H-indole
O O N
N O
N H
N H N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-indole-3-ethanamine
N,N-Dimethyl-1 H-indole-3-methanamine
O O O O
Dimethylmagnesium
Dimethyl maleate
O
Dimethyl isophthalate
O
O
O
Mg
N
O
O
Dimethyl malonate
HO
1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene
1,6-Dimethyl-4-isopropylnaphthalene
2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane
O
O OH
Dimethylmalonic acid
O Hg Dimethyl mercury
O O O
Dimethyl cis-2-methyl-2-butenedioate
O
O O
O Dimethyl methylenesuccinate
O
O O
Dimethyl methylmalonate
O
3,5-Dimethylisoxazole
O O P O Dimethyl methylphosphonate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine
No.
Name
4133 trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 4134 Dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate 4135 Dimethylp-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate 4136 2,6-Dimethylmorpholine
3-222
4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
C10H16O2
4638-92-0
168.233
pr
20.0
245
O4 7H12C C9H13O4PS
1604-11-1 3254-63-5
160.168 248.235
liq
HC NO
141-91-3
115.173
liq
597-25-1
195.153
liq
573-98-8 575-41-7 571-58-4
156.223 156.223 156.223
liq
571-61-9 575-43-9 575-37-1 569-41-5 581-40-8 581-42-0 582-16-1 86-56-6 2436-85-3 610-17-3 619-31-8 100-23-2 83-41-0 99-51-4 81-20-9 99-12-7 89-58-7 89-87-2 551-92-8 4584-57-0
156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 156.223 171.238 171.238 166.177 166.177 166.177 151.163 151.163 151.163 151.163 151.163 151.163 141.129 268.310
80-11-5
214.241
cry
1732-10-1 564-94-3
216.275 150.217
unstab oil
106-26-3 141-27-5 2436-90-0 459-80-3 106-25-2 141-12-8
152.233 152.233 138.250 168.233 154.249 196.286
6 13
Dimethyl 4-morpholinylphosphonate6H14CNO4P HC HC C12 12H 12 12 12 12
1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene C12 12H 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene C12 12H 1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene C12 12H 1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene C12 12H 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene Guajen 12HC 12 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene C12 12H 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene C12 12H N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine 12HC 13N N,N-Dimethyl-2-naphthylamine 12HC 13N N,N-Dimethyl-2-nitroaniline 8H10NC2O2 N,N-Dimethyl-3-nitroaniline 8H10NC2O2 N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline 8H10NC2O2 1,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene 8HC 9NO2 1,2-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene 4-Nitroo-xylene C8H9NO2 1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene 8HC 9NO2 1,3-Dimethyl-5-nitrobenzene 8HC 9NO2 1,4-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene 8HC 9NO2 2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrobenzene 8HC 9NO2 1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1 H-imidazole Dimetridazole 5H7NC3O2 N,N-Dimethyl-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl) C16H16N2O2 ethenyl]aniline N,4-DimethylNp-Tolylsulfonylmethylnitrosamide 8H10NC2O3S nitrosobenzenesulfonamide Dimethyl nonanedioate Methyl azelate C4 11H20O 6,6-Dimethyl-2-norpinene-2Myrtenal C10H14O carboxaldehyde cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal 10HC 16O trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal 10HC 16O 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadiene Citronellene 10H18 C 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid Geranic acid 10H16OC 2 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol Nerol CO 10H18 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol C12H20O2 acetate
196
liq liq lf (al)
viol flr cry dk red nd ye-oran red mcl pr (eth) ye nd (al) nd (al) ye pr (al) nd (al) pa ye liq nd (w)
-88
146.6
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility vs eth, EtOH, chl
1.07625 1.27321
1.420020 sl H2O; s ace, EtOH, diox, ctc, xyl
0.932920
1.446020
msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace; sl chl
i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs bz, eth i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; s eth, bz i H2O; vs bz, eth i H2O
961 0.8 -6 7.6
266.5 263 268
1.017920 1.014420 1.016620
1.616620 1.614020 1.612720
82 -16.9 -13.9 65 105 112 97
265 264 263 270 268 262 265 250; 14013 305 14620 282.5
1.002120 1.011520 1.00320 20 1.003 1.00320 1.00320 1.042320 1.027960 1.179420 1.31317
1.616620 1.608320
1.140220 1.11215 1.11215
1.544120 1.520220 1.520220
1.13215 1.13515
1.541320 1.547325
52.5 -20 60.5 164.5 15 30.5 15 75 -25 9 138.5 258.3
240 251; 14321 226 274 240.5 247; 12218
1.506020
1.62415 1.644353 1.610220
60 -0.8
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 15620 15 99
1.008220
1.436720
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, ctc
12020 229
0.886920 0.888820 0.760120
1.486920 1.489820 1.436220
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth
225; 12525 13425, 933
0.875620 0.90515
1.474620 1.45220
vs EtOH
oil <-15
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4137 Dimethyl morpholinophosphoramidate 4138 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 4139 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 4140 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene
Synonym
O O P O O
O OH
O
O O
O trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene
1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene
O
Dimethyl p-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate
1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene
O
2,6-Dimethylmorpholine
1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene
Dimethyl morpholinophosphoramidate
1,7-Dimethylnaphthalene
1,8-Dimethylnaphthalene
N N
N N
2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene
2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene
2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene
N,N-Dimethyl-1-naphthylamine
N,N-Dimethyl-2-naphthylamine
O N
O
N O
N,N-Dimethyl-2-nitroaniline
O
N,N-Dimethyl-3-nitroaniline
3-223
N
O
N
N O
O
N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline
O N
O O
1,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene
1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene
N
N
1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1 H-imidazole
O
1,3-Dimethyl-5-nitrobenzene
O N
1,4-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene
N
O
2,4-Dimethyl-1-nitrobenzene
O
O
O O
O
N,N-Dimethyl-4-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]aniline
N,4-DimethylN-nitrosobenzenesulfonamide
Dimethyl nonanedioate
6,6-Dimethyl-2-norpinene-2-carboxaldehyde
O
O trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal
O OH
O cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal
O
N O
O
O O S
N
O
O
N N O
O
O
1,2-Dimethyl-4-nitrobenzene
O N
O
N
O N
3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadiene
3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid
OH cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol
O cis-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol acetate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene
S
Dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate
O O P O N
H N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
105-86-2
182.260
15869-87-1 7146-60-3 4032-94-4 15869-89-3 2051-30-1 1072-16-8 15869-92-8 15869-94-0 1732-09-8 107-74-4 29662-90-6 2370-14-1 106-21-8 18479-57-7 151-19-9 78-69-3 3338-55-4 3779-61-1 502-99-8 17202-20-9 3016-19-1
142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 202.248 174.281 172.265 158.281 158.281 158.281 158.281 158.281 136.234 136.234 136.234 136.234 136.234
106-23-0 4984-01-4 502-47-6 1117-61-9 7540-51-4 6812-78-8 18479-51-1 150-84-5 1854-26-8
154.249 140.266 170.249 156.265 156.265 156.265 156.265 198.302 178.143
nd or orth cry col liq
553-90-2 695-53-4 6921-35-3 1955-45-9 558-30-5 1758-33-4 6189-41-9 815-17-8 2873-97-4
118.089 129.115 86.132 100.117 72.106 72.106 72.106 130.141 169.221
mcl tab
1830-54-2
174.151
mp/˚C
liq
-54.9
liq
-1.6
liq
liq
-67.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
dec 229; 11325 155 164.3 156 158.5 160.4 159.9 163.4 160.8 268 265 14013 97 212.5 80.510 202.2 205.1
0.908625
1.465920
i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace
0.720825 0.737720 0.722625 0.726425 0.731320 0.720225 0.741025 0.732425 1.021720 0.93720
1.408220 1.414620 1.409120 1.411220 1.409720 1.408620 1.418220 1.413920 1.434120 1.459920
dec 177 liq liq
-35.4
oil oil
0.8420 0.83225 0.802325 0.834722 0.82625 0.79920 0.79920 0.800020
s eth, HOAc
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl bz, tol
1.43825 1.422025 1.437020 1.43325
s eth
1.486220
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc
188; 9120
0.811820
1.544620
207.5 154 257; 15723 224; 10810 224; 10810 11412 9414 11510
0.85320 20 0.7396 0.923421 0.855020 0.85918 0.854920 0.869515
1.447320 1.421220
sl H2O; s EtOH
1.456520 1.457618 1.455620 1.456915
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
1.171660
1.37982
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl
hyg cry
liq liq
54.8 76.5
-80 -85 90.5
163.5 80.6 5815 52 60 56.5 189; 8015
15025, 770.6
0.83425
1.396520
0.811220 0.822625 0.801025
1.371222 1.380220 1.373620
1.18525
1.443420
s EtOH, eth vs eth, ace, bz vs eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, CS2 s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-224
4170 trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol C11H18O2 formate H22 4171 2,2-Dimethyloctane 10C 4172 2,3-Dimethyloctane H22 10C 4173 2,4-Dimethyloctane H22 10C 4174 2,5-Dimethyloctane H22 10C 4175 2,6-Dimethyloctane H22 10C 4176 2,7-Dimethyloctane H22 10C H22 4177 3,4-Dimethyloctane 10C 4178 3,6-Dimethyloctane H22 10C 4179 Dimethyl octanedioate Dimethyl suberate 10H18OC 4 4180 3,7-Dimethyl-1,7-octanediol 10HC 22O2 4181 2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid CO2 10H20 4182 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol C22O 10H 4183 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol C22O 10H 4184 2,6-Dimethyl-2-octanol Tetrahydromyrcenol CO 10H22 4185 3,6-Dimethyl-3-octanol C22O 10H 4186 3,7-Dimethyl-3-octanol C22O 10H 4187 cis-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene cis-b-Ocimene C10H16 4188 trans-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatrienetrans-b-Ocimene C10H16 4189 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene a-Ocimene C10H16 4190 cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene cis-allo-Ocimene C10H16 4191 trans,trans-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6trans-allo-Ocimene C10H16 octatriene 4192 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal Citronellal C 10H18O H20 4193 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octene 10C 4194 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid Citronellic acid 10H18O2 C 4195 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, R) ( Citronellol, (+) C20O 10H 4196 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, S) ( Citronellol, (-) C20O 10H 4197 3,7-Dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol, S) ( Rhodinol C10H20O 4198 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol C20O 10H 4199 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, acetate Citronellol acetate 12H22O2 C 4200 Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea 4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3C5H10N2O5 bis(hydroxymethyl)-2imidazolidinone 4201 Dimethyl oxalate 4HC 6O4 4202 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione Dimethadione 5H7NO3C 4203 3,3-Dimethyloxetane C10O 5H 4204 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxetanone C8O2 5H 4205 2,2-Dimethyloxirane 2-Methyl-1,2-epoxypropane O 4H8C 4206 cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane 4HC8O 4207 trans-2,3-Dimethyloxirane 4HC8O O3 4208 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxobutanoic acid 6H10C 4209 N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-2Diacetone acrylamide 9HC15NO2 propenamide 4210 Dimethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate Dimethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate 7H10O5 C
Physical Form
CAS RN
O
O
trans-3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol formate
2,2-Dimethyloctane
2,3-Dimethyloctane
2,4-Dimethyloctane
2,5-Dimethyloctane
2,6-Dimethyloctane
2,7-Dimethyloctane
O
O
O
HO
OH
3,4-Dimethyloctane
3,6-Dimethyloctane
OH
OH
O Dimethyl octanedioate
3,7-Dimethyl-1,7-octanediol
2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid
2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol
HO OH
HO OH
3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol
2,6-Dimethyl-2-octanol
3,6-Dimethyl-3-octanol
3,7-Dimethyl-3-octanol
cis-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene
trans-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene
3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene
3-225
OH
O
OH
O cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene
trans,trans-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal
3,7-Dimethyl-1-octene
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenoic acid
HO
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, (R)
OH O
OH
OH
O
HO 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, (S)
3,7-Dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol, (S)
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol
O 3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxetanone
O
O
O
O 2,2-Dimethyloxirane
cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane
trans-2,3-Dimethyloxirane
3,3-Dimethyl-2-oxobutanoic acid
Dimethyl oxalate
H N
OH
O
O
O
H N
O O
Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea
O O
O
N
OH
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, acetate
O
3,3-Dimethyloxetane
HO
O
O
O
5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione
O O
N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-2-propenamide
O O
O
O
Dimethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
1000-86-8 6225-06-5 590-35-2
96.170 129.200 100.202
Physical Form
den/g cm-3
nD
93.2 141100 79.2
0.734323 0.896225 0.673920
1.439023 1.441925 1.382220
89.78
0.690825
1.389425
80.49
0.672720
1.381520
86.06
0.693620
1.390920
3-226
4214 2,3-Dimethylpentane
7 16
HC
565-59-3
100.202
4215 2,4-Dimethylpentane
7 16
HC
108-08-7
100.202
liq
-119.2
4216 3,3-Dimethylpentane
7 16
HC
562-49-2
100.202
liq
-134.4
C7H10O3
4160-82-1
142.152
H OC O2 7H14C 7HC 16O 7HC 16O 7HC 16O 7HC 16O 7HC 16O 7HC 16O C14O 7H C14O 7H C 7H14O C14 7H C14 7H C14 7H C14 7H C14 7H C14 7H C14 7H C14 7H C14 7H C14 7H C14 7H C12 7H C12 7H 2HC6O2 CN2 14H12
4839-46-7 1185-39-3 2370-12-9 4911-70-0 625-06-9 3970-62-5 595-41-5 600-36-2 590-50-1 564-04-5 565-80-0 3404-72-6 2213-32-3 3404-73-7 7385-78-6 762-62-9 10574-37-5 625-65-0 4914-91-4 4914-92-5 762-63-0 690-08-4 13361-63-2 999-78-0 690-02-8 484-11-7
160.168 130.185 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 114.185 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 96.170 96.170 62.068 208.258
C27O4P 24H C15H22O3
3862-11-1 25812-30-0
410.442 250.334
liq -136.6 liq -118.3 liq -127.7 liq -113.4 liq -124.2 liq -135.4 liq -115.2 liq -75.7 liq -82.4 vol liq or gas -100 cry, 1/2w (w, 159.5 lig) 72 cry 62
HC NO CH N O
2050-43-3 3118-97-6
163.216 276.332
nd (al) red nd (al)
129.3 166
CH N O
85-82-5
276.332
nd (al)
153
4244 3,4-Dimethylphenol phosphate (3:1) 4245 5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2Gemfibrozil dimethylpentanoic acid 4246 N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)acetamide 4247 1-[(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-21-(2,4-Xylylazo)-2-naphthol naphthol 4248 1-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-21-(2,5-Xylylazo)-2-naphthol naphthol
7 12 4
10 13
18 16 2
18 16 2
liq
125.8 mcl pl, nd (bz) liq
liq
liq liq liq liq liq liq
103.5
<-20 -2.5 <-30 <-70 -64 -45 -69 -134.3 -124.1 -134.3
Solubility vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl
18125, 15620 126415, 892 989
133.1 135 139.7 138.7 126 125.6 125.4 84.3 81.6 77.5 80.8 72.5 97.5 83.4 89.3 91.5 80.4 76.7 76.1 83 14
1.427820 0.918920 0.80420 0.810320 0.825320 0.83320 0.828820 0.80925 0.812520 0.810820 0.705120 0.694320 0.697420 0.693425 0.682720 0.727720 0.695420 0.709225 0.712425 0.695125 0.688920 0.714220 0.717620 0 0.8677
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz; i lig
1.417220 1.422320 1.428720 1.425020 1.403620 1.406520 1.399920 1.403320 1.398620 1.398420 1.399220 1.381820 1.420820 1.404020 1.410420 1.412820 1.402620 1.398220 1.398320 1.407120 1.35030
s chl sl H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs dil sulf i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc sl EtOH, eth; s tol, HOAc
2617 1590.02
i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, hx; s bz
17010
vs EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
bp/˚C
-114 -51 -123.7
7HC 12 7HC 15NO C16 7H
H-pyran4217 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid Dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2 2,6(3H)-dione anhydride 4218 3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid 4219 2,2-Dimethylpentanoic acid 4220 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol 4221 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 4222 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 4223 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 4224 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 4225 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 4226 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanone 4227 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 4228 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Diisopropyl ketone 4229 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4230 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4231 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4232 3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4233 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4234 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4235 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4236 cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4237 trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4238 cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4239 trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 4240 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne 4241 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne 4242 Dimethylperoxide 4243 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline Neocuproine
liq
mp/˚C
4211 2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene 4212 N,N-Dimethylpentanamide 4213 2,2-Dimethylpentane
HO
N O
O
N,N-Dimethylpentanamide
2,2-Dimethylpentane
2,3-Dimethylpentane
2,4-Dimethylpentane
3,3-Dimethylpentane
O
O
O
3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acidanhydride
O
3,3-Dimethylpentanedioic acid
HO
OH
HO OH
O 2,2-Dimethylpentanoic acid
2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol
O
OH 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol
2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol
O
OH
OH
2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol
2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol
2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol
4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanone
O
2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone
2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone
2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene
2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene
3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene
3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene
4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene
2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene
3-227 O 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene
cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene
trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene
cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene
trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene
4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne
4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne
O
Dimethylperoxide
O O O P O O N
N
2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline
HN N O
N
N OH
OH
N OH
O 3,4-Dimethylphenol phosphate(3:1)
5-(2,5-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid
N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)acetamide
1-[(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthol
1-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2,4-Dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene
OH
No.
Name
4249 1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 4250 1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 4251 1-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone
4266 4267 4268 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273 4274 4275 4276 4277 4278 4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284
2,4-Dimethylacetophenone 2,5-Dimethylacetophenone 3,4-Dimethylacetophenone
4,4-Dimethylphenidone
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
89-74-7 2142-73-6 3637-01-2
148.201 148.201 148.201
C13H16O
538-44-3
188.265
H14O 11C C11H12N2 C14N2O 11H
938-16-9 1131-16-4 2654-58-2
162.228 172.226 190.241
CH N
86-21-5
240.343
CH NO2
77-41-8
203.237
766-77-8 101-42-8 676-59-5 3283-12-3 2524-03-0
136.267 164.203 62.051 94.050 160.560
HC O CN2 6H14 CN2 6H14
131-11-3 106-58-1 6284-84-0
194.184 114.188 114.188
H CN H CN 7H15N C CO 5H10 5HC11NO 5HC11NO 5H13NC CN2 5H14 C2 5H12O H9N 5C 5H12SC 5H10O2 C O 5H12C 5H9ClOC 5HC 9NO 5H13NC H16 11C H16 11C C11H20O
2512-81-4 504-03-0 35794-11-7 630-19-3 754-10-9 758-96-3 926-63-6 109-55-7 126-30-7 630-18-2 1679-08-9 75-98-9 75-84-3 3282-30-2 2680-03-7 5813-64-9 2049-95-8 1007-26-7 16587-71-6
113.201 113.201 113.201 86.132 101.147 101.147 87.164 102.178 104.148 83.132 104.214 102.132 88.148 120.577 99.131 87.164 148.245 148.245 168.276
HC O
542-37-0
172.265
H C O
3279-27-4
164.244
C 10H12O C 10H12O C 10H12O
Pheniramine
16 20 2
Methsuximide
12 13
Fenuron
Dimethyl chlorothiophosphate
1,2-Dimethylpiperidine, (±) 2,6-Dimethylpiperidine 3,5-Dimethylpiperidine 3,5-Lupetidine 2,2-Dimethylpropanal Pivaldehyde 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Dimethyl-1-propanamine Dimethylpropylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol Neopentyl glycol 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile tert -Butyl cyanide 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol Neopentyl mercaptan 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid Trimethylacetic acid 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Neopentyl alcohol 2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride Pivalic acid chloride N,N-Dimethyl-2-propenamide N,N-Dimethylacrylamide 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanamine (1,1-Dimethylpropyl)benzene (2,2-Dimethylpropyl)benzene 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl) cyclohexanone 4285 1,1-Dimethylpropyl 3tert -Pentyl isopentanoate methylbutanoate 4286 2-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol
CSi 8H12 C9H12N2O 2HC7P C2P 2H7O C 2PS 2H6ClO 10 10 4
7 15 7 15
10 20 2
11 16
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
-18.1 -1.5
228 232.5 246.5
1.012115 0.996319 1.009014
1.534020 1.529120 1.541315
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc, HOAc
15425
0.950846
1.552325
220 272; 14512.5
0.96326 1.056620
1.508619 1.573819
s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl
18113, 1350.5 1.008125
1.551925
vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl
1.499520
i H2O
liq liq
43
176
52.5
1210.1 156.5
cry (hx) 132 vol liq or gas cry (bz) 92 hyg liq pa ye 5.5 liq -0.59 orth bipym nd 114 or pr (chl)
6 liq
nd (bz) liq nd
-45
129.13 15 35 52.5
liq
96
25 377 6812
0.889120
i2O; H s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz 1.322
1.482020
283.7 131 162
1.190520 0.860020
1.513820 1.447420 1.472020
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz
127.5 127 144 77.5
0.82415 0.815825 0.85325 0.792317
1.439520 1.437720 1.445420 1.379120
vs H2O, eth, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s acid
175 66 132 208 106.1 103.7 164 113.5 107 8120 82 192.4 185 12516, 10911
0.926920 0.715220 0.827220
1.386020
0.758625
1.377420
0.90550 0.81220 1.00320 0.96225 0.745520 0.874820 0.858118 0.92025
1.393130
173.5
s EtOH, eth s tfa vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth
0.87290
1.413920 1.473020 1.402320 1.495820 1.488418 1.467720
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth vs eth
vs EtOH sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-228
4252 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-penten-3one 4253 2,2-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone H-pyrazole 4254 3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1 4255 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-3pyrazolidinone g-phenyl-24256 N,N-Dimethylpyridinepropanamine 4257 1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2,5pyrrolidinedione 4258 Dimethylphenylsilane 4259 N,N-DimethylN’-phenylurea 4260 Dimethylphosphine 4261 Dimethylphosphinic acid 4262 O,O-Dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate 4263 Dimethyl phthalate 4264 1,4-Dimethylpiperazine 4265 cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine
Synonym
O O
O O
O
N
O
H Si
N O N N,N-Dimethylg-phenyl-2-pyridinepropanamine
3-229
N H
N
O
N,N-DimethylN’-phenylurea
1,4-Dimethylpiperazine
Dimethylphosphine
N H
N
H2N
N,N-Dimethyl-1-propanamine
S O P O Cl
Dimethylphosphinic acid
O,O-Dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate
cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine
1,2-Dimethylpiperidine, (±)
2,6-Dimethylpiperidine
3,5-Dimethylpiperidine
N
HO
O
N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine
2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
O
O
2,2-Dimethylpropanal
2,2-Dimethylpropanamide
N,N-Dimethylpropanamide
O
O SH
OH
N
NH2
N H
N N
4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone
O P OH
H P
N H
H N
N
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethylphenylsilane
3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazole
N O
1,3-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione
O O O
N
H N
O
N
OH
OH
2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid
2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol
Cl 2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride
O OH O
N O N,N-Dimethyl-2-propenamide
NH2 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine
O (1,1-Dimethylpropyl)benzene
(2,2-Dimethylpropyl)benzene
4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)cyclohexanone
1,1-Dimethylpropyl 3-methylbutanoate
2-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 1-(3,4-Dimethylphenyl)ethanone 4,4-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-penten-3-one 2,2-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone
N
No.
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
lf (eth) pl, nd (sub)
95 51.5 132
pr
15 47.5
262.5 245 251; 14025 156 155 155.6 137 218
0.9953137 1.02810 0.988720 0.964750 0.956117 0.883916
235 196
1.014914
1.566320
161.12 158.38 156.98 144.01 179.10 171.84 13322
0.931925 0.930920 0.929720 0.922620 0.928120 0.941920 1.07325
1.505720 1.501020 1.500620 1.495320 1.509620 1.506120 1.570620
3-230
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
4287 4288 4289 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294
4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol H-pyran-2-one 4,6-Dimethyl-2 H-pyran-4-one 2,6-Dimethyl-4 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine H-pyrazole 1,3-Dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole 3,5-Dimethyl-1
p-tert -Pentylphenol
CH16O 11 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 6HC8N2 6HC8N2 6HC8N2 C5H8N2 C5H8N2
80-46-6 675-09-2 1004-36-0 5910-89-4 123-32-0 108-50-9 694-48-4 67-51-6
164.244 124.138 124.138 108.141 108.141 108.141 96.131 96.131
4295 4296 4297 4298 4299 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309
15679-24-0 5407-87-4 5683-33-0 1122-58-3 583-61-9 108-47-4 589-93-5 108-48-5 583-58-4 591-22-0 1073-23-0 767-15-7 461-98-3 1558-17-4 874-14-6
230.304 122.167 122.167 122.167 107.153 107.153 107.153 107.153 107.153 107.153 123.152 123.155 123.155 108.141 140.140
4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323
2,7-Dimethylpyrene CH14 18 N2 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine 7H10C N2 N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine 7H10C N2 N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine 7H10C 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,3-Lutidine 7H9N C 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Lutidine 7H9N C 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Lutidine 7H9N C 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Lutidine 7H9N C 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Lutidine 7H9N C 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Lutidine 7H9N C 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide C 7H9NO 4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinamine 6H9NC 3 2,6-Dimethyl-4-pyrimidinamine Kyanmethin 6H9N3 C 4,6-Dimethylpyrimidine C2 6H8N 1,3-Dimethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)C6H8N2O2 pyrimidinedione 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole C9N 6H 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole C9N 6H 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine CN 6H13 2,4-Dimethylquinoline 4-Methylquinaldine 11H11N C 2,6-Dimethylquinoline 11HC 11N H11N 2,7-Dimethylquinoline m-Toluquinaldine 11C 2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline 10HC 10N2 H22O4 Dimethyl sebacate 12C Dimethyl selenide Methyl selenide C 2H6Se Dimethylsilane 2-Silapropane C 2H8Si Dimethylstearylamine Dymanthine N 20H43C Dimethyl succinate 6HC 10O4 Dimethylsulfamoyl chloride Dimethylaminosulfonyl chloride 2H6ClNO2SC Dimethyl sulfate O4S 2H6C
625-82-1 625-84-3 765-48-0 1198-37-4 877-43-0 93-37-8 2379-55-7 106-79-6 593-79-3 1111-74-6 124-28-7 106-65-0 13360-57-1 77-78-1
95.142 95.142 99.174 157.212 157.212 157.212 158.199 230.301 109.03 60.171 297.562 146.141 143.593 126.132
pa bl flr cry
4324 4325 4326 4327 4328
Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfite 2,4-Dimethylsulfolane Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfoxide
75-18-3 616-42-2 1003-78-7 67-71-0 67-68-5
62.134 110.132 148.223 94.133 78.133
liq
HC S HCO S CO2S 6H12 2HC 6O2S OS 2H6C 2 6
2 6 3
DMSO
cry (peth, al)
pl (eth)
107.5 230 61 182 114
liq liq liq liq liq hyg
-64 -16 -6.1 -11 -6.6 35 153.5 nd (al), pl (bz) 183 25 123.5
6.5 oil orth pr (eth) orth pr (eth) nd (w+3, ace) lo pr col gas
60 61 106 38 -150 22.9 19 -27
liq pr
-98.24 -1.5 108.9 17.89
sub 159
nD
1.498020 1.473415
1.488020
Solubility vs 2HO, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O s H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH
s EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace msc H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth; vs chl sl H2O, EtOH, bz, chl vs H2O sl EtOH; s eth, chl
168 171; 518 99 265 266.5 264.5
0.923620 0.935320 0.79920 15 1.0611
1.504820 1.503620
17520, 1445 57 -20
0.988228 1.407715 0.68-80
1.435528
196.4 8016 dec 188; 7615 37.33 126 281 238 189
1.119820
1.419720
sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; vs eth
1.332220
1.387420
0.848320 1.212920 1.136220 1.1700110 1.101025
1.443820 1.408320 1.473220 1.4226 1.479320
s H2O, eth, bz, ctc; msc EtOH; i CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth vs lig s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, AcOEt
1.607520
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl 2HO, EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, acid i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Physical Form
Name
OH O N O 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol
O
N
O
4,6-Dimethyl-2 H-pyran-2-one
N
2,6-Dimethyl-4 H-pyran-4-one
N
N
2,3-Dimethylpyrazine
N
N
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine
2,6-Dimethylpyrazine
N
1,3-Dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole
N H
N N
3,5-Dimethyl-1 H-pyrazole
2,7-Dimethylpyrene
N
NH2
4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine
N
N
N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridinamine
N
N,N-Dimethyl-4-pyridinamine
N
2,3-Dimethylpyridine
2,4-Dimethylpyridine
NH2
N
N
3-231
2,5-Dimethylpyridine
N O
N
N
2,6-Dimethylpyridine
3,4-Dimethylpyridine
N
3,5-Dimethylpyridine
N
2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide
N NH2
N
4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinamine
2,6-Dimethyl-4-pyrimidinamine
O N
N N
N 4,6-Dimethylpyrimidine
1,3-Dimethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
O O
Dimethyl succinate
2,5-Dimethylpyrrole
2,3-Dimethylquinoxaline
N
O Cl S O
Dimethylsulfamoyl chloride
2,6-Dimethylquinoline
H
Dimethyl sebacate
Dimethyl sulfate
2,4-Dimethylquinoline
Si Se
O O S O O
N
N
1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine
O O
O O
2,4-Dimethylpyrrole
O
N
2,7-Dimethylquinoline
N
N H
O
N N
N H
O
Dimethyl selenide
O S Dimethyl sulfide
N
H Dimethylsilane
S O
O
Dimethyl sulfite
Dimethylstearylamine
S O O 2,4-Dimethylsulfolane
O O S Dimethyl sulfone
O S Dimethyl sulfoxide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
No.
Mol. Wt.
4329 DimethylL-tartrate
608-68-4
178.139
4330 4331 4332 4333
593-80-6 120-61-6 1861-32-1 92-35-3
157.67 194.184 331.965 262.330
H NC S H CS NS 5H7C NS 5H7C C 4H9NS 8H14OC 4S 6HC 8S 6HC 8S 6HC 8S 6HC 8S 3HC 8N2S 3HC 8N2S C 19H39NO C10H11F3N2O
27464-82-0 135-58-0 541-58-2 3581-91-7 631-67-4 4131-74-2 632-16-6 638-00-6 638-02-8 632-15-5 6972-05-0 534-13-4 24602-86-6 2164-17-2
114.169 244.375 113.182 113.182 103.186 206.260 112.193 112.193 112.193 112.193 104.174 104.174 297.519 232.201
S3 2H6C C13H20O
3658-80-8 141-10-6
126.264 192.297
HNO C HNO C
598-94-7 96-31-1
88.108 88.108
HCZn C16N4O3 10H 20CH38N4O4 C26H20N2
544-97-8 644-64-4 119-48-2 93-46-9
95.478 240.259 398.541 360.450
HC S CH N O 15CH17Cl2N3O C13F3N4O4 11H C3O4 6H5N C3O4 6H5N
5586-15-2 607-56-7 83657-24-3 29091-05-2 602-03-9 97-02-9
318.455 312.364 326.221 322.241 183.122 183.122
6 5 3 4
H NC O H NC O
619-18-1 606-22-4
183.122 183.122
H NC O 14HC 6N2O6 14HC 6N2O6
618-87-1 82-35-9 129-39-5
183.122 298.207 298.207
3-232
4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361
Synonym
Mol. Form.
C6H10O6 Dimethyl 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate, [R-(R*,R*)]Dimethyl telluride C 2H6Te Dimethyl terephthalate CO4 10H10 Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate C4O4 10H6Cl N4OS 2,7-Dimethylthiachromine-8-ethanol 12H14C
2,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2,7-Dimethylthianthrene Mesulphen 2,4-Dimethylthiazole 4,5-Dimethylthiazole N,N-Dimethylthioacetamide Dimethyl thiodipropionate 2,3-Dimethylthiophene 2,4-Dimethylthiophene 2,5-Dimethylthiophene 3,4-Dimethylthiophene N,N-Dimethylthiourea N,N’-Dimethylthiourea 2,6-Dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine Tridemorph N,N-DimethylN’-[3-(trifluoromethyl) Fluometuron phenyl]urea Dimethyl trisulfide 6,10-Dimethyl-3,5,9-undecatrien-2- Pseudoionone one N,N-Dimethylurea N,N’-Dimethylurea Dimethyl zinc Dimetilan Dimorpholamine N,N’-Di-2-naphthyl-1,4benzenediamine Di-2-naphthyl disulfide N,N’-Di-1-naphthylurea Diniconazole Dinitramine 2,3-Dinitroaniline 2,4-Dinitroaniline
4362 2,5-Dinitroaniline 4363 2,6-Dinitroaniline 4364 3,5-Dinitroaniline 4365 1,5-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione 4366 1,8-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione
4 6 2
14 12 2
3 8 2 3 8 2
2 6
20 14 2
21 16 2
6 5 3 4
6 5 3 4
Physical Form
mp/˚C
(i) cry (bz) (ii) 50(form a); cry (w) 61(form b) pa ye 141 155 ye pr (chl) 228.8
nd (HOAc,al)
65 123 83.5 74.5
liq
-49
liq
-62.6
cry (w) hyg pl
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
280
1.30645
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
94 288
1.075141
vs EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s eth, chl
1.056215 1.069920
1.509120
s H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, peth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH
16218, 14818 1.155920 141.6 1.002120 140.7 0.993820 136.5 0.985020 145 0.99325
1.474020 1.519220 1.510420 1.512920 1.520620
nD
sub 202.5 1843 146; 7150 158
161.5 62 0.86
164
mcl pr (al, chl) 182.1 orth bipym 106.6 (chl-eth) liq, ign in air -43.0 col solid 69 cry (peth) 41.5 235 nd nd (py, HOAc) cry
139.5 296 149 98 128 180.0
ye nd (ace) grn ye tab (al) oran nd (al) 138.0 gold lf (HOAc) 141.5 ye nd (al) ye nd (dil al) 163 pa ye nd (xyl) 385 312
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i CS 2
1411.3
pa ye oil
Solubility
vs ace, EtOH 416 14412
0.898420
269
1.255525 1.14225
46 13 205 2290.4
1.144145
1.64650 1.61514
s EtOH, eth, chl, MeOH s H2O; sl EtOH, tfa; i eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl chl
10 1.386
sub
56.7
1.533520
s eth; msc peth s H2O, chl, EtOH, ace, xyl vs H2O i EtOH, eth, bz 1.455520
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i lig vs py s H2O, ace, MeOH, xyl i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, HCl vs EtOH i H2O, lig; sl EtOH; s eth, bz
50 1.601
sub
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs PhNO 2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347
Name
O
O
O
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
OH O O
O O
Te
OH
Dimethyl telluride
Dimethyl terephthalate
S
N
O N
S 4,5-Dimethylthiazole
O
O
Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate
S
N
N
S
2,7-Dimethylthiachromine-8-ethanol
S
2,7-Dimethylthianthrene
N
O
S
Dimethyl thiodipropionate
H N
S
S
2,3-Dimethylthiophene
O
N
S
2,5-Dimethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole
O
O
N,N-Dimethylthioacetamide
S
HO
O
S
N N
N
2,4-Dimethylthiophene
F
N,N-Dimethylthiourea
N
H N
N,N’-Dimethylthiourea
N
F
3-233
F 2,6-Dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine
H N S
3,4-Dimethylthiophene
O
N
H N
NH2 S
S
2,5-Dimethylthiophene
2,4-Dimethylthiazole
S
N,N-DimethylN’-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea
S
O
S
Dimethyl trisulfide
NH2 O
6,10-Dimethyl-3,5,9-undecatrien-2-one
H N Zn
O
N,N-Dimethylurea
N,N’-Dimethylurea
Dimethyl zinc
N N O N
N
N
O
O O
O
N
O N
N
O
H N
N O
HN
H N
OH
Cl
NH
S S
N
Cl
Dimetilan
F
Dimorpholamine
NH2 O N
F
F N O
N
N
O
Dinitramine
O
NH2 O N N O
N,N’-Di-2-naphthyl-1,4-benzenediamine
NH2 O N O O
2,3-Dinitroaniline
NH2 O N
O O
O
N
O
2,4-Dinitroaniline
Di-2-naphthyl disulfide
N,N’-Di-1-naphthylurea
O
NH2 O
N O 2,5-Dinitroaniline
O
O N
NH2 O N
O
2,6-Dinitroaniline
O
N O
N O
O
N
O
Diniconazole
O
N
O
O
O
N
O
O
3,5-Dinitroaniline
O
N
O
O
1,5-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione
O 1,8-Dinitro-9,10-anthracenedione
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Dimethyl L-tartrate
O
N
No.
Name
Synonym
4367 2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde 4368 3,5-Dinitrobenzamide 4369 1,2-Dinitrobenzene
m-Dinitrobenzene 1,3-Dinitrobenzene p-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitro-1,3-benzenediol 2,4-Dinitroresorcinol 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride 2,2’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl
4380 4,4’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl 4381 1,4-Dinitrobutane 4382 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenylamine
3-234
4383 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl ether 4384 4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl sulfide 4385 1,1-Dinitroethane 4386 1,2-Dinitroethane 4387 Dinitromethane 4388 1,3-Dinitronaphthalene 4389 1,5-Dinitronaphthalene 4390 4391 4392 4393
1,8-Dinitronaphthalene 2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthol 2,3-Dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
7HC4N2O5
528-75-6
196.117
6 4 2 4
H NCO HC N O
121-81-3 528-29-0
211.132 168.107
HC N O HC N O 6H4N2OC 6 C 2O4S 6H3ClN 6H4NC 2O7S N2O6 7H4C N2O6 7H4C N2O6 7H4C ClN2O5 7H3C 12HC 8N2O4
99-65-0 100-25-4 519-44-8 528-76-7 89-02-1 610-30-0 528-45-0 99-34-3 99-33-2 2436-96-6
168.107 168.107 200.105 234.617 248.170 212.116 212.116 212.116 230.562 244.203
HCN O HCN O 12HC 9N3O4
1528-74-1 4286-49-1 1821-27-8
244.203 148.118 259.217
H N OC H N OC S 2HC 4N2O4
101-63-3 1223-31-0 600-40-8
260.202 276.268 120.064
HCN O N2O4 2CH 10HC6N2O4
7570-26-5 625-76-3 606-37-1
120.064 106.038 218.166
10 6 2 4
HCN O
605-71-0
218.166
HCN O HCN O 6HC4N2O5 6HC4N2O5
602-38-0 605-69-6 66-56-8 51-28-5
218.166 234.165 184.106 184.106
7 5 3 5
6 4 2 4 6 4 2 4
12 8 2 4 4 8 2 4
4-NitroN-(4-nitrophenyl)aniline Bis(4-nitrophenyl) ether Bis(4-nitrophenyl) sulfide
12 8 2 5 12 8 2 4
2 4 2 4
10 6 2 4 10 6 2 5
4394 2,5-Dinitrophenol
6 4 2 5
HCN O
329-71-5
184.106
4395 2,6-Dinitrophenol
6 4 2 5
HCN O
573-56-8
184.106
HCN O HN CO 12HC 9N3O5 H9N3O4 12C
577-71-9 4232-27-3 119-15-3 961-68-2
184.106 226.143 275.216 259.217
C9H9N3O4S2
89-37-2
287.315
H CN O
119-26-6
198.137
4396 4397 4398 4399
3,4-Dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol, acetate 4-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino]phenol 2,4-DinitroN-phenylaniline
4400 2,4-Dinitrophenyl dimethylcarbamodithioate 4401 (2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazine
6 4 2 5 8 6 2 6
6 6 4 4
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
pa ye pr (al), pl 72 (bz) lf (w) 184 nd (bz), pl (al) 116.5
20015
318; 19430
1.3119120
orth pl (al) nd (al) ye lf (al) ye pr (bz-peth) nd (w+3) nd (w) cry (dil al) mcl pr (al) ye nd (bz) ye mcl pr or nd (al) nd (al) pl (al) ye nd(al)
14 291; 167 297; 18334
1.575118 1.62518
90.3 173.5 147.5 99 108 183 166 205 74 126 242.3 33.5 217.5
146.0 oran pl (HOAc) 160.5 ye mcl (bz, MeOH) 39.5 ye nd <-15 ye nd (bz, py- 148 w) hex nd (ace, 219 HOAc) ye orth pl (chl) 173 ye nd (al, chl) 138.8 ye nd (w) 144.5 pa ye pl or lf (w) 114.8 ye mcl pr or nd (w,lig) pa ye orth nd or lf (dil al) tcl nd (w) cry (MeOH) red lf ye red nd (al)
blsh-red (al)
1.4525
17613
185.5
1.34924
955 exp 100 sub
1.459720
sub
1.586020
dec 445
sub
194
1.446820
vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt; sl DMSO sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, py; s eth, tol i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s ace, bz, tol sl2H O, EtOH vs bz, chl, HOAc; sl peth vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, peth sl H2O, EtOH, bz sl2H O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc s eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz; sl ace, lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, MeOH i H2O, tol; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, py; vs eth i2O; H sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl, py
1.68120 24 1.683
63.5
152.5
1.56517
1.67220
19612 305
Solubility sl H2O, chl, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz
108
134 72.5 195.5 157.8
nD
1.67225
1.5420
sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, tol, chl, py vs bz, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH s alk i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz i 2HO; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, DMSO
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379
Nitromide o-Dinitrobenzene
Mol. Form.
O
O N
O
O
O
O
HO
O
O
O
O
3-235
O N
N O
N
O N
O
O
3,5-Dinitrobenzamide
2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
O
N O
N
O N
N O
HO
O
O
N
O
N O
O
O
3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid
N
N O
O
O
O
N O
O
O
N O
Dinitromethane
O
N
O
O
N O
N O
O
O O
2,6-Dinitrophenol
N
N
O
N
N O
N O
O
O
O
O
OH O N
O 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene
N
O
O
O N O
2,2’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl
O
N O
N O
OH O N
O
N
N O
O
2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthol
N
O
O N O 4,4’-Dinitro-1,1’-biphenyl
O O
O
N O
1,1-Dinitroethane
OH O N O O
2,3-Dinitrophenol
N
O
1,2-Dinitroethane
OH O N
O O
O
O N
N O
O
2,4-Dinitrophenol
O
N O 2,5-Dinitrophenol
N O N
O H N
O
N
O
O H N
O
3,4-Dinitrophenol
O
2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride
O2N NO2
O
4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl sulfide
O
O
N O
O
S
4,4’-Dinitrodiphenyl ether
1,5-Dinitronaphthalene
OH OH O N
O
O
O
O N
O N
S
Cl
O
1,3-Dinitronaphthalene
Cl
2,4-Dinitro-1,3-benzenediol
3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride
NO2 NO2
NO2 H H NO2
O
1,4-Dinitrobenzene
3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid
4,4’-Dinitrodiphenylamine
O
N
O
N O
1,4-Dinitrobutane
OH O N
OH O
O
N O
H N O
O
O
1,3-Dinitrobenzene
O
N
O
2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid
O
O
O
O
1,2-Dinitrobenzene
HO
N
N
HO O
2,4-Dinitrophenol, acetate
N O
O
4-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino]phenol
N
S
O
N O
S
O N
H2N O
NH O N
O
O
2,4-DinitroN-phenylaniline
O
N
O
2,4-Dinitrophenyl dimethylcarbamodithioate
O
N
O
(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde
N
N O
O
OH O S OO N
O
O O
N
NH2
No.
4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416
3-236
4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442 4443
Synonym
1,1-Dinitropropane 1,3-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitro-1,3-propanediol 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine 1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine 4,4’-Dinitro-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid Dinobuton Dessin Dinocap Dinonyl adipate Dinonyl ether Dinonyl phthalate Dinoseb Phenol, 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6dinitroDioctadecylamine Distearylamine Dioctylamine N-Octyl-1-octanamine Dioctyl ether Dioctyl hexanedioate Dioctyl maleate Dioctyl phthalate Dioctyl sebacate Dioctyl decanedioate Dioctyl sulfide Octyl sulfide Dioctyl terephthalate Dioscorine 1,3-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxacyclohexane 1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxacyclohexane 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-dione 1,4-Dioxane-2,6-dione Diglycollic anhydride Dioxathion 1,3-Dioxepane 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3-Dioxacyclopentane 1,3-Dioxol-2-one Dioxybenzone (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)(2hydroxyphenyl)methanone Dioxypyramidon Dipentaerythritol Dipentene p-Menthadiene Dipentylamine Diamylamine Dipentylcis-2-butenedioate Dipentyl maleate Dipentyl ether Amyl ether 2,6-Di-tert -pentyl-4-methylphenol 2,6-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-4methylphenol Di-tert -pentyl peroxide
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
184 1031 185.5
1.261025 1.35326 1.3025
1.433920 1.465420
s alk i H2O; s eth sl H2O
cry (MeOH) pa ye pl (w) cry (AcOH)
-42 -21.4 53 142 >300 300 207 159.0 266
ye cry (EtOH)
60
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C6N2O4 3H C6N2O4 3H C6N2O4 3H N2O6 3H6C H8N2O4 16C H8N2O4 16C O2 5H10N6C N4O2 4H8C C14H10N2O10S2
601-76-3 6125-21-9 595-49-3 2736-80-3 42397-64-8 42397-65-9 101-25-7 140-79-4 128-42-7
134.091 134.091 134.091 166.089 292.246 292.246 186.172 144.133 430.366
liq
H18N2O7 14C C18H24N2O6 C46O4 24H CH38O 18 C42O4 26H C10H12N2O5
973-21-7 6119-92-2 151-32-6 2456-27-1 84-76-4 88-85-7
326.302 364.393 398.620 270.494 418.609 240.212
H N C H N C H34O 16C 22HC42O4 C36O4 20H 24HC 38O4 C4 26H50O 16HC 34S CO4 24H38 CH19NO2 13 C8O2 4H C8O2 4H H4O4 4C 4H4OC 4 H26O6P2S4 12C C5H10O2 3HC 6O2 C3H2O3 C14H12O4
112-99-2 1120-48-5 629-82-3 123-79-5 2915-53-9 117-84-0 2432-87-3 2690-08-6 4654-26-6 3329-91-7 505-22-6 123-91-1 502-97-6 4480-83-5 78-34-2 505-65-7 646-06-0 872-36-6 131-53-3
521.988 241.456 242.440 370.566 340.498 390.557 426.673 258.506 390.557 221.296 88.106 88.106 116.073 116.073 456.538 102.132 74.079 86.046 244.243
CH N O CO7 10H22 CH16 10 10H23CN O4 14H24C 10HC 22O C17H28O
519-65-3 126-58-9 7705-14-8 2050-92-2 10099-71-5 693-65-2 56103-67-4
263.292 254.278 136.234 157.297 256.339 158.281 248.403
CH O
10508-09-5
174.281
36 75 16 35
13 17 3 3
10 22 2
wh pl (bz)
vs EtOH
1360.01 2051 318 413
liq
72.9 35.5 -7.6 9.6
liq 25 18 cry grn-ye pr (eth) liq
34 -45 11.85 lf (al, al-chl) 85.4 cry (bz) 92.5 -20 liq liq
pr cry (w) liq liq liq
-97.22 22
105.5 221 -95.5 16110 -69
-55
1.435620
1.26545
40
nd liq
0.81
2682 297.5 283 1912 2420.002 2204 2180.5 20229, 18010 425 106.1 101.5
0.796326 0.806320 0.92225 0.9420
1.441526 1.432720
vs chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc
1.453920
0.907425 0.84225 1.2162
1.461020
1.028625 1.033720
1.416520 1.422420
s ctc
s H2O, ace, chl, EtOH; sl eth, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc vs ace
240.5; 12012 1.25726 78 162; 7332 1721
1.06020 1.3525
1.397420
1972
190 283
1.36615 0.840221 0.777120 0.97420 0.783320 0.93125
5814, 389
0.80820
178 202.5
s chl msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace
s H2O, EtOH s hot H2O 1.472720 1.427220 1.411920 1.495020 1.409520
sl H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410
Name
O
N
O O
O N O
N
O O
O
O N
O
O2N
1,3-Dinitropropane
HO O2N
NO2
OH NO2
O
N
O
O
O N
N N N O
O
2,2-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitro-1,3-propanediol 1,6-Dinitropyrene
O N O
1,8-Dinitropyrene
N
N N O
N N O
O N O
S O O OH O S HO O
N N O
Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine 1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine
4,4’-Dinitro-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid
O
O
O
O N
O
O N
O
O R'
O
O R
O
N
O
R=NO 2,R'=C 8H17 and R=C 8H17,R'=NO 2
O
Dinobuton
O O
O
O
O
O
Dinocap
O
Dinonyl adipate
O
O N
OH
N
O
Dinonyl ether
Dinonyl phthalate
O
Dinoseb
O
3-237
NH Dioctadecylamine
O
O
N H
O
O
Dioctylamine
Dioctyl ether
Dioctyl hexanedioate
O O
O O
O
O
O
O
O O Dioctyl maleate
Dioctyl phthalate
N
O
O
O
O O
O
O Dioctyl terephthalate
HO HO HO
Dioscorine
O
O O
O
O O
O
O O
O
O
O P O S
O OH O
S O P S O
O
O
O
O
O
1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-dione1,4-Dioxane-2,6-dione
Dioctyl sulfide
Dioxathion
O
O
O
N
N O
O Dioxybenzone
Dioxypyramidon
OH O
OH H N
OH Dipentaerythritol
N
OH
O
1,3-Dioxepane 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3-Dioxol-2-one
OH O
S
Dioctyl sebacate
S O
O
O
Dipentene
Dipentylamine
O O
O
Dipentyl cis-2-butenedioate
O O Dipentyl ether
O
2,6-Di-tert-pentyl-4-methylphenol Di-tert-pentyl peroxide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1,1-Dinitropropane
O N
N
No.
Name
Synonym
18HC 26O4 H22S 10C 10HC 22OS C16H17NO
131-18-0 872-10-6 1986-90-9 957-51-7
306.397 174.347 190.346 239.312
972-02-1 126-00-1 104-66-5 519-87-9 501-65-5 82-66-6
309.445 286.323 214.260 211.259 178.229 340.371
nd (peth) cry (w) lf (al) wh cry pow mcl pr or pl (al) pa ye mcl (al)
122-39-4 579-92-0 6152-67-6
169.222 257.242 271.267
mcl lf(dil al) 53.2 ye cry (al) 296 dec ye cry
1499-10-1 712-48-1 74-31-7 4428-13-1
330.421 264.582 260.333 274.356
3695-77-0 531-91-9
276.395 336.429
lf or pl
C16H14
538-81-8
206.282
lf (al, HOAc)
H C CH CH18 16 CH18 16 CH16 16 C16H12O2
886-66-8 719-79-9 5223-59-6 1083-56-3 7614-93-9 959-28-4
202.250 210.314 210.314 210.314 208.298 236.265
CH O HC ClNO C13H12N4O
495-45-4 83-01-2 538-62-5
222.281 231.677 240.260
HC N HC O 13CH14N4O
622-16-2 102-09-0 140-22-7
194.231 214.216 242.276
CH ClO3P H Se C2 CS2 12H10 CH14 14 C14 14H 14HC 12N2O2
2524-64-3 1666-13-3 882-33-7 612-00-0 103-29-7 620-81-5
268.632 312.13 218.337 182.261 182.261 240.257
4448 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453
Diphenidol Diphenolic acid 1,2-Diphenoxyethane N,N-Diphenylacetamide Diphenylacetylene H-indene2-(Diphenylacetyl)-1 1,3(2H)-dione N-Phenylbenzenamine C12H11N Diphenylamine NO4 Diphenylamine-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid 14H11C Diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid, Sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate 12H10CNNaO3S sodium salt 9,10-Diphenylanthracene CH18 26 Diphenylarsinous chloride Chlorodiphenylarsine C 12H10AsCl N,N’-Diphenyl-1,4-benzenediamine N,N’-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine 18CH16N2 a,a-Diphenylbenzeneethanol H18O 20C
Benzeneacetamide, N,N-dimethylaphenyl1,1-Diphenyl-4-piperidinyl-1-butanol C 21H27NO C18O4 17H O2 Ethylene glycol diphenyl ether 14H14C C13NO 14H H10 14C Diphenadione CH16O3 23
Triphenylmethyl mercaptan 4461 a,a-Diphenylbenzenemethanethiol 4462 N,N’-Diphenyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’- N,N’-Diphenylbenzidine diamine 4463 trans,trans-1,4-Diphenyl-1,3butadiene 4464 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne Diphenyldiacetylene 4465 1,1-Diphenylbutane 4466 1,2-Diphenylbutane 4467 1,4-Diphenylbutane 4468 1,3-Diphenyl-1-butene 4469 trans-1,4-Diphenyl-2-butene-1,4dione 4470 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one Dypnone 4471 Diphenylcarbamic chloride 4472 Diphenylcarbazone 4473 N,N’-Diphenylcarbodiimide 4474 Diphenyl carbonate Phenyl carbonate 4475 2,2’-Diphenylcarbonic dihydrazide sym-Diphenylcarbazide 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481
Diphenyl chlorophosphonate Diphenyl diselenide Diphenyl disulfide 1,1-Diphenylethane 1,2-Diphenylethane N,N’-Diphenylethanediamide
H SC HC N
19 16
24 20 2
16 10 16 18
16 14 13 10
13 10 2 13 10 3
12 10
Phenyl diselenide Phenyl disulfide Dibenzyl
12 10
mp/˚C -51.3 58 135
orth pl (peth) nd(bz-lig) pr (peth)
104.5 171.5 98 103 62.5 146.5
246.5 44 150 89.5
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.840720
1.456120
s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s eth
1.1723.3
12 182 sub 300
1.670 302
337 2220.5 22211
154.3
22 1.158
16 1.4820
52.5 47.5 111
287 291; 15211 317 311
1.633256
ye nd 63.5 nd(al) or orth 62 liq -17.9 mcl pr (MeOH) 52.5 lf (bz) 254
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i acid i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, chl, peth
i2O; H sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs tol, HOAc vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth
0.992820 0.967320 0.988020 0.999620
1.566420 1.555420
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl
1.59015 sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc; vs chl; i lig
1.108015
1.634320
84.5 157 dec
169 nd (al, bz) 83 cry (al + 1) cry 170 (HOAc)
vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth vs ace, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl chl
352
342.5 lf (al) oran oran nd (bz) pr (al)
0.9657100
105.8 247
86.5 27
ye nd (al, bz)
bp/˚C 20511 863.7 1201
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl
331; 17520 306 dec 314272 20211 310 272.6 284 >360
sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz
1.121587
1.29625 1.55780 1.35320 0.999720 0.978025
1.550020 1.74320 1.575620 1.547660
s tfa s EtOH, eth, xyl, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 vs bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
Dipentyl phthalate Dipentyl sulfide Dipentyl sulfoxide Diphenamid
4457 4458 4459 4460
3-238
CAS RN
4444 4445 4446 4447
4454 4455 4456
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
O
O O
O O
Dipentyl phthalate
Dipentyl sulfide
OH
N
O S
S
O
N
OH
Dipentyl sulfoxide
Diphenamid
HO
Diphenidol
OH Diphenolic acid
O O
O O
N
O
OH O H N
H N
O
OH
H N SO3Na
1,2-Diphenoxyethane
N,N-Diphenylacetamide
Diphenylacetylene
2-(Diphenylacetyl)-1 H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione
Diphenylamine
Diphenylamine-2,2’-dicarboxylic acid
Diphenylamine-4-sulfonic acid,sodiumsalt
H N H N
3-239
Cl As
SH OH
N H 9,10-Diphenylanthracene
Diphenylarsinous chloride
N H
a,a-Diphenylbenzeneethanol
N,N’-Diphenyl-1,4-benzenediamine
a,a-Diphenylbenzenemethanethiol
N,N’-Diphenyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine
O
O trans,trans-1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiene
O
1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne
O
Cl
O N
N
1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one
O O P O Cl Diphenylchlorophosphonate
1,1-Diphenylbutane
Diphenylcarbamic chloride
N
N H
1,2-Diphenylbutane
H N N C
N
N,N’-Diphenylcarbodiimide
S Se
1,3-Diphenyl-1-butene
O
Diphenylcarbazone
Se
1,4-Diphenylbutane
O O
Diphenylcarbonate
trans-1,4-Diphenyl-2-butene-1,4-dione
H N
O N H
N H
2,2’-Diphenylcarbonic dihydrazide
O
H N
S
O Diphenyldiselenide
Diphenyldisulfide
1,1-Diphenylethane
1,2-Diphenylethane
H N
N H
N,N’-Diphenylethanediamide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
4482 N,N’-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine R*,(R*)4483 1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, (±) 4484 1,1-Diphenylethene 4485 Diphenyl ether
Synonym 1,2-Dianilinoethane
Mol. Wt.
14H16N2C C14H14O2
150-61-8 655-48-1
212.290 214.260
CH CH10O 12
530-48-3 101-84-8
180.245 170.206
HC O P C11NO 13H 16CH12O C3 13H13N C16 18H
1241-94-7 607-00-1 955-83-9 102-06-7 1720-32-7
362.399 197.232 220.265 211.262 232.320
530-50-7 122-66-7 3254-93-1 744-45-6 525-06-4 7242-17-3 587-85-9 101-81-5 101-68-8 1450-31-3 622-15-1
184.236 184.236 238.284 318.323 194.228 268.264 354.80 168.234 250.252 198.283 196.247
tab (lig) tab (al-eth) pl (MeOH)
13 12
H C O
91-01-0
184.233
nd (lig)
CH NO
58-73-1
255.355
oil
20 25
7526-26-3 13862-07-2
248.214 295.419
17 14
CH NO H CO
92-71-7 538-58-9
221.254 234.292
HC N H ClP C CH11O3P 12 O4 20H14C C 18H21NO C15H16 C15H16 15HC 12O2 15HC14O C14O 15H C14O 15H CH12O 15 C15H14
1662-01-7 1079-66-9 4712-55-4 84-62-8 467-60-7 1081-75-0 778-22-3 120-46-7 1083-30-3 781-35-1 102-04-5 1210-39-5 778-66-5
332.397 220.634 234.187 318.323 267.366 196.288 196.288 224.255 210.271 210.271 210.271 208.255 194.272
4486 4487 4488 4489 4490
Diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate N,N-Diphenylformamide 2,5-Diphenylfuran N,N’-Diphenylguanidine 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene
4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500 4501
1,1-Diphenylhydrazine 12CH12N2 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Hydrazobenzene 12CH12N2 O 5,5-Diphenyl-4-imidazolidinone Doxenitoin 15H14N2C Diphenyl isophthalate 20HC 14O4 Diphenylketene Diphenylethenone 14HC 10O Diphenyl maleate H12O4 16C Diphenylmercury Mercuriodibenzene C10Hg 12H Diphenylmethane CH12 13 4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate15H10N2O2C Diphenylmethanethione 13HC10S N,N’-Diphenylmethanimidamide CN2 13H12
4502 Diphenylmethanol
20 27 4
Benzohydrol
4503 2-(Diphenylmethoxy)N,NDiphenhydramine dimethylethanamine 4504 Diphenyl methylphosphonate 4505 2-(Diphenylmethyl)-1Diphemethoxidine piperidineethanol 4506 2,5-Diphenyloxazole 4507 1,5-Diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one Dibenzalacetone 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520
4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Diphenylphosphinous chloride Chlorodiphenylphosphine Diphenyl phosphonate Diphenyl phthalate Phenyl phthalate a,a-Diphenyl-2-piperidinemethanol Pipradrol 1,3-Diphenylpropane 2,2-Diphenylpropane 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione Dibenzoylmethane 1,3-Diphenyl-1-propanone Phenethyl phenyl ketone 1,1-Diphenyl-2-propanone 1,1-Diphenylacetone 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propanone Dibenzyl ketone 3,3-Diphenyl-2-propenal b-Phenylcinnamaldehyde 1,1-Diphenyl-1-propene
17 21
HC O P HC NO
13 13 3
15 11
24 16 2 12 10
cry (dil al) nd (w,al),tab (eth)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
74 122.5
12, 1782 229 >300
8.2 26.87
277 258.0
orth (dil al) 73.5 nd or lf (dil al) 91 mcl nd (al, to) 150 lf (ace) 202.3
red-ye liq pl (lig) pr nd
nd (al)
nd (lig) pl or lf (ace, AcOEt)
50.5 131 183 138 73 25.4 37 53.5 142 69
den/g cm-3
Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl tfa i H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth; s ace
1.023220 1.066130
2325 1.09025 13 337.5; 189 344 20 dec 170 1.13
40 220
nD
1.608520 1.578725
i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl
1.51025 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc O;Hvs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 2i sl H2O; s EtOH, ctc chl, tol; vs eth i2H O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace; sl bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH; sl bz, DMSO; i HOAc
1.19016 16 1.158
s chl 267.5 15 226 20410 265.0 1965 17414 >250
1.110713 2.31825 1.00126 1.19770
1.61514
1.575320 1.590650
298; 18020
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s ace, bz, PhNO2 sl EtOH, eth, peth; vs bz, chl sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ctc, chl; s HOAc
1653 35 106.5
20513 1800.1
1.205120
74 113 dec
360 dec
1.0940100
i H2O
1.6231100
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl
220 dec hyg ye liq pr (al, lig) cry (hx) liq
lf (EtOH) cry (al, peth) pa ye pr (lig)
12 73 97.5 6 29 70.5 72.5 46 35 44.8 52
5 320; 174 21826 14 253
1.229 1.22325
300; 1231.7 282.5
1.00720 0.998020
1.636020 1.557520 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc 1.576020 s EtOH, eth, chl, dil NaOH
360 307; 17410 331 20514 280; 14911
1.536116
s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, peth
1.588020
i H2O; s EtOH, bz
1.1950 1.025020
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-240
CAS RN
14 12
1,3-Diphenylguanidine
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
H N
O O P O O
OH
O N
O
N H
OH
N,N’-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediamine
1,2-Diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, (R*,R*)-(±)
1,1-Diphenylethene
Diphenylether
Diphenyl2-ethylhexylphosphate
N,N-Diphenylformamide
O O H N
O
H N
H N
NH 2,5-Diphenylfuran
N,N’-Diphenylguanidine
1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene
H N
NH2 N
1,1-Diphenylhydrazine
O
N H
N H
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
O
5,5-Diphenyl-4-imidazolidinone
O C
Diphenylisophthalate
S O
Hg
O
O
3-241
O O Diphenylketene
Diphenylmaleate
OH
O
Diphenylmercury
Diphenylmethane
N
N
C
4,4’-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate
O O P O
N
C
N
O Diphenylmethanethione
N
H N
N,N’-Diphenylmethanimidamide
O
N O
OH Diphenylmethanol
2-(Diphenylmethoxy)N,N-dimethylethanamine
Diphenylmethylphosphonate
2-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-piperidineethanol
2,5-Diphenyloxazole
1,5-Diphenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one
O Cl P N
O
N
4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline
Diphenylphosphinous chloride
N H
O O
O
P OH
OH
O
Diphenylphosphonate
Diphenylphthalate
a,a-Diphenyl-2-piperidinemethanol
1,3-Diphenylpropane
2,2-Diphenylpropane
O O
O
O
O
O 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione
1,3-Diphenyl-1-propanone
1,1-Diphenyl-2-propanone
1,3-Diphenyl-2-propanone
3,3-Diphenyl-2-propenal
1,1-Diphenyl-1-propene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
4521 trans-1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one 4522 1-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)piperidine 4523 3,5-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole 4524 1,4-Diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione Diphenyl selenide Diphenylsilane Diphenylsilanediol Diphenyl succinate Diphenyl sulfide
Chalcone Fenpiprane Phenopyrazone
Mol. Form.
614-47-1
208.255
N 20H25C C15H12N2 CN2O2 15H12
3540-95-2 1145-01-3 3426-01-5
279.420 220.269 252.268
CH Se H12Si 12C 12HC 12O2Si C14O4 16H H10S 12C
1132-39-4 775-12-2 947-42-2 621-14-7 139-66-2
233.17 184.309 216.308 270.280 186.272
CH O S
127-63-9
218.271
HC OS
945-51-7
202.271
mcl pr(bz) pl(al) pr(lig)
102-08-9 136-35-6 603-54-3 102-07-8 503-38-8
228.312 197.235 212.246 212.246 197.832
ye lf or pr (al) tab (al) orth pr (al) liq
1932-04-3 880-09-1 16898-52-5 527-93-5 4074-88-8 2223-82-7
196.332 182.306 210.358 424.059 214.215 212.243
13048-33-4
226.269
4147-51-7
255.384
18854-56-3 505-84-0 1116-24-1 106-19-4 142-84-7 57-66-9
146.228 132.201 143.227 230.301 101.190 285.360
liq liq
2217-07-4 759-94-4
177.286 189.318
ye lf
623-96-1 629-19-6 25265-71-8 27138-31-4
146.184 150.305 134.173 342.386
CH12O 15
4530 Diphenyl sulfone
12 10 2
4531 Diphenyl sulfoxide
12 10
4532 4533 4534 4535 4536
3-242
Mol. Wt.
12 10
Phenyl sulfide
N,N’-Diphenylthiourea 1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene N,N-Diphenylurea N,N’-Diphenylurea Diphosgene
sym-Diphenylthiourea Diazoaminobenzene Carbanilide Carbonochloridic acid, trichloromethyl ester
H C NS H CN C13H12N2O C12N2O 13H C2Cl4O2 13 12 2 12 11 3
1,2-Dipiperidinoethane 12HC 24N2 1,1’-Dipiperidinomethane 1,1’-Methylenedipiperidine 11H22N2 C 1,3-Di-4-piperidylpropane 4,4’-Trimethylenedipiperidine 13H26N2 C Diploicin C10Cl4O5 16H Di-2-propenoyldiethyleneglycol 10HC 14O5 Di-2-propenoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3- 2-Propenoic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-C11H16O4 propanediol propanediyl ester 4543 Di-2-propenoyl-1,6-hexanediol 2-Propenoic acid, 1,6-hexanediyl C12H18O4 ester 4544 Dipropetryn 6-(Ethylthio)N,N’-diisopropyl-1,3,5- C11H21N5S triazine-2,4-diamine H18O2 4545 1,2-Dipropoxyethane 8C 4546 Dipropoxymethane Formaldehyde, dipropyl acetal O2 7H16C 4547 N,N-Dipropylacetamide 8HC17NO 4548 Dipropyl adipate C22O4 12H 4549 Dipropylamine N-Propyl-1-propanamine C6H15N 4550 4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoicProbenecid C13H19NO4S acid 4551 N,N-Dipropylaniline C19N 12H 4552 Dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl EPTC C9H19NOS ester 4553 Dipropyl carbonate H14O3 7C 4554 Dipropyl disulfide C14S2 6H 4555 Dipropylene glycol C14O3 6H 4556 Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate 20HC 22O5 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542
Physical Form
CAS RN
mp/˚C
pa ye lf, pr, nd 59 (peth) 41.5 cry (al) 200 cry (EtOAc, 233.5 Diox) ye nd (bz) 1.3
lf (al) liq
liq
121 -25.9 128.5 71.2 154.5 98 189 239 -57 -0.5 67.1 232
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
dec 346
1.071262
nD
Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS 2
2158
301.5 13416, 9613 15 330; 222.5 296
379
1.35120 0.996920
1.550020 1.580020
1.113620
1.633420
1.25220
34016 1.3225 dec 260 dec 128
1.27625 1.23925 1.652514
1.456622
265 230; 12215 329
0.916025 0.926920
1.485325 1.482020
200
1.111025
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, xyl s ctc, CS2 sl DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth, bz, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, oils i2O; H vs EtOH, eth, bz, py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, py, HOAc; i bz vs eth, EtOH
vs H2O 1.459525 1.454225
1.01025 105
liq
liq
-97.3 -15.7 -63 195
-85.6
163.2 dec 140.5 209.5 15111 109.3
0.831225 0.834520 0.899217 0.979020 0.740020
1.401325 1.393919 1.441917 1.431420 1.405020
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH; msc eth; vs ace, bz
242 12720
0.910420 0.954630
1.527120
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc
168 195.8 230.5 1971
0.943520 0.959920 1.020620
1.400820 1.498120
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4525 4526 4527 4528 4529
Synonym
O N O
O N H 1-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)piperidine
3,5-Diphenyl-1 H-pyrazole
1,4-Diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione
O
HO OH Si
O
Diphenylselenide
O S
O O S
S
O
N H
Diphenylsuccinate
Diphenylsulfide
Diphenylsulfone
Diphenylsulfoxide
N
N
N H
N,N’-Diphenylthiourea
H N
1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene
O
O O N H
3-243
N,N-Diphenylurea
O N H
Cl
N,N’-Diphenylurea
Cl O
Cl Cl
N
N
N
N
HO HN
Diphosgene
1,2-Dipiperidinoethane
1,1’-Dipiperidinomethane
Cl O
Cl
NH2
N
H
Si
Diphenylsilane
S
O Diphenylsilanediol
H
Se
N
NH
O Cl
O Cl
1,3-Di-4-piperidylpropane
Diploicin
HN O O
O O
O
O
O
O
Di-2-propenoyldiethyleneglycol
O
O
N
O
N H
O
O
Di-2-propenoyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Di-2-propenoyl-1,6-hexanediol
N N
S
O
Dipropetryn
HO
O
1,2-Dipropoxyethane
O
N
O O O
O N
O
Dipropoxymethane
O
N,N-Dipropylacetamide
Dipropyladipate
O S O N
H N
O
Dipropylamine
4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid
N,N-Dipropylaniline
O O
S N
Dipropylcarbamothioic acid,S-ethylester
O O
O
Dipropylcarbonate
S
O O
S
Dipropyldisulfide
HO
O Dipropyleneglycol
O
O
OH Dipropyleneglycoldibenzoate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
trans-1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one
NH
N
No.
Name
Synonym
4574 Disodium hydrogen citrate 4575 Disperse Blue No. 1
3-244
4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581
Distearyl thiodipropionate Disulfiram Disulfoton 1,2-Dithiane 1,3-Dithiane 1,4-Dithiane
4582 Dithianone 4583 Dithiazanine iodide 4584 2,2’-Dithiobisbenzoic acid 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594 4595 4596 4597
3,3’-Dithiobispropanoic acid 3,3’-DithiobisD-valine 2,5-Dithiobiurea 4,4’-Dithiodimorpholine 1,2-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane-2-thione Dithiopyr Dithizone Di(p-tolyl)carbodiimide 1,2-Di(p-tolyl)ethane N,N’-Di(o-tolyl)guanidine Ditridecyl phthalate
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
C7H16O3
34590-94-8
148.200
liq
-80
188.3
0.95
1.419020
HC O H C O H16O4 10C C14O4 8H 9H15CNO3 C18O4 10H 6HC 14O4S H14S 6C C14O2S 6H 6HC 14OS 24CH40N8O4 C2O2S2 10H8N C10N2 9H CH12N2 12 C12Br2N2 12H C 2Na2 10H12CaN O8 C7 6H6Na2O C14H12N4O2
111-43-3 14595-35-8 2432-63-5 615-98-5 512-12-9 925-15-5 598-05-0 111-47-7 598-03-8 4253-91-2 58-32-2 3696-28-4 21211-65-4 2764-72-9 85-00-7 62-33-9
102.174 200.232 200.232 174.195 185.220 202.248 182.238 118.240 150.239 134.239 504.627 252.313 146.188 184.236 344.044 374.268
liq
-114.8
90.08 1105 12612 211 1493 250.8 12020 142.9
0.746620 1.012920 1.024520 1.018820
1.380920 1.443520 1.443420 1.415820
sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth
1.002020 1.106420 0.81417 1.027850 0.965420
1.425020 1.413520 1.448720 1.445630 1.466320
vs ace, bz, eth vs peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH
144-33-2 2475-45-8
236.088 268.271
wh pow (w) red-br nd
149 dec 331
693-36-7 97-77-8 298-04-4 505-20-4 505-23-7 505-29-3
683.163 296.539 274.405 120.237 120.237 120.237
cry
61 71.5 -25 32.5 54 112.3
3347-22-6 514-73-8 119-80-2
296.324 518.476 306.357
nd (ace) 220 grn nd (MeOH) 248 dec 289.5
1119-62-6 20902-45-8 142-46-1 103-34-4 557-22-2 4829-04-3 822-38-8 97886-45-8 60-10-6 726-42-1 538-39-6 97-39-2 119-06-2
210.271 296.407 150.226 236.355 106.210 106.210 136.259 401.416 256.326 222.285 210.314 239.316 530.823
158 204.5 nd (w) 214 124.5 77 liq -50 35 65 bl-blk (chl-al) 167 dec 58.5 lf (al) 85 cry (dil al) 179 liq
6 14
10 16 4
Sodium acid citrate 1,4,5,8-Tetraamino-9,10anthracenedione Dioctadecyl thiobispropanoate42H82O4S C C10H20N2S4 8HC19O2PS3 C8S2 4H C8S2 4H C8S2 4H
CH N O S H CIN2S2 Diphenyl disulfide-2,2’-dicarboxylic C14H10O4S2 acid C4S2 6H10O C10H20N2O4S2 1,2-Hydrazinedicarbothioamide 2H6N4SC2 N2O2S2 8H16C 3HC6S2 1,3-Dithiacyclopentane 3H6S2 C C3 3H4S H16F5NO2S2 15C H12N4S 13C 15HC 14N2 1,2-Bis( p-tolyl)ethane H18 16C C17N3 15H CO4 34H58 14 4 2 2 2 23 23
liq liq liq cry nd cry (MeOH) lf or nd (al) Cation
-44.3 42.5 -5.9 -102.5 29.5 22.5 163 205 73
802
den/g cm-3
nD
12 164
vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.2420
337 pow
nd mcl pr
Solubility
s H2O vs H2O
11717 1080.01, 1281 1.14420 8014, 605 8914 199.5
i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; vs chl 1.598125 1.598125
s eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, CS 2, HOAc i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth
s chl 9027 175 307
1.25917
1.597515
s EtOH, eth, xyl
i2O; H sl EtOH, eth; s chl, alk 22120 18 178 2853.5
1.150020 20 1.10 0.95225
i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, peth sl H2O, tfa, EtOH; vs eth; s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4557 Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-(2-Methoxyisopropoxy)-2propanol 4558 Dipropyl ether Propyl ether 4559 Dipropyl fumarate 4560 Dipropyl maleate 4561 Dipropyl oxalate 4562 5,5-Dipropyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione 4563 Dipropyl succinate 4564 Dipropyl sulfate 4565 Dipropyl sulfide 4566 Dipropyl sulfone 4567 Dipropyl sulfoxide 4568 Dipyridamole 4569 Di-2-pyridinyl disulfide, N,N’-dioxide Dipyrithione 4570 2,2’-Dipyrrolylmethane 4571 Diquat 4572 Diquat dibromide 4573 Disodium calcium EDTA Edetate calcium disodium
Mol. Form.
O O
O
O
O
O
OH Dipropyleneglycolmonomethylether
O O O O
O
Dipropylether
O
O
Dipropylfumarate
O
O NH
O O
Dipropylmaleate
O O
O
Dipropyloxalate
O O
5,5-Dipropyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione
Dipropylsuccinate
OH
N
N HO O O S O O
S
Dipropylsulfate
Dipropylsulfide
N
O S
O O S Dipropylsulfone
Dipropylsulfoxide
2Br N
N
OOC
N
2Na
N
O
Ca2
COO
O
HO
Dipyridamole
3-245
Diquatdibromide
DisodiumcalciumEDTA
OH O
NH2 O
S S
N O
N H
N H
Di-2-pyridinyl disulfide, N,N’-dioxide
N
2,2’-Dipyrrolylmethane
N Diquat
NH2 S
2Na
O
OH
OH
OOC
N O
OH
2
COO
OH
N
N
N
N
NH2 O
Disodiumhydrogen citrate
NH2
O
DisperseBlue No. 1
N
O S
S
S
N
S
O
Distearyl thiodipropionate
Disulfiram
O O
N
S
S O P O S
S
S
Disulfoton
S
N
S
S
1,2-Dithiane
I
S
S
N
O
S
1,3-Dithiane
S HO
1,4-Dithiane
N
S
HO
Dithiazanine iodide
HO
O S
O
S
S OH
H 2N
N H
NH2 3,3’-DithiobisD-valine
H N
S
NH2 S
2,5-Dithiobiurea
O
N S S N
O
4,4’-Dithiodimorpholine
S
S
S
1,2-Dithiolane
N C N Di(p-tolyl)carbodiimide
S F F
S S
S
1,3-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane-2-thione
N,N’-Di(o-tolyl)guanidine
OH
O S F
N F
F Dithiopyr
O O
H N NH
1,2-Di(p-tolyl)ethane
S
3,3’-Dithiobispropanoic acid
O H N
S
O
2,2’-Dithiobisbenzoic acid
O NH2
O
O
S
Dithianone
OH S
O Ditridecyl phthalate
S N
N
N H
H N
Dithizone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
No.
Name
Diundecyl phthalate Diuron o-Divinylbenzene m-Divinylbenzene p-Divinylbenzene cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane Divinyl ether Divinyl sulfide Divinyl sulfone 1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane 4609 Djenkolic acid 4610 DMPA
3-246
4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 4618 4619 4620 4621
Docosane Docosanoic acid 1-Docosanol 13-Docosenamide 1-Docosene cis-13-Docosenoic acid trans-13-Docosenoic acid 5,7-Dodecadiyne Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane Dodecamethylpentasiloxane Dodecanal
4622 4623 4624 4625 4626 4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4632 4633 4634 4635 4636 4637 4638 4639 4640
Dodecanamide Dodecane 1,12-Dodecanediamine Dodecanedioic acid 1,12-Dodecanediol Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecanethiol Dodecanoic acid Dodecanoic anhydride 1-Dodecanol 2-Dodecanol 2-Dodecanone Dodecanoyl chloride 1-Dodecene trans-2-Dodecenedioic acid 2-Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride Dodecyl acetate Dodecyl acrylate Dodecylamine
1,2-Divinylbenzene 1,3-Divinylbenzene 1,4-Divinylbenzene
Vinyl sulfide Vinyl sulfone
Behenic acid Erucamide Erucic acid Brassidic acid Dibutylbutadiyne
Lauraldehyde
Lauronitrile Lauric acid Lauryl alcohol Decyl methyl ketone
Traumatic acid
Lauryl 2-propenoate 1-Dodecanamine
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C50O4 30H C9H10Cl2N2O C 10H10 C 10H10 C 10H10 8HC 12 8HC 12 4HC6O C 4H6S S 4H6O2C C8H18OSi2
3648-20-2 330-54-1 91-14-5 108-57-6 105-06-6 16177-46-1 6553-48-6 109-93-3 627-51-0 77-77-0 2627-95-4
474.716 233.093 130.186 130.186 130.186 108.181 108.181 70.090 86.156 118.155 186.399
7HC 14N2O4S2 C10H14Cl2NO2P S C22H46 C44O2 22H C22H46O CH43NO 22 C22H44 C42O2 22H CO2 22H42 C 12H18 C36O6Si6 12H C36O4Si5 12H C12H24O
498-59-9 299-85-4
C12H25NO C12H26 CH28N2 12 H22O4 12C C12H26O2 C 12H23N CH26S 12 C24O2 12H CH46O3 24 CH26O 12 C12H26O H24O 12C CH23ClO 12 C12H24 12H20CO4 C26O3 16H CH28O2 14 H28O2 15C 12CH27N
Physical Form cry (EtOH)
mp/˚C
-52.3 31
vol liq or gas liq liq
-100.6 20 -26 -99.7
254.327 314.169
nd(w) solid
ª325 dec 51.4
629-97-0 112-85-6 661-19-8 112-84-5 1599-67-3 112-86-7 506-33-2 1120-29-2 540-97-6 141-63-9 112-54-9
310.600 340.583 326.599 337.582 308.584 338.567 338.567 162.271 444.923 384.840 184.318
pl(to), cry (eth) 43.6 nd 81.5 cry (ace, chl) 72.5 cry 94 38 nd (al) 34.7 pl (al) 61.9
1120-16-7 112-40-3 2783-17-7 693-23-2 5675-51-4 2437-25-4 112-55-0 143-07-7 645-66-9 112-53-8 10203-28-8 6175-49-1 112-16-3 112-41-4 6402-36-4 19780-11-1 112-66-3 2156-97-0 124-22-1
199.333 170.334 200.363 230.301 202.333 181.318 202.399 200.318 382.620 186.333 186.333 184.318 218.763 168.319 228.285 266.375 228.371 240.382 185.349
nd liq
liq liq lf
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
8214 12176, 523 9518, 340.2 3838 112.5 28.3 84 234.5 39
0.932522 0.929420 0.91340 0.801020 0.781720 20 0.773 0.917415 1.17725 0.81120
1.576720 1.576020 1.583525 1.456320 1.445120 1.398920
s ace, bz s ace, bz s ace, bz
35.5 158
-1.5 -80 44.5
110 -9.57 67.38 128 cry (bz, dil al) 81.3 4 liq -6.7 nd (al) 43.8 lf (al, eth) 41.8 lf (dil al) 23.9 19 21 -17 liq -35.2 cry (al,ace) 165.5 hyg cry 42 0.7 4 28.3
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth
1.476520 1.412320
1502
sl H2O; vs bz, ctc, ace
368.6 30660 1800.22
20 0.7944 0.822390
1.445520 1.4270100
i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH, MeOH; s chl
367 26515 28230, 25610 1038 245 232; 10512 185100, 1002.5 19912 216.32 1353 22225 12 189 277; 198100 277; 14315 91.4
0.79425 0.86055 0.858557
1.475820 1.4347100
i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, MeOH
0.967225 0.875520 0.835215
1.401520 1.392520 1.43522
i H2O s ctc, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth
0.749520
1.4287110 1.421020
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; sl eth, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, chl
1.1525 1.436120 1.458920 1.418382 1.429270
260 252 246.5 14518 213.8
0.824020 0.84420 0.867950 70 0.8533 24 0.8309 0.828620 0.819820 0.916925 0.758420
1815 265; 18040 1200.8 259
0.865222 0.872720 0.801520
1.443920
1.440020 1.433020 1.445820 1.430020
1.442120
s tfa s tfa i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; msc bz vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, peth vs eth, EtOH, chl
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608
Synonym
O H N
O O O
Cl
Cl
Diundecylphthalate
N O o-Divinylbenzene
Divinyl sulfone
O
S
HO
Si
p-Divinylbenzene
S
OH NH2
NH2
1,3-Divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane
O Cl
Cl
Djenkolic acid
cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane
Divinyl ether
Divinyl sulfide
O
S H N P O
OH
DMPA
Docosane
Docosanoicacid
O
O NH2
OH
O OH
OH 1-Docosanol
13-Docosenamide
3-247
Si O 5,7-Dodecadiyne
Si O Si
O
O
Si O Si
Si O
1-Docosene
cis-13-Docosenoicacid
trans-13-Docosenoicacid
O Si
Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
NH2
O
Dodecamethylpentasiloxane
Dodecanal
Dodecanamide
Dodecane
O HO NH2
H2N
OH O
1,12-Dodecanediamine
Dodecanedioicacid
1,12-Dodecanediol
O O
Dodecanenitrile
O O
OH
SH 1-Dodecanethiol
N
OH
HO
OH
OH
Dodecanoicacid
Dodecanoicanhydride
1-Dodecanol
2-Dodecanol
O O
HO Cl
O 2-Dodecanone
Dodecanoyl chloride
O
OH O
O 1-Dodecene
trans-2-Dodecenedioicacid
O
O 2-Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride
O O
NH2
O Dodecyl acetate
Dodecyl acrylate
Dodecylamine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Si
m-Divinylbenzene
O
O S O O
S
O
Diuron
No.
4652 4653 4654 4655
3-248
4656 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663
Synonym
4665 Doxorubicin 4666 Doxorubicin hydrochloride
Mol. Wt.
2016-56-0 929-73-7 104-42-7 123-01-3 121-65-3 1795-17-1 3746-39-2 142-90-5 3234-28-4 4536-30-5 2985-59-3
245.402 221.810 261.446 246.431 326.494 252.479 260.436 254.408 212.371 230.387 382.536
104-43-8 5917-47-5 151-41-7 5274-68-0
262.430 253.467 266.397 362.544
1166-52-5 112-00-5 765-03-7 6975-99-1 2439-10-3 51-61-6 113-53-1 544-85-4
338.438 263.891 166.303 166.303 287.442 153.179 295.442 450.866
1668-19-5
279.376
56 pl 69.4 (bz,chl,HOAc, eth) oily liq
23214-92-8 25316-40-9
543.519 579.980
cry oran-red nd
C17H22N2O CH22O2 15 C23H36O3
469-21-6 2326-89-8 521-12-0
270.369 234.335 360.530
liq cry
H22FN3O2 22C C21H28O2 CH14N4O4 10 H13NO2 9C
548-73-2 152-62-5 479-18-5 484-93-5
379.427 312.446 254.243 167.205
cry (w) cry (ace/hx)
481-37-8 520-68-3 517-82-8
185.220 397.463 266.203
6871-44-9
402.483
116-38-1
201.693
C19H21NO
4667 Doxylamine 4668 Drimenin 4669 Dromostanolone propanoate Droperidol Dydrogesterone Dyphylline Ecgonidine
4674 Ecgonine 4675 Echimidine 4676 Echinochrome A 4677 Echitamine 4678 Edrophonium chloride
Adriamycin Adriamycin hydrochloride
2-Methyl-17-(1-oxopropoxy) androstan-3-one, (2a,5a,17b) Dehydrobenzperidol
Physical Form
CAS RN
Dodecylamine, acetate 1-Dodecanamine, acetate 14H31CNO2 ClN Dodecylamine hydrochloride Lauryl amine hydrochloride 12H28C H31N 4-Dodecylaniline 18C Dodecylbenzene Laurylbenzene C18H30 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid C30O3S 18H Dodecylcyclohexane C18H36 Dodecyl mercaptoacetate H28O2S 14C Dodecyl methacrylate H30O2 16C Dodecyloxirane 1,2-Epoxytetradecane H28O 14C 2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol CH30O2 14 4-Dodecyloxy-2C25H34O3 hydroxybenzophenone 4-Dodecylphenol C18H30O 1-Dodecylpiperidine C35N 17H Dodecyl sulfate Lauryl sulfate CO4S 12H26 H42O5 Dodecyltetraethylene glycol 3,6,9,12-Tetraoxatetracosan-1-ol 20C monoether Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate H30O5 19C ClN Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride 15H34C 1-Dodecyne Decylacetylene CH22 12 6-Dodecyne C12H22 Dodine Dodecylguanidine, monoacetate CN3O2 15H33 Dopamine 4(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol 8H11CNO2 H21NS Dothiepin 19C Dotriacontane Bicetyl C 32H66
4664 Doxepin
4670 4671 4672 4673
Mol. Form.
HC NO11 H ClNO C 11
27 29 27 30
C9H15NO3 H31NO7 20C 2-Ethyl-3,5,6,7,8-pentahydroxy-1,4- C12H10O7 naphthalenedione H30N2O5 22C CH ClNO
10 16
mp/˚C 69.5 186 41.5 3 12.5 1.5
oil
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
21110 328 >205 331 1713 1424 950.4 1430.8
0.855120
1.482420
0.822320
1.455920
0.86620 0.845
1.440820
0.837820
1.458820
i H2O
43.5 nd (bz) pa ye cry
66
1752 1615, 1150.6
s H2O 24710
liq
96.5 246 dec -19
s ace vs H2O, ace, EtOH, chl 215 210; 10014
0.778820 0.78520
1.434020 1.444220
1720.05 467
0.812420
1.455020
vs ace, eth, EtOH
136 pr
s H2O, MeOH; i ace, bz, chl, eth, peth 1390.5 1100.1
146 (hyd) 170 161.5 228 dec
cry (MeOH) (MeOH-eth) mcl pr 205 glass red nd (Diox-w) 220 dec 206 cry
0.03, 155 2650.2
230 204 dec
133 128
162
i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ctc; vs bz
i H2O
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, DMF
vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sub 120
sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, con sulf; i peth vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4641 4642 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651
Name
NH2 HO
OH O S O
NH2 O
Dodecylamine, acetate
NH2 HCl Dodecylaminehydrochloride
4-Dodecylaniline
Dodecylbenzene
4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
Dodecylcyclohexane
O
O
SH
O Dodecyl mercaptoacetate
O
Dodecyl methacrylate
Dodecyloxirane
OH
O 4-Dodecyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone
2-(Dodecyloxy)ethanol
OH
O HO O
O
N
S
O 4-Dodecylphenol
1-Dodecylpiperidine
O
O
O
O
OH
O
HO
OH
OH
Dodecyl sulfate
Dodecyltetraethylene glycolmonoether
Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
N NH2
3-249
H N N
Cl
NH2 NH
Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride
1-Dodecyne
6-Dodecyne
O
OH
O
O
O
S Dothiepin
OH Dopamine
O
OH
OH
OH O
HO
O
Dodine
OH
N
OH
O
OH
OH O O
O
O
OH O O
O
N
HCl
O
O
H
O HO NH2
O Dotriacontane
HO
Doxepin
NH2
Doxorubicin
N Doxylamine
Doxorubicinhydrochloride
O
H Drimenin
H Dromostanolonepropanoate
O O N
HO
O
F
O
N N
H O
N H
H O
Droperidol
Dydrogesterone
O
O OH
N
N N
N
OH
Dyphylline
N
N
O OH
Ecgonidine
O
O OH OH
Ecgonine
O
H O N Echimidine
O
OH O OH OH OH
HO HO
OH OH O EchinochromeA
N H HO
N
N Cl OH
Echitamine
Edrophoniumchloride
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O HO O
O
No.
Name
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
4679 Efloxate
Ethyl [(4-oxo-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetate
C19H16O5
119-41-5
324.327
4680 4681 4682 4683
C60O8Si9 20H Icosane C20H42 1,18-Octadecanedicarboxylic acid20H38O4C O2 Arachidic acid 20H40C
2652-13-3 112-95-8 2424-92-2 506-30-9
681.455 282.547 342.514 312.531
HC O
629-96-9
298.546
CH O
506-32-1
C20H40 H38O2 20C H38O2 20C H38O2 20C H34O2 18C
Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Eicosane Eicosanedioic acid Eicosanoic acid
4684 1-Eicosanol
Arachic alcohol
4685 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (allArachidonic acid cis) 4686 1-Eicosene 4687 cis-9-Eicosenoic acid 4688 trans-9-Eicosenoic acid 4689 11-Eicosenoic acid 4690 Elaidic acid trans-9-Octadecenoic acid
3-250
4691 4692 4693 4694
Elaiomycin 1,3-Elemadien-11-ol b-Elemene Embelin
4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703
Emetine Emylcamate Enallylpropymal Endosulfan Endosulfan sulfate Endothall disodium Endrin Enflurane Ephedrine, (±)
4704 d-Ephedrine
4705 l-Ephedrine
4706 Ephedrine hydrochloride 4707 Epichlorohydrin 4708 Epinephrine 4709 Epiquinidine
2,5-Dihydroxy-3-undecyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 6’,7’,10,11-Tetramethoxyemetan 3-Methyl-3-pentanol, carbamate
a-[1-(Methylamino) ethyl]benzenemethanol,R*,S*)( (±)a-[1-(Methylamino) ethyl]benzenemethanol,S-[ (R*,S*)]a-[1-(Methylamino) ethyl]benzenemethanol,R-[ (R*,S*)]2-(Methylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanol, hydrochloride (Chloromethyl)oxirane D-Adrenaline
4710 1,2-Epoxybutane Ethyloxirane 4711 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide 4712 1,2-Epoxyhexadecane Tetradecyloxirane
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
123.7
Solubility s chl
1.398020 1.442520
65.4
307.5; 19816 0.917320 20 343 0.7886 2332 dec 328; 0.8240100 2041 356; 2223 0.840520
304.467
-49.5
1631
0.908220
1.482420
i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs ace; s bz, peth i H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth
3452-07-1 29204-02-2 506-31-0 2462-94-4 112-79-8
280.532 310.515 310.515 310.515 282.462
341; 1512 2206
0.788230 0.888225
1.444030
i H2O; s bz, peth
pl (al)
28.5 24.5 54 24 45
26715 288100, 23415
0.882625 0.873445
1.449945
vs EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl
CH N O CH O C15H24 C17H26O4
23315-05-1 639-99-6 33880-83-0 550-24-3
258.356 222.366 204.352 294.386
ye oil cry (al)
52.5
14212 0.934518 12016, 10411 0.874920
1.479825 1.498018 1.493520
oran pl (al)
142.5
HC N O H CNO2 CH16N2O3 11 C9H6Cl6O3S 9HC 6Cl6O4S 8HC 10Na2O5 C12H8Cl6O C3H2ClF5O C10H15NO
483-18-1 78-28-4 1861-21-8 115-29-7 1031-07-8 145-73-3 72-20-8 13838-16-9 90-81-3
480.639 145.200 224.256 406.925 422.925 232.142 380.909 184.492 165.232
amor pow 74 nd 57 cry (w, dil al) 56.5 106 cry (cyhex) 181 144 cry dec 245 liq nd (eth, peth) 76.5
C10H15NO
321-98-2
165.232
pl (w)
40
225
C10H15NO
299-42-3
165.232
pl (w + 1)
40
225
C10H16ClNO
50-98-6
201.693
orth nd
219
C 3H5ClO C9H13NO3 C24N2O2 20H
13403-37-7 51-43-4 572-59-8
92.524 183.204 324.417
HC O C2 8H12O CH32O 16
106-88-7 106-87-6 7320-37-8
72.106 140.180 240.424
liq -26 br (in air) 211.5 cry (AcOEt) lf 113 (eth) liq -150 <-55 hyg cry or liq 24.1
20 42
20 32 2
13 26 2 3
Elemol
Physical Form
15 26
29 40 2 4 7 15
4 8
lf (al) cry (bz,al) pl (al)
36.6 125.5 76.5
wax (al), cry (chl)
1.425100 1.435020
vs bz i H2O; s eth, peth, bz; sl chl; vs ace s eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s bz, chl
sl H2O; s os
vs bz, eth, EtOH
351 12 177 1060.7
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl bz, chl sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 1.74520 1.43120
56.5 12 135
1.512125 1.122020
1.302520
vs ace, bz, xyl; s ctc, hx vs os s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl
s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl
1.008522
s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl
1.020820 100 118; 62
63.4 227 17812
1.181220
1.435825
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc sl2H O; i EtOH; s HOAc, acid vs EtOH; s eth
0.829720 1.096620 0.846
1.385120 1.478720 1.2240
vs EtOH, ace; msc eth vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Synonym
O Si
O
Si
O
O
Si
Si
O
O
Si
O
O
Si
O Efloxate
O
OH OH
O
O
O
Si
Si
O
O
Si
OH
O
Eicosamethylnonasiloxane
Eicosane
Eicosanedioic acid
Eicosanoicacid
O O O
OH
OH
OH 1-Eicosanol
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid,(all-cis)
1-Eicosene
cis-9-Eicosenoicacid
trans-9-Eicosenoicacid
OH
O O
OH
N O
OH 11-Eicosenoicacid
Elaidic acid
N OH
O
Elaiomycin
b-Elemene
1,3-Elemadien-11-ol
3-251
O N
O
H
O HH
OH
O
HN
HO
O
Embelin
O
Emetine
Cl Cl Cl
NH
NH2
O
O
Cl
O
O
Emylcamate
N
O
Cl Cl
Enallylpropymal
H
H
Cl Cl Cl Cl
O S O O
O O S O O
Cl Cl
Endosulfan
H
H
Endosulfansulfate
Cl Cl H Cl
H
O COO Na COO Na
Cl
O H
Endothalldisodium
Cl
H Cl
OH
F
H
O
H N
OH
OH
H N
Ephedrine,(±)
d-Ephedrine
Epiquinidine
O
l-Ephedrine
Ephedrinehydrochloride
O
N
O O
N Epinephrine
H N HCl
O HO
OH
H N
F
Enflurane
HO H N
O F F
Endrin
HO
OH
F Cl
1,2-Epoxybutane
1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane
1,2-Epoxyhexadecane
Cl Epichlorohydrin
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
No.
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
1,2-Epoxyoctadecane 2,3-Epoxy-a-pinane 2,3-Epoxypropyl acrylate 2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate Equol Ergocornine Ergocorninine Ergocristine Ergocristinine Ergocryptine Ergocryptinine Ergometrinine Ergonovine Ergosine
Hexadecyloxirane
CH36O 18 C10H16O C3 6H8O 7H10OC 3 C14H14O3 C31H39N5O5 CH39N5O5 31 H39N5O5 35C C39N5O5 35H CH41N5O5 32 H41N5O5 33C H23N3O2 19C H23N3O2 19C C30H37N5O5
7390-81-0 1686-14-2 106-90-1 106-91-2 531-95-3 564-36-3 564-37-4 511-08-0 511-07-9 511-09-1 511-10-4 479-00-5 60-79-7 561-94-4
268.478 152.233 128.126 142.152 230.259 561.673 561.673 609.716 609.716 575.699 587.710 325.405 325.405 547.646
C28H50
511-20-6
386.697
Glycidyl acrylate Glycidol methacrylate
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
hyg cry
26.1
1370.5 8524 5310 189; 7510
1.110920 1.04220
1.449020 1.44825
vs bz vs bz, eth, EtOH
4728 Ergostane, (5b) 4729 Ergostan-3-ol, (3b,5a) 4730 Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3b,22E) 4731 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol,b,22E) (3
Coproergostane Ergostanol Dehydroergosterol
C28H50 C28H50O C28H42O
511-21-7 6538-02-9 516-85-8
386.697 402.696 394.632
Ergosterol
C28H44O
57-87-4
396.648
4732 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3b,10a,22E) 4733 Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3b,9b,10a,22E) 4734 Ergost-5-en-3-ol, (3b,24R) 4735 Ergost-7-en-3-ol, (3b,5a)
Pyrocalciferol
28 44
CH O
128-27-8
396.648
cry (aq, al) cry (MeOH) lo pr (al) orth (bz) pr (al) pr (al) lo pr (al) pr (ace) pl or nd pr (MeOH, AcOEt) lf or pl (ace, eth- MeOH) nd (ace) nd (MeOH-eth) lf (al) nd (eth) ,pl (al) pl (+w, al) nd (eth) nd (MeOH)
Lumisterol
28 44
CH O
474-69-1
396.648
nd (ace-MeOH) 118
Campesterol g-Ergostenol
C28H48O C28H48O
474-62-4 516-78-9
400.680 400.680
a-Ergostenol
C28H48O CH55N5O5 33
632-32-6 113-15-5
400.680 601.821
cry (ace) nd (MeOH) cry (PrOH lf or nd (MeOH) nd (al), pr (bz) pl (ace)
HC N O CH N O
379-79-3 639-81-6
656.706 581.662
HC N O S
497-30-3
229.299
1787-61-7 552-58-9 89-65-6 466-81-9 114-07-8 1264-62-6 643-22-1 36150-73-9 583-50-6 533-49-3
461.380 288.252 176.124 273.327 733.927 862.053 1018.405 421.571 120.105 120.105
Ergometrine
4727 Ergostane, (5a)
3-252
4736 Ergost-8(14)-en-3-ol, (3b,5a) 4737 Ergotamine 4738 Ergotamine tartrate (2:1) 4739 Ergotaminine
Gynergen
33 35 5 5
4740 Ergothioneine 4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 4746 4747 4748 4749 4750
Eriochrome Black T Eriodictyol Erythorbic acid b-Erythroidine Erythromycin Erythromycin ethyl succinate Erythromycin stearate Erythrophleine D-Erythrose L-Erythrose
35 38 5 8
9 15 3 2
3’,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavanone, S) ( Isoascorbic acid Propiocine
Norcassamidine
C20H12N3NaO7S C15H12O6 O6 6H8C H19NO3 16C C67NO13 37H CNO16 43H75 C103NO15 55H 24HC 39NO5 C4H8O4 C4H8O4
orth pl (MeOH) pl (al) nd or lf (dil EtOH) br-blk pow pl or nd (EtOH) gran cry cry (al) cry (w) cry (ace aq) cry glass syr syr
189.5 183 dec 228 dec 175 dec 237 dec 213 dec 245 dec 196 dec 162 dec 228 dec
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, AcOEt vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i 2HO; s EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl vs ace, chl vs chl s H2O, ace; vs EtOH; sl chl s ace, chl; sl MeOH
85
vs ace, eth, chl
64 144.5 146
2300.5
vs eth, chl i 2HO; s eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
170
2500.01
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, peth; s bz, chl
94
i H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs eth, ace, chl
157.5 146
s eth
131 213 dec
sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl
192 dec 252 dec
i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s chl; vs py
290 dec
vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl
267 dec 168 99.5 191 222 92 115
s H2O, EtOH, MeOH vs EtOH, HOAc s H2O, py; sl ace s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4720 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726
Name
O O O
O
1,2-Epoxyoctadecane
OH
N
HO
H
HN
N
N
H
H
N
O OH
N
H
N
NH
H
H
N
HO
NH
N
N
H
NH
Ergocryptinine
H N
H
H
HN
N
N
H
O HO NH
NH
Ergocristinine
O
N N H
O OH
N
H
H
NH
NH
Ergometrinine
O
Ergocristine
O O
N HH
H
N
O OH
Ergocorninine
O
N H
H
O
O
NH
N
NH
Ergocornine
HO
N
O
O OH
Ergocryptine
O
HO
O N
H
O
O N
HN
N
NH
O NH
O
O OH
Equol
O O
N
Ergonovine
H
H
Ergosine
H
Ergostane,(5a)
Ergostane,(5b)
H
3-253
H
HO
HO
H
Ergostan-3-ol,(3b,5a)
Ergosta-5,7,9(11),22-tetraen-3-ol, (3b,22E)
Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3b,22E)
N HO
N
O H N
O OH
H
N
O
O N
HN
O H
O
O OH
1/2
OH OH
HO
N
H
Ergost-5-en-3-ol,(3b,24R)
N
HN
N
H N
O OH
OH O
HO
H
H
O
O N
HN
HO
Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3b,9b,10a,22E)
Ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, (3b,10a,22E)
O
O O
HO
HO
HO
Ergost-7-en-3-ol,(3b,5a)
Ergost-8(14)-en-3-ol,(3b,5a)
NH
NH
NH
H
Ergotamine
Ergotaminetartrate (2:1)
N
O
Ergotaminine
O
SH
N H
Ergothioneine
OH O O
O
O N
O Na O S O
HO
OH
HO
b-Erythroidine N
HO O
O
O
O
O N
O
O
N
O
HO O
HO
OH
Erythorbicacid
OH
HO
O O
HO O
O
O
N
O O
O O
HO O
O
N OH
Erythromycin
Erythromycinethylsuccinate
Erythromycinstearate
N H
OH
O O
O
O
O
OH
OH
O
O
O
O
O
b-Erythroidine
OH
O
OH
O
O
OH HO
EriochromeBlack T
HO
OH
OH
OH N
O
O
OH
O
O O OH
Erythrophleine CHO H OH H OH CH2OH
D-Erythrose
HO HO
CHO H H CH2OH
L-Erythrose
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
O
O
HN
N
O
2,3-Epoxypropyl acrylate
2,3-Epoxy-a-pinane
N
H
O O
O
O
O
O
O
O
2,3-Epoxypropyl methacrylate
No.
Name
4751 D-Erythrose 4-phosphate 4752 4753 4754 4755
Erythrosine L-Erythrulose Esaprazole Esculin
2,3-Dihydroxy-4-(phosphonooxy) butanal
3-254
4769 4770 4771 4772
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C4H9O7P
585-18-2
200.084
15905-32-5 533-50-6 64204-55-3 531-75-9
835.893 120.105 225.330 340.283
64-47-1
648.770
18 24 2
CH O
57-91-0
272.383
CH O
50-28-2
272.383
CH O
517-04-4
272.383
25 28 3
H O C
50-50-0
376.488
CH O
50-27-1
288.382
H C O
547-81-9
288.382
53-16-7 58-54-8 55283-68-6 74-55-5 74-84-0 507-32-4
270.367 303.138 333.263 204.310 30.069 153.997
557-30-2 107-15-3 333-18-6 107-21-1
88.065 60.098 133.019 62.068
6315-52-2
370.440
cry (bz)
128
542-10-9 111-55-7
146.141 146.141
liq
18.9 -31
2274-11-5 94-49-5 624-04-4 629-15-2 624-03-3 97-90-5 628-96-6 627-83-8 627-84-9
170.163 270.280 426.673 118.089 538.886 198.216 152.062 594.993 482.780
CH8I4O5 20 C4H8O4 N-Cyclohexyl-1-piperazineacetamide 12HC 23N3O C15H16O9 6-(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-7hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one O8S Physostigmine sulfate 30H44N6C
4757 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, a-Estradiol (17a) 4758 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol b-Estradiol (17b) 4759 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, Isoestradiol (8a,17b) 4760 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 3- Estradiol benzoate benzoate, (17b) 4761 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, Estriol (16a,17b) 4762 Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, 16-Epiestriol (16b,17b) 4763 Estrone 4764 Ethacrynic acid 4765 Ethalfluralin 4766 Ethambutol 4767 Ethane 4768 Ethanearsonic acid
18 24 2
18 24 2
18 24 3
18 24 3
C18H22O2 H12Cl2O4 13C H14F3N3O4 13C CH24N2O2 10 C2H6 C7AsO3 2H
N2O2 Ethanedial dioxime 2H4C 1,2-Ethanediamine Ethylenediamine 2H8NC 2 1,2-Ethanediamine, dihydrochloride Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride 2H10Cl2N2C O2 1,2-Ethanediol Ethylene glycol 2H6C C16H18O6S2
4773 1,2-Ethanediol, bis(4methylbenzenesulfonate) 4774 1,1-Ethanediol, diacetate 4775 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate
Ethylidene diacetate Ethylene glycol diacetate
4776 4777 4778 4779 4780 4781 4782 4783 4784
Ethylene glycol diacrylate 8H10O4 C Ethylene glycol dibenzoate 16H14O4C Ethylene glycol didodecanoate 26H50O4C Ethylene glycol diformate C 4H6O4 Ethylene glycol dipalmitate 34H66O4 C Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate 10H14O4 C Ethylene glycol dinitrate 2H4N2O6 C Ethylene glycol distearate 38H74O4 C Ethylene glycol ditetradecanoate 30H58O4 C
1,2-Ethanediol, diacrylate 1,2-Ethanediol, dibenzoate 1,2-Ethanediol, didodecanoate 1,2-Ethanediol, diformate 1,2-Ethanediol, dihexadecanoate 1,2-Ethanediol, dimethacrylate 1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate 1,2-Ethanediol, distearate 1,2-Ethanediol, ditetradecanoate
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
H O C H O C
6 10 4 6 10 4
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
stab in aq soln only br pow (Na salt) syr dec dec 112 1900.5 pr (w+2) 205 (pentahydrate) hyg cry (ace141 eth) nd (+1/2 w) 221.5 (80% al) pr (80% al), 178.5
s H2; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, py, HOAc vs ace, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz vs ace, EtOH, Diox
cry (dil MeOH- 181 chl) 196
s EtOH, diox
1.2725
lf (al), mcl (dil288 dec al) cry (MeOH-bz) 290 260.2 122.5 57 cry 89 col gas -182.79 nd (al), orth nd 99.5 (w) orth pl (w) 178 dec 11.14 -12.69
liq orth pr (eth) pl (al)
73.5 56.6
lf or nd (al-chl) liq ye liq lf cry (eth, ace)
72 -40 -22.3 79 65
s EtOH; sl eth, bz, tfa; vs py
25 1.236
mcl, orth (al)
liq
Solubility s H2O
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, diox
dec 256 -88.6 21012 sub 117
sl H2O; s bz, chl i H2O; vs bz vs H2O, EtOH
0.5446-89
1.113520
1.456520 1.633 1.431820
169 190
1.07025 1.104320
1.398525 1.415920
550.6 dec 360 18820 174
1.093526
197.3
260 198.5 24120 20820
0.897920
1.1930 78 0.8594 1.05320 1.491820 0.858178 0.860080
1.3580 1.453225
vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; msc EtOH; i eth, bz; s ctc vs H2O msc H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth, chl; sl bz
vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2 i2O; H s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace vs bz, EtOH, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace i H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz, ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4756 Eserine sulfate
Synonym
O CHO H OH H OH O CH2O P OH OH
HO
I O I
Erythrosine
O O
O
HN
COCH2OH HO H CH2OH
OH
I
D-Erythrose4-phosphate
H N
HO
O
I
N
L-Erythrulose
OH
OH
Esaprazole
.H2SO4
O
OH N H
O
O
HO
N
O
H
N 2
Esculin
Eserinesulfate
OH
OH
OH O
H
H
OH
O HO
HO
HO
Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (17a)
Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17b)
OH H
HO
Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol, (8a,17b)
O OH
O
O O
H
3-255
HO
O
HO
Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16b,17b)
Estrone
N
O
F F
Cl Ethacrynicacid
N O
F
HO
N
H2N
Ethanedial dioxime
NH2
NH2 2HCl
H2N
1,2-Ethanediamine
HO
1,2-Ethanediamine, dihydrochloride
Ethambutol
O
O
OH As O OH
H H H
Ethane
Ethanearsonicacid
O
S
O
O
O
O
1,2-Ethanediol
H
OH
O
OH
H H
O S
OH
H N
N H
O
Ethalfluralin
O N
HO
N
OH
Cl
Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol, (16a,17b)
Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol 3-benzoate,(17b)
1,2-Ethanediol, bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonate)
O
O
1,1-Ethanediol, diacetate
O 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate
O
O O
O
O
O O
O
O
O
1,2-Ethanediol, diacrylate
O
O O
O
O
1,2-Ethanediol, dibenzoate
O
O 1,2-Ethanediol, didodecanoate
O
O
O
1,2-Ethanediol, diformate
1,2-Ethanediol, dihexadecanoate
O
O O
O
O O
1,2-Ethanediol, dimethacrylate
O N
O
O
N O
O
1,2-Ethanediol, dinitrate
O
O
O
O
O O
O 1,2-Ethanediol, distearate
O
1,2-Ethanediol, ditetradecanoate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH OH
No.
Name
4785 1,2-Ethanediol, dithiocyanate
Synonym
4790 4791 4792 4793 4794 4795 4796 4797 4798 4799
1,2-Ethanediphosphonic acid 1,2-Diphosphonoethane 1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid Ethylene disulfonic acid Ethanedithioamide Rubeanic acid 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethylene dimercaptan 1,2-Ethanediyl mercaptoacetate Ethanesulfonic acid Ethylsulfonic acid Ethanesulfonyl chloride Ethanethiol Ethyl mercaptan Ethanimidamide Ethanimidamide monohydrochloride Acetamidine hydrochloride
3-256
4802 Ethanolamine hydrochloride 4803 EthanolamineO-sulfate 4804 Ethaverine 4805 Ethchlorvynol 4806 Ethephon 4807 Ethinylestradiol 4808 4809 4810 4811
Ethion D-Ethionine L-Ethionine Ethirimol
4812 4813 4814 4815
Ethisterone Ethoate-methyl Ethofumesate Ethoheptazine
4816 Ethoprop 4817 4818 4819 4820 4821 4822
Ethotoin Ethoxyacetic acid 4’-Ethoxyacetophenone Ethoxyacetylene 7-Ethoxy-3,9-acridinediamine 2-Ethoxyaniline
Mol. Wt.
629-17-4
144.218
Ethylene glycol monoacetate Ethylene glycol monobenzoate Ethylene glycol monostearate Ethylene glycol monosulfite
HO C H OC 20H40OC 3 S 2H4O3C
542-59-6 94-33-7 111-60-4 3741-38-6
104.105 166.173 328.530 108.116
H OC P HOS C 2H4NC 2S2 2H6S2C CO4S2 6H10 2H6O3S C ClO2S 2H5C C 2H6S 2HC 6N2 2H7ClN2C
6145-31-9 110-04-3 79-40-3 540-63-6 123-81-9 594-45-6 594-44-5 75-08-1 143-37-3 124-42-5
190.029 190.195 120.196 94.199 210.271 110.132 128.578 62.134 58.082 94.543
Ethyl alcohol Glycinol
HCO H CNO
64-17-5 141-43-5
46.068 61.083
2002-24-6 926-39-6 486-47-5
97.544 141.147 395.492
hyg cry (EtOH)
113-18-8 16672-87-0 57-63-6
144.598 144.494 296.404
liq
563-12-2 535-32-0 13073-35-3 23947-60-6
384.476 163.238 163.238 209.288
434-03-7 116-01-8 26225-79-6 77-15-6
312.446 243.284 286.344 261.360
13194-48-4
242.340
86-35-1 627-03-2 1676-63-7 927-80-0 442-16-0 94-70-2
204.225 104.105 164.201 70.090 253.299 137.179
4 8 3
9 10 3
2 8 6 2 2 6 6 2
2 6 2 7
2-Aminoethanol hydrochloride 2H8ClNO C 2-Aminoethyl sulfate C4S 2H7NO 1-[(3,4-Diethoxyphenyl)methyl]-6,7C24H29NO4 diethoxyisoquinoline 1-Chloro-3-ethyl-1-penten-4-yn-ol 7H9ClO C Phosphonic acid, (2-chloroethyl)- 2H6CClO3P 19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-C20H24O2 yne-3,17-diol, (17a)H22O4P2S4 9C 3-Ethylhomocysteine, R) ( C6H13NO2S 3-Ethylhomocysteine, S) ( C6H13NO2S 4(1 H)-Pyrimidinone, 5-butyl-2C11H19N3O (ethylamino)-6-methylH28O2 21C C14NO3PS2 6H H18O5S 13C 4-Carbethoxymethyl-4C16H23NO2 phenylazacycloheptane Phosphorodithioic acid, O-ethylS,S- C8H19O2PS2 dipropyl ester H12N2O2 11C 4HC 8O3 C 10H12O2 H6O 4C Ethacridine 15H15NC 3O o-Phenetidine C11NO 8H
orth pl or nd (w)
cry (peth) liq nd (EtOH/eth) red cry liq hyg pa ye liq nd or pr (al) hyg lo pr (al) liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
90
dec
1.42000
sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; vs ace
45 60.5 -11
188 15010 1903 173
1.10815 1.110130 0.878060 1.440220
msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl EtOH; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, AcOEt; sl chl
223 173 170 dec -41.2 -17 -147.88 -35 177.5 -114.14 10.5
nD
1.431060 1.446320
Solubility
vs diox sl H2O, EtOH; s con sulf i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs alk
146.1 1381.5 1231 174 35.0
1.23420
1.559020
1.334125 1.35722 0.831525
1.433520 1.453120 1.431020
vs H2O, EtOH vs eth; s CS2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, dil alk sl H2O; s EtOH, acid vs H2O, EtOH
78.29 171
0.789320 1.018020
1.361120 1.454120
msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; s bz msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, lig, bz; s chl
85 230 dec 100
s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl 0.1 181; 30
74
1.0725 1.2
1.47425
i H2O; s os sl chl
cry (H2O) cry (H2O)
cry (tol/hp)
-13 278 dec 273 dec 160
pl (eth) ye nd
1.2220
1.2125
272 67 71
liq
pr (w)
1650.3
1341
1.14 1.03826
880.2
1.09420
206.5 268 50
1.102120
1.419420
0.800020
1.379620
1.521026
94 39 226 <-21
232.5
1.556020
s hot H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH
sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate 1,2-Ethanediol, monobenzoate 1,2-Ethanediol, monostearate 1,2-Ethanediol, monosulfite
Physical Form
CAS RN
Ethylene glycol dithiocyanate 4H4N2S2 C
4786 4787 4788 4789
4800 Ethanol 4801 Ethanolamine
Mol. Form.
O O N
S
S
N
1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate
OH
O
1,2-Ethanediol, monobenzoate
O
1,2-Ethanediol, monostearate
S O
O P OH OH
O HO P OH
O
O S OH O
O HO S O
1,2-Ethanediol, monosulfite 1,2-Ethanediphosphonic acid
1,2-Ethanedisulfonic acid
O S
S
H2N
HS HS
NH2
Ethanedithioamide
SH
S
O
SH
1,2-Ethanedithiol
O
O
O
O
O
1,2-Ethanediyl mercaptoacetate
S
OH
Ethanesulfonic acid
O
NH2
Cl
NH
SH
Ethanesulfonyl chloride
NH2
Ethanethiol
HCl
HN
H2N
OH
Ethanimidamide Ethanimidamide monohydrochloride
Ethanol
OH
Ethanolamine
O OH
3-257
OH HCl
H2N
Ethanolamine hydrochloride
H2N
O
OH O S O O
N O
Cl
O
Ethanolamine O-sulfate
Ethaverine
Ethchlorvynol
O
O OH
OH
NH2
NH2
D-Ethionine
L-Ethionine
H
N H
H
N H
Ethirimol
Ethoprop
Ethotoin
H
Ethisterone
O
O O
N H
S O O
Ethoate-methyl
N Ethoheptazine
NH2
NH2
O
O O
O O Ethofumesate
O O
Ethion
O
S
N N H
Ethinylestradiol
O O P S
O
O O S P S O
HO
S P O O
S
OH N
S
S O P S O
Ethephon
O S
H
O HO P OH Cl
HO
OH
Ethoxyacetic acid
O 4’-Ethoxyacetophenone
O Ethoxyacetylene
O N
NH2
7-Ethoxy-3,9-acridinediamine
2-Ethoxyaniline
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1,2-Ethanediol, dithiocyanate
O
OH
O
O OH
No.
Name
Synonym
3-Ethoxyaniline m-Phenetidine p-Phenetidine 4-Ethoxyaniline 2-Ethoxybenzaldehyde 4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde 2-Ethoxybenzamide Ethenzamide Ethoxybenzene Phenetole 4-Ethoxy-1,2-benzenediamine 2-Ethoxybenzoic acid 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid 6-Ethoxy-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide Ethoxzolamide 3-Ethoxy-N,N-diethylaniline 2-Ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2 H-pyran 6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4Ethoxyquin trimethylquinoline 4836 Ethoxydimethylsilane Dimethylethoxysilane 4837 2-Ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone 4838 2-Ethoxyethanamine
3-258
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C11NO 8H C11NO 8H C9H10O2 C9H10O2 9HC 11NO2 H10O 8C C12N2O 8H C10O3 9H C10O3 9H O3S2 9H10N2C 12HC 19NO C7H12O2 CH19NO 14
621-33-0 156-43-4 613-69-4 10031-82-0 938-73-8 103-73-1 1197-37-1 134-11-2 619-86-3 452-35-7 1864-92-2 103-75-3 91-53-2
137.179 137.179 150.174 150.174 165.189 122.164 152.193 166.173 166.173 258.316 193.285 128.169 217.307
H OSiC H16O2 16C C11NO 4H
14857-34-2 574-09-4 110-76-9
104.223 240.297 89.136
liq nd (lig)
110-80-5 7328-17-8 111-15-9
90.121 188.221 132.157
106-74-1
144.168
492-88-6 121-32-4 120-25-2 5137-45-1 621-32-9 622-60-6 919-94-8 123-06-8 4016-11-9 5328-01-8 93-18-5 136-79-8 610-67-3 100-29-8
166.173 166.173 180.200 104.148 136.190 136.190 116.201 122.124 102.132 172.222 172.222 182.176 167.162 167.162
1777-84-0 94-71-3 621-34-1 622-62-8 581-08-8 62-44-2 539-08-2
224.213 138.164 138.164 138.164 179.216 179.216 209.242
4 12
4839 2-Ethoxyethanol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 4H10OC2 4840 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl 2-propenoate Diethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate 9H16O4 C 4841 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monoethyl etherC6H12O3 acetate 4842 2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether C7H12O3 acrylate 4843 3-Ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde C9H10O3 O3 4844 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde Ethyl vanillin 9H10C 4845 4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde CH12O3 10 H12O2 4846 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane 5C 4847 1-Ethoxy-3-methylbenzene H12O 9C H12O 4848 1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene 9C H16O 4849 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane Ethyl tert -pentyl ether 7C 4850 (Ethoxymethylene)propanedinitrile 6H6NC 2O 4851 (Ethoxymethyl)oxirane 2,3-Epoxypropyl ethyl ether C2 5H10O 4852 1-Ethoxynaphthalene CH12O 12 4853 2-Ethoxynaphthalene CH12O 12 4854 2-Ethoxy-5-nitroaniline 5-Nitroo-phenetidine C10N2O3 8H 4855 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrobenzene C9NO3 8H 4856 1-Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene C9NO3 8H 4857 4858 4859 4860 4861 4862 4863
N-(4-Ethoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide 2-Ethoxyphenol Catechol monoethyl ether 3-Ethoxyphenol Resorcinol monoethyl ether 4-Ethoxyphenol Hydroquinone monoethyl ether N-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide Phenacetin N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2p-Lactophenetide hydroxypropanamide
HCN O H CO 8H10CO2 CO2 8H10 H13NO2 10C CNO2 10H13 H15NO3 11C
10 12 2 4 8 10 2
nd (w, al) liq
mp/˚C 1.2 21 13.5 133 -29.43 71.5 20.7 198.5 189
bp/˚C 248 254 248 249
den/g cm-3 1.065216
nD 1.552820
1.0821
Solubility vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl msc EtOH, eth; sl chl vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, EtOH, ctc sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, bz
0.965120
1.507620
286; 970.6 132; 4216 1242
1.532525 1.439420 1.56925
s EtOH, bz, HOAc
0.965825 1.02625
62
54 19420 107
20 0.76 1.101617 0.851220
1.572717 1.410120
liq
-70
135
1.405425
liq
-61.7
156.4
0.925325 1.1325 0.974020
vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
1.405420
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
liq
-47
174
0.98320
1.427420
65.3 77.5 64.5
264 285 16813 103.5 192 188.5 102 16012 128 280.5 282 14 205 267 283
nd (w)
mcl pr liq
66 nd 5.5 pl (al) 37.5 ye nd (dil al) 96.5 br ye 1.1 pr (dil al, eth) 60 nd (dil al)
pr or lf (w) lf(dil al) mcl pr
124.0 29 66.5 79 137.5 118
169.81 295 21139
217 246; 13110 246.5 >240
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc 0.846025 0.94920 0.950918 0.75118
1.384325 1.51320 1.505818
0.970020 1.06020 1.064020
1.432020 1.595325 1.597536
1.190315 100 1.1176
1.542520
1.090325 1.10515
1.571
i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, tol, lig,2 CS vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth; msc ace, bz; s peth vs ace, bz, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl 2HO; vs EtOH, eth; s chl O;Hs EtOH, eth, chl 2i sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace; vs py s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, peth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4823 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830 4831 4832 4833 4834 4835
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
O
NH2 O
NH2
O O
O
O
4-Ethoxyaniline
2-Ethoxybenzaldehyde
S
O
O S NH2 O
O O
4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde
2-Ethoxybenzamide
6-Ethoxy-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide
Ethoxybenzene
O
4-Ethoxy-1,2-benzenediamine
2-Ethoxybenzoicacid
O
O
O
3-Ethoxy-N,N-diethylaniline
OH
O
N N
O
4-Ethoxybenzoicacid
O N H
O
2-Ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2 H-pyran
OH
O Si H
6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline
O
Ethoxydimethylsilane
NH2
O
2-Ethoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone
2-Ethoxyethanamine
O
O O
3-259
O OH
O
O
2-Ethoxyethanol
O
O
2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl 2-propenoate
OH
O
O O
O
O
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate
O
O
O
2-Ethoxyethyl acrylate
O
OH
O 3-Ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
4-Ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde
NH2 O O N
O
1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane
1-Ethoxy-3-methylbenzene
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene
O
N
2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane (Ethoxymethylene)propanedinitrile(Ethoxymethyl)oxirane 1-Ethoxynaphthalene
2-Ethoxynaphthalene
O
N O 2-Ethoxy-5-nitroaniline
O
O N O
H N
O O
1-Ethoxy-2-nitrobenzene
O
N O 1-Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene
O
O O
N
O
OH OH
OH
O
HN
O
O
OH
HN O
O
N-(4-Ethoxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetamide 2-Ethoxyphenol
O
HN
O 3-Ethoxyphenol
O 4-Ethoxyphenol
N-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanamide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-Ethoxyaniline
NH2
NH2
O
O
O
NH2
No.
Synonym
(4-Ethoxyphenyl)urea Dulcin 3-Ethoxypropanal 3-Ethoxypropanenitrile 8-Ethoxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid Actinoquinol Ethoxytrimethylsilane Ethoxytriphenylsilane N-Ethylacetamide Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate 4’-Ethylacetophenone Ethyl 2-acetylhexanoate Ethyl 2-acetyl-3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2-acetylpentanoate Ethyl 2-acetyl-4-pentenoate Ethyl 2-allylacetoacetate Ethyl acrylate Ethyl propenoate
4879 Ethylamine
3-260
4880 4881 4882 4883 4884
Ethylamine hydrochloride Ethyl 2-aminoacetate Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate
4885 4886 4887 4888 4889 4890
Ethyl (aminocarbonyl)carbamate 2-(Ethylamino)ethanol 2-Ethylaniline 3-Ethylaniline 4-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline
4891 4892 4893 4894 4895 4896 4897 4898 4899 4900 4901 4902 4903
2-Ethyl-9,10-anthracenedione 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde N-Ethylbenzamide Ethylbenzene a-Ethylbenzeneacetamide a-Ethylbenzeneacetic acid a-Ethylbenzeneacetonitrile 4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol a-Ethylbenzenemethanol Ethyl benzenesulfonate 4-Ethylbenzenesulfonic acid 2-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazole Ethyl benzoate
Ethanamine Ethanamine hydrochloride Glycine, ethyl ester
Ethyl aminobenzoate
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
150-69-6 2806-85-1 2141-62-0 15301-40-3 1825-62-3 1516-80-9 625-50-3 141-78-6 141-97-9 937-30-4 1540-29-0 1522-46-9 1540-28-9 610-89-9 140-88-5
180.203 102.132 99.131 253.275 118.250 304.458 87.120 88.106 130.141 148.201 186.248 172.221 172.221 170.205 100.117
lf (dil al), pl (w) 173.5
liq
-71.2
2 7
HCN
75-04-7
45.084
vol liq or gas
-80.5
H ClN C H NOC2 C11NO2 9H C11NO2 9H C2 9H11NO
557-66-4 459-73-4 87-25-2 582-33-2 94-09-7
81.545 103.120 165.189 165.189 165.189
mcl pl (al)
109.5
HCN O HC NO 8HC 11N 8HC 11N 8HC 11N 8HC 11N
626-36-8 110-73-6 578-54-1 587-02-0 589-16-2 103-69-5
132.118 89.136 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180
H O C CH O H11NO 9C C10 8H CH13NO 10 10HC12O2 CN 10H11 C10O2 8H C12O 9H 8HC 10O3S CO3S 8H10 C10N2 9H H10O2 9C
84-51-5 4748-78-1 614-17-5 100-41-4 90-26-6 90-27-7 769-68-6 2896-60-8 93-54-9 515-46-8 98-69-1 1848-84-6 93-89-0
236.265 134.174 149.189 106.165 163.216 164.201 145.201 138.164 136.190 186.228 186.228 146.188 150.174
HC O
6951-08-2
194.184
C12N2O2 9H C5H10O2 5HC 9NO S 11H11NO4C OSi 5H14C 20HC 20OSi C9NO 4H C8O2 4H 6HC 10O3 CH12O 10 C18O3 10H O3 9H16C CO3 9H16 9H14O3 C O2 5H8C
2 8 4 9
4 8 2 3 4 11
16 12 2 9 10
Phenylethane a-Phenylbutyramide
a-Ethylbenzyl alcohol
4904 Ethyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate
Physical Form
CAS RN
10 10 4
br nd (w)
mp/˚C
-83.8 -45
13 nd (w), orth (eth) nd (w, bz) liq liq liq liq
den/g cm-3
dec 135.2 171
0.916520 0.928515
1.406820
0.757320
1.374120
0.9424 0.900320 1.036810
1.433820 1.372320 1.417120
0.952320 0.964818 0.966120 0.989820 0.923420
1.430120 1.425618 1.425520 1.438818 1.406820
25 (p>1 0.677 atm) 20 1.2160 1.027510 1.117420 1.17120
1.366320
dec 169.5 209.5 214; 946 217.5 203.0
0.91420 0.98322 0.989625 0.967920 0.962520
1.44420 1.558422
221
0.979020
nD
92 196.5 -43 -64 -2.4 -63.5
76 344 205; 10418 77.11 180.8 11411 221.5 201; 9720 224; 9015 208 99.4 16.5
149; 5818 268 294; 1605 310
Solubility sl 2O;Hs EtOH; vs AcOEt
286 dec 65
liq liq
bp/˚C
1.424210 1.564620 1.560022
1.555420 1.555920
vs eth, EtOH s alk i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s chl msc H2O, EtOH; s chl, HOAc s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl vs ace, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, DMSO; msc EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, acid i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz, tfa vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc
108.8 nd (w) liq cry pl (eth)
70.5 -94.96 86 47.5
pr (chl, bz)
98.5
liq
176.5 -34
pr
18.5
136.19 0.862625 18516 271 241 0.97714 16024, 13115 219 0.991525 15615 1.216720 1.23
1.495920
1.041525
1.500720
212 285.5; 1356
1.516923 1.508120
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, ctc; sl ace s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, peth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4864 4865 4866 4867 4868 4869 4870 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4877 4878
Name
O HN
OH O S O
NH2
O
O 3-Ethoxypropanal
3-Ethoxypropanenitrile
8-Ethoxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid
O
O
Ethoxytrimethylsilane
O O
O
N-Ethylacetamide
O
O
O
O
Ethoxytriphenylsilane
O
O O
N H
O
O
O
O
O O
Ethylacetate
Ethylacetoacetate
4’-Ethylacetophenone
Ethyl2-acetylhexanoate
Ethyl2-acetyl-3-methylbutanoate
Ethyl2-acetylpentanoate
Ethyl2-acetyl-4-pentenoate
O O O
O
O NH2 HCl
NH2
O
3-261
Ethylacrylate
H2N
Ethylamine
Ethylamine hydrochloride
O
O
O
O NH2
NH2
Ethyl2-aminoacetate
Ethyl2-aminobenzoate
H 2N
Ethyl3-aminobenzoate
Ethyl4-aminobenzoate
NH2 O H2N
NH2
O N H
H N
O
Ethyl(aminocarbonyl)carbamate
O
NH2
HN
OH
O
2-(Ethylamino)ethanol
2-Ethylaniline
3-Ethylaniline
4-Ethylaniline
N-Ethylaniline
2-Ethyl-9,10-anthracenedione
O
OH O
4-Ethylbenzaldehyde
N-Ethylbenzamide
O O S O
a-Ethylbenzeneacetamide
Ethylbenzene
a-Ethylbenzeneacetic acid
a-Ethylbenzeneacetonitril e
4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol
OH O S O N N H
Ethylbenzenesulfonate
OH
N
O
O
OH a-Ethylbenzenemethanol
OH
NH2
N H
4-Ethylbenzenesulfonic acid
2-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazole
O
O O
O
O O
Ethylbenzoate
Ethyl1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
(4-Ethoxyphenyl)urea
O
N
O
O Si
N
O O
O Si
No.
Name
Synonym
4905 Ethyl benzoylacetate
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
C12O3 11H
94-02-0
192.211
CH NO2 H CO C7BrO2 4H 6HC 9BrO3 H9BrO2 9C C11BrO2 6H C11BrO2 6H C 6H9BrO2 CBrO2 8H15 CBrO2 7H13 6HC 11BrO2 BrO3 5H7C C13BrO2 7H C13BrO2 7H H9BrO2 5C
6436-90-4 620-80-4 105-36-2 13176-46-0 5798-75-4 533-68-6 2969-81-5 37746-78-4 25542-62-5 609-12-1 600-00-0 70-23-5 615-83-8 14660-52-7 535-11-5
193.243 218.248 167.002 209.037 229.070 195.054 195.054 193.038 223.108 209.081 195.054 195.012 209.081 209.081 181.028
539-74-2 97-96-1 105-54-4 88-09-5 95-08-9
181.028 100.158 116.158 116.158 346.459
97-95-0 2736-40-5 760-21-4 6776-19-8 623-70-1 1617-18-1 10031-87-5 3953-10-4 617-79-8 591-62-8 4341-76-8 51-79-6
102.174 134.603 84.159 114.142 114.142 114.142 144.212 156.222 101.190 145.200 112.127 89.094
132-32-1 86-28-2 105-39-5 638-07-3
210.274 195.260 122.551 164.586
7335-27-5 3153-36-4 401-56-9 541-41-3
184.619 150.603 140.541 108.524
4906 4907 4908 4909 4910 4911 4912 4913 4914 4915 4916 4917 4918 4919 4920
EthylN-benzylglycinate Ethyl 2-benzylideneacetoacetate Ethyl bromoacetate Ethyl 4-bromoacetoacetate Ethyl 4-bromobenzoate Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate Ethyl 4-bromobutanoate Ethyltrans-4-bromo-2-butenoate Ethyl 6-bromohexanoate Ethyl 2-bromo-3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate Ethyl 3-bromo-2-oxopropanoate Ethyl 2-bromopentanoate Ethyl 5-bromopentanoate Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate
4921 4922 4923 4924 4925
CH BrO2 H OC C12O2 6H 6H12O2 C C18H34O6
4926 4927 4928 4929 4930 4931 4932 4933 4934 4935 4936 4937
Ethyl 3-bromopropanoate 2-Ethylbutanal Diethylacetaldehyde Ethyl butanoate 2-Ethylbutanoic acid Diethylacetic acid 2-Ethylbutanoic acid, triethyleneglycol diester 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2-Ethylbutanoyl chloride 2-Ethyl-1-butene Ethylcis-2-butenoate Ethyl isocrotonate Ethyltrans-2-butenoate Ethyl crotonate Ethyl 3-butenoate 2-Ethylbutyl acetate 2-Ethylbutyl acrylate 2-Ethylbutylamine 2-Ethyl-1-butanamine EthylN-butylcarbamate Ethyl 2-butynoate Ethyl carbamate Urethane
4938 4939 4940 4941
9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine 9-Ethyl-9H-carbazole Ethyl chloroacetate Ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate
C14H14N2 C14H13N 4HC 7ClO2 ClO3 6H9C
4942 4943 4944 4945
Ethyl 4-chlorobenzoate Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate Ethyl chlorofluoroacetate Ethyl chloroformate
11 15
13 14 3
Ethyl 6-bromocaproate
Ethyl 3-bromopyruvate
Ethyl a-bromopropionate
5 9
6 12
HC O HCClO H12 6C O2 6H10C CO2 6H10 C10O2 6H CO2 8H16 9HC 16O2 6H15NC H15NO2 7C C8O2 6H C7NO2 3H 6 14 6 11
H C ClO2 HC ClO2 4HC 6ClFO2 3HC 5ClO2 9 9
6 11
Physical Form
orth pl (dil al)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
<0
dec 267; 16720 17750 17 296; 180 168.5 11514, 11010 263; 12515 177; 435 192; 8210 10014 12621 186 163 879 191 12935, 10720 dec 160; 7126 179; 6515 118160 121.3 194 1813.5
1.120215
1.531715
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth
1.504120
vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl
60.5
liq
-18
cry (peth)
33
liq liq
-98 -31.8
<-15 liq
-131.5
<-100 liq liq liq
125 -22
pr (bz, to)
49
nd (al) liq
99 68 -21 -8
liq
-80.6
1.503220 1.527818 1.433217 1.327320 1.354020 1.40216 1.23823 1.276020 1.326320
1.448920 1.528120 1.543817 1.447520 1.455920 1.492520 1.456621 1.449620 1.444620
1.22618 1.308520 1.413520
1.449620 1.454320 1.449020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl
1.412318 0.811020 0.873525 0.923920
1.451620 1.402520 1.389825 1.413220
s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth
147 140 64.7 136 138 119 162.5 8020
0.832620 0.982520 0.689420 0.918220 0.917520 0.912220 0.879020
1.422020 1.423420 1.396920 1.424220 1.424320 1.410520 1.410920
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc
202; 10015 163 185
0.943426 0.964120 0.986221
1.427826 1.437220 1.414451
19010 144.3 dec 220; 11514 237.5 184 129 95
1.05980 1.158520 1.21825
1.639480 1.421520 1.452020
1.187314 1.075620 1.22520 1.135220
1.431120 1.392720 1.397420
vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth
vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, py; sl lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz
vs EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-262
CAS RN
O
O
O N H
Ethylbenzoylacetate
O
Br
O
EthylN-benzylglycinate
O
O
O
Ethyl2-benzylideneacetoacetate
Br
O
Ethylbromoacetate
O O Br
O Br
O
Ethyltrans-4-bromo-2-butenoate
O
3-263
O Br
Ethyl2-bromopropanoate
O
O O 2-Ethylbutanal
O O
Ethylcis-2-butenoate
O
2-Ethylbutanoic acid
9-Ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-amine
O
O
Cl
2-Ethyl-1-butanol
O
O
2-Ethylbutyl acetate
2-Ethylbutanoyl chloride
NH2
N H
2-Ethylbutyl acrylate
2-Ethylbutylamine
9-Ethyl-9H-carbazole
O Cl
O O
Ethylchloroacetate
Cl
O
EthylN-butylcarbamate
O
O O
Ethyl2-butynoate
H2N
O
Ethylcarbamate
O O
O
Ethyl4-chloroacetoacetate
2-Ethyl-1-butene
O O
O N
O Ethyl5-bromopentanoate
OH
2-Ethylbutanoic acid,triethyleneglycol diester
NH2 N
Ethyl2-bromopentanoate
O O
O
O
Ethyl3-butenoate
Br
Br
Ethyl3-bromo-2-oxopropanoate
O
Ethyltrans-2-butenoate
O
O
O
Ethylbutanoate
O
O Ethyl4-bromobutanoate
O
O
O
OH
O O
Ethyl2-bromobutanoate
O
O
Ethyl3-bromopropanoate
Br
O
O
O
Br
Ethyl4-bromobenzoate
O
Ethyl2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate
O
O Br
Br
Br
O
Br Ethyl2-bromo-3-methylbutanoate
O
O
Ethyl4-bromoacetoacetate
Br
O O
O O
Ethyl6-bromohexanoate
O
Cl
Cl Ethyl4-chlorobenzoate
Cl O
Ethyl4-chlorobutanoate
O
O F
Ethylchlorofluoroacetate
Cl
O
Ethylchloroformate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
O
No.
C3 4H5ClO H9ClO2 5C C9ClO2 5H C5ClO2S 2H 2HC 5ClO3S C 3H5ClOS C11H12O2 H5NO 3C
4755-77-5 535-13-7 623-71-2 6378-11-6 625-01-4 2941-64-2 4192-77-2 627-48-5
136.534 136.577 136.577 128.578 144.577 124.589 176.212 71.078
hyg
HC NO2 HC NO2 CH15NO2 18
105-56-6 7085-85-0 5232-99-5
113.116 125.126 277.318
liq liq
HC NO3 HC NO2 C11NO2 11H
94-05-3 623-49-4 4553-07-5
169.178 99.089 189.211
oil
4960 Ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoate Ethyl 2-benzylidene-2-cyanoacetate12H11NO C2 4961 Ethylcyclobutane C12 6H
2025-40-3 4806-61-5
201.221 84.159
(i) nd (al) (ii) oil 51 liq -142.9
8 16
CH
1678-91-7
112.213
liq
-111.3
HC O CH C14O2 9H C18O2 10H C14 7H 8HC 12O3 C12 7H H10 5C C10O2 6H 12HC 24O2 C2 4H6N2O 4HC 6Br2O2 6HC 10Br2O2 6HC 10Br2O2 C8Br2O2 5H H28O3S 20C
3289-28-9 1453-24-3 15111-56-5 5452-75-5 1640-89-7 611-10-9 2146-38-5 1191-96-4 4606-07-9 110-38-3 623-73-4 617-33-4 609-11-0 36847-51-5 3674-13-3 5560-69-0
156.222 110.197 154.206 170.249 98.186 156.179 96.170 70.133 114.142 200.318 114.103 245.898 273.950 273.950 259.925 348.499
liq
-109.9
liq
-138.4
liq liq
-118.5 -149.2
liq ye orth cry
-20 -22
nd
58.5
H CCl2O2 H AsCl C2 3HC 5Cl2NO2 5HC 8Cl2O2 CO4 8H16 CO4 11H20 4HC 6F2O2 2HC5AsF2
535-15-9 598-14-1 13698-16-3 6628-21-3 6065-82-3 77-25-8 454-31-9 430-40-0
156.996 174.889 157.984 171.022 176.211 216.275 124.087 141.980
4954 Ethyl cyanoacetate 4955 Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate 4956 Ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2propenoate 4957 Ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate 4958 Ethyl cyanoformate 4959 Ethyl 2-cyano-2-phenylacetate
Ethyl oxalyl chloride a-chloropropionate Ethyl
Ethyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate
5 7
Ethyl 2-cyano-2-propenoate Etocrilene
4962 Ethylcyclohexane
3-264
4963 4964 4965 4966 4967 4968 4969 4970 4971 4972 4973 4974 4975 4976 4977 4978 4979 4980 4981 4982 4983 4984 4985 4986
Mol. Form.
Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 1-Ethylcyclohexene Ethyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate Ethyl cyclohexylacetate Ethylcyclopentane Ethyl 2-cyclopentanone-1-carboxylate 1-Ethylcyclopentene Ethylcyclopropane Ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate Ethyl decanoate Ethyl caprate Ethyl diazoacetate Diazoacetic ester Ethyl dibromoacetate Ethyl 2,3-dibromobutanoate Ethyl 2,4-dibromobutanoate Ethyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate tert -butyl)-1Ethyl dibunate Ethyl 3,6-di( naphthalenesulfonate Ethyl dichloroacetate Ethyldichloroarsine Dichloroethylarsine Ethyl dichlorocarbamate Ethyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate Ethyl diethoxyacetate Ethyl diethylmalonate Ethyl difluoroacetate Ethyldifluoroarsine
6 7
8 11 4 5
9 16 2 8 14
4 6 2 5
mp/˚C
liq 10
-22.5 110.5 52
liq, fumes in air -38.7
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
137 147 162 52.544, 3216 152.5; 93100 136 271.5 dec 162; 3012 205 553 1953
1.222620 1.079320 1.108620 1.283720 1.350225 20 1.195 1.049120 0.8920
1.417820 1.425420 1.455025 1.41620 1.482020 1.559820 1.378825
1.065420
1.417520
s H2O; vs eth, EtOH
1.00325 1.09120
1.382020 1.501225
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
1.107625 0.728420
1.5033 1.402020
0.788020
1.433020
196 137 194.5 211 103.5 221; 11016 106.3 35.9 134 241.5 dec 140 194 11330 14952 214.5
0.936220 0.817625 0.968820 0.953714 0.766520 1.078121 0.793625 0.679025 0.960815 0.865020 1.085218 1.899120 1.680020 1.698720 1.796620
1.450115 1.456720 1.457820 1.45114 1.419820 1.451920 1.441220 1.378620 1.419020 1.425620 1.460520 1.501713
vs ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs lig; msc ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl
155; 5610 155.3; 7450 6618, 5515 183.5 199 230 100 94.3
1.282720 1.6620 1.30430 1.240120 0.98525 0.964330 1.176520 17 1.708
1.438620
190.5 115.5 dec 275; 16520 15188 70.8 131.9
1.496020 1.500720
1.459520 1.448220 1.410020 1.424020
Solubility vs bz, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth vs eth, chl, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, ctc vs eth, EtOH
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol s eth, bz
i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, lig i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl s H2O; misc EtOH, bz vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
Ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate Ethyl chlorosulfinate Ethyl chlorosulfonate S-Ethyl chlorothioformate Ethyltrans-cinnamate Ethyl cyanate
Synonym
Physical Form
CAS RN
4946 4947 4948 4949 4950 4951 4952 4953
Name
O Cl
O O
O
O
O S Cl
Cl Ethyl2-chloropropanoate
O
N N
Cl
Ethyl3-chloropropanoate
Ethylchlorosulfonate
Ethyl2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate
O
Ethyltrans-cinnamate
O
Ethylcyanoacetate
O
N
O
Ethylcyanoformate
Ethyl2-cyano-2-phenylacetate
Ethyl2-cyano-3-phenyl-2-propenoate
O
3-265
O
O
Ethylcyanate
O
N Ethyl2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate
O
N
N O
O
O
O
O S
S-Ethylchlorothioformate
N O
O Ethyl2-cyanoacrylate
Cl
O
N O
O
Ethylchlorosulfinate
O
HO
Ethylcyclobutane
Ethylcyclohexane
O
O
O
O O
Ethylcyclohexanecarboxylate
O
1-Ethylcyclohexene
Ethyl3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate
Ethylcyclohexylacetate
Ethylcyclopentane
O
O O
N
O Ethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
O
N
Ethyldecanoate
Br O
Ethyl2-cyclopentanone-1-carboxylate
Br
Ethyldiazoacetate
Br
O
Ethyldibromoacetate
Br
Br
Ethyl2,3-dibromobutanoate
O O S O
O O
Br
Br
Ethylcyclopropane
O
O
O
1-Ethylcyclopentene
O Br
Ethyl2,4-dibromobutanoate
Ethyl2,3-dibromopropanoate
O O Cl
O O
Cl Ethyl3,6-di(tert -butyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonate Ethyldichloroacetate
Cl As
Cl Cl
N Cl
O
O O
Cl
O
O O
Cl
Ethyldichloroarsine Ethyldichlorocarbamate Ethyl2,3-dichloropropanoate
Ethyldiethoxyacetate
O O
O
O
F O
Ethyldiethylmalonate
O F
F As
F
Ethyldifluoroacetate Ethyldifluoroarsine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Ethyl2-chloro-2-oxoacetate
O
O
Cl O S O O
O
O
No.
Name
Synonym
4997 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 4998 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 4999 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 5000 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene
3-266
5001 N’-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-1,2ethanediamine 5002 Ethyl 4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate Ethyl pivaloylacetate 5003 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane 5004 3-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane 5005 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 5006 Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropionate 5007 3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine 5008 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-1 H-pyrrole 5009 Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2carboxylate 5010 Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate 5011 Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate 5012 Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3carboxylate 5013 Ethyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate 5014 O-Ethyl dithiocarbonate Xanthogenic acid 5015 Ethylene Ethene 5016 Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid 5017 Ethylene carbonate Vinylene carbonate
Physical Form
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
215.5 dec
1.026120 1.43025
1.449520 1.427
vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
Mol. Wt.
2095-57-0
228.311
695-06-7 1623-14-9 125-33-7
114.142 126.048 218.251
liq hyg cry
C10H12O4
2524-37-0
196.200
sub
C11H26NO2PS
50782-69-9
267.369
lf (HOAc), pr 132 (al) very toxic liq
HCN H CNO2 C14 10H C14 10H
598-56-1 10287-53-3 874-41-9 934-74-7
73.137 193.243 134.218 134.218
liq
36.5 19014 188.4 183.6
0.67520 1.0099100 0.876320 0.860825
1.370525
liq liq
-140 66.5 -62.9 -84.3
HC HC
2870-04-4 1758-88-9
134.218 134.218
liq liq
-16.2 -53.7
190 186.9
0.886425 0.873225
1.510720 1.504320
10 14
HC HC
933-98-2 934-80-5
134.218 134.218
liq liq
-49.5 -66.9
194 189.5
0.888125 0.870625
1.511720 1.503120
C6H16N2
123-83-1
116.204
H O C HC C 9H20 C 9H20 7H14O2 C CN2 8H12 C8H13N C9H13NO2
17094-34-7 16747-32-3 16747-33-4 1068-87-7 3938-95-2 13360-65-1 517-22-6 2199-44-2
172.221 128.255 128.255 128.255 130.185 136.194 123.196 167.205
liq liq
-99.3
liq liq
-122.4 -89.5
pr cry (al)
C9H13NO2
2199-51-1
167.205
C9H13NO2
2199-52-2
167.205
cry (eth-lig, peth) orth (al)
C9H13NO2
2199-53-3
167.205
cry (dil al)
HC O 3H6OSC 2 H4 2C S4 4H8N2C O3 3H4C
615-79-2 151-01-9 74-85-1 111-54-6 96-49-1
158.152 122.209 28.053 212.380 88.062
unstab liq col gas unstab liq mcl pl (al)
10HC16N2O2S
C6H10O2 C7O4P 2H CH14N2O2 12
4 11
11 15
10 14 10 14
10 14
9 16 3 9 20
7 10 4
60-00-4 5018 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA 10H16NC 2O8 5019 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA disodium CH18N2Na2O10 6381-92-6 10 disodium salt, dihydrate 110-30-5 5020 N,N’-Ethylene distearylamide N,N’-Dioctadecanoylethanediamine 38H76CN2O2
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
CAS RN
169 -18 281.5 vs eth, EtOH
1.503820 1.498120
134.5
0.73825
1.422220
0 125
8317 133.8 144.7 136.7 118.4 180.5 199; 9616 13510.5
0.9718 0.743820 0.750825 0.736520 0.85620 0.965724 0.91320
1.412320 1.422120 1.413120 1.390620 1.501424 1.496120
78.5
291
117.5
36.4
292.242 372.237
cry (w)
245 dec 242 dec
593.022
cry (EtOH)
149
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc
s EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH, ace vs eth, EtOH
291; 13015
vs EtOH
111.3 18 -53 -169.15
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth, ctc
vs eth, EtOH, chl 214 25 -103.77 248
1.125120
1.475717
vs eth, EtOH
0.5678-104
1.363-100
i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ace; s eth
1.321439
1.414850
msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4987 5-Ethyldihydro-5sec-butyl-2-thioxo-Thiobutabarbital 4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione H)-furanone 4988 5-Ethyldihydro-2(3 4989 Ethyl dihydrogen phosphate H,5H)- Primidone 4990 5-Ethyldihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1 pyrimidinedione 4991 Ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6methylbenzoate VX Nerve agent 4992 O-EthylS-[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl] methylphosphonothioate N,N-Dimethylethanamine 4993 Ethyldimethylamine 4994 Ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate 4995 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 4996 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene
Mol. Form.
O
O NH
O
N H
S
O
O
5-Ethyldihydro-5sec-butyl-2-thioxo-4,6(1 H,5H)-pyrimidinedione
O HO P OH O
5-Ethyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone
O NH
O
Ethyldihydrogenphosphate
O
N H
HO
5-Ethyldihydro-5-phenyl-4,6(1 H,5H)-pyrimidinedione
OH
Ethyl2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate
O
O N
S
N
N
O-EthylS-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate
Ethyldimethylamine
Ethyl4-(dimethylamino)benzoate
3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene
4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene
O
H N
N 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene
1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene
1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene
2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene
O O
N’-Ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
Ethyl4,4-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoate
3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane
3-Ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane
3-267
O O
N O
3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane
N
Ethyl2,2-dimethylpropanoate
O
O
O N H
N H
3-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine
3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-1 H-pyrrole
N H
O
Ethyl3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate
Ethyl2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate
O O
O
O
N H
O
N H
Ethyl2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate
O
Ethyl4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate
H
S O
O
Ethyl2,4-dioxopentanoate
SH
O-Ethyldithiocarbonate
H
H
H
Ethylene
H N
HS S
S N H
Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid
O
HOOC
HOOC
N N
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
N N
COOH
HOOC
NH
COO Na
COOH Na
COOH
2H2O
OOC
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,disodiumsalt,dihydrate
SH
NH O N,N’-Ethylenedistearylamide
O O
O
Ethylenecarbonate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O P
No. 5021 5022 5023 5024 5025 5026
Name
Synonym Aziridine
5031 5032 5033 5034 5035
O-Ethyl ethylthiophosphonyl chloride Ethyl fluoroacetate Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate N-Ethylformamide Ethyl formate
5036 5037 5038 5039 5040 5041 5042 5043 5044 5045 5046 5047
2-Ethylfuran Ethyl 2-furancarboxylate g-EthylL-glutamate Ethyl heptafluorobutanoate 3-Ethylheptane 4-Ethylheptane Ethyl heptanoate 2-Ethylheptanoic acid 4-Ethyl-4-heptanol Ethyltrans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate 2-Ethylhexanal 3-Ethylhexane
5048 5049 5050 5051 5052 5053 5054 5055 5056 5057 5058 5059 5060 5061 5062
2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol Ethyl hexanoate 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexanoyl chloride 2-Ethyl-2-hexenal Ethyl 3-hexenoate 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate 2-Ethylhexylamine 2-Ethylhexyl butyl phthalate 2-Ethylhexyl dihydrogen phosphate 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphite Ethyl hexyl ether 2-Ethylhexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate
EEDQ
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
2H5NC H32O 20C 4HC 12N2 6HC 12O3 C14O3 7H C14H17NO3
151-56-4 965-90-2 110-72-5 817-95-8 763-69-9 16357-59-8
43.068 288.467 88.151 132.157 146.184 247.290
H CO 5HC 11NO2 C2 10H20O 16HC 19N
607-97-6 623-78-9 2983-37-1 64653-59-4
158.195 117.147 172.265 225.329
H ClOPS C HC FO2 H9FO2 9C 3HC7NO C6O2 3H
1497-68-3 459-72-3 451-46-7 627-45-2 109-94-4
172.613 106.096 168.164 73.094 74.079
HO C H OC H13NO4 7C 6HC 5F7O2 H20 9C H20 9C C2 9H18O 9HC 18O2 C20O 9H 8HC 12O2 H16O 8C C8H18
3208-16-0 614-99-3 1119-33-1 356-27-4 15869-80-4 2216-32-2 106-30-9 3274-29-1 597-90-0 2396-84-1 123-05-7 619-99-8
96.127 140.137 175.183 242.092 128.255 128.255 158.238 158.238 144.254 140.180 128.212 114.229
H CO H16O2 8C 8HC16O2 H18O 8C 8HC15ClO H14O 8C CO2 8H14 C20O2 10H H20O2 11C N 8H19C 20H30O4 C C4P 8H19O O3P 20H27C 8HC 18O 15H22CO3
94-96-2 123-66-0 149-57-5 104-76-7 760-67-8 645-62-5 2396-83-0 103-09-3 103-11-7 104-75-6 85-69-8 1070-03-7 15647-08-2 5756-43-4 118-60-5
146.228 144.212 144.212 130.228 162.657 126.196 142.196 172.265 184.276 129.244 334.450 210.208 346.400 130.228 250.334
8 14 3
Ethyl 2-ethylcaproate
4 10 4 7
6 8
Ethyl 2-furanoate
Ethyl oenanthate
Ethyl sorbate
Ethohexadiol
Ethyl hydrosorbate
2-Ethyl-1-hexanamine Butyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate Forstab 1-Ethoxyhexane Octisalate
7 8 3
8 18 2
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
liq cry
-77.9 77
56
56.5
29 liq mcl pr (w) liq
lf or pr
26 -79.6
34.5 191
liq
-114.9
liq liq
-66.1
<-100
liq liq
-40 -67
liq
-70
liq
-80 -90
den/g cm-3
nD
0.83225
129 158 166; 485 1260.1
0.83725 0.970220 0.949020
198.0; 8010 176 9028 336603, 17310 0.7 35 120 210 198 54.4
0.984716 0.981320 0.858625
msc H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl 1.438520 1.403920 1.406520
s EtOH, eth, ace s chl
1.421425 1.421520 1.412325 1.555025
msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH
1.1520 1.091220 1.14625 0.955220 0.920820
1.375520 1.486420 1.432020 1.360920
92.5 196.8
0.901820 1.117421
1.440320 1.479721
95 143.0 141.2 187 15331 182 195.5 163 118.6
1.39420 0.722525 0.724125 0.881720
1.301120 1.409320 1.409620 1.410020 1.425527 1.433220 1.495120 1.414220 1.401820
vs H2O vs eth, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz sl H2O sl H2O; s eth, ace
244 167 228; 12013 184.6 10140, 6711 175 166.5 199 12560 169.2
0.932522 0.87320 0.903125 0.831925 0.93925 0.855420 0.895720 0.871820 0.88025
1520.15 143 19021
1.05420 0.772220 1.01
0.835020 0.950620 0.854020 0.713620
1.449720 1.407320 1.424120 1.430020 1.433520 1.425520 1.420420 1.433225
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl; s acid
i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH s H2O, eth, ctc; sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O sl2H O s H2O, bz
col liq liq
liq
Solubility
1.520727 1.400820
vs eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-268
5027 5028 5029 5030
Ethyleneimine Ethylestrenol N-Ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine Ethyl ethoxyacetate Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate Ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2 H)quinolinecarboxylate Ethyl 2-ethylacetoacetate Ethyl ethylcarbamate Ethyl 2-ethylhexanoate 2-Ethyl-N-(2-ethylphenyl)aniline
Mol. Form.
OH H
O
H O
H N
N H Ethyleneimine
Ethylestrenol
N-Ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
O
Ethylethoxyacetate
O
O 2-Ethylfuran
S O P Cl
2-Ethyl-N-(2-ethylphenyl)aniline
O
Ethylformate
O
Ethyl3-ethoxypropanoate
N H
Ethyl2-ethylhexanoate
O
O
O
O
O
O
Ethyl2-ethoxy-1(2H)-quinolinecarboxylate
Ethyl2-ethylacetoacetate
F F O
NH2
O
g-EthylL-glutamate
Ethyl2-furancarboxylate
F
O-Ethylethylthiophosphonyl chloride
O
HO
O
F F
O O
N H
F
Ethylfluoroacetate
Ethyl4-fluorobenzoate
O O
O F
O
N-Ethylformamide
F F
O
Ethylheptafluorobutanoate
3-Ethylheptane
4-Ethylheptane
Ethylheptanoate
3-269
OH
O OH
O
OH
O
OH
O O
2-Ethylheptanoic acid
4-Ethyl-4-heptanol
Ethyltrans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate
O 2-Ethylhexanal
3-Ethylhexane
O
O OH
O 2-Ethylhexanoic acid
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol
2-Ethylhexanoylchloride
2-Ethyl-2-hexenal
O O O
NH2 O 2-Ethylhexylamine
2-Ethylhexylbutylphthalate
Ethylhexanoate
O O
Cl
OH
2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
O O P OH OH 2-Ethylhexyldihydrogenphosphate
O O
O
O Ethyl3-hexenoate
2-Ethylhexylacetate
O P O O
2-Ethylhexylacrylate
O
O OH
O 2-Ethylhexyldiphenylphosphite
Ethylhexyl ether
2-Ethylhexyl2-hydroxybenzoate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
N
O
O
Ethylethylcarbamate
O
O
O
O N H
O
NH2
O
No.
Name
Mol. Wt.
688-84-6 1559-35-9
198.302 174.281
5065 Ethylhydrazine 5066 Ethyl hydrazinecarboxylate 5067 Ethyl hydrogen adipate
C22O2 12H Ethylene glycol mono(2-ethylhexyl) C10H22O2 ether H8N2 2C Ethyl carbazate 3H8NC2O2 C14O4 8H
624-80-6 4114-31-2 626-86-8
60.098 104.108 174.195
5068 5069 5070 5071 5072 5073 5074 5075
C8O4 6H Butanedioic acid, monoethyl ester6H10O4 C O2 Ethyl hydrogen peroxide 2H6C C8O3 4H H10O3 9C Ethylparaben 9HC 10O3 C12O3 6H C10O3 6H
2459-05-4 1070-34-4 3031-74-1 623-50-7 7781-98-8 120-47-8 35608-64-1 91890-87-8
144.126 146.141 62.068 104.105 166.173 166.173 132.157 130.141
512-16-3
186.248
3710-84-7 496-03-7 617-05-0 55066-53-0
89.136 144.212 196.200 326.514
1003-64-1 16219-75-3 7098-07-9 623-48-3 539-89-9 109-90-0 624-79-3 5022-29-7 628-04-6 19961-27-4 18970-44-0 625-54-7 7087-68-5 5145-99-3 542-85-8 2676-33-7 106-33-2 539-88-8 623-51-8 97-63-2 62-50-0 1515-95-3 5349-60-0
110.197 120.191 96.131 214.002 145.200 71.078 55.079 175.184 116.201 87.164 148.245 88.148 129.244 104.214 87.144 118.131 228.371 144.168 120.171 114.142 124.159 136.190 166.217
Ethyl hydrogen fumarate Ethyl hydrogen succinate Ethyl hydroperoxide Ethyl hydroxyacetate Ethyl 3-hydroxybenzoate Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, (±) Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate
Mol. Form.
3-270
5076 a-Ethyl-1-hydroxycyclohexaneacetic Cyclobutyrol CH18O3 10 acid 5077 N-Ethyl-N-hydroxyethanamine N,N-Diethylhydroxylamine 4HC 11NO 5078 2-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanal H16O2 8C 5079 Ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate H12O4 10C 5080 Ethylcis-12-hydroxy-9Ethyl ricinoleate 20HC 38O3 octadecenoate,R) ( 5081 Ethylidenecyclohexane C14 8H 5082 5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene 5-Ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 9H12 C 5083 1-Ethyl-1H-imidazole C8N2 5H 5084 Ethyl iodoacetate 4HC 7IO 2 5085 Ethyl isobutylcarbamate Isobutyl urethane C2 7H15NO 5086 Ethyl isocyanate C5NO 3H 5087 Ethyl isocyanide 3HC5N 5088 N-Ethyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione C10H9NO2 5089 Ethyl isopentyl ether CO 7H16 H13N 5090 Ethylisopropylamine N-Ethyl-2-propanamine 5C 5091 1-Ethyl-2-isopropylbenzene H16 11C 5092 Ethyl isopropyl ether 5HC 12O 5093 N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl-2-propanamine C19N 8H 5094 Ethyl isopropyl sulfide 5HC12S 5095 Ethyl isothiocyanate C 3H5NS 5096 Ethyl lactate Ethyl 2-hydroxypropionate 5H10OC3 H28O2 5097 Ethyl laurate 14C 5098 Ethyl levulinate 7HC 12O3 5099 Ethyl mercaptoacetate 4HC 8O2S 5100 Ethyl methacrylate 6HC 10O2 O3S 5101 Ethyl methanesulfonate 3H8C 5102 1-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzene H12O 9C 5103 a-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzenemethanol C14O2 10H
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
12018, 11014 0.88025 227.7
cry hyg cry (eth, peth)
46 29
pr or nd liq
70 8 -100
pl (bz) cry (dil al)
74 117
cry (eth-peth)
81.5 10
nd (dil al)
44
liq oil <-65
nd (al)
liq liq liq liq
<-66 79
-122.2 -5.9 -26 -10
nD
Solubility
1.43625
101 dec 198; 939 285 0.979620
1.431120
14716 17242, 1193 95 160
1.110987 1.146620 0.933220 1.082623 1.0680131
1.432720 1.380020 1.418020
1.01720 1.047015
1.418220 1.43613
s EtOH, ace; sl chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth sl2H O, chl, tfa; vs EtOH, eth; i2 CS s H2O, EtOH; sl ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH
1.001018
1.468018
vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl
133 13850, 1019 292 25813
0.866920
1.419520
0.918020
1.461822
136 146 208 179 11030 60 79 285.5 112.5 69.6 193 54.1 126.5 107.5 131.5 154.5 271; 15415 205.8 157 117 8610 198 14320
0.82225 0.893 0.99925 1.817313 0.943220 0.903120 0.740220
1.461820 1.490020
297.5 185; 7615 dec 173; 6815 24 164
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth; sl chl s EtOH, eth, peth
i2O; H vs EtOH, eth; s chl
1.507913 1.428820 1.380820 1.362220
0.768821 0.88820 0.72025 0.74225 0.824620 0.999020 1.032820 0.861820 1.011120 1.096415 0.913520 0.962415
msc H2O s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH
1.387225 1.50820 1.369825 1.413820
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, ace, chl; msc EtOH, eth s ctc
1.513020 1.412420 1.431120 1.422920 1.458220 1.414720
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth
1.512020 1.527720
vs bz, eth s ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
5063 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate 5064 2-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]ethanol
Synonym
O O
O
2-Ethylhexylmethacrylate
O
O
OH
H2N
2-[(2-Ethylhexyl)oxy]ethanol
H2N
N H
Ethylhydrazine
HO
N H
O
O O
Ethylhydrazinecarboxylate
O O
Ethylhydrogen adipate
Ethylhydrogen fumarate
O
O
O
O
HO
O
O
O
O Ethylhydrogen succinate
HO
OH
Ethylhydroperoxide
OH O O
OH
Ethylhydroxyacetate
Ethyl3-hydroxybenzoate
Ethyl4-hydroxybenzoate
O HO
OH OH
N-Ethyl-N-hydroxyethanamine
2-Ethyl-3-hydroxyhexanal
O
3-271
a-Ethyl-1-hydroxycyclohexaneacetic acid
OH
Ethyl3-hydroxybutanoate,(±)
Ethyl2-hydroxy-3-butenoate
O
O
N OH
O O
OH
OH
O
O O
OH Ethyl4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate
Ethylcis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate,(R)
O N
Ethylidenecyclohexane
5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene
O
O
N
I
1-Ethyl-1H-imidazole
N H
O Ethyliodoacetate
N O
N
N C O
Ethylisobutylcarbamate
Ethylisocyanate
O
C
Ethylisocyanide
N-Ethyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione
O N
N H
O Ethylisopentyl ether
Ethylisopropylamine
1-Ethyl-2-isopropylbenzene
Ethylisopropylether
O
Ethylisopropylsulfide
Ethylisothiocyanate
Ethyllactate
OH O
O
N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl-2-propanamine
OH
N C S
S
O
Ethyllaurate
O
O
O Ethyllevulinate
O
O HS
O
Ethylmercaptoacetate
O Ethylmethacrylate
O O S O Ethylmethanesulfonate
O 1-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzene
O a-Ethyl-4-methoxybenzenemethanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
O HO
No.
3-272
5111 5112 5113 5114 5115 5116 5117 5118 5119 5120 5121 5122 5123 5124 5125 5126 5127 5128 5129 5130 5131 5132 5133 5134 5135 5136 5137 5138 5139 5140 5141 5142 5143 5144 5145 5146 5147
Synonym
Mol. Form.
Ethyl 2-methoxybenzoate H12O3 10C H12O3 Ethyl 4-methoxybenzoate 10C 4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol C12O2 9H Ethyl (4-methoxyphenyl)acetate 11HC 14O3 Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate O3 7H12C N-Ethyl-2-methylallylamine N-Ethyl-2-methyl-2-propen-1-amine 6HC13N H14N2O2S 5-Ethyl-5-(2-methylallyl)-2Methallatal 10C thiobarbituric acid Ethylmethylamine N-Methylethanamine C9N 3H Ethylmethylamine hydrochloride N-Methylethanamine hydrochloride 3H10CClN N 2-Ethyl-6-methylaniline 9H13C N-Ethyl-2-methylaniline N 9H13C N N-Ethyl-3-methylaniline 9H13C N-Ethyl-4-methylaniline N-Ethyl-4-toluidine CN 9H13 N-Ethyl-N-methylaniline 9HC 13N H17N N-Ethyl-a-methylbenzeneethanamineN-Ethylamphetamine 11C N-Ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide NO2S 9H13C 1-Ethyl-2-methyl-1 H-benzimidazole 10CH12N2 Ethyl 2-methylbenzoate C12O2 10H Ethyl 4-methylbenzoate C12O2 10H Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl isovalerate 7H14O2C O2 2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid 7H14C 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 7HC 14 Ethyltrans-2-methyl-2-butenoate C12O2 7H Ethyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate CO2 7H12 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)C11H18N2O3 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione H9NO2 EthylN-methylcarbamate 4C Ethyl methyl carbonate 4HC 8O3 trans-1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane C18 9H 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane 8HC 16 cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane 8HC 16 trans-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane 8HC 16 cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane 8HC 16 trans-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane 8HC 16 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane C12 6H 2-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane 6HC 12O2 Ethyl methyl ether 3HC 8O 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane C20 9H 3-Ethyl-3-methylhexane C20 9H 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 2,3-Diethylpentane 9H20C 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane C20 9H Ethyl 4-methylhexanoate Ethyl 4-methylcaproate 9H18OC 2 Ethyl 4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate CO3 8H14 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 8HC 18 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 8HC 18
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
7335-26-4 94-30-4 2785-89-9 14062-18-1 609-14-3 18328-90-0 115-56-0
180.200 180.200 152.190 194.227 144.168 99.174 226.295
624-78-2 624-60-2 24549-06-2 94-68-8 102-27-2 622-57-1 613-97-8 457-87-4 80-39-7 5805-76-5 87-24-1 94-08-6 108-64-5 19889-37-3 7357-93-9 5837-78-5 638-10-8 76-74-4
59.110 95.571 135.206 135.206 135.206 135.206 135.206 163.260 199.270 160.215 164.201 164.201 130.185 130.185 98.186 128.169 128.169 226.272
105-40-8 623-53-0 6236-88-0 16747-50-5 930-89-2 930-90-5 2613-66-3 2613-65-2 53778-43-1 126-39-6 540-67-0 16789-46-1 3074-76-8 3074-77-9 3074-75-7 1561-10-0 7152-15-0 609-26-7 1067-08-9
103.120 104.105 126.239 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 84.159 116.158 60.095 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 158.238 158.195 114.229 114.229
Physical Form
liq
mp/˚C 7.5 -7
liq
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
261 269.5 236.5 13970 187 104.7
1.112420 1.103820 1.093118 1.09725 0.994120 0.753
1.522420 1.525420
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth
1.507520 1.418520 1.422120
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace msc H2O
160.5 36.7 pl (al-eth) liq
128 -33 <-15
64 51 <-10 liq
-99.3 <-20
231 216 221 217 204 10514
20 1.0874 0.96825 0.94825 0.926315 0.939116 0.9255
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl 1.552520 1.545620 1.545120
1.498625 s EtOH
296 227; 11318 232 135.0 207 89 156 153.5
1.07325 1.032521 1.026918 0.865620 0.715020 0.920020 0.919921
1.50722 1.508918 1.396220 1.425020 1.41020 1.434020 1.434520
20
20
130
liq liq liq liq liq
-14 -80.8 -143.8 -106 -105.9
liq liq
-108 -130.2
col gas
liq liq liq
-113
-9 -114.9 -90.9
s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 170 107.5 149 121.6 128 121.2 121 121 56.8 118 7.4 138 140.6 140 133.8 180 173 115.66 118.27
1.0115 1.01220 0.779820 0.776725 0.785220 0.764925 0.772420 0.761920 0.696825 0.936020 0.72510 0.731020 0.737125 0.742020 0.719525 0.870820 0.9825 0.719320 0.727420
1.4183 1.377820 1.430420 1.427220 1.429320 1.421920 1.420320 1.418620 1.388720
vs H2O, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
1.34204 1.410620 1.414020 1.413420 1.406320 1.405120 1.25020 1.404020 1.407820
s H2O, ace, chl; msc EtOH, eth
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5104 5105 5106 5107 5108 5109 5110
Name
OH O O
O O
O
O
O
O
Ethyl2-methoxybenzoate
O
O
O
Ethyl4-methoxybenzoate
4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol
H N
O
O
Ethyl(4-methoxyphenyl)acetate
Ethyl2-methylacetoacetate
H N
H N
O
N-Ethyl-2-methylallylamine
H N
N H
S
5-Ethyl-5-(2-methylallyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid
H N
N
N HCl H
N H Ethylmethylamine
Ethylmethylamine hydrochloride
2-Ethyl-6-methylaniline
N-Ethyl-2-methylaniline
N-Ethyl-3-methylaniline
N-Ethyl-4-methylaniline
N-Ethyl-N-methylaniline
N-Ethyl-a-methylbenzeneethanamin e
NH O S O O
N
O
3-273
N N-Ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide
O
O O
O
OH O
1-Ethyl-2-methyl-1 H-benzimidazole
Ethyl2-methylbenzoate
Ethyl4-methylbenzoate
Ethyl3-methylbutanoate
2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanoic acid
2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene
trans-1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane
1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane
O NH
O
O
O
O O
O
O
Ethyltrans-2-methyl-2-butenoate
Ethyl3-methyl-2-butenoate
N H
O
N H
5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
O O
EthylN-methylcarbamate
O
Ethylmethylcarbonate
O O cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
trans-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane
trans-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane
O
O O
3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane
3-Ethyl-3-methylhexane
3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane
4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane
1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane
Ethyl4-methylhexanoate
O
2-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane
Ethylmethylether
O O
Ethyl4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate
3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane
3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
NH2
NH
O
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
25415-67-2 19780-66-6 91-88-3
144.212 112.213 179.259
77-83-8
206.237
64-65-3 97-62-1 13360-64-0 529-21-5 536-88-9 77-67-8
155.195 116.158 122.167 121.180 121.180 141.168
pl (w, ace-eth) liq liq
cry (ace-eth)
64.5
624-89-5 100-74-3 124-06-1 118-44-5 1127-76-0 939-27-5 2122-70-5 625-58-1 109-95-5 626-35-7 612-22-6 100-12-9 618-98-4 99-77-4 2104-64-5
76.161 115.173 256.424 171.238 156.223 156.223 214.260 91.066 75.067 133.104 151.163 151.163 195.172 195.172 323.304
liq
-105.93
597-09-1 2531-80-8 759-73-9 123-29-5 15403-89-1 544-35-4
149.146 147.130 117.107 186.292 122.207 308.499
nd (w)
Ethyl linolenate
20 34 2
HC O
1191-41-9
306.483
C 20H38O2 CH22 10 CH22 10 H20O2 10C C 10H22S C 20H38O2 H14O3 8C C12O3 7H C3 10H10O
6114-18-7 5881-17-4 15869-86-0 106-32-1 3698-94-0 111-62-6 13984-57-1 4949-44-4 1603-79-8
310.515 142.282 142.282 172.265 174.347 310.515 158.195 144.168 178.184
1-(Ethylthio)octane Ethyl cis-9-octadecenoate
Ethyl phenylglyoxylate
liq
mp/˚C -112.9
126.5 -88.2
12.3 liq liq oil liq ye vol liq or gas liq liq
liq liq ye or col
-13.9 -7.4 88.5 -94.6
-12.3 -12.3 47 57 36 57.5 100 dec -36.7
5.8
liq liq
-43.1
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
163; 5210 109.5 1181.5
0.870520 0.726220
1.405020 1.414020 1.554020
s ctc
273.5
1.04420
1.518220
0.86820
1.386918
sub 100 110.1 7956 198 179
66.7 138.5 295 305; 19116 258.6 258 22220, 11813 87.2 18 10625, 836 232.5 245.5 297 186.3; 1538
0.928617 0.913025
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O
0.842220 0.899620 0.857325 1.065215 1.008220 0.992220
1.440420 1.440020 1.436220 1.647715 1.606220 1.599920
1.108420 15 0.899 1.195320 1.120720 1.119220
1.385220 1.341810 1.425020 1.535620 1.545520
1.2725
1.597830
dec 190.5
s chl sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace
1.421020
i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, lig; sl eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl s EtOH, eth s H2O; msc EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth; s dil alk i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc
227.0 143.6 272180, 21212 21815
0.865720 0.86 0.886520
1.422020 1.463020
0.891920
1.469420
vs eth, EtOH
21815 166.5 163.7 208.5 10914 21615, 20713 221.5 191 256.5
0.866425 0.735925 0.734325 0.86618
1.448025 1.415620 1.415120 1.417820
vs eth, EtOH
0.872020 0.98925 1.012020 1.122225
1.451520 1.427720 1.423020 1.519025
vs eth, EtOH
vs eth, EtOH
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc
vs bz, eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-274
Mol. Wt.
5148 Ethyl 4-methylpentanoate CO2 8H16 5149 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 8HC 16 5150 2-[Ethyl(3-methylphenyl) C11H17NO amino]ethanol 5151 Ethyl 3-methyl-3Ethyl 3-methyl-3-phenylglycidate 12H14CO3 phenyloxiranecarboxylate 5152 4-Ethyl-4-methyl-2,6-piperidinedione Bemegride C2 8H13NO 5153 Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Ethyl isobutanoate 6H12O2C 5154 2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine 7HC 10N2 5155 3-Ethyl-4-methylpyridine 3-Ethyl-4-picoline 8H11N C 5156 4-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine 4-Ethyl-2-picoline 8H11N C 5157 3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5Ethosuximide C11NO2 7H pyrrolidinedione 5158 Ethyl methyl sulfide C8S 3H 5159 N-Ethylmorpholine C13NO 6H 5160 Ethyl myristate C32O2 16H 5161 N-Ethyl-1-naphthalenamine C13N 12H H12 5162 1-Ethylnaphthalene 12C H12 5163 2-Ethylnaphthalene 12C 5164 Ethyl 1-naphthylacetate 14HC 14O2 5165 Ethyl nitrate 2HC 5NO3 5166 Ethyl nitrite C 2 2H5NO NO4 5167 Ethyl nitroacetate 4H7C 5168 1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene C9NO2 8H 5169 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene C9NO2 8H 5170 Ethyl 3-nitrobenzoate 9HC 9NO4 5171 Ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate 9HC 9NO4 5172 Ethylp-nitrophenyl C14H14NO4PS benzenethiophosphate 5173 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol CNO4 5H11 5174 Ethyl 2-nitropropanoate 5HC 9NO4 5175 N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea N-NitrosoN-ethylurea C3H7N3O2 5176 Ethyl nonanoate CH22O2 11 5177 5-Ethyl-2-norbornene C9H14 5178 Ethylcis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate Ethyl linoleate C2 20H36O 5179 Ethylcis,cis,cis-9,12,15octadecatrienoate 5180 Ethyltrans-9-octadecenoate 5181 3-Ethyloctane 5182 4-Ethyloctane 5183 Ethyl octanoate 5184 Ethyl 1-octyl sulfide 5185 Ethyl oleate 5186 Ethyl 5-oxohexanoate 5187 Ethyl 3-oxopentanoate 5188 Ethyl 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate
Physical Form
CAS RN
N
O
O
OH
O
O O
O Ethyl4-methylpentanoate
3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene
2-[Ethyl(3-methylphenyl)amino]ethanol
O
Ethyl3-methyl-3-phenyloxiranecarboxylate
N H
O
4-Ethyl-4-methyl-2,6-piperidinedione
Ethyl2-methylpropanoate
4-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine
O
O
S
3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione
Ethylmethylsulfide
N-Ethylmorpholine
Ethylmyristate
N-Ethyl-1-naphthalenamine
O
O
O
O
O
3-275
1-Ethylnaphthalene
O
2-Ethylnaphthalene
Ethyl1-naphthylacetate
O
O
Ethylnitrate
N
O
O
Ethylnitrite
O N
O
N O
O
Ethylnitroacetate
O
O
1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene
N O
N O
1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene
O
Ethyl3-nitrobenzoate
O O O
O
O N
N
O
Ethyl4-nitrobenzoate
S
O
P
HO
O
OH N O O
N O
Ethylp-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate
2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
O
O N
O O
N
O N
O
NH2
O
O
Ethyl2-nitropropanoate
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea
Ethylnonanoate
5-Ethyl-2-norbornene
O O
O
O O
Ethylcis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoate
Ethylcis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate
Ethyltrans-9-octadecenoate
3-Ethyloctane
O O O Ethyloctanoate
O O
S Ethyl1-octylsulfide
O
O
O O
Ethyloleate
4-Ethyloctane
Ethyl5-oxohexanoate
O
O O
Ethyl3-oxopentanoate
O Ethyl2-oxo-2-phenylacetate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-Ethyl-4-methylpyridine
O
O
N H
N
N
N 2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine
NH
N O
N
O
No.
Name
5189 Ethyl 2-oxopropanoate 5190 Ethyl palmitate 5191 3-Ethylpentane
Synonym Ethyl pyruvate
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
O3 5H8C 18HC 36O2 H16 7C
617-35-6 628-97-7 617-78-7
116.116 284.478 100.202
liq nd liq
-50 24 -118.55
155 19110 93.5
1.059615 0.857725 0.698220
1.405220 1.434734 1.393420
HC O H C O C16O 7H H14 7C H14 7C H14 7C 7HC 16O C10O2 7H H10O 8C H10O 8C H10O 8C H12O3 10C CH13NO 10 10H12O2C 10HC15NO 9HC 11NO2
1540-34-7 539-82-2 597-49-9 3404-71-5 4038-04-4 816-79-5 17952-11-3 55314-57-3 90-00-6 620-17-7 123-07-9 2555-49-9 529-65-7 101-97-3 92-50-2 101-99-5
128.169 130.185 116.201 98.186 98.186 98.186 116.201 126.153 122.164 122.164 122.164 180.200 163.216 164.201 165.232 165.189
liq liq
-91.2 -12.5
liq
-127.5
0.953119 0.877020 0.840722 0.707920 0.691725 0.720420 0.762220 0.96225 1.014625 1.028320
1.440819 1.412020 1.429420 1.40520 1.398220 1.414820 1.392720
55 -29.4
178.5 146.1 142 94 84.1 96 117.6 6718 204.5 218.4 217.9 247; 1103 260 227
sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH
53
dec 237
1.106430
1.537630
6780-49-0 2216-92-4 7439-15-8 2021-28-5 2216-94-6 599-70-2 6779-09-5 1498-51-7 104-90-5 120-43-4 766-09-6 1126-09-6 19653-33-9 13444-24-1 20193-20-8 601-75-2 105-37-3 628-32-0 7399-50-0 35182-51-5 4110-50-3 623-47-2 13925-00-3 100-71-0
149.189 179.216 210.314 178.228 174.196 170.229 110.049 162.940 121.180 158.198 113.201 157.211 185.264 129.200 87.164 132.116 102.132 88.148 149.233 149.233 104.214 98.101 108.141 107.153
214; 8710 273.5 294 247.2 265; 1281.6 12 160 3358 6210 178.3 237 130.8 10 100 217; 13950 9415 81 1800.05 99.1 63.21 195.4 217; 8012 118.6 120 112200 148.6
1.005120
1.527920
s eth, bz vs eth, EtOH
1.02850 1.014720 1.05525 1.141020
1.495420 1.552020
vs eth, EtOH s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH
5192 5193 5194 5195 5196 5197 5198 5199 5200 5201 5202 5203 5204 5205 5206 5207
3-Ethyl-2,4-pentanedione Ethyl pentanoate 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-pentene 3-Ethyl-1-pentene 3-Ethyl-2-pentene Ethyl pentyl ether Ethyl 2-pentynoate 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol Ethyl phenoxyacetate N-Ethyl-N-phenylacetamide Ethyl phenylacetate 2-(Ethylphenylamino)ethanol Ethyl phenylcarbamate
Phenylurethane
5208 5209 5210 5211 5212 5213 5214 5215 5216 5217 5218 5219 5220 5221 5222 5223 5224 5225 5226 5227 5228 5229 5230 5231
EthylN-phenylformimidate EthylN-phenylglycinate 1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-phenylethane Ethyl 3-phenylpropanoate Ethyl 3-phenylpropynoate Ethyl phenyl sulfone Ethylphosphonic acid Ethyl phosphorodichloridate 5-Ethyl-2-picoline Ethyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate 1-Ethylpiperidine Ethyl 4-piperidinecarboxylate Ethyl 1-piperidinepropanoate 1-Ethyl-3-piperidinol N-Ethyl-1-propanamine Ethylpropanedioic acid Ethyl propanoate Ethyl propyl ether 2-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine 4-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl 2-propynoate 2-Ethylpyrazine 2-Ethylpyridine
H CNO CH NO2 H18 16C H14O2 11C Ethyl phenylacetylenecarboxylate 11H10OC2 8HC10O2S 2HC7O3P P Ethylphosphoric acid dichloride2H5Cl2O2C 8HC 11N 1-Carbethoxypiperazine 7H14N2CO2 CN 7H15 NO2 8H15C CNO2 10H19 CNO 7H15 H13N 5C O4 5H8C O2 Ethyl propionate 5H10C C12O 5H C15N 10H C15N 10H H12S 5C O2 (Ethoxycarbonyl)acetylene 5H6C H8N2 6C 7HC9N
7 12 2
Ethyl valerate
Benzeneacetic acid, ethyl ester
7 14 2
9 11
10 13
liq nd
liq wh nd (w) pl (dil al) lf (dil al) cry
lf (dil al) hyg pl or nd
18 -4 45.0
58
42 61.5
col oil
pr (w+1) liq liq
114 -73.9 -127.5
liq
125.5 -117
liq
-63.1
1.095830 0.993860 1.033320
1.536720 1.523925 1.508020 1.498020
0.720417
1.433820 1.497120 1.476025 1.448020 1.459120 1.452525 1.477714 1.385825
0.884325 0.738620 0.898120 0.908525 0.837020 0.964516
1.383920 1.369520 1.485025 1.4090525 1.446220 1.410520
0.950225
1.496420
0.920220 0.823720 0.962725
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace s H2O, eth, ctc vs eth, EtOH s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; i ace; sl tfa sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace vs eth, EtOH, HOAc
s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl s H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, ace; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-276
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
O
O
O O
O
O O
O
O Ethylpalmitate
3-Ethylpentane
3-Ethyl-2,4-pentanedione
OH
Ethylpentanoate
3-Ethyl-3-pentanol
2-Ethyl-1-pentene
3-Ethyl-1-pentene
OH OH
O
O
Ethylpentylether
O
N
O
O
O 3-Ethyl-2-pentene
O
OH
O
O
Ethyl2-pentynoate
2-Ethylphenol
3-Ethylphenol
4-Ethylphenol
Ethylphenoxyacetate
N-Ethyl-N-phenylacetamide
Ethylphenylacetate
O
3-277
N
H N
OH
O
N
H N
O
O
O
O O S
O O
O
O 2-(Ethylphenylamino)ethanol
Ethylphenylcarbamate
EthylN-phenylformimidate
HO
Ethylphosphorodichloridate
O
O
5-Ethyl-2-picoline
Ethyl3-phenylpropanoate
Ethyl3-phenylpropynoate
O
N
N
N H
O
Ethyl1-piperazinecarboxylate
1-Ethylpiperidine
O
N
O
Ethyl4-piperidinecarboxylate
Ethyl1-piperidinepropanoate
Ethylpropanoate
N
O Ethylpropyl ether
2-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine
4-(1-Ethylpropyl)pyridine
S Ethylpropyl sulfide
1-Ethyl-3-piperidinol N-Ethyl-1-propanamine
N
O
N O
Ethylpropanedioic acid
H N
O
O OH
Ethylphenyl sulfone
OH
N N
Ethylphosphonic acid
1-(4-Ethylphenyl)-2-phenylethane
H N
O Cl P Cl O
O HO P OH
O
EthylN-phenylglycinate
O Ethyl2-propynoate
N 2-Ethylpyrazine
N 2-Ethylpyridine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Ethyl2-oxopropanoate
No.
Synonym
Mol. Form.
5252 5253 5254 5255 5256 5257 5258 5259 5260 5261 5262 5263 5264
3-Ethylpyridine 7HC9N 4-Ethylpyridine 7HC9N 2-Ethyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide Ethionamide 8H10N2SC Ethyl 2-pyridinecarboxylate Ethyl 2-picolinate 8H9NO2 C Ethyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Ethyl nicotinate 8H9NO2 C NO2 Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate 8H9C N-Ethylpyridinium bromide BrN 7H10C C6H9N 1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole N-Ethylmaleimide 1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione 6HC 7NO2 N2 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanamine 7H16C Ethyl Red 2-(4-Diethylaminophenylazo)benzoic C17H19N3O2 acid Ethyl salicylate 9HC 10O3 Ethyl silicate CO4Si 8H20 O2 Ethyl stearate Ethyl octadecanoate 20H40C 2-Ethylstyrene CH12 10 3-Ethylstyrene CH12 10 4-Ethylstyrene CH12 10 Ethyl sulfate 2HC 6O4S 2-(Ethylsulfonyl)ethanol Ethylsulfonylethyl alcohol 4H10O3S C 2-Ethyl-5-(3-sulfophenyl)isoxazolium Woodward’s Reagent K C11H11NO4S hydroxide, inner salt Ethyl tartrate Ethyl tartrate, acid 6H10O6 C 2-Ethyltetrahydrofuran 6HC 12O 5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine C3S 4H7N OS S-Ethyl thioacetate 4H8C (Ethylthio)acetic acid 4H8OC 2S S (Ethylthio)benzene Thiophenetole 8H10C Ethyl thiocyanate 3HC 5NS 2-(Ethylthio)ethanol COS 4H10 1-(Ethylthio)-4-methylbenzene CS 9H12 2-Ethylthiophene C8S 6H O2S Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate 7H8C 3-Ethyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-Ethylrhodanine 5H7NOSC 2 2-Ethyltoluene C12 9H
5265 5266 5267 5268 5269 5270 5271 5272
3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene Ethylp-toluenesulfonate Ethyl trichloroacetate Ethyl trifluoroacetate Ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate Ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
5243 5244 5245 5246 5247 5248 5249 5250 5251
3-278
5273 Ethyltrimethoxysilane
HC HC 9HC 12O3S C 3O2 4H5Cl F3O2 4H5C 6H7FC 3O3 3H5F3CO3S 9HC 10O5 9 12 9 12
H CO Si
5 14 3
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
536-78-7 536-75-4 536-33-4 2524-52-9 614-18-6 1570-45-2 1906-79-2 617-92-5 128-53-0 26116-12-1 76058-33-8
107.153 107.153 166.243 151.163 151.163 151.163 188.065 95.142 125.126 128.215 297.352
118-61-6 78-10-4 111-61-5 7564-63-8 7525-62-4 3454-07-7 540-82-9 513-12-2 4156-16-5
166.173 208.329 312.531 132.202 132.202 132.202 126.132 138.185 253.275
608-89-9 1003-30-1 14068-53-2 625-60-5 627-04-3 622-38-8 542-90-5 110-77-0 622-63-9 872-55-9 2810-04-0 7648-01-3 611-14-3
178.139 100.158 129.184 104.171 120.171 138.230 87.144 106.186 152.256 112.193 156.203 161.246 120.191
620-14-4 622-96-8 80-40-0 515-84-4 383-63-1 372-31-6 425-75-2 831-61-8
120.191 120.191 200.254 191.441 142.077 184.113 178.130 198.172
5314-55-6
150.249
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C 165 168.3
cry (al)
-76.9 -90.5 163 1 8.5 23 111.5
cry (bz)
45.5
liq liq ye cry in air
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.953925 0.941720
1.502120 1.500920
s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc
243 224 219.5
20 1.1194 1.107020 1.009115
1.510420 1.502420 1.501720
129.5
0.900920
1.484120
vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth vs EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl
5916, 4010
0.88725
1.466520
15010 168.8 19910 187.3; 6812 190.0 192.3; 8620 dec 280
1.132620 20 0.9320 1.05720 0.901725 0.894520 0.888425 1.365720
1.529620 1.392820 1.434940 1.538020 1.535120 1.537620 1.410520
109
0.857019
1.414719
116.4 16483, 1095 205 146 184 220 134 218
0.979220 1.149720 1.021120 1.00723 1.016620 0.999620 0.993020 1.162316
1.458321
165.2
0.880720
1.504620
161.3 162 17315 167.5 61 132 115
0.864520 0.861420 1.16648 1.383620 1.19420 1.258615 1.37400
1.496620 1.495920
124.3
0.948820
1.383820
135
liq liq liq liq
45 -82.5 33 -75.5 -101 -49.7
i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth; s ctc dec H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace
vs H2O sl chl
dec 207 90
vs H2O, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
200.8 -8.5 liq liq
liq liq liq
liq
-85.5 -100
35.5 -79.83 -95.6 -62.35 34.5
-39.1
1.567020 1.468415 1.486720 1.55520 1.512220 1.524820
1.450520 1.30820 1.378315
mcl pr (w+2 1/ 163.0 2) nd (chl)
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth s eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt vs EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5232 5233 5234 5235 5236 5237 5238 5239 5240 5241 5242
Name
NH2
S
O
N N
4-Ethylpyridine
O
O
O
N
N
O
N
N
2-Ethyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide Ethyl2-pyridinecarboxylate
O
N
Br
Ethyl3-pyridinecarboxylate
Ethyl4-pyridinecarboxylate
N-Ethylpyridinium bromide
1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole
1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione
HO O
N
O O Si O O
OH O
N N
NH2
N
O
O O
1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanamine
EthylRed
Ethylsalicylate
Ethylsilicate
Ethylstearate
O
3-279
O O S O OH 4-Ethylstyrene
OH
S O O
Ethylsulfate
O
O S O O
N N
OH OH O
2-(Ethylsulfonyl)ethanol 2-Ethyl-5-(3-sulfophenyl)isoxazolium hydroxide,innersalt
3-Ethylstyrene
OH
O
N
2-Ethylstyrene
S
O
Ethyltartrate
2-Ethyltetrahydrofuran
O NH2
S
5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine S-Ethylthioacetate
O O S
S OH
(Ethylthio)acetic acid
S
N
S
S (Ethylthio)benzene
Ethylthiocyanate
S S
OH
2-(Ethylthio)ethanol
1-(Ethylthio)-4-methylbenzene
2-Ethylthiophene
N
O
3-Ethyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 2-Ethyltoluene
O O S O
O O Cl Cl
3-Ethyltoluene
4-Ethyltoluene
Ethylp-toluenesulfonate
O
O O
Cl
Ethyltrichloroacetate
F F
O F
Ethyltrifluoroacetate
F F
O
O O
F
Ethyl4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate
F F
O
O S
F
S
S
O Ethylthiophene-2-carboxylate
O
HO
OH OH
Ethyltrifluoromethanesulfonate Ethyl3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
O Si O O Ethyltrimethoxysilane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
N 3-Ethylpyridine
O
O
No. 5274 5275 5276 5277 5278
3-280
5286 5287 5288 5289 5290 5291 5292 5293 5294 5295 5296 5297 5298 5299
1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene Ethyltrimethyllead Ethyltrimethylplumbane 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole 4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1Trimethylolpropane phosphite phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Ethyl undecanoate Ethyl undecylate Ethyl 10-undecenoate N-Ethylurea Ethyl vinyl ether Ethyl Violet a-Ethynylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenylpropargyl alcohol a-Ethynylbenzenemethanol Carfimate carbamate 1-Ethynylcyclohexanamine 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol 1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, carbamate Ethinamate 1-Ethynylcyclopentanol a-Ethynyl-a-methylbenzenemethanol Ethynylsilane Silylacetylene Etioporphyrin Etofylline Etoglucid Oxirane, 2,2’-(2,5,8,11tetraoxadodecane-1,12-diyl)bisEtoposide Etrimfos Eucalyptol Cineole Euparin 1-[6-Hydroxy-2-(1-methylvinyl)-5benzofuranyl]ethanone Evan’s Blue
5300 Evodiamine 5301 Famotidine 5302 5303 5304 5305 5306 5307 5308 5309 5310 5311 5312 5313
Synonym
Famphur a-Farnesene b-Farnesene Farnesic acid 2-cis,6-trans-Farnesol 2-trans,6-trans-Farnesol Farnesol acetate Fenadiazole Fenamiphos Fenarimol Fenbuconazole Fenbutatin oxide
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
17851-27-3 3982-67-0 1762-26-1 520-69-4 824-11-3
148.245 148.245 281.4 137.222 162.123
liq liq col liq lf (eth)
HC O CH O C3H8N2O 4HC 8O C42ClN3 31H O 9H8C C10H9NO2
627-90-7 692-86-4 625-52-5 109-92-2 2390-59-2 4187-87-5 3567-38-2
214.344 212.329 88.108 72.106 492.138 132.159 175.184
-15 liq -38 nd (bz, al-eth) 92.5 liq -115.8 gray-viol cry pr 22 cry (al) 86.5
HC N C H O C 2 9H13NO C10O 7H H10O 10C C 2H4Si H38N4 32C 9HC 12N4O3 C12H22O6
30389-18-5 78-27-3 126-52-3 17356-19-3 127-66-2 1066-27-9 448-71-5 519-37-9 1954-28-5
123.196 124.180 167.205 110.153 146.185 56.139 478.671 224.216 262.299
CH O CH N O PS C18O 10H C13H12O3
33419-42-0 38260-54-7 470-82-6 532-48-9
588.556 292.291 154.249 216.232
C34H24N6Na4O14 314-13-6 S4 518-17-2 CH17N3O 19 76824-35-6 C15N7O2S3 8H
960.806
11HC 16 11HC 16 5H14Pb C 9H15CN CO3P 6H11
13 26 2 13 24 2
8 13 8 12
29 32 13
10 17 2 4
C10H16NO5PS2 C15H24 C15H24 CH24O2 15 C15H26O C15H26O CH28O2 17 2-(1,2,4-Oxadiazol-2-yl)phenol 8HC 6N2O4 C13H22NO3PS C17H12Cl2N2O C20H19ClN4 Distannoxane, hexakis(2-methyl-2C60H78OSn2 phenylpropyl)-
52-85-7 502-61-4 18794-84-8 7548-13-2 3790-71-4 106-28-5 29548-30-9 1008-65-7 22224-92-6 60168-88-9 114369-43-6 13356-08-6
303.357 337.446 325.342 204.352 204.352 236.351 222.366 222.366 264.403 194.145 303.358 331.195 350.845 1052.680
cry (peth) nd
mp/˚C -13.5 -15.5 66.5 53.7
31.5 97 27 52.3
col gas
col liq cry (MeOH)
362 158 -13 ª243 -1.7 0.8 121.5
bp/˚C 213 212.4 10.5 27 35 214; 110
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.88320 0.88320 1.8820
1.507520 1.507420
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
s chl 13114 264.5 dec 35.5
0.863320 0.882715 1.213018 0.758920
1.428520 1.444925
11412
1.065520
1.550820
6520 0.91325 174 0.987320 1203 157.5 0.96225 217.5; 10212 1.031420 -22.5
1.481720 1.482220 1.444121 1.475120
1.376720
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth; i CS 2 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH; msc eth s H2O, EtOH
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; s hx
vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz 2 196
1.131220
176.4
1.19520 0.926720
1.462220 s MeOH 1.458620
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s eth, bz, chl; sl NaOH s H2O, EtOH, acid
ye lf (al) cry
28 163
i EtOH, chl; vs DMF; s HOAc; sl MeOH
53
oil oil oil cry
112 49 118 125 138
13012 1219 20416 15612, 1200.3 16010, 1373 16810 1800.1
0.841020 0.836320
1.483620 1.489920
i H2O; s eth, ace; msc peth, lig vs ace, eth, chl
0.890820 0.88820
1.487720 1.487720
vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace
1.1520
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5279 5280 5281 5282 5283 5284 5285
Name
O N H
Pb
O O 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene Ethyltrimethyllead 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole 4-Ethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
N
O
O
O
P
N H
O
O
Ethylundecanoate
Ethyl10-undecenoate
NH2
N-Ethylurea
Cl
N
NH2
O
HO
H2N
O
O
OH
HO
H 2N
SiH3
N
Ethylvinylether
a-Ethynyl-a-methylbenzenemethanolEthynylsilane a-Ethynylbenzenemethanol a-Ethynylbenzenemethanol carbamate 1-Ethynylcyclohexanamine1-Ethynylcyclohexanol1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, carbamate 1-Ethynylcyclopentanol
EthylViolet
O O
H OH O
OH
NH N
HO
O N HN
N O
N
N
O
N
O
3-281
O
S O O
O O
O
Etoposide
S O
S
N
O
O
O
N O
N
N
HO
Etrimfos
Eucalyptol
O
O
N
N
N
OH NH2 O OH S O N H H N
S O O OH
S O OH
Euparin
Evan’s Blue
Evodiamine
a-Farnesene
NH2
Famotidine
O
O S O N
OH
b-Farnesene
Famphur
Farnesicacid
OH
OH
2-cis,6-trans-Farnesol
2-trans,6-trans-Farnesol
N Cl
N N O
OH
O
O
Farnesol acetate
N
O
NH2
N
P
NH2 OH
O HO S O
O
O
P
NH2 S
O
O O
O
Etoglucid
N O S O NH2
H O
Etofylline
Etioporphyrin
O
O
Fenadiazole
O O
P
OH
H N
N N
Cl
Sn O Sn
Cl
O
S
N
Fenamiphos
N
Fenarimol
N Fenbuconazole
Fenbutatin oxide
O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
OH
No.
Name
Mol. Wt.
36386-49-9
154.249
18492-37-0 458-24-2 122-14-5 82110-72-3 79127-80-3
152.233 231.257 277.234 361.777 301.338
64257-84-7 115-90-2 437-38-7 55-38-9 51630-58-1 14484-64-1
349.423 308.354 336.469 278.328 419.901 416.494
102-54-5 299-29-6
186.031 446.140
CH FeO6
5905-52-2
233.984
HC CH N O
2221-95-6 98319-26-7
262.473 372.544
15 10 6
CH O
528-48-3
286.236
27H33CN9O15P2 C20H14O3 H20F3NO4 19C 17CH10F6N4S 12CH13ClF3N3O4 CF2NO4 26H23 CH29FO5 21 8H6F3NC 3O4S2
146-14-5 519-95-9 79241-46-6 37893-02-0 33245-39-5 70124-77-5 127-31-1 148-56-1
785.550 302.323 383.362 416.343 355.697 451.463 380.450 329.277
16 10
67-73-2 206-44-0
452.488 202.250
C13H11N C10 13H H10O2 14C 13HC 12N2
153-78-6 86-73-7 1989-33-9 525-64-4
181.233 166.218 210.228 196.247
5346 9H-Fluorene-9-methanol 5347 9H-Fluoren-9-ol
CH12O 14 C13H10O
24324-17-2 1689-64-1
196.244 182.217
5348 9H-Fluoren-9-one
C13H8O
486-25-9
180.202
5315 5316 5317 5318 5319
(±)-Fenchone Fenfluramine Fenitrothion Fenoxaprop-ethyl Fenoxycarb
5320 5321 5322 5323 5324 5325
Fenpropathrin Fensulfothion Fentanyl Fenthion Fenvalerate Ferbam
5326 Ferrocene 5327 Ferrous gluconate
1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-C10H18O 2-ol, endo-(±) C10H16O C12H16F3N 9HC 12NO5PS C18H16ClNO5 Ethyl 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) C17H19NO4 ethylcarbamate CH23NO3 22 C17O4PS2 11H C22H28N2O CH15O3PS2 10 C25H22ClNO3 Iron, tris(dimethylcarbamodithioatoC9H18FeN3S6 S,S’)-, (OC-6-11)Dicyclopentadienyl iron 10HC 10Fe C12H22FeO14
5328 Ferrous lactate
3-282
5329 Fichtelite 5330 Finasteride
6 10
18-Norabietane Proscar
5331 Fisetin 5332 5333 5334 5335 5336 5337 5338 5339
Flavine adenine dinucleotide Florantyrone Fluazipop-butyl Flubenzimine Fluchloralin Flucythrinate Fludrocortisone Flumethiazide
5340 Fluocinolone acetonide 5341 Fluoranthene 5342 5343 5344 5345
9H-Fluoren-2-amine 9H-Fluorene 9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid 9H-Fluorene-2,7-diamine
Mol. Form.
FAD
Cythrin Trifluoromethylthiazide
19 34
23 36 2 2
HC F O CH
24 30 2 6
1,2-(1,8-Naphthylene)benzene
2,2’-Methylenebiphenyl 2,7-Diaminofluorene
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
39
199.5
0.942040
oily liq cry (AcOEt)
6.1
85 53
15 193.5 0.9492 11012 1180.05, 1641 1.322725 2000.001
1400.01
1.1525 1.20220
870.01 dec
1.24620 1.1525
47 87.5 7.5
nD
Solubility vs eth, EtOH
1.470220
i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace
sl H2O, hx; s eth; vs ace, tol
180 dec 172.5 ye-gray pow (w) grn-wh pow (hyd) cry wh cry
249
i H2O s H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH
46 252
23643
0.938022
1.505220 sl H2O; s chl, EtOH, MeOH, DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, peth
lt ye nd (dil al, 330 + 1 w) ye cry (w) ye cry (HOAc) 208 pale ye liq 5 ye cry 119 42
s EtOH, MeOH sl H2O 1080.35
cry (EtOH) cry
1.18922
261 dec 306
cry (ace/hx) 266 dec pa ye nd or pl 110.19 (al) pl or nd (dil al) 130.3 lf (al) 114.77 226 nd (w), pr (bz), 166 pl (eth) 105.0 hex nd (w, 156.0 peth) ye orth bipym 84 (al, bz-peth)
sl H2O; i bz, tol; s MeOH, EtOH, DMF 384
295
1.2520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 i2O;H s EtOH, eth, ctc, CS 2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, CS 2
0 1.203
i H2O; s EtOH, chl
341.5
1.130099
1.630999
sl H2O, peth, EtOH; s eth, ace; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs tol; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
5314 a-Fenchol, (±)
Synonym
H N O OH
O
O F
a-Fenchol, (±)
F
F
(±)-Fenchone
O
N O
Fenfluramine
S P
O
N
O
O
O
O
O
Cl
O Fenitrothion
O
H N
O
O
N
O
Fenoxaprop-ethyl
O
O
Fenoxycarb
Fenpropathrin
O S
O
P
O
S O
S
O N
S
O
O
N
O
S Fensulfothion
Fentanyl
P
S
S S
O
Cl
N
N
Fenthion
H HO H H
Fe
N
O
O
S
Fenvalerate
Ferbam
Fe Ferrocene
COO OH H OH OH CH2OH
Fe2
Ferrous gluconate
O N
O
OH
N
H
Fe 2
O
Ferrous lactate
3-283
N N CH2 OH OH OH O
2
H N
O
O OH
H O
HO
N H H
Fichtelite
O OH
O
O
OH NH2
O P O P O OH OH
O Florantyrone
N
N
O
O O HO
OH Finasteride
O N
N
Fisetin
OH
N
O F
O
Flavineadeninedinucleotide
F F
Fluazipop-butyl
Cl O F F
N N F
O
N
F
F
S
O N
N
O N
HO O
HO
F Flubenzimine
O
F
N
F
F
F
F
O
Fluchloralin
O
F N
O
Flucythrinate
Fludrocortisone
OH
NH2
9H-Fluoren-2-amine
9H-Fluorene-9-carboxylicacid
S O
OH O
H
N NH
O
F O
O O
F
Flumethiazide
OH H2N
9H-Fluorene
OH
HO
F F F O S H2N
H
O
O
Fluoranthene
O
Fluocinoloneacetonide
OH
O
9H-Fluoren-9-ol
9H-Fluoren-9-one
NH2
9H-Fluorene-2,7-diamine
9H-Fluorene-9-methanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N S
No.
Name
Synonym
5349 Fluorescein Fluorescein sodium 2-Fluoroacetamide Fluoroacetic acid Fluoroacetyl chloride Fluoroacetylene 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde 3-Fluorobenzaldehyde 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde Fluorobenzene 4-Fluorobenzeneacetic acid 2-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Fluorobenzenemethanamine 4-Fluorobenzenemethanol 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid
5371 5372 5373 5374 5375 5376 5377 5378 5379 5380 5381 5382
2-Fluorobenzonitrile 4-Fluorobenzonitrile 2-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 3-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 4-Fluorobenzoyl chloride 2-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl 4-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl 1-Fluorobutane 2-Fluorobutane Fluorocyclohexane 1-Fluorocyclohexene 5-Fluorocytosine
5383 1-Fluorodecane 5384 Fluorodifen 5385 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 5386 Fluoroethane 5387 2-Fluoroethanol 5388 Fluoroethene 5389 1-Fluoroheptane
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
2321-07-5
332.306
red orth pr
315 dec
HC Na2O5 H FNO C C2 2H3FO 2HC2ClFO C 2HF C6FN 6H C6FN 6H C6FN 6H C7H5FO C7H5FO C7H5FO C6H5F 8HC7FO2 FN 8H6C FN 8H6C H8FN 7C H7FO 7C 6HC 4ClFO2S C5FO2 7H C5FO2 7H C5FO2 7H
518-47-8 640-19-7 144-49-0 359-06-8 2713-09-9 348-54-9 372-19-0 371-40-4 446-52-6 456-48-4 459-57-4 462-06-6 405-50-5 326-62-5 459-22-3 140-75-0 459-56-3 349-88-2 445-29-4 455-38-9 456-22-4
376.270 77.057 78.042 96.487 44.027 111.117 111.117 111.117 124.112 124.112 124.112 96.102 154.139 135.139 135.139 125.144 126.128 194.611 140.112 140.112 140.112
ye pow
HCFN HCFN C4ClFO 7H C4ClFO 7H C4ClFO 7H CH9F 12 CH9F 12 4HC 9F H9F 4C C11F 6H C6H9F C4H4FN3O
394-47-8 1194-02-1 393-52-2 1711-07-5 403-43-0 321-60-8 324-74-3 2366-52-1 359-01-3 372-46-3 694-51-9 2022-85-7
121.112 121.112 158.557 158.557 158.557 172.197 172.197 76.112 76.112 102.149 100.133 129.092
CH21F 10 C13H7F3N2O5
334-56-5 15457-05-3
160.272 328.200
2 5
70-34-8 353-36-6
186.097 48.059
col gas
25.8 -143.2
296 -37.7
HCFO HCF C7H15F
371-62-0 75-02-5 661-11-0
64.058 46.043 118.192
liq col gas liq
-26.4 -160.5 -73
103.5 -72 117.9
C20H12O5 CI Acid Yellow 73 Fluoroacetic acid amide Fluoroethanoic acid Fluoroethyne
20 10 2 4
7 4 7 4
Butyl fluoride sec-Butyl fluoride Cyclohexyl fluoride 4-Amino-5-fluoro-2hydroxypyrimidine Decyl fluoride 2-Nitro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2,4-Dinitrophenyl fluoride Ethyl fluoride Ethylene fluorohydrin Vinyl fluoride
H FNC2O4 HCF
6 3
2 5 2 3
108 35.2
nd liq gas pa ye liq
-196 -34.6
pa ye liq liq
-0.8 -44.5
liq liq cry (chl)
-10 -42.18 86 86.0
pl or nd nd (a) lf (w) pr (w), mcl pr (w)
23 30 126.5 124 185
nd (peth)
34.8 2.0 liq -30 9 73.5 pr 74.2 liq -134 vol liq or gas -121.4 13 wh cry
296 dec
liq
-35 94
bp/˚C
sub 168 105 72; 23 -105 exp 175; 5512 188 182; 8519 175 173 181.5 84.73 1642 232; 10210 228; 11918 183 210 1069
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s py, MeOH s H2O, EtOH, glycerol, dil acid s H2O, ace; sl chl s H2O, EtOH
1.369336
1.151321 1.156119 1.172520 1.17825 1.1725 1.181019 1.022520
1.542120 1.543620 1.519520 1.523420 1.520620
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth
1.468430
sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig
1.05925 1.139020
1.500920 1.500220 1.513920 1.508020 vs bz, eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i bz; s chl sl H2O; s eth sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth
1.46025 1.47425 1.47925 9322 188.8 9115 189 8220 248 253 32.5 25.1 101 96.5
1.107055 1.32825 25 1.304 1.34225 1.245225 1.24725 0.778920 25 0.7559 0.927920
186.2
0.819420
1.471854 0.718220 (p>1 atm 1.104020 0.806220
1.492555 1.536520 1.528520 1.529620
1.339620
sl chl; s peth
s EtOH, eth, chl, peth; sl lig sl EtOH; s eth, gl HOAc vs EtOH
1.414620 1.444125
i H2O; s py
1.4085
vs eth
1.569020 1.265620
s EtOH; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth
1.364718
msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s eth, ace, bz; vs peth
1.385420
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-284
5350 5351 5352 5353 5354 5355 5356 5357 5358 5359 5360 5361 5362 5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 5368 5369 5370
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
O
O O
NH2
O
HO
O
OH
Na O
O Na
O
Fluorescein
Fluoresceinsodium
F
NH2
OH
2-Fluoroacetamide Fluoroacetic acid
F
F
F
F
F 3-Fluorobenzaldehyde
OH
NH2
Cl O S O
OH
3-285
O
Fluorobenzene
4-Fluorobenzeneacetic acid
F
O
4-Fluorobenzoicacid
O
Cl
F
F F
2-Fluorobenzonitrile 4-Fluorobenzonitrile 2-Fluorobenzoylchloride
F
F
Fluorocyclohexane
1-Fluorocyclohexene
N
4-Fluorobenzoylchloride
O
O O
5-Fluorocytosine
F 1-Fluorodecane
N O
F Fluorodifen
F F
O
N
2-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl
O N
F
O
N N H
F
F
3-Fluorobenzoylchloride
O NH2 F
Cl
Cl
F
F
F
F
F
2-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile4-Fluorobenzeneacetonitrile4-Fluorobenzenemethanamine 4-Fluorobenzenemethanol 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2-Fluorobenzoicacid
F
3-Fluorobenzoicacid
F
O
N
OH
F
N
OH
OH
F
O
O
F
4-Fluorobenzaldehyde
F
Fluoroacetylene 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde
N
O
O
Cl
Fluoroacetylchloride
N
O
F
F
O F
O
F 4-Fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl
1-Fluorobutane
F 2-Fluorobutane
O
F
1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Fluoroethane
F
OH
2-Fluoroethanol
F
F Fluoroethene
1-Fluoroheptane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O F
O
NH2
NH2
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
1-Fluorohexane Hexyl fluoride 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-3-isothiocyanatobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene Fluoromethane Methyl fluoride
H13F 6C C6H4FI C6H4FI 7HC 4FNS 7HC 4FNS F 3CH
373-14-8 348-52-7 352-34-1 404-72-8 1544-68-9 593-53-3
104.165 221.998 221.998 153.177 153.177 34.033
liq liq liq
5396 5397 5398 5399 5400 5401 5402 5403 5404 5405 5406 5407 5408 5409 5410 5411 5412 5413 5414 5415
1-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzene 1-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzene 1-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzene 4-Fluoro-2-methylaniline (Fluoromethyl)benzene 2-Fluoro-4-methyl-1-nitrobenzene 2-Fluoro-2-methylpropane 1-Fluoronaphthalene 2-Fluoronaphthalene 1-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Fluorooctane 1-Fluoropentane 2-Fluorophenol 3-Fluorophenol 4-Fluorophenol 2-Fluoro-1-phenylethanone 1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanone 1-Fluoropropane
C7H7FO C7H7FO C7H7FO FN 7H8C H7F 7C C2 7H6FNO H9F 4C CH7F 10 CH7F 10 H4FNO2 6C H4FNO2 6C H4FNO2 6C 8HC 17F 5HC 11F C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO H7FO 8C H7FO 8C H7F 3C
321-28-8 456-49-5 459-60-9 452-71-1 350-50-5 446-34-4 353-61-7 321-38-0 323-09-1 1493-27-2 402-67-5 350-46-9 463-11-6 592-50-7 367-12-4 372-20-3 371-41-5 450-95-3 403-42-9 460-13-9
126.128 126.128 126.128 125.144 110.129 155.127 76.112 146.161 146.161 141.100 141.100 141.100 132.219 90.139 112.101 112.101 112.101 138.139 138.139 62.086
liq liq liq
5416 5417 5418 5419 5420 5421 5422 5423 5424 5425 5426 5427 5428 5429 5430 5431 5432
2-Fluoropropane Isopropyl fluoride 1-Fluoro-2-propanone Fluoroacetone cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropyridine 3-Fluoropyridine 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene 1-Fluoro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene 1-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Fluorotrimethylsilane 5-Fluorouracil 5-Fluoro-2,4(1 H,3H)Pyrimidinedione
CH F CH FO C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C4FN 5H C4FN 5H H7F 7C H7F 7C H7F 7C 7HC 4Cl3F 7HC 4F4 7HC 4F4 7HC 4F4 C 3H9FSi C4H3FN2O2
420-26-8 430-51-3 19184-10-2 20327-65-5 1184-60-7 818-92-8 372-48-5 372-47-4 95-52-3 352-70-5 352-32-9 488-98-2 392-85-8 401-80-9 402-44-8 420-56-4 51-21-8
62.086 76.069 60.070 60.070 60.070 60.070 97.091 97.091 110.129 110.129 110.129 213.464 164.101 164.101 164.101 92.187 130.077
gas
3-Fluoro-4-nitrotoluene tert -Butyl fluoride
o-Fluoronitrobenzene m-Fluoronitrobenzene p-Fluoronitrobenzene Octyl fluoride Pentyl fluoride
Propyl fluoride
3 7 3 5
col gas
liq nd (al) col gas liq nd (al) ye liq ye cry ye nd liq liq
pl liq col gas
col gas col gas col gas col gas liq liq liq liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-103 -41.5 -27
91.5 188.6 183 227 228 -78.4
27 -141.8 -39 -35 -45 14.2 -35 53.2 -9 61 -6 41 21 -64 -120 16.1 13.7 48 29 -45 -159
ª-20
-62 -87 -56
liq -81.5 liq -41.7 vol liq or gas cry (w, MeOH- 283 eth)
154.5 159; 5114 157 9416 140; 4014 973 12.1 215; 8011 212; 9016 dec 215 199; 8619 205 142.3 62.8 151.5 178 185.5 9012 196 -2.5
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.373820 1.591020 1.527022 1.618620
s eth, bz s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace
0.55725 (p>1 atm) 1.548917 1.10425 1.178118 1.126318 1.022825 1.438025
1.167425
sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth
1.496917 1.487620 1.488618 1.536318 1.489225
i H2O; s eth, ctc
1.132220
1.593920
1.328518 1.325419 1.330020 0.811620 0.790720 1.12025 1.23825 1.188956 1.15220 1.138225 0.759620 (p>1 atm
1.548917 1.526215 1.531620 1.394620 1.359121.514420 1.514020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc
0.799520 1.952315 1.2725
s eth s eth, ace, bz, ctc s ctc
vs eth, EtOH s H2O sl H2O; s ace, peth
1.520020 1.508125 1.311520
-9.4 77 ª-20
1.028820
1.370020
-24 -3 125 107 115 115 116.6 9512, 755 114.5 101.5 103.5 16.4 sub 190
1.128020 1.130 1.004113 0.997420 0.997520 1.45325 1.29325 1.302117 1.29325
1.457420 1.472020 1.470420 1.469120 1.469920 1.543220 1.404025
i H2O; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl
1.402520
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-286
5390 5391 5392 5393 5394 5395
F F
F F I
N
F
I 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene
F
1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene
S
1-Fluoro-3-isothiocyanatobenzene
O
NH2
N
H
1-Fluoro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene
F
O
Fluoromethane
1-Fluoro-2-methoxybenzene
1-Fluoro-3-methoxybenzene
O F
F F
F
O N
O
F
F
1-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzene
4-Fluoro-2-methylaniline
(Fluoromethyl)benzene
2-Fluoro-4-methyl-1-nitrobenzene
2-Fluoro-2-methylpropane
1-Fluoronaphthalene
F
F
2-Fluoronaphthalene
3-287
O
1-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzene
F
F
F
O
1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene
1-Fluorooctane
F
1-Fluoropentane
O
O
F
O N
1-Fluoro-2-nitrobenzene
OH OH
OH N O
O
H
F
O
F
F
H
2-Fluorophenol
F
F
3-Fluorophenol
4-Fluorophenol
2-Fluoro-1-phenylethanone
1-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethanone
F F F 1-Fluoropropane
F
O F
2-Fluoropropane
1-Fluoro-2-propanone
F
cis-1-Fluoropropene
F
F
F trans-1-Fluoropropene
2-Fluoropropene
N
3-Fluoropropene
F
2-Fluoropyridine
N 3-Fluoropyridine
2-Fluorotoluene
F F F
F 3-Fluorotoluene
Cl
Cl Cl
F
F
F F
F 4-Fluorotoluene
O F
F 1-Fluoro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene
1-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
F F
1-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
F
F
F
1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
F Si Fluorotrimethylsilane
N N H
H O
5-Fluorouracil
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1-Fluorohexane
C
N C S
No.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
CH18F3NO 17 C20H29FO3 C22H26F3N3OS CH27FO5 21 24HC 33FO6 C21H23ClFN3O
54910-89-3 76-43-7 69-23-8 53-34-9 1524-88-5 17617-23-1
309.326 336.440 437.520 378.434 436.513 387.878
C19H14F3NO [(4-Amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2- C7H5Cl2FN2O3 pyridyl)oxy]acetic acid H22ClF3N2O3 26C Vitamin Bc CN7O6 19H19 5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid C7 20H23N7O 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, 2C9H4Cl3NO2S [(trichloromethyl)thio]C15H10ClF3N2O6 S 4-[3-[4-(Phenoxymethyl) C20H25NO2 phenyl]propyl]morpholine Phosphonodithioic acid, ethyl-, OC10H15OPS2 ethylS-phenyl ester Methanal CH 2O CH3NO Methanamide CH 3NO
59756-60-4 69377-81-7
329.315 255.030
102851-06-9 59-30-3 58-05-9 133-07-3
502.912 441.397 473.440 296.558
72178-02-0
438.762
17692-39-6
311.419
944-22-9
246.329
50-00-0 75-17-2 75-12-7
30.026 45.041 45.041
col gas
Aminoiminomethanesulfinic acid 4N2O2S CH H16ClN3O2 11C Methanoic acid CH 2O 2
1758-73-2 23422-53-9 64-18-6
108.120 257.717 46.026
nd (al) pow
5454 N-FormimidoylL-glutamic acid 5455 Formononetin
816-90-0 485-72-3
174.154 268.264
5456 5457 5458 5459 5460 5461 5462 5463 5464 5465 5466 5467 5468 5469 5470
2540-82-1 119-67-5 619-21-6 619-66-9 24964-64-5 105-07-7 519-05-1 12093-10-6 1493-02-3 122-85-0 39148-24-8 21548-32-3 524-30-1 6035-50-3 7776-48-9
257.267 150.132 150.132 150.132 131.132 131.132 210.183 214.041 48.016 163.173 354.105 241.268 370.308 180.155 180.155
Fluoxetine Fluoxymesterone Fluphenazine Fluprednisolone Flurandrenolide Flurazepam
5441 5442 5443 5444
Fluvalinate Folic acid Folinic acid Folpet
5445 Fomesafen 5446 Fomocaine 5447 Fonofos
3-288
5448 Formaldehyde 5449 Formaldehyde oxime 5450 Formamide 5451 Formamidinesulfinic acid 5452 Formetanate hydrochloride 5453 Formic acid
Fludroxycortide
N-(Iminomethyl)L-glutamic acid 6HC10N2O4 7-Hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4 H- C16H12O4 1-benzopyran-4-one H12NO4PS2 Formothion 6C 2-Formylbenzoic acid C6O3 8H 3-Formylbenzoic acid C6O3 8H 4-Formylbenzoic acid C6O3 8H 3-Formylbenzonitrile 8HC 5NO 4-Formylbenzonitrile 8HC 5NO 6-Formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid Opianic acid C5 10H10O Formylferrocene C11H10FeO Formyl fluoride Fluoroformaldehyde CHFO N-(4-Formylphenyl)acetamide C9NO2 9H Fosetyl-Al Aluminum tris( O-ethylphosphonate) 6CH18AlO9P3 Fosthietan C12NO3PS2 6H Fraxin C16H18O10 DL-Fructose a-Acrose C6H12O6 L-Fructose C6H12O6
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
oil 270 2510.3 cry (ace/hx) wh rods (eth/ peth)
210 251 80 155 232 >450
ye-oran nd (w) cry (w + 3)
vs py, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O
1.2820
220 col cry
1.2925
250 dec 245 dec 177
53
2391.1 1300.1
1.1625
-92 1.3 2.49
-19.1 10915 220
0.815-20 1.13325 1.133420
1.447220
144 dec 201 dec 8.3
101
1.22020
1.371420
20 1.361 1.40425
1.554120
s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth, ace, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s ace; i bz, chl vs H2O; i eth, bz vs H2O; s MeOH; sl ace, hx, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, tol
90 256.5 visc ye oil nd (w)
nd (w) col gas pr (w) ye oil ye nd (al) nd wh cry
25.5 98 175 247 76.5 100.5 150 118.5 -142.2 158.0 >300
dec
210 13312 700.1 -26.5
-30 1.1950
vs H2O, bz 1.325
205 130 102
sl H2O; misc os s H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, eth
1.534825
s ace, chl, MeOH, tol
1.66516 s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5439 Fluridone 5440 Fluroxypyr
Synonym
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
5433 5434 5435 5436 5437 5438
Name
H N
O
HO
F
H
N
F F Fluoxetine
Fluoxymesterone
O
HO
O
NH2 Cl F
N
O
O Cl
N
Fluprednisolone
Flurandrenolide
Cl
Fluroxypyr
H N
O
H N O
F
F
O
H2N
OH
F
OH
O
N N
HN
Fluvalinate
F
N
F
N N
F F
F
O
O F
H2N
O N
Cl
Fluphenazine
O
O
N
H
H F F
S
O
O
OH OH
HO
H
N
O
H N
N O
Fluridone
H N
N
OH
Flurazepam
O O
OH
Folicacid
O
O
H N
N S
OH
O
Cl O Cl Cl
OH
Folinic acid
Folpet
O Cl
O
3-289
O F F
O O S N H
O S
O
O
NO2
N
F
P
S
Fomesafen
Fomocaine
HO
O O
H
Fonofos
H
NH
H
Formaldehyde
O
N
O
O HN
O
O
OH
OH
O NH
HO
S O P S O
O
N-FormimidoylL-glutamic acid
O
OH
O
Formylferrocene
H
3-Formylbenzoicacid
Formyl fluoride
O
O
O 4-Formylbenzoicacid
HO O PH
O
O N-(4-Formylphenyl)acetamide
OH
Formicacid
N OH O
O O
2-Formylbenzoicacid
H
Formetanatehydrochloride
O
O
3-Formylbenzonitrile 4-Formylbenzonitrile 6-Formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid
O
HO F
Formamidinesulfinic acid
N
HN
O
N
O
O
Formothion
O
N
O
NH2
OH
OH
O
Fe
NH2 Formamide
S O
HCl
N O
Formononetin
H
H
Formaldehyde oxime
HO
N H
Al 3
Fosetyl-Al
O N P O O
3
S S
O
HO O
O HO
OH HO
HO OH
Fosthietan
O
O
Fraxin
OH OH
OH DL-Fructose
OH OH
OH O OH OH
L-Fructose
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
F F
O
N
HO
N
OH
OH
N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
5471 b-D-Fructose
b-Levulose
C6H12O6
53188-23-1
180.155
643-13-0 3351-86-8
260.135 658.905
5472 D-Fructose 6-phosphate 5473 Fucoxanthin 5474 Fulminic acid
5477 Fumigatin
3-290
5478 5479 5480 5481 5482 5483 5484 5485 5486 5487
Furan 2-Furanacetic acid 2-Furancarbonitrile 2-Furancarbonyl chloride 3-Furancarboxaldehyde 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Furancarboxylic acid 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid 2-Furanmethanamine 2-Furanmethanediol diacetate
5488 5489 5490 5491
2-Furanmethanethiol 2-Furanmethanol acetate 4-(2-Furanyl)-2-butanone 4-(2-Furanyl)-3-buten-2-one
C H OP CH O
6 13 9
42 58 6
Carbyloxime
trans-2-Butenedioic acid
CHNO C6H6 4HC 4O4
3-Hydroxy-2-methoxy-5-methyl-2,5C8H8O4 cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione H4O Oxacyclopentadiene 4C C6O3 6H 5HC3NO H3ClO2 5C C5H4O2 2-Furoic acid O3 5H4C C4O3 5H Dehydromucic acid C5 6H4O NO Furfurylamine 5H7C 9H10CO5 HC OS HC O C8H10O2 C8H8O2 5 6
7 8 3
43.025
497-20-1 110-17-8
78.112 116.073
484-89-9
168.148
110-00-9 2745-26-8 617-90-3 527-69-5 498-60-2 88-14-2 488-93-7 3238-40-2 617-89-0 613-75-2
68.074 126.110 93.084 130.530 96.085 112.084 112.084 156.093 97.116 198.172
98-02-2 623-17-6 699-17-2 623-15-4
114.166 140.137 138.164 136.149
1192-62-7 36701-01-6 717-21-5
110.111 182.216 198.217
3194-15-8 6975-60-6 623-30-3 7187-01-1 539-47-9 67-45-8
124.138 124.138 122.122 119.121 138.121 225.159
5501 Furethidine 5502 Furfural
C7H8O2 7HC 8O2 C7H6O2 2-Furanacrylonitrile 7H5NOC 2-Furanacrylic acid C3 7H6O 3-[[(5-Nitro-2-furanyl) C8H7N3O5 methylene]amino]-2-oxazolidinone H31NO4 21C 2-Furaldehyde H4O2 5C
2385-81-1 98-01-1
361.476 96.085
5503 5504 5505 5506 5507 5508
2-Furanmethanol 5HC 6O2 2-Furanmethanol, propanoate CO3 8H10 1,2-Di-2-furanyl-2-hydroxyethanone 10HC8O4 C12H11N3O2 C12H11ClN2O5S C26N4O3S2 17H
98-00-0 623-19-8 552-86-3 3460-67-1 54-31-9 804-30-8
98.101 154.163 192.169 229.234 330.743 398.543
5492 1-(2-Furanyl)ethanone 5493 2-Furanylmethyl pentanoate 5494 3-(2-Furanyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1one 5495 1-(2-Furanyl)-1-propanone 5496 1-(2-Furanyl)-2-propanone 5497 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal 5498 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenenitrile 5499 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenoic acid 5500 Furazolidone
Furfuryl alcohol Furfuryl propanoate Furoin Furonazide Furosemide Fursultiamine
Furfuryl valerate
C6H6O2 O3 10H14C C13H10O2
506-85-4
2-Furfuryl methyl ketone
pr or nd (w) orth pr (al)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.6020
103 dec
vs H2O, ace; s EtOH, MeOH, py vs H2O vs eth, EtOH
red pl (eth) hex 168 pl (dil al) unstable in pure form 756 nd, mcl pr or lf 287 dec sub 165 (w) br nd or pl 116 (peth) liq -85.61 31.5 0.4 lf(peth) 68.5 102 147 liq -1.0 173 145; 7143 mcl nd or lf (w) 133.5 231 nd (w) 122.5 sub 105 nd (w), lf (al) 342 sub 145.5 nd or pl (eth- 53.3 220 peth) 157 179 oil 203 39.5 dec 229; 11310 cry (lig) 33 175 228; 821 47 317 cry
nd (w)
liq col-ye liq nd (al)
col pr
28 29 54 38 141 255
8814 179.5 13514 96 286
28 -38.1
2100.5 161.7
-14.6 138.5 202.3 204 dec 132 dec
171 195
s eth 0.824120 1.63520
1.492020
20
20
i H2O; s bz, chl sl H2O, eth, ace; s EtOH, con sulf vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
0.9514
1.4214
1.082220 1.32425 1.11020
1.479820 1.531020 1.494520
sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O, bz, MeOH, peth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc s 2HO, EtOH; vs eth; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, AcOEt; vs eth sl H2O, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH
20 1.7400 1.099520
1.490820
1.131920 1.117520 1.036119 1.049657
1.532920 1.432720 1.469617 1.578845
i H2O; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth
20
i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth
20
1.098 1.028420 1.114020
1.5017
1.062628 1.10420
1.492225 1.503520 1.582425
1.159420 20 1.1296 1.108520
1.29
1.521920 1.526120 1.486920
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s peth
s eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth; sl chl vs tol vs eth, EtOH
s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth sl H2O, EtOH, chl; s eth, MeOH
sl H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5475 Fulvene 5476 Fumaric acid
Hexose monophosphate
Physical Form
O HO P O OH
O OH HO HO
OH
O OH HO
b-D-Fructose
OH O O
O
OH
OH
O
HO O
N O
OH
D-Fructose6-phosphate
Fucoxanthin
OH O
Fulminic acid
Fulvene
Fumaricacid
O O
O O OH Fumigatin
OH
O
O
O
Furan
O
2-Furanacetic acid
N
2-Furan carbonitrile
O
Cl
O
O
O 2-Furancarbonyl chloride
OH
OH
O
O
O
3-Furancarboxaldehyde
HO
2-Furancarboxylicacid
OH
O O
3-Furancarboxylicacid
NH2
O
O
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid
2-Furanmethanamine
O
3-291
O O
O SH
O
O
O
O 2-Furanmethanediol diacetate
O
2-Furanmethanethiol
O
O
O 4-(2-Furanyl)-2-butanone
O
O
O
O
2-Furanmethanolacetate
O
4-(2-Furanyl)-3-buten-2-one
O O
1-(2-Furanyl)ethanone
O
2-Furanylmethylpentanoate
3-(2-Furanyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one
O O
O
O O
O
O
1-(2-Furanyl)-1-propanone
1-(2-Furanyl)-2-propanone
O
3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal
O
3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenenitrile
O
Furfurylalcohol
O
O O
Furfurylpropanoate
OH Furoin
O
N O
Furonazide
O
O O
O
OH H N
O O S H2N O
N
N
O
Furazolidone
O N
N N
O
3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenoicacid
H N
O O
O
O
N
O
OH
OH
O
Furethidine
OH N
O
O O
S
S
N
N NH2
Cl
Furosemide
Furfural
Fursultiamine
O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
H
No.
Name
5509 Furylfuramide,E)( 5510 5511 5512 5513
Fusarenon X Galactaric acid Galactitol D-Galactonic acid, g-lactone
5517 D-Galacturonic acid 5518 Galanthamine 5519 Galipine 5520 Gallamine triethiodide 5521 Gallein
3-292
5522 5523 5524 5525 5526
Ganciclovir Gardol Gelsemine Gelsemine, monohydrochloride Genistein
5527 5528 5529 5530 5531
b-Gentiobiose trans-Geraniol Geranyl 2-methylpropanoate Geranyl acetate Germine
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
18819-45-9
248.192
cry
154
23255-69-8 526-99-8 608-66-2 2782-07-2
354.352 210.138 182.171 178.139
C6H12O6 C22O12 12H
3646-73-9 96-82-2
180.155 358.296
cry 182 pr (w) 255 dec cry (dil MeOH) 189.5 nd (w+1), nd 112 (al) 167 syr
C6H12O6
59-23-4
180.155
6HC10O7 Lycoremine C21NO3 17H 2-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4C20H21NO3 methoxyquinoline 30H60IC 3N3O3 CH12O5 20
685-73-4 357-70-0 525-68-8
194.139 287.354 323.386
65-29-2 2103-64-2
891.528 332.306
C13N5O4 9H C15H28NNaO3 C20H22N2O2 H23ClN2O2 20C 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-C15H10O5 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl6D-glucose C12H22O11 C10H18O H24O2 14C CH20O2 12 C27H43NO8
82410-32-0 137-16-6 509-15-9 35306-33-3 446-72-0
255.231 293.378 322.401 358.862 270.237
554-91-6 106-24-1 2345-26-8 16409-44-2 508-65-6
342.296 154.249 224.340 196.286 509.632
23 34 5
HC O HC O
77-06-5 545-26-6
346.374 390.513
H64O14 41C C21H25NO4
4562-36-1 475-81-0
780.939 355.429
HC O H CO C 18H26O12 C12O7 6H C6H12O6 12HC22O11 13CH16O7
87-73-0 50-70-4 7208-47-1 526-95-4 492-61-5 13718-94-0 618-65-5
210.138 182.171 434.392 196.155 180.155 342.296 284.262
93-39-0
324.283
2-(2-Furanyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)- C11H8N2O5 2-propenamide C17H22O8 O8 Mucic acid 6H10C Dulcose 6HC 14O6 C6H10O6
Lactobionic acid
5532 Gibberellic acid 5533 Gitoxigenin 5534 Gitoxin 5535 d-Glaucine 5536 5537 5538 5539 5540 5541 5542
Mol. Form.
D-Glucaric acid D-Tetrahydroxyadipic acid D-Glucitol Sorbitol D-Glucitol, hexaacetate Sorbitol hexaacetate D-Gluconic acid b-D-Glucopyranose 6-O-a-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose Palatinose 2-(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy) Helicin benzaldehyde 5543 7-(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2H-1Skimmin benzopyran-2-one
19 22 6
6 10 8 6 14 6
CH O
15 16 8
pl or pr (al)pr or nd (w+1) nd (w) cry (bz) pr (al, eth) nd (peth) br-red pow (+1.5w) red (anh) cry (MeOH)
bp/˚C
2771
den/g cm-3
nD
1.4720
Solubility
s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, bz vs H2O
170
vs H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH, HOAc; i eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz; s py
166 (b) 126.5 115.5
s H2O, EtOH; i eth vs ace, EtOH, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
147.5 >300
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, EtOH
250 dec
178 326 nd(eth), pr(dil 301 dec al) cry (EtOH) 192 <-15
sl H2O vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH
cry (ace)
230 13613 11512
0.889420 0.899715 0.916315
1.476620 1.457620 1.462420
s hot H 2O, hot MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl
pr or cry (MeOH) cry (EtOAc) pr (AcOEt) pr (+w, dil al) pr (chl-MeOH) pl, pr (eth, AcOEt) nd (45% al) nd (w) pr (w) nd (al-eth) cry (hot EtOH)
220
s bz, MeOH, alk, acid
234 234
vs ace, EtOH, MeOH i H2O; sl eth; s chl
285 dec 120
vs ace, EtOH, chl
125.5 111 100.8 131 149
nd (w)
175
s H2O vs H2O, EtOH
cry (w + 1)
220
s H2O, EtOH; i eth, chl
2953.5
1.48920 1.3020
1.333020
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O, ace sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s chl, AcOEt s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5514 a-D-Galactopyranose 5515 4-O-b-D-GalactopyranosylDgluconic acid 5516 D-Galactose
CAS RN
Synonym
O
H
O N O
O
O
O HO HO
NH2
COOH OH H H OH COOH
H
O
H HO HO H
OH
H O
O
O
Furylfuramide, (E)
Fusarenon X
H HO HO H
Galactaric acid
O OH
OH
H
O
OH
N
H N
H
H O
O O
N O
OH
Gallein
Na
Ganciclovir
Gardol
O O
OH
OH O
OH
O OH
O
OH
HO
3-293
N HCl H
Gelsemine
OH
HO
H O
N H
O
O
I
Gallaminetriethiodide
H N
O
N
N
O
Galipine
D-Galacturonic acid
N
N
H2N
O O
Galanthamine
H
OH HO
N
D-Galactose
CHO OH H H OH COOH
O
I
N
O N
4-O-b-D-GalactopyranosylD-gluconicacid
O
O
O
OH
a-D-Galactopyranose
H HO HO H
I
OH
O
OH OH
D-Galactonic acid,g-lactone
Galactitol
O OH CH2OH
O OH
OH
CHO OH H H OH CH2OH
H HO HO H
HO
HO
O
HO OH OH H CH2OH
O
O
HO
O
COOH OH
HO
OH HO
HO
O
Gelsemine,monohydrochloride
OH b-Gentiobiose
Genistein
O
O
OH trans-Geraniol
O
Geranyl 2-methylpropanoate
Geranyl acetate
O O
H
OH OH
N
O O
O
H
O
H H O HO HO
H
H
HO OH OH
OH H OH
O
O O
H H
O HO
Germine
OH H O
OH
OH
Gibberellic acid
O N H
O
OH
O O OH
OH HO
H
O
HO
H Gitoxigenin
H HO H H
O
OH Gitoxin
d-Glaucine
COOH OH H OH OH COOH
D-Glucaricacid
HO H HO H H
CH2OH OH H OH OH CH2OH
D-Glucitol
H AcO H H
CH2OAc OAc H OAc OAc CH2OAc
D-Glucitol, hexaacetate
H HO H H
COOH OH H OH OH CH2OH
D-Gluconicacid
O
HO O OH OH HO OH b-D-Glucopyranose
HO
O OH
O
HO
OH O HO
HO
O O
OH
O
OH HO 6-O-a-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose
O
O
O
OH
OH HO
HO OH 2-(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)benzaldehyde
OH 7-(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
CH2OH OH H H OH CH2OH
No.
Name
5544 2-(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2methylpropanenitrile 5545 1-[4-(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy) phenyl]ethanone 5546 a-D-Glucose 5547 a-D-Glucose pentaacetate
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
Linamarin
CH17NO6 10
554-35-8
247.245
nd (w, al)
145
Picein
14 18 7
CH O
530-14-3
298.289
nd (w+1), nd (MeOH)
195.5
C6H12O6 H22O11 16C
146 dec 113.3
sub
nd (al)
134
sub
390.339
5549 a-D-Glucose 1-phosphate 5550 D-Glucuronic acid 5551 D-Glucuronic acid g-lactone
C6H13O9P C10O7 6H H8O6 6C
59-56-3 6556-12-3 32449-92-6
260.135 194.139 176.124
HCNO4 HCNO4
617-65-2 6893-26-1
147.130 147.130
nd (al) 165 mcl pl (w) cry 177.5 (al) orth (al,w) 199 dec lf (w) 213 dec
56-86-0 138-15-8 56-85-9 110-94-1 70-18-8 27025-41-8
147.130 183.591 146.144 132.116 307.323 612.631
orth (dil al) orth pl (w) nd (w, dil al) nd (bz) cry (50% al) cry (EtOH aq)
160 dec 214 dec 185 dec 97.8 195 179
77-21-4 56-81-5
217.264 92.094
cry (eth) syr, orth pl
84 18.1
93713-40-7 557-25-5 623-87-0 2465-32-9
134.131 162.184 182.089 620.986
1-Monoolein C40O4 21H a-Glycerophosphoric acid C9O6P 3H Decanoic acid glycerol triester 33H62O6 C Trielaidin 57H104OC 6 Trilaurin C6 39H74O Triisovalerin 18H32O6 C Triolein 57H104CO6 Tripalmitin 51H98O6 C O6 Tristearin 57H110C Trimyristin 45H86O6C 1-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)-2C3H7O6P propanone Aminoacetic acid C 2 2H5NO
111-03-5 5746-57-6 621-71-6 537-39-3 538-24-9 620-63-3 122-32-7 555-44-2 555-43-1 555-45-3 57-04-5
356.541 172.073 554.841 885.432 639.001 344.443 885.432 807.320 891.479 723.161 170.058
pl (al) syr cry (peth)
56-40-6
Ethyl aminoacetate hydrochloride C2 4H10ClNO C6ClNO2 2H H43NO6 26C
623-33-6 6000-43-7 475-31-0
D-Glucuronolactone
5552 DL-Glutamic acid 5553 D-Glutamic acid 5554 5555 5556 5557 5558 5559
L-Glutamic acid L-Glutamic acid, hydrochloride L-Glutamine Glutaric acid Glutathione Glutathione disulfide
3-294
5560 Glutethimide 5561 Glycerol 5562 5563 5564 5565 5566 5567 5568 5569 5570 5571 5572 5573 5574 5575 5576
Glycerol 1-acetate,DL) ( Glycerol 1-butanoate Glycerol 1,3-dinitrate Glycerol 1,3-di-9-octadecenoate, cis,cis Glycerol 1-oleate L-Glycerol 1-phosphate Glycerol tridecanoate Glycerol trielaidate Glycerol trilaurate Glycerol tri-3-methylbutanoate Glycerol trioleate Glycerol tripalmitate Glycerol tristearate Glycerol tritetradecanoate Glycerone phosphate
5577 Glycine 5578 Glycine, ethyl ester, hydrochloride 5579 Glycine, hydrochloride 5580 Glycocholic acid
5 9 5 9
S)-2-Aminopentanedioic ( acid
HC NO4 H CClNO4 5H10NC2O3 5H8O4C C17N3O6S 10H C20H32N6O12S2 5 9
5 10
2-Aminoglutaramic acid Pentanedioic acid L-g-GlutamylL-cysteinylglycine L-g-GlutamylL-cysteinylglycine disulfide
HC NO2 HCO
13 15
1,2,3-Propanetriol
3 8 3
HC O HC O 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1,3-dinitrate3H6N2O7 C C39H72O5
1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-acetate, (±)
5 10 4 7 14 4
pr (w), cry (eth) 26 cry (eth/EtOH) 50.1 35
Solubility
1.5620
18
1.274020
1.7620 1.460120 1.53820 sub 175
dec 303
20 1.538
1.42915
1.4188106
1.261320
1.474620
158165, 1303 1.206020 280; 11710 1.12918 14815, 1160.6 1.52320
1.415720 1.453120 1.471520
2393 dec
0.942020
1.462620
0.898655 0.998420 0.91515 0.875270 0.855990 0.884860
1.440460 1.435420 1.467615 1.438180 1.439580 1.442860
290
vs H2O; sl EtOH; i ace, AcOEt; s py sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, peth, eth; s bz; msc chl vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO, MeOH; i bz sl H2O, eth; i EtOH, CS 2, lig sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, MeOH sl H2O vs H2O, EtOH s 2HO; i EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz; s chl, lig vs H2O; i EtOH, eth; s DMF
i 2HO; s EtOH; vs eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl dec H2O
32
nd (al) col-ye oil nd (eth)
-4 66.5
332.5 18 237 315
wh-ye solid
58.5
311
75.067
mcl or trg pr (dil al)
290 dec
139.581 111.528 465.622
144 hyg orth nd (w) 200.5 nd (w) 166.5
1.16120
vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, peth; vs ace, bz vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s chl, peth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth; s bz, chl i H2O, EtOH; sl bz, ctc; s ace, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, lig; s eth, ace, bz dec H2O vs H2O; i EtOH, eth; sl ace, py vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
pl or nd (al)
604-69-3
nD
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; i chl
180.155 390.339
16 22 11
den/g cm-3
vs ace
26655-34-5 604-68-2
5548 b-D-Glucose pentaacetate
CH O
bp/˚C
O
HO O O
O O
N
OH
AcO
HO
HO
HO
OH OH 2-(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-2-methylpropanenitrile 1-[4-(b-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)phenyl]ethanone
O OAc
OAc
OH
OH
HO
O
O
HO
HO
AcO
OH OH
OAc OAc a-D-Glucose pentaacetat e
a-D-Glucose
O
OAc
AcO
H HO H H
AcO OAc b-D-Glucose pentaacetate
O OH HO O P OH OH OH a-D-Glucose 1-phosphate
O C
CHO OH H OH OH COOH
O
HO O
D-Glucuronicacidg-lactone
D-Glucuronicacid
O H N
HO
O OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
OH
O
NH2
O
O
NH2
DL-Glutamic acid
OH
OH O
O
NH2
D-Glutamic acid
L-Glutamic acid
OH
NH2 HCl
OH
O
O OH
O
NH2
NH2
L-Glutamic acid,hydrochloride
OH
O
L-Glutamine
H N
HO
O
OH
HN SH
S
S
O
H2N
NH2
O
NH
O
Glutaric acid
O NH2
O
O
OH
HN
N H
OH O
OH O Glutathione disulfide
Glutathione
O O OH
O O
N H
O
HO
OH
3-295
OH Glycerol
Glutethimide
HO
O
O
HO
O
OH
O
Glycerol1-acetate,(DL)
O OH Glycerol1-oleate
O O
O
O
O
O O
O O
O
O
O
O
O Glyceroltridecanoate
Glyceroltrielaidate
Glyceroltrilaurate
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O
Glyceroltri-3-methylbutanoate
Glycerol1,3-di-9-octadecenoate, cis,cis
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O
O
Glycerol1,3-dinitrate
O
HO
O
O N
OH
Glycerol1-butanoate
O
O HO O P OH OH OH L-Glycerol1-phosphate
O
OH
O
O
O N
O O
O Glyceroltrioleate
Glyceroltripalmitate
Glyceroltristearate
O
O
O
HO
O O
N H
H
O O Glyceroltritetradecanoate
O HO O P OH O OH Glycerone phosphate
O
O H2N
OH
Glycine
HCl H2N
O O
Glycine,ethylester,hydrochloride
HCl H2N
OH
Glycine,hydrochloride
HO
H
OH Glycocholicacid
OH O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
OH OH
No.
Name Glycocyamine Glycogen Glycolaldehyde Glycolic acid
5585 5586 5587 5588 5589 5590 5591
N-Glycolylneuraminic acid Glycopyrrolate Glycylalanine L-Glycylasparagine N-Glycylglycine N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine N-Glycyl-L-leucine
5592 5593 5594 5595
N-Glycyl-L-phenylalanine N-Glycylserine,DL) ( Glycyrrhizic acid Glyodin
5596 5597 5598 5599 5600 5601 5602
Glyoxal Glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil) Glyoxylic acid Glyphosate Glyphosate isopropylamine salt Glyphosine Grayanotoxin I
N-(Hydroxyacetyl)neuraminic acid
H 1 -Imidazole, 2-heptadecyl-4,5dihydro-, monoacetate
352-97-6 9005-79-2 141-46-8 79-14-1
117.107 162.140 60.052 76.051
1113-83-3 596-51-0 1188-01-8 1999-33-3 556-50-3 556-33-2 869-19-2
325.270 398.334 146.144 189.169 132.118 189.169 188.224
3321-03-7 687-38-7 1405-86-3 556-22-9
222.240 162.144 822.931 368.596
107-22-2 1149-16-2 298-12-4 1071-83-6 38641-94-0 2439-99-8 4720-09-6
58.036 240.257 74.035 169.074 228.183 263.080 412.517
126-07-8
352.766
11 19
CH14N2O3 11 C5H10N2O4 C62O16 42H C22H44N2O2
C2H2O2 CN2O2 14H12 C2O3 2H Glycine, N-(phosphonomethyl)C3H8NO5P N2O5P 6H17C H11NO8P2 Glycine, N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)- 4C CH36O7 22 HC ClO6
17 17
C15H26O
2-Amino-1,9-dihydro-9b-Dribofuranosyl-6 H-purin-6-one Guanosine 5’-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 5’-Guanylic acid
Physical Form
mp/˚C
pl or nd (w) 282 wh pow pl 97 orth nd (w) lf 79.5 (eth) 186 192.5 237 dec nd (EtOH aq) 216 215 dec nd (dil al) 246 dec pl (dil al) pl (dil256 dec al) 266 198 dec pl or pr (HOAc) 220 dec
ye pr
15 202 orth pr (w+1/2) 98 230 dec cry wh cry 268 cry (AcOEt/ C5H12) oct or orth cry 220 (bz) trg pr (al) 91
222.366
5051-62-7 22195-34-2
231.083 524.632
CH N 5NCH 3 ClN3 6CH CH 6N 4O3 CN6O4S 2H12 O3S 3H9N3C C4H9N3O2 C5H5N5O
55-65-2 113-00-8 50-01-1 506-93-4 594-14-9 543-18-0 353-09-3 73-40-5
198.309 59.071 95.532 122.084 216.219 167.186 131.133 151.127
C10H13N5O5
118-00-3
283.241
wh solid 228 dec cry (MeOH/ 214 EtOH) wh cry (MeOH) 226 cry 50 orth bipym (al) 182.3 lf (w) 217 292 dec cry (EtOH, ace) 227 cry (EtOH) 210 360 dec nd or pl (aq NH3) nd (w) 239 dec
C10H15N5O11P2
146-91-8
443.201
amorp solid
HC N O P
85-32-5
363.221
hyg cry
10 22 4
10 14 5 8
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
1.366100
nD
Solubility
1.477219
100
sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH, eth s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth
s H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O s 2HO; i EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 1.03520
489-86-1
C8H8Cl2N4 H40N6O8S 20C
Guanethidine Guanidine Aminomethanamidine Guanidine monohydrochloride Guanidine mononitrate Guanidine, sulfate (2:1) 2-Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid Taurocyamine 3-Guanidinopropanoic acid N-Amidinob-alanine Guanine
5617 Guanosine 5’-monophosphate
C3H7N3O2 (C6H10O5)x C2H4O2 C4O3 2H
2,2’-Benzoxazoline
5605 Guanabenz 5606 Guanadrel sulfate (2:1)
5616 Guanosine 5’-diphosphate
Mol. Wt.
HC NO10 CH BrNO3 N-Alanylglycine C10N2O3 5H H11N3O4 6C 2-(Aminoacetamido)acetic acid 4H8N2OC3 6HC 11N3O4 C8H16N2O3
5604 Guaiol
5615 Guanosine
CAS RN
19 28
5603 Griseofulvin, (+)
5607 5608 5609 5610 5611 5612 5613 5614
Mol. Form.
190 dec
50.4
1.1420
1.382620
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O s H2O
dec 288; 16517
0.9074
100
20 1.354
dec
sub
1.4716
100
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, AcOEt, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth
vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth; s alk, acid sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs HOAc
sl H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-296
5581 5582 5583 5584
Synonym
O
O
HO
NH2 HN
NH
O O
OH OH OH
OH OH
N H
HO OH
O
Glycocyamine
x
O
HO
Glycogen
OH
HO
OH
OH O
O OH
Glycolicacid
N-Glycolylneuraminic acid
O
H N
H2N
O
H N
H2N
Br
N
HO
O
Glycolaldehyde
O O
OH NH2
O
OH
O
O
Glycopyrrolate
Glycylalanine
L-Glycylasparagine
OH O H HO
O O O OH
OH
H N
H2N
O
H2N
O
O
H N
N H
O
N-Glycylglycine
H N
H2N
OH
H2N
OH
HO HO O
O
H N
O
H2N
O
O N-Glycyl-L-leucine
N-Glycyl-L-phenylalanine
O O OH
OH HO
O
O
N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine
O
H N
OH
OH
OH
N-Glycylserine,(DL)
Glycyrrhizic acid
3-297
OH O
N H
OH O
N H
Glyoxal
Glyodin
O
O O
O
H3CCOOH
H
N
Glyoxalbis(2-hydroxyanil)
HO
OH
Glyoxylicacid
O
OH
P N OH H
HO
O
Glyphosate
O
NH3
O
Glyphosateisopropylamine salt
OH O P OH OH
N
Glyphosine
OH
HO
O
NH
O O Cl
HO HO
O
O
OH
N
O
O O
OH
Cl
GrayanotoxinI
Griseofulvin, (+)
H N
Cl
Guaiol
O NH2
N H
NH2
N
H2SO4
O
NH Guanadrel sulfate (2:1)
NH2
NH HNO3 NH2
Guanidinemononitrate
H2N
NH2
H2SO4 2
Guanidine,sulfate (2:1)
HN
N H
O OH S O
2-Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid
NH2 HN
N H
OH O
3-Guanidinopropanoic acid
H H2N
O
H N
N
N
N
Guanine
NH2
NH H2N
Guanethidine
N
N
H2N HO
N
N O
HO
NH2
Guanidine
NH H 2N
NH2
OH
Guanosine
H H2N O O HO P O P O OH OH
O
N N
N
H
N
H2N O HO P O OH
O
HO
HCl
Guanidinemonohydrochloride
O
O
NH
H N
NH
2
Guanabenz
H
H2N
P N OH H
O HO P OH
OH
Guanosine5’-diphosphate
N
N
N
N O
HO
OH
Guanosine5’-monophosphate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
5618 Guanosine 5’-monophosphate, disodium salt 5619 Guinea Green B D-Gulose L-Gulose Haloperidol Harmaline
5624 Harman 5625 Harmine
3-298
5626 5627 5628 5629 5630 5631 5632 5633 5634
HC Blue No. 1 HC Blue No. 2 Hectane Hederagenin Helenalin Helminthosporal Helvolic acid Hematein Hematin
5’-Guanylic acid, disodium salt
10H12CN5Na2O8 P C.I. Acid Green 3 CH35N2NaO6 37 S2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 CH23ClFNO2 21 4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl- C13H14N2O 3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole 1-Methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole 12CH10N2
7-Methoxy-1-methyl-9 H-pyrido[3,4- C13H12N2O b]indole C11H17N3O4 C12H19N3O5 C100H202 C30H48O4 CH18O4 15 H22O2 15C H44O8 33C CH12O6 16 CH33FeN4O5 34
5635 Hematoporphyrin 5636 Hematoxylin 5637 Hemin 5638 5639 5640 5641 5642 5643 5644 5645
Heneicosane Hentriacontane Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptachloropropane Heptacontane Heptacosane
5646 Heptadecanal 5647 5648 5649 5650 5651 5652
1-Heptadecanamine Heptadecane Heptadecanenitrile Heptadecanoic acid 1-Heptadecanol 2-Heptadecanone
CH N O CH O C34H32ClFeN4 O4 C21H44 C 31H64 C10H5Cl7 CH5Cl7O 10 H3Cl7 12C C3HCl7 C 70H142 C27H56 34 38 4 6 16 14 6
Untriacontane
Margaric aldehyde
Margaric acid Margaryl alcohol Pentadecyl methyl ketone
5653 9-Heptadecanone 5654 1-Heptadecene
Mol. Form.
Hexahydroaplotaxene
Mol. Wt.
5550-12-9
407.185
4680-78-8
690.803
dk grn pow
4205-23-6 6027-89-0 52-86-8 304-21-2
180.155 180.155 375.865 214.262
syr syr
486-84-0
182.220
442-51-3
212.246
2784-94-3 33229-34-4 6703-98-6 465-99-6 6754-13-8 723-61-5 29400-42-8 475-25-2 15489-90-4
255.271 285.296 1404.67 472.700 262.302 234.335 568.697 300.262 633.495
14459-29-1 517-28-2 16009-13-5
598.689 302.278 651.941
629-94-7 630-04-6 76-44-8 1024-57-3 52663-71-5 3849-33-0 7719-93-9 593-49-7
296.574 436.840 373.318 389.317 395.323 285.211 983.876 380.734
CH O
629-90-3
254.451
CH37N 17 C17H36 17HC33N 17HC 34O2 H36O 17C 17HC 34O
4200-95-7 629-78-7 5399-02-0 506-12-7 1454-85-9 2922-51-2
255.483 240.468 251.451 270.451 256.467 254.451
C17H34O
540-08-9
254.451
6765-39-5
238.452
17 34
CH
17 34
Physical Form
CAS RN
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
195 dec
tab (MeOH) orth pr (al) bl flr orth cry (hp) orth (al), pr (MeOH) blk cry dk bl-blk cry
s H2O; sl EtOH dec dec
cry
cry (al, bz) lf (AcOEt) nd (peth), cry (al)
vs H2O vs H2O
151.5 230
sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, py
236.5 273
100 110 117 pr (al) 333 cry (EtOH) 226 58 nd (dil HOAc) 212 dec red-br cry 250 dec br pow (py) >200 deep red cry ye cry long blades (gl HOAc) cry (w) lf (AcOEt) wh cry
Solubility sl H2O
sub
sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s py
sl H2O; s EtOH, chl 1170.015 sl 2HO, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, diox i H2O, eth, bz, chl; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O, eth; s EtOH, alk; sl py, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, chl sl H2O, eth; s alk, EtOH
172.5 140 >300 40.01 67.9 95.5 160 117.5 11 107 59.23
356.5 458
0.791920 68 0.781 1.579
1.444120 1.427890
249 647 442
1.792134
1.542721
i H2O vs chl
0.779660
1.434565
i H2O, EtOH; sl eth
26
36
204
hex lf cry (al) pl (peth) lf (al), cry (ace) pl (dil al)
49 22.0 34 61.3 53.9 48
336 302.0 349 227100 324 320
0.851020 0.778020 0.831520 0.853260 20 0.8475 48 0.8049
pl (MeOH)
53
251.5; 1421.5 300
0.814048
11.5
i H2O; sl EtOH; s peth sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s peth vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig
vs bz, eth
0.785220
1.451020 1.436920 1.446720 1.434260
i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, peth; vs bz, eth sl EtOH; s MeOH
1.443220
i H2O; vs eth; s bz; msc lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5620 5621 5622 5623
Synonym
H2N O O P O O
2Na
N
N
N
N
O O S O
ONa O S O
O H
N
Cl
N
H H HO H
O
HO
OH GuineaGreen B
HO HO H HO
D-Gulose
CHO H H OH H CH2OH
HO F
N
O
L-Gulose
N
N H
O Haloperidol
Harmaline
H H N
N H
N
O
N
N H
Harman
HO
N
N O
HO
Harmine
H N O
HO
N O
N
HO
HC Blue No. 1
H
COOH OH
O
O HO H3C(CH2)98CH3
HC Blue No. 2
O
CH2OH
Hectane
O
OH
Hederagenin
Helenalin
OH O H
OH
O
HO
3-299
N
OH N
O
O
O
H
N
N
N
N HN
HO
O OH
Helvolicacid
HO
O
Hematein
HO
Cl Cl
HO
O
HO
Cl H
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
O
Cl H
O
Cl Cl
O
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptachloropropane
O Heptacosane
HO Hemin
Cl
Cl
Heptachlorepoxide
HO
Hematoxylin
Cl Cl
Heptachlor
Cl H
H3C(CH2)68CH3 Heptacontane
N
O OH
O
Hematoporphyrin
Cl H
Cl Hentriacontane
O
Hematin
Cl
Heneicosane
N
OH
OH HO
O Helminthosporal
Cl
H
O O
N
Fe
O
O
OH
HO
OH
NH N
Fe
NH2
Heptadecanal
1-Heptadecanamine
OH
Heptadecane
OH
O
N Heptadecanenitrile
Heptadecanoicacid
1-Heptadecanol
O O 2-Heptadecanone
9-Heptadecanone
1-Heptadecene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Guanosine5’-monophosphate,disodiumsalt
CHO OH OH H OH CH2OH
No.
5664 5665 5666 5667 5668 5669 5670 5671 5672
Heptadecylbenzene 1-Phenylheptadecane trans,trans-2,4-Heptadienal 1,6-Heptadiene 1,6-Heptadiyne Heptafluorobutanoic acid Heptafluorobutanoic anhydride 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol Heptafluorobutanoyl chloride 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-2,2dimethyl-3,5-octanedione Heptafluoro-2-iodopropane Perfluoroisopropyl iodide 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane Refrigerant 227ea 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-Heptamethyltrisiloxane Heptanal Heptaldehyde Heptanal oxime Enanthaldoxime 2-Heptanamine Tuaminoheptane 4-Heptanamine Heptane
3-300
5673 1,7-Heptanediamine 5674 Heptanedinitrile 5675 Heptanedioic acid 5676 5677 5678 5679 5680 5681 5682 5683 5684 5685 5686 5687 5688 5689 5690 5691 5692 5693 5694 5695
Synonym
1,7-Heptanediol 2,3-Heptanedione 3,5-Heptanedione Heptanedioyl dichloride Heptanenitrile 1-Heptanethiol 2,4,6-Heptanetrione Heptanoic acid Heptanoic anhydride 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol, (±) 3-Heptanol, S) ( 4-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone Heptanoyl chloride 2-Heptenal 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
H40 23C H10O 7C H12 7C H8 7C C 7O2 4HF 8FC 14O3 H3F7O 4C C 7O 4ClF C10H11F7O2
14752-75-1 4313-03-5 3070-53-9 2396-63-6 375-22-4 336-59-4 375-01-9 375-16-6 17587-22-3
316.564 110.153 96.170 92.139 214.039 410.062 200.055 232.484 296.182
F IC HF C7 CH34 16 O2Si3 7H22C C14O 7H CNO 7H15 7HC 17N H17N 7C C7H16
677-69-0 431-89-0 4390-04-9 1873-88-7 111-71-7 629-31-2 123-82-0 16751-59-0 142-82-5
295.925 170.029 226.441 222.506 114.185 129.200 115.217 115.217 100.202
HC N H CN 7H12OC 4
646-19-5 646-20-8 111-16-0
130.231 122.167 160.168
629-30-1 96-04-8 7424-54-6 142-79-0 629-08-3 1639-09-4 626-53-9 111-14-8 626-27-7 111-70-6 52390-72-4 26549-25-7 589-55-9 110-43-0 106-35-4 123-19-3 2528-61-2 2463-63-0 592-76-7 6443-92-1
132.201 128.169 128.169 197.059 111.185 132.267 142.152 130.185 242.354 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 114.185 148.630 112.169 98.186 98.186
3 7 3
7 18 2 7 10 2
Pimelic acid
H O C HCO O2 7H12C CCl2O2 7H10 7HC 13N S 7H16C C10O3 7H O2 7H14C H26O3 14C 7HC 16O C7H16O C7H16O CO 7H16 CO 7H14 CO 7H14 C14O 7H C13ClO 7H 7HC 12O C7H14 C7H14 7 16 2
Acetyl valeryl Dipropionylmethane
Heptyl mercaptan Enanthic acid Heptyl alcohol
Dipropylcarbinol Methyl pentyl ketone Ethyl butyl ketone Dipropyl ketone Butylacrolein
7 12 2
Physical Form
liq liq liq liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
32
397 84.5 90 112 121 106.5 95 38.5 465
0.854620 0.88125
1.481020 1.531520
0.816417 1.65120 1.66520 1.60020 1.5520 1.27325
1.45117 1.29525 1.28520 1.29420 1.28820 1.376620
38 -16.4 246.3 142 152.8 195 142 139.5 98.4
1.329820
-85 -17.5 -43
38
col gas
-131
liq pl (al)
-43.4 57.5
liq
-90.55
pr (w)
25.32 -31.4 106 22.5
liq liq lf liq liq liq
-64 -43 49 -7.17 -12.4 -33.2
liq liq liq liq liq liq
-70 -41.2 -35 -39 -33 -83.8
liq
-118.9
224 15514 272100, 21210 262 144; 4613 175; 7930 13715 183; 7110 176.9 12110 222.2 269.5 176.45 159 157; 6618 156 151.05 147 144 125.2 166 93.64 98.4
Solubility
i H2O; s bz, HOAc s H2O, eth, tol; i peth s EtOH, ace
0.819420 0.813225 0.858355 0.766519 0.76720 0.679525
1.381820 1.411320 1.421020 1.419919 1.417220 1.385525
0.94918 1.32915
1.447220
0.956925 0.91918 0.94520
1.452025 1.415018
vs eth, EtOH
0.810620 0.842720 1.059940 0.912425 0.932120 0.821920 0.816720 0.822720 0.818320 0.811120 0.818320 0.817420 20 0.9590 0.86417 0.697020 0.70820
1.410430 1.452120 1.493020 1.417020 1.433515 1.424920 1.421020 1.420120 1.420520 1.408820 1.405720 1.406920 1.434518 1.446817 1.399820 1.40620
i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc s eth; sl ctc; vs lig
sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; s ctc s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5655 5656 5657 5658 5659 5660 5661 5662 5663
Name
F F
F
trans,trans-2,4-Heptadienal
F F
F F
OH
F
F F
F F
F F 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol
F F
Cl
O
F F O
N
Heptanal
F
F
F F
F F
F F
F
F F
O
O
F F
F F
Heptafluorobutanoic anhydride
F F
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane
2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane
NH2 H2N
OH
Heptanaloxime
F
O
O
F
F F
F
Heptafluoro-2-iodopropane
NH2
F
Heptafluorobutanoic acid
F I
6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedione
O
1,1,1,3,5,5,5-Heptamethyltrisiloxane
1,6-Heptadiyne
F F
F F
O
Heptafluorobutanoyl chloride
O Si H Si O Si
F
1,6-Heptadiene
F F
OH
2-Heptanamine
4-Heptanamine
Heptane
NH2 1,7-Heptanediamine
3-301 O HO N
N
OH O
Heptanedinitrile
Cl
O
HO
O
O
1,7-Heptanediol
1-Heptanethiol
OH
Heptanoicacid
O 2-Heptanone
O Heptanenitrile
OH 1-Heptanol
OH 2-Heptanol,(±)
3-Heptanol,(S)
1-Heptene
cis-2-Heptene
Cl O
4-Heptanone
N
Heptanedioyl dichloride
OH
O 3-Heptanone
O
O
Heptanoicanhydride
O 4-Heptanol
O
3,5-Heptanedione
O O
OH 2,4,6-Heptanetrione
2,3-Heptanedione
O
O
SH
O
O
OH
Heptanedioic acid
Cl
Heptanoylchloride
O 2-Heptenal
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
F F
F F
F F
O Heptadecylbenzene
F
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
nD
Solubility
5696 trans-2-Heptene
C7H14
14686-13-6
98.186
liq
-109.5
98
0.701220
1.404520
5697 cis-3-Heptene
C7H14
7642-10-6
98.186
liq
-136.6
95.8
0.703020
1.405920
5698 trans-3-Heptene
C7H14
14686-14-7
98.186
liq
-136.6
95.7
0.698120
1.404320
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc
1119-60-4 3521-91-3 33467-76-4 112-06-1 111-68-2 1078-71-3 5870-93-9 5617-41-4 5617-42-5 104-67-6 112-23-2 5451-80-9 713-95-1 628-71-7
128.169 114.185 114.185 158.238 115.217 176.298 186.292 182.345 168.319 184.276 144.212 200.318 198.302 96.170
liq
-6.5
liq liq liq liq liq liq
-50.2 -18 -48 -57.5 -30 -53
liq liq liq
-46.4 -12 -81
226 152.1 178; 7510 193 156 240; 10910 225.8 244 224 286 178.1 245.2 1010.03 99.7
0.951514 0.838422 0.851620 0.875015 0.775420 0.856720 0.863720 0.810920 0.801020 0.949420 0.878420 0.862320
1.440414 1.434720 1.446020 1.415020 1.425120 1.486520 1.423120 1.448420 1.442120 1.451220 1.414020 1.425415
0.732820
1.408720
112
0.74425
5699 5700 5701 5702 5703 5704 5705 5706 5707 5708 5709 5710 5711 5712
Name
6-Heptenoic acid 1-Hepten-4-ol trans-2-Hepten-1-ol Heptyl acetate Heptylamine Heptylbenzene Heptyl butanoate Heptylcyclohexane Heptylcyclopentane 5-Heptyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone Heptyl formate Heptyl pentanoate 6-Heptyltetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-one 1-Heptyne
Synonym
C12O2 7H C7H14O C7H14O C18O2 9H 1-Heptanamine 7HC 17N C13H20 H22O2 11C CH26 13 H24 12C 4-Hydroxyundecanoic acid lactone 11HC20O2 C16O2 8H H24O2 12C 5-Dodecanolide C12H22O2 C7H12
3-302
5713 2-Heptyne
1-Methyl-2-butylacetylene
7 12
HC
1119-65-9
96.170
5714 3-Heptyne
1-Ethyl-2-propylacetylene
7 12
HC
2586-89-2
96.170
liq pl (dil al + 1/2 w) wh nd (dil MeOH, HOAc) mcl nd (bz) cry (ctc) cry
5715 Hesperetin
16 14 6
CH O
520-33-2
302.278
5716 Hesperidin
28 34 15
CH O
520-26-3
610.561
C6Br6 C12H4Br6 C12H18Br6
87-82-1 59080-40-9 3194-55-6
551.488 627.584 641.695
C2Br6 C2 24H54OSn C26H16
594-73-0 56-35-9 258-31-1
503.445 596.105 328.405
116-16-5 118-74-1 38380-07-3 33979-03-2 38411-22-2 35065-27-1 87-68-3 58-89-9
264.749 284.782 360.878 360.878 360.878 360.878 260.761 290.830
5717 Hexabromobenzene 5718 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexabromobiphenyl 5719 1,2,5,6,9,10Hexabromocyclododecane 5720 Hexabromoethane 5721 Hexabutyldistannoxane 5722 Hexacene 5723 5724 5725 5726 5727 5728 5729 5730
Hexachloroacetone Hexachlorobenzene 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2a,3b,4a,5a,6b)
Bis(tributyltin) oxide
Perchlorobenzene
Lindane
C3Cl6O C6Cl6 CH4Cl6 12 CH4Cl6 12 CH4Cl6 12 CH4Cl6 12 Cl6 4C C6H6Cl6
mp/˚C
-130.5 227.5
107.2
den/g cm-3
0.733625
1.423020 1.418920
sub 205
s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s bz, chl vs EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth vs eth, EtOH
262
vs py, EtOH, HOAc
327 160 167
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl
orth pr (bz) dk bl-grn cry (sub) liq nd (sub) cry cry cry (hx) cry liq nd (al)
bp/˚C
45 380 -1.0 228.83 151 112.5 114.2 103.5 -21 112.5
dec 200 1802 sub
3.82320
203 325
1.743412 2.04423
1.511220 1.569123
sl H2O; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl; vs bz i H2O i H2O i H2O
215 323.4
1.55625
1.554220
i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz
1.863
sl EtOH, eth, CS 2 i H2O, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Form.
No.
OH
O
OH OH
O trans-2-Heptene
cis-3-Heptene
trans-3-Heptene
6-Heptenoicacid
1-Hepten-4-ol
O
trans-2-Hepten-1-ol
Heptylacetate
Heptylcyclopentane
5-Heptyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone
O O Heptylbenzene
O
O
Heptylbutanoate
Heptylcyclohexane
O O
O
O
Heptylformate
O
Heptylpentanoate
O
6-Heptyltetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-one
1-Heptyne
2-Heptyne
3-Heptyne
CH3 O OH O
OH HO
OH O
HO
Br
O
3-303
O O HO
O
Br
OH
Br
Br
Br Br
Hesperidin
Br Br
Br Br
Br
OH
Hesperetin
Br Br
O
HO
O OH
Br
Br
OH
O
Hexabromobenzene
Br Br
Br
2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexabromobiphenyl
1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane
Cl Sn
Br Br Br
O
Sn
O Cl Cl
Br Br Br
Hexabromoethane
Hexabutyldistannoxane
Cl Cl
Cl
Hexacene
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl 2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl
2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl
Cl
Cl Cl
Hexachloroacetone
Hexachlorobenzene
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane,(1a,2a,3b,4a,5a,6b)
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
NH2 Heptylamine
No.
Name
3-304
5742 5743 5744 5745
Hexacosanoic acid 1-Hexacosanol Hexadecamethylheptasiloxane Hexadecanal
5746 5747 5748 5749 5750 5751
Hexadecanamide Hexadecane Hexadecanedioic acid Hexadecanenitrile 1-Hexadecanethiol Hexadecanoic acid
5752 Hexadecanoic anhydride 5753 1-Hexadecanol 5754 5755 5756 5757 5758 5759 5760 5761 5762 5763 5764 5765 5766 5767
3-Hexadecanone Hexadecanoyl chloride 1-Hexadecene cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid Hexadecyl acetate Hexadecylamine Hexadecylbenzene Hexadecyldimethylamine Hexadecyl hexadecanoate Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylate Hexadecyl 2-hydroxypropanoate Hexadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate 3-(Hexadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol, (S) 1-Hexadecylpyridinium bromide
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C 158
a-Hexachlorocyclohexane
C6H6Cl6
319-84-6
290.830
cry
b-Hexachlorocyclohexane
C6H6Cl6
319-85-7
290.830
cry (bz, al, xyl)
d-Lindane Perchlorocyclopentadiene
Perchloroethane
Cerotic acid
Cetane
Cetyl mercaptan Palmitic acid
C6H6Cl6
1-Cetene Palmitoleic acid 1-Hexadecanamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-hexadecanamine Cetyl palmitate Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate Cetyl lactate Chimyl alcohol
600.50
319-86-8
290.830
pl
141.5
5Cl6C C12H2Cl6O2
77-47-4 57653-85-7
272.772 390.861
ye grn liq cry
-9 285
C12H2Cl6O2
19408-74-3
390.861
cry
243
C6 2Cl C13H6Cl6O2 C3Cl6 C60H122 C26H54
67-72-1 70-30-4 1888-71-7 7667-80-3 630-01-3
236.739 406.904 248.750 843.611 366.707
orth (al-eth) nd (bz) liq
26HC 52O2 C26H54O C48O6Si7 16H C16H32O
506-46-7 506-52-5 541-01-5 629-80-1
396.690 382.706 533.147 240.424
C16H33NO C16H34 H30O4 16C C31N 16H 16HC 34S O2 16H32C
629-54-9 544-76-3 505-54-4 629-79-8 2917-26-2 57-10-3
CH O H34O 16C
239; 480.3
333 1250.5 351.5
623-65-4 36653-82-4
494.832 242.440
lf (peth) fl (AcOEt)
64 49.2
312
C16H32O CH31ClO 16 C16H32 C2 16H30O CH36O2 18 16CH35N C22H38 C39N 18H 32H64CO2 CH40O3 27
18787-64-9 112-67-4 629-73-2 373-49-9 629-70-9 143-27-1 1459-09-2 112-69-6 540-10-3 531-84-0
240.424 274.869 224.425 254.408 284.478 241.456 302.537 269.510 480.849 412.605
lf (peth)
43 12 2.1 0.5 -18.5 46.8 27
HC O H38O2 20C 19CH40O3
35274-05-6 2495-27-4 506-03-6
314.503 310.515 316.519
140-72-7
384.438
19 38 3
HC BrN
21 38
lf
mcl lf grn-wh fl
54 72.5
wax
41 24 64
lf (hx)
61
nD
1.8919
Solubility
i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc
60
255.439 226.441 286.407 237.424 258.506 256.424
lf
den/g cm-3
0.36
186.8 tp 166.5 -72.9 99.3 mcl, tcl or orth 56.1 (bz) cry (eth) 88.5 orth pl (dil al) 80 liq -78 pl (eth), nd 35 (peth) lf 107 lf (HOAc) 18.12 pl (al) 126.6 hex 31 cry (lig) 19 nd (al) 62.5
32 62 3
Cetyl alcohol
bp/˚C
184.7 sp 209.5 412.2
20 dec 305 270 20029
23612 286.86
17, 1402 184 19920 284.9 1821 222205 322.5 385 330.0
21910, 1701 1832 1200.005
1.701925
1.565820
20 2.091
1.763220
1.509120
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl liq HF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, dil alk i H2O; s ctc, chl
0.778360
1.435760
vs bz, lig, chl
0.8198100
1.4301100
0.901220
1.396520
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
1.000020 0.770125
1.432925
0.830320
1.445020
0.852762
1.4334560
83 0.8388 0.818750
1.436468 1.428379
0.901625 0.781120
1.451420 1.441220
i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ace, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; msc eth; s ctc vs ace, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth; vs chl vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace s chl vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth
0.857425 0.812920 0.854720
1.443820 1.449620 1.481320
i H2O; sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, CS 2
20 0.989
1.439870
vs eth, EtOH vs bz, HOAc
1.441040 0.8720 vs ace, peth, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5731 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2a,3b,4a,5b,6b) 5732 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2b,3a,4b,5a,6b) 5733 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2a,3a,4b,5a,6b) 5734 Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene 5735 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-pdioxin 5736 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzo-pdioxin 5737 Hexachloroethane 5738 Hexachlorophene 5739 Hexachloropropene 5740 Hexacontane 5741 Hexacosane
Synonym
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2a,3b,4a,5b,6b)
1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2b,3a,4b,5a,6b)
1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2a,3a,4b,5a,6b)
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
O
O
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzop-dioxin 1,2,3,7,8,9-Hexachlorodibenzop-dioxin
Cl Cl Cl
Hexachloroethane
OH
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Hexachlorophene
OH
OH
H3C(CH2)58CH3
Hexachloropropene
Hexacontane
Hexacosane
Hexacosanoicacid
1-Hexacosanol
O O Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
NH2
O
Si
OH OH
Hexadecamethylheptasiloxane
Hexadecanal
Hexadecanamide
Hexadecane
SH
N
O Hexadecanedioicacid
Hexadecanenitrile
1-Hexadecanethiol
3-305
O O
O
O O OH
O
Cl
OH O
OH
Hexadecanoicacid
Hexadecanoicanhydride
1-Hexadecanol
3-Hexadecanone
Hexadecanoyl chloride
1-Hexadecene
cis-9-Hexadecenoicacid
O O
NH2 N
Hexadecyl acetate
Hexadecylamine
Hexadecylbenzene
Hexadecyldimethylamine
O
O
O O
O
O OH
OH Hexadecyl hexadecanoate
Hexadecyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate
Hexadecyl 2-hydroxypropanoate
O O
O
OH OH
Hexadecyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
3-(Hexadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol,(S)
Br
N 1-Hexadecylpyridinium bromide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
Cl
No.
Name
5768 1-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride 5769 Hexadecyl stearate
3-306
5784 5785 5786 5787 5788 5789 5790 5791 5792 5793 5794 5795 5796 5797 5798 5799 5800 5801 5802 5803 5804
Hexadecyltrichlorosilane Hexadecyl vinyl ether 1-Hexadecyne trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienal 1,2-Hexadiene cis-1,3-Hexadiene trans-1,3-Hexadiene cis-1,4-Hexadiene trans-1,4-Hexadiene 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis -2,4-Hexadiene trans,cis -2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans -2,4-Hexadiene 2,4-Hexadienoic acid
Cetylpyridinium chloride Cetyl stearate
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
123-03-5 1190-63-2
339.987 508.903
HC Cl3Si HC O C16H30 C8O 6H C10 6H C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 6HC 10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C2 6H8O
5894-60-0 822-28-6 629-74-3 142-83-6 592-44-9 14596-92-0 20237-34-7 7318-67-4 7319-00-8 592-42-7 6108-61-8 5194-50-3 5194-51-4 110-44-1
359.878 268.478 222.409 96.127 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 82.143 112.127
HC O HC ClO 6H6C C6 6H 6H6 C C18H30 C30OSi2 12H 12H30OC 13P4 CH42Br2N2 36 H2F6O2 5C C6F6 F6 4C C4F6 C4F6 C 2F6 C2F6 3H 3HC 2F6 C3H2F6O CN 6H13 H12N2 5C C13H16O2
111-28-4 2614-88-2 821-08-9 628-16-0 2809-69-0 604-88-6 994-49-0 757-58-4 317-52-2 1522-22-1 392-56-3 685-63-2 692-50-2 697-11-0 76-16-4 431-63-0 690-39-1 920-66-1 111-49-9 505-66-8 126-15-8
98.142 130.572 78.112 78.112 78.112 246.431 246.536 506.253 662.539 208.059 186.054 162.033 162.033 162.033 138.011 152.038 152.038 168.037 99.174 100.162 204.265
C15H24
483-76-1
C15H24
21H38ClNC CO2 34H68
16 33
1-(Ethenyloxy)hexadecane Sorbinaldehyde Propylallene
Biallyl
Sorbic acid
2,4-Hexadien-1-ol Sorbic alcohol trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienoyl chloride 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Divinylacetylene 1,5-Hexadiyne Bipropargyl 2,4-Hexadiyne Dimethyldiacetylene Hexaethylbenzene Hexaethyldisiloxane Hexaethyl tetraphosphate Ethyl tetraphosphate Hexafluorenium bromide Hexafluoroacetylacetone Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorobenzene 1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne Hexafluorocyclobutene Hexafluoroethane Perfluoroethane 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane Refrigerant 236ea 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane Refrigerant 236fa 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol Hexahydro-1H-azepine Hexamethylenimine Hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine 1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-Hexahydro-4a(4H)dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde 5805 cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, (1S) 5806 1,2,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-4,7dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, [1S-(1a,4ab,8aa)] 5807 Hexahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione Hexahydrophthalic anhydride
18 36
6 10 6 7
H OC
8 10 3
Physical Form wh pow lf or pl (eth, HOAc)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
80 57 269 1602 284 174; 7630 76 73.1 73.2 66.3 65.0 59.4 85 83.5 82.2 dec 228; 15350 7612 8222 85 86 129.5 298 233; 12930 dec 150
nD
Solubility
1.441070
vs H2O, chl vs ace, eth, chl
0.82127 0.796520 0.89820 0.714920 0.703325 0.699525 0.69525 0.69525 0.687825 0.729825 0.718525 0.710125 1.20419
1.444425 1.444020 1.538420 1.428220 1.437920 1.440620 1.404920 1.410420 1.404220 1.460620 1.456020 1.451020
0.896723 1.066619 0.785120 0.804920
1.498120 1.554520 1.503520 1.438023
0.8305130 0.845720 1.291727
1.4736130 1.434020 1.427327
54.15 80.26 6 -24.6 5.5 -78.1 6.1 -1.0 59 138 169 307
1.48520 1.618420 1.553-20
1.333320 1.377720 1.378-20
1.602-20 1.590-78 1.50260 1.43430 1.460021 0.864322
1.298-20
1.463120
s H2O; vs EtOH, eth
1.1020
1.525420
i H2O
204.352
12512
0.916015
1.508915
523-47-7
204.352
274; 13611
0.923020
1.505920
85-42-7
154.163
liq
liq
16 15 -16.5
-102.4
liq -138.7 liq -140.7 liq liq -96.1 liq -44.9 nd (dil al) nd 134.5 (w) nd 30.5 liq -88 liq -6 pr (sub) 67.8 mcl pr (al or bz) 129 hyg cry (PrOH)
col gas col gas col gas col gas col gas col gas liq hyg liq
-40 188 5.03 -132 -117.4 -60 -100.05 -93.6 -2.0 40.5 -80
32
14518
vs bz vs eth, chl
vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace i H2O; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, sulf; vs eth, bz vs ace, bz, EtOH
s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth
vs eth, lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5770 5771 5772 5773 5774 5775 5776 5777 5778 5779 5780 5781 5782 5783
Synonym
O
Cl Si Cl Cl
O
N Cl 1-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride
Hexadecyl stearate
Hexadecyltrichlorosilane
C
1-Hexadecyne
trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienal
1,2-Hexadiene
cis-1,3-Hexadiene
O OH trans-1,3-Hexadiene
cis-1,4-Hexadiene
trans-1,4-Hexadiene
1,5-Hexadiene
cis,cis -2,4-Hexadiene
trans,cis -2,4-Hexadiene
trans,trans -2,4-Hexadiene
2,4-Hexadienoicacid
O OH
Si
O
Si
Cl
2,4-Hexadien-1-ol
trans,trans-2,4-Hexadienoylchloride
1,5-Hexadien-3-yne
1,5-Hexadiyne
2,4-Hexadiyne
Hexaethylbenzene
Hexaethyldisiloxane
3-307 F
Br N
O O O O P P P P O O O O O O O O O
F
F F
O
Br
Hexaethyltetraphosphate
F
N F F
Hexafluorenium bromide
O
F
F
F F
Hexafluoroacetylacetone
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F F
Hexafluorocyclobutene
F
Hexafluoroethane
F F
Hexafluorobenzene
F
F F
F F
1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane
F
F
F F
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane
F F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F F
1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene
F
1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne
NH
OH
F F
F
F
F
F F
F
F F
N H
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol
Hexahydro-1H-azepine
H
N H Hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine
O O
O O 1,5a,6,9,9a,9b-Hexahydro-4a(4H)-dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde
H cis-1,2,3,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, (1S)
H 1,2,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-isopropylnaphthalene, [1S-(1a,4ab,8aa)]
O Hexahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O Hexadecyl vinylether
No.
Name
Cyclonite
Rufigallol Mellitene
Physical Form
3-308
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
C6H14N2
4318-37-0
114.188
154
0.911120
1.476920
C7H12N2
3001-72-7
124.183
967, 812
1.00525
1.519020
121-82-4
222.116
C21H21N3
91-78-1
315.412
C14H8O8
82-12-2
304.209
HC
87-85-4
162.271
1009-93-4
219.508
541-05-9 1450-14-2 3385-94-2 999-97-3 107-46-0 143-06-6 822-06-0 100-97-0 531-18-0 680-31-9 1608-26-0 111-01-3
222.462 146.378 178.443 161.393 162.377 160.214 168.193 140.186 306.275 179.200 163.201 422.813
66-25-1 628-02-4 110-54-3 1072-21-5 628-94-4 124-09-4 1071-93-8 6920-22-5 629-11-8 2935-44-6 6606-59-3 3848-24-6 3002-24-2 110-13-4 4437-51-8 111-50-2 1191-43-1 628-73-9 111-31-9 1679-06-7
100.158 115.173 86.175 114.142 144.171 116.204 174.201 118.174 118.174 118.174 254.323 114.142 114.142 114.142 114.142 183.033 150.305 97.158 118.240 118.240
C HNO
3 6 6 6
12 18
5814 2,2,4,4,6,6C6H21N3Si3 Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane 5815 Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane Dimethylsiloxane cyclic trimer6H18O3Si3 C 5816 Hexamethyldisilane 6HC 18Si 2 SSi2 5817 Hexamethyldisilathiane 6H18C 5818 Hexamethyldisilazane 6HC 19NSi 2 5819 Hexamethyldisiloxane 6HC 18OSi 2 O2 5820 Hexamethylenediamine carbamate (6-Aminohexyl)carbamic acid 7H16N2C 5821 Hexamethylene diisocyanate 8HC 12N2O2 5822 Hexamethylenetetramine Methenamine C4 6H12N 5823 Hexamethylolmelamine 9HC18N6O6 5824 Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine oxide 6H18N3OPC 5825 Hexamethylphosphorous triamide Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine 6H18N3PC 5826 2,6,10,15,19,23Squalane C30H62 Hexamethyltetracosane 5827 Hexanal Caproaldehyde C6H12O 5828 Hexanamide C6H13NO 5829 Hexane C6H14 5830 Hexanedial C6H10O2 H12N2O2 5831 Hexanediamide 6C N2 5832 1,6-Hexanediamine Hexamethylenediamine 6H16C 5833 Hexanedioic acid, dihydrazide 6H14CN4O2 5834 1,2-Hexanediol C6H14O2 5835 1,6-Hexanediol Hexamethylene glycol 6HC 14O2 5836 2,5-Hexanediol Diisopropanol 6HC 14O2 5837 1,6-Hexanediol dimethacrylate Hexamethylene methacrylate 14H22OC 4 5838 2,3-Hexanedione Acetylbutyryl 6HC 10O2 5839 2,4-Hexanedione Propionylacetone 6HC10O2 5840 2,5-Hexanedione Acetonylacetone C10O2 6H 5841 3,4-Hexanedione Bipropionyl 6HC 10O2 5842 Hexanedioyl dichloride 6HC 8Cl2O2 5843 1,6-Hexanedithiol 6HC14S2 5844 Hexanenitrile Capronitrile 6H11NC 5845 1-Hexanethiol Hexyl mercaptan 6HC 14S H14S 5846 2-Hexanethiol 6C
orth cry (ace)
mp/˚C
144 red rhom, redye nd (sub) orth pr or nd (al) liq
185; 6029
i H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth, MeOH; s ace, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, tol
sub
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, alk
165.5
263.4
1.063025
-10
188
0.919620
64.5 13.5
134 113.5 162.5 125 99
1.120020 0.724722 0.85120 0.774125 0.763820
12210, 941 sub
1.052820 1.331-5
1.458520
232.5
1.0320
1.457920
liq cry
-66 150
orth (al)
>250 137
liq
1.8220
205.5
-38
liq cry (ace) liq
-56 101 -95.35 -8 pl 220 orth bipym pl 39.13 181.8 45 41.5 cry (eth) 43
oil liq liq
-5.5 -10
liq liq liq liq
-21 -80.3 -81 -147
Solubility
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl 1.44820
1.422920
i H2O i H2O; s eth, ace, bz; dec alk
1.409020 1.377420
i H2O
350
0.811515
1.453015
131 255 68.73 939
0.833520 0.99920 0.660625 1.00319
1.403920 1.4200110 1.372725 1.435020
205 224; 871.5 208 218; 861 128 160 194 130 12612 237; 11815 163.65 152.7 142
0.961020 0.99825 0.93419 0.95920 0.737020 0.94121
1.443120 1.457925 1.447520
1.451620 1.423220 1.413021
vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, bz vs H2O s EtOH, eth s chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s eth, chl; msc bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs 2HO; s EtOH, bz
s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc
vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH sl chl
0.988625 0.805120 0.842420 0.834520
1.511020 1.406820 1.449620 1.445120
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5808 Hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-1,4diazepine 5809 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2a]pyrimidine 5810 Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5triazine 5811 Hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5triazine 5812 1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 5813 Hexamethylbenzene
Synonym
O NH N
O
N
N
Si HN
H N Si
2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine
Si NH
Si O
2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane
O Si
Si O
N
O
O N
N
O
N O
Si
Hexamethyldisilane
S
3-309
O
C
C
N
Si
Hexamethyldisilathiane
N N
O N N N
Hexamethylenediisocyanate
HO N
N
H N
OH
1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
Hexamethylbenzene
O Si
Si
Hexamethyldisilazane
O
H2N
Si
Hexamethyldisiloxane
N H
OH
Hexamethylenediamine carbamate
OH N
N
N
O N P N N
OH
HO
Hexamethylenetetramine
OH
HO
Hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine
Si
HO
N
N
OH O
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine
Si Si
Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane
N
OH
HO
OH
Hexamethylolmelamine
N
Hexamethylphosphoric triamide
N P
N
Hexamethylphosphoroustriamide
O O NH2
O 2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosane
Hexanal
O H2N NH2
H2N 1,6-Hexanediamine
N H
NH2
OH
O
O O
OH
2,4-Hexanedione
2,5-Hexanedione
O Hexanediamide
O O
OH 1,6-Hexanediol
OH
O
2,5-Hexanediol
1,6-Hexanedioldimethacrylate
O
O Cl
O
O Hexanedial
O
HO
1,2-Hexanediol
O
O
Hexane
OH
Hexanedioicacid,dihydrazide
O
2,3-Hexanedione
H N
Hexanamide
NH2
H2N
O
O 3,4-Hexanedione
Cl O Hexanedioyldichloride
SH
N
HS
SH
SH 1,6-Hexanedithiol
Hexanenitrile
1-Hexanethiol
2-Hexanethiol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Hexahydro-1-methyl-1H-1,4-diazepine
N O
N N
No.
Name 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Hexanoic acid Hexanoic anhydride 1-Hexanol
5851 5852 5853 5854 5855 5856 5857 5858 5859 5860 5861 5862 5863 5864 5865 5866 5867 5868 5869 5870 5871 5872 5873 5874 5875 5876 5877 5878 5879 5880 5881 5882 5883 5884 5885 5886 5887 5888 5889 5890 5891
2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Hexanoyl chloride Hexatriacontane cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene Hexazinone trans-2-Hexenal cis-3-Hexenal 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexenedinitrile 2-Hexenoic acid 3-Hexenoic acid 5-Hexenoic acid 1-Hexen-3-ol cis-2-Hexen-1-ol trans-2-Hexen-1-ol cis-3-Hexen-1-ol trans-3-Hexen-1-ol trans-4-Hexen-1-ol 4-Hexen-2-ol 5-Hexen-2-ol cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate trans-2-Hexen-1-ol, acetate 5-Hexen-2-one 4-Hexen-3-one Hexestrol Hexobarbital Hexocyclium methyl sulfate Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate Hexyl acrylate Hexylamine Hexylbenzene 4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol
1,2,6-Trihydroxyhexane Caproic acid Caproyl alcohol
Butyl methyl ketone Ethyl propyl ketone Caproyl chloride
trans-1,4-Dicyano-2-butene Hydrosorbic acid
1-Hexanamine 4-Hexylresorcinol
Mol. Form. 6HC14O3 6HC 12O2 CH22O3 12 H14O 6C
C6H14O C6H14O 6HC 12O C12O 6H 6HC 11ClO H74 36C H8 6C H8 6C C12H20N4O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 H6N2 6C H10O2 6C 6HC 10O2 H10O2 6C C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O H14O2 8C H14O2 8C C6H10O C6H10O C18H22O2 CH16N2O3 12 CN2O5S 21H36 H16O2 8C H16O2 8C H16O2 9C C15N 6H C12H18 C18O2 12H
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
106-69-4 142-62-1 2051-49-2 111-27-3
134.173 116.158 214.301 102.174
20281-86-1 17015-11-1 591-78-6 589-38-8 142-61-0 630-06-8 2612-46-6 821-07-8 51235-04-2 6728-26-3 6789-80-6 592-41-6 7688-21-3 4050-45-7 7642-09-3 13269-52-8 1119-85-3 1191-04-4 4219-24-3 1577-22-6 4798-44-1 928-94-9 928-95-0 928-96-1 928-97-2 928-92-7 52387-50-5 626-94-8 3681-71-8 2497-18-9 109-49-9 2497-21-4 84-16-2 56-29-1 115-63-9 142-92-7 108-84-9 2499-95-8 111-26-2 1077-16-3 136-77-6
102.174 102.174 100.158 100.158 134.603 506.973 80.128 80.128 252.313 98.142 98.142 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 106.125 114.142 114.142 114.142 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 100.158 142.196 142.196 98.142 98.142 270.367 236.266 428.586 144.212 144.212 156.222 101.190 162.271 194.270
Physical Form liq liq
liq liq liq liq liq
liq liq liq liq liq cry nd (w, al) liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
-3 -41 -47.4
1703, 1611 205.2 dec 255 157.6
1.104920 0.921225 0.924015 0.813620
1.5820 1.416320 1.429720 1.417820
140 135 127.6 123.5 153 298.43 78 78.5 dec 146.5; 5020 121 63.48 68.8 67.9 66.4 67.1
0.815920 0.818220 0.811320 0.811820 20 0.9784 0.780380 0.717520 0.736915 1.25 0.849120 0.853322 0.668525 0.682425 0.673325 0.677820 0.677220
1.414420 1.416720 1.400720 1.400420 1.426420 1.439780 1.457720 1.513520
216.5 208 203 134 157 157 156.5 154.5 159 137.5 139 6612 166; 6815 129.5 138.5
0.96520 0.964023 0.961020 0.83422 0.847220 0.849016 0.847822
1.446040 1.493520 1.434320 1.429718 1.439720 1.434020 1.438020 1.437420 1.440220 1.439220
0.898 0.83327 0.855920
1.427020 1.417827 1.438820
171.5 147.5 401 132.8 226.1 334
0.877915 0.880525 0.87820 0.766020 0.857520
1.409220 1.398020
-55.5 -55.4 -87 75.8 -12 -12 99
-139.76 -141.11 -133 -137.8 -115.4 76 36.5 12 -37
liq liq
nd (bz) cry liq
186.5 146.5 205 -80.9
liq liq nd (bz)
-45 -22.9 -61 68
0.851320 0.840518 0.84216
1.448020 1.430021 1.385225 1.397920 1.393620 1.394720 1.394320
1.418020 1.486420
Solubility sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, peth
i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth
sl H2O sl H2O
s EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, eth, EtOH sl chl; i eth i H2O; vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; msc eth; s bz, peth vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-310
5847 5848 5849 5850
Synonym
HO
O
OH
OH
O
OH 1,2,6-Hexanetriol
O
OH
O
Hexanoicacid
Hexanoicanhydride
O O
OH
OH 1-Hexanol
2-Hexanol
3-Hexanol
2-Hexanone
3-Hexanone
N
O O
Cl Hexanoyl chloride
Hexatriacontane
cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene
trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene
N N
N
cis-2-Hexene
trans-2-Hexene
cis-3-Hexene
trans-3-Hexene
3-311
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol
trans-3-Hexen-1-ol
trans-4-Hexen-1-ol
O NH
O
O
O cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate
O
HO
trans-2-Hexen-1-ol, acetate
5-Hexen-2-one
4-Hexen-3-one
OH
4-Hexen-2-ol
O O
5-Hexenoicacid
OH
OH O
OH
3-Hexenoicacid
OH OH
trans-2-Hexen-1-ol
O OH
2-Hexenoicacid
OH
cis-2-Hexen-1-ol
cis-3-Hexenal
O OH
OH
OH 1-Hexen-3-ol
trans-2-Hexenal
O
trans-3-Hexenedinitrile
OH
O
Hexazinone
N 1-Hexene
O
N
Hexestrol
N
Hexobarbital
5-Hexen-2-ol
O O S O O
N N HO
O Hexocycliummethylsulfate
OH
O
O O
O Hexyl acetate
sec-Hexyl acetate
O
OH NH2
O Hexyl acrylate
Hexylamine
Hexylbenzene
4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
Hexyl benzoate Hexyl butanoate Hexylcyclohexane Hexylcyclopentane 2-Hexyldecanoic acid Hexyl formate Hexyl hexanoate Hexyl isocyanate Hexyl methacrylate Hexyl methyl ether 1-Hexylnaphthalene Hexyl octanoate 4-(Hexyloxy)benzoic acid 2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol Hexyl pentanoate 4-Hexylphenol 1-Hexyl propanoate 1-Hexyl-1,2,3,4tetrahydronaphthalene 5910 1-Hexyne 5911 2-Hexyne
Mol. Form.
C13H18O2 CH20O2 10 C12H24 CH22 11 16CH32O2 H14O2 7C H24O2 Hexyl caproate 12C H13NO 7C H18O2 10C C16O 7H CH20 16 CH28O2 14 13CH18O3 Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether 8H18CO2 CH22O2 11 C12H18O C9H18O2 C16H24 Butylacetylene 1-Methyl-2-propylacetylene
HC C10 6H 6 10
3-312
6HC 10 C6H10O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H8O C9N3 5H O2 6H9N3C ClN3O2 6H10C CH21NO3 16 16HC 22BrNO3
5912 5913 5914 5915 5916 5917 5918 5919 5920 5921
3-Hexyne 3-Hexyne-2,5-diol 3-Hexyn-1-ol 1-Hexyn-3-ol 5-Hexyn-2-one Histamine L-Histidine L-Histidine, monohydrochloride Homatropine Homatropine hydrobromide
Diethylacetylene
5922 5923 5924 5925 5926 5927 5928 5929 5930 5931 5932
Homochlorocyclizine DL-Homocysteine L-Homocysteine Homocystine L-Homoserine Humulene Humulon Hydralazine Hydramethylnon Hydrastine Hydrastinine
H23ClN2 19C DL-2-Amino-4-mercaptobutanoic acid4H9CNO2S L-2-Amino-4-mercaptobutanoic acid 4H9CNO2S H16N2O4S2 8C 2-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid, S) ( C4H9NO3 C15H24 C21H30O5 N4 1-Hydrazinophthalazine 8H8C C25H24F6N4 CH21NO6 21 H13NO3 11C
5933 Hydrazinecarbothioamide
3-Hexynol
Glyoxaline-5-alanine
Tropanol mandelate
Thiosemicarbazide
N SCH
5 3
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
6789-88-4 2639-63-6 4292-75-5 4457-00-5 25354-97-6 629-33-4 6378-65-0 2525-62-4 142-09-6 4747-07-3 2876-53-1 1117-55-1 1142-39-8 112-25-4 1117-59-5 2446-69-7 2445-76-3 66325-11-9
206.281 172.265 168.319 154.293 256.424 130.185 200.318 127.184 170.249 116.201 212.330 228.371 222.280 146.228 186.292 178.270 158.238 216.362
693-02-7 764-35-2
Physical Form liq liq liq visc oil liq liq
mp/˚C -78 -43 -73 -62.6 -55
liq liq cry liq liq
-18 -30.6 106 -45.1 -63.1
liq liq
-57.5
82.143 82.143
liq liq
-131.9 -89.6
928-49-4 3031-66-1 1002-28-4 105-31-7 2550-28-9 51-45-6 71-00-1 645-35-2 87-00-3 51-56-9
82.143 114.142 98.142 98.142 96.127 111.145 155.154 191.615 275.343 356.255
liq
-103
liq
-80
848-53-3 454-29-5 6027-13-0 870-93-9 672-15-1 6753-98-6 26472-41-3 86-54-4 67485-29-4 118-08-1 6592-85-4
314.852 135.185 135.185 268.354 119.119 204.352 362.460 160.177 494.476 383.395 207.226
79-19-6
91.136
wh nd (chl) 83 nd or pl (dil al) 287 dec 245 dec pr (al, eth) 99.5 orth pym or pl 217 dec (w) oil 272 dec platelets 232 264 pr (90% al) 203 dec
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
272; 1398 208 224 203 0.02 145 155.5 246 447 162; 8617 126.1 322 277.4
0.979320 0.865220 0.807620 0.796520
ye pr (al) nd (lig), cry (eth) lo nd (w)
i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH; sl chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
0.956620 0.860320
1.564720 1.432325
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace
208 226.3 1489 190 305
0.887820 0.863520
1.429120 1.422815
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH
0.869820 0.917625
1.416215 1.512725
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, AcOEt
71.3 84.5
0.715525 0.731520
1.398920 1.413820
0.723120 1.018020 0.898220 0.870420 0.906520
1.411520 1.469120 1.453020 1.434025 1.436620
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, peth
81 12115 162; 6512 142 149 20918
0.88025
1.416015 1.446220 1.439220 1.443224 1.407120 1.426415
Solubility
1.42925
s ctc s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth s2H O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O sl 2HO, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, EtOH
1770.8 s H2O; i eth, bz sl H2O; i eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz 12310
ye cry (eth) ye cry (MeOH)
0.881320 0.86518
nD
0.890520
1.503820
66.5 172 190 132 116.5
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk s acid
183
vs H2O, EtOH
i H2O; s ace, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5892 5893 5894 5895 5896 5897 5898 5899 5900 5901 5902 5903 5904 5905 5906 5907 5908 5909
Synonym
O O
O
O
OH O
O Hexyl benzoate
Hexyl butanoate
Hexylcyclohexane
2-Hexyldecanoicacid
Hexyl hexanoate
C
O O
Hexyl isocyanate
O
O
Hexyl methacrylate
Hexyl methylether
OH
1-Hexylnaphthalene
Hexyl octanoate
OH
O O
OH
O
4-(Hexyloxy)benzoicacid
O
O
2-(Hexyloxy)ethanol
O
Hexyl pentanoate
4-Hexylphenol
1-Hexyl propanoate
1-Hexyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
1-Hexyne
O H2N
3-313
HO
OH
OH
N
O
3-Hexyne
3-Hexyne-2,5-diol
N
N
3-Hexyn-1-ol
1-Hexyn-3-ol
N
OH
O
Homatropine
Homatropinehydrobromide
HO HO Humulon
HS
HO HCl
N H
L-Histidine
O OH
NH2
Homochlorocyclizine
N NH2
N H
L-Histidine, monohydrochloride
HO
L-Homocysteine
O OH
S
NH2
NH2
DL-Homocysteine
NH2 S
HO
OH
O
NH2
Homocystine
L-Homoserine
NH O
O
N N N N
OH HN
Humulene
Histamine
O OH
N
HN O
5-Hexyn-2-one
O HS
O O
N NH2
Cl
HBr
OH O
HO
N H
OH 2-Hexyne
O
F NH2
Hydralazine
H
F
F F
F Hydramethylnon
N H
O
O
O F
O O Hydrastine
O
O
S N H2N OH Hydrastinine
N H
NH2
Hydrazinecarbothioamide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
O
O
O
Hexyl formate
O
O
O
Hexylcyclopentane
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Hydrazinecarboxaldehyde Hydrazinecarboxamide Hydrazinecarboximidamide 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxaldehyde 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide 4-Hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid 4-Hydrazinobenzoic acid 2-Hydrazinoethanol Hydrindantin Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrocinchonidine Hydrocinchonine Hydrocodone Hydrocortisone
CH4N2O CH 5N3O Aminoguanidine 6N4 CH C4N2O2 2H C6N4O2 2H Phenylhydrazine-4-sulfonic acid 6H8N2O3CS C8N2O2 7H H8N2O 2C H10O6 18C 7HC8ClN3O4S2 H24N2O 19C CH24N2O 19 C18H21NO3 CH30O5 21
624-84-0 57-56-7 79-17-4 628-36-4 110-21-4 98-71-5 619-67-0 109-84-2 5103-42-4 58-93-5 485-64-3 485-65-4 125-29-1 50-23-7
60.055 75.070 74.086 88.065 118.095 188.204 152.151 76.097 322.268 297.740 296.406 296.406 299.365 362.460
5948 5949 5950 5951 5952 5953
Hydrocortisone 21-acetate Hydrocotarnine Hydroflumethiazide Hydrofuramide Hydrogen cyanide Hydrohydrastinine
Cortisol acetate
H OC CH NO3 C8F3N3O4S2 8H CH12N2O3 15 CHN H13NO2 11C
50-03-3 550-10-7 135-09-1 494-47-3 74-90-8 494-55-3
404.496 221.252 331.293 268.267 27.026 191.227
5954 5955 5956 5957 5958
Hydromorphone Hydroprene Hydroquinidine Hydroquinine p-Hydroquinone
466-99-9 41096-46-2 1435-55-8 522-66-7 123-31-9
285.338 266.419 326.432 326.432 110.111
23 32 6 12 15
Hydrocyanic acid
7,8-Dihydromorphin-6-one
1,4-Benzenediol
CH19NO3 17 C17H30O2 H26N2O2 20C CH26N2O2 20 C6O2 6H
ye lf or nd (al) pr (al) cry pr (al) pl (w) nd, lf (w) ye nd or pl (w) liq pr (ace) lf (al) pr pl (al or iPrOH)
mp/˚C 54 96 dec 161.0 258 286 221 dec -70 250 dec 274 229 268.5 198 220
223 dec 56 270.5 nd (al) 117 vol liq or gas -13.29 nd (lig), cry 66 (peth) cry (EtOH) 266.5
bp/˚C
nD
Solubility vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO; i eth
1.4848
1.60417
219; 12017.5
sl 2HO, EtOH sl H2O; i eth vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH
1.11925
vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, diox, HOAc 1.28920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
26
20 0.6876
1.261420
303
17419 nd (al) 168.5 nd (eth, chl) 172.5 mcl pr (sub) 172.4 nd(w) pr (MeOH) red cry (ace aq) 200 dec
den/g cm-3
285
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
0.895520
1.33020
1.63225
s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; i bz
HC CoN13O1 P 2H3NOC
13422-51-0
1346.355
107-16-4
57.051
5961 (Hydroxyacetyl)benzene
C8H8O2
582-24-1
136.149
5962 17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one, Stanolone (5a,17b) 5963 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, Androsterone (3a,5a) 5964 3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one, (3b,5a) Epiandrosterone
C19H30O2
521-18-6
290.440
hex pl (al), pl 90 (w or dil al) 181
C19H30O2
53-41-8
290.440
lf or nd (al, ace) 185
sl2H O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
19 30 2
CH O
481-29-8
290.440
178
C 19H28O2
58-22-0
288.424
cry (bz-peth, ace) nd (dil ace)
i2H O; s EtOH, eth, ace
14 8 3
CH O CH O
129-43-1 605-32-3
224.212 224.212
193.8 306
sub sub
C7H6O2 C7H6O2
100-83-4 123-08-0
122.122 122.122
red-oran nd (al) ye pl or nd (al or HOAc) nd (w) nd (w)
108 117
240
5959 Hydroxocobalamin
Vitamin B-12a
62 89
s H2O, EtOH; i ace, eth, bz
5
5960 Hydroxyacetonitrile
Glyconitrile
5965 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17b) 5966 1-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 5967 2-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
Testosterone
5968 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 5969 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
3-Formylphenol 4-Formylphenol
14 8 3
<-72
dec 183; 11924 12512, 561
1.411719 1.096399
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl lig
sub 135
155
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl liq 3NH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, aq NH 3, KOH 1.1179130 1.129130
1.5705130
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i lig sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth; s bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-314
5934 5935 5936 5937 5938 5939 5940 5941 5942 5943 5944 5945 5946 5947
Physical Form
OH O S O
O
OH O
O
O
H
N H
NH2
H2N
NH N H
NH2
H2N
N H
H N
O
NH2
O N H
H2N
O
N H
O OH
H N
NH2 HN
O
HN
NH2
Hydrazinecarboxaldehyde Hydrazinecarboxamide Hydrazinecarboximidamide1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxaldehyde 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide 4-Hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid
H N
H2N
NH2
4-Hydrazinobenzoicacid
HO OH
O
2-Hydrazinoethanol
O
Hydrindantin
H N
Cl H2N
HO H
HO
N
H
O
O
S
O O
O O
H N
Hydrochlorothiazide
N
Hydrocinchonidine
O OH O
H
N
N
O O
O
Hydrocinchonine
HO
H
NH
S
OH OH
HO
N
O
O
O
Hydrocodone
Hydrocortisone
Hydrocortisone21-acetate
Hydrocotarnine
HO F
H N
F
3-315
F H2N
HO N
O
N
O
O
O
NH
S
S
O O
O O
Hydroflumethiazide
O
HC N
Hydrofuramide
O
O
Hydrogen cyanide
NH2
O
N
H N
O
O
Hydrohydrastinine
H
O
Hydromorphone
N
N
Hydroprene
Hydroquinidine
NH2 O
O H 2N
HO H
O
N
N Hydroquinine
H
O
O
N
O
H2N
NH2
Hydroxyacetonitrile (Hydroxyacetyl)benzene
HO
H
17-Hydroxyandrostan-3-one,(5a,17b)
HO
H
3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one,(3a,5a)
H
3-Hydroxyandrostan-17-one,(3b,5a)
N
O H
N
OH
O P O HO O O
p-Hydroquinone
OH HO
NH
OH
O
O
NH2
O
OH
O
OH O
OH N N Co N N
HO Hydroxocobalamin
O
OH
OH
H
O 17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one,(17b)
O
O
O 1-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
O 2-Hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
O
OH 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
OH 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
No.
Name
Synonym
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C14H12N2O2
959-36-4
240.257
65-45-2 495-18-1 611-72-3 614-75-5 621-37-4 156-38-7 532-28-5 527-89-9 636-46-4
137.137 137.137 152.148 152.148 152.148 152.148 133.148 170.252 182.131
142 orth ta, lf (eth) 131 exp orth pl 119 148 nd (bz-lig) 132 nd (w) 152 ye oily liq -10 oran-ye nd 49 nd(w), lf (dil al) 310
618-83-7
182.131
6 6 7 2
96-77-5
254.238
nd(w+2) cr(aqal) nd (w)
C8H10O2 O2 7H8C
501-94-0 90-01-7
138.164 124.138
7HC 7NO2 C7H7NO2 C8O3 8H C8O3 8H C8O3 8H C8O3 8H 8H7NOC 7H6OS2 C O5 8H6C
C8H6O5 HO CS
3-316
5984 3-Hydroxybenzenemethanol
3-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol
7 8 2
HC O
620-24-6
124.138
5985 4-Hydroxybenzenemethanol
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol
7 8 2
HC O
623-05-2
124.138
9 10 3
HC O H O C
501-97-3 828-01-3
166.173 166.173
HCO S HCO S 7H6OC 3
585-38-6 98-67-9 69-72-7
174.175 174.175 138.121
p-Hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid 5986 4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid 5987 a-Hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid, (±) (±)-3-Phenyllactic acid 5988 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 5989 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 5990 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
m-Phenolsulfonic acid p-Phenolsulfonic acid Salicylic acid
9 10 3
6 6 4 6 6 4
5991 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
7 6 3
CH O
99-06-9
138.121
5992 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
7 6 3
CH O
99-96-7
138.121
HC N O HCNO 7HC5NO 7HC5NO CH10O2 13
936-02-7 611-20-1 873-62-1 767-00-0 1137-42-4
152.151 119.121 119.121 119.121 198.217
C9H6O3 C6O3 9H H5N3O 6C H5ClO2 7C NO3 11H10C C10O 12H C10O 12H
1076-38-6 93-35-6 2592-95-2 1441-87-8 3202-84-4 90-43-7 580-51-8
162.142 162.142 135.123 156.567 204.202 170.206 170.206
5993 5994 5995 5996 5997
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrazide 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile 4-Hydroxybenzophenone
5998 5999 6000 6001 6002 6003 6004
4-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 7-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 1-Hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole 2-Hydroxybenzoyl chloride 4-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)morpholine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Hydroxybiphenyl
7 8 2 2 7 5
4-Hydroxyphenyl phenyl ketone
Umbelliferone
4-Salicyloylmorpholine [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2-ol [1,1’-Biphenyl]-3-ol
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
214
cry (chl, bz), pr (w) nd (w+2) nd nd (w), mcl pr (al) nd (w) pl, pr (al) pr or pl (w, al) cry (ace)
181.514
1.175140
sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH 2sO,HEtOH; sl eth, bz s H2O, eth, EtOH, i-PrOH sl H2O, chl; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz; sl lig sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i2O;Hvs chl, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH O,Hchl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc 2i
1.289020 240 19011 sub 1.12
sub
vs bz, eth, EtOH
>100 dec
91.8 lf (bz), nd or pl 87 (w, eth) 73 nd (bz), cry (CCl4) pr or nd (w) 124.5
Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs bz, alk
vs H2O, EtOH 310.0 sub dec 300
1.161325 1.161
s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl
25
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl
252
130.8 98
20914 14915
159.0
21120
vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS 2 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
202.5
1.48525
vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz
214.5
1.4625
sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH; s eth, ace
148 98 pr (al, eth) lf (w) 82.8 lf (w) 113 nd (al), pr (dil 135 al) nd (w) 213.5 nd (w) 230.5 157.8 19 57.5 78
14914
1.44320
1.1052100
1.565
1.5372100
1481 1.133172
vs bz, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs2O, H EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO vs EtOH, HOAc, chl
sub 9215
1.311220
286 >300
1.21325
1.581220
vs eth s DMSO i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, py sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5970 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, [(2hydroxyphenyl) methylene]hydrazone 5971 2-Hydroxybenzamide Salicylamide 5972 N-Hydroxybenzamide 5973 a-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±) DL-Mandelic acid 5974 2-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid 5975 3-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid 5976 4-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid Mandelonitrile 5977 a-Hydroxybenzeneacetonitrile 5978 2-Hydroxybenzenecarbodithioic acid Dithiosalicylic acid 5979 4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic 4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid acid 5980 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 5981 4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic Phenoldisulfonic acid acid 5982 4-Hydroxybenzeneethanol 5983 2-Hydroxybenzenemethanol Salicyl alcohol
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
OH
O
N N
O
OH
N H
OH 2-Hydroxybenzamide
S
O OH
O a-Hydroxybenzeneaceticacid,(±)
OH
O
2-Hydroxybenzeneaceticacid
OH
OH
OH O
OH
O 5-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid
3-317
O
OH
OH
OH
NH2 NH
O
OH
OH 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid
2-Hydroxybenzoicacid
N OH 1-Hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole
OH
OH
2-Hydroxybenzonitrile
O N
O
OH 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid
OH
OH 2-Hydroxybenzoicacid,hydrazide
N
HO
O
O
OH
7-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
OH O S O
N
N
OH
4-Hydroxybenzoicacid
2-Hydroxybenzenemethanol
N O
OH
4-Hydroxybenzeneethanol
OH
a-Hydroxybenzenepropanoicacid,(±)
4-Hydroxybenzenepropanoicacid
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
HO
4-Hydroxybenzenemethanol
S O OH
OH O S O
O OH
OH
4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid
OH
3-Hydroxybenzoicacid
4-Hydroxybenzeneaceticacid
OH O S O
OH
HO
4-Hydroxy-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid
OH
O
3-Hydroxybenzeneaceticacid
OH
2-Hydroxybenzenecarbodithioic acid
HO
O
HO
OH
O
OH
3-Hydroxybenzenemethanol
OH
O
SH
N a-Hydroxybenzeneacetonitril e
OH
OH
N-Hydroxybenzamide
O OH
OH
Cl
3-Hydroxybenzonitrile
4-Hydroxybenzonitrile
O OH
4-Hydroxybenzophenone
HO
O
4-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
OH
N O
2-Hydroxybenzoyl chloride
O
HO
OH
4-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)morpholine
2-Hydroxybiphenyl
3-Hydroxybiphenyl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, [(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]hydrazone
OH
OH
NH2
No.
Name
bp/˚C
C10O 12H
92-69-3
170.206
166
305
6006 3-Hydroxybutanal 6007 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)
Aldol
4 8 2
HO C HC O
107-89-1 600-15-7
88.106 104.105
44.2
HC O HC O C4H8O2 C8O2 4H
625-71-8 591-81-1 5077-67-8 52217-02-4
104.105 104.105 88.106 88.106
C4H8O2 4HC 5NO H9NO2 4C C10H16O2
590-90-9 5809-59-6 927-60-6 10373-81-6
88.106 83.089 103.120 168.233
24 40 3
HC O
434-13-9
376.573
C18H19NO4 C10H18O2 C7H6O2
508-54-3 96-00-4 533-75-5
313.349 170.249 122.122
7HC 11NO C6H10O2 H14O2 8C C10H18O2 7H4I 2O3 C 7HC 4I 2O3 7H3IC 2NO C12I2O3 15H
931-97-5 533-60-8 1123-27-9 706-14-9 133-91-5 618-76-8 1689-83-4 577-91-3
125.168 114.142 142.196 170.249 389.914 389.914 370.914 494.063
C9H10O4
708-76-9
182.173
C9H10O4
134-96-3
182.173
br nd (lig)
C9H10O5
530-57-4
198.172
nd (w)
204.5
HC O CO2 5H10 N2O7 7H4C
107-75-5 597-31-9 609-99-4
172.265 102.132 228.116
89.5 182
CH O
26441-05-4
350.449
nd (w) ye nd or pl (+1w) cry
H OC P CH O
2809-21-4 517-09-9
206.028 266.335
cry (w)
105 258.5
CH O
474-86-2
268.351
pl (AcOEt)
HC O
818-61-1
116.116
liq
6012 6013 6014 6015
4-Hydroxy-2-butanone 2-Hydroxy-3-butenenitrile 4-Hydroxybutyramide 3-Hydroxycamphor
6016 3-Hydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3a,5b) 6017 Hydroxycodeinone 6018 2-Hydroxycyclodecanone 6019 2-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1one 6020 1-Hydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrile 6021 2-Hydroxycyclohexanone 6022 1-(1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)ethanone 6023 4-Hydroxydecanoic acidg-lactone 6024 2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid 6025 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid 6026 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile 6027 4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodoaphenylbenzenepropanoic acid 6028 2-Hydroxy-4,6dimethoxybenzaldehyde 6029 4-Hydroxy-3,5dimethoxybenzaldehyde 6030 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid 6031 7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal 6032 3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal 6033 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid
4 8 3
4 8 3 4 8 3
Acetoin
3-Hydroxy-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2one Lithocholic acid
Sebacoin
5-Hexyldihydro-2(3 H)-furanone 3,5-Diiodosalicylic acid
Iodoalphionic acid
Syringaldehyde
10 20 2
Hydroxypivaldehyde
6034 11-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-5,13- 15-Oxo-prostaglandin E2 dien-1-oic acid,Z,11a,13E) (5 6035 1-Hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonoethane Etidronic acid 6036 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen- Equilenin 17-one 6037 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen- Equilin 17-one 6038 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-propenoate
20 30 5
2 8 7 2 18 18 2
18 20 2
5 8 3
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
49 <-17 15
182; 9011 9417
liq nd (bz-peth)
8320 dec 260; 14014 13012, 940.1 dec 180 160; 7860 148
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.423820
sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, chl, py msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace s H2O, EtOH, eth
1.442420
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz
1.027220 1.004420
1.418920 1.417120
1.023320
1.458514
vs H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; i lig msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace
1.10320 1.12520
52 205.5
hex lf (al) pr (dil186 al) 275 dec cry (peth) 38.5 nd 50.8 35
vs eth, EtOH, chl
i H2O, lig; s EtOH, chl, HOAc; sl eth 13614 sub 40
s H2O, eth, ace
13220
1.017220
125.5; 9111 281
1.024825
nd (al) liq nd (al)
235.5 237 201 dec 164 70 113
239
1.469320 1.478521 1.467025
vs H2O, eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, peth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl, lig
dec 260
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl 19325, 16510
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc
19214
sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH
1033 173; 6814
0.922020
1.449420
sl H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz
s H2O, EtOH, MeOH sl EtOH, ace, chl
sub 170 sub 170 191; 9112
sl 2HO; s EtOH, ace, diox, AcOEt 1.01123
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-318
mp/˚C
[1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-ol
3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid 1-Hydroxy-2-butanone 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone, (±)
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
6005 4-Hydroxybiphenyl
6008 6009 6010 6011
Synonym
OH
O OH
OH
OH
OH
O
4-Hydroxybiphenyl
O
OH O
3-Hydroxybutanal
2-Hydroxybutanoicacid,(±)
3-Hydroxybutanoicacid,(±)
O
OH
HO
OH
O
OH
4-Hydroxybutanoicacid
O
1-Hydroxy-2-butanone
HO
3-Hydroxy-2-butanone,(±)
4-Hydroxy-2-butanone
O
OH H
O
O
OH
OH
O HO
N 2-Hydroxy-3-butenenitrile
NH2
HO
O
4-Hydroxybutyramide
3-Hydroxycamphor
OH O
H 3-Hydroxycholan-24-oicacid,(3a,5b)
OH
Hydroxycodeinone
2-Hydroxycyclodecanone
O O
3-319
N
O
HO
OH
I 2-Hydroxycyclohexanone
1-(1-Hydroxycyclohexyl)ethanone
O
OH
HO
2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
N O
2-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid
4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid
4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile
O
O
O
4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid
O
HO
OH
OH
7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyloctanal
3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal
O
O
O HO
I OH
O
OH
OH
HO N O
I
I OH
O
O OH
O
HO
O
O
O
I
2-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoic acid
O
O
4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodoa-phenylbenzenepropanoicacid
I
OH
HO I
O
4-Hydroxydecanoicacidg-lactone
O
O I
N
OH
OH O
1-Hydroxycyclohexanecarbonitrile
2-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one
OH
OH
O
OH
O
N
O
11-Hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid,(5Z,11a,13E)
HO P HO O
OH P OH O
1-Hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonoethane
HO HO 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen-17-one
HO 3-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen-17-one
O O
2-Hydroxyethylacrylate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
mp/˚C
cry
88.5 165 dec
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
17315 10313, 673
1.252615 1.07920
1.451520
295
1.143520
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
CH29NO2 14 C10H18N2O7
142-78-9 150-39-0
243.386 278.259
87-28-5 868-77-9 3891-07-4 3445-11-2 149-29-1
182.173 130.141 191.183 129.157 154.121
nd (al), lf (w)
506-13-8 6064-63-7 1191-25-9 4767-03-7
272.423 132.157 132.157 134.131
pr (eth) liq
Dimethylolpropionic acid
H CO CH O H12O3 6C C4 5H10O
Kojic acid
6 6 4
HC O
501-30-4
142.110
pr nd (ace)
C9H6INO 4S
547-91-1
351.118
ye pr, lf (al)
C8H5NO3
524-38-9
163.131
C10H12O2
499-44-5
164.201
pa ye (peth)
51.5
13710
1.060665
C15H24N2O2 CH 5NO C8H8O3
15358-48-2 593-77-1 148-53-8
264.364 47.057 152.148
169.5 87.5 44.5
62.515 265.5
1.000320
C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3
673-22-3 672-13-9 621-59-0
152.148 152.148 152.148
cry (ace) hyg nd lt ye lf, grn nd (w, lig) nd (w), cry (al) ye liq (w)
42.0 4 114
247.5 17915
H CO 9HC 10O4
121-33-5 306-08-1
152.148 182.173
tetr (w, lig)
81.5 143.5
C8H10O3
498-00-0
154.163
pr (w), nd (bz)
115
Glycol salicylate C4 9H10O Ethylene glycol monomethacrylate6H10O3C 10HC 9NO3 6HC 11NO2 Patulin H6O4 7C 16-Hydroxypalmitic acid
16 32 3 6 12 3
Ferron
N-Methylhydroxylamine
6057 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 6058 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde 6059 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 6060 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 6061 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid 6062 4-Hydroxy-3methoxybenzenemethanol 6063 4-Hydroxy-3methoxybenzenepropanol 6064 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid 6065 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid 6066 7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1benzopyran-2-one 6067 4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2butanone 6068 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethanone 6069 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) ethanone 6070 (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
Vanillin Homovanillic acid
8 8 3
C10H14O3
2305-13-7
182.216
HC O H OC CH8O4 10
2612-02-4 121-34-6 92-61-5
168.148 168.148 192.169
C11H14O3
122-48-5
194.227
8 8 4
Vanillic acid Scopoletin Zingerone
Apocynin Oxybenzone
8 8 4
37
pl or pr (eth, chl)
130.3 20 111
Solubility
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl2H O s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth
96.5 60
i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz vs H2O
190 153.5
sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, DMSO sl2H O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s con sulf s DMSO
260 dec 232
285
1.416420
vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, ctc s EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; vs chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, lig
1.19625 25 1.056
dec
s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz 15
65
197
wh nd nd or pr (al)
142 211.5 204
sub
cry (ace, eth)
40.5
18714 20
1.5545
25
vs eth, EtOH
sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, DMSO sl H2O, EtOH; s chl; i bz, CS 2
C9H10O3
552-41-0
166.173
nd (al)
52.5
158
C9H10O3
498-02-2
166.173
pr (w)
115
297; 23415
C14H12O3
131-57-7
228.243
65.5
sl H2O, bz, lig; s ctc
vs eth 1.3102
81
1.5452
81
vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, chl s ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-320
6039 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide 6040 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) ethylenediaminetriacetic acid 6041 2-Hydroxyethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 6042 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate 6043 N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phthalimide 6044 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone 6045 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran2(6H)-one 6046 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid 6047 2-Hydroxyhexanoic acid 6048 6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid 6049 3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2methylpropanoic acid 6050 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4Hpyran-4-one 6051 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5quinolinesulfonic acid 6052 2-Hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)dione 6053 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6cycloheptatrien-1-one 6054 Hydroxylupanine 6055 N-Hydroxymethanamine 6056 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde
Synonym
O
COOH HOOC
H N
N
OH O COOH
O
OH
O
OH
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide
O
2-Hydroxyethyl2-hydroxybenzoate
O
HO
O
2-Hydroxyhexanoicacid
O
HO O
I
OH
N OH
5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one
O
8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid
3-321
N H
H N
O Hydroxylupanine
O
OH
N-Hydroxymethanamine
O
O OH OH
O
O
2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde
2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one
O OH
OH OH
2-Hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione
O
O
N
OH
N OH
O
H
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde
O
2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde
3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde
HO OH
O
HO
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde
OH O
O
OH
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid
OH
HO
O
O
OH
OH
O O
OH O
OH 6-Hydroxyhexanoicacid
O
O
3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid
HO
OH
16-Hydroxyhexadecanoicacid
OH O S O HO
O
OH OH
4-Hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2-c]pyran-2(6H)-one
OH
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)phthalimide
O O
OH
HO
O
2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate
OH O
1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidinone
OH
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol
O
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenepropanol
OH
2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoicacid
O
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoicacid
O O
O
O HO HO
O
O
7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
HO O
4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone
O
OH
1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone
O 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone
O
OH
(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid
OH
N
HO
O
N
N
No.
Name
Synonym
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
C10H10O3
458-36-6
178.184
cry (bz)
84
CH6ClNO
4229-44-1
83.518
83.5
C9H13NO2
94-07-5
167.205
184.5
C20H32O2
521-11-9
304.467
192.5
HCNO CH O H10O3 9C
623-10-9 613-84-3 552-63-6
123.152 136.149 166.173
lf (bz) 96 pl (aq, al) 56 nd, pl (al, bz, w) 118
HCO
4607-38-9
166.173
nd, pl (lig)
C9H12O3
91-04-3
168.189
H OC HC O C8O3 8H C8O3 8H C10H8O3
495-08-9 89-56-5 83-40-9 50-85-1 90-33-5
140.137 152.148 152.148 152.148 176.169
HCO H10O2 5C C6H8O2
625-08-1 115-22-0 80-71-7
118.131 102.132 112.127
HC O
67-47-0
126.110
nd (eth-peth)
11 14 3
CH O
548-51-6
194.227
nd (w, bz, lig)
C10H16O2
490-03-9
168.233
C5H12O3
77-85-0
120.147
11 8 3
CH O
483-55-6
188.180
C11H8O3
481-42-5
188.180
4 9
H NO C 5
126-11-4
CH O
7 9
8 8 2
9 10 3
7 8 3 8 8 3
5 10 3
6 6 3
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
1.1562102
Solubility vs bz, eth, EtOH
sl AcOEt dec 117 217.5 dec
1.091359
1.54759
94
vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz
130.5 nd (chl)
cry, lf nd (al)
100 151 165.5 177 194.5
sub 75
vs H2O, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl 2HO; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH, alk, HOAc
<-32
16212 140
0.938420 0.952620
1.508120
vs H2O, eth, EtOH s chl
31.5
1 115
1.206225
1.562718
s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, ctc
127
sub
104.8
83
vs bz, eth, EtOH
10910
wh pow or nd 204 (al) ye pr (eth-peth) 173.5
13615
sub
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
151.118
gold pr or oran- 78.5 ye nd (dil al) nd or pr 165
dec
vs H2O, eth, EtOH
13748-90-8
132.157
orth (eth)
C9H10O2
6921-64-8
150.174
C9H10O2
1450-72-2
150.174
pr (lig)
13 18 7
CH O
138-52-3
286.278
orth nd or lf (w) 207
C10H12O2
938-45-4
164.201
6 12 3
msc H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; vs HOAc
sub
vs ace, eth
81.5 21 50
1.0
vs H 2O, eth, EtOH 245 210; 12020 dec 240 12916.5
1.101210
1.552713
1.079753
vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl
20 1.434
1.084114
vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc 1.54913
s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-322
6071 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2propenal 6072 N-Hydroxymethylamine hydrochlorideN-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride Synephrine 6073 4-Hydroxy-a-[(methylamino) methyl]benzenemethanol 6074 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrostan-3- Mestanolone one, (5a,17b) 6075 N-Hydroxy-4-methylaniline 6076 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde Tropic acid 6077 a-(Hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid, (±) 6078 a-Hydroxy-a-methylbenzeneacetic Atrolactic acid acid, (±) 6079 2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3benzenedimethanol 6080 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzenediol Gentisyl alcohol p-Cresotic acid 6081 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzoic acid 6082 2-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid o-Cresotic acid m-Cresotic acid 6083 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid 6084 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1Hymecromone benzopyran-2-one 6085 3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid 6086 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone 6087 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten1-one 6088 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-25-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde furancarboxaldehyde 6089 2-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3o-Thymotic acid isopropylbenzoic acid 6090 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-2- Diosphenol cyclohexen-1-one 6091 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3propanediol 6092 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4Phthiocol naphthalenedione 6093 5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4Plumbagin naphthalenedione 6094 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3Tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane propanediol 6095 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid, L-Leucic acid (S) 6096 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl) ethanone 6097 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) ethanone 6098 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenylb-DSalicin glucopyranoside 6099 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1propanone
Mol. Form.
OH HN OH
O HO HO
O
HCl
OH
O
H
O
O
OH
2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde
OH
OH
OH
a-Hydroxy-a-methylbenzeneacetic acid,(±)
N-Hydroxy-4-methylaniline
OH
OH OH
a-(Hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid,(±)
O
HO
OH
OH
OH O
(5a,17b) 4-Hydroxy-a-[(methylamino)methyl]benzenemethanol 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrostan-3-one,
N-Hydroxymethylamine hydrochloride
O
H N
O
OH OH
OH
HO
2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzenedimethanol
2-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,4-benzenediol
2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzoic acid
2-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid
OH OH
3-323
HO HO 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid
HO
O
O O
O
HO
HO
OH
7-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
OH
O
3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid
3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone
O
2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
O OH
OH
5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde
O OH
HO
O
OH OH
2-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3-isopropylbenzoic acid
O
O
2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one
O
2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
OH O
2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione
5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione
OH O
O
O
O O OH
O
OH HO O2N
OH OH
OH OH
2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid,(S)
HO OH 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanone
OH 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanone
OH 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenylb-D-glucopyranoside
OH 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1-propanone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenal
H N
OH
No.
Name
Synonym
6100 N-(Hydroxymethyl)phthalimide 6101 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanal 6102 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid
6108 6109 6110 6111
3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid N-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamide 4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4pyridinedimethanol 4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-quinolinone 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid 3-Hydroxy-a-methyl-L-tyrosine (Hydroxymethyl)urea
4-HydroxyN-methylcarbostyril Methionine hydroxy analog Methyldopa
3-324
6112 2-Hydroxy-1naphthalenecarboxaldehyde 6113 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxylic 2-Hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid acid 6114 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid acid 6115 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid acid 6116 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione Lawsone 6117 5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione Juglone 6118 7-Hydroxy-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic 2-Naphthol-6,8-disulfonic acid acid 6119 3-Hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic 2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid acid 6120 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenepropanoic Allenolic acid acid 6121 4-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic 1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid acid 6122 7-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic Croceic acid acid 6123 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic 1-Naphthol-2-sulfonic acid acid 6124 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic 2-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid acid 6125 Hydroxynaphthol blue, trisodium salt 6126 N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthyl)acetamide 6127 1-(1-Hydroxy-2-naphthyl)ethanone 6128 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 6129 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde 6130 2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid
NO3 9H7C H8O2 4C 4HC8O3
118-29-6 38433-80-6 594-61-6
177.157 88.106 104.105
HCO HC NO2 C3 6H6O H6O3 6C H11NO3 8C
2068-83-9 924-42-5 675-10-5 118-71-8 65-23-6
104.105 101.105 126.110 126.110 169.178
lf, pr (to) 141.5 oil hyg pr (eth) nd 82.5 (bz) oil cry 76 189 dec mcl pr (chl) 161.5 nd (HOAc) 160
5 10 3
HC NO2 HC O S
1677-46-9 583-91-5
175.184 150.196
oil
H13NO4 10C C2H6N2O2
555-30-6 1000-82-4
211.215 90.081
cry (MeOH) pr (al)
300 dec 111
708-06-5
172.181
pr (al), nd (AcOEt)
83
CH O
2283-08-1
188.180
11 8 3
CH O
86-48-6
188.180
11 8 3
CH O
92-70-6
188.180
CH O CH O C7S2 10H8O
83-72-7 481-39-0 118-32-1
174.153 174.153 304.297
10 8 7 2
HO CS
148-75-4
304.297
hyg nd
HC O
553-39-9
216.232
cry (dil MeOH)
180.5
vs py, EtOH, MeOH
10 8 4
HCO S
84-87-7
224.234
tab or pl (w)
170 dec
vs H2O; i eth
CH O S
132-57-0
224.234
HCO S
567-18-0
224.234
pl (w)
HCO S
93-01-6
224.234
lf, cry (w+1)
H CN Na3O11 63451-35-4 S3 H11NO2 117-93-1 12C 711-79-5 CH10O2 12
623.495
dk red cry
201.221 186.206
H NO4 C H NO4 C 7H5NO5 C
167.120 167.120 183.119
lf (w, dil al) pr (bz, lig) grnye nd (al) nd (HOAc) cry (dil HOAc) ye nd (HOAc, w+1)
4 7
10 9
C11H8O2 11 8 3
10 6 3 10 6 3
13 12 3
10 8 4
10 8 4
10 8 4
20 14 2
7 5 7 5
3-Nitrosalicylic acid
5274-70-4 97-51-8 85-38-1
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
Mol. Wt.
4 8 3
N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide Triacetic acid lactone Maltol Pyridoxin
Physical Form
CAS RN
Solubility i2O, H eth, ctc; sl EtOH, bz; s tol
212
sub 93 1400.0001
265
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz
sl H2O, eth, bz; vs chl; s alk; peth
sl DMSO
19227
157.3 cry (al) nd (al, 195 eth, bz) nd (dil al) ye lf222.5 (dil al) ye pr (HOAc) 195 dec ye nd (bz) peth) 155
nD
vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, HOAc; i eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, aq alk, sulf, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, lig, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, tol
sub
dec
vs EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s HOAc i 2HO; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl; sl lig s H2O vs H2O, EtOH
s H2O >250
sl H2O, dil HCl; s EtOH; i eth
125
235 dec 101 109.5 127.0 148
vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s HOAc
sub dec 325
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, HOAc vs bz, EtOH s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6103 6104 6105 6106 6107
Mol. Form.
O N
HO
O
OH HO
O N-(Hydroxymethyl)phthalimide
OH
O
HO
HO
3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanal
2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid
OH OH
N H
OH
3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid
N 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol
O
OH
O
H 2N
HO
OH
4-Hydroxy-1-methyl-2-quinolinone
O
OH H2N
OH
2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid
3-Hydroxy-a-methyl-L-tyrosine
O
O
OH O OH
(Hydroxymethyl)urea
2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxaldehyde
O
OH O S O
OH
O
3-325
1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid
O
3-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid
O
O
O
3-Hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
NaO3S
HO O
6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenepropanoic acid
O
S
O 4-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
OH O
HO
OH
HO
OH
7-Hydroxy-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
OH
S
HO
OH
O OH
5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione
OH O S O
O
OH
S
O
OH O
2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione
OH O S O S
HO S
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
2-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid
OH N H
O HO
3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one
7-Hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid
6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid
SO3Na OH N
N
HO
O
O
O NH
OH O
N O
SO3Na Hydroxynaphtholblue, trisodium salt
N-(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthyl)acetamide
1-(1-Hydroxy-2-naphthyl)ethanone
OH
OH
OH
O
2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde
O
O
N O
2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde
OH OH N O
O
2-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
S
OH N
O
O
4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one
O O
HO
O
N-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-propenamide
OH
HO
O
O
O
No.
Name
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
96-97-9 666-99-9
183.119 416.549
nd (w) cry pow
229.5 142 dec
H CO HC O
106-14-9 141-22-0
300.477 298.461
cry (al) visc liq
82 5.5
HC O C16O2 8H C21H26O3
617-73-2 496-77-5 1843-05-6
160.211 144.212 326.429
pl liq
70 -10 48.5
HCO CH O
1113-60-6 497-59-6
104.062 200.103
C10O3 5H C5H10O2 C12H7NO3
617-31-2 1071-73-4 635-78-9
118.131 102.132 213.189
81 dec orth pl (w, dil 120 dec HCl) (+3w) hyg pl 34
H NO2 C H NO2 C
614-80-2 621-42-1
151.163 151.163
103-90-2 1634-82-8
151.163 242.229
mcl pr (w)
170 206
87-17-2 304-88-1 76-93-7
213.232 213.232 228.243
pr (w, al) mcl nd (w)
136.5 120.3 150
577-85-5
238.238
pa ye nd (al)
169.5
CNO2 10H13 C10H12O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 CH16O7 12
101-91-7 5471-51-2 118-93-4 121-71-1 99-93-4 497-76-7
179.216 164.201 136.149 136.149 136.149 272.251
nd (w)
2,4’-Isopropylidenediphenol
H CNO3 CH NO3 H16O2 15C
22818-40-2 122-87-2 837-08-1
167.162 167.162 228.287
cry lf (w) pl (w) cry (bz)
N-Salicylideneo-aminophenol
C13H11NO2
1761-56-4
213.232
185
621-07-8
213.275
122.5
6131 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid 5-Nitrosalicylic acid 6132 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3Agaricic acid nonadecanetricarboxylic acid 6133 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid 12-Hydroxysteric acid 6134 cis-12-Hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, Ricinoleic acid (R ) 6135 2-Hydroxyoctanoic acid 6136 5-Hydroxy-4-octanone Butyroin 6137 [2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy) Octabenzone phenyl]phenylmethanone 6138 3-Hydroxy-2-oxopropanoic acid Hydroxypyruvic acid 6139 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6Meconic acid dicarboxylic acid 6140 2-Hydroxypentanoic acid 6141 5-Hydroxy-2-pentanone 6142 7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one Resorufine 6143 N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide 6144 N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
3-326
6145 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide 6146 2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzoic acid 6147 2-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide 6148 N-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide 6149 a-Hydroxy-a-phenylbenzeneacetic acid 6150 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 6151 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)butanamide 6152 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone 6153 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 6154 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 6155 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 6156 4-Hydroxyphenyl-b-Dglucopyranoside 6157 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-D-glycine 6158 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine 6159 2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(4hydroxyphenyl)propane 6160 2-[[(2-Hydroxyphenyl) imino]methyl]phenol 6161 N-Hydroxy-N-(phenylmethyl) benzenemethanamine 6162 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)octadecanamide 6163 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoic acid 6164 (2-Hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone
Mol. Form. 7H5NO5 C H40O7 22C
18 36 3 18 34 3
8 16 3
3 4 4 7 4 7
8 9 8 9
Acetaminophen
Salicylanilide Benzilic acid
8HC 9NO2 C13H10N2O3
NO2 13H11C C13H11NO2 C12O3 14H C15H10O3
4’-Hydroxybutyranilide
Arbutin Oxfenicine
8 9 8 9
C14H15NO
4-Hydroxy-a-oxobenzenepropanoic acid
br nd (PhNO2) pr (HCl) pl (dil al) nd (w)
103-99-1 156-39-8
375.589 180.158
cry (w)
CH O
117-99-7
198.217
pl (dil al)
13 10 2
den/g cm-3
nD
1.65020
10 227
16210 185
0.945021
1.471621
0.910716
1.434516
40
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth
sub 209; 11733
1.007120
1.439020
sl H2O, MeOH, ace, eth; s EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; i eth; vs alk sl2O; H vs EtOH, eth, bz; s DMSO vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, DMSO i H2O; vs EtOH sl DMSO
1.29321
s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl dec 180
sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth; s con sulf s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
218 296; 1535 3 147
240 dec 246 dec 111
133.8 220 dec
Solubility sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, chl
209 148.5
139.5 82.5 2.5 nd or lf 96 nd (eth, dil al) 109.5 nd (w+1) 199.5
CH41NO2 24 C9H8O4
bp/˚C
1.130720 1.0992109 1.1090109
1.558420 1.5348109 1.5577109
vs eth, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, CS2 sl2H O, EtOH; i eth; s AcOEt, chl
s chl 239.5
10
560 250
i H2O; sl eth, bz, chl; s ace s H2O; dec alk i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, peth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
Synonym
O
OH
O
OH
O
COOH
O
N O
HO
2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid
OH OH
COOH COOH
OH
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-nonadecanetricarboxylic acid
OH
12-Hydroxyoctadecanoicacid
cis-12-Hydroxy-9-octadecenoicacid,(R)
O
O OH
HO OH
OH 2-Hydroxyoctanoicacid
5-Hydroxy-4-octanone
O
[2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)phenyl]phenylmethanone
3-Hydroxy-2-oxopropanoicacid
3-327
5-Hydroxy-2-pentanone
H N
H N
O HO
O
N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
O
3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid
N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
2-Hydroxypentanoicacid
N N
O N H OH
O
O
HO
OH OH
O
HO
OH
O
OH
O
H N
O
O OH
O
7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one
HO
OH
O
N HO
OH
O
OH
N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzoicacid
2-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide
O O
O
HO
O OH
H N
OH O
N OH
O
HO
N-Hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide
a-Hydroxy-a-phenylbenzeneacetic acid
3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
O
O
HO
N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)butanamide
OH
OH
4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone
1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone
1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone
HO O
O OH
NH2
O
HO OH
HO
OH
4-Hydroxyphenyl-b-D-glucopyranoside
1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone
H N
OH O
HO
2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-D-glycine
OH
O
N
OH OH
HO N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine
2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane
O
H N N OH N-Hydroxy-N-(phenylmethyl)benzenemethanamine
HO
OH
HO
2-[[(2-Hydroxyphenyl)imino]methyl]phenol
OH O OH
O
HO N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)octadecanamide
O
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxopropanoicacid
(2-Hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O OH O
No.
Name
3-328
6182 6183 6184 6185 6186 6187 6188 6189 6190
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
2’-Hydroxychalcone
C15H12O2
1214-47-7
224.255
5650-40-8 610-99-1 70-70-2 7400-08-0
150.174 150.174 150.174 164.158
ye oil
Paroxypropione p-Coumaric acid
C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 H8O3 9C
wh nd or pl (w) 149 nd 211.5
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, alk sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, alk vs eth, EtOH
Oxycinchophen
C16H11NO3
485-89-2
265.263
ye pr (al)
206 dec
vs bz, EtOH, HOAc
1-Piperidinol Allopregnan-3a-ol-20-one Allopregnan-3b-ol-20-one 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone Deoxycorticosterone 11-Dehydrocorticosterone
C 5H11NO C21H34O2 C21H34O2 C21H30O3 C30O3 21H H28O4 21C
4801-58-5 516-54-1 516-55-2 68-96-2 64-85-7 72-23-1
101.147 318.494 318.494 330.461 330.461 344.445
hyg cry (al)
39.3 177 189.5
C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3 H6O2 3C 3H4OC5 C 3H5NO
618-27-9 51-35-4 2134-29-4 80-69-3 78-97-7
131.130 131.130 74.079 120.061 71.078
pr (w+1) liq
H NOC H CO H6O2 3C C12O3 10H
109-78-4 503-66-2 116-09-6 458-35-5
71.078 90.078 74.079 180.200
liq syr hyg liq pr (eth-lig)
-17 74
H10O3 6C C6H16ClNO
999-61-1 2382-43-6
130.141 153.650
liq pr (Bu OH)
165
CH NO2 HC NO3 C3 10H7NO
16867-04-2 6066-82-6 492-27-3
111.100 115.088 189.168
H NO C 4S
84-88-8
225.222
C2 9H7NO C27H42O4
86-95-3 467-55-0
161.158 430.620
245 dec hyg 96.3 ye nd (+w, dil 282.5 al) ye lf, nd (+ 1w) 322.5 (dil HCl) 360 dec pl (eth) 266.5
HC O H O SC 7H10OC 8S
2628-17-3 97-05-2 5965-83-3
120.149 218.184 254.214
hyg nd wh cry (w)
H C NO
2403-88-5
157.253
C2O 10H12N C 11H12N2O3 CH4N2O2
50-67-9 114-03-4 127-07-1
176.214 220.224 76.055
Hydracrolein Tartronic acid Acetaldehyde cyanohydrin
3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Hydracrylonitrile 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Hydracrylic acid 1-Hydroxy-2-propanone Acetone alcohol 4-(3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2Coniferyl alcohol methoxyphenol 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate (2-Hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride 3-Hydroxy-1H-pyridin-2-one 1-Hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione N-Hydroxysuccinimide 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid Kynurenic acid
6191 8-Hydroxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid 6192 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinone 6193 3-Hydroxyspirostan-12-one, (3b,5a,25R) 6194 4-Hydroxystyrene 6195 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid 6196 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid dihydrate 6197 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6tetramethylpiperidine 6198 5-Hydroxytryptamine 6199 5-Hydroxy-DL-tryptophan 6200 Hydroxyurea
3 5
3 6 3
5 5 4 5
9 7
2,4-Quinolinediol Hecogenin 4-Vinylphenol 5-Sulfosalicylic acid 5-Sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinol 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indol-5-ol
8 8
7 6 6
9 19
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
Mol. Form.
nD
Solubility
90 251 15080, 11515
1.108518
1.53623 1.550120
11055
sl chl sl 2HO, eth; vs EtOH, ace; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz
pl (eth) 141.5 pr (ace-w, al, 183.5 ace-eth) nd (w+1) 239.5 lf (dil al) pr (w) 274 157 -40 -46
9018, 380.2 sub 183 221 dec 145.5 3 164 702 dec
1.405818
1.040425
1.424820 1.448920 1.429520
1.080520
vs H2O, EtOH
sl DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs alk sl H2O sl EtOH, PhNO2, gl HOAc vs ace, eth, EtOH
73.5 120
130
0.987720
vs H2O vs2O;H sl EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl; i CS 2, peth msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s chl; i 2CS vs H2O; s EtOH; msc eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth
vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 213.5 s H2O
rod or nd (al) nd (al)
300 dec 141
dec
vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6165 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2propen-1-one 6166 2-Hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-propanone 6167 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone 6168 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone 6169 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid 6170 3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4quinolinecarboxylic acid 6171 N-Hydroxypiperidine 6172 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3a,5a) 6173 3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3b,5a) 6174 17-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 6175 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 6176 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20trione 6177 cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline 6178 trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline 6179 3-Hydroxypropanal 6180 Hydroxypropanedioic acid 6181 2-Hydroxypropanenitrile
Physical Form
Synonym
O O
O
O
O
OH
O OH
OH
OH
2-Hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-propanone
O
1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone
O
1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone
O
O
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoicacid
HO
H
H
O
3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3b,5a)
OH
3-329
HO HO
3-Hydroxypropanal
O
17-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
OH
N
N
Hydroxypropanedioicacid
2-Hydroxypropanenitrile
HO
3-Hydroxypropanenitrile
3-Hydroxypropanoicacid
1-Hydroxy-2-propanone
O OH
4-(3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol
OH O S O
OH
O
O
OH
OH
N
N H
OH
H O
O
N OH
O
OH
N O
N
N H
OH
O
HO
(2-Hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride 3-Hydroxy-1H-pyridin-2-one 1-Hydroxy-2,5-pyrrolidinedione 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid 8-Hydroxy-5-quinolinesulfonic acid 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinone
O
OH
O
OH
OH 4-Hydroxystyrene
O S HO O 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic acid
OH OH
HO
O S HO O 2-Hydroxy-5-sulfobenzoic aciddihydrate
N H 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine
5-Hydroxytryptamine
O
H
O HO
N H
O
3-Hydroxyspirostan-12-one,(3b,5a,25R)
NH2
OH 2H2O
2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate
O OH
OH Cl
trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline
HO
O
O
H
cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline
OH O
HO
O
21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione
OH
N
O
H
O 21-Hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
OH
OH O
O
HO
H N
HO
N-Hydroxypiperidine
OH
O H
3-Hydroxypregnan-20-one, (3a,5a)
N OH
3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid
O
OH
OH
HO
N
HO
HO
OH N H
NH2
5-Hydroxy-DL-tryptophan
O HO
N H
NH2
Hydroxyurea
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one
OH
OH
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
68-88-2 299-45-6
374.904 328.321
oil nd
57377-32-9 101-31-5 156-56-9 68-94-0 15687-27-1 10525-37-8 5978-95-0 5934-56-5 35554-44-0 81334-34-1 81335-37-7 81335-77-5 288-32-4 570-22-9 56-92-8
282.333 289.370 141.168 136.112 206.281 297.562 180.155 180.155 297.179 261.276 311.335 289.330 68.077 156.097 184.066
cry tetr nd (dil al) 108.5 ye pl (Me aq) 282 oct nd (w) 150 dec col cry 76
461-72-3
100.076
3 6 2
H N SC
96-45-7
102.158
H N CO H CN O O2 2H5N3C
120-89-8 120-93-4 108-19-0
114.059 86.092 103.080
111-94-4 142-73-4 C 628-87-5 50-49-7 113-52-0 482-44-0
123.155 133.104 95.103 280.407 316.868 270.280
6201 Hydroxyzine C21H27ClN2O2 6202 Hymecromone O,O-diethyl C14H17O5PS phosphorothioate 6203 Hymenoxone C15H22O5 6204 Hyoscyamine C17H23NO3 6205 Hypoglycin A C7H11NO2 H4N4O 6206 Hypoxanthine 5C 6207 Ibuprofen 2-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid 13HC18O2 6208 Icosylamine 1-Eicosanamine C43N 20H 6209 D-Idose C6H12O6 6210 L-Idose C6H12O6 6211 Imazalil CH14Cl2N2O 14 6212 Imazapyr C13H15N3O3 6213 Imazaquin C17H17N3O3 6214 Imazethapyr C15H19N3O3 6215 Imidazole 1,3-Diazole C4N2 3H N2O4 6216 1H-Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid 5H4C 6217 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine, C5H11Cl2N3 dihydrochloride 6218 2,4-Imidazolidinedione Hydantoin 3H4NC 2O2
3-330
6219 2-Imidazolidinethione 6220 Imidazolidinetrione 6221 2-Imidazolidinone 6222 Imidodicarbonic diamide 6223 6224 6225 6226 6227 6228
3,3’-Iminobispropanenitrile Iminodiacetic acid Iminodiacetic acid, dinitrile Imipramine Imipramine hydrochloride Imperatorin
6229 6230 6231 6232 6233 6234
Indaconitine Indalone Indan 1-Indanamine 1H-Indazole 1H-Indazol-3-ol
6235 Indene 6236 6237 6238 6239
Ethylene thiourea Parabanic acid Ethylene urea Biuret Bis(2-cyanoethyl)amine
3 2 2 3 3 6 2
HN C H CNO4 4H5N3 CH24N2 19 ClN2 19H25C CH14O4 16 6 9 3 4 7
2,2’-Iminobisacetonitrile Tofranil
1-Aminoindane 1H-Benzopyrazole 1,2-Dihydro-3 H-indazol-3-one
CH NO10 CH O C9H10 C11N 9H C7H6N2 C7H6N2O
4491-19-4 532-34-3 496-11-7 34698-41-4 271-44-3 7364-25-2
629.738 226.269 118.175 133.190 118.136 134.135
Indonaphthene
C9H8
95-13-6
116.160
34 47
Butopyronoxyl
1H-Indene-1,3(2H)-dione 1H-Indene-1,2,3-trione monohydrate Ninhydrin Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene Indigo
12 18 4
C9H6O2 O4 9H6C C22H12 C16H10N2O2
606-23-5 485-47-2 193-39-5 482-89-3
146.143 178.142 276.330 262.262
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
38
2200.5 2101.0 dec
1.26038
1.568537
vs H2O; sl peth
sl 2O,Heth, bz; vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s alk, dil acid sl H2O; s os 372.4
syr syr
vs H2O vs H2O
50 171 221 173 mcl pr (bz) 89.5 pr 290 dec pl (eth-HOAc), 251.3 pr (w) nd (MeOH), lf 220 (w) nd (al), pr (al) 203
dec
1.24323
257
1.0303101 1.74925 1.4320
mcl nd (w)
244 dec 131 190 dec
sub 100
-6 247.5 78
1625
pl (al), nd (w+1) orth pr
1.4801101
vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, py; sl bz sl H2O, py; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, MeOH s H2O, EtOH, alk; sl eth; i peth vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; sl DMSO s H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; i eth
1.016520 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl
1600.1 cry (al) cry ye-red liq liq
174.5 102 202 dec -51.38
nd (al, w) 148 nd or lf (MeOH) 252.5 pl or nd (al) liq -1.5 nd (eth, lig) 131 dec pa ye pr (w, al) 242 dec ye cry (cy) 162 dk bl pow 390 dec
263 177.97 221; 968 269
182
1.05720 0.963920 1.03815
1.47525 1.537820 1.561320
0.996025
1.576820
21
1.37
sub 300
vs H2O; s EtOH; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, peth; vs chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s MeOH, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, py; sl chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, alk; sl eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
Cl
N
N
H
HO
N O
OH
Hydroxyzine
OH O
O O
O
O
OH
Hymecromone O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate
O
NH2
O O
Hymenoxone
H
OH O
Hyoscyamine
H N
N
N
N
HypoglycinA
OH O
Hypoxanthine
Ibuprofen
N
HO H HO H NH2 Icosylamine
CHO H OH H OH CH2OH
H HO H HO
D-Idose
N
CHO OH H OH H CH2OH
O
O
OH N
Cl N
OH N
N
N Cl
L-Idose
H
Imazalil
O
O
OH N
N N
N H
O
Imazapyr
H
O
Imazaquin
O
Imazethapyr
OH
3-331
O HO
N N H
O
Imidazole
H 2N
N
O N N H
N H
1H-Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid
H N H
1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine, dihydrochloride
H
N
2HCl
O
N O
S
N H
H
O
N
N H
O
O
NH O
N H
O
H2N
2,4-Imidazolidinedione 2-Imidazolidinethione Imidazolidinetrione 2-Imidazolidinone
N H
Imidodicarbonic diamide
O OH O O O HO
H N
Iminodiacetic acid
N
N
O OH
N
H N
N
Iminodiacetic acid,dinitrile
N
N Imipramine
Indan
1-Indanamine
N N H 1H-Indazole
Indene
1H-Indene-1,3(2H)-dione
3,3’-Iminobispropanenitrile
O
O H
O
O
HO O
O
O
O
O O
Indaconitine
O
Indalone
O OH OH
O
N H
N
Imperatorin
O
N N H 1H-Indazol-3-ol
O
HCl
Imipraminehydrochloride
OH NH2
O O
H
N
N NH2
N H
O 1H-Indene-1,2,3-trionemonohydrate
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
H N
O
Indigo
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O P O S
No.
Name
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
CH8N2Na2O8 16 S2 C43H47N2NaO6 S2 C8H8N2 C8H7N
860-22-0
466.353
dk-bl pow
3599-32-4
774.962
grn pow
5192-03-0 120-72-9
132.163 117.149
H NO C2
87-51-4
175.184
132 lf (w, peth) cry 52.5 (eth) lf (bz), pl (chl) 168.5
HCN H C NO2 C9H7NO C5NO2 8H N4OS 9H8C
771-51-7 133-32-4 487-89-8 91-56-5 487-16-1
156.184 203.237 145.158 147.132 220.251
36 124.5 197.8 203 dec 283
H C ClN2
343-94-2
196.676
nd (al-bz or lig) 255
H11NO Tryptophol 10C a-Hydroxy-1H-indole-3-propanoic C11H11NO3 acid 11CH11NO2
526-55-6 7417-65-4
161.200 205.210
pr (bz-peth) cry (peth)
830-96-6
189.211
HN C CH NO2 CH9NO 10 H11NO 11C
274-40-8 608-08-2 703-80-0 1201-26-9
117.149 175.184 159.184 173.211
H NO C2 CH ClNO4
1204-06-4 53-86-1
187.195 357.788
58-63-9
268.226
10HC 13N4O8P C6H12O6
131-99-7 87-89-8
348.206 180.155
CH I N O CH I N O H4INO 2C C3IO2 2H C3H5IO 2HC 2IN C2HI H6IN 6C H6IN 6C H6IN 6C C7H5IO C7H5IO
16034-77-8 606-17-7 144-48-9 64-69-7 3019-04-3 624-75-9 14545-08-5 615-43-0 626-01-7 540-37-4 26260-02-6 15164-44-0
613.955 1139.761 184.963 185.948 183.975 166.948 151.933 219.023 219.023 219.023 232.018 232.018
Synonym
6240 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium Indigo Carmine salt 6241 Indocyanine green 6242 1H-Indol-5-amine 6243 1H-Indole
1H-Indole-3-acetonitrile 1H-Indole-3-butanoic acid 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde 1H-Indole-2,3-dione 1H-Indole-2,3-dione, 3thiosemicarbazone 6250 1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, monohydrochloride 6251 1H-Indole-3-ethanol 6252 1H-Indole-3-lactic acid, S) (
6245 6246 6247 6248 6249
6253 1H-Indole-3-propanoic acid
3-332
6254 6255 6256 6257
Indolizine 1H-Indol-3-ol, acetate 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethanone 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propanone
6258 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propenoic acid 6259 Indomethacin
Indoleacetic acid
10 8 2
Indolebutyric acid Isatin Isatin, 3-thiosemicarbazone Tryptamine hydrochloride
10 13
10 9
3-Indolylacetone 3-Indolylacrylic acid
11 9
19 16
Hypoxanthine riboside
6261 Inosine 5’-monophosphate 6262 myo-Inositol
5’-Inosinic acid a,2a,3a,4b,5a,6b)(1 Cyclohexanehexol
Iocetamic acid Iodipamide 2-Iodoacetamide Iodoacetic acid Iodoacetone Iodoacetonitrile Iodoacetylene 2-Iodoaniline 3-Iodoaniline 4-Iodoaniline 2-Iodobenzaldehyde 4-Iodobenzaldehyde
12 13
8 7
6260 Inosine
6263 6264 6265 6266 6267 6268 6269 6270 6271 6272 6273 6274
10 9
HC N O
10 12 4 5
12 13 3 2 3 20 14 6 2 6
oran mcl pr
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
sl H2O, EtOH; i os 244 dec
59 100
253.6
1.2225
s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, tol; sl ctc i2O;H vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl
1600.2 vs bz; s DMSO; i peth s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH; sl eth
vs ace, EtOH 1742
vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl
205
sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH
14410
vs EtOH
134.5 pl
75 129 nd (bz) 192.3 br orth (bz), nd 116 (aq MeOH) 185 dec 155 (form a); 162 (form b pl (w + 2), nd 218 dec (80% al) visc liq or glass cry (w) 225
wh-ye pow
nd (dil al) lf nd (w)
Solubility
225 307 dec 93.0 82.5
60.5 33 67.5 37 77.5
sl H2O; vs EtOH vs2O; H sl EtOH, eth s H2O
1.752
dec 6212 185 32 14515 129 14 265
2.1715 2.307 25
i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth, ace i H2O, bz; sl EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, peth; sl eth, chl s EtOH 1.574420
1.681120
sl2H O; vs EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6244 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid
2,3-Benzopyrrole
mp/˚C
OH N O
OH O
H N
H2N S
O S O O
O3Na
O
5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid,disodiumsalt
O S O O
O N
N H
Na
Indocyaninegreen
N H
N H
1H-Indol-5-amine
1H-Indole
1H-Indole-3-acetic acid
1H-Indole-3-acetonitrile
NH2
NH2 HCl
OH
O
O
N NH
O
1H-Indole-3-butanoic acid
HO
S O
N H
N H
O O
OH O
O N H
N H
N H 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde
N H
N H
1H-Indole-2,3-dione 1H-Indole-2,3-dione,3-thiosemicarbazone 1H-Indole-3-ethanamine, monohydrochloride
OH
N H
1H-Indole-3-ethanol
1H-Indole-3-lactic acid,(S)
3-333
O HO
H
OH O O
O
O
HO
N
N
N O
N N H
N H
N H 1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethanone
1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propanone
O OH O I
I
O
H N I
O Iodipamide
1H-Indole-3-propanoicacid
Indolizine
N H 1H-Indol-3-ol,acetate
OH
O HO P O OH
N
N
O OH
N
N
HO
O
O I
OH OH
N I
HO NH2
Cl HO
O
3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-propenoicacid
Indomethacin
OH
HO
Inosine
OH
OH
Inosine5’-monophosphate
I
myo-Inositol
Iocetamicacid
OH
I
O I
O
NH2
I
I
O NH2
2-Iodoacetamide
I
O
NH2
NH2 N H
N
O H
N
O
N H
I
I
O OH
I
Iodoaceticacid
Iodoacetone
I
N
I
Iodoacetonitrile Iodoacetylene
I 2-Iodoaniline
3-Iodoaniline
I
I 4-Iodoaniline
2-Iodobenzaldehyde
4-Iodobenzaldehyde
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N H
NaO 3S
N
No.
Name
Synonym
6275 Iodobenzene 2-Iodobenzenemethanol 4-Iodobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid
6281 6282 6283 6284 6285 6286 6287 6288 6289
4-Iodobenzonitrile 2-Iodobenzoyl chloride 4-Iodobenzoyl chloride 2-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl 3-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl 4-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane, (±) Iodocyclohexane
6290 Iodocyclopentane 6291 1-Iododecane 6292 1-Iodo-2,4-dimethylbenzene
3-334
6293 6294 6295 6296
2-Iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Iodo-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Iodo-2,2-dimethylpropane 1-Iodododecane
6297 6298 6299 6300 6301
Iodoethane 2-Iodoethanol Iodoethene (2-Iodoethyl)benzene 2-(1-Iodoethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4methanol Iodofenphos 1-Iodoheptane 3-Iodoheptane 1-Iodohexadecane
6302 6303 6304 6305
Pipsyl chloride
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C6H5I
591-50-4
204.008
liq
C7H7IO C 2S 6H4ClIO H5IO2 7C H5IO2 7C H5IO2 7C
5159-41-1 98-61-3 88-67-5 618-51-9 619-58-9
234.034 302.517 248.018 248.018 248.018
HCIN CH ClIO H4ClIO 7C C12H9I C12H9I C12H9I 4HC 9I 4HC9I 6HC11I
3058-39-7 609-67-6 1711-02-0 2113-51-1 20442-79-9 1591-31-7 542-69-8 52152-71-3 626-62-0
229.018 266.463 266.463 280.103 280.103 280.103 184.018 184.018 210.055
92 85 nd (w) 163 mcl pr (ace) 188.3 mcl pr (dil al) lf270 (sub) 127.5 38.3 65.5
1556-18-9 2050-77-3 4214-28-2
196.029 268.178 232.061
CH I H9I 8C H11I 5C 12CH25I
608-28-6 1122-42-5 15501-33-4 4292-19-7
2HC 5I C2H5IO I 2H3C C8H9I C11IO3 6H
7 4 7 4
Butyl iodide (±)-sec-Butyl iodide Cyclohexyl iodide Cyclopentyl iodide
5H9IC C10H21I H9I 8C
Lauryl iodide Ethyl iodide Vinyl iodide Iodinated glycerol
6308 1-Iodo-2-methoxybenzene 6309 1-Iodo-3-methoxybenzene 6310 1-Iodo-4-methoxybenzene
o-Iodoanisole m-Iodoanisole p-Iodoanisole
bp/˚C
-31.3
188.4
26.5 113.5 -103 -104.2
-16.3
232.061 232.061 198.045 296.231
oil
11.2
75-03-6 624-76-0 593-66-8 17376-04-4 5634-39-9
155.965 171.964 153.949 232.061 258.053
liq
18181-70-9 4282-40-0 31294-92-5 544-77-4
412.997 226.098 226.098 352.337
wh cry liq pa ye liq
24.7
H I C I 3CH
638-45-9 74-88-4
212.071 141.939
liq liq
-74.2 -66.4
C7H7IO C7H7IO C7H7IO
529-28-2 766-85-8 696-62-8
234.034 234.034 234.034
C7H7I C7H7I
615-37-2 625-95-6
218.035 218.035
C8H8Cl2IO3PS C7H15I C7H15I C16H33I Hexyl iodide Methyl iodide
nd (al, HOAc) liq liq
mp/˚C
liq
8 9
6306 1-Iodohexane 6307 Iodomethane
6311 1-Iodo-2-methylbenzene 6312 1-Iodo-3-methylbenzene
CAS RN
6 13
0.3 -111.1
liq pale ye liq
lf (al), nd (MeOH) liq
76 -48.2
53
-27.2
den/g cm-3 1.830820
148 32 exp 233 sub sub
15927, 13519 16432 19036, 16917 18816 320; 18311 130.5 120.1 dec 180; 8120 166.5 263.7; 13215 dec 231; 11114 229.5 dec 227 dec 128 298.2 72.3 dec 176 56 12213
204.0 8930 357; 21215 181.3 42.43
nD
Solubility
1.620020
i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc
1.634920 2.2525
sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, DMSO
2.18420
1.551125 1.596725
1.662020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc
1.615420 1.592020 1.624420
1.500120 1.499120 1.547720
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
1.709620 1.254620 1.628216
1.544720 1.485820 1.600816
i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s ace, bz
1.615820 1.616817 1.494020 1.199920
1.603520 1.599217 1.489020 1.484020
1.935720 2.1967 20 2.03720 1.603 1.797
1.513320 1.571320 1.538520 1.601020 1.547
i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, MeOH; msc eth, ace, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
1.379120 1.367620 1.121325
1.490420
1.439720 2.278920
1.492820 1.530820
241; 91 2 244.5 238; 13825
1.820 1.9650 20
211.5 213
1.71320 1.70520
1.479720
1.607920 1.605320
s eth, chl, thf, AcOEt i H2O; s ace, xyl; sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl ctc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace; msc bz; vs chl i H2O sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, lig vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6276 6277 6278 6279 6280
Mol. Form.
O
OH
I
O
O
OH
I
2-Iodobenzenemethanol
O
OH
O
I
I I
4-Iodobenzenesulfonylchloride
Cl
Cl
I I
Iodobenzene
N
OH
2-Iodobenzoicacid
3-Iodobenzoicacid
I
I 4-Iodobenzoicacid
I
I
4-Iodobenzonitrile 2-Iodobenzoyl chloride
4-Iodobenzoyl chloride
2-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl
3-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl
I I I 4-Iodo-1,1’-biphenyl
I
I
I
I
1-Iodobutane
I
I
I 2-Iodobutane,(±)
Iodocyclohexane
Iodocyclopentane
1-Iododecane
1-Iodo-2,4-dimethylbenzene 2-Iodo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Iodo-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Iodo-2,2-dimethylpropane
3-335 O
I I 1-Iodododecane
I Iodoethane
I
OH 2-Iodoethanol
HO
I Iodoethene
(2-Iodoethyl)benzene
O
Cl
O
I I
2-(1-Iodoethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol
Cl
O P O S
Iodofenphos
I 1-Iodoheptane
I 3-Iodoheptane
I H H I 1-Iodohexadecane
I 1-Iodohexane
I
I I
H Iodomethane
I
I
O O 1-Iodo-2-methoxybenzene
1-Iodo-3-methoxybenzene
O 1-Iodo-4-methoxybenzene
1-Iodo-2-methylbenzene
1-Iodo-3-methylbenzene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl O S O
No.
Name
Synonym
6313 (Iodomethyl)benzene
Mol. Form. C7H7I
Isopentyl iodide
3-336
1-Iodo-3-methylbutane 2-Iodo-2-methylbutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Iodomethylsilane 1-Iodonaphthalene 2-Iodonaphthalene 1-Iodo-2-nitrobenzene 1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzene 1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene 1-Iodononane 1-Iodooctadecane
6326 6327 6328 6329 6330 6331 6332 6333 6334 6335 6336 6337 6338 6339 6340 6341 6342 6343 6344 6345 6346 6347 6348 6349 6350 6351 6352 6353
1-Iodooctane C8H17I 2-Iodooctane, (±) 2-Octyl iodide, (±) 8HC 17I 1-Iodopentane Pentyl iodide 5HC 11I 3-Iodopentane C5H11I 2-Iodophenol C6H5IO 3-Iodophenol C6H5IO 4-Iodophenol C6H5IO H7IO 1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanone 3-Iodoacetophenone 8C H7IO 1-(4-Iodophenyl)ethanone 4-Iodoacetophenone 8C H7I 1-Iodopropane Propyl iodide 3C H7I 2-Iodopropane Isopropyl iodide 3C H5IO2 3-Iodopropanoic acid 3C 3-Iodo-1-propanol C3H7IO 3-Iodopropene Allyl iodide 3HC5I H4IN 2-Iodopyridine 5C 5-Iodo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 5-Iodouracil C 2O2 4H3IN 1-Iodo-2,5-pyrrolidinedione N-Iodosuccinimide C4INO 2 4H Iodosylbenzene C6H5IO H3IS 2-Iodothiophene 4C 4-Iodotoluene C7H7I H10INO 3 L-3-Iodotyrosine 9C trans-a-Ionone, (±) C13H20O trans-b-Ionone C13H20O Iopanoic acid CH12I3NO2 11 Iophendylate Ethyl 10-(4-iodophenyl)undecanoate 19HC 29IO 2 H13I3N2O2 Iopodic acid Ipodate 12C Iprodione C13H13Cl2N3O3 Iridomyrmecin Hexahydro-4,7C10H16O2 dimethylcyclopenta[c]pyran-3(1 H)one
5 11 5 11
Isobutyl iodide tert -Butyl iodide
Mol. Wt.
620-05-3
218.035
541-28-6 594-38-7 513-38-2 558-17-8 18089-64-0 90-14-2 612-55-5 609-73-4 645-00-1 636-98-6 4282-42-2 629-93-6
198.045 198.045 184.018 184.018 172.041 254.067 254.067 249.006 249.006 249.006 254.151 380.391
629-27-6 36049-78-2 628-17-1 1809-05-8 533-58-4 626-02-8 540-38-5 14452-30-3 13329-40-3 107-08-4 75-30-9 141-76-4 627-32-7 556-56-9 5029-67-4 696-07-1 516-12-1 536-80-1 3437-95-4 624-31-7 70-78-0 30685-95-1 79-77-6 96-83-3 99-79-6 5587-89-3 36734-19-7 485-43-8
240.125 240.125 198.045 198.045 220.007 220.007 220.007 246.045 246.045 169.992 169.992 199.975 185.991 167.976 204.997 237.983 224.985 220.007 210.036 218.035 307.084 192.297 192.297 570.932 416.336 597.956 330.166 168.233
Physical Form col or ye nd (MeOH)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
24.5
9310
1.733525
1.633425
vs bz, eth, EtOH
147 124.5 121.1 100.1 71.8 302 308 290; 16218 280 288 245.0 383
1.511820 1.493720 1.603520 1.57125
1.493920 1.498120 1.495920 1.491820
sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth
1.739920 99 1.6319 1.918675 1.947750 1.8090155 25 1.2836 1.099420
1.702620 1.666299
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; sl DMSO
225.1 210; 9516 157.0 145.5 186 160, 912 186100 139 5 dec 129 8, 1174 153 18 102.5 89.5
1.329820 1.325120 1.516120 1.517620 1.875780
1.488520 1.489620 1.495920 1.497420
1.748920 1.704220
1.505820 1.502820
38 226; 115 103 100 15, 9313
1.997620 1.84812 1.92825
1.558520 1.554021 1.636620
liq col liq
-38.2 -109.5 2.1 lf (dil al) 54.5 ye orth nd (al) 54 mcl pr 38.5 ye nd (al) 174.7 col liq -20 lf (lig), nd (ace, 34.0 al-ace) liq -45.7 liq
nd nd (lig) nd (w or sub)
liq liq lf (w) visc oil ye liq
cry (ace) ye pow liq lf (al) cry (w)
-85.6 43 118 93.5 86 -101.3 -90 85 -99.3 275 dec 200.5 210 exp -40 36.5 205 dec
pr
1.8573112 1.62220
2.24525 181 211 14628 12410, 730.1
wh solid visc liq cry
1.484825 1.481020
2.059525 20 1.678
1.646525
0.929821 0.94520
1.504120 1.519820
1.2520
1.52525
156 1 197
168 136 61
1061.5
1.460765
msc EtOH, eth
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, lig s chl vs ace, bz, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s bz s EtOH, bz, CS2, HOAc; sl lig, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl 2HO, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, DMSO s H 2O, EtOH; i eth, ace, bz, peth vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2; sl chl vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl i2H O; s dil alk, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, chl, ace sl H2O; s eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H CI CH I I 4H9C 4HC9I CH 5ISi C10H7I C10H7I H4INO 2 6C H4INO 2 6C H4INO 2 6C C9H19I C18H37I
6314 6315 6316 6317 6318 6319 6320 6321 6322 6323 6324 6325
CAS RN
I
I
I (Iodomethyl)benzene
1-Iodo-3-methylbutane
I
I
2-Iodo-2-methylbutane
1-Iodo-2-methylpropane
I
H Si I H
2-Iodo-2-methylpropane
I I
Iodomethylsilane
1-Iodonaphthalene
2-Iodonaphthalene
O N
O
1-Iodo-2-nitrobenzene
N O
O N
O
1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzene
I
O
1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene
I
1-Iodononane
3-337
I 2-Iodophenol
4-Iodophenol
I
I
I
I
3-Iodophenol
1-(3-Iodophenyl)ethanone
1-(4-Iodophenyl)ethanone
O I
N
3-Iodopropene
N N H
I
2-Iodopyridine
1-Iodopentane
O
I
I
I
2-Iodooctane,(±)
O
I
3-Iodopentane
I
I
1-Iodooctane
O
OH OH
OH
I
1-Iodooctadecane
I
1-Iodopropane
2-Iodopropane
OH
O
O
5-Iodo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
N I
NH2
HO I
S Iodosylbenzene
O
OH
O
1-Iodo-2,5-pyrrolidinedione
OH 3-Iodo-1-propanol
O
O I
H
I
3-Iodopropanoicacid
I
2-Iodothiophene
4-Iodotoluene
I L-3-Iodotyrosine
trans-a-Ionone, (±)
Cl I O
I
OH OH
O
O
I
I NH2 trans-b-Ionone
O
Iopanoicacid
O
I Iophendylate
I
O
Iopodicacid
N H
H
O
O
N
N N
Cl
N
I
O Iprodione
O H Iridomyrmecin
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
I
I
No.
Name
6354 a-Irone 6355 b-Irone Iron hydrocarbonyl Iron nonacarbonyl Iron(III) NTA Iron pentacarbonyl Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Isanic acid Isatidine Isaxonine Isazophos Isobenzan 1(3H)-Isobenzofuranone Isoborneol
6368 6369 6370 6371
Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate 6-Isobornyl-3,4-xylenol Isobutanal Isobutane
3-338
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
4-(2,5,6,6-Tetramethyl-2cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one 4-(2,5,6,6-Tetramethyl-1cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one Hydrogen tetracarbonylferrate(II) Diiron nonacarbonyl Nitrilotriacetatoiron(III)
C14H22O
79-69-6
206.324
900.4
0.936220
1.500220
C14H22O
79-70-9
206.324
12511
0.943421
1.516225
17440-90-3 15321-51-4 16448-54-7 13463-40-6 14024-18-1 506-25-2 15503-86-3 4214-72-6 67329-04-8 297-78-9 87-41-2 24393-70-2
169.902 363.781 243.960 195.896 353.169 274.398 367.395 137.182 313.741 411.751 134.133 154.249
cry (hp) nd or pl (w) tab (peth)
121 75 212
290 sub
115-31-1 13741-18-9 78-84-2 75-28-5
253.361 258.398 72.106 58.122
ye oily liq cry liq col gas
95 -65.9 -159.4
0.06 95 1673 64.5 -11.73
115-11-7
56.107
col gas
-140.7
-6.9
HC O H C O CH16N2OS 10
110-19-0 106-63-8 830-89-7
116.158 128.169 212.311
liq liq
-98.8 -61 210.5
116.5 132
H CN CH NO2 C10H14
78-81-9 94-14-4 538-93-2
73.137 193.243 134.218
liq
-86.7 64.5 -51.4
67.75
0.72425
1.398819
172.79
0.853220
1.486620
120-50-3 539-90-2 543-28-2 543-27-1 114489-96-2 62108-68-3 1678-98-4 3788-32-7 7239-24-9 542-55-2 7779-80-8 87-19-4 97-85-8 1873-29-6 591-82-2
178.228 144.212 117.147 136.577 164.630 164.630 140.266 126.239 101.190 102.132 186.292 194.227 144.212 99.131 115.197
H CFeO4 Fe C 2O9 C 6 6H6FeNO C5FeO5 FeO6 Ferric acetylacetonate 15H21C 17-Octadecene-9,11-diynoic acid 18H26CO2 Retrorsine N-oxide C18H25NO7 N-Isopropyl-2-pyrimidineamine CN3 7H11 C9H17ClN3O3PS C9H4Cl8O C8H6O2 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-C10H18O 2-ol, exo-(±) C19NO2S 13H H26O Xibornol 18C 2-Methyl-1-propanal C8O 4H H10 2-Methylpropane 4C
6379 6380 6381 6382 6383 6384 6385 6386 6387 6388 6389 6390 6391 6392 6393
Isobutyl benzoate Isobutyl butanoate Isobutyl carbamate Isobutyl chlorocarbonate Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate Isobutylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclopentane Isobutyldimethylamine Isobutyl formate Isobutyl heptanoate Isobutyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isobutyl isocyanate Isobutyl isothiocyanate
9
C4H8
6372 Isobutene 6373 Isobutyl acetate 6374 Isobutyl acrylate 6375 5-Isobutyl-3-allyl-2-thioxo-4imidazolidinone 6376 Isobutylamine 6377 Isobutyl 4-aminobenzoate 6378 Isobutylbenzene
4 2
6 12 2 7 12 2
Albutoin 2-Methyl-1-propanamine Isobutyl p-aminobenzoate
4 11
11 15
CH O HC O H11NO2 5C C9ClO2 5H C13ClO2 7H C13ClO2 7H CH20 10 C18 9H N,N,2-Trimethyl-1-propanamine 6HC15N C10O2 5H Isobutyl enanthate 11H22CO2 O3 Isobutyl salicylate 11H14C 8HC 16O2 C9NO 5H 1-Isothiocyanato-2-methylpropane5H9NS C 11 14 2 8 16 2
mp/˚C
col liq; unstab -70 oran-ye cry 100 dec solid col to ye oily liq -20 179 cry 39.5 cry 145 28
liq
lf
67
liq liq
-95 -115.2
liq
-95.8
liq
5.9 -80.7
dec
Solubility
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl s alk
2.85 103
1.45322
s H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, ace, ctc
1.4914850
s ace, EtOH, i-PrOH; sl peth
1.163699 20 1.10
1.53699
s eth, bz, xyl, tol s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz
1.146525 1.024020 0.789120 0.551025 (p>1 atm 0.58925 (p>1 atm) 0.871220 0.889620
1.51225 1.538220 1.373020 1.3518-25
i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, peth
1.3926-25
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, sulf
1.390220 1.415020
sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH
20
1.5 5.24 0.930945
9312 170; 1000.001 1.2220
242 156.9 207 128.8 176 191.3 171.3 148 80.5 98.2 208 261 148.6 106 160
0.999020 0.836418 1.042618 1.031220 1.032320 0.795220 0.776925 0.709720 0.877620 0.859320 1.063920 0.854220 0.963114
1.403220 1.409876 1.407118 1.424720 1.429520 1.438620 1.429820 1.390720 1.385720 1.508720 1.399920 1.500514
s H2O, eth, ace, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, chl; msc eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; vs eth, bz vs H2O sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; msc eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6356 6357 6358 6359 6360 6361 6362 6363 6364 6365 6366 6367
Physical Form
Synonym
O O
O O
OC OC Fe OC
O
a-Irone
b-Irone
HO
O
O
Iron hydrocarbonyl
O
O
Iron nonacarbonyl
O
CO OC Fe CO OC CO
N O Fe O O O O Iron(III) NTA
Iron pentacarbonyl
O OH
O
O Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate
Isanicacid
OH O O
O H
N
N N O
N
Isatidine
Cl N H
N
S O P O O N
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
O
Isazophos
1(3H)-Isobenzofuranone
Isoborneol
3-339 O
O Isobutanal
Isobutane
Isobutene
O
Isobutylacetate
Isobutylacrylate
O O
O O
Isobutylbenzoate
Isobutylbutanoate
H2N
NH2
5-Isobutyl-3-allyl-2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinone
Cl
Isobutylcarbamate
Cl
Isobutylchlorocarbonate
Isobutyl4-aminobenzoate
Isobutylbenzene
O O
O
H2N
Isobutylamine
O
O O
O
S
N H
O
6-Isobornyl-3,4-xylenol
O
N
O
OH
Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate
O O
S O
O
Isobenzan
N
O
OH
Cl
Cl
Isaxonine
O
Cl
Isobutyl2-chloropropanoate
Cl
O
Isobutyl3-chloropropanoate
Isobutylcyclohexane
Isobutylcyclopentane
O O N Isobutyldimethylamine
H
O O
Isobutylformate
O O
Isobutylheptanoate
OH Isobutyl2-hydroxybenzoate
O O Isobutylisobutanoate
N
C
N O
Isobutylisocyanate
C
S
Isobutylisothiocyanate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H2Fe(CO)4
O Fe
CO Fe CO CO
No.
Isobutyl methacrylate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Isobutyl methyl ether Isobutyl nitrate Isobutyl nitrite Isobutyl pentanoate Isobutyl phenylacetate Isobutyl propanoate
3-340
6402 6403 6404 6405 6406 6407 6408 6409 6410 6411 6412 6413 6414 6415 6416 6417 6418 6419 6420 6421
Isobutyl stearate Isobutyl thiocyanate Isobutyl trichloroacetate Isobutyl vinyl ether Isocitric acid Isocorybulbine Isocorydine 2-Isocyanato-1,3-dimethylbenzene 1-Isocyanato-2-methoxybenzene 1-Isocyanato-3-methoxybenzene 1-Isocyanato-2-methylbenzene 1-Isocyanato-3-methylbenzene 1-Isocyanato-4-methylbenzene 2-Isocyanato-2-methylpropane 1-Isocyanatonaphthalene 1-Isocyanato-2-nitrobenzene 1-Isocyanato-3-nitrobenzene 1-Isocyanato-4-nitrobenzene 2-Isocyanatopropane 1-Isocyanato-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 6422 Isocyanobenzene 6423 Isocyanomethane 6424 (Isocyanomethyl)benzene
6425 6426 6427 6428 6429 6430 6431 6432 6433
2-Isocyanopropane Isodecyl acrylate Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate Isodecyl methacrylate 8-Isoestrone Isoeugenol Isofenphos Isoflurophate 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione
6434 Isolan
Synonym
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
97-86-9 589-59-3 625-44-5 543-29-3 542-56-3 10588-10-0 102-13-6 540-42-1
142.196 158.238 88.148 119.119 103.120 158.238 192.254 130.185
CH O HCNS C 3O2 6H9Cl 6HC 12O 6HC 8O7 C21H25NO4 C20H23NO4 2,6-Dimethylphenyl isocyanate 9H9NOC C 8H7NO2 C 8H7NO2 2-Tolyl isocyanate NO 8H7C NO 3-Tolyl isocyanate 8H7C NO 4-Tolyl isocyanate 8H7C tert -Butyl isocyanate C9NO 5H 1-Naphthyl isocyanate NO 11H7C O3 2-Nitrophenyl isocyanate 7H4N2C O3 3-Nitrophenyl isocyanate 7H4N2C O3 4-Nitrophenyl isocyanate 7H4N2C Isopropyl isocyanate C7NO 4H 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl isocyanate 8H4CF3NO
646-13-9 591-84-4 33560-15-5 109-53-5 320-77-4 22672-74-8 475-67-2 28556-81-2 700-87-8 18908-07-1 614-68-6 621-29-4 622-58-2 1609-86-5 86-84-0 3320-86-3 3320-87-4 100-28-7 1795-48-8 329-01-1
340.583 115.197 219.493 100.158 192.124 355.429 341.402 147.173 149.148 149.148 133.148 133.148 133.148 99.131 169.180 164.118 164.118 164.118 85.105 187.119
Phenyl isocyanide Methyl isocyanide Benzyl isocyanide
931-54-4 593-75-9 10340-91-7
103.122 41.052 117.149
C HN CH O H31O4P 22C H26O2 14C C18H22O2 C10H12O2 C15H24NO4PS C6H14FO3P NO2 8H5C
598-45-8 1330-61-6 29761-21-5 29964-84-9 517-06-6 97-54-1 25311-71-1 55-91-4 85-41-6
69.106 212.329 390.452 226.355 270.367 164.201 345.395 184.145 147.132
C10H17N3O2
119-38-0
211.261
Isobutyl isovalerate
Isobutyl propionate
Mol. Form. 8HC14O2 9H18O2C 5HC12O 4HC 9NO3 NO2 4H9C C18O2 9H C16O2 12H O2 7H14C
22 44 2 5 9
Isopropyl isocyanide
C HN HCN 8HC 7N 7 5 2 3
4 7
13 24 2
Phthalimide
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.885820 0.85320 0.731120 1.015220 22 0.8699 0.862525 0.99918 0.8880
1.419920 1.405720
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs eth, EtOH
-71.4
155 168.5 58.6 123.4 67 179 247 137 22315 175.4 188 83
0.849820
col liq
liq wax liq
28.9 -59
liq ye syr lf (al) pl liq
-112 105 187.5 185
wh nd (peth) wh lf (lig) pa ye nd
41 51 57
unstab liq -45
-100
pr (MeOH)
1.448320 1.396620
1.528220 1.033020
0.86707 269 1.177420 13718 11 130 16220, 13711 74.5 0.86625 5411 1.345520
i H2O; s eth vs bz, eth vs bz, eth
1.406120 s eth, bz vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, chl 1.382520 1.469020
40 80 exp 59.6 dec 199; 9355 87 15850 24910 dec 12610
0.9815 0.7564 0.97215
1.519320
0.759625 0.88520
1.441620
266 1200.01 629
1.08025 1.13420 1.05525
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth
0.87620
238
2.5 118
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl, acid vs chl
254 <-12
nd (w), pr (HOAc) lf (sub) col liq
1.397320
20 1.045
10013 9417 10215 185 196.5 187 85.5
1.263620 0.764520
1.402820 1.371522 1.404620
1.0720
1.573919 1.383025
vs eth, Diox vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, lig; s eth; vs oils vs bz
msc H2O; s EtOH, xyl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6394 6395 6396 6397 6398 6399 6400 6401
Name
O
O O
O O
Isobutylmethacrylate
O
Isobutyl3-methylbutanoate
Isobutylmethylether
N O
O
O O
Isobutylnitrate
N
Isobutylnitrite
O
O O
O
O
O
Isobutylpentanoate
Isobutylphenylacetate
Isobutylpropanoate
O
O
Cl Cl
S O
N Isobutylstearate
Isobutylthiocyanate
N H
O HO
N N
C
O Isocorydine
C
O
N
C
N C Isocyanomethane
C
(Isocyanomethyl)benzene
1-Isocyanato-2-methoxybenzene
O C O N N
Isocorybulbine
O
C N
1-Isocyanato-3-methoxybenzene
N
C
C
O N
O
C
O
N
1-Isocyanato-2-methylbenzene
N
C
1-Isocyanato-3-methylbenzene
N O
O
1-Isocyanato-3-nitrobenzene
O
O
N
1-Isocyanato-4-methylbenzene
N
C
C
O
F F
2-Isocyanatopropane
C N
O
1-Isocyanato-4-nitrobenzene
O
F
1-Isocyanato-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
Isocyanobenzene
O O P O O
O
O
O
2-Isocyanopropane
O
O Isodecyl acrylate
Isodecyl diphenylphosphate
H S N P O O O
H O
O O P F O
Isodecyl methacrylate
O O NH
N
O
O
HO 8-Isoestrone
C
O N
O
1-Isocyanato-2-nitrobenzene
OH O
O
Isocitric acid
O
O
1-Isocyanatonaphthalene
N
O
O
O
2-Isocyanato-2-methylpropane
H
OH
Isobutylvinylether
N
3-341 N
C
C
N
HO OH
O
Cl
Isobutyltrichloroacetate
O
2-Isocyanato-1,3-dimethylbenzene
N
O
O
O
OH O
Isoeugenol
Isofenphos
Isoflurophate
1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione
Isolan
N
N
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O HO
O
No.
Synonym
DL-Isoleucine L-Isoleucine Isolongifolene Isolysergic acid a-Isomaltose Isoniazid Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isopentylbenzene Isopentyl butanoate Isopentyl formate Isopentyl hexanoate Isopentyla-hydroxybenzeneacetate Isopentyl isopentanoate Isopentyl lactate Isopentyl 2-methylpropanoate Isopentyl nitrite Isopentyl pentanoate Isopentyl propanoate Isopentyl salicylate Isopentyl trichloroacetate Isophorone Isophorone diisocyanate Isophthalic acid Isopilosine
6460 Isopropalin 6461 Isopropamide iodide 6462 Isopropenyl acetate 6463 Isopropenylbenzene 6464 6465 6466 6467 6468 6469 6470 6471
p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene p-Isopropenylstyrene 4-Isopropoxydiphenylamine 2-Isopropoxyethanol 3-Isopropoxypropanenitrile Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl acrylate Isopropylamine
6472 6473 6474 6475 6476
Isopropylamine hydrochloride 2-(Isopropylamino)ethanol 2-Isopropylaniline 4-Isopropylaniline N-Isopropylaniline
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C6H13NO2 2-Amino-3-methylpentanoic acid 6H13NO C2 H24 15C 16CH16N2O2 6-O-a-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose C12H22O11 O 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide6H7N3C 2-Methylbutane C12 5H C14O2 7H C11H16 C18O2 9H C12O2 6H Isopentyl caproate 11HC22O2 Isopentyl mandelate 13HC 18O3 Isoamyl isovalerate C2 10H20O 8HC16O3 Isopentyl isobutyrate 9H18OC 2 Isoamyl nitrite 5H11NOC 2 H20O2 10C H16O2 8C 12HC16O3 Cl3O2 7H11C 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 9HC14O H18N2O2 12C 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 8H6O4C 16CH18N2O3
443-79-8 73-32-5 1135-66-6 478-95-5 499-40-1 54-85-3 78-78-4 123-92-2 2049-94-7 106-27-4 110-45-2 2198-61-0 5421-04-5 659-70-1 19329-89-6 2050-01-3 110-46-3 2050-09-1 105-68-0 87-20-7 57392-55-9 78-59-1 4098-71-9 121-91-5 491-88-3
131.173 131.173 204.352 268.310 342.296 137.139 72.149 130.185 148.245 158.238 116.158 186.292 222.280 172.265 160.211 158.238 117.147 172.265 144.212 208.253 233.520 138.206 222.283 166.132 286.325
C15H23N3O4 Benzenamine, 4-(1-methylethyl)-2,6N,N-dipropyldinitroH33IN2O 23C H8O2 5C a-Methyl styrene H10 9C
33820-53-0
309.362
-8.1 60 nd (w, al) 347 pl (al), pr (w, dil 187 al) red-oran liq
71-81-8 108-22-5 98-83-9
480.424 100.117 118.175
cry or pow liq liq
CH16 12 C11H12 H17NO 15C C5H12O2 NO 6H11C H10O2 5C C10O2 6H H9N 3C
2388-14-9 16262-48-9 101-73-5 109-59-1 110-47-4 108-21-4 689-12-3 75-31-0
160.255 144.213 227.302 104.148 113.157 102.132 114.142 59.110
liq liq
H CClN HC NO C13N 9H 9H13CN C13N 9H
15572-56-2 109-56-8 643-28-7 99-88-7 768-52-5
95.571 103.163 135.206 135.206 135.206
4-IsopropoxyN-phenylaniline 1-Cyano-2-isopropoxyethane Isopropyl 2-propenoate 2-Propanamine 2-Propanamine hydrochloride
Mol. Form.
3 10 5 13
Cumidine
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
292 dec 284 dec
s H2O; i EtOH 820.4
liq cry (w+2)
218 dec 120 cry (al) 171.4 vol liq or gas -159.77 liq -78.5
liq
Solubility
-93.5
oily liq
liq
190 -92.9 -23.2 -30.6
sl H2O, EtOH; s py
27.88 142.5 195 179 123.5 225.5 11 172 190.4 202.4 168.5 99.2 193 160.2 278; 15115 217 215.2 217100 sub
20 0.6201 0.87615 0.85620 0.86519 0.87720 0.86120
1.353720 1.400020 1.486710 1.411020 1.396720
0.858319 0.958925 0.862720 0.882820
1.413019 1.424025
0.869720 1.053520 1.231420 0.925520 1.06220
1.406920 1.508020 1.452120 1.476618
1.391820
vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH
sl H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz, lig vs EtOH i2H O; s os
94 165.4
0.909020 0.910620
1.403320 1.538620
220.8 242
0.893620 0.93
1.523820 1.568420
145 6510 88.6 51103 31.76
0.903020
1.409520
0.871820
1.377320
0.689120
1.374220
173 221; 9513 225 203
0.897020 0.976012 0.95320 0.952625
1.439520
s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, ace; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
83
liq liq liq
-73.4 -95.13 164 128.5
1.538020
msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s chl s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, chl s DMSO msc H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-342
6435 6436 6437 6438 6439 6440 6441 6442 6443 6444 6445 6446 6447 6448 6449 6450 6451 6452 6453 6454 6455 6456 6457 6458 6459
Name
HO O
O
HO
N
H
OH HO
O HO
O
H N
O O
O
NH2
OH OH
OH
N H
NH2
DL-Isoleucine
L-Isoleucine
Isolongifolene
HO
O
OH HO
O
N
a-Isomaltose
Isolysergicacid
Isoniazid
Isopentane
Isopentylacetate
OH O
O H
O Isopentylbutanoate
O
O
O
O
Isopentylformate
O O
O
O O
O
Isopentyla-hydroxybenzeneacetate
Isopentylhexanoate
Isopentylbenzene
O
OH
Isopentylisopentanoate
Isopentyllactate
N
Isopentyl2-methylpropanoate
C
O
O
3-343
OH O O
O
N O
O O
Isopentylpentanoate
HO
O N
O
H
N
Isopentylpropanoate
O N
NH2 N
O
O
N C O
O
Cl Cl Isopentylsalicylate
Isopentyltrichloroacetate
Isophorone
OH O
Isophorone diisocyanate
Isophthalic acid
I H N
O
N O
Cl
O
Isopentylnitrite
O
O O
OH
O O
N
Isopilosine
Isopropalin
Isopropamideiodide
Isopropenyl acetate
O Isopropenylbenzene
p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene
p-Isopropenylstyrene
4-Isopropoxydiphenylamine
NH2 NH2
O
OH
2-Isopropoxyethanol
N O 3-Isopropoxypropanenitrile
O
O O
Isopropyl acetate
NH2
NH2 HCl
Isopropylamine
Isopropylaminehydrochloride
O Isopropyl acrylate
N H
HN
OH
2-(Isopropylamino)ethanol
2-Isopropylaniline
4-Isopropylaniline
N-Isopropylaniline
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
NH2
No.
Name
6477 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 6478 Isopropylbenzene Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 4-Isopropylbenzenemethanol a-Isopropylbenzenemethanol Isopropyl benzoate 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid Isopropyl butanoate Isopropyl carbamate Isopropyl chloroacetate Isopropyl chloroformate Isopropyl 2-chloropropanoate Isopropylcyclohexane 4-Isopropylcyclohexanone Isopropylcyclopentane
3-344
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.975520 0.864025
1.530120 1.491520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc
153; 848 249 223 216 sub 130.5 183 150.5 105 151.5 154.8 214; 139100 126.5
1.0320 0.981820 0.986914 1.016315 4 1.162 0.858820 0.995166 1.088820
1.521020 1.519314 1.489020
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth i H2O; s EtOH
1.031520 0.802320 0.909930 0.776520
1.438220 1.401320 1.414920 1.441020 1.455225 1.425820
5
58.3 1401
0.693625 1.2625
1.386520 1.520925
70
1650.05
242.398 88.106
19660, 1050.8 0.853620 68.2 0.872820
1.428025 1.367820
6270-34-4 4016-14-2 52896-87-4 2257-52-5 607-85-2 617-50-5 617-51-6 4655-34-9 926-06-7 4747-21-1 527-84-4
154.163 116.158 142.282 74.124 180.200 130.185 132.157 128.169 138.185 73.137 134.218
1.065524 0.918620 0.735425
1.468224
1.072920 0.847121 0.998020 0.884720
1.506520
liq
-71.5
198.5 137 158.9 107 238 120.7 167 125 826 50.4 178.1
0.876620
1.500620
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Cuminaldehyde Cumene
10CH12O C9H12
122-03-2 98-82-8
148.201 120.191
H O C C14O 10H CO 10H14 C10H12O2 10HC 12O2 H14O2 7C C4H9NO2 C9ClO2 5H C7ClO2 4H 6CH11ClO2 C9H18 C9H16O H16 8C
80-15-9 536-60-7 611-69-8 939-48-0 536-66-3 638-11-9 1746-77-6 105-48-6 108-23-6 40058-87-5 696-29-7 5432-85-9 3875-51-2
152.190 150.217 150.217 164.201 164.201 130.185 103.120 136.577 122.551 150.603 126.239 140.222 112.213
C6H12 C11H12Cl2O3
3638-35-5 94-11-1
84.159 263.117
21 27
CH N
14334-40-8
293.446
CH O H8O2 4C
10233-13-3 625-55-8
Cumene hydroperoxide Cumic alcohol 1-Phenyl-2-methylpropyl alcohol Cumic acid
9 12 2
6492 Isopropylcyclopropane 6493 Isopropyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetate 6494 N-Isopropyl-4,4diphenylcyclohexanamine 6495 Isopropyl dodecanoate 6496 Isopropyl formate
Pramiverin
6497 6498 6499 6500 6501 6502 6503 6504 6505 6506 6507
H CO H OC C10H22 C3H10N2 Isopropyl salicylate 10HC 12O3 Isopropyl isobutyrate C2 7H14O C12O3 6H Isopropyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate 7H12CO2 4HC 10O3S Methylisopropylamine 4H11NC o-Cymene C10H14
Isopropyl 2-furancarboxylate Isopropyl glycidyl ether 4-Isopropylheptane Isopropylhydrazine Isopropyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Isopropyl isobutanoate Isopropyl lactate Isopropyl methacrylate Isopropyl methanesulfonate Isopropylmethylamine 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene
bp/˚C
Mol. Form.
Isopropyl laurate
Isopropyl 2-furanoate (1-Methylethoxy)methyloxirane
15 30 2
8 10 3 6 12 2
mp/˚C
liq
-96.02
liq 28
tcl pl (al) nd
117.5 93
liq
-89.4
liq
-111.4
liq
-112.9
liq
1.393620
vs eth vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, ctc; s eth, bz
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, ace, EtOH
1.415320
1.408225 1.412220
s H2O, bz, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH
6508 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene
m-Cymene
C10H14
535-77-3
134.218
liq
-63.7
175.1
0.861020
1.493020
6509 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene
p-Cymene
C10H14
99-87-6
134.218
liq
-67.94
177.1
0.857320
1.490920
8HC16O2 C10H16
32665-23-9 4221-98-1
144.212 136.234
142; 7055 173
0.853817 0.842120
1.396020 1.477219
C10H16O
535-86-4
152.233
pa ye
244; 12115
0.934021
1.486521
vs ace, EtOH
6091-52-7
152.233
liq
0.933120
1.484520
vs ace, EtOH
6510 Isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate 6511 5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-1,3cyclohexadiene, R) ( 6512 5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen- Homocamfin 1-one, (±) 6513 6-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen- (±)-Piperitone 1-one, (±)
CH O
10 16
-19
232.5
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6479 6480 6481 6482 6483 6484 6485 6486 6487 6488 6489 6490 6491
Physical Form
235.5 152.41
Synonym
O
OH
OH O
O OH
OH
O O
O
O Isopropylbenzene
Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
a-Isopropylbenzenemethanol
4-Isopropylbenzenemethanol
Isopropyl benzoate
4-Isopropylbenzoicacid
Isopropyl butanoate
O O
O O H2N
O Cl
O
Isopropyl carbamate
O
O O
Cl
Isopropyl chloroacetate
O O
Cl
Isopropyl chloroformate
Cl
Isopropyl 2-chloropropanoate
Isopropylcyclohexane
4-Isopropylcyclohexanone
Isopropylcyclopentane
Isopropylcyclopropane
O
Cl
Isopropyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate
HN
3-345
O O
O
O
O H
O N-Isopropyl-4,4-diphenylcyclohexanamine
Isopropyl dodecanoate
O O OH Isopropyl 2-hydroxybenzoate
O
O O
OH
Isopropyl isobutanoate
Isopropyl lactate
O Isopropyl methacrylate
O
HN
NH2
O
Isopropyl formate
O O
O
Isopropyl 2-furancarboxylate
O O S O Isopropyl methanesulfonate
Isopropyl glycidylether
4-Isopropylheptane
Isopropylhydrazine
N H Isopropylmethylamine
1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene
1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene
O O O O 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene
Isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate
5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene, (R)
5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, (±)
6-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, (±)
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde
No.
6524 6525 6526 6527 6528 6529 6530
3-346
6531 6532 6533 6534 6535 6536 6537 6538 6539 6540 6541 6542 6543 6544 6545 6546 6547
6548 6549 6550 6551 6552 6553 6554 6555
Synonym
Isopropyl methyl ether 2-Methoxypropane 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol Carvacrol 2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1-Isopropylnaphthalene 2-Isopropylnaphthalene Isopropyl nitrate Isopropyl nitrite 1-Isopropyl-4-nitrobenzene N-Isopropyl-N-nitroso-2propanamine Isopropyl 3-oxobutanoate Isopropyl acetoacetate Isopropyl palmitate Isopropyl hexadecanoate Isopropyl pentanoate 2-Isopropylphenol 3-Isopropylphenol 4-Isopropylphenol N-Isopropyl-N’-phenyl-1,4benzenediamine Isopropyl phenylcarbamate Propham 1-(4-Isopropylphenyl)ethanone Isopropyl propanoate N-Isopropyl-2-propenamide Isopropylpropylamine N-Propyl-2-propanamine Isopropyl propyl sulfide 4-Isopropylpyridine Isopropyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Isopropyl nicotinate Isopropyl silicate Tetra(isopropoxy)silane Isopropyl stearate 4-Isopropylstyrene Isopropyl tetradecanoate Isopropyl myristate (Isopropylthio)benzene Isopropyl trichloroacetate Isopropylurea Isopropyl vinyl ether 2-(Ethenyloxy)propane Isoproterenol 4-[1-Hydroxy-2[isopropylamino]ethyl]-1,2benzenediol Isopsoralen 1-Isoquinolinamine 3-Isoquinolinamine Isoquinoline Benzo[c]pyridine 7-Isoquinolinol Isosorbide Isosorbide dinitrate 1,4:3,6-Dianhydroglucitol Isosystox Demeton-S
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
4HC10O H14O 10C N2O 8H12C H10S 4C CH14 13 CH14 13 C7NO3 3H 3HC 7NO2 H11NO2 9C C6H14N2O
598-53-8 499-75-2 2814-20-2 1551-21-9 6158-45-8 2027-17-0 1712-64-7 541-42-4 1817-47-6 601-77-4
74.121 150.217 152.193 90.187 170.250 170.250 105.093 89.094 165.189 130.187
H CO HC O H16O2 8C C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C15H18N2
542-08-5 142-91-6 18362-97-5 88-69-7 618-45-1 99-89-8 101-72-4
144.168 298.504 144.212 136.190 136.190 136.190 226.317
liq
CH NO2 CH O C6H12O2 C6H11NO C6H15N C6H14S H11N 8C C2 9H11NO C4Si 12H28O CH42O2 21 C11H14 O2 17H34C H12S 9C Cl3O2 5H7C C4H10N2O 5HC 10O C11H17NO3
122-42-9 645-13-6 637-78-5 2210-25-5 21968-17-2 5008-73-1 696-30-0 553-60-6 1992-48-9 112-10-7 2055-40-5 110-27-0 3019-20-3 3974-99-0 691-60-1 926-65-8 7683-59-2
179.216 162.228 116.158 113.157 101.190 118.240 121.180 165.189 264.434 326.557 146.229 270.451 152.256 205.468 102.134 86.132 211.258
wh nd (al)
C11H6O3 9HC8N2 9HC8N2 N 9H7C C7NO 9H C6H10O4 6H8N2OC8 C 8H19O3PS2
523-50-2 1532-84-9 25475-67-6 119-65-3 7651-83-4 652-67-5 87-33-2 126-75-0
186.164 144.173 144.173 129.159 145.158 146.141 236.136 258.339
7 12 3
19 38 2
10 13 11 14
nd cry liq liq
pa ye oil pa ye oil cry (eth,w)
nd (peth)
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
30.77 237.7
0.723715 0.977220
1.357620 1.523020
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace
0.829120 0.995620 0.975320 1.03419 0.868415 1.08420 0.942220
1.493220 1.595220 1.584820 1.391216
s EtOH, eth, ace
48
84.8 268 268.2 100 40 1229 194.5
-27.3 13.5
186 1602
15.5 26 62.3 72.5
213.5 228 230; 11010 1482
0.983520 0.840438 0.857920 1.01220 0.99020
1.417320 1.436425 1.406120 1.531520 1.526120 1.522820
vs eth, EtOH, lig vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH, chl
1.0920 0.975315 0.866020
1.498991 1.523520 1.387220
vs bz, EtOH
1.496220 1.492620
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace
mp/˚C 1 173 -101.5 -16 14.5
90
64.5
liq
-54.9
liq
28 -44.7
nd liq
pl(w) hyg pl
col cry liq
-140 170.5
139 123 178.5 26.47 230 63 52
254 109.5 11015 96.9 132.1 178 12630, 92.55 184 2076 204.1 19320, 1402 208 175; 6615 1030.1 55.5
0.826920 0.938225 1.062420 0.877020 0.840338 0.885020 0.853220 0.985220 1.291125 0.753420
1.536720
1.528920 1.432525 1.546420 1.442820 1.384020
1648 243.22
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, bz, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth
s ctc, CS2 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, chl, ace; sl eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH 1.091030
1.614820
i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; msc eth, bz sl H2O, eth; s EtOH
1702 1332
1.13221
vs EtOH, eth, ace s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6514 6515 6516 6517 6518 6519 6520 6521 6522 6523
Name
OH
OH N N
O 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol
2-Isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol
Isopropyl methylsulfide
1-Isopropylnaphthalene
2-Isopropylnaphthalene
Isopropyl nitrate
N N
O
O
N-Isopropyl-N-nitroso-2-propanamine
Isopropyl nitrite
N H
O
Isopropyl 3-oxobutanoate
Isopropyl palmitate
Isopropyl pentanoate
2-Isopropylphenol
3-Isopropylphenol
4-Isopropylphenol
3-347
H N
O N H
O 1-(4-Isopropylphenyl)ethanone
Isopropyl propanoate
O
S
N-Isopropyl-2-propenamide
Isopropylpropylamine
O
S
Isopropyl propyl sulfide
Cl
4-Isopropylpyridine
4-Isopropylstyrene
O
H2N
Cl Cl
O Isopropyl tetradecanoate
(Isopropylthio)benzene
N Isopropyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate
O
Isopropyl trichloroacetate
HO
HO N H
Isopropyl vinylether
O N O O
H
N O Isopsoralen
O
NH2 1-Isoquinolinamine
N 3-Isoquinolinamine
N Isoquinoline
HO
N 7-Isoquinolinol
H
OH
Isosorbide
Isoproterenol
O H
O
OH H N
H
O
NH2
Isopropyl silicate
HO
O
Isopropylurea
O O
O O Si O O
O N
O O
Isopropyl stearate
N-Isopropyl-N’-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine
O O
O
O
1-Isopropyl-4-nitrobenzene
O
O
O
Isopropyl phenylcarbamate
N
H N
O H N
O
O
OH
O
O
N
OH
OH O
O
O
O O N O
Isosorbidedinitrate
O O P O S Isosystox
S
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Isopropyl methylether
O
S
O N
No.
Name
Synonym
6556 Isothebaine Isothiocyanic acid L-Isovaline Isoxaben Isoxazole Isoxsuprine Jacobine Javanicin Jervine Kaempferol Kainic acid Kanamycin A Kepone Ketamine
6570 Ketene 6571 Khellin 6572 L-Kynurenine
3-348
6573 6574 6575 6576 6577 6578 6579 6580 6581 6582
Labetalol DL-Lactic acid D-Lactic acid L-Lactic acid Lactofen d-Lactone-D-gluconic acid a-Lactose b-D-Lactose a-Lactose monohydrate Lactulose
6583 Laminaribiose 6584 Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, b) (3 6585 Lantadene A 6586 Lantadene B 6587 L-Lanthionine 6588 Lapachol 6589 6590 6591 6592
Lappaconitine Lasiocarpine Laudanidine Laudanine
6593 Laudanosine
CH21NO3 19 CHNS H NO C2 C18H24N2O4 1-Oxa-2-azacyclopentadiene C3NO 3H C18H23NO3 C18H25NO6 CH14O6 15 C27H39NO3 C15H10O6 H15NO4 10C C18H36N4O11 Chlordecone C10Cl10O 2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) C13H16ClNO cyclohexanone, (±) C2H2O 4,9-Dimethoxy-7-methyl-5 HC14H12O5 furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-5-one Benzenebutanoic acid, a,2-diamino- C10H12N2O3 g-oxoCH24N2O3 19 O3 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, (±) 3H6C H6O3 D-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid 3C H6O3 L-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid 3C CH15ClF3NO7 19 H10O6 d-D-Gluconolactone 6C C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C 12H24O12 4-O-b-D-GalactopyranosylDC12H22O11 fructose O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl3D-glucose C12H22O11 Lanosterol C30H50O 2-Amino-2-methylbutyric acid
Rehmannic acid
5 11
H52O5 35C C35H52O5 C6H12N2O4S
L-Cysteine,S-(2-amino-2carboxyethyl)-, R)( 2-Hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- C15H14O3 1,4-naphthalenedione H44N2O8 32C CH33NO7 21 CH25NO4 20 C20H25NO4 C21H27NO4
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
568-21-8
311.375
orth cry (al)
3129-90-6 595-40-4 82558-50-7 288-14-2 395-28-8 6870-67-3 476-45-9 469-59-0 520-18-3 487-79-6 59-01-8 143-50-0 6740-88-1
59.091 117.147 332.395 69.062 301.381 351.395 290.268 425.604 286.236 213.231 484.499 490.636 237.725
unstab gas nd (w) ª300 wh cry 173
463-51-4 82-02-0
42.036 260.242
103.0 228 208 dec 243 dec ye nd (al, + 1 w) 277 cry (EtOH aq) 253 dec cry (EtOH) 350 dec cry (eth92.5 pentane) col gas -151 eth, al 154 dec
343-65-7
208.213
lf (+l/2w)
36894-69-6 598-82-3 10326-41-7 79-33-4 77501-63-4 90-80-2 14641-93-1 5965-66-2 5989-81-1 4618-18-2
328.405 90.078 90.078 90.078 461.773 178.139 342.296 342.296 360.312 342.296
cry (MeOH) ye cry pl (chl) hyg pr (eth) ye pow (bz) nd (al) wh pow
34980-39-7 79-63-0
342.296 426.717
467-81-2 467-82-3 922-55-4
552.785 552.785 208.235
84-79-7
242.270
32854-75-4 303-34-4 301-21-3 85-64-3
584.699 411.490 343.418 343.418
2688-77-9
357.444
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
203.5
i 2HO; msc EtOH, chl; sl eth; s MeOH
95
1.07820
1.429817
cry pl (EtOH) red cry (al)
mcl (w) hx pl (MeOH)
nd (eth), cry (MeOH-ace) cry (MeOH) cry (EtOH) hex pl ye pr (eth, bz) pl (al) hex pl (al) col pl (peth) hex pr (al) ye wh pr (dil al, al-chl) nd (peth), pr (al)
222.8 254 201 dec 169
s EtOH; sl eth s EtOAc, MeCN, MeOH s H2O
s alk i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; i bz s H2O; i EtOH 1.6125
-49.8 1900.05
sl eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, chl
191 dec 164 16.8 53 25.5 93
Solubility
sl2H O
12215 1032
1.206021
1.5920 1.54720
1.439220
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl, MeOH vs H2O
205 140.5
vs eth, EtOH, chl
297 302 294 dec
sl H2O
139.5 217.5 95.5 184.5 167 89
1.2620
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc i 2HO; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl 2HO; s EtOH, bz, eth vs H2O, bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6557 6558 6559 6560 6561 6562 6563 6564 6565 6566 6567 6568 6569
Mol. Form.
OH
O
O O
N H
HO O
O
O
N H
OH Isothiocyanic acid
N
O
O
NH2
HN C S Isothebaine
OH H N
L-Isovaline
O Isoxaben
N
O
O O H
O
OH O O
O
O
Isoxsuprine
H OH O
N
HO
Isoxazole
H H N
O
O
Jacobine
HO
Javanicin
Jervine
HO
HO
H2N
OH
O
O
OH
O
OH O
HO
OH
O OH
OH
Cl Cl
HO
HO
O OH Kaempferol
OH
N H
O
Cl
H2N
Cl
NH2
O
Kainicacid
O
Cl
Cl Cl Cl
O
KanamycinA
O
NH2 OH
O
NH
Cl Kepone
OH
O
Cl O
H2C C O
Ketamine
O
Ketene
Khellin
O
Labetalol
HO
HO O OH
3-349
O
O
O
O OH
OH OH
OH
DL-Lacticacid
D-Lacticacid
HO
O
HO
HO O O
HO
OH OH
F F
OH OH L-Lacticacid
HO
O O N O
F
HO
O
O O
O OH
O
O O
HO OH
OH d-Lactone-D-gluconicacid
O
O
O
O
O
HO O
Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3b)
OH OH
H2O OH a-Lactosemonohydrate
O OH
H
O
H
O O OH
O
O HO
OH Laminaribiose
OH
HO
OH
OH OH b-D-Lactose
O OH
H OH OH
OH
HO OH Lactulose
O O
HO
O O
O
O HO
OH
OH a-Lactose
HO
OH
OH OH
HO
Lactofen
HO
OH
HO
OH
O
NH2
L-Kynurenine
HO
Cl
HO
O
NH2
H N
S
LantadeneA
LantadeneB
OH NH2
NH2
L-Lanthionine
O
HO
O
N O
O
H
O
OH
O
O
OH
O O Lapachol
O Lappaconitine
O
N H
O
NH
O
O
H
O
N Lasiocarpine
O
O N
OH
O OH
N H
O
HO OH
O Laudanidine
O
O Laudanine
Laudanosine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O NH2
No.
Name
Synonym
81-38-9
309.359
59227-89-3
281.477
6H12NC 2PbS4 C15H26O C13H18N2O2 C13H10BrCl2O2P S C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid 6H13NO C 2 H16N2O3 8C C59H84N16O12 C46H56N4O9 17-Allylmorphinan-3-ol C25NO 19H L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine C11NO4 9H
19010-66-3 577-27-5 2164-08-1 21609-90-5
447.6 222.366 234.294 412.066
pale ye nd nd (al)
328-39-2 328-38-1 61-90-5 686-50-0 53714-56-0 23360-92-1 152-02-3 59-92-7
131.173 131.173 131.173 188.224 1209.398 808.959 283.408 197.188
lf (w) pl (al) hex pl (dil al)
H30O2 20C 17-Methylmorphinan-3-ol C23NO 17H p-Mentha-1,8-diene,R)( C10H16 p-Mentha-1,8-diene,S)( C10H16 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, (±)-10H18O C 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-yl C12H20O2 acetate CH34N2O6S 18 cis,cis -9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 18HC32O2 cis,cis,cis -9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic C18H30O2 acid N-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)N’-methoxy- C9H10Cl2N2O2 N’-methylurea H12I3NO4 15C 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanamide C 2 8H15NOS 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid 8H14O2SC2 C35N3O7 21H C2O4 2Li 22CH29NO2 C22H25NO2 C22H27NO2 C13H9Cl2FN2S Kuromatsuene C24 15H Claritin CClN2O2 22H23 H36O5 Mevacor 24C C15H7Cl2F3N2O2 C18H18ClN3O a-Methyl-4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl) C15H18O3 methyl]benzeneacetic acid
79-54-9 77-07-6 5989-27-5 5989-54-8 22564-99-4 115-95-7
302.451 257.371 136.234 136.234 154.249 196.286
154-21-2 60-33-3 463-40-1
406.537 280.446 278.430
330-55-2
249.093
6893-02-3 940-69-2 1077-28-7 83915-83-7 30903-87-8 552-72-7 579-21-5 90-69-7 790-69-2 475-20-7 79794-75-5 75330-75-5 14255-88-0 1977-10-2 68767-14-6
650.974 205.341 206.326 441.519 101.901 339.471 335.440 337.455 315.192 204.352 382.883 404.540 375.130 327.808 246.302
C19H19NO3
6596 6597 6598 6599 6600 6601 6602 6603 6604 6605 6606 6607
DL-Leucine D-Leucine L-Leucine N-Leucylglycine Leuprolide Leurosine Levallorphan Levodopa
6608 6609 6610 6611 6612 6613
Levopimaric acid Levorphanol d-Limonene l-Limonene Linalol Linalyl acetate
3-350
6614 Lincomycin 6615 Linoleic acid 6616 Linolenic acid 6617 Linuron 6618 6619 6620 6621 6622 6623 6624 6625 6626 6627 6628 6629 6630 6631 6632
Liothyronine Lipoamide a-Lipoic acid Lisinopril Lithium oxalate Lobelanidine Lobelanine Lobeline Loflucarban Longifolene Loratadine Lovastatin Lovozal Loxapine Loxoprofen
C18H35NO
tab (al) cubes (peth) col liq
mp/˚C
-7
258 105 290 tan waxy solid 71
fluffy solid cry cry (EtOH aq) pl (dil al) pr or nd (w+SO2) orth cry cry oil oil
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.91
1.4701
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, dil acid, con sulf i H2O
0.9078100 1.3225 25 1.53
1.4667110
114
293 293 293 248 dec
50 160
292
sub sub sub
1.29318
s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O sl H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i ace, bz, chl
18 1.293
203 181 277 dec 150 198 -74.0
liq
s H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s alk, MeOH
178 178; 64.415 198; 8613 220; 440.2
0.841120 0.84320 0.87015 0.89520
1.473020 1.474620 1.4627 1.446020
22916 23117, 1290.05
0.902220 0.916420
1.469920 1.480020
amor solid -7 -11
vs ace, eth, EtOH vs py i H2O; vs bz; s ace, 2-PrOH, xyl
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; misc EtOH, eth sl 2HO; s EtOH, ace, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz
93 cry cry ye pl (cy) wh cry pow
236 dec 128 60 159 dec sc (al, eth) 150 nd (eth, peth) 99 nd (al, bz) 130.5 163.5
i H2O, EtOH; s dil alk 8725 2.12117
258; 12615 cry (MeCN) 132 wh cry (ace aq) 174 ye cry 103 ye cry (peth) 109.5 col oil 110
i H2O i EtOH, chl, ace; sl MeOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth i2HO; s EtOH; sl eth; vs ace, bz, py vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace
0.931918
1.504020
i H2O; s bz i H2O; vs chl; s DMF; sl ace, EtOH s ace, diox
0.3 192
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
1-Dodecylhexahydro-2H-azepin-2one Lead bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) Ledol Lenacil Leptophos
6595 Laurocapram
Physical Form
CAS RN
6594 Laureline
Mol. Form.
O
OH
H
N
O
H N
S O
S
S Laureline
Laurocapram
Cl N
Pb
N
O
O
H
N
Lead bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)
O
N H
S Ledol
S O P O
Br
O
Leptophos
O OH
NH2
Cl
Lenacil
O OH
OH
NH2
DL-Leucine
NH2
D-Leucine
L-Leucine
O
N H
H
N
O
HO
O
NH2
H N
N
O
O
O
O
OH
O
H HO
OH N
O O
O N-Leucylglycine
Leuprolide
HO
H
H-5-oxoPro-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Leu-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHEt Leurosine
NH2
O HO
OH
Levallorphan
Levodopa
Levopimaricacid
CH3 HO C H HO
3-351
NH C H
N
H
N
O
O HO
O S OH
O
HO Levorphanol
d-Limonene l-Limonene
Linalol
Linalylacetate
H N
O
O
OH
OH
Cl
OH
N
O
O Cl
Lincomycin
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Linuron
NH2 I
O O
NH2 HO
I
OH
O
HS
I
N H
OH
NH2 S
SH
Liothyronine
OH
O
O S
a-Lipoicacid
Lipoamide
N O HO
Cl H N Lobeline
O
F
O
O O
O
H N H
Cl
N
F
Cl
N
F
Loflucarban
Cl
O Longifolene
O H
Lobelanidine
N
H
Lobelanine
F
O
N N H
O
OH
O
Lithium oxalate
O
S N H
O
HO N
OH
O 2Li
Lisinopril
Cl
OH H
O
N
O N
O
N
O Cl
O
Loratadine
OH
O Lovastatin
Lovozal
Loxapine
Loxoprofen
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
No.
Name
6633 Luciculine 6634 Lunacrine 6635 Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol, (3b)
3-352
6639 6640 6641 6642 6643
Luteoskyrin Lycodine Lycomarasmine Lycorine Lysergamide
6644 6645 6646 6647 6648 6649 6650 6651 6652
Lysergic acid Lysergide DL-Lysine D-Lysine L-Lysine L-Lysine, hydrochloride D-Lyxose L-Lyxose Maclurin
6653 6654 6655 6656 6657
Magenta base Magenta I Magnesium stearate Malachite Green Malaoxon
6658 6659 6660 6661 6662 6663 6664 6665 6666 6667 6668 6669 6670 6671 6672
Malathion Maleic acid Maleic anhydride Maleonitrile Malic acid Malonaldehyde Malonic acid Malononitrile Maltopentaose a-Maltose 6-O-a-Maltosylb-cyclodextrin Maltotetraose Malvidin chloride Mandelic acid Mandelonitrile glucoside
Napelline Betulin Lupeol
8,8’-Dihydroxyrugulosin
2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, (±) 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, D) ( 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, L) (
(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)(2,4,6trihydroxyphenyl)methanone Rosaniline Rosaniline hydrochloride Magnesium octadecanoate (Dimethoxyphosphinylthio) butanedioic acid
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
361.518 273.327 442.717
cry (+1w, ace)
149
1650.02
nd (al +1)
250
sub 240
545-47-1 468-28-0 491-70-3
426.717 414.578 286.236
216 93 329 dec
21884-44-6 20316-18-1 7611-43-0 476-28-8 478-94-4
574.489 242.359 277.231 287.311 267.325
nd (al, ace) pr (MeOH) ye nd (dil al, + 1 w) ye nd (EtOH) orth pr
CH16N2O2 16 C20H25N3O 6H14CN2O2 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N2O2 C15ClN2O2 6H C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C13H10O6
82-58-6 50-37-3 70-54-2 923-27-3 56-87-1 10098-89-2 1114-34-7 1949-78-6 519-34-6
268.310 323.432 146.187 146.187 146.187 182.648 150.130 150.130 262.214
pr (al, py) cry (MeOH), pr (aq, ace) lf or hex sc (w) 240 dec 82 224 218 dec nd (w, dil al) 224 dec 263 dec 108 110 ye nd (al) 222.5
H C N HC ClN3 CMgO4 36H70 CH25ClN2 23 C10H19O7PS
3248-93-9 632-99-5 557-04-0 569-64-2 1634-78-2
301.385 337.846 591.244 364.911 314.293
br-red cry grn cry wh pow grn cry liq
186 dec 200 dec 132
121-75-5 110-16-7 108-31-6 928-53-0 617-48-1 542-78-9 141-82-2 109-77-3 34620-76-3 4482-75-1 104723-60-6 34612-38-9 643-84-5 90-64-2 138-53-4
330.358 116.073 98.057 78.072 134.088 72.063 104.062 66.061 828.718 342.296 1459.266 666.577 366.750 152.148 295.288
ye-br liq mcl pr (w) nd (chl, eth) pr (EtOH)
1.4 139 52.56 31.5 132 73 135 dec 32 78 (hyd) 162.5
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
22HC 35NO3 C16H19NO3 CH50O2 30
5008-52-6 82-40-6 473-98-3
C30H50O C26H38O4 CH10O6 15 30HC 22O12 C16H22N2 C9H15N3O7 C16H17NO4 C16H17N3O
20 19 3 20 20
CH O PS2 4HC 4O4 C2O3 4H C2 4H2N 4H6OC 5 C4O2 3H C4O4 3H 3HC 2N2 CH52O26 30 C12H22O11 CH90O45 54 H42O21 24C C15ClO7 17H C8O3 8H CNO6 14H17 10 19 6
cis-2-Butenedioic acid cis-Butenedinitrile Hydroxybutanedioic acid 1,3-Propanedial
a-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid
hyg nd tcl (al) cry (w) nd (al) cry (MeOH) amorp solid
278 dec 99 228 dec 280 137.5
den/g cm-3
0.9457218
nD
1.4910218
Solubility vs EtOH s chl i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s eth, AcOEt, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, peth, hx sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk, con sulf
1901.0
s H2O, chl, eth, EtOH; i peth
sub
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl sl EtOH, ace, os sl 2HO, eth, bz; s EtOH, py sl H2O s H2O s 2HO; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1.54520 vs eth, EtOH
sl H2O, EtOH; i eth i H2O; reac acid vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH 1320.1
170 dec >300 orth pl 119 wh nd or pl (al) 122
1560.7 dec 202 11120
1.207620 1.59020 1.31460
1.496020
1.60120 sub 218.5
10 1.619 1.191020
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth; i bz, chl s H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl lig s H2O; vs eth, EtOH, MeOH
1.414634
vs H2O, py; s EtOH, eth; i bz s H2O, ace, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth
1.54620
vs H2O
1.289020
sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH s H2O, eth, EtOH, i-PrOH vs H2O, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6636 Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3b) 6637 Lupulon 6638 Luteolin
Synonym
OH H
O
O
H
H
O
OH
OH O
OH
N
O
O
N
OH
HO
O
H Luciculine
Lunacrine
OH
HO
OH
O
HO Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol,(3b)
OH Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3b)
Lupulon
Luteolin
OH
O OH
O
OH O HO HO
H
OH O
O
N H
OH
Luteoskyrin
O
OH
HO
N
N H HO
Lycodine
H2N
HO
O
H N
O N
O
HO
H
N
N
N
H
H
H O
NH2
H O
O
Lycomarasmine
N
NH
Lycorine
NH
Lysergamide
NH
Lysergicacid
Lysergide
H2N
O
O
H2N
O
H2N
OH
H2N
OH
3-353
NH2
NH2
D-Lysine
H2N
OH
OH
NH2
DL-Lysine
H2N NH2
HCl
L-Lysine
CHO H H OH CH2OH
HO HO H
O
L-Lysine,hydrochloride
H H HO
D-Lyxose
CHO OH OH H CH2OH
HO
HO
L-Lyxose
NH2
OH
Maclurin
Cl
N
Magentabase
NH2
Magnesiumstearate
Malachite Green
HO
OH O HO N
Maleicanhydride
HO
OH O
O
N
Maleonitrile
Malicacid
HO O O
HO OH
O
OH
O OH
O
OH
6-O-a-Maltosylb-cyclodextrin
5
HO
OH
O OH
O
OH
O
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
OH OH
OH
3
a-Maltose
Maltopentaose
N
OH O
O O
HO OH
OH
HO
O OH
O OH
OH
N Malononitrile
HO
OH
O OH
N
HO
O
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
Maleicacid
HO
O O
HO
Malonicacid
HO
O
O
HO
Malonaldehyde
HO
O OH
OH O
O OH HO
Malathion
HO
O
O
O
Malaoxon
HO
O O
O S P O S
O
2
MagentaI
O
O O
O O P O S
Mg 2
O
HCl
O
O
O
O
OH
HO
NH N
O
O
NH
OH
O O
OH
2
Maltotetraose
OH
OH OH
HO
HO O
O Cl O
OH
OH
OH
Malvidin chloride
O O
OH HO O Mandelicacid
OH Mandelonitrile glucoside
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH O
No.
Name
Mol. Wt.
12427-38-2
265.302
638-38-0 10170-69-1 12079-65-1
173.027 389.977 204.062
red cry (w) ye mcl cry pale ye cry
12108-13-3
218.088
ye liq
69-65-8
182.171
C6O18 6H8N C6H12O6
15825-70-4 3458-28-4
452.157 180.155
C6H12O6 15HC 24N2O
10030-80-5 519-02-8
180.155 248.364
6683 Mazindol 6684 Mebendazole
C16H13ClN2O C16H13N3O3
22232-71-9 31431-39-7
284.739 295.292
6685 6686 6687 6688 6689
Mebhydroline Mecarbam Meclizine Medroxyprogesterone Mefenamic acid
C19H20N2 C10H20NO5PS2 25CH27ClN2 C22H32O3 C15H15NO2
524-81-2 2595-54-2 569-65-3 520-85-4 61-68-7
276.375 329.374 390.948 344.487 241.286
orth nd or pr (w) nd (al) nd or orth pr (al) cry (al) a-nd or pl; borth pr, cry (ace/hx) cry (HOAc/ MeOH) cry ye oil
6690 6691 6692 6693
Mefloquine Mefluidide Melezitose a-D-Melibiose
C17H16F6N2O CH13F3N2O3S 11 CH32O16 18 C12H22O11
53230-10-7 53780-34-0 597-12-6 585-99-9
378.311 310.292 504.437 342.296
C26H41NO
14417-88-0
383.610
oil
C13H18Cl2N2O2
148-82-3
305.200
nd
183 dec
2124-57-4 78-57-9 80-47-7
648.999 281.296 172.265
cry cry (MeOH)
54 160
7764-50-3
152.233
16409-46-4 57-42-1 50-12-4 115-38-8 950-10-7 24307-26-4 96-88-8
240.382 247.334 218.251 246.261 269.322 149.662 246.348
Manganese, [[1,2C4H6MnN2S4 ethanediylbis[carbamodithioato]](2 -)]C 4H6O4Mn Dimanganese decacarbonyl CMn2O10 10 C8H5MnO3
6681 L-Mannose 6682 Matridin-15-one
3-354
6694 Melinamide 6695 Melphalan 6696 Menaquinone 7 6697 Menazon 6698 p-Menthane hydroperoxide 6699 p-Menth-8-en-2-one 6700 6701 6702 6703 6704 6705 6706
Menthol 3-methylbutanoate Meperidine Mephenytoin Mephobarbital Mephosfolan Mepiquat chloride Mepivacaine
Seminose
Matrine
2-[(2,3-Dimethylphenyl) amino]benzoic acid
O-a-D-Galactopyranosyl6Dglucose N-(1-Phenylethyl)-9,12octadecadieneamide,Z,Z)( L-Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2chloroethyl)amino]Vitamin2(35) K
C9H7MnO3 H CO
6 14 6
C46H64O2 C6H12N5O2PS2 1-Methyl-1-(4-methylcyclohexyl) C10H20O2 ethyl hydroperoxide 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) C10H16O cyclohexanone Menthol, isovalerate 15H28OC 2 Pethidine 15HC 21NO2 CH14N2O2 12 CH14N2O3 13 C8H16NO3PS2 Piperidinium, 1,1-dimethyl-, chloride 7H16ClN C N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-1-methyl-2-C15H22N2O piperidinecarboxamide
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
dec 200
hyg cry cry (MeOH aq) cry (w+2)
210 154 77.0 1.5
1.75
s H2O, MeOH, HOAc; i ace i H2O; s os s os
1.38820
i H2O; misc bz
subl 233; 10210
168
2953.5
1.48920
107 132 dec
exp
1.820 1.53920
1.3330
vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH; i eth, bz
132 2236
1.528625
198 288.5 95
2111 1440.02 230
<4
1.556525
2020.07
vs H2O s H2O, eth, ace; vs EtOH, bz; sl peth i H2O; s EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; sl eth; vs EtOH, ace, MeOH sl H2O s CS2 vs chl s alk; sl eth, chl
1.22320
214.5 230 dec 178.2 184 153
vs H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth
vs H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; dec acid 1.505023 i H2O; s EtOH
sl H2O; s thf 259
0.92
223.0
wh cry (w) ye liq cry (eth)
30 136 176
1299 1555
1200.001 223 150.5
0.90815
1.448620
i H2O; s EtOH, ace
1.535426
sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH s ace, EtOH, bz s CS2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6674 Manganese(II) acetate 6675 Manganese carbonyl 6676 Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl 6677 Manganese 2-methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl Cordycepic acid 6678 D-Mannitol 6679 D-Mannitol hexanitrate 6680 D-Mannose
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
CAS RN
6673 Maneb
Synonym
HN
NH
S
S
O
Mn S
S
Mn2 O
Maneb
2
Manganese(II) acetate
CO CO CO OC OC Mn Mn CO CO OC CO CO Manganese carbonyl
HO HO H H
CO Mn CO CO
CO Mn CO CO Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl
Manganese 2-methylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl
CH2OH H H OH OH CH2OH
CH2ONO2 H H ONO2 ONO2 CH2ONO2
O2NO O2NO H H
D-Mannitol
D-Mannitol hexanitrate
HO HO H H
CHO OH OH H H CH2OH
H H HO HO
D-Mannose
N
O N H H
L-Mannose
N
H
N
O
HO
H N
N H
N H
Cl
Matridin-15-one
Mazindol
N
O
O S P S O
O
Mebendazole
Mebhydroline
O
O N
O
Mecarbam
HO HO
3-355
Cl
N N
HO
F Medroxyprogesterone
H N F F
N
O Meclizine
N H H
O H N
Mefenamicacid
F
O O
HO
O OH
F
F
F S
OH F F
Mefloquine
HO
HO
OH O
OH
O O O HN
OH
O
HO
OH
O OH
O Mefluidide
Melezitose
HO O
O
HO OH
O
O O
OH
OH HO
OH Cl
N H
Cl Melphalan
Menaquinone7
O
O Menthol3-methylbutanoate
N N
O P O S O
NH2
Menazon
OH
p-Menthanehydroperoxide
O O
O
N H2N
O
Melinamide
O
S
H 35
OH OH
a-D-Melibiose
p-Menth-8-en-2-one
O
NH2
N
N Meperidine
NH O
N
S
NH O
Mephenytoin
O
N
O
Mephobarbital
S
O N P O O
Mephosfolan
N
Cl
Mepiquatchloride
H N
N O
Mepivacaine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N CHO H H OH OH CH2OH
No.
Name
Synonym
6707 Mepivacaine monohydrochloride Carbocaine hydrochloride 6708 Mercaptoacetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester 6709 2-Mercaptobenzoic acid o-Thiosalicylic acid Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether 2,2’-Dithiobis[benzothiazole] 2-Mercaptoethanol 2-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acid 2-Mercapto-N-2-naphthylacetamide Thionalide 2-Mercaptophenol 4-Mercaptophenol 3-Mercapto-1,2-propanediol Thioglycerol
6717 6718 6719 6720 6721 6722
3-Mercaptopropanoic acid 3-Mercapto-D-valine Mercury(II) benzoate Mercury(II) oleate Mercury(II) phenyl acetate Merphos
6723 6724 6725 6726
Mesityl oxide Mesoridazine Mestranol [2.2]Metacyclophane
6727 6728 6729 6730
Metalaxyl Metaldehyde Metanil Yellow Metaraminol
6731 6732 6733 6734 6735
Metaxalone Methacholine chloride Methacrylic acid Methacycline Methadone hydrochloride
6736 Methallenestril 6737 Methamidophos 6738 Methamphetamine 6739 Methamphetamine hydrochloride 6740 Methandrostenolone 6741 Methane 6742 Methanearsonic acid 6743 Methanedisulfonic acid 6744 Methanesulfonic acid
mp/˚C
282.809 204.330
cry
263
147-93-3
154.187
H N SC CH OS 4HC 8O2S CNOS 12H11 C6H6OS C6H6OS O2S 3H8C
120-78-5 60-24-2 4695-31-2 93-42-5 1121-24-0 637-89-8 96-27-5
332.487 78.133 120.171 217.286 126.176 126.176 108.160
lf or nd (al, w, 168.5 HOAc) ye nd 180
HC O S H CNO2S 14CH10HgO4 C66HgO4 36H C 2 8H8HgO C12H27PS3
107-96-0 52-67-5 583-15-3 1191-80-6 62-38-4 150-50-5
106.144 149.212 442.81 763.35 336.74 298.511
cry pow (w) ye-br solid
H OC CH26N2OS2 21 C21H26O2 C16H16
141-79-7 5588-33-0 72-33-3 2319-97-3
98.142 386.573 310.430 208.298
liq oil cry orth pr
CH NO4 (C4O)x 2H C14N3NaO3S 18H C9H13NO2
57837-19-1 37273-91-9 587-98-4 54-49-9
279.333 375.377 167.205
71 tetr nd or pr (al) 246 br-ye pow hyg cry (HCl)
1665-48-1 62-51-1 79-41-4 914-00-1 1095-90-5
221.252 195.688 86.090 442.418 345.906
cry (AcOEt) hyg cry pr cry pl (al-eth)
122 172 16 205 dec 235
517-18-0 10265-92-6
286.366 141.130
cry (MeOH aq)
139 46
537-46-2 51-57-0
149.233 185.694
72-63-9 74-82-8
300.435 16.043
124-58-3 503-40-2 75-75-2
139.971 176.169 96.106
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
ClN2O 15H23C C10H20O2S
1722-62-9 7659-86-1
7 6 2
HO CS
14 8 2 4 2 6
3 6 2
Penicillamine Mercuric benzoate Mercuric oleate Phenylmercuric acetate Phosphorotrithious acid, S,S,Stributyl ester Isobutenyl methyl ketone
Tricyclo[9.3.1.1]hexadeca-1(15) ,4,6,8(16),11,13-hexaene
5 11
6 10
15 21
Metacetaldehyde (polymer) 2-Amino-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1propanol, (1R,2S)
C12H15NO3 8HC 18ClNO2 2-Methylpropenoic acid 4H6OC 2 CH22N2O8 22 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl-3C21H28ClNO heptanone hydrochloride 18HC22O3 Phosphoramidothioic acid, O,SC2H8NO2PS dimethyl ester H15N 10C N,a-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine, C10H16ClN hydrochloride, S)( CH28O2 20 CH4
Methionic acid Methylsulfonic acid
CH 5AsO3 4O6S2 CH 4O3S CH
bp/˚C
oil cry visc amor
18 198.5 ª125 153 100
nD
Solubility s H2O
133.5
47 111.5 5.5 29.5
den/g cm-3 0.9720
sub
s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO, lig 1.50 1.114320
1.499620
217; 898 1.23710 16745, 13511 1.128525 1001 1.245520
1.510125 1.526820
11115, 863
1.49420
158; 5513 10115
1.21821
i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, ctc, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, os vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, alk, con sulf sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; msc EtOH; vs ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc i EtOH i2H O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s chl
1370.7, 17615 1.0220
-59
130
151 132.5
290
0.865320
1.444020
s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s diox, eth, EtOH, chl sl EtOH; s bz, eth
sub 115
i2O, H ace; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH; s bz, eth; sl ace s H2O
2231.5 162.5
1.015320
1.431420
vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs 2HO, EtOH s eth
1.3120 212
173.8
col gas
vs H2O, EtOH, chl
166 -182.47
-161.48
0.4228-162
160.5 98 20
16710
1.481218
1.431718
sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz, tol, MeOH s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s HNO3 s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-356
6710 6711 6712 6713 6714 6715 6716
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
N HCl
HS
OH
O
O
H N
N N
SH
O
O
S S
SH
S
Mepivacainemonohydrochloride
Mercaptoacetic acid,2-ethylhexylester
2-Mercaptobenzoicacid
H N
OH
S
OH
HS
Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether
2-Mercaptoethanol
SH O
O 2-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoic acid
2-Mercapto-N-2-naphthylacetamide
O
OH HO
HS
SH
HS
2-Mercaptophenol
O
OH HS
SH
OH
4-Mercaptophenol
3-Mercapto-1,2-propanediol
O
O
O
Hg
Hg2
O
OH NH2
OH
3-Mercaptopropanoicacid
O
2
3-Mercapto-D-valine
Mercury(II) benzoate
Mercury(II) oleate
N HO
3-357
O Hg O S Mercury(II) phenyl acetate
S P
N
Mesityl oxide
N O Mestranol
[2.2]Metacyclophane
H
NH O
O
NH2
O
Metaraminol
Metaxalone
OH N H
Metalaxyl
N
O O
O
Methacholine chloride
O
N HCl
NH2 OH
Cl
Metaldehyde
OH
O
O O
OH
O
O O
Mesoridazine
OH N
Metanil Yellow
O
H
S
S
Merphos
SO3Na
O
O
H N N
O S
OH O
Methacrylic acid
HO OH O
O
Methacycline
Methadonehydrochloride
OH O OH O Methallenestril
O O P S NH2 Methamidophos
H
HN Methamphetamine
HN
HCl
Methamphetamine hydrochloride
O
O
H H
H H
Methandrostenolone
Methane
As OH OH Methanearsonicacid
H
SO3H SO3H H
Methanedisulfonic acid
O S OH O Methanesulfonic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No. 6745 6746 6747 6748 6749 6750
Name Methanesulfonyl chloride Methanesulfonyl fluoride Methanethiol Methanimidamide Methanimidamide, monoacetate Methanol
6754 6755 6756 6757 6758 6759
Methazolamide Methazole Methenamine allyl iodide Methestrol Methidathion Methiocarb
6760 L-Methionine
3-358
6761 6762 6763 6764 6765 6766 6767
Methocarbamol Methomyl Methoprene Methoprotryne Methotrexate Methoxamine hydrochloride Methoxsalen
Methyl mercaptan Formamidine Formamidine acetate Methyl alcohol
Methoxyacetyl chloride 2-Methoxyaniline 3-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline 2-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride 1-Methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde
6778 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde 6779 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 6780 6781 6782 6783
4-Methoxybenzamide 4-Methoxybenzeneacetaldehyde 2-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid 4-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid
Mol. Wt.
124-63-0 558-25-8 74-93-1 463-52-5 3473-63-0 67-56-1
114.552 98.097 48.108 44.056 104.108 32.042
53-46-3 91-80-5 50-11-3
420.340 261.386 198.218
cry (i-PrOH)
554-57-4 20354-26-1 36895-62-2 130-73-4 950-37-8 2032-65-7
236.273 261.061 308.162 298.419 302.330 225.308
cry (w)
63-68-3
149.212
hex pl (dil al)
532-03-6 16752-77-5 40596-69-8 841-06-5 59-05-2 61-16-5 298-81-7
241.241 162.210 310.471 271.383 454.440 247.719 216.190
cry (bz)
CH O 3HC 6O3 C 3H5NO
10312-83-1 625-45-6 1738-36-9
74.079 90.078 71.078
HCClO2 HC NO C9NO 7H C9NO 7H CClNO 7H10 H10O3 15C C8H8O2
38870-89-2 90-04-0 536-90-3 104-94-9 134-29-2 82-39-3 135-02-4
108.524 123.152 123.152 123.152 159.613 238.238 136.149
C8H8O2 C8H8O2
591-31-1 123-11-5
136.149 136.149
CH NO2 CH O 9HC 10O3 9HC 10O3
3424-93-9 5703-26-4 93-25-4 104-01-8
151.163 150.174 166.173 166.173
CH 2S 3ClO FO2S 3CH 4SCH 4NCH 2 3H8N2OC 2 O 4CH HC BrNO3 CH N S C9H14N2O3 14 19 3
5,5-Diethyl-1-methyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
H8N4O3S2 5C C9H6Cl2N2O3 Allylhexamethylenetetramine iodide C 9H17IN 4 CH26O2 20 6HC 11N2O4PS3 Phenol, 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylthio)C11H15NO2S , methylcarbamate C11NO2S 5H Guaifenesin-1-carbamate
9-Methoxy-7 H-furo[3,2g][1]benzopyran-7-one
CNO5 11H15 C5H10N2O2S C19H34O3 C 11H21N5OS 20CH22N8O5 C18ClNO3 11H C12H8O4 3 6 2
3 5
o-Anisidine m-Anisidine p-Anisidine o-Anisidine hydrochloride
p-Anisaldehyde
Physical Form
CAS RN
21 26
6768 Methoxyacetaldehyde 6769 Methoxyacetic acid 6770 Methoxyacetonitrile 6771 6772 6773 6774 6775 6776 6777
Mol. Form.
7 9
8 9
9 10 2
col gas pr liq
mp/˚C
-123 81 161.5 -97.53
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
162; 5511 123.5 5.9 dec
1.480518
1.457320
i H2O; s EtOH, eth
64.6
0.866520
0.791420
174.5 1743
nd
s H2O; sl chl
1.2425 vs H2O; i chl, eth
281 dec
s2H O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl HOAc s EtOH
93 78 1000.05
pr
1.294624 0.92620
69 190 dec 214 148
hyg
liq orth pl nd
1.591520
150.5
213 dec 123 cry 148 dec cry (dil HOAc) 145 39 120
cry ye cry (w) cry pr (dil al) nd (peth)
1.328820
6.2 -1 57.2 225 170.3 37.5
0 nd or tab (w)
166.5
nd (w) pl (w)
124 87
sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz; s chl s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth
sl H2O; s os vs H2O; i eth, bz, chl sl H2O, eth, ace, peth; vs EtOH 92 203.5 119
1.00525 1.176820 0.949220
1.395020 1.416820 1.383120
112.5 224 251 243
1.187120 1.092320 1.09620 1.07157
1.419920 1.571510 1.579420 1.555960
243.5
1.132620
1.560020
231 248; 13412
1.118720 1.11915
1.553020 1.573020
1.09620
1.535920
295 255.5 1002 1382
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, alk, acid s eth, ace, ctc; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth sl EtOH; vs bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; vs eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, chl; s bz vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz; sl chl, lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6751 Methantheline bromide 6752 Methapyrilene 6753 Metharbital
Synonym
O H
O S Cl O
O S F O
Methanesulfonyl chloride
Methanesulfonyl fluoride
H
H2N
H Methanethiol
H2N
NH
Methanimidamide
NH
O
N
N
H
O
SH
O
H
Br
OH
OH
H
Methanimidamide, monoacetate
S
O
Methanol
NH N
Methantheline bromide
N
O
Methapyrilene
N
O
Metharbital
O O N
S P O S O
N
N N S
S
NH2
O
O
N
N
Cl N
O O Methazole
N N
N N
Cl
Methazolamide
I O
OH
Methenamineallyliodide
Methestrol
Methiocarb
3-359
O N H
O
N
N
O
S O
S
O
Methomyl
N N
Methoprene
N
N N H
H2N
N
O
Methocarbamol
OH OH
N H
O
NH2 O
Methotrexate
Methoxaminehydrochloride
NH2
O
O
O
O Methoxsalen
O
O
Methoxyacetaldehyde
OH
Methoxyacetic acid
O
N
O
Cl
O
Methoxyacetonitrile Methoxyacetyl chloride
O
NH2
O
O
O O
O
NH2
NH2
2-Methoxyaniline
3-Methoxyaniline
OH HCl
O
N
N
Methoprotryne
NH2 O
O
L-Methionine
NH2
O
OH
O O
O
NH2
Methidathion
HN
OH
O S
O
S
O
S
H N
O
O
HCl O
O
O
4-Methoxyaniline
2-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride
1-Methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione
NH2
O
O
O
O 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde
OH
O
O
3-Methoxybenzaldehyde
O 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde
O 4-Methoxybenzamide
O 4-Methoxybenzeneacetaldehyde
O
OH
O
2-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid
O
O
4-Methoxybenzeneacetic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
No.
Name
Synonym
4-Methoxybenzeneacetonitrile o-phenylenediamine 4-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Methoxym-phenylenediamine 4-Methoxy-1,3-benzenediamine 4-Methoxy2-Methoxy-1,4-benzenediamine 2,5-Diaminoanisole 3-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediol 4-Methoxybenzeneethanamine 4-Methoxybenzeneethanol 2-Methoxybenzenemethanamine 4-Methoxybenzenemethanamine 2-Methoxybenzenemethanol 3-Methoxybenzenemethanol 4-Methoxybenzenemethanol Anise alcohol 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride 3-Methoxybenzenethiol 4-Methoxybenzenethiol 2-Methoxybenzoic acid 3-Methoxybenzoic acid 4-Methoxybenzoic acid p-Anisic acid 2-Methoxybenzonitrile 3-Methoxybenzonitrile 4-Methoxybenzonitrile 7-Methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolamine 2-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid o-(p-Anisoyl)benzoic acid
6808 6809 6810 6811 6812 6813 6814 6815 6816
2-Methoxybenzoyl chloride 4-Methoxybenzoyl chloride 4-Methoxybenzyl acetate 2-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl 4-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl 1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene 2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene 3-Methoxy-1-butanol 1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne
6817 6818 6819 6820 6821 6822
Methoxychlor Methoxycyclohexane 1-Methoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1-Methoxy-3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-Methoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone 2-Methoxyethanol
6823 (2-Methoxyethoxy)ethene 6824 2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy) ethoxy]ethanol
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C 9H9NO C10N2O 7H C10N2O 7H C2O 7H10N H8O3 7C C13NO 9H H12O2 9C C11NO 8H C11NO 8H H10O2 8C H10O2 8C 8HC 10O2 ClO3S 7H7C C8OS 7H C8OS 7H C8O3 8H C8O3 8H C8O3 8H 8HC 7NO 8HC 7NO 8HC 7NO C10H8O3 8HC 8N2OS C12O4 15H
104-47-2 102-51-2 615-05-4 5307-02-8 934-00-9 55-81-2 702-23-8 6850-57-3 2393-23-9 612-16-8 6971-51-3 105-13-5 98-68-0 15570-12-4 696-63-9 579-75-9 586-38-9 100-09-4 6609-56-9 1527-89-5 874-90-8 531-59-9 1747-60-0 1151-15-1
147.173 138.166 138.166 138.166 140.137 151.205 152.190 137.179 137.179 138.164 138.164 138.164 206.647 140.203 140.203 152.148 152.148 152.148 133.148 133.148 133.148 176.169 180.227 256.254
HC ClO2 HC ClO2 H12O3 10C CH12O 13 CH12O 13 C8O 5H C8O 5H H12O2 5C C 5H6O
21615-34-9 100-07-2 104-21-2 86-26-0 613-37-6 3036-66-6 3588-30-5 2517-43-3 2798-73-4
170.594 170.594 180.200 184.233 184.233 84.117 84.117 104.148 82.101
72-43-5 931-56-6 119-27-7 5327-44-6 3524-62-7 109-86-4
345.648 114.185 198.133 198.133 226.271 76.095
1663-35-0 112-35-6
102.132 164.200
8 7
p-Anisoyl chloride
8 7
C16H15Cl3O2 C7H14O 7HC 6N2O5 3,5-Dinitroanisole C5 7H6N2O H14O2 15C Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3H8OC 2 H10O2 5C Triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether 7H16CO4
Physical Form grn pl nd (eth) cry nd
mp/˚C 51 67.5 107 42.8 29
nd nd or pr (bz)
pl (w) nd (w)
30 25 42.5
101 107 185 24.5
nd (w) lf (al) lf (w, MeOH)
61.5 118.3 166 lf (w), cry (al, 146 to) nd pr (peth) pl (al)
24.5 84 29 90
cry (dil al) liq nd (al or w) nd (al) nd (lig) liq
87 -74.4 94.5 105.3 49.5 -85.1
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
286.5 1.084520 20021, 16811
16348, 12910 13920 335 228 236.5 249 252 259.1 1030.25 224.5; 11420 228 200 17010 276.5 255.5 14034, 11113 256.5
nD
Solubility
1.530920
s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth s EtOH, eth; sl DMSO s chl
1.537920 1.05125 1.05015 1.038625 1.11225 1.10926
1.547520 1.546220 1.545520 1.544020 1.542025
1.131325
1.587420 1.580125
1.106320 1.08925
1.540220
sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, bz s chl s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s bz, ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, eth; s chl s EtOH; vs eth i2O; H vs EtOH, eth; s bz sl 2HO; s EtOH, eth, con sulf, alk vs eth, EtOH, tol
254 262.5 270; 15023 274 15710 91.5 75 157 dec 123; 3923 133 20612 18815 124.1 107 246
1.26120 1.10525 1.023399 1.0278100 0.829620 0.827220 0.92323 0.90620 25 1.41 0.875620 1.3364131 1.55812 1.127814 0.964720
1.58020 1.564199 1.5744100 1.459420 1.444220 1.414825 1.481820
1.435520 1.54615
1.402420
s eth, ace; vs bz; sl ctc s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, peth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl chl i H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, bz vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs py vs ace, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH msc H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; s ace; sl chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-360
6784 6785 6786 6787 6788 6789 6790 6791 6792 6793 6794 6795 6796 6797 6798 6799 6800 6801 6802 6803 6804 6805 6806 6807
Mol. Form.
NH2
NH2
NH2
O
NH2
NH2
OH OH
NH2
OH
O
NH2
N O
O
NH2
O
O
O
4-Methoxybenzeneacetonitrile 4-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Methoxy-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Methoxy-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Methoxy-1,2-benzenediol
Cl O S O
OH OH
OH
4-Methoxybenzeneethanol
2-Methoxybenzenemethanamine
SH O
SH
OH
O
O
O 2-Methoxybenzenemethanol
O
3-Methoxybenzenemethanol
4-Methoxybenzenemethanol
O
O
4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride
3-Methoxybenzenethiol
N
N
OH
HO
3-361 O O
O
O
4-Methoxybenzoicacid
O
O
NH2
O
3-Methoxybenzoicacid
2-Methoxybenzoicacid
N
O O
4-Methoxybenzenethiol
N
OH
O
O
O
O
4-Methoxybenzenemethanamine
2-Methoxybenzonitrile
3-Methoxybenzonitrile
4-Methoxybenzonitrile
O
O
S
O
O
7-Methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
O
6-Methoxy-2-benzothiazolamine
2-(4-Methoxybenzoyl)benzoic acid
Cl
Cl
O O O
O O
2-Methoxybenzoylchloride
Cl
Cl
O
4-Methoxybenzoylchloride
4-Methoxybenzylacetate
O N
O Cl O
2-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl
O
O Methoxychlor
Methoxycyclohexane
N
O
O
O
4-Methoxy-1,1’-biphenyl
1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene
OH 2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene
3-Methoxy-1-butanol
1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne
O O
O O
O
O
O O
N O
N O
O O
1-Methoxy-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1-Methoxy-3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-Methoxy-1,2-diphenylethanone
O
OH
2-Methoxyethanol
O
O
(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethene
HO
O
O
O
2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
NH2
O
4-Methoxybenzeneethanamine
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
6825 2-Methoxyethyl acetate
110-49-6
118.131
liq
6826 6827 6828 6829 6830 6831 6832 6833 6834
3121-61-7 109-85-3 151-38-2 114-91-0 25414-22-6 484-29-7 83-74-9 608-07-1 73-31-4
130.141 75.109 318.72 137.179 98.101 199.205 310.432 190.241 232.278
cry (al) pa ye lf (bz)
37143-54-7 101-70-2
89.136 229.275
lf (EtOH)
1117-97-1 120-71-8 102-50-1 3319-15-1
61.083 137.179 137.179 152.190
994-05-8 13679-46-4 586-84-5 930-37-0 90-65-3
102.174 112.127 157.125 88.106 170.163
107-70-0 93-51-6 2216-69-5 93-04-9
130.185 138.164 158.196 158.196
HO C CH O C2O3 7H8N C8N2O3 7H C2O3 7H8N
2348-82-5 84-85-5 97-52-9 99-59-2 96-96-8
188.180 174.196 168.150 168.150 168.150
C8O2 7H C7H8O2 C7H8O2 14HC 12O3 15HC 14O5 21HC 21O7P C11H13NO4
90-05-1 150-19-6 150-76-5 531-37-3 553-17-3 563-03-1 70-07-5
124.138 124.138 124.138 228.243 274.269 416.362 223.226
CH O
93-14-1
198.216
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
6846 6847 6848 6849
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether C5H10O3 acetate 2-Methoxyethyl acrylate 2-Methoxyethyl 2-propenoate C3 6H10O 2-Methoxyethylamine 1-Amino-2-methoxyethane C 3H9NO Methoxyethylmercuric acetate CHgO3 5H10 2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine Metyridine C 8H11NO H6O2 2-Methoxyfuran 5C 4-Methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline Dictamnine C2 12H9NO 12-Methoxyibogamine Ibogaine C26N2O 20H C2O 5-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-ethanamine 5-Methoxytryptamine 11H14N N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl) Melatonin CH16N2O2 13 ethyl]acetamide NO 3-Methoxyisopropylamine 1-Methoxy-2-propanamine 4H11C 4-Methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl) 4,4’-Dimethoxydiphenylamine 14HC 15NO2 aniline N-Methoxymethylamine N-Methoxymethanamine C7NO 2H 2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline 5-Methylo-anisidine C11NO 8H 4-Methoxy-2-methylaniline CNO 8H11 4-Methoxy-aC9H12O2 methylbenzenemethanol H14O 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane Methyl tert -pentyl ether 6C 2-(Methoxymethyl)furan C8O2 6H 2-(Methoxymethyl)-5-nitrofuran C 4 6H7NO (Methoxymethyl)oxirane C8O2 4H 3-Methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5Penicillic acid 8H10CO4 hexadienoic acid 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone Pentoxone 7HC 14O2 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol Creosol C10O2 8H 1-Methoxynaphthalene CH10O 11 2-Methoxynaphthalene CH10O 11
6850 6851 6852 6853 6854
2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthalenedione 4-Methoxy-1-naphthol 2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline 2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline 4-Methoxy-2-nitroaniline
6835 6836 6837 6838 6839 6840
3-362
6841 6842 6843 6844 6845
6855 6856 6857 6858 6859 6860 6861
2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol 2-Methoxyphenol benzoate 2-Methoxyphenol carbonate (2:1) 2-Methoxyphenol phosphate (3:1) 5-[(2-Methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2oxazolidinone 6862 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2propanediol
11 8 3
11 10 2
5-Nitroo-anisidine
Guaiacol
Guaiacol benzoate Guaiacol carbonate Guaiacol phosphate Mephenoxalone Guaifenesin
10 14 4
nd (peth)
pr (al)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-70
143
den/g cm-3 1.007419
6716, 5612 95
1.01220
203; 9617 110.5
0.98820 1.064625
Solubility
1.400220
s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc
vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl
42 1.497520 1.446825
133.5 148 121.5 117 1.403125
103
liq 53 29.5
42.4 235 248.5 dec 310; 14017 86.1 132 1043 113
1.06525 1.079420
1.564720 1.531025
0.766025 1.016320 1.28120 0.989020
1.386225 1.457020 1.532520 1.432020
0.898025 1.09820 1.096314
1.41820 1.535325 1.694025
orth or hex pl (+ 83 1w) pr lf (eth), pl (peth)
dk red pr (w or al) hex pr pl cry (al)
orth pr (eth, eth-peth)
vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, AcOEt s chl
97
cry (lig)
nD
5.5 <-10 73.5
160 221 269 274
183.0 129.8 141.0 118 129
sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl peth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs CS 2 vs bz, eth, chl
s DMSO s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace, bz; sl lig vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
1.206815
1.128721 1.13125
sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, peth vs EtOH s ctc
1.542920 1.551020
32 <-17 57 57.5 89 91 144
205 1145 243
2773
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs chl vs ace, tol, chl
78.5
21519, 1270.2
s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH; i peth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
No.
O O
O O
O
O
O
O
2-Methoxyethyl acetate
O N
O
2-Methoxyethyl acrylate
NH2
Hg
O
2-Methoxyethylamine
O
N
Methoxyethylmercuric acetate
O
O
O
2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine
O
N
2-Methoxyfuran
N H
4-Methoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline
H
12-Methoxyibogamine
O
H N
O
N H
N H
5-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-ethanamine
H N O
NH2
NH2 O
N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide
O
O
3-Methoxyisopropylamine
N H
4-Methoxy-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline
O
O
O
N-Methoxymethylamine
2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline
O OH
O
O
O
3-363
O
O 4-Methoxy-a-methylbenzenemethanol
2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane
2-(Methoxymethyl)furan
N O
O
O
O
OH
(Methoxymethyl)oxirane
3-Methoxy-5-methyl-4-oxo-2,5-hexadienoic acid
NH2
O
1-Methoxynaphthalene
2-Methoxynaphthalene
O O
O
O 2-Methoxy-4-methylphenol
2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthalenedione
O
4-Methoxy-1-naphthol
O
N
O
2-Methoxy-4-nitroaniline
4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone
NH2 O N
NH2
O
O
O
O
O
OH
O
OH
O
O O
2-(Methoxymethyl)-5-nitrofuran
4-Methoxy-2-methylaniline
O
OH O
N O
O
2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline
4-Methoxy-2-nitroaniline 2-Methoxyphenol
O O O P O O
OH OH
O
O
O 3-Methoxyphenol
O 4-Methoxyphenol
O
O
2-Methoxyphenolbenzoate
O O
O
O
O
O 2-Methoxyphenolcarbonate(2:1)
OH
NH O O
O
O 2-Methoxyphenolphosphate(3:1)
5-[(2-Methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2-oxazolidinone
O
OH
O 3-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
NH2 NH2
No. 6863 6864 6865 6866 6867
Name
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
9HC 11NO2 9HC 11NO2 9HC 11NO2 O3 9H10C CH12O2 11
93-26-5 588-16-9 51-66-1 613-70-7 943-88-4
165.189 165.189 165.189 166.173 176.212
CH O CH O H12O3 16C
4079-52-1 586-37-8 117-37-3
150.174 150.174 252.264
C7NO2 8H 1-Isothiocyanato-2-methoxybenzene C 8H7NOS C11H13NO3
5416-93-3 3288-04-8 5437-98-9
149.148 165.213 207.226
H CO H12N2O 13C
531-39-5 2396-60-3
208.253 212.246
C13H14N2O
101-64-4
214.262
oran-red pl, lf 56 (al, peth) nd 102
C13H15ClN2O
3566-44-7
250.723
cry
245 dec
14 12 2
CH O
611-94-9
212.244
pr (eth)
C16H14O2
959-33-1
238.281
ye nd (al)
HC O HCO C10O3 10H
121-97-1 122-84-9 943-89-5
C15H14O
9 10 2 9 10 2
Anisindione
Guaiacol valerate
6876 N-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-pN-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,4phenylenediamine benzenediamine 6877 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-pphenylenediamine hydrochloride 6878 (4-Methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone
3-364
6879 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2propen-1-one 6880 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone Ethyl 4-methoxyphenyl ketone 6881 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone Anisyl methyl ketone 6882 trans-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2trans-4-Methoxycinnamic acid propenoic acid 6883 trans-1-Methoxy-4-(2-phenylvinyl) benzene 6884 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene Methoxyallene 6885 3-Methoxy-1-propanamine 6886 3-Methoxy-1,2-propanediol Glycerol 3-methyl ether 6887 3-Methoxypropanenitrile 6888 2-Methoxy-1-propanol 6889 1-Methoxy-2-propanone Methoxyacetone 6890 2-Methoxy-1-propene 6891 3-Methoxy-1-propene 6892 trans-1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) Anethole benzene 6893 1-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene Estragole 6894 cis-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol 6895 trans-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl) phenol 6896 1-Methoxy-4-propylbenzene 6897 2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol 6898 3-Methoxy-1-propyne
12 16 3
nd (w) nd or pl (w) pl (w) lf (al, eth, HOAc) ye liq pa ye cry (HOAc, al)
den/g cm-3
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
87.5 81 131 31.5 74.0
304
nD
12313 187.519
1.128525
1.510125
8 95.5 156.5
245; 12519 240
1.089720 1.034319
1.539320 1.541020
11010 264; 13111
1.187820
1.645820
117.3
Solubility vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace vs ace, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, ace, ctc
s EtOH, chl; sl eth 265 340
1.0525 1.1275
vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace
23812
sl H2O, peth; vs bz, eth, EtOH
61.5
355; 16812
79
18719
164.201 164.201 178.184
25.5 <-15 173.5
266 268
1694-19-5
210.271
136.5
142.515
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl, HOAc s ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, bz, DMSO; s ctc, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth
HCO CH NO O3 4H10C 4HC 7NO C4H10O2 H8O2 4C C4H8O C4H8O C10H12O
13169-00-1 5332-73-0 623-39-2 110-67-8 1589-47-5 5878-19-3 116-11-0 627-40-7 4180-23-8
70.090 89.136 106.120 85.105 90.121 88.106 72.106 72.106 148.201
CH O CH O C10H12O2
140-67-0 5912-86-7 5932-68-3
148.201 164.201 164.201
C10H14O CH14O2 10 C4H6O
104-45-0 2785-87-7 627-41-8
150.217 166.217 70.090
10 12 2 10 12 2
4 6
4 11
10 12
10 12 2
oil hyg liq
col oily liq
22.5
33.5
1.079816 1.069417
1.525320
51.5 117.5 220 163 130 116 38 44 235;2.381
0.872720 1.11420 0.937920 0.93820 0.95725 0.737220 0.7711 0.988220
1.439120 1.44225 1.404320 1.407020 1.397020
s H2O, ace, bz, ctc, chl, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth s EtOH, eth, chl
1.377820 1.561520
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs bz
215.5 13413 14113
0.96525 1.083720 1.085220
1.519520 1.572620 1.578420
vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl
211.5 12110 63
0.947220
1.504520
sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; vs eth
0.8312
1.503520
vs eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6868 2-Methoxy-1-phenylethanone 6869 1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone 6870 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 6871 4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate 6872 2-Methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate 6873 N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3oxobutanamide 6874 2-Methoxyphenyl pentanoate 6875 (4-Methoxyphenyl)phenyldiazene
Physical Form
CAS RN
N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide o-Acetanisidine N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide m-Acetanisidine N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide p-Acetanisidine 2-Methoxyphenyl acetate 2-Acetoxyanisole 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one
Mol. Form.
H N
H N O
O O
N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide
N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide
O
C
O O
3-365
O
(4-Methoxyphenyl)phenyldiazene
H N
2-Methoxyphenylisothiocyanate
H N NH2
O
O
O
(4-Methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone
3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one
O OH O
O
O 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone
O
OH OH
3-Methoxy-1,2-propanediol
1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone
trans-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
O 3-Methoxypropanenitrile
2-Methoxy-1-propanol
1-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzene
1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene
cis-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol
NH2
3-Methoxy-1-propanamine
O O
O 1-Methoxy-2-propanone
2-Methoxy-1-propene
O
3-Methoxy-1-propene
HO O
O
H2C
trans-1-Methoxy-4-(2-phenylvinyl)benzene
O
OH O
N
O
C
O
O
HO O
O 2-Methoxyphenylpentanoate
O
N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride
O
O O
N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide
HCl
O
NH2
N-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-p-phenylenediamine
O O
O
4-Methoxyphenylisocyanate
H N
N
2-Methoxy-1-phenylethanone
S
O
2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione
O
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one
O
O
N
O
2-Methoxyphenylacetate
N
1-(3-Methoxyphenyl)ethanone
O
O
C
N
O
O
trans-1-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene
HO O
trans-2-Methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)phenol
O 1-Methoxy-4-propylbenzene
O 2-Methoxy-4-propylphenol
O 3-Methoxy-1-propyne
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
O
O
N-(3-Methoxyphenyl)acetamide
O
O
H N
O
No.
Synonym
6906 6907 6908 6909 6910 6911
5-Methoxypsoralen Bergaptene 6-Methoxy-3-pyridinamine 2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine 6-Methoxyquinoline 6-Methoxy-4-quinolinecarboxylic Quininic acid acid 2-Methoxy-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene Methyl picrate (2-Methoxyvinyl)benzene Methscopolamine bromide Scopolamine methobromide Methyl abietate N-Methylacetamide 4-Methylacetanilide
6912 6913 6914 6915 6916 6917
Methyl acetate Methyl acetoacetate 4-Methylacetophenone Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile
3-366
6918 2-Methylalanine 6919 5-Methyl-3-allyl-2,4oxazolidinedione 6920 Methylamine
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
CH8O4 12 6HC 8N2O C7NO 6H C7NO 6H C7NO 6H C9NO 10H C9NO3 11H
484-20-8 6628-77-9 1628-89-3 7295-76-3 620-08-6 5263-87-6 86-68-0
216.190 124.140 109.126 109.126 109.126 159.184 203.194
H N OC H O C C 4 18H24BrNO C32O2 21H C7NO 3H CNO 9H11
606-35-9 4747-15-3 155-41-9 127-25-3 79-16-3 103-89-9
243.131 134.174 398.293 316.478 73.094 149.189
HC O 5HC 8O3 H10O 9C 10HC10O4 O2 4H6C C 4H5N
79-20-9 105-45-3 122-00-9 580-02-9 96-33-3 126-98-7
74.079 116.116 134.174 194.184 86.090 67.090
a-Aminoisobutyric acid Aloxidone
NO2 4H9C C7H9NO3
62-57-7 526-35-2
6921 Methylamine hydrochloride 6922 1-(Methylamino)-9,10anthracenedione 6923 Methyl 2-aminobenzoate 6924 Methyl 3-aminobenzoate 6925 Methyl 4-aminobenzoate
Methanamine
CH N
Methanamine hydrochloride
Methyl anthranilate
6926 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 6927 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 6928 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 6929 Methyl 3-amino-2-butenoate 6930 N-[(Methylamino)carbonyl]acetamide 6931 2-(Methylamino)-2-deoxya-LN-Methyl-a-L-glucosamine glucopyranose 6932 2-(Methylamino)ethanesulfonic acid N-Methyltaurine 6933 4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1,2Deoxyepinephrine benzenediol 6934 Methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate Orthocaine
nd (EtOH)
mp/˚C 188 30
liq hyg lf 26.5 pa ye pr (dil al) 285 dec
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
1.045720 1.083
1.574520 1.504220 1.518020 msc H2O s EtOH, eth, chl, dil HCl sl2H O, eth, bz, tfa; i chl; s EtOH
1.15220
1.494780 0.989423
28 152
16 225 205 307
1.04920 0.937125 1.212015
1.5344 1.430120
nd pl (peth) liq liq
-98.25 27.5 28 51.5 <-75 -35.8
56.87 171.7 226; 93.57 1359 80.7 90.3
0.934220 1.076220 1.005120
1.361420 1.418420 1.533520
0.953520 0.800120
1.404020 1.400320
103.120 155.151
mcl pr
335
sub 280 13835, 860.5
74-89-5
31.058
col gas
CH 6ClN C15H11NO2
593-51-1 82-38-2
67.519 237.254
hyg tetr tab (al) 227.5 ye-red nd 171.0
H NOC2 HC NO2 C9NO2 8H
134-20-3 4518-10-9 619-45-4
151.163 151.163 151.163
H CNO2 H CNO2 NO2 8H9C
119-68-6 51524-84-6 10541-83-0
151.163 151.163 151.163
4 8 2 2
HCNO2 H CN O
14205-39-1 623-59-6
115.131 116.119
C7H15NO5
42852-95-9
193.198
HC NO3S CH NO2
107-68-6 501-15-5
139.173 167.205
H NO C 3
536-25-4
167.162
9 10
5
8 9 8 9
8 9 8 9
5 9
3 9
9 13
8 9
nd (dil MeOH) cry (EtOH) pa ye lf (liq) mcl cry or nd (dil al) liq
69
24.5 39 113.0
lf or nd (aq MeOH) pl (al or lig) 180.5 pl (peth) 127 nd (bz, w, dil al) 168
tcl (w, al), pr (w) glass
nd (bz or HOAc)
i H2O; vs EtOH, chl, bz; s eth 1.562024
215 dec
-93.5
180.5
Solubility i 2HO; sl EtOH, bz, chl
12510, 871 142.5 178.5; 6515 192; 9545 306; 15312 sub
211.5
7 5 3 7
3 6 2
Methyl o-acetylsalicylate Methyl propenoate 2-Methylpropenenitrile
Physical Form
-6.32
0.01 80
dec
vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth, ace, tol vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth
1.468825 0.65625 (p>1 atm)
vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; msc eth
15 227
256 15211
s H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
s H2O, EtOH; i chl, ace s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc 1.168210 1.23220
1.5810
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s lig; sl peth s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl s 2HO, bz, AcOEt; vs EtOH, eth; sl tfa s chl s H2O, chl; sl EtOH, eth s MeOH
241.5 188.5
vs H2O; i EtOH, eth
143
i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, alk; sl bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6899 6900 6901 6902 6903 6904 6905
Name
O O
O NH2 O
O
O
5-Methoxypsoralen
O N
N
6-Methoxy-3-pyridinamine
O
N
3-Methoxypyridine
O N
N
4-Methoxypyridine
6-Methoxyquinoline
N
O O
O
O
N
2-Methoxypyridine
O
6-Methoxy-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid
N O
N O
O
O
2-Methoxy-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (2-Methoxyvinyl)benzene
Br
N O
OH H
O
O O
N H
O
Methscopolamine bromide
Methylabietate
O
H N
O
O O
N-Methylacetamide
O
O
O
O
O
O
3-367 H
O
H O
H NH2
H
O
O
Methylamine hydrochloride
N
O
2-Methylacrylonitrile2-Methylalanine
O
O
O
O
NH2
O
H
5-Methyl-3-allyl-2,4-oxazolidinedioneMethylamine
O
N H
NH2
1-(Methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione Methyl2-aminobenzoate Methyl3-aminobenzoate Methyl4-aminobenzoate 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid
3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid
OH HO O
NH2 O HN 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid
O Methyl3-amino-2-butenoate
O N H
N H
O OH CH2OH MeHN OH
N-[(Methylamino)carbonyl]acetamide 2-(Methylamino)-2-deoxya-L-glucopyranose
O
H N H N
O S OH O
2-(Methylamino)ethanesulfonic acid
OH
OH H N
NH2
NH2 HCl
H
O
O
O O
N
NH2 OH
O
4-Methylacetanilide Methylacetate Methylacetoacetate 4-Methylacetophenone Methyl2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Methylacrylate
O HN O
O
O HO
HO OH
NH2
4-[2-(Methylamino)ethyl]-1,2-benzenediol Methyl3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
HO
No.
Name 4-(Methylamino)phenol sulfate 3-(Methylamino)propanenitrile 4-[2-(Methylamino)propyl]phenol 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Methylaniline, hydrochloride 4-Methylaniline, hydrochloride
6944 6945 6946 6947
2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole 1-Methylanthracene
Pholedrine o-Toluidine m-Toluidine p-Toluidine o-Toluidine, hydrochloride
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
CN2O6S 14H20 C2 4H8N 10HC 15NO C9N 7H C9N 7H C9N 7H 7HC 9N 7HC 10ClN ClN 7H10C
1936-57-8 693-05-0 370-14-9 95-53-4 108-44-1 106-49-0 100-61-8 636-21-5 540-23-8
344.383 84.120 165.232 107.153 107.153 107.153 107.153 143.614 143.614
HC O HC O C10O 8H CH12 15
578-58-5 100-84-5 104-93-8 610-48-0
122.164 122.164 122.164 192.256
8 10 8 10
6948 2-Methylanthracene
15 12
CH
613-12-7
192.256
6949 9-Methylanthracene
15 12
CH
779-02-2
192.256
H CO
84-54-8
222.239
CH 5As HC NO
593-52-2 552-70-5
91.973 153.221
8HC 15N C8H13NO
529-17-9 532-24-1
125.212 139.195
CH 3N3 H CN O C8H8O C8H8O
624-90-8 592-62-1 529-20-4 620-23-5
57.055 132.118 120.149 120.149
C8H8O C8H9NO C8H9NO H9NO 8C CH14 19
104-87-0 527-85-5 619-55-6 613-93-4 2541-69-7
120.149 135.163 135.163 135.163 242.314
6950 2-Methyl-9,10-anthracenedione
2-Methylanthraquinone
3-368
6951 Methylarsine 6952 9-Methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan- Pseudopelletierine 3-one 6953 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Tropane 6954 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3one 6955 Methyl azide 6956 Methylazoxymethanol acetate 6957 2-Methylbenzaldehyde o-Tolualdehyde m-Tolualdehyde 6958 3-Methylbenzaldehyde 6959 6960 6961 6962 6963
4-Methylbenzaldehyde 2-Methylbenzamide 4-Methylbenzamide N-Methylbenzamide 7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene
p-Tolualdehyde o-Toluamide p-Toluamide
15 10 2
9 15
4 8 2 3
6964 8-Methylbenz[a]anthracene
19 14
CH
2381-31-9
242.314
6965 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene
19 14
CH
2381-16-0
242.314
CH CH C10O 9H C10O 9H C10O 9H 9HC 10O2
2381-15-9 2422-79-9 10166-08-2 104-09-6 93-53-8 644-36-0
242.314 242.314 134.174 134.174 134.174 150.174
6966 6967 6968 6969 6970 6971
10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 12-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 2-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde 4-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde a-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde 2-Methylbenzeneacetic acid
19 14 19 14
Physical Form
mp/˚C
cry
260 dec
cry (MeOH) liq liq lf (w+1) liq mcl pr (w) mcl nd (ethHOAc) liq liq liq bl nd (MeOH) lf (al) grn bl flr lf (sub) ye nd (dil al) pr (bz, al) ye nd (al, HOAc) col gas orth pr (peth)
161 -14.41 -31.3 43.6 -57 215 244.5
258
1.193018
-34.1 -47 -32 85.5
171 175.5 175.5 199.5
0.98525 0.96925 0.96925 1.047199
209
sub
1.800
81.5
19612
1.06599
177
sub
-143 54
2 246
43
bp/˚C 10249, 7416
ye pl (al) pl (bz-al), nd (bz-lig) nd (al)
pl (al)
147 162.5 82 141 156.5
nD
0.899220
1.432020
0.998420 0.988920 0.961920 0.989120
1.572520 1.568120 1.553445 1.568420
1.516120 1.513020 1.511220 1.680299
1.695999
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, sulf
s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs bz, EtOH, HOAc
100 1.001
1.4760100
vs ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH
166 227; 11325
0.925115 1.9872100
1.4598100
s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl chl
exp 20.5 191; 490.45 200; 9410 199
0.86915 1.032820 1.018921
1.546220 1.541321
204; 10610
1.019417
1.545420
sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl sl H2O, eth, tfa, bz; vs EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s tfa s EtOH, ace i 2HO; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, xyl
291; 16712
2723, 1600.1
1.23100
184 150.5
89
Solubility sl EtOH; i eth s H2O, ace, bz, chl, MeOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc
i H2O, ace; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, CS 2
152.5
40 nd (w)
200.3 203.3 200.4 196.2
den/g cm-3
221; 9210 221.5 203.5
1.024110 1.005220 1.008920
1.525520 1.517620
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl, CS 2, xyl i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc i 2HO; s EtOH, CS2, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH s H2O, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
6935 6936 6937 6938 6939 6940 6941 6942 6943
Synonym
OH NH2
H2SO4
H N
NH 4-(Methylamino)phenol sulfate
NH2
NH
HCl
HO
N
2
NH2
3-(Methylamino)propanenitrile
4-[2-(Methylamino)propyl]phenol
NH2
2-Methylaniline
3-Methylaniline
4-Methylaniline
N-Methylaniline
2-Methylaniline, hydrochloride
O
O O
O HCl
O 4-Methylaniline, hydrochloride
2-Methylanisole
3-Methylanisole
4-Methylanisole
1-Methylanthracene
3-369
N
2-Methylanthracene
9-Methylanthracene
2-Methyl-9,10-anthracenedione
N O
N H As H
O N
O O
Methylarsine
8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane
H2N
O O
3-Methylbenzaldehyde
H2N
4-Methylbenzaldehyde
N N N
O
9-Methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one
8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one
O
H N
O
2-Methylbenzamide
4-Methylbenzamide
O
N
Methylazoxymethanol acetate
2-Methylbenzaldehyde
O
N-Methylbenzamide
O
Methylazide
7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene
O
8-Methylbenz[a]anthracene
O
9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene
O OH
10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene
12-Methylbenz[a]anthracene
2-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde
4-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyde
a-Methylbenzeneacetaldehyd e
2-Methylbenzeneacetic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H N
NH2
No.
Name
Synonym
3-Methylbenzeneacetic acid 4-Methylbenzeneacetic acid a-Methylbenzeneacetic acid, (±) 4-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile a-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol
6983 6984 6985 6986 6987 6988 6989 6990 6991 6992 6993 6994 6995 6996 6997 6998 6999 7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005
2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol 4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol Orcinol 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenedithiol Toluene-3,4-dithiol b-Methylbenzeneethanamine N-Methylbenzeneethanamine 2-Methylbenzeneethanol 4-Methylbenzeneethanol 2-Methylbenzenemethanamine 3-Methylbenzenemethanamine 4-Methylbenzenemethanamine N-Methylbenzenemethanamine a-Methylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenylethanol 2-Methylbenzenemethanol o-Tolyl alcohol 3-Methylbenzenemethanol m-Tolyl alcohol 4-Methylbenzenemethanol p-Tolyl alcohol a-Methylbenzenemethanol, acetate 4-Methylbenzenepropanal a-Methylbenzenepropanamine 1-Methyl-3-phenylpropylamine b-Methylbenzenepropanoic acid, (±) a-Methylbenzenepropanol 4-Methylbenzenesulfinic acid p-Toluenesulfinic acid
Toluene-2,3-diamine Toluene-3,4-diamine Toluene-2,6-diamine Toluene-2,5-diamine
7006 4-Methylbenzenesulfinyl chloride 7007 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014
4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide p-Toluenesulfonamide Methyl benzenesulfonate 2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid 2-Methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride o-Toluenesulfonyl chloride 2-Methylbenzenethiol 3-Methylbenzenethiol 4-Methylbenzenethiol
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
9HC 10O2 9HC 10O2 9HC 10O2 C 9H9N C 9H9N C2 7H10N C2 7H10N C2 7H10N C2 7H10N C8O2 7H C8O2 7H
621-36-3 622-47-9 2328-24-7 2947-61-7 1823-91-2 2687-25-4 496-72-0 823-40-5 95-70-5 488-17-5 452-86-8
150.174 150.174 150.174 131.174 131.174 122.167 122.167 122.167 122.167 124.138 124.138
HC O HC O O2 7H8C C8O2 7H 7H8S2 C C13N 9H C13N 9H C12O 9H C12O 9H C11N 8H C11N 8H C11N 8H C11N 8H CO 8H10 H10O 8C H10O 8C H10O 8C 10HC 12O2 CH12O 10 CN 10H15 C12O2 10H CH14O 10 C8O2S 7H
608-25-3 496-73-1 504-15-4 95-71-6 496-74-2 582-22-9 589-08-2 19819-98-8 699-02-5 89-93-0 100-81-2 104-84-7 103-67-3 98-85-1 89-95-2 587-03-1 589-18-4 93-92-5 5406-12-2 22374-89-6 772-17-8 2344-70-9 536-57-2
124.138 124.138 124.138 124.138 156.269 135.206 135.206 136.190 136.190 121.180 121.180 121.180 121.180 122.164 122.164 122.164 122.164 164.201 148.201 149.233 164.201 150.217 156.203
7 8 2 7 8 2
7 9
HCClOS HCNO2S
10439-23-3 88-19-7
174.648 171.217
HC NO2S 7HC 8O3S O3S 7H8C 7HC 7ClO2S 7HC 8S 7HC 8S 7HC 8S
70-55-3 80-18-2 88-20-0 133-59-5 137-06-4 108-40-7 106-45-6
171.217 172.202 172.202 190.648 124.204 124.204 124.204
7 7
7 9
Physical Form
mp/˚C
nd (w) 62 nd or pl (al, w) 93 <-20 18
pl (lig) pr (bz, w) pl (bz) lf (bz) lf (bz-lig), pr (bz) pr (bz) cry (bz-peth) pr(w+1), lf(chl)
63.5 89.5 106 64 68 65 120 105 107 125 29
1.0 liq
-30 12.5
nd (peth-eth) nd (lig) oil
20 38 <-20 61.5
143 46.5 orth pl or nd 86.5 (w) nd 57 oct cry (al), pr 158.7 (w) mcl pl (w+2) 138 4.5 hyg pl (w+2) 67.5 10.2 15 liq -20 43
bp/˚C 12126 265 263 242.5 231 255 265 273.5 248 258 265 270 287 283; 16311 210 206 243.5 244.5; 946 206; 8115 203.5 195 180.5 205 20 224; 118 215.5 217 10918 223 223; 10114 16814 239; 12315
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility s H2O, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH
1.10 0.99225 0.985420
1.523720 1.519020 1.509525
1.128774
1.542574
4 1.290
0.94334 0.9325 1.01625 1.002820 0.976619 0.96625 0.95220 0.944218 1.01325 1.02340 0.915717 0.97822
1.525520 1.516220 1.535520 1.526720 1.543619 1.536020 1.534020
0.99914 0.928915 1.070120 0.989916
1.52514 1.515220 1.515520 1.51716
1.526520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, EtOH vs 2HO; s lig s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl lig vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, peth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig, peth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, lig s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH
vs H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH
vs EtOH sl H2O; s peth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz
3.5
113 21410
21410 15015 128.825 15436 195 195 195
vs chl sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH
1.273017
1.515120
1.338320 1.04120 1.04420 1.022051
1.556520 1.57020 1.57220
sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-370
6972 6973 6974 6975 6976 6977 6978 6979 6980 6981 6982
Mol. Form.
NH2 O
NH2 O
O
OH
NH2
a-Methylbenzeneacetic acid,(±)
OH OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
NH2
4-Methylbenzeneacetonitrile a-Methylbenzeneacetonitril e 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediamine 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine
SH
OH
SH NH2
OH NH2
OH
OH
OH
OH
2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenediol 2-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol 4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediol 2-Methyl-1,4-benzenediol 4-Methyl-1,2-benzenedithiol b-Methylbenzeneethanamine
NH2 NH2
3-371
H N
OH
N-Methylbenzeneethanamine 2-Methylbenzeneethanol
H N
NH2
OH 2-Methylbenzenemethanamine 3-Methylbenzenemethanamine 4-Methylbenzenemethanamine N-Methylbenzenemethanamine a-Methylbenzenemethanol 2-Methylbenzenemethanol
4-Methylbenzeneethanol
HO
O
HO
O
O
S
Cl
4-Methylbenzenesulfinyl chloride
4-Methylbenzenemethanol a-Methylbenzenemethanol, acetate
NH2 O S O
NH2 O S O
O
NH2
O 3-Methylbenzenemethanol
HO
OH
O O S O
2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide Methylbenzenesulfonate
OH
OH OH
O 4-Methylbenzenepropanal
S
a-Methylbenzenepropanamine b-Methylbenzenepropanoic acid,(±)
OH O S O
2-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid
Cl O S O
2-Methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride
a-Methylbenzenepropanol
4-Methylbenzenesulfinic acid
SH SH
SH
2-Methylbenzenethiol 3-Methylbenzenethiol 4-Methylbenzenethiol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4-Methylbenzeneacetic acid
NH2 N
N
OH
OH 3-Methylbenzeneacetic acid
NH2
NH2
No.
Name
Synonym
7015 1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole
3-372
7035 2-(4-Methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid 7036 7037 7038 7039
2-Methylbenzoyl chloride 3-Methylbenzoyl chloride 4-Methylbenzoyl chloride Methyl benzoylsalicylate
7040 7041 7042 7043 7044
a-Methylbenzylamine, (±) 1-Methyl-2-benzylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-benzylbenzene a-Methylbenzyl formate 1-Methyl-2-benzyl-4(1 H)quinazolinone 1-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 2-Methylbiphenyl 3-Methylbiphenyl 4-Methylbiphenyl 4-Methyl-N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl) aniline Methyl bromoacetate Methyl 2-bromobenzoate
7045 7046 7047 7048 7049 7050 7051
199 dec 273
1.083725
1.516420
s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, MeOH; msc eth vs eth, EtOH
197.5 205 213 217.0 304; 17414 171.511
1.054020 0.995520 1.031620 0.976230
1.549522 1.527920 1.525220
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc; s eth s chl sl H2O; s EtOH
14 90
238 335
1.176319
1.609219
i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl
194.8 64.5 180
434 270.5
9.5
200.5 dec 265; 15112 351
615-15-6 93-58-3 326-56-7
132.163 136.149 180.158
HO C 8HC 7N 8HC 7N 8HC 7N C10H8O2 CH8O2 10 C10H8O2 N2S 8H8C
4265-25-2 529-19-1 620-22-4 104-85-8 92-48-8 2445-83-2 85-90-5 2536-91-6
132.159 117.149 117.149 117.149 160.170 160.170 160.170 164.228
HCNS HCNS2
120-75-2 2254-94-6
149.214 181.279
H N CS HN C C9H7NO3
92-36-4 13351-73-0 10328-92-4
240.323 133.151 177.157
10 10 3
CH NO HC O
95-21-6 614-27-7
133.148 178.184
CH O
606-28-0
240.254
CH O
85-55-2
240.254
pl or mcl pr (dil 52 al) 146
933-88-0 1711-06-4 874-60-2 610-60-6
154.594 154.594 154.594 256.254
liq liq cry
618-36-0 713-36-0 620-83-7 7775-38-4 6873-15-0
121.180 182.261 182.261 150.174 250.294
4625-24-5 643-58-3 643-93-6 644-08-6 1159-53-1
96.170 168.234 168.234 168.234 287.399
96-32-2 610-94-6
152.975 215.045
14 12 2 7 7 3
8 7
15 12 3
p-Toluoyl)benzoic 2-( acid
s peth
H CN CH O C9H8O4
8 7
7034 Methyl 2-benzoylbenzoate
Solubility
1.60137
132.163
8 7
7029 4-(6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolyl)aniline 7030 1-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole 7031 1-Methyl-2H-3,1-benzoxazine2,4(1H)-dione 7032 2-Methylbenzoxazole 7033 Methyl benzoylacetate
nD
1632-83-3
9 8
7027 2-Methylbenzothiazole 7028 3-Methyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolethione
den/g cm-3 1.125420
C8N2 8H
8 8 2
7-Methylcoumarin Tricromyl
bp/˚C 286
Mol. Wt.
8 8 2
o-Tolunitrile m-Tolunitrile p-Tolunitrile
Physical Form
CAS RN
15 12 3
HCClO 8HC7ClO 8HC7ClO 2-(Benzoyloxy)benzoic acid, methyl C15H12O4 ester N 1-Amino-1-phenylethane 8H11C CH14 14 CH14 14 9HC 10O2 Glycosine C16H14N2O 8 7
HC CH H12 13C H12 13C C21H21N 7 12
13 12
HC BrO2 H7BrO2 8C 3 5
mp/˚C
nd (peth), pl 66 (al) pr or nd (w) 177.8 liq -12.4 nd or lf (peth) 53
liq liq
-13.5 -23 29.5 76.5 nd, (pl) (aq al) 128 nd (w) pr (dil al) nd (al), pr (HOAc) pl (bz-lig)
142
pa ye
liq liq
sl EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc vs bz, EtOH, HOAc
1.121120 1.15829
1.549720 1.53720
i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth vs ace, eth, EtOH
1.190319
1.59120
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf
21 1.0265 20 1.1686
1.554920 1.50522 1.554720
sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s ctc i H2O; s bz, chl, eth, EtOH
-23 -1.5 85
213.5 219.5 226 385
32 6.6 -30
187 280.5 286
0.939515 1.002020 0.997620
1.523825 1.576320 1.571220
s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth
93.1 255.3 272.7 267.5
1.011320 1.018217 27 1.015
1.591420 1.597220
i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, chl
1.635020
1.452020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH
vs eth, bz, EtOH, chl
161.5
liq
-0.2 2.3 pl (lig, MeOH) 49.5 cry (HOAc) 117
132 244
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7016 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole 7017 Methyl benzoate 7018 Methyl 1,3-benzodioxole-5carboxylate 7019 2-Methylbenzofuran 7020 2-Methylbenzonitrile 7021 3-Methylbenzonitrile 7022 4-Methylbenzonitrile 7023 6-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 7024 7-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 7025 3-Methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 7026 6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolamine
Mol. Form.
N
O
O
2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole
Methylbenzoate
Methyl1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylate
2-Methylbenzofuran
2-Methylbenzonitrile
3-Methylbenzonitrile
4-Methylbenzonitrile
O N
N
O
O
O
6-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
O
3-Methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
S
S
6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolamine
2-Methylbenzothiazole
3-Methyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolethione
O N
O
O
3-373
N
1-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
O
Cl
Cl
O
O
O
O
OH
Methylbenzoylacetate
Methyl2-benzoylbenzoate
2-(4-Methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid
O
O N O
O
Methylbenzoylsalicylate
a-Methylbenzylamine, (±)
1-Methyl-2-benzylbenzene
1-Methyl-4-benzylbenzene
O
N
a-Methylbenzylformate
1-Methyl-2-benzyl-4(1 H)-quinazolinone
O N
2-Methylbiphenyl
3-Methylbiphenyl
4-Methylbiphenyl
4-Methyl-N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)aniline
O Br
O Br
1-Methylbicyclo[3,1,0]hexane
Cl
2-Methylbenzoylchloride
NH2 O
4-Methylbenzoylchloride
O
4-(6-Methyl-2-benzothiazolyl)aniline
O
2-Methylbenzoxazole
O
3-Methylbenzoylchloride
O
S
O
1-Methyl-2H-3,1-benzoxazine-2,4(1H)-dione
O O
O
N
N N
NH2
S
S
O
7-Methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
N
N
NH2
O
Methylbromoacetate
Methyl2-bromobenzoate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole
N
O
O
O
N H
N
O
O
N
N
N
No.
Name
Synonym
7052 Methyl 3-bromobenzoate 7053 Methyl 4-bromobenzoate Methyl 2-bromobutanoate Methyl 4-bromobutanoate Methyl 4-bromo-2-butenoate Methyl 5-bromopentanoate Methyl 3-bromopropanoate 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 3-Methylbutanal 3-Methylbutanamide 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 3-Methyl-2-butanamine 3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol 2-Methylbutanenitrile 3-Methylbutanenitrile 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+) 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol Methyl butanoate 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic anhydride 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±) 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol
7083 7084 7085 7086 7087 7088 7089 7090
2-Methylbutanoyl chloride, (±) 3-Methylbutanoyl chloride trans-2-Methyl-2-butenal 3-Methyl-2-butenal 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene cis-2-Methyl-2-butenedioic acid
7091 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile 7092 Methylcis-2-butenoate
Mol. Wt.
H7BrO2 8C H7BrO2 8C
618-89-3 619-42-1
215.045 215.045
HC BrO2 C9BrO2 5H C7BrO2 5H C11BrO2 6H H7BrO2 4C C8 5H C8 5H 5HC 10O CNO 5H11 N 5H13C C13N 5H C13N 5H 5HC 12O2 C 5H9N 5H9N C CS 5H12 5H12SC CS 5H12 CS 5H12 C10O2 5H 5H10O2C 5H10OC2 10HC18O3 C12O 5H 5H12CO H12O 5C
3196-15-4 4897-84-1 1117-71-1 5454-83-1 3395-91-3 598-25-4 78-79-5 590-86-3 541-46-8 107-85-7 594-39-8 598-74-3 2568-33-4 18936-17-9 625-28-5 20089-07-0 541-31-1 1679-09-0 2084-18-6 623-42-7 600-07-7 503-74-2 1468-39-9 34713-94-5 123-51-3 75-85-4
181.028 181.028 179.013 195.054 167.002 68.118 68.118 86.132 101.147 87.164 87.164 87.164 104.148 83.132 83.132 104.214 104.214 104.214 104.214 102.132 102.132 102.132 186.248 88.148 88.148 88.148
H C O
70116-68-6
88.148
5 10
H CO H O C
624-41-9 563-80-4
130.185 86.132
HCClO H ClO C C 5H8O 5HC 8O H10 5C H10 5C H10 5C 5H6O4 C
57526-28-0 108-12-3 497-03-0 107-86-8 563-46-2 563-45-1 513-35-9 498-23-7
120.577 120.577 84.117 84.117 70.133 70.133 70.133 130.100
H NC H OC
4786-24-7 4358-59-2
81.117 100.117
5 9
Isoprene Isovaleraldehyde Isovaleramide Isopentylamine
Isobutyl cyanide Isopentyl mercaptan
(±)-2-Methylbutyric acid Isovaleric acid
Isopentyl alcohol tert -Pentyl alcohol
7080 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±) 7081 2-Methyl-1-butanol acetate 7082 3-Methyl-2-butanone
CAS RN
5 12
7 14 2
Methyl isopropyl ketone
5 9
Isovaleryl chloride Tiglic aldehyde Senecialdehyde
Citraconic acid
5 9
5 7
Methyl isocrotonate
5 8 2
Physical Form
mp/˚C
pl 32 lf (dil al), nd 81 (eth)
liq liq liq liq mcl lf (al)
-113.6 -145.9 -51 137
liq liq
-105 -50
liq liq liq liq liq liq
-101
liq
-127.1 -85.8 <-80 -29.3
liq liq
-117.2 -9.1
liq
-93.1
liq liq -137.53 vol liq or gas -168.43 liq -133.72 nd (eth-lig) tcl93.5 pr (eth-bz) liq
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
12515
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, ace, peth; vs bz, chl
1.68925 1.452820 1.425 1.49019 1.363 1.412318 0.680625 0.67920 0.797720
1.402925 1.456725 1.49819 1.463020 1.454220 1.420320 1.421920 1.390220
0.750520 0.73125 0.757419 0.944820 0.791315 0.791420 0.842020 0.835020 0.812020
1.408320 1.395425 1.409618 1.445220 1.393320 1.392720 1.444020 1.441220 1.438520
0.898420 0.93420 0.93120 0.932720 0.815225 0.810420 0.809620
1.387820 1.405120 1.403320 1.404320 1.409220 1.405320 1.405220
112.9
0.818020
1.408920
140 94.33
0.874020 0.805120
1.404020 1.388020
116 114 117; 64119 134 31.2 20.1 38.56
0.991720 0.984420 0.871020 0.872220 0.650420 25 0.6213 0.662320 1.61725
1.417020 1.414920 1.447520 1.452820 1.377820 1.364320 1.387420
168 186.5 8412 10114 10560, 6212 40.83 34.0 92.5 226 96 77 85.5 202.5 125 127.5 119.1 116 99.1 109.8 102.8 177 176.5 215 127.5 131.1 102.4
141 118
Solubility
1.417520
vs EtOH vs EtOH
s EtOH, eth, ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s2H O, EtOH, eth; vs peth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc
sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc s eth sl H2O; vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc; vs lig vs H2O; sl eth, chl; i bz, CS 2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-374
7054 7055 7056 7057 7058 7059 7060 7061 7062 7063 7064 7065 7066 7067 7068 7069 7070 7071 7072 7073 7074 7075 7076 7077 7078 7079
Mol. Form.
O O
O
O O
O Br Methyl3-bromobenzoate
Br
Br
Br Methyl4-bromobenzoate
Methyl2-bromobutanoate
O Br
O
Methyl4-bromobutanoate
O O
Br
Methyl4-bromo-2-butenoate
O
NH2
3-Methylbutanamide
NH2
NH2
3-Methyl-1-butanamine
2-Methyl-2-butanamine
3-375
2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+)
SH 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol
SH
O
3-Methyl-2-butanethiol
Methylbutanoate
OH
O trans-2-Methyl-2-butenal
OH 2-Methyl-2-butanol
OH 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±)
2-Methylbutanoic acid
O 2-Methyl-1-butanol acetate
2-Methyl-1-butene
3-Methyl-1-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
O O
OH 3-Methylbutanoic acid
3-Methylbutanoic anhydride
Cl O
O 3-Methyl-2-butanone
OH O O
O
3-Methylbutanenitrile
O
Cl
HO 3-Methyl-2-butenal
N
2-Methylbutanenitrile
O OH
O
SH
2-Methyl-2-butanethiol
OH 3-Methyl-1-butanol
3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene
N
3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol
O
2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±)
Methyl3-bromopropanoate
OH
3-Methyl-2-butanamine
O SH
C
O
OH NH2
O 3-Methylbutanal
Br
Methyl5-bromopentanoate
O
2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
O
cis-2-Methyl-2-butenedioic acid
O
2-Methylbutanoyl chloride,(±)
3-Methylbutanoyl chloride
O N O 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile
Methylcis-2-butenoate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Synonym
3-376
7107 7108 7109 7110 7111 7112 7113 7114 7115 7116 7117 7118
Methyltrans-2-butenoate Methyl crotonate cis-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid Angelic acid trans-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid Tiglic acid 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Isopropenyl methyl ketone 3-Methyl-2-butenoyl chloride (3-Methyl-2-butenyl)guanidine Galegine 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne Isopropenylacetylene [(3-Methylbutoxy)methyl]benzene 1-[2-(3-Methylbutoxy)-2Amixetrine phenylethyl]pyrrolidine 2-Methylbutyl acrylate 3-Methylbutyl benzoate Isopentyl benzoate 3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate 3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate Methyltert -butyl ether tert -Butyl methyl ether 3-Methylbutyl nitrate Isopentyl nitrate 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-amine 3-Methyl-1-butyne 2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol 1,1-Dimethylpropargyl alcohol Methyl carbamate 3-Methyl-9H-carbazole 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole
7119 7120 7121 7122 7123 7124 7125 7126
Methyl chloroacetate Methyl 2-chloroacrylate Methyl 2-chlorobenzoate Methyl 3-chlorobenzoate Methyl 4-chlorobenzoate Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate Methyl chlorocarbonate Methyl 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate
7127 7128 7129 7130 7131 7132 7133
Methyl 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate Methyl chlorooxoacetate Methyl 2-chloropropanoate 3-Methylchrysene 5-Methylchrysene 6-Methylchrysene Methyltrans-cinnamate
7134 trans-o-Methylcinnamic acid
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
O2 5H8C 5H8OC 2 5H8O2 C 5HC 8O2 C10O 5H C10O 5H C10O 5H C10O 5H O 5H8C 5HC 7ClO C3 6H13N 5HC 6 C18O 12H H27NO 17C
623-43-8 565-63-9 80-59-1 541-47-9 556-82-1 763-32-6 115-18-4 10473-14-0 814-78-8 3350-78-5 543-83-9 78-80-8 122-73-6 24622-72-8
100.117 100.117 100.117 100.117 86.132 86.132 86.132 86.132 84.117 118.562 127.187 66.102 178.270 261.402
HC O H CO 8HC 15ClO2 8HC 15ClO2 5HC 12O 5H11NO3C C9N 5H H8 5C 5H8OC H5NO2 2C C13H11N C13H11N
44914-03-6 94-46-2 62108-69-4 62108-70-7 1634-04-4 543-87-3 2978-58-7 598-23-2 115-19-5 598-55-0 4630-20-0 1484-12-4
142.196 192.254 178.657 178.657 88.148 133.146 83.132 68.118 84.117 75.067 181.233 181.233
HCClO2 HC ClO2 C7ClO2 8H C7ClO2 8H C7ClO2 8H 5HC 9ClO2 C3ClO2 2H C7ClO3 8H
96-34-4 80-63-7 610-96-8 2905-65-9 1126-46-1 3153-37-5 79-22-1 4068-78-4
108.524 120.535 170.594 170.594 170.594 136.577 94.497 186.593
H CClNO4 3HC 3ClO3 C7ClO2 4H C19H14 C19H14 C19H14 C10H10O2
51282-49-6 5781-53-3 17639-93-9 3351-31-3 3697-24-3 1705-85-7 1754-62-7
HC O
2373-76-4
8 14 2
12 16 2
3 5 4 5
8 6
Methyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate
10 10 2
Physical Form liq mcl pr or nd tab (w)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
-42 45.5 64.5 69.5
121 185 198.5 197 140 129.9 97 114 98 146 dec 32 236; 11819 1212
0.944420 0.983449 0.964176 1.006224 0.84825
1.424220 1.443447 1.433076
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth
0.680111 0.90920
1.414020 1.479220 1.497822
160; 4510 261 208 208; 8712 55.0 148 79.5 26.3 104 177 365 343.64; 19512 129.5 5251 234 229
0.893620 0.99315 1.005020 1.017120 0.735325 0.99622 0.7925 20 0.6660 0.861820 1.136156
1.424020
1.23620 1.18920
1.421820 1.442020
1.38220 1.129320 1.223120
1.432120 1.386820
liq
-28
liq
-54
hyg liq
62.5 -113
liq
vol liq or gas nd pl (HOAc) nd, lf (al) liq
nd or mcl pr
-108.6 18 -89.7 1.5 54 208.5 89.34 -32.1
21 43.5
nd (al)
50
215.592 122.507 122.551 242.314 242.314 242.314 162.185
pl (MeOH)
48.5
162.185
cry (EtOH)
174; 554 70.5 dec 249; 12012 119 132.5
173.3 118.3 161 cry (peth, dil al) 36.5
0.8220 0.853117 0.852720 1.06525
1.45318 1.331620 1.075025
1.441220
1.428817 1.422020 1.477020
1.428920 1.434320 1.366425 1.412221 1.423520 1.372320 1.420720 1.412556
vs H2O, EtOH s chl vs eth, EtOH
vs eth, EtOH vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs bz, eth vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth s EtOH vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl vs EtOH vs MeOH
1.418920
lf (bz-peth)
175
vs EtOH
vs EtOH i H2O 261.9
36 1.042
1.576622
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7093 7094 7095 7096 7097 7098 7099 7100 7101 7102 7103 7104 7105 7106
Name
O
O
OH
O Methyltrans-2-butenoate
O
O OH
cis-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid
OH
trans-2-Methyl-2-butenoic acid
OH
OH
OH 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid
3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol
3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol
2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol
O OH
NH2
O
3-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol
3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one
3-Methyl-2-butenoyl chloride
O
O
(3-Methyl-2-butenyl)guanidine
[(3-Methylbutoxy)methyl]benzene
1-[2-(3-Methylbutoxy)-2-phenylethyl]pyrrolidine
O
O Cl
Cl
2-Methylbutyl acrylate
2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne
O O
O
O
NH
N H
Cl
O
3-Methylbutyl benzoate
3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate
O
O
3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate
O
Methyltert -butylether
O N
NH2 O
3-Methylbutyl nitrate
3-377
O
O OH
O H2N
3-Methyl-1-butyne
2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-ol
O O
O
N H
O
Methylcarbamate
Cl
N
3-Methyl-9H-carbazole
9-Methyl-9H-carbazole
O O
Methyl3-chlorobenzoate
O Cl
O O
Cl
Methylchloroacetate
Methyl2-chloroacrylate
Methyl2-chlorobenzoate
O
O
Cl
2-Methyl-3-butyn-2-amine
Cl
Cl Methyl4-chlorobenzoate
O
Methyl4-chlorobutanoate
Cl
O
OH
O O
O
O
Methylchlorocarbonate
Cl Methyl5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate
O N
Methyl5-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate
O
Methylchlorooxoacetate
O O
O
Cl O
Cl
O
O
O O
OH
Cl Methyl2-chloropropanoate
3-Methylchrysene
5-Methylchrysene
6-Methylchrysene
Methyltrans-cinnamate
trans-o-Methylcinnamic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
No.
trans-m-Methylcinnamic acid trans-p-Methylcinnamic acid Methyclothiazide Methyl cyanate Methyl cyanoacetate Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Methylcyclobutane
3-378
7142 Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate 7143 2-Methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene 7144 2-Methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4dione 7145 Methylcyclohexane 7146 Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 7147 a-Methylcyclohexanemethanol 7148 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol 7149 1-Methylcyclohexanol 7150 cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol 7151 trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) 7152 cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) 7153 trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) 7154 cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol 7155 trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol 7156 2-Methylcyclohexanone, (±) 7157 3-Methylcyclohexanone, (±) 7158 4-Methylcyclohexanone 7159 1-Methylcyclohexene 7160 3-Methylcyclohexene, (±) 7161 4-Methylcyclohexene 7162 Methyl 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate 7163 2-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 7164 3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 7165 3-Methylcyclopentadecanone 7166 1-Methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene 7167 Methylcyclopentane 7168 7169 7170 7171 7172 7173 7174 7175 7176
1-Methylcyclopentanol cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol 2-Methylcyclopentanone 3-Methylcyclopentanone, (±) 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene 4-Methylcyclopentene 2-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
Synonym
Mecrylate
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
3029-79-6 1866-39-3 135-07-9 1768-34-9 105-34-0 137-05-3 598-61-8
162.185 162.185 360.237 57.051 99.089 111.100 70.133
765-85-5 1489-57-2 553-97-9
114.142 94.154 122.122
CH HC O C16O 8H C16O 8H H14O 7C H14O 7C H14O 7C H14O 7C H14O 7C H14O 7C H14O 7C H12O 7C H12O 7C H12O 7C H12 7C H12 7C H12 7C C12O2 8H H10O 7C H10O 7C H30O 16C 6HC 8 C12 6H
108-87-2 4630-82-4 1193-81-3 34885-03-5 590-67-0 615-38-3 615-39-4 5454-79-5 7443-55-2 7731-28-4 7731-29-5 24965-84-2 625-96-7 589-92-4 591-49-1 56688-75-6 591-47-9 6493-77-2 1121-18-2 1193-18-6 541-91-3 96-39-9 96-37-7
98.186 142.196 128.212 128.212 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 114.185 112.169 112.169 112.169 96.170 96.170 96.170 140.180 110.153 110.153 238.408 80.128 84.159
liq
HC O HC O C10O 6H C10O 6H C10 6H C10 6H C10 6H C8O 6H C8O 6H
1462-03-9 25144-05-2 1120-72-5 6195-92-2 693-89-0 1120-62-3 1759-81-5 1120-73-6 2758-18-1
100.158 100.158 98.142 98.142 82.143 82.143 82.143 96.127 96.127
nd
10HC 10O2 10HC 10O2 CCl2N3O4S2 9H11 H3NO 2C C5NO2 4H 5HC 5NO2 C10 5H
HC O HC C7H6O2
6 10 2
4,5-Dihydrotoluene
7 10
7 14
8 14 2
Muscone
Physical Form
CAS RN
6 12 6 12
cry (w) cry (EtOH aq) unstab gas liq liq
ye pl or nd
liq liq liq liq
mp/˚C 115 198.5 225 -30 -22.5 -161.5
69 -126.6
25 7 -2.0 -5.5 -0.5 -9.2
liq liq liq liq liq liq
-13.9 -73.5 -40.6 -120.4 -115.5 -115.5
liq oily liq liq liq
-21
-142.42 36
liq liq liq
-75 -58.4 -126.5
liq
-160.8
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
i 2HO, bz, chl; sl MeOH; vs ace, py exp 200.5 472 36.3
1.122525 1.101220 0.688420
1.417620 1.4430 1.386620
135.5 107.5 sub
0.826018 1.0875
1.466218
100.93 183 189 752.5 155; 7025 165 167.5 168; 9412 167; 8413 173 174 165 169; 6515 170 110.3 104 102.7 182; 8020 178.5 201 0.5 329; 130 73 71.8
0.769420 0.995415 0.92825 0.907420 0.919420 0.936020 0.924720 0.915520 0.921430 0.917020 0.911821 0.925020 0.913620 0.913820 0.810220 0.799020 0.799120 1.013020 0.96620 0.969320 0.922117 0.8120 0.748620
1.423120 1.443320 1.465620 1.461720 1.459520 1.464020 1.461620 1.475220 1.458020 1.461420 1.456120 1.448325 1.445620 1.445120 1.450320 1.441420 1.441420 1.461020 1.483320 1.4947520 1.480217 1.451220 1.409720
136; 5330 148.5 139.5 144 75.5 64.9 65.7 157 157.5
0.904423 0.937916 0.913920 0.91322 0.774825 0.757225 0.763425 0.980816 0.971220
1.442923 1.450416 1.436420 1.432920 1.432220 1.421620 1.420920 1.476215 1.471420
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, peth
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth s bz msc H2O; s bz vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc
s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7135 7136 7137 7138 7139 7140 7141
Name
O OH
O S H2N O
OH trans-m-Methylcinnamic acid
H N
Cl
O
trans-p-Methylcinnamic acid
S O
Cl N O
O
O
N
Methyclothiazide
O
N
O
N
O Methylcyanate
Methylcyanoacetate
Methyl2-cyanoacrylate
Methylcyclobutane
HO
O
O
O
O O Methylcyclobutanecarboxylate
OH
1-Methylcyclohexanol
2-Methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene
2-Methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
OH
Methylcyclohexanecarboxylate
OH
OH
cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol
Methylcyclohexane
trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)
cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)
a-Methylcyclohexanemethanol
OH
OH
cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol
trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol
OH
trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±)
3-379
O O
2-Methylcyclohexanone,(±)
O
O
3-Methylcyclohexanone,(±)
4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol
4-Methylcyclohexanone
1-Methylcyclohexene
3-Methylcyclohexene,(±)
4-Methylcyclohexene
O
Methyl3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate
O O
2-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one
O
3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one
OH
3-Methylcyclopentadecanone
1-Methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene
Methylcyclopentane
1-Methylcyclopentanol
O
cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol
O
O
2-Methylcyclopentanone
OH
O
3-Methylcyclopentanone, (±)
1-Methylcyclopentene
3-Methylcyclopentene
4-Methylcyclopentene
2-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
O
No.
3-380
7194 7195 7196 7197 7198 7199 7200 7201 7202 7203 7204 7205 7206 7207 7208 7209
Synonym
Mol. Form.
Methylcyclopropane H8 4C Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate C8O2 5H a-Methylcyclopropanemethanol C10O 5H MethylL-cysteine hydrochloride 4HC10ClNO2S CH18O2 Methyltrans-2,cis-4-decadienoate 11 Methyltrans-2,trans-4-decadienoate CH18O2 11 2-Methyldecane C11H24 3-Methyldecane C11H24 4-Methyldecane C11H24 Methyl decanoate CH22O2 11 H15O3PS2 Methyl demeton 6C Methyldiborane(6) CH 8B2 Methyl 2,3-dibromopropanoate C6Br2O2 4H Cl2O2 Methyl dichloroacetate 3H4C Methyl 2,5-dichlorobenzoate 8HC 6Cl2O2 Methyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate 2,4-D methyl ester C2O3 9H8Cl Methyl (3,4-dichlorophenyl) Swep C8H7Cl2NO2 carbamate Methyl 2,3-dichloropropanoate 4HC 6Cl2O2 Methyldifluoroarsine CH 3AsF2 Methyldifluorophosphine (Difluoro)methylphosphine CH 3F2P Methyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate C8O4 8H Methyl 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate C8O4 8H Methyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate C12O4 10H Methyldimethoxysilane CO2Si 3H10 3-Methyl-4’-(dimethylamino) C15H17N3 azobenzene 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylo-toluidine 9HC13N 3-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylm-toluidine 9HC13N 4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-Dimethylp-toluidine 9HC13N Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropionate 6H12O2 C Methyl dimethylthioborane Dimethyl(methylthio)borane 3H9BS C 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide Dinitolmide 8H7N3O5C 1-Methyl-2,3-dinitrobenzene 2,3-Dinitrotoluene 7H6N2OC4 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 7H6N2OC4
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
594-11-6 2868-37-3 765-42-4 18598-63-5 4493-42-9 7328-33-8 6975-98-0 13151-34-3 2847-72-5 110-42-9 8022-00-2 23777-55-1 1729-67-5 116-54-1 2905-69-3 1928-38-7 1918-18-9
56.107 100.117 86.132 171.646 182.260 182.260 156.309 156.309 156.309 186.292 230.285 41.697 245.898 142.969 205.039 235.064 220.054
3674-09-7 420-24-6 753-59-3 2150-47-2 2150-44-9 2150-38-1 16881-77-9 55-80-1
156.996 127.954 84.006 168.148 168.148 196.200 106.196 239.316
609-72-3 121-72-2 99-97-8 598-98-1 19163-05-4 148-01-6 602-01-7 121-14-2
135.206 135.206 135.206 116.158 87.979 225.159 182.134 182.134
7210 1-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene
3,5-Dinitrotoluene
7 6 2 4
H N OC
618-85-9
182.134
7211 7212 7213 7214 7215
2,6-Dinitrotoluene 2,5-Dinitrotoluene 3,4-Dinitrotoluene 4,6-Dinitroo-cresol 2,6-Dinitrop-cresol
H N OC 7H6N2OC4 7H6N2OC4 C7H6N2O5 C7H6N2O5
606-20-2 619-15-8 610-39-9 534-52-1 609-93-8
182.134 182.134 182.134 198.133 198.133
H N C H10O2 5C
4455-26-9 1120-97-4
255.483 102.132
2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene 2-Methyl-1,4-dinitrobenzene 4-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzene 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 4-Methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol
7216 Methyldioctylamine 7217 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane
N-Methyl-N-octyl-1-octanamine
7 6 2 4
17 37
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
col gas
-177.6
0.7 114.9 123.5
0.6912-20 0.984820 0.880520
1.414419 1.431620
710.15 8713, 700.2 189.3 188.1 187 224 890.15, 1181
0.912822 0.908222 0.736820 0.742220 0.873020 1.2020
1.487422 1.491822 1.415420 1.417720 1.435220 1.425920 1.506320
206 142.9
1.933320 1.377420
1.512720 1.442920
liq cry (MeOH)
liq liq liq liq ye liq unstab gas liq cry nd
-32.1 140.5
-48.9 -92.9 -77.5 -18
-51.9 38 119 114
liq, fumes in air -29.7 gas -110 116.5 165 nd (dil al) 60.8 oran cry liq
liq cry
Solubility vs eth, EtOH s ace, chl
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; msc chl i H2O; s os s eth s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ctc
14118
9250, 6310 76.5 -28
1.328220 18 1.924
vs ace, eth, EtOH
sl EtOH, ace 283 61
vs bz, eth, EtOH
122 -60
-84 181 63 ye nd or mcl pr 70.5 (CS2) ye orth nd 93 (HOAc) orth nd (al) 66.0 nd (al) 52.5 ye nd (CS2) 59.0 ye pr or nd (al) 86.5 ye nd (eth, 85 peth) -30.1 liq -44.5
194.1 212 211 101.1 71
0.928620 0.941020 0.936620 0.8910
1.515220 1.549220 1.536620 1.390520
dec 300
1.320871
1.442
sub
1.2772111
285
15810 114
1.2833111 1.282111 1.2594111
0.975820
1.479
1.442420 1.415920
vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth, EtOH vs ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, bz; vs ace, py sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 s EtOH, chl s EtOH, bz; vs CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz
sl H2O; vs os
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7177 7178 7179 7180 7181 7182 7183 7184 7185 7186 7187 7188 7189 7190 7191 7192 7193
Name
O
O
O
O
OH HS
HCl
O
O
O
NH2 Methylcyclopropane
a-Methylcyclopropanemethanol
Methylcyclopropanecarboxylate
O
MethylL-cysteinehydrochloride
Methyltrans-2,cis-4-decadienoate
3-Methyldecane
4-Methyldecane
Methyldecanoate
S H
Methyldemeton
B
H H
B
H
O
Br
Cl
O
Methyldiborane(6)
Methyl2,3-dibromopropanoate
Methyldichloroacetate
O O
O
O Cl
Cl
O Cl
Methyl2,5-dichlorobenzoate
O
O
Cl
Cl
OH O
Cl
Methyl(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate
As
Cl
Methyl(3,4-dichlorophenyl)carbamate
F
Methyl2,3-dichloropropanoate
F
F
Methyldifluoroarsine
3-381
O
Methyl3,5-dihydroxybenzoate
O Methyl3,4-dimethoxybenzoate
Methyldimethoxysilane
O O
O O
Methyl2,2-dimethylpropanoate
B
S
Methyldimethylthioborane
N
O
O N
3-Methyl-4’-(dimethylamino)azobenzene
O N O
2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide
O
O N
O N O O
3-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline
O
N
4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline
O
N
O
O O
1-Methyl-2,3-dinitrobenzene
O O
4-Methyl-1,2-dinitrobenzene
N O
2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline
O
1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene
N O
N O
O
1-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene
N O
O
2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene
OH
O
O
2-Methyl-1,4-dinitrobenzene
N O
N
N
NH2
N O
O O
N N
O Si H O
O
O
OH Methyl2,4-dihydroxybenzoate
N
OH
N
F
O
HO
N
P
Methyldifluorophosphine
N
O
O
O
O
Cl
O O
H N
O Cl
Br
H
N
O N
OH O N
O
O
2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
O N
4-Methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol
Methyldioctylamine
O 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
2-Methyldecane
O
O O P S O
O
Methyltrans-2,trans-4-decadienoate
No.
Name
2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane Methyldiphenylamine 4-Methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene Methyldiphenylsilane Methyldiphenylsilanol 2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridinyl-1propanone 7225 Methyl docosanoate 7226 Methylcis-13-docosenoate 7227 Methyl dodecanoate
N-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenamine
Metyrapone Methyl behenate Methyl laurate
7228 7229 7230 7231 7232
3-382
2-Methyldodecanoic acid Methyl eicosanoate Methyl arachidate (Methyleneamino)acetonitrile a-Methylenebenzeneacetic acid Atropic acid Methylenebis(4cyclohexylisocyanate) 7233 4,4’-Methylenebis[2,6-ditert Bis(3,5-ditert -butyl-4butylphenol] hydroxyphenyl)methane 7234 4,4’-Methylenebis( N-methylaniline) N,N’-Dimethyl-4,4’diaminodiphenylmethane 7235 Methylene blue
7236 7237 7238 7239 7240
Methylenecyclobutane Methylenecyclohexane 2-Methylenecyclohexanol Methylenecyclopentane Methylenecyclopropene
7241 7242 7243 7244 7245
2,4’-Methylenedianiline 2,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 5,5’-Methylenedisalicylic acid 5-Methylene-2(5H)-furanone Protoanemonin 3-Methyleneheptane 4-Methylene-14(10)-Thujene-3-ol isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ol, [1S-(1a,3b,5a)] 4-Methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexene 2-Methylenepentanedinitrile 2,4-Dicyano-1-butene Methylene thiocyanate Dithiocyanatomethane 2-Methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindoline Fischer’s base N-Methylephedrine,R-(R*,S*)] [ (1R,2S)-N-Methylephedrine Methylergonovine Methylergometrine N-Methyl-1,2-ethanediamine N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine 1-(1-Methylethoxy)butane Butyl isopropyl ether 2-[2-(1-Methylethoxy)ethyl]pyridine
7246 7247 7248 7249 7250 7251 7252 7253 7254 7255
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C8O2 4H C8O2 4H C13H13N C20 18H 13HC 14Si 13HC 14OSi C14H14N2O
497-26-7 1072-47-5 552-82-9 6362-80-7 776-76-1 778-25-6 54-36-4
88.106 88.106 183.249 236.352 198.336 214.335 226.273
23HC 46O2 C23H44O2 13HC 26O2
929-77-1 1120-34-9 111-82-0
354.610 352.594 214.344
nd (ace)
H C O H CO 3H4NC 2 9H8O2C C15H22N2O2
2874-74-0 1120-28-1 109-82-0 492-38-6 5124-30-1
214.344 326.557 68.077 148.159 262.348
pl lf (MeOH)
C29H44O2
118-82-1
424.658
C15H18N2
1807-55-2
226.317
16 18
CH ClN3S
61-73-4
319.852
HC CH H12O 7C C10 6H H4 4C
1120-56-5 1192-37-6 4065-80-9 1528-30-9 4095-06-1
68.118 96.170 112.169 82.143 52.075
H NC O6 15H12C C4O2 5H H16 8C C10H16O
1208-52-2 122-25-8 108-28-1 1632-16-2 471-16-9
198.263 288.252 96.085 112.213 152.233
C H 6H6N2 C 3H2N2SC 2 12H15NC CH17NO 11 CN3O2 20H25 3HC 10N2 3HC 9NO 7H16OC CNO 10H15
99-84-3 1572-52-7 6317-18-6 118-12-7 552-79-4 113-42-8 109-81-9 109-83-1 1860-27-1 70715-19-4
136.234 106.125 130.191 173.254 179.259 339.432 74.124 75.109 116.201 165.232
13 26 2 21 42 2
5 8
7 12
13 14 2
10 16
liq liq liq
mp/˚C
-7.5
167 50.5 54 -1.2 5.2
22 54.5 129 lf (al), nd (w) 106.5 liq 154
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
81.5 85 293.5 1728, 1020.2 93.51 18424, 1483
0.981120 0.9920 1.047620 0.9925 0.99620 1.084025
1.403517 1.398020 1.619320
vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth
1.569420
s ctc s ctc, CS2
1.433960
vs eth, EtOH
1.431920
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl, ctc
1.431760
vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl
2205 267 1531 21510
0.870220
i H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH; s ctc
0.89018
dec 267
sl2H O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 1.066
1.497020
28940, 25010 s ctc, CS2
dk grn cry or pow (chl-eth) liq liq
s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth; sl py -134.7 -106.7
solid stab at -196 lf (bz) 88.5 nd (bz) 243.5 pa ye oil
42.2 102.5 8313 75.5
1.421020 1.452320 1.484320 1.435520
i H2O; s eth, bz, chl s bz, chl
2229 7311 120 208
173.5 1035 solid
0.740120 0.807420 0.95520 0.778720
0.727020 0.948819
1.415720 1.487125
vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s chl i H2O; vs eth, bz, peth s eth
0.83822
1.475422 1.456120
s chl
102 244
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i2O; H s EtOH, eth, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace
nd or pl (al, eth) 87.5 pr (MeOH,ace) 172 115 158 108 13350
0.84125 0.93720 0.759415 0.950225
1.439520 1.438520 1.387015 1.482025
msc H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, con sulf vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7218 7219 7220 7221 7222 7223 7224
Synonym
N O O
Si
N
O
H
Si
OH
2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane
O
N
O 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane
Methyldiphenylamine
4-Methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1-pentene
Methyldiphenylsilanol
2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridinyl-1-propanone
O O
O
O
O
OH
O Methyldocosanoate
Methylcis-13-docosenoate
Methyldodecanoate
2-Methyldodecanoic acid
O OH
O N
N
O
C
O
(Methyleneamino)acetonitrile a-Methylenebenzeneacetic acid
Methyleicosanoate
N
N
HO C
OH N H
O
Methylenebis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate)
4,4’-Methylenebis[2,6-ditert -butylphenol]
N H
4,4’-Methylenebis( N-methylaniline)
3-383
NH2
OH
N Cl N
S
N
H2N
Methyleneblue
Methylenecyclobutane
Methylenecyclohexane
2-Methylenecyclohexanol
Methylenecyclopentane
Methylenecyclopropene
2,4’-Methylenedianiline
HO HO
OH O
OH O
OH
5,5’-Methylenedisalicylic acid
O
O
5-Methylene-2(5H)-furanone
N 4-Methylene-1-isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-ol, [1S-(1a,3b,5a)]
3-Methyleneheptane
O
4-Methylene-1-isopropylcyclohexene
N
2-Methylenepentanedinitrile
H N OH N H
OH S N
S N
Methylenethiocyanate
N
N N
2-Methylene-1,3,3-trimethylindolineN-Methylephedrine, [R-(R*,S*)]
H2N
H Methylergonovine
H N
HO
H N
O
N
O
N-Methyl-1,2-ethanediamine N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine 1-(1-Methylethoxy)butane 2-[2-(1-Methylethoxy)ethyl]pyridine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
Methyldiphenylsilane
No. 7256 7257 7258 7259
Name
7265 7266 7267 7268 7269 7270 7271 7272
Methyl 4-formylbenzoate 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde Methyl 2-furancarboxylate 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione N-Methyl-2-furanmethanamine 5-Methyl-2-furanmethanol
7273 7274 7275 7276 7277 7278 7279 7280 7281 7282 7283 7284 7285
a-Methyl-2-furanmethanol 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone 5-Methyl-2(5H)-furanone Methylgermane Methylb-D-glucopyranoside Methyla-D-glucopyranoside 3-Methylglutaric acid Methyl Green Methyl heptadecanoate Methyl heptafluorobutanoate 6-Methyl-2-heptanamine, (±) N-Methyl-2-heptanamine 2-Methylheptane
1-Isopropoxy-2-propanol
4-Methylheptane Methyl heptanoate 2-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±) 3-Methyl-1-heptanol 4-Methyl-1-heptanol 5-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±) 6-Methyl-1-heptanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 3-Methyl-2-heptanol 4-Methyl-2-heptanol
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
H14O 6C C14O2 6H O3 7H12C C8H10
627-08-7 3944-36-3 51756-08-2 2175-91-9
102.174 118.174 144.168 106.165
C14H12 C14H12 FO3S 3CH 2HC5NO C4O2 2H
1730-37-6 2523-37-7 421-20-5 123-39-7 107-31-3
180.245 180.245 114.096 59.067 60.052
HCO HO C H6O 5C C6O2 6H 6H6O3C 5HC4O3 6HC 9NO 6HC 8O2
1571-08-0 534-22-5 930-27-8 620-02-0 611-13-2 616-02-4 4753-75-7 3857-25-8
164.158 82.101 82.101 110.111 126.110 112.084 111.141 112.127
4208-64-4 591-12-8 591-11-7 1449-65-6 709-50-2 97-30-3 626-51-7 14855-76-6 1731-92-6 356-24-1 5984-58-7 540-43-2 592-27-8
112.127 98.101 98.101 90.70 194.182 194.182 146.141 516.944 284.478 228.066 129.244 129.244 114.229
8 18
CH
589-81-1
CH HC O C18O 8H C18O 8H C18O 8H C18O 8H 8H18CO C18O 8H C18O 8H C18O 8H
589-53-7 106-73-0 111675-77-5 1070-32-2 817-91-4 111767-95-4 1653-40-3 625-25-2 31367-46-1 56298-90-9
9 8 3 5 6
Methyl 2-furanoate
a-Methylglucoside 3-Methylpentanedioic acid
Octodrine
7286 3-Methylheptane 7287 7288 7289 7290 7291 7292 7293 7294 7295 7296
Mol. Form.
6HC 8O2 C5H6O2 C5H6O2 CH6Ge C7H14O6 C14O6 7H 6H10O4 C C27H35BrClN3 H36O2 18C 5HC 3F7O2 8H19CN C19N 8H H18 8C
8 18
8 16 2
Isooctyl alcohol
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.737020 0.87920 0.99514 0.88120
1.37621 1.407020
sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace
1.4
83 137.5 182 155; 4911
pr col liq liq liq
87 46.5 -95 -3.8 -99
15515 93 199.51 31.7
1.026366 1.412 1.01119 0.971320
1.61066 20 1.3326 1.431920 1.341920
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
nd (w) liq
63 -91.3
0.913220 0.92318 1.107218 1.178621 1.246916 0.98925 1.076920
1.434220 1.433019 1.526420 1.486020 1.471021 1.472920 1.485320
sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH
1.073925 1.08420 1.081020
1.482715 1.447620 1.445420
7.5
nd col gas orth nd (al)
18 <-17 -158 109 168 87
grn pow (al) pl (al) liq visc liq
30 -86
liq
-109.02
114.229
col liq
-120.48
114.229 144.212 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228
liq liq col liq liq
-121.0 -56 -112 -90
col liq liq liq
-104 -106 -50.4
col liq
-102
265 64.7 65.5 187; 8926 181.3 213.5 149 dec 195; 8123 162.5 5612 209; 9815 -23 2000.2 1660.5 1859, 1520.05 80 155 155 117.66 118.9 117.72 174 175.6 186; 10120 188 186.6 188; 95.820 156 166.1 171.6
vs ace, eth, EtOH 1.547420
1.4630
1.48320 25 0.767
1.29520 1.420920
0.698020
1.394920
25 0.7017
1.396125
0.704620 0.881520 20 0.8022 0.82424 0.806525 25 0.8153 0.817625 0.814220 0.817725 20 0.8027
1.397920 1.415220 1.42420 1.429525 1.425325 1.427225 1.425125 1.425020 1.419925 1.42420
vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH
vs eth, EtOH
s H2O, EtOH, eth, CS 2; sl ctc msc H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl; i lig vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc; vs eth, bz sl H2O; s eth, ace
i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz sl H2O, ctc, ace; s EtOH, eth
vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-384
7260 7261 7262 7263 7264
1-(1-Methylethoxy)propane 1-(1-Methylethoxy)-2-propanol Methyl 2-ethylacetoacetate 5-(1-Methylethylidene)-1,3cyclopentadiene 1-Methyl-9H-fluorene 9-Methyl-9H-fluorene Methyl fluorosulfonate N-Methylformamide Methyl formate
Synonym
O
OH O
1-(1-Methylethoxy)-2-propanol
O
O O S F O
O
O
1-(1-Methylethoxy)propane
Methyl2-ethylacetoacetate 5-(1-Methylethylidene)-1,3-cyclopentadiene 1-Methyl-9H-fluorene
9-Methyl-9H-fluorene
H
O N H
H
Methylfluorosulfonate N-Methylformamide
O
Methylformate
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
H N
O
O
O
OH
O
O
OH
Methyl4-formylbenzoate 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 5-Methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde Methyl2-furancarboxylate 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione N-Methyl-2-furanmethanamine 5-Methyl-2-furanmethanol a-Methyl-2-furanmethanol 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone
N
3-385
HO H Ge H H
O
O
5-Methyl-2(5H)-furanone
F F F F
Methylgermane
HO O O
O
OH
OH
HO
HO OH
Methylb-D-glucopyranoside
O
O OH
HO
Methyla-D-glucopyranoside
O
O N
OH 3-Methylglutaric acid
Br
O
MethylGreen
Methylheptadecanoate
O NH2
O F
N Cl
O
HN
F F
OH
O
Methylheptafluorobutanoate
6-Methyl-2-heptanamine, (±)
N-Methyl-2-heptanamine
2-Methylheptane
3-Methylheptane
4-Methylheptane
Methylheptanoate
2-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±)
OH OH
OH 4-Methyl-1-heptanol
OH
OH
OH 3-Methyl-1-heptanol
OH
5-Methyl-1-heptanol, (±)
6-Methyl-1-heptanol
2-Methyl-2-heptanol
3-Methyl-2-heptanol
4-Methyl-2-heptanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
No.
Name 5-Methyl-2-heptanol 6-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±) 3-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 6-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±) 2-Methyl-4-heptanol 3-Methyl-4-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 6-Methyl-2-heptanol acetate 6-Methyl-2-heptanone
7309 7310 7311 7312 7313 7314 7315 7316 7317 7318 7319 7320 7321 7322 7323 7324 7325 7326
5-Methyl-3-heptanone 6-Methyl-3-heptanone 2-Methyl-4-heptanone 2-Methyl-1-heptene 6-Methyl-1-heptene 2-Methyl-2-heptene cis-3-Methyl-2-heptene 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol 3-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 2-Methylheptyl acetate, (±) 2-Methyl-1,5-hexadiene Methyltrans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate 2-Methylhexanal 3-Methylhexanal 3-Methyl-1-hexanamine 4-Methyl-2-hexanamine 2-Methylhexane
2-Ethyl-2-hexanol
5-Methyl-2,3-hexanedione Methyl hexanoate 2-Methylhexanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-hexanol, (±) 5-Methyl-1-hexanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-2-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2-Methyl-3-hexanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone oxime
Mol. Wt.
C18O 8H C18O 8H C18O 8H CO 8H18 C18O 8H C18O 8H C18O 8H C18O 8H C18O 8H C18O 8H 10HC 20O2 H16O 8C
54630-50-1 4730-22-7 100296-26-2 5582-82-1 14979-39-6 18720-65-5 100295-85-0 21570-35-4 1838-73-9 598-01-6 67952-57-2 928-68-7
130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 172.265 128.212
liq liq liq liq liq liq col liq liq liq liq
CH O CH O CO 8H16 H16 8C H16 8C H16 8C H16 8C C16O 8H H14O 8C H14O 8C 10HC 20O2 H12 7C 7HC 10O2 H14O 7C 7HC 14O H17N 7C H17N 7C C7H16
541-85-5 624-42-0 626-33-5 15870-10-7 5026-76-6 627-97-4 22768-19-0 1569-60-4 38552-72-6 110-93-0 74112-36-0 4049-81-4 689-89-4 925-54-2 19269-28-4 65530-93-0 105-41-9 591-76-4
128.212 128.212 128.212 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 128.212 126.196 126.196 172.265 96.170 126.153 114.185 114.185 115.217 115.217 100.202
liq
C7H16
78918-91-9
100.202
H CO H CO 7HC14O2 H16O 7C H16O 7C H16O 7C H16O 7C H16O 7C H16O 7C C 7H14O 7HC 14O H15NO 7C
13706-86-0 106-70-7 4536-23-6 111768-04-8 627-98-5 625-23-0 2313-65-7 627-59-8 597-96-6 110-12-3 7379-12-6 624-44-2
128.169 130.185 130.185 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 116.201 114.185 114.185 129.200
8 16
Isobutyl propyl ketone
Methyl sorbate 3-Methylcaproaldehyde
2-Methylhexa-4,5-dione Methyl caproate
Methyl isopentyl ketone Propyl isopropyl ketone
Physical Form
CAS RN
8 16
7327 3-Methylhexane 7328 7329 7330 7331 7332 7333 7334 7335 7336 7337 7338 7339
Mol. Form.
7 12 2 7 14 2
liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
-61 -105 -85 -83 -123 -91.2 -61 -81
170 174 167.5 163 170 172 169 164 164.7 161 187 167
0.817421 0.821820 0.823520 0.828220 0.82725 0.842525 20 0.8220 0.820720 0.832925 0.824820 0.847420 0.815120
1.423810 1.426520 1.427920 1.430020 1.43324 1.425420 1.4203 1.421125 1.425820 1.41320 1.416220
-82
-90
161 164 154 119.3 113.2 122.6 122 175 6320
173.5 liq lf liq
-128.8 15
liq
-118.2
liq
-119.4
liq
-71
195 88.1 180; 7020 141; 13260 143 149; 6745 132.5 90.04 92 138 149.5 215.5 164; 7115 169; 5415 143 151; 8052 151; 7828 143 144 135 195.5
0.830420 0.81322 0.710425 0.707925 0.720025 0.72525 0.854520 0.846318 0.854616 0.862614 0.715325 0.977720
1.420920
0.820320 0.77226 0.765520 0.678720
1.412220 1.424925 1.415025 1.384820
0.68721
1.385425
0.90822 0.884620 0.91820 0.82620 0.819224 0.811920 0.822025 0.81420 0.823320 0.88820 0.809120 0.888120
1.411920 1.404920 1.419320 1.422620 1.417520 1.417520 1.419818 1.418020 1.423120 1.406220 1.404220 1.444820
1.412320 1.407020 1.417020 1.41920 1.450520 1.434518 1.444520 1.414620 1.418320 1.502522
Solubility
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth
i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl
vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, dil acid i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, lig, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, lig, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace sl chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-386
7297 7298 7299 7300 7301 7302 7303 7304 7305 7306 7307 7308
Synonym
OH OH OH 5-Methyl-2-heptanol
6-Methyl-2-heptanol
3-Methyl-3-heptanol
4-Methyl-3-heptanol
O
OH 3-Methyl-4-heptanol
4-Methyl-4-heptanol
6-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±)
O O
O 2-Methyl-4-heptanol
OH
5-Methyl-3-heptanol
6-Methyl-2-heptanol acetate
6-Methyl-2-heptanone
O
5-Methyl-3-heptanone
6-Methyl-3-heptanone
O O
OH
2-Methyl-4-heptanone
2-Methyl-1-heptene
6-Methyl-1-heptene
2-Methyl-2-heptene
3-387
O O
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-ol
O
O
2-Methylheptyl acetate,(±)
2-Methyl-1,5-hexadiene
Methyltrans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate
O
2-Methylhexanal
3-Methylhexanal
O
NH2 3-Methylhexane
5-Methyl-2,3-hexanedione
OH
O
O 2-Methylhexane
NH2 3-Methyl-1-hexanamine
O
O
4-Methyl-2-hexanamine
3-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one
O O
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one
cis-3-Methyl-2-heptene
Methylhexanoate
2-Methylhexanoic acid
OH 2-Methyl-1-hexanol,(±)
O OH OH 5-Methyl-1-hexanol
OH 2-Methyl-2-hexanol
OH 3-Methyl-2-hexanol
OH 5-Methyl-2-hexanol
N
O 3-Methyl-3-hexanol
5-Methyl-2-hexanone
2-Methyl-3-hexanone
OH
5-Methyl-2-hexanoneoxime
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH OH
OH
OH
OH
2-Methyl-3-heptanol, (±)
No.
2-Methyl-1-hexene 3-Methyl-1-hexene 4-Methyl-1-hexene 5-Methyl-1-hexene 2-Methyl-2-hexene cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene cis-4-Methyl-2-hexene trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene cis-5-Methyl-2-hexene trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene cis-2-Methyl-3-hexene trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene Methyl 3-hexenoate 5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one 5-Methyl-5-hexen-2-one 5-Methyl-1-hexyne 5-Methyl-2-hexyne 2-Methyl-3-hexyne Methyl 2-hexynoate L-1-Methylhistidine L-3-Methylhistidine Methylhydrazine Methyl hydrazinecarboxylate Methyl hydrogen succinate Methyl hydroperoxide Methyl hydroxyacetate Methyl 3-hydroxybenzoate Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Methyla-hydroxydiphenylacetate
Synonym
2-Oxo-5-methylhex-3-ene
Methyl carbazate Monomethyl succinate Methyl hydrogen peroxide
Methylparaben Methyl diphenylglycolate
7371 O-Methylhydroxylamine Methoxyamine 7372 O-Methylhydroxylamine Methoxyamine hydrochloride hydrochloride 7373 Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate 7374 Methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoate 7375 Methyl 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzoate 7376 Methyl 2-hydroxy-2Methyl 2-methyllactate methylpropanoate 7377 Methyl 3-hydroxy-2Methyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate naphthalenecarboxylate 7378 Methyla-hydroxyphenylacetate, (±) (±)-Methyl mandelate 7379 1-Methylimidazol 7380 2-Methyl-1H-imidazole
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
6094-02-6 3404-61-3 3769-23-1 3524-73-0 2738-19-4 10574-36-4 3683-19-0 3683-22-5 13151-17-2 7385-82-2 15840-60-5 692-24-0 4914-89-0 3899-36-3 2396-78-3 5166-53-0 3240-09-3 2203-80-7 53566-37-3 36566-80-0 18937-79-6 332-80-9 368-16-1 60-34-4 6294-89-9 3878-55-5 3031-73-0 96-35-5 19438-10-9 99-76-3 76-89-1
98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 98.186 128.169 112.169 112.169 96.170 96.170 96.170 126.153 169.181 169.181 46.072 90.081 132.116 48.042 90.078 152.148 152.148 242.270
67-62-9 593-56-6
47.057 83.518
3943-74-6 23287-26-5 22717-57-3 2110-78-3
CH O
H CO
C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 H12O2 7C C12O 7H C7H12O C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 H10O2 7C N3O2 7H11C N3O2 7H11C CH 6N2 2H6NC2O2 5H8OC 4 CH 4O 2 C6O3 3H H8O3 8C 8HC 8O3 15H14OC 3 CH 5NO CH 6ClNO HC O HC O 9HC 10O3 CO3 5H10 9 10 4 9 10 3
12 10 3
9 10 3
HCN H CN
4 6 2 4 6 2
Physical Form
mp/˚C
liq
-102.8
liq
-141.5
liq liq
-130.4 -118.5
liq
-125.7
liq
-124.3
liq
-141.6
liq liq liq
-125 -92.9 -116.7
pl (DMF aq) liq
liq
249 250 -52.36 73 58 -72
nd (bz-peth) 73 nd (dil al) 131 mcl or tcl cry 75.8 (al) 150.0
182.173 166.173 166.173 118.131
nd (dil al)
64 29 -1
883-99-8
202.205
4358-87-6
166.173
pa ye orth nd (dil MeOH) pl (bz-lig)
82.104 82.104
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
92 83.9 86.7 85.3 95.4 95.6 86.3 87.6 89.5 88.1 86 85.9 95.4 93.5 6734 7750, 6513 150 92 102.5 95.2 8023
0.700020 0.687125 0.694225 0.687725 0.703825 0.71220 0.695225 0.692525 0.69725 0.688325 0.69025 0.685325 0.707925 0.705025 0.913225 0.854928 0.846020 0.727420 0.737820 0.726320 0.964825
1.403520 1.396520 1.400020 1.396720 1.410620 1.412620 1.402620 1.402520 1.40420 1.400620 1.40120 1.400120 1.412620 1.410920 1.424023 1.439522 1.434820 1.4059-20 1.417620 1.412020
vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl, peth vs bz, eth, chl, peth
87.5 10812 15120, 1224 86; 3965 149; 5217 281; 17817 dec 275 18713
1.432520
1.996715 1.167718 1.1528100
1.364115
s H2O, eth, ctc; msc EtOH; i lig s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth s H2O vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, bz, peth; sl chl sl2H O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s tfa vs eth, EtOH
49 pr
616-47-7 693-98-1
bp/˚C
liq
liq
75.5 58 -6 144
vs H2O, EtOH 286 235 244.5 137
s EtOH, peth; sl chl 1.168325 1.167325
1.535416 1.535115 1.405620
206 dec 250; 14420 195.5 267
vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH
1.175620 20
1.0325
vs EtOH, chl 1.4970
20
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-388
7340 7341 7342 7343 7344 7345 7346 7347 7348 7349 7350 7351 7352 7353 7354 7355 7356 7357 7358 7359 7360 7361 7362 7363 7364 7365 7366 7367 7368 7369 7370
Name
2-Methyl-1-hexene
3-Methyl-1-hexene
4-Methyl-1-hexene
5-Methyl-1-hexene
2-Methyl-2-hexene
cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene
cis-4-Methyl-2-hexene
trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene
O cis-5-Methyl-2-hexene
trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene
cis-2-Methyl-3-hexene
trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene
cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene
trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene
Methyl3-hexenoate
O HO
O O
O
O
5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one
5-Methyl-5-hexen-2-one
5-Methyl-1-hexyne
5-Methyl-2-hexyne
Methyl2-hexynoate
3-389
HO
N NH2
N
L-3-Methylhistidine
H2N
H N
H2N
O
O
O
O
O
O
Methylhydrazinecarboxylate
Methylhydrogen succinate
HO
OH
Methylhydroperoxide
O
Methyla-hydroxydiphenylacetate
O
NH2
O-Methylhydroxylamine
O
NH2 HCl
O
OH HO
OH
O-Methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride
Methyl4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate
OH O
O O
Methyl2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate
OH Methyl3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate
O OH
O
O
Methyl2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzoate
O O
OH
O
OH Methyl3-hydroxybenzoate
O O
Methyl4-hydroxybenzoate
O
Methylhydroxyacetate
O O HO
O
OH
H N O
Methylhydrazine
N
L-1-Methylhistidine
O
O
O
2-Methyl-3-hexyne
N NH2
O Methyla-hydroxyphenylacetate, (±)
Methyl2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoate
N N 1-Methylimidazol
N N H 2-Methyl-1H-imidazole
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Synonym
7381 7382 7383 7384 7385 7386 7387
4-Methyl-1H-imidazole N-Methyliminodiacetic acid 1-Methyl-1H-indene 2-Methyl-1H-indene 3-Methyl-1H-indene 1-Methyl-1H-indole 2-Methyl-1H-indole
C6N2 4H N-(Carboxymethyl)-N-methylglycine 5HC9NO4 C10H10 C10H10 C10H10 C9H9N C9H9N
7388 7389 7390 7391 7392 7393 7394 7395 7396 7397
3-Methyl-1H-indole Skatole 5-Methyl-1H-indole 7-Methyl-1H-indole Methyl 2-iodobenzoate Methyl 3-iodobenzoate Methyl 4-iodobenzoate 5-Methyl-1,3-isobenzofurandione Methyl isobutanoate Methyl isocyanate 2-Methyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)dione Methyl isopentanoate Methyl isovalerate 6-Methyl-N-isopentyl-2-heptanamine Octamylamine 2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline a-Methyl-43-p-Cumenyl-2isopropylbenzenepropanal methylpropionaldehyde 2-Methyl-5isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene 2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione cis-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane trans-1-Methyl-4trans-p-Menthane isopropylcyclohexane 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexanol 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, (+)-Menthol [1S-(1a,2b,5a)]5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, (-)-Menthol [1R-(1a,2b,5a)]5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, (+)-Neomenthol [1S-(1a,2a,5b)]5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, (+)-Isomenthol [1S-(1a,2b,5b)]5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol acetate, [1 R-(1a,2a,5b)] cis-5-Methyl-2Menthone isopropylcyclohexanone trans-5-Methyl-2l-Menthone isopropylcyclohexanone, (2 S) 1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene
7398 7399 7400 7401 7402 7403 7404 7405 7406 7407 7408 7409 7410 7411 7412 7413 7414
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
822-36-6 4408-64-4 767-59-9 2177-47-1 767-60-2 603-76-9 95-20-5
82.104 147.130 130.186 130.186 130.186 131.174 131.174
C9N 9H C9H9N C9H9N C7IO2 8H C7IO2 8H C7IO2 8H O3 9H6C 5HC 10O2 C3NO 2H C9H7NO2
83-34-1 614-96-0 933-67-5 610-97-9 618-91-7 619-44-3 19438-61-0 547-63-7 624-83-9 550-44-7
131.174 131.174 131.174 262.045 262.045 262.045 162.142 102.132 57.051 161.158
H OC H C N CN 10H15 C13H18O
556-24-1 502-59-0 2051-53-8 103-95-7
116.158 199.376 149.233 190.281
C10H16
2867-05-2
136.234
C10H12O2
490-91-5
164.201
6 12 2 13 29
C20 10H C10H20
6069-98-3 1678-82-6
140.266 140.266
C20O 10H C10H20O
21129-27-1 15356-60-2
156.265 156.265
C10H20O
2216-51-5
156.265
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
263
1.041614
1.503714
cry (w)
56 226
vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth
199; 8215 208 198 237 272
0.97025 0.97425 0.97225 1.070725 1.0720
1.561620 1.565220 1.562120
80
pl (dil al) nd or 61 lf (w) lf (lig) 97.5 60 85 nd (dil al) nd (eth-al)
54.5 114.8 93.0 liq -84.7 liq -45 nd (al), lf (sub) 134
liq
-16
45.5 liq oil
nd (MeOH)
-89.9 -86.3
266 267 266 280; 14616 18 277; 150 sub 295 92.5 39.5 286
s2O, H EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, lig
1.020278 1.0202100 1.605220
s EtOH i H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs eth, ace s EtOH, eth
0.890620 0.923027
1.384020 1.341918
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs H2O i2O; H sl EtOH
116.5 1007 241 270; 13599
0.880820
1.392720
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace
0.994220 0.945920
1.538720 1.506820
s ctc, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH
151
0.830120
1.451520
20
20
2.020010
232 172 170.6
s chl 0.8039 0.792820
208.5 1039
0.9020
39 43
216
0.90315
1.4431 1.436620
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
22
1.4600
20
156.265
oil
-22
211.7
C10H20O
23283-97-8
156.265
nd(dil al)
82.5
218
C12H22O2
2623-23-6
198.302
222; 10910
0.924420
1.446920
C10H18O
491-07-6
154.249
205; 8915
0.899520
1.452720
C10H18O
14073-97-3
154.249
207
0.895420
1.450520
H C
5502-88-5
138.250
174.5
0.845715
1.473520
10 18
0.897
1.46022
2216-52-6
-6
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, peth vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig
1.461920
C10H20O
liq
i H2O; s eth, ace, bz i H2O; s eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s peth vs ace, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; s ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-390
Name
N O
N H
O N
HO
4-Methyl-1H-imidazole
N-Methyliminodiacetic acid
1-Methyl-1H-indene
O
3-Methyl-1H-indene
2-Methyl-1H-indole
3-Methyl-1H-indole
O
I Methyl3-iodobenzoate
5-Methyl-1H-indole
O O
O
Methyl2-iodobenzoate
1-Methyl-1H-indole
O
O
I
N H 7-Methyl-1H-indole
O
2-Methyl-1H-indene
N H
N H
O
I Methyl4-iodobenzoate
5-Methyl-1,3-isobenzofurandione
N O
Methylisobutanoate
N C O Methylisocyanate
O O
O 2-Methyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione
Methylisopentanoate
O NH2
O
3-391
O
N H 6-Methyl-N-isopentyl-2-heptanamine
2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline
a-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzenepropanal
2-Methyl-5-isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene
2-Methyl-5-isopropyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
cis-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane
OH
OH trans-1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexane
1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexanol
OH
5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1a,2b,5a)]-
OH
5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1R-(1a,2b,5a)]-
5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1a,2a,5b)]-
O OH 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol, [1S-(1a,2b,5b)]-
O 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol acetate,[1R-(1a,2a,5b)]
O cis-5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanone
O trans-5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanone, (2S)
1-Methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
N H
N
OH
No.
Name
Synonym
7435 Methyl mercaptoacetate 7436 Methyl 3-mercaptopropanoate 7437 Methylmercuric dicyanamide 7438 7439 7440 7441 7442 7443 7444 7445 7446 7447 7448 7449 7450
Retene
Mol. Wt.
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
C10H18O
491-04-3
154.249
9715.5
0.911925
1.472925
C10H18O
562-74-3
154.249
209
0.92620
1.478519
C14H26O3
579-94-2
242.354
15520, 14414 0.954520
10HC 13NO2 C10H18O
943-15-7 470-67-7
179.216 154.249
HC H C O C2 12H16O 10H9NC 10HC 9N C 2H3NS 4HC 6N2O C5NO 4H C5NO 4H C3 4H8O 19HC34O2 19HC32O2 CH 3BrMg CH 3ClMg 4HC 6O4
483-65-8 4427-56-9 528-79-0 1721-93-3 1125-80-0 556-61-6 1072-67-9 6454-84-8 5765-44-6 2155-30-8 112-63-0 301-00-8 75-16-1 676-58-4 516-05-2
234.336 150.217 192.254 143.185 143.185 73.117 98.103 83.089 83.089 104.105 294.472 292.456 119.244 74.793 118.089
HCO S HC O S C3H6HgN4
2365-48-2 2935-90-2 502-39-6
106.144 120.171 298.70
HCO O3S 2H6C 4HC 8O3 C10O3 9H C10O3 9H C10O3 9H C10H13NO3
80-62-6 66-27-3 6290-49-9 606-45-1 5368-81-0 121-98-2 483-64-7
100.117 110.132 104.105 166.173 166.173 166.173 195.215
HC O O3 6H10C CNO2 9H11 9HC 10O2 9HC 10O2 9HC 10O2
3852-09-3 17094-21-2 85-91-6 89-71-4 99-36-5 99-75-2
118.131 130.141 165.189 150.174 150.174 150.174
6622-76-0 924-50-5 3404-67-9
114.142 114.142 112.213
18 18 10 14
Thymol, acetate Isoquinaldine
Methyl 2-hydroxypropanoate, (±)
Bromomethylmagnesium Chloromethylmagnesium
3 6 2 4 8 2
1-Cyano-3-(methylmercurio) guanidine
Methyl methacrylate Methyl methanesulfonate Methyl methoxyacetate Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate Methyl 3-methoxybenzoate Methyl 4-methoxybenzoate Methyl 3-methoxy-2-(methylamino) Damascenine benzoate Methyl 3-methoxypropanoate Methyl 2-methylacetoacetate Methyl 2-(methylamino)benzoate Methyl 2-methylbenzoate Methyl 3-methylbenzoate Methyl 4-methylbenzoate
7451 Methyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate, E) ( 7452 Methyl 3-methyl-2-butenoate 7453 3-Methyl-4-methylenehexane
CAS RN
5 8 2
5 10 3
C6H10O2 CO2 6H10 C16 8H
mp/˚C
1
nd (HOAc)
cry (eth)
101 36.5 10 68 36 62
liq oil -35 -45.5
12610 173.5
1.074420 0.899720
390 228.5 245 248 249 119
1.03525 0.991020 1.0099 1.077720
127 122 144.8 21520 20714, 1823
stab in thf soln nd (bz-AcOEt) 135 dec pr (eth-bz)
vs eth, EtOH, chl 1.530120 1.456220
1.527520 1.609520
1.069137
1.5258
1.02320 1.092820 0.888610 0.89525
1.438620 1.414120 1.463820 1.470920
1.45520 4210 5414
Solubility
1.08525
1.465720 1.464020
100.5 202.5 131 246.5 248 244 271; 14710
0.937725 1.294320 1.051120 1.157119 1.131020
1.414220 1.413820 1.396220 1.53419 1.522420
142.8 177.4 255 215 221 220
1.013915 1.021725 1.12015 1.06820 1.06120
1.403020 1.41624 1.583915
139 136.5 112.5
0.934912 0.933720 0.72525
1.437020 1.43220 1.414220
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth
s DMSO vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s eth, thf; i hx, bz i peth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, tfa; s AcOEt vs eth, EtOH
157 liq
lf (al or eth) pr (al)
-47.55 20
49 28
cry (peth)
19 <-50
cry (aq MeOH, peth)
33.2
114
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH i2O;H s EtOH, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-392
7415 3-Methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen1-ol 7416 4-Methyl-1-isopropyl-3-cyclohexen1-ol 7417 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexyl ethoxyacetate, a (1,2b,5a) 7418 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2-nitrobenzene 7419 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 7420 1-Methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene 7421 4-Methyl-2-isopropylphenol 7422 5-Methyl-2-isopropylphenyl acetate 7423 1-Methylisoquinoline 7424 3-Methylisoquinoline 7425 Methyl isothiocyanate 7426 5-Methyl-3-isoxazolamine 7427 4-Methylisoxazole 7428 5-Methylisoxazole 7429 Methyl lactate, (±) 7430 Methyl linoleate 7431 Methyl linolenate 7432 Methyl magnesium bromide 7433 Methylmagnesium chloride 7434 Methylmalonic acid
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
O N
O HO
O
HO
O
O
O
1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-2-nitrobenzene 1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 1-Methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene
O
OH
O N N 4-Methyl-2-isopropylphenol
5-Methyl-2-isopropylphenyl acetate
1-Methylisoquinoline
O
N C S
3-Methylisoquinoline
O
Methylisothiocyanate
O
3-393
O Methyllinolenate
Mg
Mg
Br
Methylmagnesiumbromide
Cl
O O O S O
O Methylmethacrylate
Methylmethanesulfonate
Methylmalonic acid
O
O
O
O
O
Methyl3-methoxybenzoate
Methylmercuric dicyanamide
O O
O
Methyl3-methoxypropanoate
O O
Methyl2-methylbenzoate
N
N H
O
Methyl3-methoxy-2-(methylamino)benzoate
O O
Methyl2-(methylamino)benzoate
N H
O
O Methyl2-methylacetoacetate
O
O
Methyl4-methoxybenzoate
H N
O
Hg
O O
O Methyl2-methoxybenzoate
O
HS
Methyllactate, (±)
NH
O O
OH
5-Methylisoxazole
Methylmercaptoacetate Methyl3-mercaptopropanoate
O
O O
HS
O
N
H N
O
Methylmethoxyacetate
O
4-Methylisoxazole
O
O O
O
N
O OH
O O
O
O
HO
Methylmagnesium chloride
N
5-Methyl-3-isoxazolamine
O O
Methyllinoleate
O
O
NH2
Methyl3-methylbenzoate
Methyl4-methylbenzoate
Methyl2-methyl-2-butenoate, (E)
O Methyl3-methyl-2-butenoate
3-Methyl-4-methylenehexane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-Methyl-6-isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-Methyl-1-isopropyl-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexyl ethoxyacetate, (1a,2b,5a)
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
7473 Methyl 2-naphthalenecarboxylate 7474 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenediol diacetate 7475 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione
Methyl 2-naphthoate Menadiol diacetate
7476 7477 7478 7479 7480
N-Methyl-1-naphthalenamine
7481 7482 7483 7484 7485
Methyl-1-naphthylamine Methyl nitrate Methyl nitrite Methyl nitroacetate 2-Methyl-3-nitroaniline 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline 2-Methyl-5-nitroaniline 2-Methyl-6-nitroaniline 4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline 4-Methyl-3-nitroaniline
Menadione
Mol. Wt.
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
5524-05-0
152.233
221.5
0.92819
1.4724
vs ace, eth
15932-80-6
152.233
9310
0.936720
1.486920
491-09-8
150.217
12014
0.977420
1.529420
495-61-4
204.352
12910
0.867320
1.488020
573-26-2
163.216
620-93-9 72-44-6
197.276 250.294
13532-18-8
134.197
1195-32-0 138-87-4
132.202 154.249
89-79-2
nd (peth)
mp/˚C
55.5
260
s EtOH, chl
79.8 120
330.5
vs eth, peth vs eth, EtOH, chl
7513, 6911
1.07725
1.465020
-20 32.5
185.3 210; 9010
0.893623 0.91720
1.528323 1.474720
154.249
78
9314
0.91120
1.472320
57576-09-7
196.286
85
1138
0.92525
1.456620
29606-79-9
152.233
10018
0.919820
1.467520
99-48-9
152.233
228
0.948425
1.494225
109-02-4 2109-66-2 90-12-0 91-57-6 2459-24-7
101.147 145.200 142.197 142.197 186.206
0.905120 1.017420 1.020220 1.005820 1.129020
1.433220 1.463820 1.617020 1.601540 1.608620
H OC HC O
2459-25-8 573-20-6
116 12118, 9313 244.7 241.1 16820, 1010.04 290
11 8 2
HCO
HC N NO3 3CH CH2 3NO NO4 3H5C C2O2 7H8N
12 10 2 15 14 4
11 11
H NC O H NC O C2O2 7H8N C2O2 7H8N C2O2 7H8N 7 8 2 2 7 8 2 2
liq nd
liq
-64.40
liq mcl (al)
-30.43 34.6 59.5
186.206 258.270
lf (MeOH) pr (al)
77 113
58-27-5
172.181
ye nd (al, peth) 107
2216-68-4 598-58-3 624-91-9 2483-57-0 603-83-8
157.212 77.040 61.041 119.077 152.151
oil exp gas ye gas
99-52-5 99-55-8 570-24-1 89-62-3 119-32-4
152.151 152.151 152.151 152.151 152.151
vs EtOH, eth
174 -83.0 -16
ye orth nd (w), 92 ye lf (al) 133.5 105.5 96 116.3 79.8
294.5 exp 64.6 -12 10728 305
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth
s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl vs bz, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH
1.207520 0.99115 1.3200 1.378015 1.1586
140
1.1900100 1.16121
1.672220 1.374820
i 2HO; sl EtOH, HOAc; s eth, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, bz, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl sl H2O, CS2; s EtOH, eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-394
C10H16O 7454 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexanone, (2R-trans) 7455 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene) C10H16O cyclohexanone 7456 3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)-2-Piperitenone H14O 10C cyclohexen-1-one C15H24 7457 1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene4-hexenyl)cyclohexene, S( ) 7458 N-Methyl-N-(2-methylphenyl) C10H13NO acetamide 7459 4-Methyl-N-(4-methylphenyl)aniline 14HC 15N H)- Methaqualone C16H14N2O 7460 2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3 quinazolinone 7461 Methyl 3-(methylthio)propanoate 2-Methoxycarbonylethyl methylC5H10O2S sulfide 7462 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)benzene 10HC12 7463 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl) b-Terpineol C10H18O cyclohexanol C10H18O 7464 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol, [1R-(1a,2b,5a)] C12H20O2 7465 5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) cyclohexanol acetate, R[1(1a,2b,5a)] 7466 trans-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl) C10H16O cyclohexanone 7467 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylvinyl)-2C10H16O cyclohexen-1-ol 7468 4-Methylmorpholine C11NO 5H 7469 a-Methyl-4-morpholineethanol 7HC 15NO2 H10 7470 1-Methylnaphthalene 11C H10 7471 2-Methylnaphthalene 11C 7472 Methyl 1-naphthalenecarboxylate Methyl 1-naphthoate C2 12H10O
Physical Form
CAS RN
H
O O 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexanone, (2R-trans)
O
5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexanone
3-Methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)-2-cyclohexen-1-one
1-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl)cyclohexene, (S)
HO O H N
N
O
N N-Methyl-N-(2-methylphenyl)acetamide
4-Methyl-N-(4-methylphenyl)aniline
S
2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3 H)-quinazolinone
O
Methyl3-(methylthio)propanoate
1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)benzene
1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol
OH
O
N OH
O
3-395
O O
5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol, [1R-(1a,2b,5a)]
5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanol acetate,[1R-(1a,2b,5a)]
trans-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanone
2-Methyl-5-(1-methylvinyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-ol
4-Methylmorpholine
O O OH
O O
O
O
N
O
O
O
O a-Methyl-4-morpholineethanol
1-Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Methyl1-naphthalenecarboxylate
Methyl2-naphthalenecarboxylate
NH2
NH2
NH2
HN O
Methyl-1-naphthylamine
N O
O
Methylnitrate
O
N
O
Methylnitrite
O
O N
O O
Methylnitroacetate
N O
O
O O
N
O
N O
O
2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenediol diacetate
O
O N
NH2
NH2 O N
2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione
NH2 O N O
O
2-Methyl-3-nitroaniline 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline 2-Methyl-5-nitroaniline 2-Methyl-6-nitroaniline 4-Methyl-2-nitroaniline 4-Methyl-3-nitroaniline
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C2O2 7H8N
612-28-2
152.151
7487 N-Methyl-4-nitroaniline
7 8 2 2
H NC O
100-15-2
152.151
129-15-7
267.237
121-03-9 606-27-9 618-95-1 619-50-1 696-23-1 4164-28-7 881-03-8 70-25-7
217.200 181.147 181.147 181.147 127.102 90.081 187.195 147.093
2581-34-2 119-33-5 2444-29-3 77-49-6 76-39-1
153.136 153.136 229.231 135.119 119.119
C10H8N2O3 N2O 7H8C
14073-00-8 614-00-6
204.182 136.151
C2H5N3O2
684-93-5
103.080
CH40O2 20 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 CH20O2 10 CH22O 10 C10H20 8H12C C 19H36O2 H20 9C H20 9C H20 9C O2 9H18C 9HC 18O2 C20O 9H C20O 9H H18O 9C H18 9C H18 9C C21N 9H
1731-94-8 871-83-0 5911-04-6 17301-94-9 15869-85-9 1731-84-6 55505-26-5 2980-71-4 694-92-8 1937-62-8 3221-61-2 2216-33-3 2216-34-4 111-11-5 3004-93-1 628-44-4 5340-36-3 58654-67-4 4588-18-5 13151-06-9 2439-54-5
312.531 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 172.265 158.281 140.266 108.181 296.488 128.255 128.255 128.255 158.238 158.238 144.254 144.254 142.238 126.239 126.239 143.270
7488 2-Methyl-1-nitro-9,10C15H9NO4 anthracenedione 7489 2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid C5S 7H7NO 7490 Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate 8HC 7NO4 7491 Methyl 3-nitrobenzoate 8HC 7NO4 7492 Methyl 4-nitrobenzoate 8HC 7NO4 7493 2-Methyl-4-nitro-1 H-imidazole C5N3O2 4H 7494 N-Methyl-N-nitromethanamine 2HC 6N2O2 7495 2-Methyl-1-nitronaphthalene 11HC 9NO2 7496 N-Methyl-N’-nitroNC2H5N5O3 nitrosoguanidine 7497 3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol 7HC 7NO3 7498 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol 7HC 7NO3 7499 1-Methyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene 2-Methylphenyl 4-nitrophenyl ether C3 13H11NO NO4 7500 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 4H9C 7501 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol 4HC 9NO3
3-396
7502 3-Methyl-4-nitroquinolineN-oxide 7503 N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline 7504 N-methyl-N-nitrosourea 7505 7506 7507 7508 7509 7510 7511 7512 7513 7514 7515 7516 7517 7518 7519 7520 7521 7522 7523 7524 7525
Methyl nonadecanoate 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 4-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane Methyl nonanoate 8-Methyl-1-nonanol 2-Methyl-1-nonene 2-Methyl-2-norbornene Methyltrans-9-octadecenoate 2-Methyloctane 3-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane Methyl octanoate 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Methyl-2-octanol 3-Methyl-3-octanol 5-Methyl-2-octanone 2-Methyl-1-octene 7-Methyl-1-octene Methyloctylamine
N-NitrosoN-methylurea
2-Methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene
Methyl caprylate
N-Methyl-1-octanamine
mp/˚C
red or oran nd 38 (peth) br-ye pr (al) cry 152 (eth) pa ye nd 273.0 (HOAc) 135.8 liq -13 78 96 253 nd(eth) 58 ye pr or nd (al) 81.5
nd or pr (w) ye nd (al, w) ye cry (peth) mcl nd or pl (MeOH) cry (MeOH) ye cry
129 36.5
col or ye pl (eth)
123 dec
liq liq liq liq
liq liq liq liq liq liq
liq liq
150.1 89.5 179 14.7
41.3 -74.6 -84.8 -99 -87.7
-64.2 13.5 -80.3 -107.6 -113.3 -40
-77.8
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
15818
Solubility sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
1.201155
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, lig
275 27960
1.285520
i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl; s PhNO2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl
187 18820
1.109072
1.446272
12522 22027 dec 9410
1.239920
1.574440
dec 225; 12113
1.124020
1.576920
dec
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace s DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl
i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth
1904 167.1 167.9 165.7 165.1 213.5 10810 168.4 122 21824 143.2 144.2 142.4 192.9 13814, 884 178 8318, 363 10150 144.8 138.9 688
0.728120 0.735420 0.732320 0.732620 0.879915
1.409920 1.412520 1.412320 1.411620 1.421420
0.741225
1.424120
0.873020 0.709525 0.71725 0.71625 0.877520 0.821020 0.810825
1.451320 1.403120 1.404025 1.403925 1.417020 1.428125 1.428020 1.425725
0.734320
1.418420
i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs peth i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7486 N-Methyl-2-nitroaniline
Physical Form
HN HN
O N
O
O
N
OH
O
O
O S O O O
O O
N-Methyl-2-nitroaniline
N
O
O
N-Methyl-4-nitroaniline
2-Methyl-1-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione
O
N O
2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid
O N
O
O
O O O N N
O
N O
Methyl2-nitrobenzoate
O O
Methyl3-nitrobenzoate
N
N H
O
Methyl4-nitrobenzoate
2-Methyl-4-nitro-1 H-imidazole
N
O N N O
O
N-Methyl-N-nitromethanamine
2-Methyl-1-nitronaphthalene
O
N
OH O N
O O N
NH N H
N
N
O
N-Methyl-N’-nitroN-nitrosoguanidine
N
O
3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol
O
4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol
N O
HO
1-Methyl-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene
NO2 OH
2-Methyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
3-397
H2N
3-Methyl-4-nitroquinolineN-oxide
O
O
N O
2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol
O
O N
NO2 OH
O
N
O O
N-Methyl-N-nitrosoaniline
N
N
O
O
N-methyl-N-nitrosourea
Methylnonadecanoate
2-Methylnonane
3-Methylnonane
O OH
O 4-Methylnonane
5-Methylnonane
Methylnonanoate
8-Methyl-1-nonanol
2-Methyl-1-nonene
O
O
O
O
2-Methyl-2-norbornene
OH
O Methyltrans-9-octadecenoate
2-Methyloctane
3-Methyloctane
4-Methyloctane
Methyloctanoate
2-Methyloctanoic acid
OH 2-Methyl-2-octanol
N H
O
OH 3-Methyl-3-octanol
5-Methyl-2-octanone
2-Methyl-1-octene
7-Methyl-1-octene
Methyloctylamine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH O
No.
Synonym
7526 7527 7528 7529
Methyl 2-octynoate 3-Methyl-1-octyn-3-ol Methyl oleate Methyl Orange
7530 7531 7532 7533 7534 7535 7536 7537 7538 7539
2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole 5-Methyloxazole 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline 2-Methyloxetane 4-Methyl-2-oxetanone Methyloxirane 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine Methyl 4-oxopentanoate
C14O2 9H C16O 9H H36O2 19C C14H14N3NaO3S Sodiumpdimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonate H5NO 4C H5NO 4C H5NO 4C C7NO 4H H8O 4C 3-Hydroxybutyric acid lactone 4H6OC 2 1,2-Propylene oxide 3HC 6O 5HC 8O3 N-Dodecanoylsarcosine C15H29NO3 Methyl levulinate 6H10OC 3
7540 7541 7542 7543 7544 7545 7546 7547 7548 7549 7550 7551 7552
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid Methyl 2-oxopropanoate Methyl palmitate Methyl parathion Methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide Methyl pentadecanoate cis-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether Methyl pentafluoropropanoate 2-Methylpentanal 2-Methylpentane
HCO H CO C2 17H34O C10NO5PS 8H S-Methyl pentachlorobenzenethiol 7H3Cl C 5S H32O2 16C C10 6H C10 6H 1,1-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 6H10 C 1-Methoxyperfluoroethane 3H3FC 5O C3F5O2 4H 2-Methylvaleraldehyde 6H12CO H14 Isohexane 6C 6 10 3
Methyl pyruvate Methyl hexadecanoate
2-Methylpentanedinitrile 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 4-Methylpentanenitrile 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol Methyl pentanoate 2-Methylpentanoic acid, (±) 3-Methylpentanoic acid, (±) 4-Methylpentanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-1-pentanol, (±) 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol
4 6 3
CH
7553 3-Methylpentane 7554 7555 7556 7557 7558 7559 7560 7561 7562 7563 7564 7565 7566 7567
Mol. Form.
6 14
2-Methylglutaronitrile Hexylene glycol Isopentyl cyanide Methyl valerate
Isohexyl alcohol
HN H CO 6H11N C CS 6H14 O2 6H12C 6HC 12O2 6HC 12O2 6HC 12O2 C14O 6H C14O 6H 6HC 14O C14O 6H C14O 6H C14O 6H 6 8 2
6 14 2
C
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
111-12-6 23580-51-0 112-62-9 547-58-0
154.206 140.222 296.488 327.334
23012-10-4 693-93-6 66333-88-8 1120-64-5 2167-39-7 3068-88-0 16033-71-9 759-05-7 97-78-9 624-45-3
83.089 83.089 83.089 85.105 72.106 86.090 58.079 116.116 271.396 130.141
816-66-0 600-22-6 112-39-0 298-00-0 1825-19-0 7132-64-1 1501-60-6 4549-74-0 926-56-7 22410-44-2 378-75-6 123-15-9 107-83-5
130.141 102.089 270.451 263.208 296.429 256.424 82.143 82.143 82.143 150.047 178.058 100.158 86.175
96-14-0 4553-62-2 107-41-5 542-54-1 1633-97-2 624-24-8 22160-39-0 22160-40-3 646-07-1 105-30-6 20281-83-8 626-89-1 590-36-3 565-60-6 108-11-2
Physical Form
mp/˚C
-19.9 oran, ye pl or sc dec (w) liq liq hyg liq
liq
cry cry (EtOH) nd (dil al) liq
-111.9 31.5 44.5
10 30 38 95.5 18.5 -117.6
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
217; 10720 174; 7510 218.520
0.92620 0.854720 0.873920
1.446420 1.44310 1.452220
1.01525
1.431720
1.00525 0.84125 1.055520 0.8590 0.996820
1.434020 1.388520
196
1.051120
1.423320
1.1540 0.824775 1.35820
1.404625
25 0.8618 0.71425 0.73025 0.718120
1.439025 1.44620 1.45220 1.453220
1.39025
1.286925
0.65025
1.371520
0.659825
1.376520
0.950 0.92315 0.803020
1.434020 1.427620 1.405920
s H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth, ace, bz, hp s H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc
0.894720 0.923020 0.926220 0.922520 0.826320 0.824220 0.813120 0.835016 0.830720 0.807520
1.400320 1.41320 1.415920 1.414420 1.418220 1.411223 1.413425 1.410020 1.418220 1.410020
sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth
8415 135.5 417; 1482
liq
-153.6
86.175
liq
-162.90
63.27
108.141 118.174 97.158 118.240 116.158 116.158 116.158 116.158 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174 102.174
liq liq liq liq
-45 -50 -51
liq liq
-41.6 -33
liq
-103
liq
-90
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH, py; i eth
87.5 88 88 111 59 8650, 579 35 170.5
153.5 75.8 77 76.5 5.59 59.5 117 60.26
col gas
Solubility
270; 13413 197.1 156.5 125.0; 3630 127.4 195.6 197.5 200.5 149 153 151.9 121.1 134.3 131.6
1.366020 1.385016
1.536725
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, ctc; msc eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; s eth i H2O; s os s EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-398
Name
O
O
N
OH O
Methyl2-octynoate
3-Methyl-1-octyn-3-ol
Methyloleate
O
O
2-Methyloxazole
4-Methyloxazole
2-Methyl-2-oxazoline
2-Methyloxetane
4-Methyl-2-oxetanone
OH
N
O
O Methyloxirane
O
3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid
N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine
S O
O OH
O O
3-399
Methyl4-oxopentanoate
O
O
O
O O
O
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid
S
O
O
Methyl2-oxopropanoate
P
O
Cl
N O
Cl
Methylpalmitate
Methylparathion
Methylpentachlorophenylsulfide
F F F O 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene
OH O 2-Methylpentanal
N 2-Methylpentane
O 2-Methylpentanoic acid,(±)
3-Methylpentane
O 3-Methylpentanoic acid,(±)
4-Methylpentanoic acid
O F F
Methylpentafluoroethyl ether
Methylpentafluoropropanoate
O
SH
OH
O
N 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol
O
F
4-Methylpentanenitrile
2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol
Methylpentanoate
OH
OH O
4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene
N
2-Methylpentanedinitrile
OH
OH
F F
O
F F cis-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene
Cl Cl
O
Methylpentadecanoate
Cl
O
OH OH 2-Methyl-1-pentanol
OH
OH OH
3-Methyl-1-pentanol, (±)
4-Methyl-1-pentanol
2-Methyl-2-pentanol
3-Methyl-2-pentanol
4-Methyl-2-pentanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O OH
O
O
O
5-Methyloxazole
N
O
N
O
N
MethylOrange
O N
O S O Na O
N N
O
No. 7568 7569 7570 7571 7572
Name 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol acetate 3-Methyl-2-pentanone, (±) 4-Methyl-2-pentanone
3-400
7574 7575 7576 7577 7578 7579 7580 7581 7582 7583 7584 7585 7586 7587 7588 7589 7590 7591 7592 7593 7594 7595 7596 7597 7598 7599 7600 7601 7602 7603 7604 7605
7606 10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine 7607 10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine-2acetic acid 7608 Methyl phenoxyacetate
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.824320 0.828620 0.87025 0.813020 0.796525
1.417520 1.418620
100.158
113.5
0.81418
1.397520
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace; s chl
38136-29-7 623-36-9 763-29-1 760-20-3 691-37-2 625-27-4 922-62-3 616-12-6 691-38-3 674-76-0 16957-70-3 10321-71-8 37674-63-8 4325-82-0 565-62-8 3744-02-3 488-10-8
134.603 98.142 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 84.159 114.142 114.142 114.142 100.158 98.142 98.142 164.244
143 136.5 62.1 54.2 53.9 67.3 67.7 70.4 56.3 58.6 214; 11212 217 199 134 138 124.2 258; 13412
0.972520 0.858120 0.679920 0.667520 0.664220 0.686320 0.688625 0.693025 0.669020 0.668620 0.975120 0.952921 0.96615 0.84015
HC O CH C11H18O
539-52-6 1574-33-0 1128-08-1
150.217 80.128 166.260
6HC 14O C12H18O C14S 6H 6H14SC H10 6C H10 6C 6HC 10O C3F15O2 9H CH12 15 CH12 15 CH12 15 H19NO2 14C
628-80-8 1300-94-3 1741-83-9 13286-92-5 7154-75-8 21020-27-9 77-75-8 376-27-2 832-69-9 832-71-3 832-64-4 113-45-1
102.174 178.270 118.240 118.240 82.143 82.143 98.142 428.095 192.256 192.256 192.256 233.307
CH NS HC NO2S
1207-72-3 13993-65-2
213.298 271.335
HC O
2065-23-8
166.173
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
sec-Butyl methyl ketone (±)Isobutyl methyl ketone
C14O 6H C14O 6H CO2 8H16 6HC 12O O 6H12C
565-67-3 77-74-7 7789-99-3 55156-16-6 108-10-1
102.174 102.174 144.212 100.158 100.158
Ethyl isopropyl ketone
6 12
H O C
565-69-5
HCClO HC O H12 6C H12 6C H12 6C H12 6C C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 6HC 10O2 6H10O2 C 6HC 10O2 C12O 6H H10O 6C H10O 6C C11H16O
4-Methylpentanoyl chloride 2-Methyl-2-pentenal 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene trans-2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid 4-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid 4,4-Dimethyl-2-butenoic acid 2-Methyl-3-pentenoic acid 4-Methyl-3-penten-2-ol 3-Methyl-2-penten-4-one 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one cis-3-Methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2Jasmone cyclopenten-1-one 3-(4-Methyl-3-pentenyl)furan 3-Methyl-3-penten-1-yne 3-Methyl-2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-1one Methyl pentyl ether 5-Methyl-2-pentylphenol 6-Pentylm-cresol Methyl pentyl sulfide Methyltert -pentyl sulfide 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)butane 4-Methyl-1-pentyne 4-Methyl-2-pentyne 3-Methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol Meparfynol Methyl perfluorooctanoate 1-Methylphenanthrene 3-Methylphenanthrene 4-Methylphenanthrene Methylphenidate
6 11 6 10
10 14 6 8
13 11
Metiazinic acid
Physical Form
126.5 122.4 163 117.5 116.5
Mol. Form.
15 13
9 10 3
mp/˚C
liq
-23.6
liq
-84
liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq pr
liq ye oil
liq liq liq liq
-135.7 -153 -153.6 -135 -134.8 -138.5 -134.8 -140.8 24.4 35
-72.6
24 -94 -104.6 -110.3 30.5
lf, pl (dil al) 123 pr or nd (al) 65 pl (90% al) 53.5
1.400220 1.396220
1.448820 1.392020 1.384120 1.382820 1.400420 1.401620 1.404520 1.380020 1.388920 1.451320 1.448921 1.440225 1.937715 1.450820
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; s eth, chl, CS2 vs ace, eth, EtOH
0.841120 0.943722
1.497922
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, lig
185.5 0.901720 66.5 0.73920 14322, 11612 0.916518
1.470521 1.433220 1.476720
s eth, bz
99 13815 145.1 150 61.2 73.1 120.5 158 354 350; 1456 17710 1360.6
0.75922
1.386222
0.843120 0.84 0.700025 0.711225 0.868820 1.68420
1.450620 1.457020 1.393620 1.405720 1.431020 1.30427
vs ace, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s bz, chl vs bz, chl
i Hs EtOH 2O; i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc i H2O, peth; s chl, EtOH, eth, AcOEt
101 144
s chl 245
1.149320
1.515520
vs eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7573 2-Methyl-3-pentanone
Synonym
O
O OH
OH 3-Methyl-3-pentanol
2-Methyl-1-pentanol acetate
3-Methyl-2-pentanone, (±)
4-Methyl-2-pentanone
O
O
O 2-Methyl-3-pentanone
4-Methylpentanoyl chloride
2-Methyl-2-pentenal
2-Methyl-1-pentene
OH
OH
O 3-Methyl-1-pentene
4-Methyl-1-pentene
2-Methyl-2-pentene
3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene
3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene
4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene
4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene
O
trans-2-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid
4-Methyl-2-pentenoic acid
O O
OH
OH
O O
O
3-401
2-Methyl-3-pentenoic acid
4-Methyl-3-penten-2-ol
3-Methyl-2-penten-4-one
O
4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one
cis-3-Methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one
3-(4-Methyl-3-pentenyl)furan
3-Methyl-3-penten-1-yne
OH
O 3-Methyl-2-pentyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
Methylpentylether
S 5-Methyl-2-pentylphenol
S
Methylpentylsulfide
OH
Methyltert -pentylsulfide
4-Methyl-1-pentyne
4-Methyl-2-pentyne
3-Methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol
O F F F F F F
N H H
O
F
O
N
N
S
S
O
F F F F F F F F Methylperfluorooctanoate
1-Methylphenanthrene
3-Methylphenanthrene
4-Methylphenanthrene
Methylphenidate
10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine
OH O
10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine-2-acetic acid
O O
O
Methylphenoxyacetate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2-Methyl-3-pentanol
Cl
O
O
No.
Name
7620 7621 7622 7623 7624 7625 7626
3-402
7627 7628 7629 7630 7631 7632 7633 7634 7635 7636 7637 7638 7639 7640 7641 7642 7643 7644 7645 7646
Mephenesin
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C13H12O C12O2 10H C10H14O3
3586-14-9 2210-79-9 59-47-2
184.233 164.201 182.216
HC NO HC NO CNO 9H11 H10O2 9C H10O2 9C H10O2 9C 9HC 10O2 9HC 13NO
120-66-1 537-92-8 579-10-2 533-18-6 122-46-3 140-39-6 101-41-7 93-90-3
149.189 149.189 149.189 150.174 150.174 150.174 150.174 151.205
HCNO H13N 13C H13NO 14C C14H15N
136-80-1 1205-64-7 582-78-5 614-30-2
151.205 183.249 211.259 197.276
CH O CH O C13H13NO2S
1517-63-1 599-67-7 68-34-8
198.260 198.260 247.313
19 24 2
CH O CH N
614-34-6 4945-47-5
212.244 280.407
HC O CH O CH13NO 11 ClNO 8H8C C10O 9H C10O 9H C16O 15H C9NO 8H 8HC 9NO CH16O 13 C10N2 7H C10N2O2 10H
2294-71-5 582-62-7 7236-47-7 4285-42-1 577-16-2 585-74-0 599-64-4 93-61-8 94-69-9 2892-18-4 618-40-6 6846-11-3
178.228 162.228 175.227 169.609 134.174 134.174 212.287 135.163 135.163 188.265 122.167 190.198
C13H12N4
105650-23-5
224.261
C10H15NO
101-98-4
165.232
HC N H CNO C10O 9H C11H13NO2
2272-45-9 134-49-6 2085-88-3 93-68-5
195.260 177.243 134.174 191.227
9 11 9 11
N-Methylacetanilide o-Cresyl acetate m-Cresyl acetate p-Cresyl acetate
2-[(2-Methylphenyl)amino]ethanol 3-Methyl-N-phenylaniline N-(4-Methylphenyl)benzamide N-Methyl-Nphenylbenzenemethanamine 4-Methyl-a-phenylbenzenemethanol a-Methyl-a-phenylbenzenemethanol 4-Methyl-Nphenylbenzenesulfonamide 4-Methylphenyl benzoate 1-Methyl-N-phenyl-N-benzyl-4Bamipine piperidinamine Methyl 2-phenylbutanoate 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanone 3-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamide b-Benzalbutyramide Methylphenylcarbamic chloride 1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanone 4-(1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol N-Methyl-N-phenylformamide N-(2-Methylphenyl)formamide 5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexen-3-one 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine 3-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,43-Methyl-5-phenylhydantoin imidazolidinedione 1-Methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5PhIP b]pyridin-2-amine 2-[Methyl(phenylmethyl) amino]ethanol 4-Methyl-N-(phenylmethylene)aniline 3-Methyl-2-phenylmorpholine Phenmetrazine 2-Methyl-2-phenyloxirane N-(2-Methylphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide
9 13
14 14 14 14
14 12 2
11 14 2 11 14
14 13 11 15
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
272 1232
1.05125 1.088420
1.572720
70 dec nd (al) 110 nd (w) 65.5 nd (eth), pr (al) 103 12
orth nd (al)
30 158
Solubility
sl H2O, eth; s EtOH 296 303 256 208 212 212.5 216.5 218110, 15014 285.5 316; 18317
1.16815 1.14115 1.0036105 1.053315 1.04320 1.051217 1.062216 1.01430 1.079420
1.576 1.500220 1.497820 1.516322 1.507520
1.567520 1.635020
1.20215
sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH s ctc
52 285; 19012 (a) tcl, b) ( mcl 103.5 pr (al, bz) pl (eth-al) 71.5 cry (MeOH) 115 nd (dil al)
pl (al)
pr (peth) lf (al) cry
77.5 133 88.5
74.5 14.5 62 43
1.105915 i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, HOAc
316
228 236.5 280 214 220 335 243 288 15425 228; 13135
vs eth, EtOH
0.970116
1.513915
1.02620 1.01650
1.527620 1.53315
1.094820 55 1.086 0.950946 1.040420
1.558920
vs eth, EtOH
1.552325 1.569120
164.5 solid
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace
s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace s H2O; vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl
327 13414
ye cry
35
pr (AcOEt)
107.5
318; 17811 13912, 1041 8417
vs ace 1.022820
1.523220 vs bz, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7609 1-Methyl-3-phenoxybenzene 7610 [(2-Methylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane 7611 3-(2-Methylphenoxy)-1,2propanediol 7612 N-(2-Methylphenyl)acetamide 7613 N-(3-Methylphenyl)acetamide 7614 N-Methyl-N-phenylacetamide 7615 2-Methylphenyl acetate 7616 3-Methylphenyl acetate 7617 4-Methylphenyl acetate 7618 Methyl 2-phenylacetate 7619 2-(Methylphenylamino)ethanol
Synonym
O O O
HN
OH
O O
O
O
O
HN
O
N
O
O
O
O
OH
N
O
H N
H N
OH
OH
H N
OH
OH
N O
O
Methyl2-phenylacetate 2-(Methylphenylamino)ethanol2-[(2-Methylphenyl)amino]ethanol3-Methyl-N-phenylaniline N-(4-Methylphenyl)benzamide N-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenemethanamine 4-Methyl-a-phenylbenzenemethanol a-Methyl-a-phenylbenzenemethanol
3-403
O H O S N
N O O
O N
O 4-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide
O
4-Methylphenylbenzoate
1-Methyl-N-phenyl-N-benzyl-4-piperidinamine
O
N
Cl O
O
Methyl2-phenylbutanoate
HN
O
N
NH2
O 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-butanone
3-Methyl-4-phenyl-3-butenamide
O
O
N
Methylphenylcarbamic chloride
O
NH2
N N H
OH
O
1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanone 4-(1-Methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol N-Methyl-N-phenylformamide N-(2-Methylphenyl)formamide 5-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-hexen-3-one 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine 3-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione
O O N NH2 N
N
OH
N
N
1-Methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-amine
2-[Methyl(phenylmethyl)amino]ethanol
4-Methyl-N-(phenylmethylene)aniline
N H 3-Methyl-2-phenylmorpholine
O
HN
O 2-Methyl-2-phenyloxirane
N-(2-Methylphenyl)-3-oxo-butanamide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1-Methyl-3-phenoxybenzene [(2-Methylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane 3-(2-Methylphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol N-(2-Methylphenyl)acetamide N-(3-Methylphenyl)acetamide N-Methyl-N-phenylacetamide 2-Methylphenylacetate 3-Methylphenylacetate 4-Methylphenylacetate
No.
Name
7675 7676 7677 7678 7679 7680 7681 7682 7683 7684 7685 7686 7687
3-Methylpiperidine, (±) 4-Methylpiperidine 1-Methyl-3-piperidinol 1-Methyl-4-piperidinol 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone 1-Methyl-4-piperidinone Methylprednisolone 2-Methylpropanamide N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol 2-Methylpropanenitrile
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
C11H13NO2
2415-85-2
191.227
pr (AcOEt)
95
H O C H O C H12O 14C C2 10H12O CH12O 10 CH12O 10 CH10O 10 H8O2 10C C10H11N3
131-58-8 643-65-2 134-84-9 103-25-3 5337-93-9 611-70-1 101-39-3 4891-38-7 1131-18-6
196.244 196.244 196.244 164.201 148.201 148.201 146.185 160.170 173.214
oil mcl pr
<-18 2 59.5
liq
7.2 -0.7
14 12 14 12
Methyl dihydrocinnamate
HC N H CN O
26 116
Phenylmethylbarbituric acid
11 10 2 3
3256-88-0 76-94-8
169.222 218.208
cry
Phensuximide
11 11
CH NO2
86-34-0
189.211
cry (hot al)
766-08-5 3112-85-4 3699-01-2 614-78-8 2724-69-8 812-00-0 593-54-4 993-13-5 676-99-3 107-44-8
122.240 156.203 200.299 166.243 166.243 112.022 48.025 96.023 100.005 140.093
12 11
HC Si HCO S C12S 13H C10N2S 8H H10N2S 8C 5OCH 4P CH 5P CH 5O3P CH 3F 2OP C4H10FO2P 7 10
7 8 2
o-Tolylthiourea Methyl dihydrogen phosphate
Sarin Methyl dichlorophosphite
Isobutyronitrile
88 15.7 162 112.5
108.5 -57
132.914 100.162 100.162 99.174 99.174
hyg liq
-91
hyg lf (al) liq liq
62 -102.7 -2.5
H CN H CN CNO 6H13 CNO 6H13 CNO 6H11 CNO 6H11 H30O5 22C H9NO 4C H9NO 4C 4HC12N2 C10O2 4H C10O2 4H 4H7N C
53152-98-0 626-58-4 3554-74-3 106-52-5 931-20-4 1445-73-4 83-43-2 563-83-7 1187-58-2 811-93-8 558-43-0 2163-42-0 78-82-0
99.174 99.174 115.173 115.173 113.157 113.157 374.470 87.120 87.120 88.151 90.121 90.121 69.106
liq
-24
6 13
29
cry liq
liq liq
Solubility
308; 12812 317; 1709 22870 238.5; 914 236 220 248; 150100 15848, 13216 333
1.109820 1.09520 0.99260 1.045525 0.992620 0.986311 1.040717 1.083025
18950
1.059025
1.527820 1.517220 1.605717 1.561825
232 129.0 -30.9
-91 -71.5
i H2O; vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, lig; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2 vs eth, EtOH
s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl bz 1.605525 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk
72
3279-26-3 109-01-3 109-07-9 626-67-5 3000-79-1
6 13
nD
sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, bz
vs EtOH, MeOH 140
nd (dil al, w) ta, pl oil col gas hyg pl liq liq
den/g cm-3
220
3Cl2OPCH HC N 5HC12N2 CN 6H13 CN 6H13 5 12 2
bp/˚C
317
-16 dec 98; 2227 147 93 138 153 107 118
0.889520
1.505820
1.098625
1.622525
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s ace, bz vs 2HO, EtOH; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, peth
1.331420 1.1020 1.406
dec H2O 20
1.4740 1.437820
0.815920 0.843624
1.435520 1.445920
125.5 130 9326, 7711 200 221; 10512 8545, 5711
0.844626 0.867425 0.963516 1.026325 0.97125
1.447020 1.445820 1.473520 1.477520 1.482020 1.458025
217 148 123 176 211.6; 12420 103.9
1.01320 0.930525 0.84125 1.002420 1.01520 0.770420
1.434525 1.441020 1.435020 1.445020 1.372020
vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs 2HO; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl; i dil KOH vs H2O; sl chl vs H2O; sl chl
s chl s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-404
7647 N-(4-Methylphenyl)-3oxobutanamide 7648 (2-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone 7649 (3-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone 7650 (4-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone 7651 Methyl 3-phenylpropanoate 7652 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-propanone 7653 2-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone 7654 2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal 7655 Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propynoate 7656 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5amine 7657 2-Methyl-5-phenylpyridine 7658 5-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 7659 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-2,5pyrrolidinedione 7660 Methylphenylsilane 7661 Methyl phenyl sulfone 7662 1-Methyl-4-(phenylthio)benzene 7663 (2-Methylphenyl)thiourea 7664 N-Methyl-N’-phenylthiourea 7665 Methyl phosphate 7666 Methylphosphine 7667 Methylphosphonic acid 7668 Methylphosphonic difluoride 7669 Methylphosphonofluoridic acid, isopropyl ester 7670 Methyl phosphorodichloridite 7671 1-Methylpiperazine 7672 2-Methylpiperazine 7673 1-Methylpiperidine 7674 2-Methylpiperidine, (±)
Synonym
O
O
HN
O O
O
O
O
O
O (2-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone
(3-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone
(4-Methylphenyl)phenylmethanone
Methyl3-phenylpropanoate
H2N
N
O
N N
O
O
N H
N Methyl3-phenyl-2-propynoate
O S O
3-Methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-amine
3-405
H N
S
H N
NH2 S
Methylphenyl sulfone
O
Cl P
2-Methyl-5-phenylpyridine
H N
O O P OH OH
S
1-Methyl-4-(phenylthio)benzene (2-Methylphenyl)thiourea N-Methyl-N’-phenylthiourea
Cl
Methylphosphorodichloridite
H N
H N
N
N H
1-Methylpiperazine
Methylphosphate
1-Methyl-4-piperidinone
H Si H
O
O
5-Methyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
H
P
O P OH OH
H
Methylphosphine
O
N
1-Methyl-3-phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione Methylphenylsilane
O O P F
O P F F
Methylphosphonic acid
Methylphosphonic difluoride Methylphosphonofluoridic acid,isopropylester
OH
N H
N 1-Methylpiperidine
N H
2-Methylpiperidine, (±)
N H
3-Methylpiperidine, (±)
N
4-Methylpiperidine
N
N
O
1-Methyl-3-piperidinol 1-Methyl-4-piperidinol 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone
O
HO
OH
H H N
NH2 N
H
OH
2-Methylpiperazine
HO O
2-Methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone
O
O
2-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal
1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1-propanone
O
O Methylprednisolone
2-Methylpropanamide
O N-Methylpropanamide
NH2 NH2 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine
OH OH 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol
HO
OH
2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol
N 2-Methylpropanenitrile
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-oxobutanamide
No.
7700 7701 7702 7703 7704
3-406
7705 7706 7707 7708 7709 7710 7711 7712 7713 7714 7715 7716 7717 7718 7719 7720 7721 7722 7723 7724 7725 7726 7727 7728 7729
Synonym
2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Methyl propanoate 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpropanoyl chloride 2-Methylpropenal 2-Methyl-2-propenamide N-Methyl-2-propen-1-amine 2-Methyl-2-propene-1,1-diol diacetate 2-Methyl-1-propene, tetramer 2-Methyl-2-propenoic anhydride 2-Methyl-2-propenol 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride cis-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene
Isobutyl mercaptan tert -Butyl mercaptan Methyl propionate Isobutyric acid Isobutryic anhydride Isobutyl alcohol tert -Butyl alcohol Isobutyric acid chloride Methacrolein
Methacrolein diacetate
Mol. Form.
trans-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene (2-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene 4-(2-Methylpropenyl)morpholine 1-Morpholinoisobutene 2-(2-Methylpropoxy)ethanol Methylpropylamine N-Methyl-1-propanamine 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane trans-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane Methyl propyl disulfide Methyl propyl ether 1-Methoxypropane 1-Methyl-2-propylpiperidine, S) ( Methylconiine 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol Meprobamate dicarbamate Methyl propyl sulfide N-Methyl-2-propyn-1-amine N-Methyl-N-2Pargyline propynylbenzenemethanamine 3-Methylpyrazinamine 2-Amino-3-methylpyrazine 2-Methylpyrazine 1-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 3-Methyl-1H-pyrazole 4-Methyl-1H-pyrazole Fomepizole 3-Methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one 1-Methylpyrene
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
88.5 64.2 79.8 154.45 183; 8932 107.89 82.4 92 68.4
0.835720 0.794325 0.915020 0.968120 0.953520 0.801820 0.788720
liq
<-70 -0.5 -87.5 -46 -53.5 -101.9 25.69 -90
1.438720 1.423220 1.377520 1.393020 1.406119 1.395520 1.387820 20 1.4079 1.414420
cry (bz)
110.5
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ctc, hp sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth sl eth, chl; s EtOH, CH 2Cl2 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
Mol. Wt.
S 4H10C H10S 4C C2 4H8O 4H8OC 2 C3 8H14O 4HC 10O H10O 4C C 4H7ClO 4HC 6O H7NO 4C H9N 4C 8H12CO4
513-44-0 75-66-1 554-12-1 79-31-2 97-72-3 78-83-1 75-65-0 79-30-1 78-85-3 79-39-0 627-37-2 10476-95-6
90.187 90.187 88.106 88.106 158.195 74.121 74.121 106.551 70.090 85.105 71.121 172.179
CH H OC C 4H8O C 4H5ClO CH12 10
15220-85-6 760-93-0 513-42-8 920-46-7 767-99-7
224.425 154.163 72.106 104.535 132.202
liq
liq
-60
CH CH C 8H15NO C14O2 6H H11N 4C CH14 10 CH14 10 CH14 10 C18 9H C18 9H 4HC10S2 4HC 10O 9HC19N 7HC16O2 C9H18N2O4
768-00-3 768-49-0 2403-55-6 4439-24-1 627-35-0 1074-17-5 1074-43-7 1074-55-1 932-43-4 932-44-5 2179-60-4 557-17-5 35305-13-6 78-26-2 57-53-4
132.202 132.202 141.211 118.174 73.137 134.218 134.218 134.218 126.239 126.239 122.252 74.121 141.254 132.201 218.250
liq liq
-23.5 -48.0 120
H S C H7N 4C C11H13N
3877-15-4 35161-71-8 555-57-7
90.187 69.106 159.228
liq
-113
H NC HN C C4H6N2 C4H6N2 H6N2 4C C6N2O 4H C17H12
19838-08-5 109-08-0 930-36-9 1453-58-3 7554-65-6 108-26-9 2381-21-7
109.130 94.115 82.104 82.104 82.104 98.103 216.277
nd (hx/AcOEt) liq
174 -29
16 32
Methacrylic acid anhydride Methallyl alcohol Methacrylic acid chloride
Physical Form
CAS RN
8 10 3
10 12 10 12
4 10
5 7 3 5 6 2
liq liq liq liq liq
0.84025
1.406520 1.424120
64 191
liq liq liq liq liq liq
cry (hx) cry (w)
-98
-60.3 -82.5 -63.6 -104 -123
62.5 105
36.5 215 71.3
244; 10915 895 114.5 96 194.7; 177500 194.7 183; 9943 8920 160 63 185 182 183.4 152.6 146.4 7043 39.1 174 234; 12110
0.794420 0.851520 20 1.0871 0.919125 0.913825 0.90020
1.448220 1.454020 1.425520 1.443520 1.540225 1.542520 1.538820 1.466320 1.414320
msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s bz, chl i H2O; s bz, chl
0.890020 0.720417 0.869725 0.856925 0.854425 0.788125 0.773525 0.980 0.735613 0.832622
1.499620 1.493520 1.492220 1.434320 1.427420 1.508020 1.357925 1.453812
95.6 83 9611
0.842420 0.81925 0.94425
1.444220 1.433220 1.521320
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace
137 127 204; 10825 206; 9513
1.0320 0.992913 1.020316 1.01520
1.504220 1.478713 1.491520
msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc
i H2O; s EtOH, eth
s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, EtOH s H2O, hx; sl chl vs bz, eth, EtOH
msc H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; sl EtOH
410
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7688 7689 7690 7691 7692 7693 7694 7695 7696 7697 7698 7699
Name
O
SH SH
2-Methylpropanoic anhydride
O O
N-Methyl-2-propen-1-amine
2-Methylpropanoic acid
2-Methyl-1-propanol
2-Methyl-2-propanol
2-Methylpropanoylchloride
2-Methylpropenal
O 2-Methyl-2-propenamide
Cl
O
2-Methyl-2-propene-1,1-diol diacetate 2-Methyl-1-propene,tetramer
O
O
O
O
NH2
Cl
OH OH
O
OH
O
2-Methyl-2-propenoic anhydride
2-Methyl-2-propenol
O 2-Methyl-2-propenoylchloride
cis-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene
trans-(1-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene
O N OH
O
3-407
(2-Methyl-1-propenyl)benzene
4-(2-Methylpropenyl)morpholine
2-(2-Methylpropoxy)ethanol
H N Methylpropylamine
1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene
1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene
O
H2N S trans-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane
O
S
Methylpropyl disulfide Methylpropyl ether
N
1-Methyl-2-propylpiperidine, (S)
N-Methyl-N-2-propynylbenzenemethanamine
OH
NH2
3-Methylpyrazinamine
N 2-Methylpyrazine
N
O
S
O
O
N
1-Methyl-1H-pyrazole
N H
N
3-Methyl-1H-pyrazole
N H
N
4-Methyl-1H-pyrazole
cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane
NH2
2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate
N
N N
HO
N
1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene
Methylpropyl sulfide
O
N H
N H N-Methyl-2-propyn-1-amine
N
3-Methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one
1-Methylpyrene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
O
2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Methylpropanoate
H N
O
OH O
No.
Name
Synonym
7730 2-Methylpyrene 7731 3-Methylpyridazine 7732 3-Methyl-2-pyridinamine
3-Methyl-1,2-diazine 2-Amino-3-picoline
7733 4-Methyl-2-pyridinamine
2-Amino-4-picoline
7754 7755 7756 7757 7758
5-Methyl-2-pyridinamine 6-Methyl-2-pyridinamine 2-Amino-6-picoline N-Methyl-2-pyridinamine N-Methyl-4-pyridinamine 2-Methylpyridine 2-Picoline 3-Methylpyridine 3-Picoline 4-Methylpyridine 4-Picoline 6-Methyl-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde Methyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate Methyl nicotinate Methyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate Methyl isonicotinate 2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 4-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 1-Methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone 1-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyl)ethanone 4-Methyl-2-pyrimidinamine 2-Methylpyrimidine 2-Methyl-1,3-diazine 4-Methylpyrimidine 4-Methyl-1,3-diazine 5-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methyl-1,3-diazine 6-Methyl-2,4(1H,3H)6-Methyluracil pyrimidinedione 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole N-Methylpyrrolidine 1-Methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione
7759 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinethione 7760 5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 7761 1-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-2Hygrine propanone, (R) 7762 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (±) 7763 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 7764 1-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone 7765 6-Methyl-8-quinolinamine 8-Amino-6-methylquinoline 7766 2-Methylquinoline Quinaldine 7767 3-Methylquinoline 7768 4-Methylquinoline Lepidine 7769 5-Methylquinoline 7770 6-Methylquinoline
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
143 184 33.5
409.8 214 222; 958
1.045026
1.514520
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C17H12 5H6NC 2 6H8N2 C
3442-78-2 1632-76-4 1603-40-3
216.277 94.115 108.141
hyg
6 8 2
HN C
695-34-1
108.141
lf or pl (lig)
H CN HN C N2 6H8C N2 6H8C 6H7NC 6H7NC 6H7NC 7HC 7NO 7H7NO2 C 7H7NO2 C NO 6H7C NO 6H7C NO 6H7C H7NO 6C NO 8H9C C3 5H7N 5H6N2 C 5H6N2 C 5H6N2 C C6N2O2 5H
1603-41-4 1824-81-3 4597-87-9 1121-58-0 109-06-8 108-99-6 108-89-4 1122-72-1 93-60-7 2459-09-8 931-19-1 1003-73-2 1003-67-4 694-85-9 36357-38-7 108-52-1 5053-43-0 3438-46-8 2036-41-1 626-48-2
108.141 108.141 108.141 108.141 93.127 93.127 93.127 121.137 137.137 137.137 109.126 109.126 109.126 109.126 135.163 109.130 94.115 94.115 94.115 126.114
CH N CH N H7N 5C 5HC 11N NO2 5H7C
96-54-8 636-41-9 616-43-3 120-94-5 1121-07-9
81.117 81.117 81.117 85.148 113.116
76.5 41 15 pl (eth) 118.8 liq -66.68 liq -18.14 3.67 32 cry 42.5 16.1 49 39 185.8 nd 31 17.6 pl (w), nd (sub) 160.3 liq -4 32 30.5 oct pr or nd (w, 275 dec al) liq -56.32 liq -35.6 liq -48.4
H NS C HCNO C8H15NO
10441-57-3 108-27-0 496-49-1
115.197 99.131 141.211
C10H14N2
22083-74-5
162.231
872-50-4 932-16-1 68420-93-9 91-63-4 612-58-8 491-35-0 7661-55-4 91-62-3
99.131 123.152 158.199 143.185 143.185 143.185 143.185 143.185
6 8 2 6 8 2
5 7 5 7
5 9 5 9
HC NO CH NO 10H10N2 C C 10H9N C9N 10H C 10H9N C9N 10H C9N 10H 5 9 7 9
fl (EtOH)
100
hyg (lig)
nd (eth- peth, 71 al, ace) oil 43
liq nd col oily liq pr col oily liq col cry col oily liq
-23.09 73 -0.8 16.5 9.5 19 -22
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc; sl lig vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i lig; sl chl
11 116
227 208.5 200.5
Solubility
129.38 144.14 145.36 7712 204 208 260 14815
0.944320 0.956620 0.954820
1.495720 1.504020 1.503720
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig s H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc
1.159920
1.513520
s H2O, EtOH, bz sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz
250 14450 sub 138 142 153
1.112020 1.016825
1.530225
1.03016
1.50020
112.81 147.6 142.9; 4511 81 234
1.04829
s chl
0.914515 0.944615 0.818820
msc H2O; sl peth, lig vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl chl msc H2O msc H2O vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, tfa; vs 3NH
1.487520 1.503516 1.497020 1.424720
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth
1.455520
vs EtOH, chl
1000.08 248 76.511
1.045820
244
1.008220
1.528920
msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s lig
202 201252, 9322 sub 246.5 259.8 262 262.7 258.6
1.023025 1.044515
1.468420 1.540315
25 1.06 1.067320 20 1.083 1.083220 20 1.0654
1.611620 1.617120 1.620020 1.621920 1.615720
vs H2O; s eth, ace, chl s EtOH, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i alk sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-408
7734 7735 7736 7737 7738 7739 7740 7741 7742 7743 7744 7745 7746 7747 7748 7749 7750 7751 7752 7753
Mol. Form.
HN
N
N
3-Methylpyridazine
NH2
N
3-Methyl-2-pyridinamine
N
NH2
4-Methyl-2-pyridinamine
N
NH2
5-Methyl-2-pyridinamine
O
O
3-Methylpyridine
O
N
N 4-Methylpyridine
6-Methyl-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde
Methyl3-pyridinecarboxylate
N
N O
N
N
N H
N-Methyl-2-pyridinamine
N
N-Methyl-4-pyridinamine
2-Methylpyridine
O
O N
N
NH2
6-Methyl-2-pyridinamine
Methyl4-pyridinecarboxylate
N O
N O
2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide
3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide
4-Methylpyridine-1-oxide
O O
3-409
N N
N
O
N
N 1-Methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone
1-(6-Methyl-3-pyridinyl)ethanone
N NH2
N
4-Methyl-2-pyrimidinamine
N
N
2-Methylpyrimidine
N H
N
N 4-Methylpyrimidine
5-Methylpyrimidine
H O
N
6-Methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
O N H
N H
2-Methylpyrrole
N
N
3-Methylpyrrole
O
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
O
N-Methylpyrrolidine
N
O
N
1-Methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione
N H
S
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinethione
N
O N
5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
1-Methylpyrrole
N
1-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-2-propanone, (R)
3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (±)
N
N O 1-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone
NH2 6-Methyl-8-quinolinamine
N
N
2-Methylquinoline
3-Methylquinoline
N 4-Methylquinoline
N 5-Methylquinoline
N 6-Methylquinoline
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N 2-Methylpyrene
No. 7771 7772 7773 7774 7775
Name
Synonym
7-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline 2-Methyl-8-quinolinol 1-Methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone 1-Methyl-4(1H)-quinolinone
m-Toluquinoline
Echinopsine
7777 Methyl Red
3-410
7778 7779 7780 7781 7782 7783 7784 7785 7786 7787 7788 7789 7790 7791 7792 7793 7794
Methylb-D-ribofuranoside Methyl salicylate Methylsilane Methyl silyl ether Methylstannane Methyl stearate 2-Methylstyrene 3-Methylstyrene 4-Methylstyrene Methylsuccinic acid Methyl sulfate (Methylsulfinyl)benzene 1-(Methylsulfinyl)decane 3-Methyl sulfolane (Methylsulfonyl)ethene Methyl terephthalate 17-Methyltestosterone
7795 Methyl tetradecanoate 7796 5-N-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 7797 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 7798 N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline 7799 7800 7801 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 7810
4-Methyl-2-thiazolamine 2-Methylthiazole 4-Methylthiazole 4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol 4-Methyl-2(3H)-thiazolethione Methylthiirane (Methylthio)acetic acid 2-(Methylthio)aniline 4-(Methylthio)aniline (Methylthio)benzene 2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole Methyl thiocyanate
Mol. Wt.
H9N 10C C9N 10H 10HC 9NO 10CH9NO 10HC 9NO
612-60-2 611-32-5 826-81-3 606-43-9 83-54-5
143.185 143.185 159.184 159.184 159.184
HCN
7251-61-8
144.173
493-52-7
269.299
7473-45-2 119-36-8 992-94-9 2171-96-2 1631-78-3 112-61-8 611-15-4 100-80-1 622-97-9 636-60-2 75-93-4 1193-82-4 3079-28-5 872-93-5 3680-02-2 1679-64-7 58-18-4
164.156 152.148 46.145 62.144 136.769 298.504 118.175 118.175 118.175 132.116 112.106 140.203 204.373 134.197 106.144 180.158 302.451
124-10-7
242.398
C20H25N7O6
134-35-0
459.456
cry (w)
7 5 5 8
HC O HNC O
96-47-9 479-45-8
86.132 287.144
ye pr (al)
H N SC 4HC 5NS 4HC 5NS C 6H9NOS 4HC 5NS2 3HC 6S 3H6OC 2S C 7H9NS C 7H9NS C 7H8S C2 8H7NS 2HC 3NS
1603-91-4 3581-87-1 693-95-8 137-00-8 5685-06-3 1072-43-1 2444-37-3 2987-53-3 104-96-1 100-68-5 615-22-5 556-64-9
114.169 99.155 99.155 143.206 131.220 74.145 106.144 139.218 139.218 124.204 181.279 73.117
9 8 2
Benzoic acid, 2-[[4-(dimethylamino) C15H15N3O2 phenyl]azo]C12O5 6H Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 8H8OC 3 CH 6Si OSi 6CH CH 6Sn H38O2 19C H10 9C H10 9C H10 9C O4 5H8C O4S 4CH H8OS 7C Decyl methyl sulfoxide C 11H24OS 5HC10O2S 3HC 6O2S Methyl 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate 9H8O4 C 17-Hydroxy-17-methylandrost-4-enC20H30O2 3-one, (17b) C30O2 15H
5 10
Tetryl 2-Amino-4-methylthiazole
Methyl phenyl sulfide
Physical Form
CAS RN
4 6 2
ye cry col liq nd (lig) a-nd (bz); bcry (al) ye cry viol or red pr (to, bz) liq col gas col gas col gas liq liq liq pr
cry
nd (w)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
39 -80 73.8 74
257.6 247.5 267 325
1.060920 20 1.0719
1.615020 1.616420
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc sl 2HO, lig; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz s H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth
180.5
244
183 80 -8 -156.5 -98.5 39.1 -68.5 -86.3 -34.1 115 <-30 32.0 52.5 1 222 163.5
pr (dil al) col liq
222.9 1.18125 -57.5 -21; -8710 0 443; 21515 0.849840 169.8 0.907725 164 0.907625 172.8 0.917325 dec 1.42000 dec 135 263.5; 14013 276 12224 subl ª 230
1.18825 1.211720
1.53520
sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl
1.436740 1.543720 1.541120 1.5420 1.4303
dec H2O vs eth, chl i H2O; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s bz vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s eth; sl chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH
1.588520 1.477220 1.463620
s eth, ace vs eth, EtOH
19
295; 1557
0.867120
1.42545
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc
78 exp 180
0.855220 1.5710
1.405921
131.5
s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl; s ace, bz, py vs H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH s chl
45.5
col to pa ye ye cry (dil al) liq
msc H2O, eth, ace, bz; vs EtOH; s ctc sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl
89.3 -91 13.0
52 -2.5
12520, 700.4 128 133.3 1357 3 188 72.5 13027 234 272.5 193 22 174 132.9
1.510 1.11225 1.19624 0.94120 1.22120 1.11125 1.137920 1.057920
1.47220 1.49520 1.623920 1.639520 1.586820
25 1.0678
1.466925
s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace s EtOH, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7776 2-Methylquinoxaline
Mol. Form.
O O N N
N
7-Methylquinoline
N
OH
8-Methylquinoline
2-Methyl-8-quinolinol
N
O
1-Methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone
N
1-Methyl-4(1H)-quinolinone
2-Methylquinoxaline
O O
HO
OH
Methylb-D-ribofuranoside
MethylRed
O H O Si H H
H Si H H
OH
Methylsalicylate
Methylsilane
H Sn H H
Methylsilylether
O O
Methylstannane
Methylstearate
2-Methylstyrene
O
3-Methylstyrene
4-Methylstyrene
OH OH
O
3-411
OH
HO O
Methylsuccinic acid
O O S O OH
S
Methylsulfate
O
S O
(Methylsulfinyl)benzene
O H O
H2N
N
O Methyltetradecanoate
(Methylsulfonyl)ethene
O
O
O
Methylterephthalate
17-Methyltestosterone
OH OH
N H
N
N
O
3-Methylsulfolane
O
1-(Methylsulfinyl)decane
O
O
O S O
S
N
NO2
O2N
O
N H
NO2
N
N
N H
NO2
O
5-N-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran
NH2
S
N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline
4-Methyl-2-thiazolamine
S 2-Methylthiazole
NH2 NH2
H N S 4-Methylthiazole
N
N HO
S
S
S
O S
4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol 4-Methyl-2(3H)-thiazolethione
S Methylthiirane
S
S
S
S
S OH
(Methylthio)acetic acid
S 2-(Methylthio)aniline 4-(Methylthio)aniline (Methylthio)benzene
N
N
2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole Methylthiocyanate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
N
N
N
N
HO
OH
No. 7811 7812 7813 7814 7815
Name 2-(Methylthio)ethanol (Methylthio)ethene [(Methylthio)methyl]benzene 4-(Methylthio)-2-oxobutanoic acid 2-Methylthiophene
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
OS 3H8C 3HC 6S CS 8H10 5H8OC 3S C6S 5H
5271-38-5 1822-74-8 766-92-7 583-92-6 554-14-3
92.160 74.145 138.230 148.181 98.167
liq oil liq
-63.4
HC S
616-44-4
98.167
liq
-69
13679-70-4 1073-72-9 3268-49-3 646-01-5 10152-76-8 6610-29-3 56-04-2 598-52-7 4160-72-9
126.176 140.203 104.171 120.171 88.172 105.162 142.179 90.147 140.140
pr (EtOH) nd (w)
1945-77-3
844.743
bl-viol cry
5 6
5-Methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 6HC 6OS 4-(Methylthio)phenol 7HC 8OS 3-(Methylthio)propanal 4HC 8OS 3-(Methylthio)propanoic acid S-Methylpropiothetin C2S 4H8O 3-(Methylthio)-1-propene C8S 4H N-Methylthiosemicarbazide N-Methylhydrazinecarbothioamide 2H7NC3S N2OS Methylthiouracil 5H6C Methylthiourea C6N2S 2H 1-Methylthymine 1,5-Dimethyl-2,4(1 H,3H)C6H8N2O2 pyrimidinedione 7826 Methylthymol blue, sodium salt CN2O13Na4 37H40 S 7827 Methyl 4-toluenesulfonate 8H10CO3S 7828 Methyltriacetoxysilane Methylsilanetriol, triacetate 7H12O6Si C 7829 6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2 H,4H)- 6-Azathymine H5N3O2 4C dione 7830 5-Methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5C6H6N4O a]pyrimidin-7-ol 7831 Methyl trichloroacetate C 3O2 3H3Cl 7832 Methyltrichlorosilane CH 3Cl 3Si 7833 Methyl tridecanoate C28O2 14H 7834 Methyltriethyllead Triethylmethylplumbane 7H18Pb C 7835 Methyl trifluoroacetate F3O2 3H3C 7836 Methyl trifluoromethyl ether C3O 2H3F 7837 Methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 8HC 8O5 7838 Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 11HC 14O5 7839 Methyltriphenoxysilane 19HC 18O3Si 7840 Methyl trithion 9H12CClO2PS3 7841 N-Methyl-L-tryptophan L-Abrine C12H14N2O2 7842 N-Methyl-L-tyrosine Surinamine C13NO3 10H 7843 a-Methyl-DL-tyrosine, methyl ester, C11H16ClNO3 hydrochloride 7844 2-Methylundecanal CH24O 12 7845 2-Methylundecane C12H26 7846 3-Methylundecane C12H26 7847 Methyl undecanoate CH24O2 12 7848 2-Methyl-1-undecanol CH26O 12 7849 Methyl 10-undecenoate CH22O2 12 7850 N-Methylurea C2H6N2O 7817 7818 7819 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825
Physical Form
CAS RN
3-412
80-48-8 4253-34-3 932-53-6
186.228 220.252 127.102
2503-56-2
150.138
598-99-2 75-79-6 1731-88-0 1762-28-3 431-47-0 421-14-7 99-24-1 1916-07-0 3439-97-2 953-17-3 526-31-8 537-49-5 7361-31-1
177.414 149.480 228.371 309.4 128.050 100.039 184.147 226.226 322.430 314.812 218.251 195.215 245.703
110-41-8 7045-71-8 1002-43-3 1731-86-8 10522-26-6 111-81-9 598-50-5
184.318 170.334 170.334 200.318 186.333 198.302 74.081
mp/˚C
-30
84 ye oil or fl (hx) 21
cry (w)
136.5 330 dec 121 295
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
7020 69.5 210; 12048
1.06320 0.902620 1.027420
1.486130 1.483720 1.562020
vs H2O, eth, EtOH s eth, ace, chl
112.6
1.019320
1.520320
115.5
1.021820
1.520420
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, hp, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl s chl
11425 15420, 1136 6211 13213 92
1.582520
0.876720
1.471420 s H2O, EtOH, DMSO; i eth, bz, lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH, bz vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s ace s H2O
sub
s 2HO 28.5 40.5 211
292; 186 11117
22
40
1.2087 1.175020
i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ctc; sl lig 1.408320 s H2O, EtOH, ace
>245 liq liq
-17.5 -90 6.5
col liq col gas -149 mcl pr (MeOH) 202 83 ye liq pr (w) nd
153.8 65.6 921 16 70 43.0 -23.66
1.487420 20 1.273
1.457220 1.410620 1.440520
1.7120 1.2820 sl H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH
274.5 269100, 1792 1.13520
1.559920
-18 295 dec 293 190 dec
liq col liq
-45.6 -58.0
liq orth pr (w, al)
-27.5 104.9
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc dec H2O, EtOH msc EtOH; s ctc
sl 2HO; misc os sl H2O, MeOH; i eth; s alk s H2O 11916, 11410 0.83215 210.2 25 211.2 0.7485 12310 12912 0.830015 248 0.88915 dec 1.20400
1.432120 1.419120 1.420825
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth
1.438220 1.439320
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s CS 2, lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7816 3-Methylthiophene
Synonym
OH O S
S
S
OH O
S
OH
2-(Methylthio)ethanol
(Methylthio)ethene
[(Methylthio)methyl]benzene
S
4-(Methylthio)-2-oxobutanoic acid
2-Methylthiophene
O
S
S 3-Methylthiophene
S
5-Methyl-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde
4-(Methylthio)phenol
S O
S
3-(Methylthio)propanoic acid
OH
HO
S
O
3-(Methylthio)propanal
O O
H N
OH
H N
N NH2
N H
S
3-(Methylthio)-1-propene
N-Methylthiosemicarbazide
O
H H N
S
N
NH2 N
S
Methylthiouracil
Methylthiourea
H O
1-Methylthymine
OH HO
O
N
O O N
O
O O S O
OH
O Si O O
SO3 Na
O
O
3-413
O Methylthymol blue, sodiumsalt
Methyl4-toluenesulfonate
H N N
Methyltriacetoxysilane
N O N
O Cl Cl
OH
H
6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2 H,4H)-dione
N N N
5-Methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ol
O
Methyltrichloroacetate
O
O
O Cl
O
O
Cl Si Cl Cl
O
F F
Pb O
Methyltrichlorosilane
Methyltridecanoate
Methyltriethyllead
O
O
F
F
Methyltrifluoroacetate
F F
Methyltrifluoromethyl ether
HO
O
OH
O O
OH Methyl3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
Methyl3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
HN OH
O Si O O
S Cl
Methyltriphenoxysilane
S
S O P O
Methyltrithion
O
O
O
OH
N H
HN
HO
N-Methyl-L-tryptophan
N-Methyl-L-tyrosine
HO
O NH2
HCl
a-Methyl-DL-tyrosine,methylester,hydrochloride
O 2-Methylundecanal
O OH
O 2-Methylundecane
3-Methylundecane
Methylundecanoate
H N
O
2-Methyl-1-undecanol
O Methyl10-undecenoate
NH2 O
N-Methylurea
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
No. 7851 7852 7853 7854 7855
7857 7858 7859 7860 7861 7862
5-Methyluridine Thymine riboside L-tert -Leucine 3-Methyl-L-valine 2-(1-Methylvinyl)aniline 1-Methyl-4-vinylcyclohexene 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1- d-Perillaldehyde carboxaldehyde, (R) 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1- l-Perillaldehyde carboxaldehyde, (S) 4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1methanol (1-Methylvinyl)cyclopropane Methyl vinyl ether Methyl Violet C.I. Basic Violet 1 Methysergide Methysticin
7863 Metobromuron
3-414
7864 7865 7866 7867 7868
Metolachlor Metolazone Metoprolol tartrate Metribuzin Metronidazole
7869 Metsulfuron-methyl 7870 Mevinphos 7871 Mexacarbate 7872 MGK 264 7873 Mifepristone 7874 Mimosine 7875 Minocycline 7876 7877 7878 7879 7880 7881 7882 7883 7884 7885 7886
Synonym
Minoxidil Mipafox Mirex Misoprostol Mithramycin Mitomycin A Mitomycin B Mitomycin C Mitotane Mitragynine Molinate
7887 Molindone 7888 Molybdenum hexacarbonyl
3-(p-Bromophenyl)-1-methoxy-1methylurea
2-Methyl-5-nitro-1 H-imidazole-1ethanol
4-(Dimethylamino)-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate RU-486
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
1463-10-1 20859-02-3 52562-19-3 17699-86-4 5503-12-8
258.227 131.173 133.190 122.207 150.217
cry (EtOH)
18031-40-8
150.217
oil
536-59-4
152.233
HC HCO C 3 24H28ClN CH27N3O2 21 C14O5 15H
4663-22-3 107-25-5 8004-87-3 361-37-5 495-85-2
82.143 58.079 393.952 353.458 274.269
C9H11BrN2O2
3060-89-7
259.099
CH22ClNO2 15 C16H16ClN3O3S 34HC 56N2O12 C14N4OS 8H C6H9N3O3
51218-45-2 17560-51-9 56392-17-7 21087-64-9 443-48-1
283.795 365.834 684.815 214.288 171.153
C15N5O6S 14H C7H13O6P C12H18N2O2
74223-64-6 7786-34-7 315-18-4
381.364 224.148 222.283
cry
163 21 (E), 6.9 (Z) 85
C17H25NO2 C35NO2 29H H10N2O4 8C
113-48-4 84371-65-3 500-44-7
275.387 429.594 198.176
cry tab (w)
<-20 150 228 dec
CH N O
10118-90-8
457.476
38304-91-5 371-86-8 2385-85-5 59122-46-2 18378-89-7 4055-39-4 4055-40-7 50-07-7 53-19-0 4098-40-2 2212-67-1
209.248 182.175 545.543 382.534 1085.145 349.338 349.338 334.328 320.041 398.495 187.302
7416-34-4 13939-06-5
276.374 264.00
N2O6 10H14C C6H13NO2 N 9H11C 9HC14 10CH14O CH O
10 14
C10H16O 6 10 3 6
23 27 3 7 9HC 15N5O Bis(isopropylamido)fluorophosphate6H16FN C 2OP Hexachloropentadiene dimer C12 10Cl CH38O5 22 Plicamycin CO24 52H76 H19N3O6 16C H19N3O6 16C H18N4O5 15C H10Cl4 14C N2O4 9-Methoxycorynantheidine 23H30C Ethyl 1C9H17NOS hexamethyleneiminecarbothiolate C16H24N2O2 C6MoO6
mp/˚C
liq oil
liq col gas bl-viol pow cry nd (MeOH), pr (ace)
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
11520, 9513 152 238; 997
0.97725 0.85 0.95320
1.572220 1.470120 1.505820
s ctc
0.964520
1.507220
244; 12.512
0.969020
1.500520
70 5.5
0.75120 0.77250
1.425220 1.37300
184 248 dec
10410
-102.3 -122 137 dec 195 137
1.6020
95 1000.001 cry (EtOH) cry
wh cry
ye-oran amorp solid cry cry (peth) cry (bz) ye oil ye cry (ace) purp nd purp-bl nd bl-viol cry wh amor pow
cry
254 121 126 160.5
248 65 485 dec 182 160 dec dec 360 77 104
180 dec 150
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz s 2HO, EtOH
1.1220
1.3120
sl H2O 1010.3 vs EtOH, bz, ace 157
1.04 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s dil alk
i ace, bz, chl, sl; EtOH, MeOH sl H2O vs bz, diox s H2O s H2O, EtOH, AcOEt; sl bz, eth
1252
s 2HO, MeOH, ace 2355 20210
s EtOH, chl, HOAc 1.06320
s os
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7856
Name
O H
N O
O
OH
N
O
HO
O
NH2
NH2 OH
HO
O
OH
5-Methyluridine
3-Methyl-L-valine
2-(1-Methylvinyl)aniline 1-Methyl-4-vinylcyclohexene
N
HO
Cl
4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, (S)
O N H
O N
O
H
N
NH
O
Methylvinylether
MethylViolet
HN
N
O
O O
O
(1-Methylvinyl)cyclopropane
4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-methanol
O
Metolachlor
Metolazone
O OH O
OH OH
H N
O
NH2 S N
O
O OH OH
O
O
N
N O
2
3-415
Metoprololtartrate
N
O
N
O
Metribuzin
N OH
Metronidazole
O
O O P O O
O N N O O O S N N N H H
N N H
HO
O
H
N O
Mevinphos
H
O
N
O
Metsulfuron-methyl
N N H
Cl Br Metobromuron
Methysticin
S
O
O
O
Methysergide
O
O
H2N
Cl
N
Mexacarbate
O
MGK 264
Mifepristone
H
O
O
OH
O O
O
HO O
O
HO
N
O N
H
H
N
OH
N
NH2
NH2
O
HO OH O
OH O
OH
Mimosine
Cl
NH2 OH N
N
O
O HN P F NH
NH2
Cl
Minocycline
Minoxidil
O
Cl
Cl
Mipafox
Cl Cl
O
O
Cl Cl
O
HO O
HO Cl
OH
O
OH
Cl
O
OH OH O
O
O
OH
CH3 HO
Cl Cl
HO
OH
Mirex
Misoprostol
Mithramycin
O O
O NH2
O
O O
O N O
Mitomycin A
NH2
O
O OH
O N H
O
N O
Mitomycin B
NH2
O
O O
H2N N
N O
Mitomycin C
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
N H
N
N H H
O
O
Cl
Mitotane
O
H H
Mitragynine
N
CO OC
N
O
O
N H
S Molinate
Molindone
OC
Mo CO
CO CO
Molybdenum hexacarbonyl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
4-(1-Methylvinyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, (R)
No.
Name
7889 Monobutyl phthalate 7890 7891 7892 7893
Monobutyltin trichloride Monocrotaline Monocrotophos Monolinuron
Synonym 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, monobutyl ester
Physical Form
mp/˚C
C12H14O4
131-70-4
222.237
pl (ace, al)
73.5
H ClC3Sn CH NO6 C7H14NO5P C9H11ClN2O2
1118-46-3 315-22-0 6923-22-4 1746-81-2
282.183 325.357 223.164 214.648
hyg liq wh pr (EtOH)
627-91-8
160.168
lf (Me3NMeOH)
HC O CH NNaO4 C20H21N3O3 C15H10O7
1501-27-5 142-47-2 19395-58-5 480-16-0
146.141 169.113 351.399 302.236
C17H19NO3
57-27-2
285.338
pa ye nd (+ 1 w, dil al) pr
4 9
H C NO HCNO
4319-49-7 110-91-8
102.134 87.120
hyg liq
CH NO2 HC N O C13NO2 6H N2O 7H16C
4394-85-8 2038-03-1 622-40-2 123-00-2
115.131 130.187 131.173 144.214
102-77-2 2524-67-6 95-32-9 36069-45-1 3051-09-0
252.355 178.230 284.420 457.688 302.201
cry (EtOH)
2763-96-4 88671-89-0 24280-93-1 123-35-3 607-91-0 142-59-6
114.103 288.776 320.337 136.234 192.211 256.344
cry (EtOH) ye cry nd (w)
42200-33-9 300-76-5
309.401 380.784
cry (bz)
389-08-2 55096-26-9 62-67-9 465-65-6 16590-41-3 434-22-0 550-99-2
232.234 339.429 311.375 327.375 341.402 274.398 245.727
HC O
7 12 4
6 10 4 5 8
4 10 2
Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine
7902 7903 7904 7905
4-Morpholinecarboxaldehyde 4-Morpholineethanamine 4-Morpholineethanol 4-Morpholinepropanamine
7906 7907 7908 7909 7910
2-(4-Morpholinothio)benzothiazole 4-(2-Benzothiazolylthio)morpholine 11H12N2OSC 2 4-(4-Morpholinyl)aniline 10HC 14N2O 2-(4-Morpholinyldithio)benzothiazole C2OS3 11H12N Muldamine C29H47NO3 Murexide 5,5’-Nitrilobarbituric acid, ammonium C8H10N6O7 salt Muscimol 5-(Aminomethyl)-3(2 H)-isoxazolone C4H6N2O2 H17ClN4 Myclobutanil 15C Mycophenolic acid 17CH20O6 b-Myrcene 7-Methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene 10HC16 Myristicin C12O3 11H Nabam Sodium ethylenebisdithiocarbamicC4H6N2Na2S4 acid Nadolol C17H27NO4 Naled 1,2-Dibromo-2,2C4H7Br2Cl2O4P dichloroethylphosphoric acid, dimethyl ester Nalidixic acid 12HC 12N2O3 Nalmefene C21H25NO3 Nalorphine Acetorphin C21NO3 19H Naloxone C19H21NO4 Naltrexone C20H23NO4 Nandrolone 17-Hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one C18H26O2 H14ClN2 Naphazoline hydrochloride 14C
7911 7912 7913 7914 7915 7916 7917 7918
7919 7920 7921 7922 7923 7924 7925
5 9
6 14 2
4-(3-Aminopropyl)morpholine
solid
-63 198 dec 55 77 9
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
9310
0.8520
1250.0005
1.3320
15810
1.062320
s bz, CH2Cl2
1.428320
-4.8 21 25.6 -0.8 -15
s EtOH
1.438120 s H2O s chl sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s bz, alk; i CS2 i H2O, eth, ace; s MeOH, py; sl EtOH
136 303.5 255
Solubility vs EtOH, chl
15827, 15010 1.16925
liq liq
nD
sub 190 166 128
1.05925 1.000520
1.477220 1.454820
239 205 227 220; 13450
1.152020 0.989720 1.071020 0.985420
1.484520 1.471520 1.476320 1.476220
msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace s H2O, EtOH; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace; sl ctc
85 131.6 135 210 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; s alk 175 dec 65 141
2051.0
<-20
167 276.5
0.801315 1.141620
ª130 27
1100.5
1.9620
cry (w)
cry (AcOEt) cry (eth) cry (AcOEt) cry (ace) cry
229.5 189 208 178 169 112
1.472220 1.540320
i H2O, peth; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, tol i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz s H2O s EtOH; sl chl; i ace, eth, hx
sl EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s alk, ace, EtOH i peth; s chl s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-Nmethylurea
7899 Morphine
3-416
Mol. Wt.
16 23
Monomethyl glutarate MonosodiumL-glutamate Moquizone Morin
7900 4-Morpholinamine 7901 Morpholine
CAS RN
4 9
7894 Monomethyl adipate 7895 7896 7897 7898
Mol. Form.
O HO HO
O
O
O Cl Sn Cl Cl
O Monobutylphthalate
O H
HO
HO
Monomethyladipate
O O Na NH2
O Monomethylglutarate
MonosodiumL-glutamate
H
N
HO
OH Morin
O Morphine
O
H N O
4-Morpholinamine
4-Morpholinecarboxaldehyde
N
O
O
O
Morpholine
N
N
N
NH2
OH
NH2
4-Morpholineethanamine
O
4-Morpholineethanol
4-Morpholinepropanamine
NH2 Cl H
3-417
N
N
N S N
S
O
S
S
O
S N
N H O
NH4 O H N O
O
O
HO
2-(4-Morpholinothio)benzothiazole 4-(4-Morpholinyl)aniline 2-(4-Morpholinyldithio)benzothiazole
N H
Muldamine
O N OO
N N
N H
H OH O
H 2N
Murexide
O
N
N
N N
Muscimol
Myclobutanil
O O OH
OH
O O O
O
S
O
OH
Mycophenolicacid
b-Myrcene
Myristicin
HO
HO
H N
Na S
S N H
H N
S Na
Nabam
OH
OH O
O O O P O O Br
Nadolol
OH Br Cl Cl
Naled
N OH Nalmefene
O
O H
N OH
N
HO
H
Naloxone
H
N OH O
O Nalorphine
N
HO
HO
O
N
Nalidixic acid
OH
O
O
N N H
HCl
O Naltrexone
Nandrolone
Naphazolinehydrochloride
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
Moquizone
Monolinuron
NH2 N
O
N
O
O
O
HO
N HO
O
O
Cl
Monocrotophos
O
O HO
O
Monocrotaline
OH OH O
N O
NH
OH O
N
HN
O O P O O
N
Monobutyltin trichloride
O
OH O O
No.
Name
C 18H12
92-24-0
228.288
1-Naphthoic acid
CH10O2 18 C10H8 H11NO 12C 12H10O2C 12H10O2C N 12H9C 11HC 7N 11HC 7N C7ClO 11H C7ClO 11H CH8O 11 CH8O 11 11H8OC2
1090-13-7 91-20-3 86-86-2 86-87-3 581-96-4 132-75-2 86-53-3 613-46-7 879-18-5 2243-83-6 66-77-3 66-99-9 86-55-5
258.271 128.171 185.221 186.206 186.206 167.206 153.181 153.181 190.626 190.626 156.181 156.181 172.181
7940 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid
2-Naphthoic acid
11 8 2
93-09-4
172.181
7941 7942 7943 7944 7945
1,5-Diaminonaphthalene 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene Naphthalic acid
H N C H N C C2 10H10N 12H8O4C 12HC 8O4
2243-62-1 479-27-6 771-97-1 518-05-8 2169-87-1
158.199 158.199 158.199 216.190 216.190
1141-38-4 840-65-3
216.190 244.243
oran-ye lf (bz, 357 xyl) 285 dec mcl pl (al) 80.26 nd(w, al) nd (w) 135 lf(w) cry (bz) 143 32.5 nd (lig) 37.5 lf (lig) 66 20 cry (peth) 51 pa ye 33.5 lf (w) 62 nd (HOAc-w, w, 161 al) nd (lig, chl, 185.5 sub) pl (ace) pr (eth, al, w) 190 66.5 lf (eth, w) 199 260 pr (HOAc, w, 244.5 sub) nd (al or sub) >300 dec 190.0
HNO C H CO H8O2 10C H8O2 10C
3173-72-6 132-86-5 571-60-8 83-56-7
210.188 160.170 160.170 160.170
cry 127 lf (w) 123.5 mcl nd (bz, w) 192 pr (w), nd (sub) 262 dec
sub
10 8 2
CH O
575-44-0
160.170
pr (bz)
138
sub
CH O CH O
575-38-2 92-44-4
160.170 160.170
nd (bz or sub) lf (w)
180.5 163.5
sub
10 8 2
10 8 2
CH O CH O
581-43-1 582-17-2
160.170 160.170
orth pl (w) nd, (w, dil al), pl (dil al) ye-red nd (eth) oran lf (bz) bt ye nd (al, peth) ye (sub) pl (+4w, dil HOAc) oran pr (+4w, HOAc or w)
220 193
sub sub
7927 7928 7929 7930 7931 7932 7933 7934 7935 7936 7937 7938 7939
5,12-Naphthacenedione Naphthalene 1-Naphthaleneacetamide 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 2-Naphthaleneacetic acid 1-Naphthaleneacetonitrile 1-Naphthalenecarbonitrile 2-Naphthalenecarbonitrile 1-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride 2-Naphthalenecarbonyl chloride 1-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde 2-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid
3-418
1,5-Naphthalenediamine 1,8-Naphthalenediamine 2,3-Naphthalenediamine 1,8-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid
7946 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid 7947 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester 7948 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate 7949 1,3-Naphthalenediol 7950 1,4-Naphthalenediol 7951 1,5-Naphthalenediol
1-Naphthylacetic acid 2-Naphthylacetic acid
H OC
10 10 2 10 10 2
12HC 8O4 C14H12O4
1,5-Diisocyanatonaphthalene Naphthoresorcinol
7952 1,6-Naphthalenediol 7953 1,7-Naphthalenediol 7954 2,3-Naphthalenediol
12 6 2 2 10 8 2
10 8 2
7955 2,6-Naphthalenediol 7956 2,7-Naphthalenediol
10 8 2
7957 1,2-Naphthalenedione
1,2-Naphthoquinone
10 6 2
HCO
524-42-5
158.154
7958 1,4-Naphthalenedione
1,4-Naphthoquinone
10 6 2
HCO
130-15-4
158.154
7959 1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid
Armstrong’s acid
H O CS
7960 1,6-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid
Naphthalene-1,6-disulfonic acid 10H8O6S2 C
10 8 6 2
81-04-9
288.297
525-37-1
288.297
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
217.9 sub 180 dec
242 dec 125 dec
nD
Solubility i H2O; sl bz; s con sulf
1.025320
19218, 16312 299 1.108025 60 306.5 1.0755 297.5 305 292 1.150320 16019 1.077599 >300 1.39825 >300
1.077100
sub 20512
1.425 1.126590 26 1.0968
1.589825
1.619220 1.629818
1.650720 1.621199 1.46
1.682899 1.639226
sl ace, bz, gl HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, CS 2 i H2O; s eth, bz, CS2, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl; s bz vs eth, lig, chl s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, lig vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, DMSO, lig; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; vs chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH; s eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH, eth, DMSO vs EtOH
18310
1.45025
146 128.5
den/g cm-3
sub
sub
s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace; i bz sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace; i bz; s HOAc sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, DMSO sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, HOAc sl 2HO, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ace; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth, sulf; sl lig sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS 2
1.493
25
vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
2,3-Benzanthracene
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
CAS RN
7926 Naphthacene
Synonym
O
O
O NH2
N OH OH O
O Naphthacene
5,12-Naphthacenedione
Naphthalene
O
Cl
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid
O
Cl 1-Naphthalenecarbonitrile
2-Naphthalenecarbonitrile
1-Naphthalenecarbonylchloride
2-Naphthalenecarbonylchloride
1-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde
2-Naphthalenecarboxaldehyde
NH2 NH2
HOOC
NH2
COOH
3-419
NH2
NH2
1,5-Naphthalenediamine
1,8-Naphthalenediamine
N
C
1,8-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid
OH
2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid,dimethyl ester
2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid
OH
OH
C
O
2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid
O
O
O
O HO
OH
2,3-Naphthalenediamine
O
O
OH
O O
OH
O
1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid
OH
O
OH
OH HO
N OH
1,5-Naphthalenediisocyanate
OH
1,3-Naphthalenediol
HO
OH
1,4-Naphthalenediol
1,5-Naphthalenediol
1,6-Naphthalenediol
1,7-Naphthalenediol
OH O S O
OH O S O
O OH OH 2,3-Naphthalenediol
OH
O HO
OH
O
O
HO
O 2,6-Naphthalenediol
OH
O
NH2
2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid
1-Naphthaleneacetonitrile
O
O
N
2-Naphthaleneacetic acid
2,7-Naphthalenediol
1,2-Naphthalenedione
1,4-Naphthalenedione
O S O OH 1,5-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid
HO
S O
1,6-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
1-Naphthaleneacetamide
No.
Name
7961 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid
Synonym
Mol. Form.
92-41-1
288.297
H N C CH O
118-31-0 4780-79-4
157.212 158.196
CH O HCO S
1592-38-7 85-47-2
158.196 208.234
HCO S
120-18-3
208.234
HCClO2S HCClO2S
85-46-1 93-11-8
226.680 226.680
C14H8O8
128-97-2
304.209
H SC
529-36-2
160.236
C 10H8S C12H16Cl2N2
91-60-1 1465-25-4
160.236 259.174
pl (al) hex pr
81 189
86-88-4 716-39-2
202.275 198.174
pr (al)
198 246
90-15-3
144.170
ye nd (w)
95.0
288; 18440
135-19-3 830-81-9 1523-11-1 145-50-6 81-84-5
144.170 186.206 186.206 374.431 198.174
mcl lf (w) nd or pl (al) nd (al)
121.5 49 71.0 123 275.0
285 1141 1322
CH N CH N C18H13NO3
134-32-7 91-59-8 132-66-1
143.185 143.185 291.301
49.2 113 185
300.7 306.2
HC O HC NO 12HC 14N2 O3 17H12C H9NO 10C 11H7NSC C15N 20H
93-44-7 575-36-0 551-09-7 550-97-0 607-30-7 551-06-4 532-18-3
248.276 185.221 186.252 264.275 159.184 185.246 269.340
120-23-0 1136-89-6 613-78-5 254-79-5
11 11 11 10
a-Naphthylsulfonic acid
10 8 3
7966 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid
b-Naphthylsulfonic acid
10 8 3
11 10
7969 1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid 7970 1-Naphthalenethiol 7971 2-Naphthalenethiol 7972 N-(1-Naphthalenyl)-1,2ethanediamine, dihydrochloride 7973 1-Naphthalenylthiourea 7974 Naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione 7975 1-Naphthol 7976 7977 7978 7979 7980 7981 7982 7983 7984 7985 7986 7987 7988 7989 7990
2-Naphthol 1-Naphthol, acetate 2-Naphthol, acetate p-Naphtholbenzein 1H,3H-Naphtho[1,8-cd]pyran-1,3dione 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-[(1-Naphthylamino) carbonyl]benzoic acid 2-Naphthyl benzoate N-1-Naphthalenylacetamide N-1-Naphthyl-1,2-ethanediamine 1-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 1-Naphthylhydroxylamine 1-Naphthyl isothiocyanate N-2-Naphthyl-2-naphthalenamine
7991 (2-Naphthyloxy)acetic acid 7992 1-Naphthyl phosphate 7993 2-Naphthyl salicylate 7994 1,5-Naphthyridine
10 7 10 7
1-Naphthyl mercaptan 2-Naphthyl mercaptan
10 8
ANTU C10N2S 11H 2,3-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acidC12H6O3 anhydride H8O 1-Naphthalenol 10C 2-Naphthalenol 1-Naphthyl acetate 2-Naphthyl acetate
a-Naphthylamine b-Naphthylamine Naptalam 2-Naphthalenol benzoate
HO C H CO O2 12H10C CH18O2 27 C12H6O3 10 8
12 10 2
10 9 10 9
17 12 2 12 11
N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine 1-Naphthyl salicylate N-Hydroxyl-1-naphthalenamine 1-Isothiocyanatonaphthalene b,b’-Dinaphthylamine 2-Naphthoxyacetic acid 1-Naphthalenol, dihydrogen phosphate 2-Naphthyl 2-hydroxybenzoate 1,5-Diazanaphthalene
12H10OC 3 C10H9O4P
H CO H NC
17 12 3 8 6 2
hyg nd (conc HCl)
mp/˚C
nd (w, al), cry 64 (bz-lig) lf 81.3 pr (+2 w, dil 140 HCl) hyg pl (+1w), 91 cry (+3w, HCl) lf (eth) 68 pow or lf (bz- 81 peth) lf or nd (w, dil 320 HCl)
nd or pr (al)
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
199 292 304; 16312
1.095820 1.103980
s EtOH, eth, sulf, CS 2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth
17812
dec
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 1.44125
vs H2O, EtOH; s eth; sl bz
20, 1470.9 209 20113, 1480.5
dec 285; 16120 288
vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl peth; vs eth sl H2O, bz, chl, EtOH; vs ace 1.160720
1.680220
1.55025
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace sl EtOH, chl; s eth, bz 1.098999
1.622499
20 1.28
wh nd (al) lf(bz)
202.205 224.149
pr(w) cry
156 160
264.275 130.147
cry (al) ye nd (peth)
95.5 75
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc
1.022820 1.641498 1.420
1.614020 1.649398
s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz, tfa i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, HOAc s H2O, EtOH; sl eth
9 204
83 79 58 172.2
sl H2O, dil alk; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig vs H2O, EtOH
107 160
visc lig
Solubility s H2O; sl con HCl
1.11425
1.664825 vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i2H O; sl EtOH, bz, DMSO; s eth, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO
471
11212
1.11116 1.210020
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
7964 2-Naphthalenemethanol 7965 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid
7967 1-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride 7968 2-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride
3-420
Mol. Wt.
Naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid 10H8O6S2 C
7962 1-Naphthalenemethanamine 7963 1-Naphthalenemethanol
Physical Form
CAS RN
NH2 HO O S O
O
S
OH O 1-Naphthalenemethanamine
1-Naphthalenemethanol
2-Naphthalenemethanol
1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid
2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid
1-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride
S SH
HN SH
HOOC
OH O
COOH
Cl O
2-Naphthalenesulfonyl chloride
S
Cl O S O
NH2
HN
NH2
2HCl
COOH
1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid
1-Naphthalenethiol
2-Naphthalenethiol
N-(1-Naphthalenyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, dihydrochloride
1-Naphthalenylthiourea
O
O
O
O
OH
3-421
O
OH
O
O
O
O
HO O
O Naphtho[2,3-c]furan-1,3-dione
1-Naphthol
2-Naphthol
O NH2
1-Naphthol,acetate
O
2-Naphthol,acetate
p-Naphtholbenzein
OH
1H,3H-Naphtho[1,8-cd]pyran-1,3-dione
O HN
HN
O HN
NH2
OH
O
O
NH2
O 1-Naphthylamine
HN
OH
2-Naphthylamine
N
2-[(1-Naphthylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid
C
2-Naphthylbenzoate
N-1-Naphthalenylacetamide
O O
N
O
OH
O 1-Naphthylhydroxylamine
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate
N-2-Naphthyl-2-naphthalenamine
1-Naphthyl2-hydroxybenzoate
O HO P OH O
S H N
N-1-Naphthyl-1,2-ethanediamine
(2-Naphthyloxy)acetic acid
1-Naphthylphosphate
OH
2-Naphthylsalicylate
N 1,5-Naphthyridine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
HOOC S
O
OH
2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid
O
OH O S O
OH
No.
Name
7995 1,6-Naphthyridine 7996 Napropamide 7997 Naproxen
Synonym Propanamide,N,N-diethyl-2-(1naphthalenyloxy)6-Methoxy-a-methyl-2naphthaleneacetic acid
Mol. Wt.
C6N2 8H C17H21NO2
253-72-5 15299-99-7
130.147 271.355
8002 8003 8004 8005 8006
Nealbarbital Nellite Neoabietic acid Neobornylamine Neopentane
C14H14O3
22204-53-1
230.259
131-28-2 125-55-3 480-41-1 10236-47-2
445.462 303.152 272.253 580.535
nd (dil al) nd (w+8)
561-83-1 1754-58-1 471-77-2 2223-67-8 463-82-1
238.282 200.175 302.451 153.265 72.149
cry (ctc) cry (EtOH aq) pow col gas
156 103.5 173 184 -16.4
8007 8008 8009 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015
Neopine Neostigmine bromide Nepetalactone cis-Nerolidol Neurine Neutral Red Nialamide Nickel(II) acetate Nickel bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)
467-14-1 114-80-7 490-10-8 142-50-7 463-88-7 553-24-2 51-12-7 373-02-4 13927-77-0
299.365 303.195 166.217 222.366 103.163 288.776 298.340 176.782 467.445
nd (peth) cry (al-eth)
127.5 167 dec
3264-82-2 13463-39-3 1271-28-9
256.909 170.734 188.879
50-65-7 31980-29-7 111991-09-4 494-04-2 1851-07-6
327.120 305.756 410.405 233.268 664.410
227 49 172 prismatic nd 148 pow
1094-61-7 54-11-5
334.219 162.231
amor pow hyg liq
3570-75-0 4726-14-1
254.224 345.371
cry
479-22-1
230.088
1929-82-4
230.907
gold-ye pl (+w, 170 dec dil HNO3 63
139-13-9 7327-60-8
191.138 134.139
pr cry (w) nd (EtOH)
H18N2O3 12C Diamidafos C2O2P 8H13N 8(14),13(15)-Abietadien-18-oic acid 20H30O2C C10H19N 2,2-Dimethylpropane C12 5H
Nickel acetylacetonate Nickel tetracarbonyl Bis( h5-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl) nickel
C18H21NO3 C19BrN2O2 12H CH14O2 10 CH26O 15 C5H13NO C15H17ClN4 16CH18N4O2 C6NiO4 4H NiS4 18H36N2C H NiO C4 NiO C4 C10H10Ni 10 14 4
Niclosamide 13CH8Cl2N2O4 Nicofibrate CH16ClNO3 16 Nicosulfuron 15CH18N6O6S Nicotelline 3,2’:4’,3’’-Terpyridine 15H11CN3 Nicotinamide hypoxanthine Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide C15P2 21H26N6O dinucleotide N2O8P 8024 b-Nicotinamide mononucleotide NMN 11H15C 8025 L-Nicotine 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, C10H14N2 (S)N4O4S 8026 Nifurthiazole 8H6C 8027 Nitralin 4-(Methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitroN,N- C13H19N3O6S dipropylaniline 8028 Nitranilic acid 2,5-Dihydroxy-3,6-dinitro-2,5- C6H2N2O8 cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 8029 Nitrapyrin Pyridine, 2-chloro-6C6H3Cl4N (trichloromethyl)8030 Nitrilotriacetic acid N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine 6HC 9NO6 8031 2,2’,2’’-Nitrilotriacetonitrile Tricyanotrimethylamine C 6H6N4 8019 8020 8021 8022 8023
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
29.5 75 cry (ace/hx)
155
i H2O; sl eth; s MeOH, chl
138 115 251
i H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, py vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s HOAc vs ace, eth, EtOH sl AcOEt, bz
9.48
0.585225 (p>1 atm
1.34766
vs ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl; sl lig vs H2O; s EtOH
710.05 276; 700.1
1.066325 0.877820
1.485925 1.489820
syr grn pow
vs EtOH; s eth, ace, HOAc vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, ethylene glycol, EtOH; i xyl
151.6 grn cry (bz/ EtOH) grn orth cry col liq
vs H2O; s EtOH s bz, ace
91 230 -19.3 172
-79
22711 43 (exp 60)
s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH; i eth 25 1.31
1800.4 >300
247; 12518
sl2O, H eth; s bz, chl, EtOH
1.009720
1.528220
vs H2O; i ace msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s lig
215 dec 150
242 dec 125.5
vs H2O, EtOH; i eth 13611 sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-422
Narceine Narcobarbital Naringenin Naringin
8016 Nickel bis(2,4-pentanedioate) 8017 Nickel carbonyl 8018 Nickelocene
CAS RN
C23H27NO8 CH15BrN2O3 11 CH12O5 15 CH32O14 27
7998 7999 8000 8001
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
OH O HO O
N O
N
OH
O
N 1,6-Naphthyridine
Naproxen
O
OH OH
OH
Narcobarbital
NH2
Neoabietic acid
3-423
O
HCl
N H
Naringenin
Naringin
Br
H N
O
Neopentane
Neopine
O
Nialamide
S
Ni 2
S
2
O
N H
N
O
O N
Cl
S O O O
N Neurine
CO
O
O
S
Ni OC
O
Nickelbis(2,4-pentanedioate)
CO CO
Ni
Nickelcarbonyl
Nickelocene
OH O
H N
N
O
O O P P O O O O OH
N O
N
N N
Nicosulfuron
OH OH
Nicotelline
N
N
H2N
O
Nicofibrate
cis-Nerolidol
Ni
N N H N
OH
O
O
Nickelbis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)
Cl
Niclosamide
H
Nepetalactone
N
O O
N
S Ni
N
Nickel(II)acetate
HO O
Neostigmine bromide
O
O
H O
HO
Neobornylamine
H N
NeutralRed
Cl
O
O
N
N
O N
HO
O
N
Nellite
N
N
O OH
N
OH O
O
Narceine
O
N
HO NH
O
O
Nealbarbital
H2N
O
O HN P NH O
NH N H
Br
O O
Napropamide
O
O
O
OH
HO
O
O
HO
O
O
OH O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
OH
N
O
O
N
N O
OH OH
Nicotinamide hypoxanthinedinucleotide
O NH2 O P O O OH
O
N
O
H
O N
OH OH b-Nicotinamide mononucleotide
N L-Nicotine
N O
O
N S
N H
Nifurthiazole
H N
O
O N
N
O N
O S O Nitralin
O
O
O N
O OH
HO O
N O
Nitranilic acid
O
Cl Cl
N Cl Nitrapyrin
N
COOH
Cl HOOC
N
COOH
Nitrilotriacetic acid
N
N
N
2,2’,2’’-Nitrilotriacetonitrile
No. 8032 8033 8034 8035
Name
Synonym
Nitroacetic acid Nitroacetone 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline
8036 4-Nitroaniline 1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene 1-Methoxy-3-nitrobenzene
8039 4-Nitroanisole
1-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzene
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
NO4 2H3C C5NO3 3H N2O2 6H6C N2O2 6H6C
625-75-2 10230-68-9 88-74-4 99-09-2
105.050 103.077 138.124 138.124
nd (chl) 92 dec pl, nd (eth, bz) 50.3 71.0 113.4
6 6 2 2
H CN O
100-01-6
138.124
pa ye mcl nd (w)
H NO C3 H NO C3
91-23-6 555-03-3
153.136 153.136
H NO C3
100-17-4
153.136
CH NO2
602-60-8
223.227
HC NO4
7 7 7 7
7 7
8040 9-Nitroanthracene
14 9
8041 1-Nitro-9,10-anthracenedione
14 7
82-34-8
253.211
H NO3 C H NO3 C H5NO3 7C
552-89-6 99-61-6 555-16-8
151.120 151.120 151.120
HC N O HC N O H5NO2 6C C 4 8H7NO C 4 8H7NO C 4 8H7NO 8H6N2O2C
645-09-0 619-80-7 98-95-3 3740-52-1 1877-73-2 104-03-0 610-66-2
166.134 166.134 123.110 181.147 181.147 181.147 162.146
6 7 3 2
H N OC H CNO
555-21-5 99-56-9
162.146 153.139
HCN O HCN O 6HC 7N3O2 C 6 8H5NO C 6 8H5NO
5131-58-8 5042-55-7 5307-14-2 603-11-2 610-27-5
153.139 153.139 153.139 211.129 211.129
HC NO3 HC NO3 C3 7H7NO C3 7H7NO C3 7H7NO
15121-84-3 100-27-6 612-25-9 619-25-0 619-73-8
167.162 167.162 153.136 153.136 153.136
H ClNO C 2S H ClNO C 2S N2O4S 6H6C C 5S 6H5NO C 5S 6H5NO
7669-54-7 937-32-6 6325-93-5 98-47-5 138-42-1
189.620 189.620 202.188 203.173 203.173
8042 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde 8043 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 8044 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde
3-424
8045 8046 8047 8048 8049 8050 8051
7 5 7 5
3-Nitrobenzamide 4-Nitrobenzamide Nitrobenzene 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 2-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile
o-Nitrophenylacetic acid m-Nitrophenylacetic acid p-Nitrophenylacetic acid 2-Nitrobenzyl cyanide
8052 4-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile 8053 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenediamine
4-Nitrobenzyl cyanide 4-Nitroo-phenylenediamine
7 6 2 3 7 6 2 3
8054 8055 8056 8057 8058
4-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine 5-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Nitro-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid 4-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid
8059 8060 8061 8062 8063
2-Nitrobenzeneethanol 4-Nitrobenzeneethanol 2-Nitrobenzenemethanol 3-Nitrobenzenemethanol 4-Nitrobenzenemethanol
8064 8065 8066 8067 8068
2-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 4-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid
8 6 2 2
6 7 3 2 6 7 3 2
8 9 8 9
2-Nitrobenzyl alcohol 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol 4-Nitrobenzyl alcohol
6 4 6 4
nd (al), pl (bzlig) pr (al), nd (dil al) ye nd (al) pr (HOAc or xyl) nd (HOAc) ye pr (ace) ye nd (w) lt ye nd (w) lf, pr (w)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
0.901525 0.901125
147.5
332
1.42420
10.5 38.5
277; 1444 258
1.254020 1.37318
1.516120
54
274
1.219260
1.507060
146
27517
i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs ace, CS 2
231.5
2707
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz
43.5 58.5 107
15323 16423 sub
142.7 200.7 5.7 nd (w, pl (dil al) 141.5 nd (w) 122 pa ye nd (w) 154 nd (dil al), pr 84 (HOAc, al) pr (al) 117 dk red nd (dil 199.5 al) oran pr (w) 161 red cry (w) 143 140.0 pa ye pr (w) 218 pa ye nd (w, 164.8 eth) 1.0 63 nd (w) 74 orth nd (w) 30.5 nd (w) 96.5
pl
vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl bz, DMSO i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth
10324 284 dec 306
1.284420 1.279220 1.49625
312.5
nd (w)
ye nd (bz) ye lf (peth)
Solubility
75 52 180 dec 48 95
210.8
1.203720
1.556220
17812, 1381 19612
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc; sl peth
sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace, bz sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s bz, chl, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz s2H O, EtOH vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s acid
sl H2O, ace; s EtOH; i bz, peth, chl s H2O, EtOH; i bz, chl, CS 2, peth 267 1482 270; 16820 1773 dec 255; 18512 0.1 125
1.1925
1.29619
1.563720 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth vs eth, bz, chl vs bz vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8037 2-Nitroanisole 8038 3-Nitroanisole
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
NH2
NH2 O
O
O N
OH
Nitroacetic acid
O
N O
O
Nitroacetone
2-Nitroaniline
O
O
O
O
O
3-Nitroaniline
O
NH2
O
N
N O
O
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde
N
N O
O
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde
O
3-425
N
O
O
N
N
O
3-Nitroanisole
N O
O
HO
Nitrobenzene
O
NH2 O N
HO
O
HO
O N
NH2
HO Cl
O
2-Nitrobenzenemethanol
N O
3-Nitrobenzenemethanol
O
N
S
O N
O
O
4-Nitrobenzenemethanol
O 2-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde
N
O N
O O
N
4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid
O
N
O
N
O
2-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile 4-Nitrobenzeneacetonitrile
O OH N O
O
4-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid
S
NH2 O S O
N
N
O
O
O
OH
O
O
O
N
OH O
4-Nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride
1-Nitro-9,10-anthracenedione
O
HO
Cl
O
9-Nitroanthracene
O
N O
NH2
O N
O
3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid
O
O
HO
N O
2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid
O
O
O
HO O N
4-Nitro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine 5-Nitro-1,3-benzenediamine 2-Nitro-1,4-benzenediamine 3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid
HO
N
4-Nitroanisole
O
NH2
O
O
O
N
N
N
O
NH2
4-Nitrobenzamide
NH2
O
N O
2-Nitroanisole
O
3-Nitrobenzamide
NH2
O
O
NH2
NH2
O
O
4-Nitroaniline
O O
O N
O
O
O
4-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide
O
OH O
2-Nitrobenzeneethanol
N O 4-Nitrobenzeneethanol
OH O S O
OH O S O
N O
O
3-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid
O
N
O
4-Nitrobenzenesulfonic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O N
NH2 O N
O
O
No.
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
8069 2-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride
C 4S 6H4ClNO
1694-92-4
221.619
8070 3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride
6 4
H ClNO C 4S
121-51-7
221.619
Synonym
4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride H-benzimidazole 5-Nitro-1 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, hydrazide 3-Nitrobenzonitrile 4-Nitrobenzonitrile H-benzotriazole 5-Nitro-1 2-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride
3-426
8086 4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl
8087 2-Nitro-1,1-bis( p-chlorophenyl) propane 8088 1-Nitrobutane 8089 2-Nitro-1-butanol 8090 3-Nitro-2-butanol 8091 6-Nitrochrysene 8092 Nitrocyclohexane 8093 1-Nitrodecane 8094 N-Nitrodiethylamine 8095 Nitroethane 8096 2-Nitroethanol 8097 Nitroethene 8098 (2-Nitroethyl)benzene 8099 Nitrofen 8100 2-Nitro-9 H-fluorene 8101 2-Nitro-9 H-fluoren-9-one 8102 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate 8103 2-Nitrofuran 8104 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxaldehyde 8105 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid 8106 Nitrofurantoin
mp/˚C
H NO C2 H NO C2
86-00-0 2113-58-8
199.205 199.205
H NO C2
92-93-3
199.205
pl (al, MeOH) 37.2 ye pl or nd (dil 62 al) ye nd (al) 114
C15H13Cl2NO2
117-27-1
310.176
cry
627-05-4 609-31-4 6270-16-2 7496-02-8 1122-60-7 4609-87-4 7119-92-8 79-24-3 625-48-9 3638-64-0 6125-24-2 1836-75-5
103.120 119.119 119.119 273.286 129.157 187.280 118.134 75.067 91.066 73.051 151.163 284.095
607-57-8
211.216
C13H7NO3
3096-52-4
225.200
4 3
H NO C7 HC NO3
92-55-7 609-39-2
243.170 113.072
HCNO4 C 5 5H3NO N4O5 8H6C
698-63-5 645-12-5 67-20-9
141.083 157.082 238.158
12 9 12 9
12 9
HC NO2 HC NO3 C9NO3 4H CH11NO2 18 H11NO2 6C CH21NO2 10 N-Ethyl-N-nitroethanamine 4HC 10N2O2 C5NO2 2H C5NO3 2H C3NO2 2H C9NO2 8H 2,4-Dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy) C12H7Cl2NO3 benzene C13H9NO2 4 9 4 9
9 9
5 3
79.5 207.8 147.5 141.1 242 153.5 215.5 118 150.0 217 20 36 75
nD
Solubility s eth; sl peth i H2O; s EtOH
1.5
143
sub
s peth i H2O, eth, bz, chl; s acid; vs EtOH s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s chl vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl, MeOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; i peth sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc
1.57520 1.49420 20 1.610
16516
276.5 203105, 15115 320 22735, 1439
vs eth; sl ctc vs eth s eth 1.4425
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc, lig
340
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc
81
1800.16
-47
153 10510 919, 550.5
0.97025 1.133225 1.126020
1.430320 1.439020 1.441420
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s alk s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc
205; 9522 861 206.5 114.0 194; 10210 98.5 250; 13716
1.061020
1.461219 1.433720
i H2O; s EtOH, lig
ye nd (bz) liq
ª215 dec -34
liq liq liq liq
-89.5 -80 -55.5 -23 70
nd (50% HOAc ace) ye nd or lf (HOAc)
159.3
ye mcl cry (peth) pa ye (peth) pa ye pl (w)
den/g cm-3
64
221.619 163.134 167.120 167.120 167.120 181.149 181.149 148.119 148.119 164.122 185.565 185.565 185.565
ye nd (lig)
bp/˚C
68.5
98-74-8 94-52-0 552-16-9 121-92-6 62-23-7 618-94-0 636-97-5 619-24-9 619-72-7 2338-12-7 610-14-0 121-90-4 122-04-3
7 5 3 2
2-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl 3-Nitro-1,1’-biphenyl
pr (lig, ethpeth) mcl pr (eth) nd (lig) mcl pr (peth) nd (w) tcl nd (w) mcl pr (w) mcl lf (w)
H ClNO C 4S H CNO 7HC 5NO4 7HC 5NO4 7HC 5NO4 N3O3 7H7C N3O3 7H7C C2O2 7H4N C2O2 7H4N H4N4O2 6C 7HC 4ClNO3 7HC 4ClNO3 7HC 4ClNO3 6 4
8084 2-Nitrobiphenyl 8085 3-Nitrobiphenyl
Physical Form
1.05715 1.044825 1.27015 1.221214 1.12624
1.391720 1.443819 1.428220 1.540719
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
i H2O; s ace, bz
224.3
sub
sl EtOH; s ace, sulf, HOAc
92.0 30
134123, 8413
s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth
13010 sub
sl H2O; s peth s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz; i chl
35.5 186 263
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8071 8072 8073 8074 8075 8076 8077 8078 8079 8080 8081 8082 8083
Name
Cl O S OO N
O
N O
H N
O
N
O
O O
3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride
4-Nitrobenzoic acid,hydrazide
3-427 O
O
N
O
N
O N
N O
Cl
O
O
N N
5-Nitro-1 H-benzotriazole
O
N O
O
Nitroethane
O
O N
OH
O
3-Nitrobenzoic acid
N
N O
O
4-Nitrobenzoic acid
Cl
O
O
N O
2-Nitroethanol
3-Nitrobenzoic acid,hydrazide
O
O
N
O
4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride
2-Nitrobiphenyl
O
O
O
N
O
O
2-Nitro-1-butanol
O N
O
Nitroethene
N
O
O
3-Nitro-2-butanol
N
5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate
O
N O
O
2-Nitrofuran
O
N O
O
O
6-Nitrochrysene
Nitrocyclohexane
O O
Cl
Cl
(2-Nitroethyl)benzene
N O
O N
O
Nitrofen
O
O
5-Nitro-2-furancarboxaldehyde
O
N O
OH
O O
5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid
O
2-Nitro-9 H-fluorene
N O
N
OH
O
O
O
O
3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride
O
1-Nitrobutane
N O
O
O
OH N O
H N
O O N
2-Nitrobenzoyl chloride
Cl
N O
O N
O H2N
O N
2-Nitro-1,1-bis( p-chlorophenyl)propane
N-Nitrodiethylamine
O
O N
Cl
O 2-Nitro-9 H-fluoren-9-one
O N
2-Nitrobenzoic acid
N H
O
O
5-Nitro-1 H-benzimidazole
O
4-Nitrobenzonitrile
4-Nitrobiphenyl
O N
O
O
O N O
1-Nitrodecane
O
N H
O
O N O
N O
HO N
Cl
3-Nitrobenzonitrile
3-Nitrobiphenyl
O N
HO
O
N
N O
O
N
4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride
N
O
HO
O
N H
O
O Nitrofurantoin
N O
O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride
H 2N
Cl O S O
Cl O S O
No.
Name
8107 Nitrofurazone
Synonym
6-Nitro-1 H-indazole 4-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione 5-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione 2-Nitroisobutane
8119 5-Nitro-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione 8120 Nitromersol 8121 N-Nitromethanamine
3-428
8122 Nitromethane 8123 (Nitromethyl)benzene 8124 Nitron 8125 1-Nitronaphthalene 8126 2-Nitronaphthalene 8127 1-Nitro-2-naphthol 8128 8129 8130 8131 8132
1-Nitrooctane 1-Nitropentane 3-Nitropentane 5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline 2-Nitrophenol
8133 3-Nitrophenol 8134 4-Nitrophenol 8135 1-Nitro-2-phenoxybenzene 8136 1-Nitro-4-phenoxybenzene 8137 8138 8139 8140
N-(2-Nitrophenyl)acetamide N-(3-Nitrophenyl)acetamide N-(4-Nitrophenyl)acetamide 2-Nitrophenyl acetate
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
59-87-0
198.137
pa ye nd
238 dec
i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; s alk
302-70-5
208.514
pr (ace)
110
s H2O
N4O2 4CH CH NO2 AsNO6 6H6C
556-88-7 646-14-0 121-19-7
104.069 131.173 263.037
nd or pr (w)
239 dec
HCN O H CNO C7H5N3O2
527-73-1 3034-38-6 5401-94-5
113.075 113.075 163.134
cry (MeOH)
C7H5N3O2 NO5 8H3C NO5 8H3C 4HC 9NO2
7597-18-4 641-70-3 5466-84-2 594-70-7
163.134 193.114 193.114 103.120
C8H4N2O4
89-40-7
192.129
H HgNO3 C N2O2 4CH
133-58-4 598-57-2
351.71 76.055
CH 3NO2 HC NO2 CH16N4 20
75-52-5 622-42-4 2218-94-2
61.041 137.137 312.368
H NO2 C H NO2 C
86-57-7 581-89-5
173.169 173.169
10 7
H NO3 C
550-60-7
189.168
HC NO2 C11NO2 5H C11NO2 5H 12HC7N3O2 H5NO3 6C
629-37-8 628-05-7 551-88-2 4199-88-6 88-75-5
159.227 117.147 117.147 225.203 139.109
6 5
H NO3 C
554-84-7
139.109
H NO3 C CH NO3 CH9NO3 12
100-02-7 2216-12-8 620-88-2
139.109 215.204 215.204
HCN O HCN O 8HC 8N2O3 8HC 7NO4
552-32-9 122-28-1 104-04-1 610-69-5
180.161 180.161 180.161 181.147
6 13
Roxarsone Azomycin
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
7 5
7 7
10 7 10 7
8 17
6 5
12 9
8 8 2 3 8 8 2 3
193; 8421 ye nd or pl (w)
0.939620
1.427020
300
287 dec 303 dec ye nd or col nd 208 (al) nd (w, al, ace) 181 dec nd (ace, al) 164 120.3 26.23
s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, HOAc; i lig
1968 127.16
0.950128
1.401520
8210
1.243349
1.461649
101.19 226; 13525
1.137120 1.159620
1.381720 1.532320
61 79
18014 314; 16515
1.33220
104
1150.05
15
208.5 172.5 154
0.934620 0.952520 0.9570
1.432220 1.417520
216
1.294240
1.572350
19470
1.2797100
col nd (w), ye lf 202 (al-ace) 38 liq ye liq ye lf (al), nd (chl) ye nd (al) ye orth nd or pl (al) ye nd, lf or pr (al)
-28.38 189 dec
202.3 ye nd or pr (eth, 44.8 al) ye mcl (eth, aq 96.8 Hcl) ye mcl pr (to) 113.6 ye liq <-20 pl (peth), 61 MeOH) 94 wh lf (al) 155 ye pr (w) 216 nd or pr (lig) 40.5
sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; vs alk i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, alk sl hot 2HO; i eth, EtOAc; vs MeOH, EtOH
23560, 1848 320; 22530 1000.1 0.0074 100 1000.008 dec 253; 14111
s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace; i lig i H2O; s EtOH, ace, HOAc; sl bz i H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace; sl eth msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl; i alk vs ace i H2O; sl ace, EtOH; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; s eth; sl peth s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, alk vs ace, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, py i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl chl
1.47920 1.253922
1.41915
1.57520
s EtOH, eth, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, py sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s tol, py vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, lig; vs eth s H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth; sl tfa sl H2O, eth, chl; s EtOH, tfa, alk s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8115 8116 8117 8118
CAS RN
2-[(5-Nitro-2-furanyl) C6H6N4O4 methylene]hydrazinecarboxamide Mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride5H12CCl3NO
N-oxide 8108 Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride 8109 Nitroguanidine 8110 1-Nitrohexane 8111 3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid H-imidazole 8112 2-Nitro-1 H-imidazole 8113 4-Nitro-1 H-indazole 8114 5-Nitro-1
Mol. Form.
OH O As OH H2N
O O
N O
N
O
N H
NH2
N N O O
H2N
Cl HCl
NitrogenmustardN-oxidehydrochloride
N O
Nitroguanidine
O
O N
O N H N
4-Nitro-1 H-imidazole
O N
O
N
3-429
H N
Nitromersol
N
2-Nitronaphthalene
N O
H
N O
NO2
Nitromethane
N O
(Nitromethyl)benzene
O N
O
1-Nitrooctane
3-Nitrophenol
N
O
4-Nitrophenol
N
O
Nitron
1-Nitronaphthalene
OH O N O
1-Nitropentane
O
N
O
N
3-Nitropentane
O O
O N
O
N
O N O
O
O
N
O
OH
N O
2-Nitroisobutane
O
1-Nitro-2-phenoxybenzene
O N O
O
1-Nitro-4-phenoxybenzene
2-Nitrophenol
O NH
NH NH O N
O O
O
N-(2-Nitrophenyl)acetamide
O
N
5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline
O
O
NO2
5-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione
N
H
N-Nitromethanamine
1-Nitro-2-naphthol
OH
O O
H
O
OH
O
2-Nitro-1 H-imidazole
O
O 4-Nitro-1,3-isobenzofurandione
O
N
O
O N
O
6-Nitro-1 H-indazole
Hg O
O
O
O N
O
N H
5-Nitro-1 H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione
O
N O
N H
3-Nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid
O
N H
5-Nitro-1 H-indazole
O
N
N
N O
N OH O
O
N O
O
N-(3-Nitrophenyl)acetamide
O
N
O N
O
O
N-(4-Nitrophenyl)acetamide
2-Nitrophenyl acetate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
O
1-Nitrohexane
O
O N
N H
O
N
Cl
Nitrofurazone
O
N
O
No.
Name
Synonym
8141 8142 8143 8144 8145
8147 8148 8149 8150 8151 8152
(3-Nitrophenyl)boronic acid 1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanone 2-Nitro-1-phenylethanone (4-Nitrophenyl)hydrazine
3-430
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
8HC 7NO4 H10N2O2 12C H10N2O2 12C C 5 6H6AsNO C12H9N3O4
830-03-5 119-75-5 836-30-6 98-72-6 74-39-5
181.147 214.219 214.219 247.038 259.217
16 11 3 3
HC N O
6410-10-2
293.276
H CBNO4 H NO C3 C3 8H7NO C3 8H7NO C7NO3 8H 6HC7N3O2
13331-27-6 577-59-3 121-89-1 100-19-6 614-21-1 100-16-3
166.928 165.147 165.147 165.147 165.147 153.139
1144-74-7 1222-98-6
227.215 253.253
330-13-2 2001-32-3 16642-79-8 1734-79-8 530-85-8
219.089 195.172 195.172 177.157 191.141
952-97-6
231.270
556-10-5
181.149
6 6
2-Nitroacetophenone 3-Nitroacetophenone 4-Nitroacetophenone
8 7
8153 (4-Nitrophenyl)phenylmethanone C9NO3 13H 8154 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2Nitrochalcone CH11NO3 15 propen-1-one 8155 4-Nitrophenyl phosphate 4-Nitrophenyl dihydrogen phosphate C6P 6H6NO 8156 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 2-Nitrobeazenepropanoic acid 9H9NOC4 8157 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 4-Nitrobenzenepropanoic acid 9H9NOC4 8158 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-propenal 4-Nitrocinnamaldehyde C3 9H7NO 8159 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-propynoic acid o-Nitrophenylpropiolic acid C4 9H5NO HCNO2S
8160 1-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzene 8161 (4-Nitrophenyl)urea 8162 8163 8164 8165 8166 8167 8168 8169
12 9
p-Nitrophenylurea
N-Nitropiperidine 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane 3-Nitropropanoic acid 2-Nitro-1-propanol 1-Nitro-1-propene 2-Nitro-1-propene 5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline
8170 N-(5-Nitro-2-propoxyphenyl) acetamide 8171 1-Nitropyrene 8172 5-Nitro-2-pyridinamine 8173 4-Nitropyridine 8174 4-Nitropyridine 1-oxide 8175 5-Nitropyrimidinamine
HNO C
7 7 3 3
lf or nd (w) red pow (al or MeOH) br-oran pl (to or bz)
nd (al) ye pr (al) oran-red lf or nd (al) nd or lf (al) pa ye nd (al) pl (bz) ye-wh nd ye cry nd (w) nd (w, al)
130.145 89.094 89.094 119.077 105.093 87.078 87.078 196.202
11 14 2 4
H CN O
553-20-8
238.240
CH NO2 HC NO 5HC 4N2O2 N2O3 5H4C 4H4NC4O2
5522-43-0 4214-76-0 1122-61-8 1124-33-0 3073-77-6
247.248 139.113 124.098 140.097 140.101
ye nd (MeCN) ye lf (dil al) pl (aq al)
HNC O H NC O
611-08-5 480-68-2
157.085 173.084
gold nd (al) pr, lf (w+3)
16 9
5 5 3 2
4 3 3 4 4 3 3 5
mp/˚C 82.3 75.5 135.3 >310 dec 200
ye-grn liq oran (PrOHpeth) cry (PrOH)
nd (al)
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
21515 21130
1.366020
nD
Solubility vs2O,H bz; s EtOH, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ace; s con sulf sl 2HO, EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, HOAc, tol
257 274.5 28.5 81 81.8 106 158 dec
vs bz, EtOH
17832, 15816 1.237025 202; 16718 1655 15816, 14210
155 115 163 141.5 ª157 dec; may explode 56
1.546830
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, AcOEt vs bz s EtOH, chl; i eth, lig i cold H2O; s EtOH, chl, bz
s H2O, eth, ace, bz; vs EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i CS 2O 288100, 24025
vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH 20
245; 121 131.1 120.2
12032, 10012 6034, 3710 5280, 3230 49
1.546820
9 1.406
138 164
pa ye mcl pr (lig) pr (al), nd (dil 238 al) liq -5.5 liq -108 liq -91.3 62
7119-94-0 108-03-2 79-46-9 504-88-1 2902-96-7 3156-70-5 4749-28-4 553-79-7
3 7
8176 5-Nitro-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 5-Nitrouracil 8177 5-Nitro-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)5-Nitrobarbituric acid pyrimidinetrione
lf (dil al)
H CN O CH NO2 H7NO2 3C 3HC 5NO4 H7NO3 3C H5NO2 3C H5NO2 3C CN2O3 9H12 5 10 2 2
5’-Nitro-2’-propoxyacetanilide
Physical Form
26
1.1519 0.996125 0.982125 1.5920 1.184125 1.066120 1.055925
26
1.4954 1.401820 1.394420 1.437920 1.452720 1.435820
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl; i lig s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s eth, ace, chl s eth, ace, chl vs EtOH
102.5 152 188 50 160.5 236.5 >300 exp 180.5
sl2O,Heth, bz, lig; s EtOH
sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, ace; i eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH; i eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4-Nitrophenyl acetate N-phenylaniline 2-NitroN-phenylaniline 4-Nitro(4-Nitrophenyl)arsonic acid Nitarsone 4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-1,3Magneson benzenediol 8146 1-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol
Mol. Form.
O
O HO As OH
O O H N O
N
N
OH
N O
O 2-NitroN-phenylaniline
HO
O O
4-NitroN-phenylaniline
N
N N
O
(4-Nitrophenyl)arsonic acid
N
O N O
O N O
N OH
4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-1,3-benzenediol
OH
B
N O
1-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol
(3-Nitrophenyl)boronic acid
HO O
O O
O N
HN O
O
N O
1-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethanone
O O
1-(3-Nitrophenyl)ethanone
N
O N
O
O
O
O
1-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanone
NH2 O
2-Nitro-1-phenylethanone
N
O
(4-Nitrophenyl)hydrazine
O
O
O
N O
(4-Nitrophenyl)phenylmethanone
O
N O
O
3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-one
N
O
P
OH
O
4-Nitrophenyl phosphate
O O
3-431
O OH N O
OH OH
O
O
3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid
O
N O 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid
N O
N O 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-2-propenal
H N
S
O O
O
3-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-propynoic acid
O
N O
1-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)benzene
NH2 O
N O
O (4-Nitrophenyl)urea
N N
O
N-Nitropiperidine
O NH2 O N
O
N
O
O
OH
O
1-Nitropropane
O
N
O OH
O 2-Nitropropane
3-Nitropropanoic acid
2-Nitro-1-propanol
O
O
O
O N N
NH2
5-Nitro-2-pyridinamine
N
O
N 4-Nitropyridine
N
O N
O
N
O
O
1-Nitro-1-propene
2-Nitro-1-propene
O
O
N O 5-Nitro-2-propoxyaniline
O
N O 4-Nitropyridine 1-oxide
O
O N
O N N
NH2
5-Nitropyrimidinamine
N
O
O
O
O N
O
HN
O N
N O
N-(5-Nitro-2-propoxyphenyl)acetamide
O N N H
H O
5-Nitro-2,4(1 H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
O
1-Nitropyrene
O N
O
O
N H
N
H O
5-Nitro-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4-Nitrophenyl acetate
HO
H N
O
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
bp/˚C sub
sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, bz
153.5
1700.2
s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; vs bz
174.156
8179 6-Nitroquinoline
9 6 2 2
H CN O
613-50-3
174.156
H CN O H NC O C3 9H6N2O H5NO 6C
607-35-2 56-57-5 4008-48-4 586-96-9
174.156 190.155 190.155 107.110
H N OC H N OC 4H10N2O C 2H6N2O C CN2O 8H10 12HC 10N2O C10H13N3O2
924-16-3 1116-54-7 55-18-5 62-75-9 138-89-6 86-30-6 64091-91-4
158.241 134.133 102.134 74.081 150.177 198.219 207.229
H NC O HCN O 4HC8N2O2 H7NO2 10C
10595-95-6 4549-40-0 59-89-2 132-53-6
88.108 86.092 116.119 173.169
ye liq ye liq
1-Nitrosob-naphthol C10H7NO2 N’-Nitroso-3-(2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine 9H11NC 3O H5NO2 6C
131-91-9 16543-55-8 104-91-6
173.169 177.202 123.110
ye-br nd (peth) 109.5
HC N O H N OC CN2O 6H14 N2O 4H8C C 3H3N3O2S S 5H5N3O3C
156-10-5 100-75-4 621-64-7 930-55-2 121-66-4 140-40-9
198.219 114.145 130.187 100.119 145.140 187.177
4 3
H NO C 2S HCNO2S
701-57-5 609-40-5
169.202 129.138
HC NO2 C7NO2 7H C7NO2 7H
88-72-2 99-08-1 99-99-0
137.137 137.137 137.137
H FC NO2 H FC NO2 CH 3N3O3 8HC7NO2 CH20O7 15 C21N5O2S2 12H
384-22-5 98-46-4 556-89-8 5153-67-3 23282-20-4 76963-41-2
191.108 191.108 105.053 149.148 312.316 331.458
8184 8185 8186 8187 8188 8189 8190
N-Nitrosodibutylamine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine p-NitrosoN,N-dimethylaniline N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3pyridyl)-1-butanone N-Nitrosomethylethylamine N-NitrosoN-methylvinylamine 4-Nitrosomorpholine 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol
8191 8192 8193 8194
3-432
8195 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol 8196 N-Nitrosonornicotine 8197 4-Nitrosophenol 8198 8199 8200 8201 8202 8203
9 6 2 3
Nitroxoline
Dibutylnitrosamine 2,2’-(Nitrosoimino)ethanol Diethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine N,N-Diphenylnitrosamine Ketone, 3-pyridyl-3-( N-methyl-Nnitrosamino)propyl
8206 2-Nitrotoluene 8207 3-Nitrotoluene 8208 4-Nitrotoluene 1-Nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Nitrourea trans-(2-Nitrovinyl)benzene Nivalenol Nizatidine
8 18 2
4 10 2 3
3 8 2
N-Methyl-N-nitrosoethenamine N-Nitrosomorpholine
4-NitrosoN-phenylaniline p-Nitrosodiphenylamine N-Nitrosopiperidine 1-Nitrosopiperidine N-NitrosoN-propyl-1-propanamine N-Nitrosodipropylamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 5-Nitro-2-thiazolamine 2-Amino-5-nitrothiazole N-(5-Nitro-2-thiazolyl)acetamide Aminitrozole
8204 4-Nitrothioanisole 8205 2-Nitrothiophene
8209 8210 8211 8212 8213 8214
9 6 2 2
3 6 2
12 10 2 5 10 2
7 7
7 7
7 4 3 7 4 3
91.5 154 180 orth or mcl (al- 67 eth) wh-ye oil ye oil ye liq grn pl (eth) ye pl(lig)
Solubility
sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, acid
5818 1058 1250.01 176.9 152
92.5 66.5 63
29 157 dec
nD
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig
0.942220 1.004820 1.14520
1.484920 1.438620 1.436820
6740 47 225; 14025
s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HCONH 2 i2O; H sl EtOH, chl; s bz sl H2O
sl 2HO s H2O sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace, HOAc vs bz, eth
1550.2 pa ye orth nd (ace, bz)
144 dec
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, dil alk
143 219; 10920 206; 11340 214
pa ye gold oran-ye pow nd (al), pl (HOAc) lt ye mcl nd (peth) liq pa ye orth cry (al, eth) cry (al) liq pl (al-peth) ye pr (peth, al) cry (MeOH) cry (EtOH/ AcOEt)
1.063118 0.916320 1.08525
1.493318 1.443720 1.488025
202 dec 264.5
sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, HCl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth
s alk
72 46.5
1372 224.5
1.239180 1.364443
1.640120
i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s alk; sl peth
-10.4 15.5 51.63
222 232 238.3
1.161119 1.158120 1.103875
1.545020 1.546620
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl
32.5 -2.4 158 dec 60 224 dec 131
217; 10520 202.8; 10340 1.435715 255
1.471920
i H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs ace, EtOH i2HO; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, chl, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s MeOH; vs chl; i bz, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
607-34-1
8-Nitroquinoline 4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide 5-Nitro-8-quinolinol Nitrosobenzene
den/g cm-3
mp/˚C
N2O2 9H6C
8180 8181 8182 8183
pl (w, al) nd (+w) ye pl (HClHOAc) mcl pr (al) ye nd, pl (ace)
74
8178 5-Nitroquinoline
O O
N
O O
O N
O
O
O
N
N N
N
O
N 6-Nitroquinoline
N
N O
O
8-Nitroquinoline
O N N
N OH
4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide
5-Nitro-8-quinolinol
Nitrosobenzene
O HO
N-Nitrosodibutylamine
N N
O OH
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
N
N N
O
N N
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
3-433
N N
N N
O N
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
O
O
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
N N
O N N
OH
O
O 4-Nitrosomorpholine
2-Nitroso-1-naphthol
N N
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
1-Nitroso-2-naphthol
N N
O
N-Nitrosomethylethylamine
O
N-NitrosoN-methylvinylamine
OH
H OH
O
N
O
p-NitrosoN,N-dimethylaniline
O
N N
N H
H N N
O
N-Nitrosonornicotine
O
O
4-Nitrosophenol
N N
N 4-NitrosoN-phenylaniline
N N
O
N-Nitrosopiperidine
O
N-NitrosoN-propyl-1-propanamine
S
O O
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
N O
NH2
S
5-Nitro-2-thiazolamine
O O
N
O
F
O
N
S
N H
O
N-(5-Nitro-2-thiazolyl)acetamide
N
S O
4-Nitrothioanisole
N O
O
2-Nitrothiophene
O
F
F F
1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
O H2N
N H
O N
Nitrourea
O N O
O
trans-(2-Nitrovinyl)benzene
O
N O
O O
3-Nitrotoluene
N
O
4-Nitrotoluene
H O
O
O
2-Nitrotoluene
H
F F
1-Nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
N O
O N
O
N
N N N
HO HO
OH Nivalenol
OH O
N O HN
H N
S
N S
Nizatidine
N
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
5-Nitroquinoline
N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C 180.5
C12HCl9
52663-77-1
464.213
cry
C90H182 C29H60
7667-51-8 630-03-5
1264.408 408.786
orth cry (peth)
8218 Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid 8219 Nonadecane 8220 Nonadecanoic acid
CHF19O2 10 C19H40 CH38O2 19
335-76-2 629-92-5 646-30-0
514.084 268.521 298.504
wax lf (al)
32.0 69.4
8221 1-Nonadecanol 8222 2-Nonadecanone
C19H40O C19H38O
1454-84-8 629-66-3
284.520 282.504
cry (ace) pr (al)
61.7 57
8223 10-Nonadecanone
C19H38O
504-57-4
282.504
lf(al)
8224 8225 8226 8227 8228 8229 8230 8231
C19H38 C25H44 C9H14O C9H16 C9H16O C9H12 C9H18O C9H20
18435-45-5 29136-19-4 5910-87-2 4900-30-5 7786-44-9 2396-65-8 124-19-6 111-84-2
266.505 344.617 138.206 124.223 140.222 120.191 142.238 128.255
123-99-9
188.221
lf or nd
3937-56-2 123-98-8 2243-27-8 1455-21-6 112-05-0 143-08-8 74683-66-2 74742-08-8 52708-03-9 623-93-8 821-55-6 925-78-0 4485-09-0 502-56-7 764-85-2 18829-56-6 124-11-8 3760-11-0 4124-88-3 21964-44-3 143-13-5 112-20-9
160.254 225.112 139.238 160.320 158.238 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254 144.254 142.238 142.238 142.238 142.238 176.683 140.222 126.239 156.222 156.222 142.238 186.292 143.270
cry (bz)
1-Nonadecene Nonadecylbenzene trans,trans-2,4-Nonadienal 1,8-Nonadiene 2,6-Nonadien-1-ol 1,8-Nonadiyne Nonanal Nonane
8232 Nonanedioic acid 8233 8234 8235 8236 8237 8238 8239 8240 8241 8242 8243 8244 8245 8246 8247 8248 8249 8250 8251 8252 8253 8254
1,9-Nonanediol Nonanedioyl dichloride Nonanenitrile 1-Nonanethiol Nonanoic acid 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol, (±) 3-Nonanol, (±) 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol 2-Nonanone 3-Nonanone 4-Nonanone 5-Nonanone Nonanoyl chloride trans-2-Nonenal 1-Nonene 2-Nonenoic acid 3-Nonenoic acid 1-Nonen-3-ol Nonyl acetate Nonylamine
Nonaldehyde
Azelaic acid
Nonyl mercaptan Pelargonic acid Nonyl alcohol
Dibutylcarbinol Heptyl methyl ketone Ethyl hexyl ketone Pentyl propyl ketone Dibutyl ketone
1-Vinylheptanol 1-Nonanamine
H CO
9 16 4
C9H20O2 9HC 14Cl2O2 9HC17N 9HC 20S CO2 9H18 H20O 9C C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O CO 9H20 9HC 18O C18O 9H C18O 9H C18O 9H H17ClO 9C C9H16O C9H18 H16O2 9C H16O2 9C 9HC18O CH22O2 11 C21N 9H
63.7
65.5 23.4 40
liq liq
liq liq liq liq
liq liq liq liq liq liq
-27.3 -19.3 -53.46 106.5 45.8 -34.2 -20.1 12.4 -5 -35 22 5.6 -7.5 -8 -3.8 -60.5 -81.3 -4.4
liq liq
-26 -1
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility i H2O
612200 440.8
20 0.8083
219 329.9 0.785520 100, 297 0.846870 22810 345; 1660.3 266110, 1652 0.810856
1.452920
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz; sl chl
1.440920
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig
1.432875
s eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz; vs eth, ctc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, lig; vs bz
1.1 >350; 156
329.0 419 9810 142.5 10824, 9811 162 191 150.82
0.788625 0.854520 0.86225 0.751120 0.860425 0.815820 0.826422 0.719220
1.444525 1.480720 1.520720 1.430220 1.459825 1.449020 1.427320 1.405820
287100, 22510 17320, 1503 16618 224.4 220 254.5 213.37 193.5 195; 9318 192.5; 9418 193; 9720 195.3 190; 8620 187.5 188.45 215.3 10116, 8912 146.9 17320, 1365 15618, 1061 193.5 210 202.2
1.22525
1.4303111
1.143 0.817820 0.84225 0.905220 0.828020 0.847120 0.825020 0.828220 0.822020 0.820820 0.824120 0.819025 0.821720 15 0.9463 0.846 0.725325
1.468020 1.425520 1.454820 1.434319 1.433320 1.435320 1.428920 1.419720 1.428920 1.421020 1.420820 1.418920 1.419520
0.925420 0.82421 0.878515 0.788620
1.445425 1.438215 1.42620 1.433620
i H2O; s eth, ace s eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, hp sl H2O, eth, bz, DMSO; s EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; i lig s eth; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl s eth, ace
1.453120 1.425720
sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-434
8215 2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’Nonachlorobiphenyl 8216 Nonacontane 8217 Nonacosane
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
O
F F F F F F F F
Cl
F H3C(CH2)88CH3
Cl
2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’-Nonachlorobiphenyl
OH
F F F F F F F F F F
Nonacontane
Nonacosane
Nonadecafluorodecanoic acid
O
OH
O Nonadecanoicacid
1-Nonadecanol
2-Nonadecanone
10-Nonadecanone
O Nonadecylbenzene
OH
trans,trans-2,4-Nonadienal
3-435
HO
1,8-Nonadiene
O
1,8-Nonadiyne
Cl HO
O
OH
Nonanedioicacid
O
1,9-Nonanediol
Nonanoicacid
2-Nonanol, (±)
3-Nonanol, (±)
4-Nonanol
Cl
O O
2-Nonanone
4-Nonanone
5-Nonanone
OH
O
O 3-Nonenoicacid
O
O
O
3-Nonanone
OH
2-Nonenoicacid
OH OH
1-Nonanol
OH
1-Nonene
N Nonanenitrile
OH
O 5-Nonanol
O Nonanedioyldichloride
OH
O
1-Nonanethiol
Nonanal
Cl
OH SH
O
2,6-Nonadien-1-ol
OH
Nonane
1-Nonadecene
Nonanoyl chloride
trans-2-Nonenal
O OH 1-Nonen-3-ol
NH2
O Nonyl acetate
Nonylamine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O OH
Nonadecane
No.
Name
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C15H24 C15H30 CH28 14 CH20O2 10 CH26 19 C15H24O C16 9H C33H25N3O3 7H8C C9H8O3
1081-77-2 2883-02-5 2882-98-6 5451-92-3 26438-26-6 104-40-5 3452-09-3 991-42-4 121-46-0 826-62-0
204.352 210.399 196.372 172.265 254.409 220.351 124.223 511.570 92.139 164.158
liq liq liq liq
H O C CH O C15H11ClN2O
95-39-6 511-18-2 1088-11-5
178.228 346.547 270.713
col liq nd(HOAc)
500-38-9 18530-56-8 51-41-2 68-22-4
302.366 222.326 169.178 298.419
nd(w, al, HOAc) 185.5 177 217 dec cry 204
8272 8273 8274 8275 8276 8277 8278 8279 8280 8281 8282 8283
18HC 22O4 C13H22N2O Noradrenaline 8HC 11NO3 19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17- C20H26O2 hydroxy-, (17 a)Norethynodrel C20H26O2 Norflurazon C12H9ClF3N3O Norhyoscyamine C16H21NO3 DL-Norleucine 2-Aminohexanoic acid, DL)( C6H13NO2 L-Norleucine 2-Aminohexanoic acid, L) ( C6H13NO2 Normorphine C16H17NO3 H28O2 Norplant Norgestrel, (-) 21C 19-Nortestosterone phenylpropionate Nandrolone phenpropionate C3 27H34O Nortriptyline hydrochloride CClN 19H22 NO2 DL-Norvaline 2-Aminopentanoic acid, (±) 5H11C L-Norvaline 2-Aminopentanoic acid, S) ( C5H11NO2 Noscapine C22H23NO7
68-23-5 27314-13-2 537-29-1 616-06-8 327-57-1 466-97-7 797-63-7 62-90-8 894-71-3 760-78-1 6600-40-4 128-62-1
298.419 303.666 275.343 131.173 131.173 271.311 312.446 406.557 299.838 117.147 117.147 413.421
cry (MeOH)
8284 8285 8286 8287 8288 8289 8290
Novobiocin Nuarimol Nylidrin Ochratoxin A Ochratoxin B Ochratoxin C Octacaine
C2O11 31H36N C17H12ClFN2O C25NO2 19H CH18ClNO6 20 CH19NO6 20 CH22ClNO6 22 C14H22N2O
303-81-1 63284-71-9 447-41-6 303-47-9 4825-86-9 4865-85-4 13912-77-1
612.624 314.740 299.408 403.813 369.368 431.866 234.337
cry (MeOH) cry (xyl) cry (MeOH) amorp solid cry
8291 8292 8293 8294 8295
2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl Octachlorocyclopentene Octachlorodibenzop-dioxin Octachloronaphthalene Octachlorostyrene
2136-99-4 706-78-5 3268-87-9 2234-13-1 29082-74-4
429.768 343.678 459.751 403.731 379.710
cry nd nd nd (bz-CCl4) cry (ace/EtOH)
Nonylbenzene Nonylcyclohexane Nonylcyclopentane Nonyl formate 1-Nonylnaphthalene 4-Nonylphenol 1-Nonyne Norbormide 2,5-Norbornadiene 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydride 8265 5-Norbornene-2-methylolacrylate 8266 24-Norcholan-23-oic acid, b) (5 8267 Nordazepam 8268 8269 8270 8271
Heptylacetylene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene
11 14 2
Norcholanic acid 7-Chloro-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2 H1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
23 38 2
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid Norea Norepinephrine Norethisterone
3-436
Streptonivicin Buphenine
3-(Diethylamino)Nphenylbutanamide
CH Cl8 ClC8 CCl8O2 12 C8 10Cl C8 8Cl 12 2
Perchlorocyclopentene Perchloronaphthalene Perchlorostyrene
5
mp/˚C -24 -10 -29 -33 8
visc ye liq liq cry (eth) liq
nd lf(w)
cry (MeOH) cry cry (eth) lf(al, w) cry (dil al) pr or nd (al) wh-ye orth cry
42 -50 194 -19.1 166
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
280.5 0.858420 282 0.816320 262 0.808120 214 0.86 366 0.937120 ª295; 18010 0.95020 150.8 0.765820
1.481620 1.451920 1.446720 1.421620 1.547720 1.51320 1.421720
89.5
0.906420
1.470220
104
25 1.029
Solubility
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
i H2O; s bz, ctc, hp i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; msc tol
s os
177 216.5
170 184 140.5 327 dec 301 dec 273 206 95 214 303 307 176
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, alk; i bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs alk, dil HCl
161 40 331 197.5 99
s H2O, EtOH; i bz, eth, ace s 2HO; i EtOH, eth, chl, AcOEt, lig s 2HO i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth; vs ace i 2HO; s EtOH, EtOAc, ace, py
sub
154 126 111 169 221 47
vs EtOH, chl s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O
1.17225
1.3448
2001
283 4417, 2480.5
vs EtOH, bz, eth
1.820050
1.566050
i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH sl EtOH; vs bz, chl, lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Form.
8255 8256 8257 8258 8259 8260 8261 8262 8263 8264
Synonym
OH
O
O Nonylbenzene
Nonylcyclohexane
Nonylcyclopentane
Nonyl formate
1-Nonylnaphthalene
H N OH
H
O
N
O
2,5-Norbornadiene
OH
O
O
Norbormide
OH
Cl
O
H
O 1-Nonyne
HO
O
O N
H N
O
OH
OH
H
5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acidanhydride
5-Norbornene-2-methylolacrylate
24-Norcholan-23-oicacid,(5b)
Nordazepam
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid
H N
NH2
N O
HO
HO
OH H N
H
H
Cl
H N
O N
HO
H Norea
N
OH F F
Norepinephrine
Norethisterone
O
O
O
O
OH
F
H
Norflurazon
OH
NH2
O Norethynodrel
O OH
Norhyoscyamine
NH2
DL-Norleucine
3-437
O
L-Norleucine
O
HO HO
O
O
H H
O Norplant
19-Nortestosterone phenylpropionate
H O
OH
NH2
Nortriptyline hydrochloride
O O
NH2
DL-Norvaline
L-Norvaline
O
Noscapine
H N
O
O
O
Cl
Cl OH
OH
F O
H2N
O OH
HCl
O
OH
OH
O O
N H
O
Normorphine
O
O
H
NH
HO
N H
O
OH
N
O Novobiocin
N
H N
H N
HO
Nuarimol
HO Nylidrin
O
H N
O O
OH O
HO
OchratoxinA
O
O O
OH O
OchratoxinB
Cl H N O
O
Cl
O O
OH O
H N
Cl
N O
OchratoxinC
Cl Cl
Octacaine
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Octachlorocyclopentene
Cl
Cl
O Cl
Cl
Octachlorodibenzop-dioxin
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Octachloronaphthalene
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Octachlorostyrene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
4-Nonylphenol
No.
Name
Synonym
8296 Octacontane 8297 Octacosane Octacosanoic acid Montanic acid 1-Octacosanol Montanyl alcohol trans, trans -9,12-Octadecadienoic acidLinolelaidic acid Octadecahydrochrysene Octadecamethyloctasiloxane Octadecanamide Octadecane
8305 8306 8307 8308 8309
Octadecanenitrile 1-Octadecanethiol Stearyl mercaptan 1-Octadecanol Stearyl alcohol Octadecanoyl chloride trans,cis,trans -9,11,13cis-Eleostearic acid Octadecatrienoic acid trans,trans,trans -9,11,13trans-Eleostearic acid Octadecatrienoic acid cis-9-Octadecenamide 1-Octadecene cis-9-Octadecenenitrile cis-6-Octadecenoic acid Petroselinic acid trans-11-Octadecenoic acid Vaccenic acid cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol Oleyl alcohol cis-9-Octadecenylamine Oleylamine Octadecyl acetate Octadecyl acrylate Stearyl 2-propenoate Octadecylamine 1-Octadecanamine Octadecylbenzene Octadecylcyclohexane Octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert -butyl-4Irganox 1076 hydroxyphenyl)propanoate Octadecyl isocyanate 1-Isocyanatooctadecane Octadecyl methacrylate Stearyl methacrylate Octadecyl octadecanoate Octadecyl stearate 3-(Octadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol Batyl alcohol Octadecyl vinyl ether 1-(Ethenyloxy)octadecane 1,7-Octadiene 1,7-Octadiyne 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydroanthracene Octahydroazocine Octahydroindene Octahydroindolizine trans-Octahydro-1(2H)naphthalenone
8310
3-438
8311 8312 8313 8314 8315 8316 8317 8318 8319 8320 8321 8322 8323 8324 8325 8326 8327 8328 8329 8330 8331 8332 8333 8334 8335 8336
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C 80H162 C28H58
7667-88-1 630-02-4
1124.142 394.761
Physical Form
mp/˚C
H CO HC O CO2 18H32 C18H30 18HC 54O7Si 8 CH37NO 18 C18H38
506-48-9 557-61-9 506-21-8 2090-14-4 556-69-4 124-26-5 593-45-3
424.744 410.760 280.446 246.431 607.302 283.493 254.495
HC N CS 18H38 C38O 18H H35ClO 18C C30O2 18H
638-65-3 2885-00-9 112-92-5 112-76-5 506-23-0
265.478 286.560 270.494 302.923 278.430
112 mcl or orth (bz- 61.1 al) 90.9 cry (ace, peth) 83.4 cry (MeOH) 28.5 115 -63 lf (al) 109 nd (al, eth28.2 MeOH) 41 30 lf (al) 57.9 23 nd (al) 49
H C O
544-73-0
278.430
lf (al)
CH35NO 18 C18H36 18HC33N C2 18H34O 18HC 34O2 C36O 18H 18HC 37N H40O2 20C 21HC 40O2 18HC39N C24H42 CH48 24 C35H62O3
301-02-0 112-88-9 112-91-4 593-39-5 693-72-1 143-28-2 112-90-3 822-23-1 4813-57-4 124-30-1 4445-07-2 4445-06-1 2082-79-3
281.477 252.479 263.462 282.462 282.462 268.478 267.494 312.531 324.542 269.510 330.590 336.638 530.865
HC NO H OC O2 36H72C CO3 21H44 20H40CO H14 8C H10 8C H4F8O 5C C 14H18 H15N 7C H16 9C CN 8H15 C10H16O
112-96-9 32360-05-7 2778-96-3 544-62-7 930-02-9 3710-30-3 871-84-1 355-80-6 1079-71-6 1121-92-2 496-10-6 13618-93-4 21370-71-8
295.503 338.567 536.956 344.572 296.531 110.197 106.165 232.072 186.293 113.201 124.223 125.212 152.233
28 56 2 28 58
18 35
18 30 2
19 37
22 42 2
lf
oil
cry (w)
cry (MeOH/ AcOEt)
cry (EtOH)
pl (al) liq
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
672 431.6
0.806720
1.433070
0.8191 2001 1810.8 353 18620, 1535 12 250 316.3
100
1.4313
Solubility
100
i H2O; msc ace; s bz, chl vs bz, chl i H2O; s CS2 sl H2O; s ace, hx vs EtOH vs bz, peth, lig vs eth, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl, lig
0.91325
1.397020
0.776828
1.439020
362 20711 15 335; 210.5 21515 23512 dec, 1701 1 188
0.832520 0.847520 0.812459 0.89690 0.902850
1.438945 1.464520 1.452324 1.511250
i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, chl vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz sl EtOH vs eth, EtOH
0.883980
1.500080
vs EtOH
17915, 1458 dec 332 23818
0.789120 0.84717 0.870040
20715 1472 2089
0.848920
1.444820 1.456620 1.453340 1.449960 1.460620
vs eth i H2O; s ace, ctc vs EtOH s eth; sl hp, MeOH s ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc
52.9 36 41.6 50
346.8 400 409; 1751
0.861820 0.8536 0.830020
1.452220 1.47936 1.461020
15.5
1725 1956
0.88025
1.42925
2172 1823 115.5 135.5; 5935 140.5 294 5215 167 7543 12220
0.813840 0.73420 0.816921 1.664720 0.970380 0.89625 0.87625 0.907410 0.98620
71.5 76 17.5 -1 29.8 44 6.5 25 34.5
60 70.5 30
78 29 -53 33
0.851030
vs EtOH s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace
vs eth sl chl 1.424520 1.452118 1.317820 1.537280 1.472020 1.470220 1.4748 1.484921
s eth i H2O; s EtOH, HOAc; vs bz; sl ctc
vs eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8298 8299 8300 8301 8302 8303 8304
Mol. Form.
O OH
OH
O
H3C(CH2)78CH3
OH
Octacontane
Octacosane
Octacosanoicacid
1-Octacosanol
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid
O Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
N NH2
Si
Octadecamethyloctasiloxane
SH
Octadecanamide
Octadecane
Octadecanenitrile
OH
1-Octadecanethiol
1-Octadecanol
O OH
O
O O
Cl
N NH2
OH Octadecanoylchloride
trans,cis,trans -9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid
trans,trans,trans -9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid
cis-9-Octadecenamide
1-Octadecene
cis-9-Octadecenenitrile
O
3-439
OH
O
O
OH
NH2
O O
O
OH cis-6-Octadecenoicacid
trans-11-Octadecenoicacid
cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol
cis-9-Octadecenylamine
Octadecylacetate
Octadecylacrylate
O O NH2 OH Octadecylamine
Octadecylbenzene
N
C
O
Octadecylcyclohexane
Octadecyl3-(3,5-Di-tert -butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate
O O
O
O
Octadecylisocyanate
Octadecylmethacrylate
Octadecyloctadecanoate
OH F
1,7-Octadiene
1,7-Octadiyne
3-(Octadecyloxy)-1,2-propanediol
F F
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol
O
N 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydroanthracene
Octahydroazocine
Octadecylvinylether
H
H N
F F F F F
OH OH
O
Octahydroindene
Octahydroindolizine
O
H trans-Octahydro-1(2H)-naphthalenone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Si
O
Octadecahydrochrysene
No.
Name
Synonym
8365 8366 8367 8368 8369 8370 8371 8372 8373
1,3,5,7-Octatetraene trans-2-Octenal 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene
8374 8375 8376 8377
1-Octen-3-ol 2-Octen-1-ol 1-Octen-3-yne Octhilinone
Caprylene
2-Octyl-3(2 H)-isothiazolone
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
16.7
295
1.02620
1.556917
i H2O; s ace, bz, CS2, HOAc
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C14H18
5325-97-3
186.293
CH NO
486-70-4
169.264
C8H28N4Si4
1020-84-4
292.677
97
C4Si4 8H24O C8H26O3Si4
556-67-2 16066-09-4
296.617 282.632
17.5
H CO Si3 HC O H17NO 8C H19N 8C C8H18 C20N2 8H 8H12N2 C C4 8H14O H18O2 8C H18O2 8C 8H15N C S 8H18C O2 8H16C H30O3 16C C18O 8H C18O 8H C8H18O C8H18O 8HC 16O CO 8H16 8HC 16O C15ClO 8H CO4Si4 48H40
107-51-7 124-13-0 629-01-6 44855-57-4 111-65-9 373-44-4 629-40-3 505-48-6 1117-86-8 629-41-4 124-12-9 111-88-6 124-07-2 623-66-5 111-87-5 4128-31-8 589-98-0 74778-22-6 111-13-7 106-68-3 589-63-9 111-64-8 546-56-5
236.533 128.212 143.227 129.244 114.229 144.258 136.194 174.195 146.228 146.228 125.212 146.294 144.212 270.407 130.228 130.228 130.228 130.228 128.212 128.212 128.212 162.657 793.172
C10 8H C8H14O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16
1482-91-3 2548-87-0 111-66-0 7642-04-8 13389-42-9 14850-22-7 14919-01-8 7642-15-1 14850-23-8
106.165 126.196 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213
C8H16O C8H16O C8H12 C19NOS 11H
3391-86-4 22104-78-5 17679-92-4 26530-20-1
128.212 128.212 108.181 213.340
10 19
8 24 2 8 16
orth (peth)
liq
70
-80
lf, pl
108 97 liq -56.82 pl 51.64 -1.8 lo nd or pl (w) 144 30 nd (bz-lig), pr 63 liq -45.6 liq -49.2 16.5 liq -1 liq -14.8 liq -31.6 liq -45 liq -40.7 liq -16
liq nd (bz-al, HOAc) cry (bz) liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq
-63 200.5 50 -101.7 -100.2 -87.7 -126 -110 -118.7 -93.8
270
sH 2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth
175.8 170
0.956120 0.855920
1.396820 1.385420
i H2O; s ctc
153; 5117 171 239 164 125.67 225 18515 21920 13110, 1040.2 17220 205.25 199.1 239 282.5 195.16 179.3 171 176.3 172.5 167.5 163 195.6 3301
0.820020 0.821120 110 0.8450 0.774420 0.698625
1.384020 1.421720
sl EtOH; s bz, peth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, ace vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth; msc EtOH, ace, bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH
0.95425
1.443620
sub 8519 121.29 125.6 125 122.9 123.3 122.5 122.3 174; 6912 8811 134; 6260 1200.01
1.423225 1.394425
i H2O; msc eth, bz; sl DMSO
0.813620 0.843320 0.907325 0.906518 0.826225 0.819320 0.825820 0.818620 0.82020 0.82225 0.814625 15 0.9535
1.420320 1.454020 1.428520 1.435818 1.429520 1.420320
0.846 0.714920 0.724320 0.719920 0.715920 0.715220 0.721220 0.714120
1.450020 1.408720 1.415020 1.413220 1.413520 1.412620 1.414820 1.411420
0.839513 0.85020 0.774920
1.439112 1.447020 1.459220
1.424820 1.415120 1.415020 1.417314 1.433520
sl H2O, eth, chl, lig; vs EtOH; s bz vs eth s EtOH; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, chl, CH3CN vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc s eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, chl, HOAc s peth, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc
vs eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-440
8337 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8Octahydrophenanthrene 8338 trans-Octahydro-2H-quinolizine-1- Lupinine methanol, (1R) 8339 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8Octamethylcyclotetrasilazane 8340 Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 8341 1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7Octamethyltetrasiloxane 8342 Octamethyltrisiloxane 8343 Octanal Caprylic aldehyde 8344 Octanamide 8345 2-Octanamine, (±) 8346 Octane 8347 1,8-Octanediamine 8348 Octanedinitrile Suberonitrile 8349 Octanedioic acid Suberic acid 8350 1,2-Octanediol 8351 1,8-Octanediol 8352 Octanenitrile Caprylnitrile 8353 1-Octanethiol Octyl mercaptan 8354 Octanoic acid Caprylic acid 8355 Octanoic anhydride 8356 1-Octanol Capryl alcohol 8357 2-Octanol (±)-sec-Caprylic alcohol 8358 3-Octanol 8359 4-Octanol 8360 2-Octanone Hexyl methyl ketone 8361 3-Octanone Ethyl pentyl ketone 8362 4-Octanone Butyl propyl ketone 8363 Octanoyl chloride 8364 Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
OH
H Si N N H H N N Si Si H Si
H N 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydrophenanthrene
trans-Octahydro-2H-quinolizine-1-methanol, (1R)
Si O
2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8-Octamethylcyclotetrasilazane
Si O O O Si Si
Si
Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane
H H Si Si Si O O O
Si
1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7-Octamethyltetrasiloxane
O
Si
O
Si
Octamethyltrisiloxane
N H2N
NH2
NH2
O Octanal
Octanamide
2-Octanamine,(±)
NH2
Octane
N
1,8-Octanediamine
Octanedinitrile
O HO
OH
OH
O Octanedioic acid
1,2-Octanediol
O
O OH
1,8-Octanediol
SH
Octanenitrile
1-Octanethiol
O
OH
O
3-441
Octanoicacid
N
OH
HO
OH
OH
Octanoicanhydride
1-Octanol
OH 2-Octanol
3-Octanol
Si O O
O OH 4-Octanol
O
O 2-Octanone
3-Octanone
Si O O O Si Si
Cl
4-Octanone
Octanoylchloride
Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane
O 1,3,5,7-Octatetraene
trans-2-Octenal
1-Octene
cis-2-Octene
trans-2-Octene
cis-3-Octene
trans-3-Octene
O OH S
OH cis-4-Octene
trans-4-Octene
1-Octen-3-ol
2-Octen-1-ol
1-Octen-3-yne
N Octhilinone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Synonym
8378 8379 8380 8381 8382 8383 8384 8385 8386 8387 8388 8389 8390 8391 8392 8393 8394 8395 8396 8397 8398 8399 8400
Octyl acetate Octyl acrylate Octylamine Octylamine hydrochloride 4-Octylaniline Octylbenzene Octyl butanoate Octylcyclohexane Octylcyclopentane 2-Octyldecanoic acid Octyldimethylamine Octyl diphenyl phosphate Octyl formate Octyl isocyanate Octyl methacrylate Octyl nitrate Octyl nitrite Octyl octanoate Octyloxirane 4-(Octyloxy)benzaldehyde 4-Octylphenol Octyl phenyl ether 4-Octylphenyl salicylate
8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 8406 8407 8408 8409
Octyl propanoate 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 2-Octyn-1-ol Oleandrin Olean-12-en-3-ol, (3b) Oleanolic acid
H20O2 10C Octyl 2-propenoate 11HC 20O2 1-Octanamine 8HC 19N 1-Octanamine hydrochloride C 8H20ClN C23N 14H C14H22 H24O2 12C CH28 14 H26 13C C36O2 18H N,N-Dimethyl-1-octanamine 10HC23N C27O4P 20H C18O2 9H C17NO 9H C22O2 12H 8HC 17NO3 8H17CNO2 H32O2 16C CH20O 10 CH22O2 15 CH22O 14 (Octyloxy)benzene C22O 14H 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-octylphenyl C21H26O3 ester CH22O2 11 Hexylacetylene C14 8H Methylpentylacetylene C 8H14 C8H14 Dipropylacetylene 8HC 14 2-Octynol C14O 8H C32H48O9 b-Amyrin C30H50O H48O3 30C
8410 Oleic acid 8411 8412 8413 8414 8415 8416
Omeprazole Omethoate Orange I Orange IV Orcein L-Ornithine
8417 L-Ornithine, monohydrochloride 8418 Orotic acid
cis-9-Octadecenoic acid
1-Naphthol Orange Tropaeolin OO 2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid, S) (
1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-4pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
112-14-1 2499-59-4 111-86-4 142-95-0 16245-79-7 2189-60-8 110-39-4 1795-15-9 1795-20-6 619-39-6 7378-99-6 115-88-8 112-32-3 3158-26-7 2157-01-9 629-39-0 629-46-9 2306-88-9 2404-44-6 24083-13-4 1806-26-4 1818-07-1 2512-56-3
172.265 184.276 129.244 165.705 205.340 190.325 200.318 196.372 182.345 284.478 157.297 362.399 158.238 155.237 198.302 175.226 159.227 256.424 156.265 234.335 206.324 206.324 326.429
liq
142-60-9 629-05-0 2809-67-8 15232-76-5 1942-45-6 20739-58-6 465-16-7 559-70-6 508-02-1
186.292 110.197 110.197 110.197 110.197 126.196 576.718 426.717 456.700
liq liq liq liq liq
112-80-1
282.462 345.416 213.192 350.324 375.377
C5H12N2O2
73590-58-6 1113-02-6 523-44-4 554-73-4 1400-62-0 70-26-8
CClN2O2 5H13 C5H4N2O4
3184-13-2 65-86-1
168.622 156.097
CH O
18 34 2
C17H19N3O3S C 5H12NO4PS C16H11N2NaO4S C18H14N3NaO3S
132.161
liq liq liq liq nd or lf (al)
liq
liq liq
wh cry
cry (EtOH) nd (lig or al) nd or pr (al)
cry (MeCN) oil red-br pow ye pow br-red pow micro cry (aleth) nd cry (w)
mp/˚C -38.5 0 196.5 20 -36 -55.6 -20 -44 38.5
-39.1
-18.1
43.0 8 73
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
210 229; 570.05 179.6
0.870520 0.881020 0.782620
1.415020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc
1.429220
310; 1385 264 244.1 264 243 13 215 194
0.912820 0.856220 0.862920 0.813820 0.804820 0.844770
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc s H2O vs eth i H2O; msc eth, bz vs EtOH
198.8 786 239.5 11020 174.5 306.8 12895, 9730 1310.5 16910, 1504 285
-42.6 -79.3 -61.6 -103.9 -101 -18 250 dec 197 310 dec
228 126.3 137.6 133.1 131.6 9815
13.4
360; 286100
156 ª135 dec
1.484520 1.426715 1.450320 1.444620
vs eth, EtOH
1.0925 0.874420
1.420815
i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc
0.9750 0.86217 0.855420
1.412720 1.435220
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH
0.913115
1.487520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth
0.866320 0.746120 0.759620 0.752920 0.750920 0.880520
1.422115 1.415920 1.427820 1.425020 1.424820 1.455620
0.893520
1.458220
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs eth i 2HO; s EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, lig; s eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace; vs py, HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc
1.3220
1.498720
05 260 sub 280
msc H2O; i hx s H2O; sl EtOH; i bz s H2O
140
vs H2O, EtOH
215 345.5
vs H2O sl H2O; i os
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-442
Name
O
O O
NH2 O
Octylacetate
Octylacrylate
O NH2
NH2 HCl
Octylamine
O
Octylamine hydrochloride
4-Octylaniline
Octylbenzene
N
2-Octyldecanoic acid
N O
Octyldimethylamine
C
O
Octyldiphenylphosphate
Octylformate
O
Octylisocyanate
O
O O
O
Octylmethacrylate
O N
O O
O
Octylnitrate
N
O
O
Octylnitrite
O
O
Octyloctanoate
Octyloxirane
4-(Octyloxy)benzaldehyde
O
OH
O
3-443
OH O O
O
O
H
O 4-Octylphenol
Octylphenyl ether
4-Octylphenylsalicylate
Octylpropanoate
HO
OH 1-Octyne
2-Octyne
3-Octyne
4-Octyne
O OH
O O
H
O
2-Octyn-1-ol
Oleandrin
O
S O
N
O OH Olean-12-en-3-ol,(3b)
Oleanolicacid
O S
O P O S O
N
N H
HO
HO
O
OH
H
H
Oleicacid
Omeprazole
H N O
O O S O
Orange IV
ONa
H2N
O OH
NH2 L-Ornithine
H2N
NH OH
HCl
NH2 L-Ornithine, monohydrochloride
O
N
Orange I
OH
N H
O
Orotic acid
ONa O
HO
O N
N
Omethoate
H N N
O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Octylcyclopentane
Octylcyclohexane
O O P O O
O OH
Octylbutanoate
No.
Name
8419 Oroxylin A 8420 Orphenadrine 8421 Oryzalin
3-444
8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429
6-Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Oxadiazon Oxadixyl Oxalic acid
8430 8431 8432 8433 8434 8435 8436 8437 8438 8439 8440 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8446 8447 8448 8449
Oxalic acid dihydrate Oxaloacetic acid Oxalyl chloride Oxalyl dihydrazide Oxamic acid Oxamide Oxamniquine Oxamyl Oxandrolone 1,4-Oxathiane Oxazepam Oxazole Oxepane 2-Oxepanone Oxetane 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Oxirane Oxiranecarboxaldehyde Oxiranemethanol, (±)
8450 a-Oxobenzeneacetaldehyde aldoxime 8451 a-Oxobenzeneacetic acid 8452 a-Oxobenzeneacetic acid, methyl ester 8453 a-Oxobenzeneacetonitrile 8454 g-Oxobenzenebutanoic acid 8455 b-Oxobenzenepropanenitrile 8456 a-Oxobenzenepropanoic acid 8457 2-Oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3carboxylic acid
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
480-11-5
284.263
ye nd (al)
231.5
83-98-7 19044-88-3
269.382 346.359
630-60-4 286-20-4
584.652 98.142
C5H8O C28O2 15H N2O 2H2C C15H18Cl2N2O3 C14H18N2O4 C2O4 2H
285-67-6 106-02-5 288-99-3 19666-30-9 77732-09-3 144-62-7
84.117 240.382 70.049 345.221 278.304 90.035
H CO 4H4OC 5 C2 2Cl2O C6N4O2 2H H3NO3 2C C2H4N2O2 CH21N3O3 14 C7H13N3O3S C19H30O3 H8OS 4C C15H11ClN2O2 C3H3NO C6H12O C6H10O2 3HC 6O H4O2 3C C3H4O2 2HC4O 3HC 4O2 O2 3H6C
6153-56-6 328-42-7 79-37-8 996-98-5 471-47-6 471-46-5 21738-42-1 23135-22-0 53-39-4 15980-15-1 604-75-1 288-42-6 592-90-5 502-44-3 503-30-0 57-57-8 6704-31-0 75-21-8 765-34-4 61915-27-3
126.065 132.072 126.926 118.095 89.050 88.065 279.335 219.261 306.439 104.171 286.713 69.062 100.158 114.142 58.079 72.063 72.063 44.052 72.063 74.079
H NO C 2 HC O C9H8O3
532-54-7 611-73-4 15206-55-0
149.148 150.132 164.158
pr (CCl4)
HCNO CH O 9H7NOC
613-90-1 2051-95-8 614-16-4
131.132 178.184 145.158
lf (dil al)
H CO HCO
156-06-9 531-81-7
164.158 162.142
lf (bz, chl) nd (w, bz)
Mol. Form.
5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-C16H12O5 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one C18H23NO Benzenesulfonamide, 4C12H18N4O6S (dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitroC29H44O12 H10O 6C
Exaltolide 1-Oxa-3,4-diazacyclopentadiene
2 6 6
Oxalacetic acid Oxalyl dichloride
Caprolactone Trimethylene oxide b-Propiolactone Ethylene oxide Glycidaldehyde Glycidol Isonitrosoacetophenone
8 7
8 6 3
8 5
10 10 3
Benzoylacetonitrile 3-Phenylpyruvic acid Coumarin-3-carboxylic acid
9 8 3 9 6 3
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility vs ace, eth, EtOH
19512 141 hyg pl (+9w)
200 <-10
thick oil 90 104 orth pym or oct 189.5 dec mcl tab or pr liq nd (w) cry (w) nd (w) ye-oran cry
liq cry (EtOH)
liq liq liq unstab liq vol liq or gas liq
101.5 161 dec -16 244.0 210 dec 350 dec 149 109 236 -17 205.5
-1.0 -97 -33.4 -112.5 -62 -45 129 66
32.5 116.5 80.5 157.5 190 dec
131.5
0.966320
1.451920
102 15 176 150
0.96425 0.954920
1.433620 1.470820 1.430025
sub 157
17 1.900
s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, peth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth
1.65318 63.5
1.478520 1.45822
1.431620
1.66720 dec 147 69.5 119 215 47.6 162 106 10.6 112.5 dec 167; 662.5 16315 247 206 16010
sl H2O; vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl; sl ctc
s eth s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth s ace, chl, MeOH
0.9725 1.117420
0.8925 1.076120 0.893025 1.146020 1.137 10 0.8821 1.140320 1.114325
sl H2O i 2HO; s EtOH, chl, diox 1.428517 1.440020 1.461120 1.396120 1.410520 1.35977 1.426520 1.428720
s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; vs ace msc eth; s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH; s bz, chl sl H2O; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; i 2CS
1.526820 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s2O,H EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, alk, aq KCN sl2H O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig vs EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8422 Ouabain 8423 7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane
Synonym
O O NH2 O S O
HO HO HO
H
OH O
OH
O
N
HO
O
N O
O
N O
N
O
HO
O O
OH
O
O
O
O
OH OH OroxylinA
Orphenadrine
Oryzalin
Ouabain
7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane
6-Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane
Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one
O Cl
O
O N N
N N
O
O 1,3,4-Oxadiazole
O
N O
HO
N
Cl
O
O
Oxadiazon
O HO
OH
OH
O
Oxadixyl
OH O HO
2H2O
O
Oxalicacid
3-445 HO
O H 2N
NH2
HO O
NH2
O
O
Oxamicacid
H N
N H
N O
Oxamide
N
O OH N
Cl O
O O
N O
S
Oxamyl
Oxandrolone
1,4-Oxathiane
Oxazepam
Oxazole
O O
O
O
O Oxepane
O
2-Oxepanone
O
O
O Oxetane
2-Oxetanone
O
O
O 3-Oxetanone
O
O a-Oxobenzeneaceticacid,methylester
OH N a-Oxobenzeneacetonitrile
Oxiranecarboxaldehyde
O
O
O
Oxiranemethanol, (±)
a-Oxobenzeneacetaldehydealdoxime
a-Oxobenzeneaceticacid
O
O
N
OH
OH O
O g-Oxobenzenebutanoicacid
OH
OH
O
O
Oxirane
O N
OH
O
b-Oxobenzenepropanenitrile
NH2
Oxalyldihydrazide
H N
H
O
Oxamniquine
Oxalylchloride
OH
S
N H
O
O
N
H2N
Cl
O
H N
O
Oxaloacetic acid
O O
OH O
Oxalicaciddihydrate
H N
O Cl
a-Oxobenzenepropanoicacid
O
O
2-Oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxylicacid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
Synonym
Oxobis(2,4-pentanedione)vanadium Vanadyl acetylacetonate 2-Oxobutanoic acid 4-Oxobutanoic acid a-Ketoglutaric acid 2-Oxoglutaric acid 6-Oxoheptanoic acid 5-Oxohexanoic acid a-Oxo-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid Indole-3-pyruvic acid Oxolinic acid 4-Oxopentanal 3-Oxopentanedioic acid Acetonedicarboxylic acid 2-Oxopentanoic acid 4-Oxopentanoic acid Levulinic acid 4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)butanoic acid Succinanilic acid cis-4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)-2Maleanilic acid butenoic acid 8472 Oxophenylarsine Phenylarsine oxide 8473 4-Oxo-4-phenyl-2-butenoic acid 8474 2-Oxopropanal oxime
3-446
8475 2-Oxopropanenitrile 8476 17-(1-Oxopropoxy)-androst-4-en-3one, (17b) 8477 2-Oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid 8478 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 8479 17-Oxosparteine
Oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenonium bromide Oxytetracycline Oxytocin
den/g cm-3
nD
1740.2 8116 13514
1.20017
1.397220
265.157 102.089 102.089 146.099 144.168 130.141 203.194 261.230 100.117 146.099 116.116 116.116 193.199 191.183
bl cry
HCAsO
637-03-6
168.025
H CO HCNO2
583-06-2 306-44-5
176.169 87.078
cry (bz-eth) or 145 (chl-eth) nd or pr (tol) 99 nd(CCl4) lf 69 (eth-peth)
HCNO HC O
631-57-2 57-85-2
69.062 344.487
HO C
500-05-0
140.094
pr (MeOH)
6 5
3 5
22 32 3
oil cry (ace-bz)
gray cry cry (DMF) nd (AcOEt) lf or pl nd (w) mcl ye cry
115.5 40.2 13.5 211 313 dec <-21 138 dec 6.5 33 148.5 192 dec
6 4 4
Chelidonic acid
7 4 6
HCO
99-32-1
184.103
CH N O
489-72-5
248.364
C12H8Cl2O5S2
121-63-1
367.225
rose mcl nd (al- 262 w,+1w) ye to col hyg nd 84 (peth) cry (peth) 128
C12H14N4O5S2
80-51-3
358.393
cry (H2O)
164 dec
CH NO3 CH NO4S C10H4Cl8O CH21NO4 18 H15O4PS2 6C C24H16As2O3 C15H11ClF3NO4 CH24N2O 16 C21H32O3 C3H8N2O3
5633-20-5 5259-88-1 27304-13-8 76-42-6 301-12-2 58-36-6 42874-03-3 1491-59-4 434-07-1 140-95-4
357.486 267.301 423.762 315.365 246.284 502.225 361.701 260.374 332.477 120.107
cry pr (EtOH) cry (pentane) rods (EtOH)
114 129 100 219 <-20 185 84 182 179 126
C19H20N2O3 CH34BrNO3 21 H24N2O9 22C CH66N12O12S2 43
129-20-4 50-10-2 79-57-2 50-56-6
324.373 428.404 460.434 1007.187
cry (eth/peth)
15 24 2
22 31 12 13
251280, 1351 274.5 1.0925
col mcl cry cry (bz) cry pr(al)
wh pow
207 dec
124 191.5 184.5
1.430625 1.445120
dec 187
1.013421
1.425722
179 dec 245
1.097014 20 1.1335
1.439620
Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl, lig sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, lig, CS 2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth
1.41830 i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; vs bz, chl
sub
1.074467
92.3
0.974520
120
Coumalic acid
8480 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl chloride) Diphenyl ether 4,4’-disulfonyl chloride 8481 4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide) 8482 Oxybutynin 8483 Oxycarboxin CarboxinS,S-dioxide 8484 Oxychlordane 8485 Oxycodone Dihydro-14-hydroxycodeinone 8486 Oxydemeton-methyl 8487 10,10’-Oxydiphenoxarsine 10,10’-Oxybis[10 H-phenoxarsine] 8488 Oxyfluorfen 8489 Oxymetazoline 8490 Oxymetholone 8491 Oxymethurea 8492 8493 8494 8495
bp/˚C
258 33
3153-26-2 600-18-0 692-29-5 328-50-7 3128-07-2 3128-06-1 392-12-1 14698-29-4 626-96-0 542-05-2 1821-02-9 123-76-2 102-14-7 555-59-9
C5V 10H14O C6O3 4H C6O3 4H 5HC 6O5 C12O3 7H H10O3 6C C 3 11H9NO C11NO5 13H C5H8O2 5H6O5 C C8O3 5H 5H8OC 3 C3 10H11NO C9NO3 10H
3 3
Testosterone-17-propionate
mp/˚C
Mol. Wt.
10 8 3
Isonitrosoacetone
Physical Form
CAS RN
sl 2HO, chl, lig; s EtOH, eth, tol s H2O, eth; sl bz, ctc, chl 1.376420
s eth, ace, CH3CN vs eth, py, EtOH
218120
sl H2O, eth, ace; i bz, chl; s EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH
20912
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl
sl H2O; s bz, EtOH; vs ace i 2HO, eth; s EtOH, chl 1060.01 dec 358
1.28920 1.41 1.3573
i 2HO; s EtOH, chl; i CH 2Cl2 i eth, chl
14925
s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl DMSO s EtOH, MeOH, chl, bz, eth vs H2O; sl EtOH 1.63420 s H2O, BuOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8458 8459 8460 8461 8462 8463 8464 8465 8466 8467 8468 8469 8470 8471
Mol. Form.
O O
O
O
V O
O
O
Oxobis(2,4-pentanedione)vanadium
2-Oxobutanoicacid
O
HO
OH
OH 4-Oxobutanoicacid
O
OH
O
OH
O
6-Oxoheptanoicacid
a-Oxo-1H-indole-3-propanoic acid
5-Oxohexanoicacid
O O
N
O
O O
Oxolinic acid
O
HO
4-Oxopentanal
O
O
OH OH
OH
O
3-Oxopentanedioic acid
H N OH
O
O
O
2-Oxopentanoicacid
O
H N
4-Oxopentanoicacid
4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)butanoic acid
O N
O
O
4-Oxo-4-phenyl-2-butenoic acid
2-Oxopropanal oxime
O HO
OH
N
HO
O
2-Oxopropanenitrile
O
17-(1-Oxopropoxy)-androst-4-en-3-one,(17b)
O
OH
O O
2-Oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylicacid
O
4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid
3-447
Cl Cl O H
N
N
O S Cl O
H
17-Oxosparteine
O
O
O O S Cl O
H 2N
4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl chloride)
O S N O H
O
S
O
O OH
O NH2 N H
H N
N
Cl
Oxybutynin
Cl O
S O O O
4,4’-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide)
Cl
Cl
Cl
Oxycarboxin
Cl Oxychlordane
O
OH
O
O S
N OH Oxycodone
O
O P S O O
O
As O As
F F
Oxydemeton-methyl
O
O
Cl
N O
F
10,10’-Oxydiphenoxarsine
O
O N H
N H
Oxymethurea
N
N
O OH
N OH Oxymetazoline
OH OH N H H
Oxyphenoniumbromide
HO O
H Oxymetholone
OH
N
NH2
Br HO
Oxyphenbutazone
O
Oxyfluorfen
O OH
OH
H N
O
O
HO
OH
O
H
O
O
OH
O
cis-4-Oxo-4-(phenylamino)-2-butenoic acid
O
O As
Oxophenylarsine
O
N H
OH
O
2-Oxoglutaric acid
OH
O
O
HO O HO O Oxytetracycline
O
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly(NH2) Oxytocin
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
OH
O
O
O
O
No.
Paclobutrazol Palustric acid Pamoic acid Pancuronium dibromide Panose Panthesin Pantolactone Pantothenic acid Papaveraldine
Synonym
4-a-Isomaltosylglucose
8505 Papaverine
3-448
8506 8507 8508 8509 8510
Papaverine hydrochloride Paraformaldehyde Paraldehyde Paramethadione Paraoxon
8511 8512 8513 8514
Paraquat Pararosaniline hydrochloride Parasorbic acid Parathion
Cerespan 2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane O,O-DiethylO-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate Basic fuchsin
8515 Patchouli alcohol 8516 Pebulate 8517 Pelargonidin chloride
Mol. Form.
Mol. Wt.
CH20ClN3O 15 C30O2 20H CH16O6 23 H60Br2N2O4 35C CH32O16 18 CH32N2O5S 18 H10O3 6C 9HC 17NO5 C20H19NO5
76738-62-0 1945-53-5 130-85-8 15500-66-0 33401-87-5 135-44-4 599-04-2 79-83-4 522-57-6
293.792 302.451 388.369 732.670 504.437 388.522 130.141 219.235 353.369
C20H21NO4
58-74-2
339.386
61-25-6 30525-89-4 123-63-7 115-67-3 311-45-5
375.847 30.026 132.157 157.167 275.195
ye visc oil nd (al),cry (bz, 210.5 peth) wh pr (al-eth), 147.5 nd (chl-peth) wh mcl pr (w) 224.5 164 dec 12.6 liq oily liq
C12H14N2 C 3 19H18ClN H8O2 6C CH14NO5PS 10
4685-14-7 569-61-9 10048-32-5 56-38-2
186.252 323.819 112.127 291.261
cation pale viol pow oily lig ye liq
C26O 15H C10H21NOS C11ClO5 15H
5986-55-0 1114-71-2 134-04-3
222.366 203.345 306.698
83-14-7 2152-34-3 40487-42-1
237.295 176.172 281.308
red br hyg >350 (anh) pr or pl pl (al, peth) 111.5 cry 256 dec 56
18840-45-4 61-33-6
268.354 334.390
amor wh pow
54-35-3 87-08-1 87-84-3
570.700 350.389 513.085
cry cry
H3Br5 7C C6HBr5O
87-83-2 608-71-9
486.619 488.591
20CH22ClNO4 (CH2O)x CO3 6H12 H11NO3 7C C10H14NO6P
H19NO3 13C 2-Amino-5-phenyl-4(5 H)-oxazolone C9H8N2O2 N-(1-Ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-C13H19N3O4 dinitroaniline 8521 Penicillamine cysteine disulfide 8H16NC 2O4S2 8522 Penicillin G Benzylpenicillinic acid 16H18N2OC 4S
8518 Pellotine 8519 Pemoline 8520 Pendimethalin
8523 Penicillin G procaine 8524 Penicillin V 8525 1,2,3,4,5-Pentabromo-6chlorocyclohexane 8526 Pentabromomethylbenzene 8527 Pentabromophenol
HCN O S H N OC S C6H6Br5Cl 29 38 4 6
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
16 18 2 5
8528 1,1,1,3,3-Pentabromo-2-propanone
Pentabromoacetone
3
HBr5O C
79-49-2
452.559
8529 Pentac 8530 Pentacene
Dienochlor Benzo[b]naphthacene
CCl10 10 C 22H14
2227-17-0 135-48-8
474.637 278.346
HCCl5N H ClC5O
527-20-8 1825-21-4
265.352 280.363
8531 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroaniline 8532 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroanisole
6 2
Methyl pentachlorophenyl ether
Physical Form
CAS RN
7 3
wh cry cry (MeOH) cry pa ye pow (al)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
166 164.5 315 215 223 dec 158 92
den/g cm-3
nD
1.22
Solubility i H2O; vs ace, MeOH; s xyl, hx
sl chl vs H2O, EtOH vs2H O, bz, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sub 135
1.33720
1.625
sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s ace, bz, py vs H2O, EtOH
0.5 161
0.994320 1.12125 1.268325
1.404920 1.44925 1.5096
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, bz, eth s eth
15 100 375
1.07918 1.268120
1.473620 1.537025
0.990665 0.945820
1.502965 1.475220
vs H2O, eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc; vs EtOH, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, MeOH s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl, MeOH
124.3
269 dec 6.1 56 14220
vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth i H2O, eth, ace; sl hot EtOH dec
1.1925
195
mcl pr (HOAc) nd (al) nd (w, al) pr (eth) tan cry (peth) ye grn nd or lf (xyl) nd (al) nd MeOH
1.255525
108 dec 124 dec 204
2.9717
sl H2O; s MeOH, EtOH, eth, chl, bz, ace s H2O, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s os
288 229.5
sub
i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc; sl eth
79.5
sub
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl
122 >300 dec 233.0 108.5
i H2O; sl bz; s PhNO2 vs eth, EtOH, lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8496 8497 8498 8499 8500 8501 8502 8503 8504
Name
O HO HO HO
N N Cl
O
OH O
Br
O
OH
N
N
Panose
O
HO
N
H2N
O Panthesin
O
N H
OH
Pantolactone
O
O
O
O N
O
N
O
O
O
OH
N
O
O HCl O
O
Pantothenic acid
Papaveraldine
O
Papaverine
Papaverinehydrochloride
NH
3-449
O H
O
O
O
N
O
H O
Paraldehyde
Paramethadione
x
Paraformaldehyde
O O
O
N O
HCl
O P O O
O O
N Paraoxon
N
H2N
NH2
Paraquat
O
Pararosaniline hydrochloride
O
N O
Parasorbicacid
O P O S
Parathion
OH OH
HO S
HO
N
O
Patchouli alcohol
Pebulate
H N
H N
S
O
O
N
O
OH
OH
O
N
Br
Br Br
Pentabromophenol
Pemoline
H N
O O
OH
O
Penicillin G procaine
Br Br
Penicillin V
Br
1,1,1,3,3-Pentabromo-2-propanone
S
OH NH2
Penicillamine cysteinedisulfide
Br
H S
Cl
N
OH
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
1,2,3,4,5-Pentabromo-6-chlorocyclohexane
Pentabromomethylbenzene
O
NH2 Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Pentacene
Br
Br
Cl Cl Cl
Pentac
Br
Br
Cl Br
Br
Pendimethalin
O
O
O
O S
HO O
N
O
OH Br
NH2
O
O S
Penicillin G
O
NH O N
NH
O Pellotine
H
O
Br
N
O N
OH
Pelargonidin chloride
H
NH
O
Cl
H
O
O
O
2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroaniline
Cl Cl Cl
2,3,4,5,6-Pentachloroanisole
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Pancuroniumdibromide
O
OH
OH OH
OH
O OH O S O
OH
O
HO
Pamoicacid
O
O
OH
OH
O
Palustric acid
O
O
HO
Br
HO
Paclobutrazol
HO
OH
N
O
O
HO
O
H
No. 8533 8534 8535 8536 8537
Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorobenzenethiol 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl p1,2,3,4,7-Pentachlorodibenzodioxin Pentachloroethane Pentachlorofluoroethane Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol
8542 8543 8544 8545 8546 8547 8548 8549 8550
3-450
1,1,2,2,3-Pentachloropropane 1,1,2,3,3-Pentachloro-1-propene Pentachloropyridine 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene Pentacontane Pentacosane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8Pentadecafluoro-1-octanol 8551 Pentadecanal 8552 Pentadecane 8553 Pentadecanoic acid
8554 8555 8556 8557 8558 8559 8560 8561 8562 8563 8564 8565 8566 8567 8568
1-Pentadecanol 2-Pentadecanone 8-Pentadecanone 1-Pentadecene Pentadecylamine Pentadecylbenzene 3-Pentadecyl-1,2-benzenediol Pentadecylcyclohexane 3-Pentadecylphenol 1-Pentadecyne 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene
8569 8570 8571 8572
1,4-Pentadien-3-ol 1,3-Pentadiyne Pentaerythritol Pentaerythritol tetraacetate
Synonym Pentachlorophenyl mercaptan
Refrigerant 120
1,1-Dihydroperfluorooctanol
Pentadecylic acid
Pentadecanamine 3-Pentadecylcatechol
Ethylallene cis-Piperylene trans-Piperylene 1,3-Dimethylallene
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
86 231.5 123.5 78.5 195
277
1.834216
Mol. Wt.
C6HCl5 6HClC 5S H5Cl5 12C H5Cl5 12C C12H3Cl5O2
608-93-5 133-49-3 18259-05-7 37680-73-2 39227-61-7
250.337 282.402 326.433 326.433 356.416
nd (al)
HCl C5 CCl5F NO2 6Cl5C HCl5O 6C
76-01-7 354-56-3 82-68-8 87-86-5
202.294 220.284 295.335 266.336
liq -28.78 col liq 101.3 cry (al) 144 mcl pr (al + 1w) 174 nd (bz)
C3H3Cl5 C3HCl5 C5N 5Cl C3Cl5 7H C 50H102 C25H52 C 7HF15 C 15O2 8HF H3F15O 8C
16714-68-4 1600-37-9 2176-62-7 877-11-2 6596-40-3 629-99-2 375-83-7 335-67-1 307-30-2
216.321 214.305 251.326 264.364 703.345 352.681 370.059 414.069 400.085
C15H30O C15H32 O2 15H30C
2765-11-9 629-62-9 1002-84-2
226.398 212.415 242.398
C15H32O C15H30O C15H30O C15H30 15HC33N C21H36 CO2 21H36 CH42 21 CH36O 21 C15H28 5HC 8 C5H8 C5H8 H8 5C 5H8 C
629-76-5 2345-28-0 818-23-5 13360-61-7 2570-26-5 2131-18-2 492-89-7 6006-95-7 501-24-6 765-13-9 591-95-7 1574-41-0 2004-70-8 591-93-5 591-96-8
228.414 226.398 226.398 210.399 227.430 288.511 320.510 294.558 304.510 208.383 68.118 68.118 68.118 68.118 68.118
43.9 39.5 cry (al) 43 liq -1.4 37.3 22 nd (to, peth) 59.5 29 nd (peth) 53.5 10 liq -137.3 liq -140.8 liq -87.4 vol liq or gas -148.2 liq -125.6
922-65-6 4911-55-1 115-77-5 597-71-7
84.117 64.086 136.147 304.293
liq cry (dil HCl) tetr nd (w, bz)
2
HO C H C 5HC 12O4 2,2-Bis[(acetyloxy)methyl]-1,3C13H20O8 propanediol diacetate 5 8
Methyldiacetylene
mp/˚C
CAS RN
2
Quintozene
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
5 4
nd (peth) cry (EtOH) cry (bz/MeOH)
nd (bz, peth)
waxy solid nd pl (dil al, HOAc) cry (peth)
nD
i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS 2 i 2HO i 2HO
162.0 138 dec 328 dec 310
1.679620 25 1.74 1.71825 1.97822
1.502520
1.63325 1.631734
1.509825 1.531320
0.801220 1.72525
1.449120 1.269025
54.3 47
181500 185 280 301 575.0 401.9; 28240 96.0 188 164; 688
24.5 9.95 52.3
18525 270.6 0.768520 257100, 1581 0.842380
1.431520 1.425480
125.5 224.8 92.1 53.93
-38.5 258 83.5
Solubility
300 294 291 268.2 307.6 373
0.834725 0.818239 0.818039 0.776420 0.810420 0.854820
1.438920 1.448020 1.481520
373 2308, 1971.5 268 44.9 44.1 42 26 48.2
0.826720
1.458820
0.792820 0.692620 0.691020 0.671025 20 0.6608 0.695020
1.441920 1.420920 1.436320 1.430120 1.388820 1.428420
115.5 55 sub
0.86023 0.790920
1.440017 1.443121 1.548
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, chl i H2O; sl lig; vs EtOH, eth; s bz
vs eth vs bz, EtOH, lig sl EtOH, eth, CS 2; s bz, tol, peth s bz, chl
vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; sl tfa
i H2O s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s ace vs eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH
18 1.273
vs ace, bz, EtOH vs ace msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, hp msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, hp i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, hp, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, chl s 2HO; i eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8538 8539 8540 8541
Name
SH Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzenethiol
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
O
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl F
Cl
Cl
2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl
Cl
Cl Cl
1,2,3,4,7-Pentachlorodibenzop-dioxin
Pentachloroethane
N
O
Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Pentachlorofluoroethane
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Pentachlorophenol
1,1,2,2,3-Pentachloropropane
1,1,2,3,3-Pentachloro-1-propene
O
F F F F F F
F F
OH F F F F F F
F
F
Cl
Cl
F F F F F F
N
Cl
H3C(CH2)48CH3
Cl
Pentachloropyridine
F
Cl
Cl
Cl
F F
Cl Cl
2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene
F F F F
F
Pentacontane
Pentacosane
F
F F
1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane
O
F F F F F F OH
OH
O
OH
F F F F F F
Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid
2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-Pentadecafluoro-1-octanol
Pentadecanal
Pentadecane
Pentadecanoicacid
1-Pentadecanol
3-451
O NH2
O 2-Pentadecanone
8-Pentadecanone
1-Pentadecene
OH
Pentadecylamine
Pentadecylbenzene
OH OH C 3-Pentadecyl-1,2-benzenediol
Pentadecylcyclohexane
3-Pentadecylphenol
1-Pentadecyne
O O
O HO
C cis-1,3-Pentadiene
trans-1,3-Pentadiene
1,4-Pentadiene
2,3-Pentadiene
HO
OH 1,4-Pentadien-3-ol
1,3-Pentadiyne
OH
O O
OH
Pentaerythritol
CH2
1,2-Pentadiene
O O O
Pentaerythritol tetraacetate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH Cl
No.
Name
8573 Pentaerythritol tetrakis(2mercaptoacetate) 8574 Pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate
Synonym
Tetramethylolmethane tetramethacrylate
8602 8603 8604 8605 8606 8607
1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine Pentamethylsilanamine Pentanal Pentanamide 3-Pentanamine Pentane
8608 8609 8610 8611
Pentanedial 1,5-Pentanediamine Pentanedinitrile 1,2-Pentanediol, (±)
8592 8593 8594 8595 8596
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C13H20O8S4
10193-99-4
432.553
liq
C21H28O8
3253-41-6
408.442
78-11-5
316.138
605-01-6 6074-84-6 771-60-8 653-37-2 363-72-4 771-62-0 602-94-8 773-82-0 354-33-6 827-15-6 389-40-2 771-61-9 1814-88-6 422-05-9 771-56-2 384-04-3
218.377 406.251 183.079 196.074 168.064 200.129 212.074 193.074 120.021 293.960 198.090 184.063 134.048 150.047 182.091 212.041
CH N O S HC O
5534-95-2 480-18-2
767.892 304.252
HC Br2N2 CH C5H20O5Si5
541-20-8 700-12-9 6166-86-5
348.161 148.245 300.638
CH CH H22 10C H22 10C H16O 11C
13475-82-6 123-48-8 16747-44-7 16747-45-8 2819-86-5
170.334 168.319 142.282 142.282 164.244
H NC H CNSi H10O 5C H11NO 5C H13N 5C C5H12
79-55-0 2083-91-2 110-62-3 626-97-1 616-24-0 109-66-0
155.281 117.266 86.132 101.147 87.164 72.149
HCO HC N 5H6N2 C H12O2 5C
111-30-8 462-94-2 544-13-8 91049-43-3
100.117 102.178 94.115 104.148
5 8 4 12
CH H O TaC 6HC2F5N C7HF5O C6HF5 C 5S 6HF C 5O2 7HF N 7F5C C 2HF5 F5I 6C C5O 7H3F C6HF5O 3HC 3F5 C3H3F5O H3F5 7C C5F8 16 26
Ethanol, tantalum(5+) salt
Methyl pentafluorophenyl ether Refrigerant 245cb
10 25 5
37 49 7 9
Taxifolin
15 12 7
11 28 11 16
12 26 12 24
Pempidine
10 21 5 15
Valeraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde Cadaverine Glutaronitrile
5 8 2
5 14 2
mp/˚C
bp/˚C 2501
den/g cm-3
nD
1.38525
1.547020
Solubility
53.5 tetr (ace) pr (ace-al)
<-20
liq liq
col gas liq liq
34 20 -47.4 -24 101 1.2 -103 -29 -37 37.5
col gas liq
col nd
pr (al) liq liq liq liq liq nd (al, peth, ace)
1.77320
140.5
-29.78
277 1511 153.5 167 85.74 143 220 162 -48.1 166 138.5 145.6 -17.4 2650 117.5 39
sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, py
0.897119
1.512720
1.51425 1.50125
1.450620 1.390520 1.464520
1.56320
1.440225
2.21220 1.49320
1.495025 1.408720 1.426320
1.44020 1.5270
1.401625 1.30000
230 dec 227 dec 301 54.5 -108 -67 -36.4 -38.7 128
liq -91.5 mcl pl (peth, al) 106 liq
-129.67
liq
11.83 -29
vs ace, bz, eth i H2O, bz, EtOH, eth s chl
232 169
0.91720 0.998520
1.52720 1.391220
177.8 180.5 166.1 159.3 267
0.746320
1.444020
0.776725 0.763625
1.436120 1.430720
147 86 103 225 89 36.06
0.85800 0.740020 0.809520 110 0.8735 0.748720 0.626220
1.455021 1.437924 1.394420 1.4183110 1.406320 1.357520
dec 188 179 286 209
0.87325 0.991115 0.972320
1.46320 1.429520 1.439719
sl H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s chl
i H2O; s EtOH
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s EtOH; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc msc H2O, EtOH; s bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs EtOH, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-452
8597 8598 8599 8600 8601
Pentaethylbenzene Pentaethyl tantalate 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroaniline Pentafluorobenzaldehyde Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorobenzenethiol Pentafluorobenzoic acid Pentafluorobenzonitrile Pentafluoroethane Pentafluoroiodobenzene Pentafluoromethoxybenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1,1,2,4,4-Pentafluoro-3(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-butadiene Pentagastrin trans-3,3’,4’,5,7Pentahydroxyflavanone, (±) Pentamethonium bromide Pentamethylbenzene 2,4,6,8,10Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl-3-heptene 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane Pentamethylphenol
CAS RN
H N OC
8575 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate 8576 8577 8578 8579 8580 8581 8582 8583 8584 8585 8586 8587 8588 8589 8590 8591
Mol. Form.
O
O
SH O
O
SH
O
O
O
O
O
HS
O
HO
SH
F
F
Pentaethylbenzene
Pentaethyl tantalate
O
F
F
F F
Pentafluorobenzoic acid
F
F
F
F F F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F F F
2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroaniline Pentafluorobenzaldehyde
Pentafluoroiodobenzene
F
F F
F
F
F
O
O
F O
N H
N H
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Pentafluorobenzonitrile Pentafluoroethane
F
2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene
F
F
Pentafluorobenzene
OH F
F
F
3-453 F
F
F
F
F F F
Pentafluorophenol
F F
F F
1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane
OH F
2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol
O H N
OH O H N
O N H
O
OH O OH NH2
O
HO
OH
O
S
1,1,2,4,4-Pentafluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-butadiene
F F
F F
Pentafluoromethoxybenzene
H N
F
F
O
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
F
F
Pentafluorobenzenethiol
F
O O O Ta O O
I
F
F
O N
O
NH2
N
O F
F
O O N O
O
Pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate
F
F
O
O N O O
O
O
Pentaerythritol tetrakis(2-mercaptoacetate)
F
O
O
N O
OH
Pentagastrin
trans-3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavanone, (±)
Br
Br
N
N
Pentamethonium bromide
OH O Si Pentamethylbenzene
Si
Si O
O Si
Si O
N
2,4,6,8,10-Pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane
2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethyl-3-heptene
2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane
2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane
Pentamethylphenol
1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine
O
N
Pentamethylsilanamine
O Si
O Pentanal
OH NH2
Pentanamide
NH2 3-Pentanamine
O Pentane
O Pentanedial
H 2N
NH2 1,5-Pentanediamine
N
N Pentanedinitrile
OH 1,2-Pentanediol, (±)
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
HS
O O
O
No.
Name 1,4-Pentanediol 1,5-Pentanediol 2,3-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanediol 1,5-Pentanediol diacetate 2,3-Pentanedione 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanedioyl dichloride Pentanenitrile 1-Pentanethiol 2-Pentanethiol 3-Pentanethiol Pentanoic acid Pentanoic anhydride 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 2-Pentanone oxime Pentanoyl chloride Pentaphene 1,2,3,5,6-Pentathiepane Pentatriacontane 18-Pentatriacontanone Pentazocine 4-Pentenal 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene
8642 8643 8644 8645 8646 8647 8648 8649 8650 8651 8652 8653 8654 8655 8656
trans-3-Pentenenitrile 4-Pentenenitrile trans-3-Pentenoic acid 4-Pentenoic acid 1-Penten-3-ol cis-2-Penten-1-ol trans-2-Penten-1-ol 3-Penten-2-ol, (±) 4-Penten-1-ol 4-Penten-2-ol 1-Penten-3-one trans-3-Penten-2-one 2-(3-Pentenyl)pyridine 1-Penten-3-yne 1-Penten-4-yne
Pentamethylene glycol 2,4-Amylene glycol Pentamethylene acetate Acetylpropionyl Acetylacetone Valeronitrile Pentyl mercaptan sec-Pentyl mercaptan 3-Pentyl mercaptan Valeric acid Amyl alcohol sec-Amyl alcohol Diethyl carbinol Methyl propyl ketone Diethyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone oxime Valeroyl chloride 2,3:6,7-Dibenzphenanthrene Lenthionine
a-Amylene cis-b-Amylene trans-b-Amylene
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
H12O2 5C O2 5H12C H12O2 5C 5HC 12O2 9H16O4 C O2 5H8C 5HC 8O2 Cl2O2 5H6C 5H9N C S 5H12C H12S 5C S 5H12C O2 5H10C H18O3 10C C12O 5H C5H12O O 5H12C 5HC 10O 5HC 10O NO 5H11C C 5H9ClO H14 22C C5 2H4S C72 35H C70O 35H CH27NO 19 C5H8O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10
626-95-9 111-29-5 42027-23-6 625-69-4 6963-44-6 600-14-6 123-54-6 2873-74-7 110-59-8 110-66-7 2084-19-7 616-31-9 109-52-4 2082-59-9 71-41-0 6032-29-7 584-02-1 107-87-9 96-22-0 623-40-5 638-29-9 222-93-5 292-46-6 630-07-9 504-53-0 359-83-1 2100-17-6 109-67-1 627-20-3 646-04-8
104.148 104.148 104.148 104.148 188.221 100.117 100.117 169.006 83.132 104.214 104.214 104.214 102.132 186.248 88.148 88.148 88.148 86.132 86.132 101.147 120.577 278.346 188.378 492.947 506.930 285.423 84.117 70.133 70.133 70.133
HCN HCN C8O2 5H 5H8O2C C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O O 5H8C C5H8O C13N 10H 5H6C C5H6
16529-66-1 592-51-8 1617-32-9 591-80-0 616-25-1 1576-95-0 1576-96-1 42569-16-4 821-09-0 625-31-0 1629-58-9 3102-33-8 2057-43-4 646-05-9 871-28-3
81.117 81.117 100.117 100.117 86.132 86.132 86.132 86.132 86.132 86.132 84.117 84.117 147.217 66.102 66.102
5 7 5 7
Allylacetic acid
Ethyl vinyl ketone
Methylvinylacetylene
Physical Form
mp/˚C
liq
-18
2 dk ye liq liq
-23
liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq liq
-96.2 -75.65 -169 -110.8 -33.6 -56.1 -77.6 -73 -69 -76.8 -39
liq ye grn lf(xyl) cry (al) lf (lig) cry (MeOH aq) vol liq or gas liq liq
-110 257 60.5 74.6 89.0 147 -165.12 -151.36 -140.21
liq
liq
-22.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
202; 12510 239 187.5; 10017 199; 9713 241; 1233 108 138 217 141.3 126.6 112.9 105 186.1 227 137.98 119.3 116.25 102.26 101.7 168 109
0.988320 0.991420 0.979819 0.963520 1.029620 0.956519 0.972125 1.32420 0.800820 0.85020 0.832720 0.841020 0.933925 0.92420 0.814420 0.809420 0.820320 0.80920 0.809825 0.909520 15 1.0155
1.445223 1.449420 1.441225 1.434920 1.426119 1.401419 1.449420 1.472820 1.397120 1.446920 1.441220 1.444720 1.408520 1.417126 1.410120 1.405320 1.410420 1.389520 1.390525 1.445020 1.420020
vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl s eth; sl chl s eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, lig s EtOH; sl DMSO s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH i2O; H sl EtOH, xyl, eth; s bz
490 0.1 270
0.815720 0.79395
1.456820
i H2O; sl eth; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, chl
99 29.96 36.93 36.34
0.85220 20 0.6405 0.655620 0.643125
1.419120 1.371520 1.383020 1.379320
i H2O; s eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, dil sulf i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; vs dil sulf
144 140 193.2 188.5 115 138 138 121.6; 6570 141 116 103; 4490 122 216; 9312 59.5 42.5
0.837 0.823924 0.98919 0.980920 0.83920 0.852920 0.847120 0.832825 0.845720 0.836720 0.846820 0.862420 0.923425 0.740120 0.73816
1.422020 1.421314 1.428120 1.423920 1.435420 1.434120 1.428020 1.430920 1.422520 1.419520 1.435020 1.507625 1.449620 1.412516
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth, ace vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, eth, ace, ctc vs bz, eth i H2O; s eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-454
8612 8613 8614 8615 8616 8617 8618 8619 8620 8621 8622 8623 8624 8625 8626 8627 8628 8629 8630 8631 8632 8633 8634 8635 8636 8637 8638 8639 8640 8641
Synonym
O
OH OH HO
1,4-Pentanediol
O
OH
OH 1,5-Pentanediol
2,3-Pentanediol
1-Pentanethiol
2,4-Pentanediol
SH 2-Pentanethiol
O
O OH
3-Pentanethiol
O
O
Cl
2,3-Pentanedione
2,4-Pentanedione
O
Cl
N
Pentanedioyl dichloride
Pentanenitrile
OH
O
OH
O
Pentanoicacid
O
O
O
1,5-Pentanediol diacetate
O
SH SH
O
Pentanoicanhydride
OH
1-Pentanol
2-Pentanol
O
3-Pentanol
2-Pentanone
3-Pentanone
H HO
3-455
S S
O
N
Cl 2-Pentanoneoxime
Pentanoylchloride
Pentaphene
S S S
N
1,2,3,5,6-Pentathiepane
Pentatriacontane
18-Pentatriacontanone
O N
O 4-Pentenal
1-Pentene
cis-2-Pentene
trans-2-Pentene
OH trans-2-Penten-1-ol
trans-3-Pentenenitrile
3-Penten-2-ol,(±)
4-Penten-1-ol
N
OH trans-3-Pentenoicacid
OH 4-Pentenoicacid
OH 1-Penten-3-ol
OH cis-2-Penten-1-ol
O N
O 4-Penten-2-ol
Pentazocine
O
4-Pentenenitrile
OH OH
OH
HO
O
1-Penten-3-one
trans-3-Penten-2-one
2-(3-Pentenyl)pyridine
1-Penten-3-yne
1-Penten-4-yne
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
O
OH OH
No.
Name cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne Pentetic acid Pentostatin
8661 8662 8663 8664
Pentryl Pentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetateR)( Pentylamine
-Pentylaniline 8665 4-tert 8666 Pentylbenzene
3-456
8667 8668 8669 8670 8671 8672 8673 8674 8675 8676 8677 8678 8679 8680 8681 8682 8683 8684 8685 8686 8687
Pentyl benzoate 4-Pentylbenzoyl chloride Pentyl butanoate tert -Pentyl carbamate Pentyl chloroformate Pentylcyclohexane Pentylcyclopentane Pentyl formate Pentyl heptanoate Pentyl hexanoate 1-Pentylnaphthalene Pentyl nitrite Pentyl nonanoate Pentyl octanoate 4-(Pentyloxy)benzoyl chloride Pentyl pentanoate 4-Pentylphenol Pentyl propanoate Pentyl salicylate Pentyl stearate 1-Pentyne
8688 8689 8690 8691 8692 8693
2-Pentyne 4-Pentynoic acid 2-Pentyn-1-ol 3-Pentyn-1-ol 4-Pentyn-1-ol Perazine
8694 8695 8696 8697
Perfluidone Perfluoroacetone Perfluorobutane Perfluoro-2-butene
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
1574-40-9 2004-69-5 67-43-6 53910-25-1
66.102 66.102 393.347 268.270
4481-55-4 628-63-7 54638-10-7 110-58-7
362.167 130.185 130.185 87.164
11 16
HC N CH
2049-92-5 538-68-1
163.260 148.245
CH O H C ClO O2 9H18C C6H13NO2 6HC 11ClO2 CH22 11 H20 10C O2 6H12C CO2 12H24 C22O2 11H H18 15C 5H11NO2C 14HC 28O2 CO2 13H26 C15ClO2 12H H20O2 10C CH16O 11 H16O2 8C 12HC16O3 H46O2 23C C8 5H
2049-96-9 49763-65-7 540-18-1 590-60-3 638-41-5 4292-92-6 3741-00-2 638-49-3 7493-82-5 540-07-8 86-89-5 463-04-7 61531-45-1 638-25-5 36823-84-4 2173-56-0 14938-35-3 624-54-4 2050-08-0 6382-13-4 627-19-0
192.254 210.699 158.238 131.173 150.603 154.293 140.266 116.158 200.318 186.292 198.304 117.147 228.371 214.344 226.699 172.265 164.244 144.212 208.253 354.610 68.118
C5H8 5H6OC 2 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C20H25N3S
627-21-4 6089-09-4 6261-22-9 10229-10-4 5390-04-5 84-97-9
68.118 98.101 84.117 84.117 84.117 339.498
C14H12F3NO4S2 C 3F6O C 4F10 C4F8
37924-13-3 684-16-2 355-25-9 360-89-4
379.375 166.021 238.027 200.030
C5H6 C5H6 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid 14H23N3O10C C16N4O4 11H 2-(N,2,4,6-Tetranitroanilino)ethanol8H6NC6O11 O2 Amyl acetate 7H14C sec-Amyl acetateR() C7H14O2 Amylamine 5HC 13N 11 17
Amylbenzene
12 16 2 12 15
Amyl butyrate tert -Amyl carbamate
Amyl formate Amyl enanthate Amyl caproate Amyl nitrite Pentyl pelargonate Amyl octanoate
Propylacetylene
Propargylacetic acid
10-[3-(4-Methyl-1-piperazinyl) propyl]-10H-phenothiazine Hexafluoroacetone Decafluorobutane
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
44.6 52.2 cry (w) wh cry (MeOH aq) wh-ye cry liq
219 222 129 -70.8
s H2O, alk
1.82 0.875620 0.880318 0.754420
1.402320 1.401220 1.44820
0.858520
1.487820
13715 14410, 1218 186.4
1.03625 0.871315
1.530020 1.412320
6115 203.7 180 130.4 245.4 226 307 104.5 13120 260.2 19830, 18225 203.7 250.5 168.6 270
0.803720 0.791220 0.885320 0.862320 0.861225 0.965620 0.881720 0.850625 0.861320 1.08725 0.863820 0.96020 0.876125 1.06415
liq
-55
149.2 142 104.3
liq
-75
260.5 205.4
liq nd (dil al)
-73.2 86
liq liq liq liq liq liq
-57.5 -83 -73.5 -50 -47 -22
liq
-27 -34.8
liq liq
-78.8 23 -73.1
pl liq
30 -90
liq liq
-109.3 57.7 -49.7
cry
52
56.1 0.705825 11030, 10217 154; 6115 0.90920 154 0.900220 154 0.91320 1650.001
col gas col gas col gas
143 -125.45 -129.1 -129
-27.4 -1.9 1.5
40.1
0.690120
1.648425 1.529725
1.418118 1.443720 1.435620 1.399220 1.426315 1.420225 1.572520 1.385120 1.431820 1.426225 1.543420 1.416420 1.527225 1.409615 1.50620 1.434250 1.385220 1.403920
i H2O, ctc; s chl; vs eth, bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs eth, EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; sl chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs ace, bz s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; s bz, chl vs eth, EtOH
1.451817 1.445420 1.441420
s bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8657 8658 8659 8660
Synonym
OH N HN
COOH HOOC
N
HO
N HOOC
O
N
N NO2 O
O
N
O
trans-3-Penten-1-yne
O
OH
Pentetic acid
N
Pentostatin
O
NH2
O O
O
Pentryl
O
Pentylacetate
sec-Pentylacetate(R)
Cl
O
NH2 Pentylamine
O
O
O
H2N
O 4-tert -Pentylaniline
Pentylbenzene
Pentylbenzoate
4-Pentylbenzoylchloride
Pentylbutanoate
3-457
Pentylcyclohexane
Pentylcyclopentane
O
Pentylheptanoate
Cl
O
Pentylnonanoate
N
O
Pentylnitrite
OH
O
Pentyloctanoate
O
1-Pentylnaphthalene
O
O
O
O Pentylchloroformate
O
Pentylhexanoate
O O
Cl
O
O
Pentylformate
O
tert -Pentylcarbamate
O
O O
O
O O
O
4-(Pentyloxy)benzoylchloride
Pentylpentanoate
4-Pentylphenol
Pentylpropanoate
O O
O
O
OH
OH
OH Pentylsalicylate
Pentylstearate
1-Pentyne
2-Pentyne
4-Pentynoicacid
2-Pentyn-1-ol
OH
OH 3-Pentyn-1-ol
4-Pentyn-1-ol
N N N
O O S
O O S
N H
S Perazine
Perfluidone
F
O F F
F F
F
F
F F
Perfluoroacetone
F F
F
F
F F
F F
F
F F
Perfluorobutane
F F
F
F
F F
F
Perfluoro-2-butene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
COOH COOH cis-3-Penten-1-yne
O O2N
N N O
O N
No.
Name
8698 Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran 8699 Perfluorocyclobutane
Synonym Octafluorocyclobutane
Mol. Form. CO 8F16 4FC 8
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
335-36-4 115-25-3
416.059 200.030
C6F12
355-68-0
300.045
8701 8702 8703 8704 8705 8706 8707
C6F10 C10F18 C10F22 C8O2 3F 6FC 14 4HC 5F5O C4H2F8O
355-75-9 306-94-5 307-45-9 53772-78-4 354-96-1 22052-81-9 156053-88-2
262.048 462.078 538.072 220.018 338.042 164.074 218.045
C7F16 C7F14 C6F14 C6F12 F10 4C 4F8C 4HC 3F7O F14 7C F14 6C F14 6C C10F8 C9F20 C8F18 CO2S 8F18 C3F6O C5F12 C3F8 C3F6 C3F7O 4H C 5F5N C7F8 9FC 21N H8N2 11C
335-57-9 355-63-5 355-42-0 755-25-9 354-92-7 382-21-8 22052-84-2 355-02-2 355-04-4 865-71-4 313-72-4 375-96-2 307-34-6 307-35-7 425-82-1 678-26-2 76-19-7 116-15-4 375-03-1 700-16-3 434-64-0 338-83-0 204-02-4
388.049 350.053 338.042 300.045 238.027 200.030 200.055 350.053 338.042 338.042 272.094 488.064 438.057 502.121 166.021 288.035 188.019 150.022 200.055 169.053 236.062 521.069 168.195
CH Cl2O3 H OC 3HC 6O3 C21H26ClN3OS C18H20Cl2
52645-53-1 79-21-0 4212-43-5 58-39-9 72-56-0
8708 8709 8710 8711 8712 8713 8714 8715 8716 8717 8718 8719 8720 8721 8722 8723 8724 8725 8726 8727 8728 8729 8730
Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluorodecalin Perfluorodecane Perfluorodimethoxymethane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Perfluoroheptane Perfluoro-1-heptene Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-1-hexene Perfluoroisobutane Perfluoroisobutene Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorononane Perfluorooctane Perfluorooctylsulfonyl fluoride Perfluorooxetane Perfluoropentane Perfluoropropane Perfluoropropene Perfluoropropyl methyl ether Perfluoropyridine Perfluorotoluene Perfluorotripropylamine 1H-Perimidine
8731 8732 8733 8734 8735
Permethrin Peroxyacetic acid Peroxypropanoic acid Perphenazine Perthane
8736 Perylene 8737 Peucedanin
Perfluoroisobutylene
Pentafluoropyridine
21 20
Ethaneperoxoic acid Propaneperoxoic acid Ethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis( pethylphenyl)Dibenz[de,kl]anthracene
2 4 3
CH
20 12
3-Methoxy-2-isopropyl-7 H-furo[3,2- C15H14O4 g][1]benzopyran-7-one
col gas
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-40.19
102.6 -5.9
62.5 (triple point) liq col gas liq vol liq or gas vol liq or gas
-10 -161 -15
liq
-51.2
liq
-88.2
col gas col gas vol liq or gas liq liq
liq col gas vol liq or gas col gas col gas
liq
-130 -44.7 -115 87.5
-117 -10 -147.70 -156.5
-65.49
grn cry (dil al)
223.0
391.288 76.051 90.078 403.968 307.258
cry or ye liq liq
34 -0.2
198-55-0
252.309
133-26-6
258.270
gold-br, ye pl (bz, HOAc) pr or pl (bzpeth)
den/g cm-3
nD
1.50025 (p>1 atm)
Solubility i H2O; s eth
52.8 sp 52.0 142 144.2 -10 59.8 28.11 27.89
1.665025
82.5 81.0 56.6 57.0 0 7 29.34 76.3 57.6 58.4 209 125.3 105.9 154 -28.4 29.2 -36.6 -29.6 34.23 83.7 104.5 130
1.733320
1.261820
i H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl
1.699520
1.251520
i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs chl
1.59220 20 1.4205 1.787825 1.732620
1.28517 1.256422
s ace, bz, ctc, tol, AcOEt i H2O; s bz s bz
1.80025 1.7320
1.28220
i H2O
1.583-40
i2OH i H2O i H2O
2000.01 110 exp 119.7
1.29320 i H2O
1.409220
1.8224
1.2320 1.22615
1.367020 1.27925
1.397420 1.414815
i2O; H s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl DMSO i H2O; s os vs H2O, eth, sulf; s EtOH
97 56 1.3525
277.76 85
27817
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs ace, chl; s bz sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; vs chl, CS 2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-458
8700 Perfluorocyclohexane
Physical Form
F F F FF
F F
F F F
F
F F
F
F
O
F
F
F F
F F
F
F F
F
F F F
Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorocyclohexane Perfluorocyclohexene
F F
O F
F
F F
F F
F F F F
F
Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether
F
F F
F F
F F F F
F
F F F
3-459
F
F F
F F
F
F F F F F F F
Perfluoromethylcyclohexane
F
F F
F
F F F F F F F
F F
F
F
FF
F F
F
F
F F
F F
F
F F
F F
F
F F O
O
F F
F
F F F F F
F
F F F F
O F
PerfluorodimethoxymethanePerfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutanePerfluoroethyl ethylether
F
F
F F
F F F F
F F F F
F
F
F F
F
Perfluoro-1-hexene
F
F
F
F
F F F
F F
Perfluoroisobutane
F
F
F F
F
F F
F
Perfluoroisobutene
F
F F O
F
Perfluoroisopropyl methylether
F F
F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F
Perfluoro-3-methylpentane
F F
Perfluorodecane
Perfluorohexane
F
F F
Perfluoro-2-methylpentane
F
Perfluoro-1-heptene
F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F
Perfluoroheptane
F F F F F F F F
Perfluorodecalin
F F F
F F F F F F
F
F F F F
F F F F F F
F
F F
F F
F
F F
F
F
Perfluoronaphthalene
F
F F F F F F
F F
F F
F
F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
Perfluorononane
F
F F
F F
F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
Perfluorooctane
O S F O
Perfluorooctylsulfonyl fluoride
F F F
F
F F
F F
O F
Perfluorooxetane
F
F F
F
Perfluoropentane
F
F F
F F F F
F
F F
F F
F
F
F F
Perfluoropropane
F F
F F
F
Perfluoropropene
F F
F
O F
F
Perfluoropropylmethylether
F
F
F F
F F
N
Perfluoropyridine
F
F F
F
F F F F
F
F
F
F F
F
Perfluorotoluene
F
F
F
N F F
F F F F F
F F
N
NH
F F
Perfluorotripropylamine
1H-Perimidine
S N
Cl O
Cl O
Permethrin
O
O
O O
OH
Peroxyaceticacid
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
N O
OH
Peroxypropanoicacid
N Perphenazine
O
OH Perthane
Perylene
O Peucedanin
O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
F F
F F F F F F
F F
F
F
F F
F
F
F F
F F F
F
F
F
F
F F
F
F
F F
F
No.
Name
8738 Phalloidin 8739 Phalloin 8740 a-Phellandrene
8744 9,10-Phenanthrenedione
2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1,3cyclohexadiene p-Mentha-1(7),2-diene
3-460
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
H48N8O11S 35C CH48N8O10S 35 C10H16
17466-45-4 28227-92-1 99-83-2
788.868 772.869 136.234
CH CH N C14H10
555-10-2 947-73-9 85-01-8
136.234 193.244 178.229
HC O
84-11-7
208.213
CH N
229-87-8
179.217
CH N
230-46-6
180.205
12 8 2
CH N
66-71-7
180.205
CH N C H NO H8N2 12C
230-07-9 5144-89-8 92-82-0
180.205 198.219 180.205
H CN HC N O
655-86-7 528-71-2
210.234 196.204
94-78-0 136-40-3
213.239 249.700
10 16 14 11
Phenanthrenequinone
14 8 2
8745 Phenanthridine
13 9
8746 1,7-Phenanthroline
12 8 2
8747 1,10-Phenanthroline
o-Phenanthroline
8748 4,7-Phenanthroline 8749 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate 8750 Phenazine
o-Phenanthroline monohydrate Dibenzopyrazine
8751 2,3-Phenazinediamine 8752 1-Phenazinol 8753 Phenazopyridine 8754 Phenazopyridine hydrochloride 8755 8756 8757 8758 8759 8760 8761
Phencarbamide Phendimetrazine Phenethicillin potassium Phenicin Phenindamine Phenmedipham Phenobarbital
8762 Phenol 8763 Phenolphthalein 8764 Phenolphthalin 8765 Phenolphthalol 8766 Phenol Red 8767 10H-Phenothiazine 8768 8769 8770 8771
Phenothrin 10H-Phenoxazine Phenoxyacetic acid Phenoxyacetyl chloride
12 8 2
2,3-Diaminophenazine Hemipyocyanine
12 10 2
12 10 4 12 8 2
N5 2,6-Diamino-3-phenylazopyridine 11H11C 3-(Phenylazo)-2,6-pyridinediamine, C11H12ClN5 monohydrochloride C19H24N2OS 3,4-Dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine 12H17NO C C 2O5S 17H19KN CH10O6 14 CH19N 19 C16H16N2O4 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)C12H12N2O3 pyrimidinetrione Hydroxybenzene C6H6O 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3 H)C20H14O4 isobenzofuranone 2-[Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) C20H16O4 methyl]benzoic acid CH18O3 20 Phenolsulfonphthalein 19HC 14O5S Thiodiphenylamine C 12H9NS CH26O3 23 C12H9NO C8O3 8H C7ClO2 8H
3735-90-8 634-03-7 132-93-4 128-68-7 82-88-2 13684-63-4 50-06-6
328.471 191.269 402.506 274.225 261.361 300.309 232.234
Physical Form nd (w) cry (w)
mp/˚C 281 (hyd) 250 dec 238
lt ye cry (al) 138.3 mcl pl (al), lf 99.24 (sub) oran nd (to) 209 oran-red pl (sub) nd (dil al) 107.4 pl (anh), nd (w+2) wh nd (bz) cry (w+1) nd (w) wh cry pow ye-red nd (HOAc) ye nd ye nd (bz, dil MeOH) red cry ye-red cry
pl (w)
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility s EtOH, MeOH, py
174.9
0.841020
1.47125
i H2O; s eth
171.5 sub 340
0.852020
1.478820
0.98004
1.5943
i H2O, EtOH; s eth sl eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS 2
1.40522
i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s eth
78
360
sl2H O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; s ace s H2O; vs EtOH; i eth, bz, lig
117
>300
vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; i peth
177 93 176.5
sub 100
s H2O, lig; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz, 2CS s EtOH, ace; sl bz sl H2O, eth; s bz, EtOH
264 158
sub sub
vs bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; s bz, py, dil alk
348.9
139 sl H2O, EtOH; i bz, ace; s HOAc 48.5
cry (ace) ye-br (al) cry
bp/˚C
0.01
121 13412, 780.35
235 230.5 91 143 174
108-95-2 77-09-8
94.111 318.323
wh orth nd
40.89 262.5
81-90-3
320.339
nd (w)
230.5
81-92-5 143-74-8 92-84-2
306.355 354.376 199.271
26002-80-2 135-67-1 122-59-8 701-99-5
350.450 183.205 152.148 170.594
cry (dil al) 201.5 dk red nd or pl >300 ye pr (al) ye lf 187.5 or pl (tol) col liq lf (dil al, bz) 156 nd or pl (w) 98.5
vs eth, chl, MeOH, peth s H2O sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl, HOAc 1.17 i H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth; sl DMSO
181.87
45
1.0545 1.27732
1.5408
41
s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; msc ace, bz i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH
sl H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
371 25 1.061
dec dec 285 225.5
1.548325
i H2O; s ace, xyl vs bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2 s eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8741 b-Phellandrene 8742 9-Phenanthrenamine 8743 Phenanthrene
Synonym
HO OH O
NH
O OH
N
N H
O
NH S
HN
O
N H
NH2
NH
O
O
OH N H
O
HO
O
N H
N
O
O
Phalloidin
O a-Phellandrene
Phalloin
b-Phellandrene
9-Phenanthrenamine
Phenanthrene
9,10-Phenanthrenedione
N
OH N
N
N
N
Phenanthridine
N
1,7-Phenanthroline
N
N H2O
N
1,10-Phenanthroline
N
4,7-Phenanthroline
N
1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate
Phenazine
3-461
O
H2N
N
N
N
NH2
H2N
Phenazopyridine
N
N
N
NH2
S
H N O
O
HCl
Phenazopyridinehydrochloride
Phendimetrazine
O H N
H N
O
O
O Phenindamine
Phenmedipham
O
O
O
N O K
O
O
OH HO Phenicin
HO
OH
HO
OH
O NH
O
N 1-Phenazinol
Phenethicillin potassium
O N
NH2
H
O
Phencarbamide
N
N
O
O
N
NH2
2,3-Phenazinediamine
N N
N
OH
Phenobarbital
OH
OH
O
N H
O OH
HO Phenol
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalin
Phenolphthalol
O O S O H N OH
HO Phenol Red
S 10H-Phenothiazine
O O
H N O
O O
O OH
O
Cl
O Phenothrin
10H-Phenoxazine
Phenoxyaceticacid
Phenoxyacetylchloride
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
HO
O HN
NH S
H N
O
O HN HN
OH O
H N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
Phenoxyacetylene 2-Phenoxyaniline 3-Phenoxyaniline 4-Phenoxyaniline
C8H6O 12CH11NO 12CH11NO 12CH11NO
4279-76-9 2688-84-8 3586-12-7 139-59-3
118.133 185.221 185.221 185.221
8776 8777 8778 8779 8780 8781 8782 8783 8784 8785 8786 8787
3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde Phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid 2-Phenoxyethanol 2-Phenoxyethyl acrylate 2-Phenoxyethyl butanoate 3-Phenoxyphenol 4-Phenoxyphenol 2-(3-Phenoxyphenyl)propanoic acid, (±) 3-Phenoxy-1,2-propanediol 2-Phenoxypropanoic acid 2-Phenoxy-1-propanol 1-Phenoxy-2-propanol 1-Phenoxy-2-propanone 2-Phenoxypropanoyl chloride Phenprocoumon
C13H10O2 C18H22ClNO 18CH23Cl2NO CH10O3 13 CH10O3 13 CH10O3 13 C8H10O2 O3 11H12C H16O3 12C C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C15H14O3
39515-51-0 59-96-1 63-92-3 2243-42-7 3739-38-6 2215-77-2 122-99-6 48145-04-6 23511-70-8 713-68-8 831-82-3 31879-05-7
198.217 303.827 340.288 214.216 214.216 214.216 138.164 192.211 208.253 186.206 186.206 242.270
HC O CH O C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C9H10O2 H9ClO2 9C C18H16O3
538-43-2 940-31-8 4169-04-4 770-35-4 621-87-4 122-35-0 435-97-2
168.189 166.173 152.190 152.190 150.174 184.619 280.318
nd (eth, peth) 67.5 nd (w) 115.5
2597-03-7 50-60-2 122-79-2 451-40-1 27255-72-7
320.364 281.352 136.149 196.244 332.374
ye oil
pl (al) cry (2-PrOH/ peth)
60 200
536-74-3 500-98-1 134-55-4 63-98-9 602-56-2 5241-58-7 63-91-2 3081-24-1 721-90-4 103-54-8 115-43-5
102.134 193.199 256.254 178.187 255.313 164.203 165.189 193.243 222.240 176.212 244.245
liq lf (EtOH)
-44.8 143 96 215 184 82 283 dec 136 262 dec
101-57-5 91-40-7
249.285 213.232
pl (al-eth) lf (al)
8788 8789 8790 8791 8792 8793 8794 8795 8796 8797 8798 8799
8800 8801 8802 8803 8804 8805 8806 8807 8808 8809 8810 8811 8812
Phenyl Cellosolve acrylate
Fenoprofen Phenylglyceryl ether
9 12 3 9 10 3
Phenoxyacetone 3-(a-Ethylbenzyl)-4hydroxycoumarin
Phenthoate C 12H17O4PS2 Phentolamine CH19N3O 17 H8O2 Phenyl acetate 8C 2-Phenylacetophenone C14H12O N-(Phenylacetyl)-77C16H16N2O4S aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic Phenylacetamidodeacetoxycephalos acid poranic acid Phenylacetylene Ethynylbenzene C6 8H NO3 (N-Phenylacetyl)glycine Phenaceturic acid 10H11C Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Phenyl acetylsalicylate C4 15H12O (Phenylacetyl)urea Phenacemide C10N2O2 9H 9-Phenylacridine 19CH13N L-Phenylalaninamide a-Aminobenzenepropanamide,S)( C9H12N2O L-Phenylalanine a-Aminobenzenepropanoic acid,S)( C9H11NO2 L-Phenylalanine, ethyl ester Ethyl 2-amino-3-phenylpropionate11H15NOC2 H14N2O3 L-Phenylalanylglycine 11C 3-Phenylallyl acetate C12O2 11H 5-Phenyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)Phenallymal C13H12N2O3 pyrimidinetrione 4-(Phenylamino)benzenesulfonic acid N-Phenylsulfanilic acid CNO3S 12H11 2-(Phenylamino)benzoic acid N-Phenylanthranilic acid 13HC 11NO2
-36 cry (lig) 45.8 pr (lig) 37 nd (w), cry (dil 85.5 al) 14.0 39 139 lf (dil al) 113 nd (aq al) 145.8 pr (chl) 161 oil 14
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
6125 308; 17214 315; 18010
1.061420
1.512520
vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl lig
1.158325
16911, 1400.1 1.14725
355
245 1102 251; 882 1757
1.595420
50 1.1553
1.10222 1.09025 1.038821
1.53420
s bz sl H2O; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, alk vs ace, eth, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH
84.0 0.11 170
visc oil
pr (MeOH aq)
22 200 266; 1055 244 233; 13420 229.5 147; 11610
1.574225 1.22520 1.186520 0.980125 1.062220 1.090320 1.186520
vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 1.518420 1.476025 1.523220 1.522820 1.517820
s EtOH, eth s eth, ace s eth
179 1230.01
sl H2O; s hx
175
cry (al) ye nd, lf (al) pr (w)
196; 758 320
143
1.078020 1.2010
1.503520
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, chl
0.930020
1.547020
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl chl
vs bz, eth, EtOH i2O; H sl EtOH; s eth; vs bz
404
14813
1.06515
sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, acid sl H2O s H2O
1235 156.5 206 183.5
sl H2O, bz, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; i lig vs 2HO, EtOH i2O; H vs EtOH; sl eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-462
8772 8773 8774 8775
O
NH2 O
O
O
NH2
O
O
Cl
N
O
O
HCl
NH2 Phenoxyacetylene
3-Phenoxyaniline
O
O
4-Phenoxyaniline
O
O O
OH
Phenoxybenzaminehydrochloride
O
OH
O O
O
O
O
OH
O
3-Phenoxybenzoicacid
4-Phenoxybenzoicacid
2-Phenoxyethanol
2-Phenoxyethylacrylate
O
OH
O
2-Phenoxyethylbutanoate
3-Phenoxyphenol
O
OH
O
OH
O
O O
OH
O
OH
O
OH
O
OH 4-Phenoxyphenol
Phenoxybenzamine
O O
HO
2-Phenoxybenzoicacid
3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde
2-(3-Phenoxyphenyl)propanoicacid,(±)
3-Phenoxy-1,2-propanediol
2-Phenoxypropanoicacid
2-Phenoxy-1-propanol
1-Phenoxy-2-propanol
1-Phenoxy-2-propanone
3-463
OH H N
OH O O
Cl
2-Phenoxypropanoyl chloride
S O P S O
O O Phenprocoumon
N O
N
N H
O
O
O
Phentolamine
S
N O
O
Phenthoate
H
O
Phenyl acetate
HO
2-Phenylacetophenone
O
N-(Phenylacetyl)-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid
O H N
O
O
O O
OH
O
O Phenylacetylene
(N-Phenylacetyl)glycine
O
H N
Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate
NH2
NH2
O
(Phenylacetyl)urea
9-Phenylacridine
O O
NH2 L-Phenylalanine,ethylester
NH2
O N H
OH
O
O
L-Phenylalanylglycine
3-Phenylallylacetate
NH
NH2
L-Phenylalaninamide
H N
N H
O
5-Phenyl-5-allyl-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
L-Phenylalanine
O O
O
OH
NH2
N
O O
O
S O
OH
H N
OH
4-(Phenylamino)benzenesulfonic acid
2-(Phenylamino)benzoic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
HO
2-Phenoxyaniline
Cl
N
No.
Name
8813 Phenyl 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate 8814 3-(Phenylamino)phenol
Synonym Phenyl p-aminosalicylate
8815 4-(Phenylamino)phenol
lf (w)
153 81.5
340
122-37-2
185.221
lf (w)
73
330
C20H14 6HC 5AsI 2 C13ClN4 12H
602-55-1 6380-34-3 532-82-1
254.325 405.835 248.711
bl lf (al)(HOAc) 156 15 red-br cry pow 118.5
CH N O
2051-85-6
214.219
101-75-7 131-22-6
273.332 247.294
85-84-7 842-07-9 1689-82-3
247.294 248.278 198.219
C 22H16N4O
85-86-9
352.388
HC NO CH O
93-98-1 947-91-1
197.232 196.244
dk red nd (dil 170 al) ye pl or pr 84.0 red-viol cry 123 (EtOH) red pl (al) 103 ye cry 132 ye lf (bz) oran 155 pr (al) br lf (grn lustre)195 (HOAc) lf (al) 163
14 11
H OC HC N
117-34-0 86-29-3
212.244 193.244
H C ClO H C NS 12CH12N2 C12N2 12H CH15N 14 CH14O 14 C13N 13H C11N 13H 15CH14O2 13HC 10N2
1871-76-7 636-04-4 534-85-0 101-54-2 25611-78-3 614-29-9 91-00-9 1013-88-3 606-83-7 716-79-0
230.689 213.298 184.236 184.236 197.276 198.260 183.249 181.233 226.271 194.231
C13H10O2 13CH10O2 13CH10O2 C15H10O2
93-99-2 947-84-2 92-92-2 525-82-6
198.217 198.217 198.217 222.239
C15H10O2 H9NS 13C C20H19N
574-12-9 883-93-2 91-73-6
222.239 211.282 273.372
C8H11N5
102-02-3
177.207
Mol. Wt.
C11NO3 13H CH11NO 12
133-11-9 101-18-8
12 11
CH NO
Chrysoidine hydrochloride
8820 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 8821 4-(Phenylazo)-1-naphthalenamine
N-Phenyl-4-(phenylazo)benzenamine 18CH15N3 a-Naphthyl Red C16H13N3
8825 1-[[4-(Phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2naphthol 8826 N-Phenylbenzamide 8827 a-Phenylbenzeneacetaldehyde 8828 a-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid 8829 a-Phenylbenzeneacetonitrile 8830 8831 8832 8833 8834 8835 8836 8837 8838 8839
a-Phenylbenzeneacetyl chloride N-Phenylbenzenecarbothioamide N-Phenyl-1,2-benzenediamine N-Phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine a-Phenylbenzeneethanamine a-Phenylbenzeneethanol a-Phenylbenzenemethanamine a-Phenylbenzenemethanimine b-Phenylbenzenepropanoic acid 2-Phenylbenzimidazole
8840 8841 8842 8843
Phenyl benzoate 2-Phenylbenzoic acid 4-Phenylbenzoic acid 2-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
8844 3-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one 8845 2-Phenylbenzothiazole 8846 N-Phenyl-Nbenzylbenzenemethanamine 8847 Phenyl biguanide
12 10 2 2
Yellow AB Sudan I
Sudan III Benzanilide
HC N CH N O C12H10N2O 16 13 3 16 12 2
13 11 14 12
Diphenylacetic acid
14 12 2
14 11 13 11
p-Aminodiphenylamine
Benzhydrylamine
Phenzidole
Flavone Isoflavone
N-Phenylimidodicarbonimidic diamide
nd (w), lf (al) 147.29 pr (eth), lf (dil74.3 al) 56.5 ye pl or pr (al) 102 nd(w) 79.5 nd(al) 66 nd (peth-bz) hex pl
67 34
nd (dil al) 156.0 pl (HOAc) (al- 293 w) nd (bz, w) mcl pr (eth-al) 71 lf (dil al) 114.3 nd (bz, al) 228 nd (lig), cry 100 (30% al) 148 nd (dil al) 115 69 143
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility sl 2HO; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, acid sl 2HO; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s acid i2O;H s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2
417 20514, 18510 1.626415
vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, lig s EtOH, dil HCl, bz vs EtOH, HOAc 22520 dec
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, xyl, chl
sub 117 dec 315; 1577 25 194 18416 17016 dec 313 354 311; 17515 17715 304; 17623 282
314 343.5 sub
371 22610
25 1.315 1.106121
1.592021
1.25715
1.03115 1.036070 1.063320 1.084719
sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl s EtOH, chl; vs eth; sl lig s lig i 2HO; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; sl lig sl H2O, lig; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH; s eth, lig vs eth, EtOH 1.5963 1.619119
20 1.235
1.044480
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz
sl H2O; s ace vs eth sl2H O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl O;Hvs EtOH, bz, HOAc 2i i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
1.606580
i2O; H s EtOH, eth, CS 2 i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
mp/˚C
229.231 185.221
CAS RN
8816 9-Phenylanthracene 8817 Phenylarsonous diiodide 8818 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediamine monohydrochloride 8819 4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediol
8822 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenamine 8823 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthol 8824 4-(Phenylazo)phenol
3-464
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
O O
H N
H2N
I
H N
OH
As
I H 2N N N
OH
OH Phenyl 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoate
3-(Phenylamino)phenol
4-(Phenylamino)phenol
9-Phenylanthracene
Phenylarsonous diiodide
NH2 HCl
4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediamine monohydrochloride
N
N
N
N
N
N
4-Phenylazodiphenylamine
3-465
O
4-(Phenylazo)-1-naphthalenamine
O
OH
1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenamine
N
O
N OH
NH2
N
N
1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthol
Cl
a-Phenylbenzeneacetaldehyd e
a-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid
a-Phenylbenzeneacetonitril e a-Phenylbenzeneacetylchlorid e
N
O N H
1-[[4-(Phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2-naphthol
NH2
H N
N H
N
OH
4-(Phenylazo)phenol
S
4-(Phenylazo)-1,3-benzenediol
OH
N N
OH
N-Phenylbenzamide
H N
NH2 NH2
N-Phenylbenzenecarbothioamide
N-Phenyl-1,2-benzenediamine
a-Phenylbenzeneethanamine
N-Phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine
O NH2
OH
NH
OH
a-Phenylbenzenemethanamin e
a-Phenylbenzenemethanimin e
b-Phenylbenzenepropanoicacid
O
OH
O
N H a-Phenylbenzeneethanol
OH
O
N
O
2-Phenylbenzimidazole
Phenyl benzoate
2-Phenylbenzoicacid
4-Phenylbenzoicacid
O O
O 2-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
N N
O 3-Phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
H N NH HN
S 2-Phenylbenzothiazole
H N
N-Phenyl-N-benzylbenzenemethanamine
Phenyl biguanide
NH2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N
NH2
H N
HO N N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
CH10 10 CH13NO 10
2288-18-8 1129-50-6
130.186 163.216
8850 8851 8852 8853 8854 8855 8856 8857 8858 8859
Phenylbutanedioic acid, (±) 1-Phenyl-1,3-butanedione Phenyl butanoate 1-Phenyl-1-butanone 1-Phenyl-2-butanone 4-Phenyl-2-butanone Phenylbutazone 2-Phenyl-1-butene 1-Phenyl-2-buten-1-one trans-4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one
HC O CH O 10HC 12O2 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O C19H20N2O2 CH12 10 C10H10O 10HC 10O
10424-29-0 93-91-4 4346-18-3 495-40-9 1007-32-5 2550-26-7 50-33-9 2039-93-2 495-41-0 1896-62-4
194.184 162.185 164.201 148.201 148.201 148.201 308.374 132.202 146.185 146.185
8860 8861 8862 8863 8864
4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-one Phenyl chloroacetate Phenyl chloroformate 4-Phenyl-2-chlorophenol 3-Chloro-(1,1’-biphenyl)-4-ol 2-Phenyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4dione 4-Phenylcyclohexanone 1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine Phencyclidine 3-Phenyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine 2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane 4-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane 1-Phenyl-1-dodecanone 1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol Styrene glycol N-Phenylethanolamine 1-Phenylethanone oxime 2-Phenylethyl acetate 1-Phenylethyl hydroperoxide N-(2-Phenylethyl) Phenformin hydrochloride imidodicarbonimidic diamide, monohydrochloride 2-Phenylethyl 2-methylpropanoate Benzylcarbinol isobutyrate 2-Phenylethyl phenylacetate 2-Phenylethyl propanoate Phenethyl propionate 2-(2-Phenylethyl)pyridine N-Phenylformamide Formanilide Phenyl formate 2-Phenylfuran Phenyl a-D-glucopyranoside Phenyl glycidyl ether N-Phenylglycine Phenylaminoacetic acid 1-Phenyl-1-heptanone
C10H8O C7ClO2 8H C5ClO2 7H C9ClO 12H C12H8O2
1817-57-8 620-73-5 1885-14-9 92-04-6 363-03-1
144.170 170.594 156.567 204.651 184.191
C12H14O C 17H25N CH10O 11 C15NO2 10H C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C18H28O CO2 8H10 C11NO 8H H9NO 8C C12O2 10H C10O2 8H C16ClN5 10H
4894-75-1 77-10-1 3810-26-2 120-07-0 772-01-0 772-00-9 1674-38-0 93-56-1 122-98-5 613-91-2 103-45-7 3071-32-7 834-28-6
174.238 243.388 158.196 181.232 164.201 164.201 260.414 138.164 137.179 135.163 164.201 138.164 241.721
H OC C16O2 16H 11H14CO2 C13N 13H C 7H7NO H6O2 7C C10H8O C12H16O6 9HC10O2 C2 8H9NO C13H18O
103-48-0 102-20-5 122-70-3 2116-62-3 103-70-8 1864-94-4 17113-33-6 4630-62-0 122-60-1 103-01-5 1671-75-6
192.254 240.297 178.228 183.249 121.137 122.122 144.170 256.251 150.174 151.163 190.281
8865 8866 8867 8868 8869 8870 8871 8872 8873 8874 8875 8876 8877
8878 8879 8880 8881 8882 8883 8884 8885 8886 8887 8888
10 10 4 10 10 2
Phenyl butyrate
a-Ethylstyrene Benzilideneacetone
12 16 2
mcl pr (al, bz, eth) lf or nd (w) pr
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.92520 1.13425
1.548920
97
6017 18915
i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl
dec 261.5 225 228.5 228; 11116 233.5
1.059974 1.038215 0.98820 0.987720 0.984922
1.567878
182 1119 261
0.88725 1.02515 1.009745
1.528820 1.562618 1.583645
792 232.5 719 1617
1.021520 1.220244
1.576220 1.514644
168 56 12
liq
-13 105
pl
20.5 41.5
nd or pl (al)
4.5 44.5
wh-ye cry 77 ye lf (peth, al) 114 cry (peth)
nd (peth)
79 46.5 -23 57 41
nd (lig)
47 67.5
liq
nd (w) liq liq cry
60 -31.1
1.520320 1.51122
liq liq -1.5 mcl pr (lig-xyl) 46 liq
i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl peth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
sl2O; H s EtOH, bz, peth; vs chl 15812 1361.0 234.2 20010 253 247 2019, 1815 273 279.5; 15010 245 232.6 500.01
0.971120 1.20160 1.605360 1.103820 0.879418
1.544020
1.094520 1.051578 1.088320
1.576020
1.530618 1.470018
1.517120
177.3
26.5
sl 2HO, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; i bz i H2O; s eth; sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace
s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace; sl ctc vs H2O, eth, bz, EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc vs eth, EtOH s H2O
250; 12315 1774.5 244 289 271 178; 8215 10818, 825
0.995015 1.07725 1.0225 1.04650 50 1.1186
1.487120
1.08320
1.592020
243
1.110921
1.530721
0.951620
1.506020
vs EtOH 1.495020 s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH vs ace, bz
174
lf
127.5 16.4
283.3
vs H2O, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-466
8848 2-Phenyl-1,3-butadiene 8849 N-Phenylbutanamide
Physical Form
O O HO H N
OH
O
O
O
O
N
O
O
N-Phenylbutanamide
N
O
O 2-Phenyl-1,3-butadiene
O
O
Phenylbutanedioic acid,(±)
1-Phenyl-1,3-butanedione
Phenyl butanoate
1-Phenyl-1-butanone
1-Phenyl-2-butanone
4-Phenyl-2-butanone
Phenylbutazone
O
O O
O O
O
Cl O
2-Phenyl-1-butene
1-Phenyl-2-buten-1-one
trans-4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one
4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-one
Cl
Cl
OH
O
Phenyl chloroacetate
Phenyl chloroformate
4-Phenyl-2-chlorophenol
O 2-Phenyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 4-Phenylcyclohexanone
O HO
N
3-467
N
OH
O
O
OH
O
H N
OH
O
OH
O 1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine 3-Phenyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
N
N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine
O
OH
2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane
H2N O
N
1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol
1-Phenylethylhydroperoxide
O
NH2
NH NH
2-Phenylethylacetate
1-Phenyl-1-dodecanone
N-Phenylethanolamine
OH
O
1-Phenylethanoneoxime
4-Phenyl-1,3-dioxane
O O
HCl
N-(2-Phenylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide,monohydrochloride
2-Phenylethyl2-methylpropanoate
O O
2-Phenylethylphenylacetate
O 2-Phenylethylpropanoate
HO O OH N
H N
HO O
O
O
O
O HO
O
H N
O
O OH
O 2-(2-Phenylethyl)pyridine
N-Phenylformamide
Phenyl formate
2-Phenylfuran
Phenyla-D-glucopyranoside
Phenyl glycidylether
N-Phenylglycine
1-Phenyl-1-heptanone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
8896 8897 8898 8899 8900 8901 8902 8903 8904 8905 8906 8907
3-468
8908 8909 8910 8911 8912 8913 8914 8915 8916 8917 8918 8919 8920
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
1-Phenyl-1-hexanone Phenylhydrazine 2-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide Phenicarbazide N-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide 4-Phenylsemicarbazide Phenylhydrazine monohydrochloride N-Hydroxybenzenamine Phenylhydroxylamine Phenyl 1-hydroxy-2naphthalenecarboxylate 1-Phenyl-1H-imidazole 2-Phenyl-1H-imidazole 5-Phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 5-Phenylhydantoin Phenylimidocarbonyl chloride 2-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol 4-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol N-(4-Hydroxybenzilidene)aniline 1-Phenyl-1H-indene 2-Phenyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione Phenindione
C12H16O C6H8N2 N3O 7H9C C3O 7H9N C9ClN2 6H C6H7NO C17H12O3
942-92-7 100-63-0 103-03-7 537-47-3 59-88-1 100-65-2 132-54-7
176.254 108.141 151.165 151.165 144.601 109.126 264.275
H CN H CN 9H8N2OC2 Cl2N 7H5C 13HC 11NO CNO 13H11 C15H12 H10O2 15C
7164-98-9 670-96-2 89-24-7 622-44-6 779-84-0 1689-73-2 1961-96-2 83-12-5
144.173 144.173 176.172 174.028 197.232 197.232 192.256 222.239
2-Phenyl-1H-indole Phenyliodine diacetate Phenyl isocyanate 2-Phenyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)dione Phenyl isopropyl ether Phenyl isothiocyanate 3-Phenyl-2-isoxazolin-5-one Phenyl laurate Phenylmagnesium chloride Phenylmercuric chloride Phenylmercuric nitrate 4-(Phenylmethoxy)benzaldehyde N2-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]Larginine N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]Laspartic acid 2-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol 4-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol N-(Phenylmethylene)aniline
C14H11N C4 10H11IO H5NO 7C C14H9NO2
948-65-2 3240-34-4 103-71-9 520-03-6
193.244 322.096 119.121 223.227
HC O HCNS C7NO2 9H H28O2 18C C 6H5ClMg 6HC 5ClHg 6HC 5HgNO3 CH12O2 14 C14H20N4O4
2741-16-4 103-72-0 1076-59-1 4228-00-6 100-59-4 100-56-1 55-68-5 4397-53-9 1234-35-1
136.190 135.187 161.158 276.414 136.862 313.15 339.70 212.244 308.334
C12H13NO6
1152-61-0
267.234
CH O CH O 13H11NC
6272-38-4 103-16-2 538-51-2
200.233 200.233 181.233
8921 cis-a-(Phenylmethylene) benzeneacetic acid 8922 trans-a-(Phenylmethylene) benzeneacetic acid 8923 N-(Phenylmethylene) benzenemethanamine 8924 2-(Phenylmethylene)butanal 8925 N-(Phenylmethylene)ethanamine 8926 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptanal
Synonym
Iodobenzene diacetate
Isopropoxybenzene
9 8 2 9 8 2
9 12 7 5
Phenyl dodecanoate Chlorophenylmagnesium Chlorophenylmercury
13 12 2
Physical Form
27 20.6 172 nd (bz), pl (w) 128 lf (al) 244 dec nd (w, bz, peth) 83.5 96
lf (bz)
oil lf (al, bz)
Solubility
1.502725 1.608410
sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O, eth, bz, lig; s EtOH, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth vs 2HO, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, EtOH
1.139715
1.602525
i H2O; vs eth, ace, chl vs EtOH
sub
276 340
210
liq liq
-33 -21 151 24.5
lf (al) cry pl (bz)
1.2815 1.08725
i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl
1587
wh nd (al)
251 ª181 73 174
i2O; H s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, MeOH, chl sl H2O; s eth, bz, chl, HOAc, CS2
25010 163; 5513 sub
1.095620
1.536820
vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH; msc chl
176.8 221
0.940825 1.130320
1.497520 1.649223
s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl chl vs ace, eth, EtOH reac H2O; s thf, eth i 2HO; sl EtOH, bz
20520, 17313 1.15422
1.590618
1.03855
1.600100
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, eth; s ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, NH 3; sl chl
15 210
0.935430
21713
117.0
91-47-4
224.255
trans-a-Phenylcinnamic acid
15 12 2
HC O
91-48-5
224.255
prisms
780-25-6
195.260
28467-92-7 6852-54-6 122-40-7
160.212 133.190 202.292
C H O 9HC 11N H18O 14C
nD
150 190.5 161
HC O
11 12
den/g cm-3 0.957620 1.098620
210; 10530
cry
15 12 2
C14H13N
bp/˚C 265 243.5
49.5 196.0
cis-a-Phenylcinnamic acid
13 12 2
13 149.3 184.5
liq
pl (w) pa ye nd (CS2) pl (dil al) silky needles
Monobenzone Benzylideneaniline
mp/˚C
fl mcl pr or pl
122 54
310
174
s 2HO, EtOH, MeOH, eth, bz
138
vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, eth, bz 20520
18 ye oil
80
243; 1575 195 17420
1.020122 0.93720 0.971120
1.57820 1.537815 1.538120
i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8889 8890 8891 8892 8893 8894 8895
Name
N O
HN
H N
Phenylhydrazine
O N H
NH2
H N
HN
HN
OH
N
OH O
NH2
O
O
2-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide
O
N
H N
NH2 HCl
N-Phenylhydrazinecarboxamide
Phenylhydrazinemonohydrochloride
Phenylhydroxylamine
Phenyl 1-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate
1-Phenyl-1H-imidazole
O
OH NH
N H
N H
2-Phenyl-1H-imidazole
O
I
O
N
O
5-Phenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione Phenylimidocarbonyl chloride
N
C
HO N
Cl
O
N
2-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol
O N
3-469
N
O
O
Cl
4-[(Phenylimino)methyl]phenol
C
Phenyl isocyanate
1-Phenyl-1H-indene
Hg
Hg
Phenyl isopropylether
Phenyl isothiocyanate
O
N
O
3-Phenyl-2-isoxazolin-5-one
Phenyl laurate
Phenylmagnesiumchloride
OH
ONO2 O O O
Phenylmercuricchloride
Phenylmercuricnitrate
Cl
O O
O Cl
2-Phenyl-1H-indole
Mg
O
2-Phenyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione
2-Phenyl-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione
S
O Phenyliodine diacetate
N H
O
4-(Phenylmethoxy)benzaldehyde
O N H
OH
O
H N
NH NH2
N2-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]L-arginine
O
O N H
OH O
OH OH
N-[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]L-asparticacid
O O 2-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol
4-(Phenylmethoxy)phenol
OH N
O
O OH
N-(Phenylmethylene)aniline cis-a-(Phenylmethylene)benzeneacetic acid
trans-a-(Phenylmethylene)benzeneacetic acid
N
N O
N-(Phenylmethylene)benzenemethanamine 2-(Phenylmethylene)butanal N-(Phenylmethylene)ethanamine
O 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptanal
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1-Phenyl-1-hexanone
NH2
No.
N-(Phenylmethylene)methanamine Benzylidenemethylamine 2-(Phenylmethylene)octanal 2-Hexyl-3-phenyl-2-propenal 3-(Phenylmethylene)-2-pentanone Methyl a-ethylstyryl ketone N-(Phenylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine Phenylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol N-(Phenylmethyl)-1 H-purin-6-amine 4-Phenylmorpholine N-Phenyl-1-naphthalenamine 1-Naphthylphenylamine N-Phenyl-2-naphthalenamine N-Phenyl-b-naphthylamine
8937 1-Phenylnaphthalene 8938 8939 8940 8941
3-470
8942 8943 8944 8945 8946 8947 8948 8949 8950 8951 8952 8953 8954 8955 8956 8957 8958 8959 8960 8961 8962 8963 8964 8965
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
8H9N C 15HC 20O C14O 12H CN2 9H14 H12O3 14C CH14O 10 CH11N5 12 CH13NO 10 CN 16H13 CH13N 16
622-29-7 101-86-0 3437-89-6 4152-09-4 94-18-8 100-86-7 1214-39-7 92-53-5 90-30-2 135-88-6
119.164 216.319 174.238 150.220 228.243 150.217 225.249 163.216 219.281 219.281
CH
605-02-7
204.266
612-94-2 1674-37-9 96-09-3 121-39-1
204.266 204.308 120.149 192.211
13466-40-5 583-05-1 583-03-9 1009-14-9 3152-68-9 638-21-1 1779-48-2 1571-33-1 824-72-6 3497-00-5 644-97-3 770-12-7 92-54-6 4096-20-2 771-99-3 620-71-3 579-07-7 119-51-7 637-27-4 1123-85-9 698-87-3 154-41-6 93-55-0 103-79-7
158.196 176.212 164.244 162.228 160.212 110.094 142.093 158.092 194.983 211.049 178.984 210.983 162.231 161.244 161.244 149.189 148.159 163.173 150.174 136.190 136.190 187.666 134.174 134.174
24840-05-9 1885-38-7
129.159 129.159
16 12
2-Phenylnaphthalene CH12 16 1-Phenyl-1-octanone C14H20O Phenyloxirane Styrene-7,8-oxide 8HC8O 3-Phenyloxiranecarboxylic acid, ethyl C11H12O3 ester 5-Phenyl-2,4-pentadienal H10O 11C 1-Phenyl-1,4-pentanedione CH12O2 11 1-Phenyl-1-pentanol CH16O 11 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone C11H14O 1-Phenyl-1-penten-3-one C11H12O Phenylphosphine Monophenylphosphine C7P 6H Phenylphosphinic acid Benzenephosphinic acid 6H7OC 2P O3P Phenylphosphonic acid Benzenephosphonic acid 6H7C Phenylphosphonic dichloride 6HC 5Cl2OP Phenylphosphonothioic dichloride Dichlorophenylphosphine sulfide6H5Cl2PS C Phenylphosphonous dichloride Dichlorophenylphosphine C2P 6H5Cl Phenyl phosphorodichloridate Phenyl dichlorophosphate C2O2P 6H5Cl 1-Phenylpiperazine 10CH14N2 1-Phenylpiperidine C15N 11H 4-Phenylpiperidine C15N 11H N-Phenylpropanamide C9H11NO 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione C9H8O2 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione, 2-oxime C9NO2 9H Phenyl propanoate C9H10O2 2-Phenyl-1-propanol C9H12O 1-Phenyl-2-propanol C9H12O Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride 9HC 14ClNO 1-Phenyl-1-propanone Propiophenone C9H10O H10O 1-Phenyl-2-propanone Phenylacetone 9C
8966 cis-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile 8967 trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile
HCN 9HC 7N 9 7
Physical Form
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
185; 9234 252; 16920 13712 13011
0.967114
1.552620
s EtOH, eth, ace, chl
1.000522
1.565022
24 232.8 58.3 61 108
215
0.978716
1.517316
cry
45
334
1.09620
1.666420
lf (al)
103.5 22.8 -35.6
345.5 285; 16415 194.1 1365
20 1.2180 0.936030 25 1.0490
1.534220
42.5
1603, 1331.0 16212 14125, 1023 245 12 142 160.5
0.965520 0.98620 0.869720 1.00115
1.525030 1.408625 1.515820 1.568420 1.579620
liq
mp/˚C 4
sl chl nd cry (al-eth)
colorless liq
ye oil liq lf (lig)
lf (w)
liq hyg liq pa ye oil
-9.4 38.5 83.8 160 1 -51
4.7 60.5 pl (eth, al, bz) 105.5 ye oil <20 wh nd (w) 115 pr 20
liq liq
395.5
1.19725 1.37613 1.35620 1.41220 1.062120 0.994425 0.999616 25 1.175 1.100620
1.558125
211 1.043625 12126, 10511 0.97525 12525, 12020 0.99120
1.498020 1.55822 1.519020
258 205130 225; 14257 242; 1005 286.5; 16115 258 257 222.2 222; 10212
1.603020 1.523020 1.587520 1.559825
1.53710
194 18.6 -15
217.5 216.5
1.009620 1.015720
1.526920 1.516820
-4.4 22
249; 13930 263.8
1.028920 1.030420
1.584320 1.601320
i 2HO, EtOH; vs eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s ctc s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc; vs eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl
i H2O; msc EtOH, bz; vs eth vs ace vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz sl DMSO vs bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc bz, xyl; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
8927 8928 8929 8930 8931 8932 8933 8934 8935 8936
Name
N
Phenylmethyl4-hydroxybenzoate
1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol
N-(Phenylmethyl)-1 H-purin-6-amine
O
O
H N
N H
N
OH
OH
3-(Phenylmethylene)-2-pentanone N-(Phenylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine
N
N
O
O O O
O 4-Phenylmorpholine
N-Phenyl-1-naphthalenamine
N-Phenyl-2-naphthalenamine
O
1-Phenylnaphthalene
OH
2-Phenylnaphthalene
O
1-Phenyl-1-octanone
3-Phenyloxiranecarboxylic acid,ethylester
3-471
H
O H P OH
O HO P OH
Phenylphosphine
Phenylphosphinic acid
Phenylphosphonicacid
H
O
Phenyloxirane
P
O Cl P Cl
O O 5-Phenyl-2,4-pentadienal
1-Phenyl-1,4-pentanedione
1-Phenyl-1-pentanol
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone
1-Phenyl-1-penten-3-one
Phenylphosphonicdichloride
H N S Cl P Cl
Cl
P
Cl O
Phenylphosphonothioic dichloride
Phenylphosphonous dichloride
O Cl P Cl
N
N N H
Phenyl phosphorodichloridate 1-Phenylpiperazine
O N
O
1-Phenylpiperidine 4-Phenylpiperidine
OH
O
H N
N-Phenylpropanamide
1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione
O
OH
O Phenyl propanoate
2-Phenyl-1-propanol
1-Phenyl-2-propanol
NH2 HCl Phenylpropanolaminehydrochloride
O 1-Phenyl-1-propanone
1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione,2-oxime
N
OH
O
OH
O
1-Phenyl-2-propanone
N cis-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile
trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenenitrile
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2-(Phenylmethylene)octanal
HN
N
NH2
N H
O N-(Phenylmethylene)methanamine
NH
O
O
No.
Name
Synonym
8968 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic anhydride
Cinnamic anhydride
8969 cis-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol 8970 trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol acetate trans-Cinnamyl acetate trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenoyl chloride Cinnamoyl chloride 3-Phenylpropyl acetate Benzenepropanol, acetate 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine, (±) Amphetamine Dexamphetamine 1-Phenyl-2-propylamine,S() Phenyl propyl ether Propoxybenzene 4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine 3-Phenyl-2-propynal 3-Phenyl-2-propynoic acid Phenylacetylenecarboxylic acid 3-Phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol 6-Phenyl-2,4,7-pteridinetriamine Triamterene 1-Phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone 2-Phenylpyridine 3-Phenylpyridine 4-Phenylpyridine Phenyl-2-pyridinylmethanone Phenyl-4-pyridinylmethanone
8988 1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole 8989 8990 8991 8992
2-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole 1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione 1-Phenylpyrrolidine 1-Phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione
N-Phenylmaleimide Succinanil
8993 2-Phenylquinoline 8994 2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid 8995 Phenyl salicylate 8996 8997 8998 8999
9001 9002 9003 9004 9005
Phenyl-2-thienylmethanone N-Phenylthioacetamide Phenyl thiocyanate 2-Phenylthiosemicarbazide 4-Phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide
Mol. Wt.
CO3 18H14
538-56-7
278.302
C9H10O
4510-34-3
134.174
C9H10O
4407-36-7
134.174
C H O H ClO C 11HC 14O2 9HC 13N H13N 9C H12O 9C H15N 14C C9H6O 9H6O2C C9H8O 12H11NC 7 C10N2O 9H 11CH9N 11CH9N 11CH9N C9NO 12H C9NO 12H
21040-45-9 17082-09-6 122-72-5 300-62-9 51-64-9 622-85-5 2057-49-0 2579-22-8 637-44-5 1504-58-1 396-01-0 92-43-3 1008-89-5 1008-88-4 939-23-1 91-02-1 14548-46-0
176.212 166.604 178.228 135.206 135.206 136.190 197.276 130.143 146.143 132.159 253.262 162.187 155.196 155.196 155.196 183.205 183.205
C10H9N
635-90-5
143.185
C10H9N H7NO2 10C H13N 10C C2 10H9NO
3042-22-6 941-69-5 4096-21-3 83-25-0
143.185 173.169 147.217 175.184
CH N NO2 16H11C C10O3 13H
612-96-4 132-60-5 118-55-8
205.255 249.264 214.216
CH Si H17NO3Si 12C CH40O2 24 CH18 24
694-53-1 2097-19-0 637-55-8 612-71-5
108.214 251.354 360.574 306.400
H NCS
490-55-1
191.252
135-00-2 637-53-6 5285-87-0 645-48-7 5351-69-9
188.246 151.229 135.187 167.231 167.231
11 12 2 9 7
15 11
Cinchophen
Phenylsilane 1-Phenylsilatrane Phenyl stearate 5’-Phenyl-1,1’:3’,1’’-terphenyl
9000 5-Phenyl-2,4-thiazolediamine
CAS RN
6 8
Amiphenazole
9 9 3
HC OS H NS C C5NS 7H 2-Phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide7H9N3SC N-Phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide 7H9CN3S 11 8
Thioacetanilide
8 9
Physical Form
mp/˚C
nd (bz or al) pt 136 (al) wh nd (eth34 peth) wh nd (eth34 peth) ye cry col liq oil oil liq
37.5 -40
nd (w)
137.5
27.5 -27
bp/˚C
316 126
pa ye oil pl (w)
164 77.5 42 72
nd (peth), pl (w) pl (sub), red in 62 air pl (al, sub) 129 ye nd (bz-lig) 90.5 11 mcl pr or nd (w, 156 al) nd (dil al) 86 nd 214.5 43
pr or nd (ace)
209 52 176
orth nd (al or HOAc) fl (dil al) br in 163 dec air nd (dil al) 56.5 nd (w) 75.5 pr (al) pl (al)
200 dec 140 dec
nD
Solubility vs bz
257.5
1.044020
1.581920
257.5
1.0440
20
20
265; 14515 257.5 1 69 203 203.5; 8012 189.9 322; 1505 12728, 10411
1.056720 1.161745
1.542520 1.61442
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, lig
0.930625 0.94915 0.947420 1.02425 1.062220 1.2820 1.07820
1.51826 1.470420 1.501420 1.561625 1.607912
sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, py, EtOH
1.083325
1.621020 1.612325
13715 ye pl (BuOH)
den/g cm-3
271 272 281 317 315; 17010
1.5819
1.587328
1.155620
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth s eth, ace, bz i eth; sl EtOH, chl i eth, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz
234
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs peth
272 16212 11912, 1025 400
i 2HO; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig vs bz, eth, EtOH s eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth
1.01820 1.35625
1.581320
6 363; 194
17312
1.261430
119
0.868120
26715 462
300 dec 232.5
1.512520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz; sl chl
1.19930
54 1.1890
1.15318
sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, ace, bz; s eth, HOAc i H2O
1.618154
i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i EtOH, lig; sl bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-472
8971 8972 8973 8974 8975 8976 8977 8978 8979 8980 8981 8982 8983 8984 8985 8986 8987
Mol. Form.
O
O
O OH
O
O
O
O Cl
O NH2
OH 3-Phenyl-2-propenoicanhydride
cis-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol
trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol
trans-3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-olacetate
trans-3-Phenyl-2-propenoylchloride
3-Phenylpropylacetate
1-Phenyl-2-propylamine,(±)
O NH2
NH2 OH
OH
O
N H2N
N
1-Phenyl-2-propylamine,(S)
Phenyl propyl ether
4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine
3-Phenyl-2-propynal
3-Phenyl-2-propynoicacid
3-Phenyl-2-propyn-1-ol
N
3-473
2-Phenylpyridine
3-Phenylpyridine
4-Phenylpyridine
Phenyl-2-pyridinylmethanone
O O
N
N
O
Phenyl-4-pyridinylmethanone
O
N
2-Phenylquinoline
1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole
Si
2-Phenyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid
Phenyl salicylate
Phenylsilane
N
2-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole
1-Phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione
1-Phenylpyrrolidine
O O O
N
O O
1-Phenylsilatrane
Phenyl stearate
N
H2N N S
NH2
5-Phenyl-2,4-thiazolediamine
S
H N
C
S O
5’-Phenyl-1,1’:3’,1’’-terphenyl
O
H H Si H
O
OH 1-Phenyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione
N
1-Phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone
OH
O N
NH2
N H
N N
N
N
O
N
NH
N
6-Phenyl-2,4,7-pteridinetriamine
O
N
N
Phenyl-2-thienylmethanone
S
S N-Phenylthioacetamide
NH2 N NH2
Phenyl thiocyanate
2-Phenylthiosemicarbazide
H N
H N
NH2
S 4-Phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
No.
Name
Synonym
9006 Phenylthiourea 9007 3-Phenyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 9008 6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 9009 N-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
3-Phenylrhodanine Benzoguanamine Amanozine
Mol. Form. H8N2S 7C C2 9H7NOS
103-85-5 1457-46-1
152.217 209.288
H NC H NC
91-76-9 537-17-7
187.201 187.201
15988-11-1 98-04-4 981-18-0 64-10-8 22139-77-1
177.161 263.118 348.440 136.151 212.244
766-94-9 57-41-0 60-82-2
120.149 252.268 274.269
298-02-2 17673-25-5 504-20-1 2310-17-0
260.378 364.432 138.206 367.808
947-02-4 732-11-6 13171-21-6 1189-11-3 1071-23-4 407-41-0 253-52-1 88-99-3 85-44-9 574-93-6
255.295 317.321 299.689 254.181 141.063 185.073 130.147 166.132 148.116 514.539
85-73-4 57-47-6 150-86-7
403.432 275.347 296.531
273 orth pr (eth, bz) 105.5 oily liq
213-46-7
278.346
550-74-3 477-47-4 124-87-8 92-13-7
264.195 414.405 602.583 208.257
lf, pl (xyl, py, 368 sub) ye nd (al) 116 col nd (al, bz) 228 orth lf 203.5 nd 34
HC ClN2O2 H CN O
54-71-7 148-72-1
244.718 271.270
CH N O
13640-28-3
286.325
9 9 5 9 9 5
4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione 8H7NC3O2 Phenyltrimethylammonium iodide C 9H14IN Phenyl(triphenylmethyl)diazene CN2 25H20 Phenylurea C7H8N2O trans-5-(2-Phenylvinyl)-1,3Pinosylvin 14CH12O2 benzenediol 9015 Phenyl vinyl ether C8O 8H O2 9016 Phenytoin 5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione 15H12N2C 9017 Phloretin CH14O5 15
3-474
Phorate Phorbol Phorone Phosalone
9022 9023 9024 9025 9026 9027 9028 9029 9030 9031
Phosfolan Phosmet Phosphamidon N-Phospho-L-arginine O-Phosphorylethanolamine O-Phosphoserine Phthalazine Phthalic acid Phthalic anhydride 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine
9032 Phthalylsulphathiazole 9033 Physostigmine 9034 Phytol 9035 Picene 9036 9037 9038 9039
Picrolonic acid Picropodophyllin Picrotoxin Pilocarpine
9040 Pilocarpine, monohydrochloride 9041 Pilocarpine, mononitrate 9042 Pilosine
Ethanolamine O-phosphate 2,3-Benzodiazine 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid
C7H17O2PS3 C20H28O6 C9H14O C12H15ClNO4P S2 C7H14NO3PS2 C11H12NO4PS2 C10H19ClNO5P H15N4O5P 6C C2H8NO4P C3H8NO6P N2 8H6C 8H6O4C 8HC4O3 CH18N8 32
HC N O S CH N O 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen- C20H40O 1-ol, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]] Benzo[a]chrysene C22H14
17 13 3 5 2 15 21 3 2
HC N O CH O H34O13 30C 11CH16N2O2 10 8 4 5 22 22 8
11 17
11 17 3 5
16 18 2 3
mp/˚C
nd (w), pr (al) 154 ye pr (HOAc) 194.5 nd or pr (al) nd, pl (al) 226.5 cry (diox, 50% 235.5 al) 205.5 lf (al) 224 111 dec mcl pr (w, al) 147 nd (HOAc) 156
nd (al) 286 nd (dil al), cry 263 dec (ace) <-15 cry (EtOH) 250 dec ye-grn pr 28 46
oil cry (ace aq) cry (EtOH aq) cry pl (w) wh nd (al, bz) grsh-bl mcl (quinoline)
hyg cry wh pow or cry (al) nd (al)
36.5 72 -45 177 242 166 dec 90.5 230 dec 130.8
204.5 178 179
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl, HOAc s EtOH, eth; sl tfa
vs 2HO; s EtOH, HOAc; sl ace; i chl 238
1.30225
155.5
0.977020
1190.8
1.1625
197.5
0.885020
1170.001 dec 1621.5
316 dec 295 sub 550
sl H2O, eth, DMSO; s EtOH, AcOEt vs ace, bz, chl, HOAc 1.522420
1.499820
i H2O; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH, bz; i eth; s ace s H2O, ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc
vs H2O, bz, ace; sl eth; s hx 1.213225
1.471825
msc H2O; s hx
s H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth; i lig sl H2O, eth; i chl; s EtOH sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH, eth; s PhNH 2
2.18191 1.5274
i H2O, eth, chl; sl EtOH; s acid, alk sl 2HO; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 10 203
0.849725
1.459525
519
i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; s con sulf
dec
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, MeOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs py, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs chl; i peth vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O
2605
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
9010 9011 9012 9013 9014
9018 9019 9020 9021
Physical Form
CAS RN
NH2 N
O
H N
NH2
N
S
N
N
O
N
N N
N
N O
NH2
S
S
Phenylthiourea
NH2
N
N H
N H
H N
I
N
N H
NH2 O
3-Phenyl-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine N-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione Phenyltrimethylammonium iodide
Phenylurea
OH
OH O O
OH
H
H
S O P S O
N O
O
N H
OH trans-5-(2-Phenylvinyl)-1,3-benzenediol Phenyl vinylether
HO
OH
OH S
N
CH2OH
Phloretin
S O
O
O HO
OH
Phenytoin
H
Phorate
O
Cl
Phorbol
S O P O
Phorone
Phosalone
O S S
O O P N O
N
3-475
S P O O
O Phosfolan
O O P O O
S
O P
O N
HO N HO H
Cl
Phosmet
NH
Phosphamidon
O P
O
N H
OH
O
H2N
H 2N
N-Phospho-L-arginine
OH P O OH
HO O HO
O-Phosphorylethanolamine
HO
O OH
OH O
N N
NH2
O-Phosphoserine
O
Phthalazine
Phthalic acid
O O N N
N
NH N
O
N
S
N N HN
O
O
O N S H O
NH
H N
O O
N
O O
N
OH
O Phthalic anhydride
29H,31H-Phthalocyanine
N H
N
Phthalylsulphathiazole
H
N
O
OH
Physostigmine
Phytol
Picene
N
O
Picrolonic acid
OH H O O O
O
O H
O O
O
O O
Picropodophyllin
O
O
O O
O O
OH
O Picrotoxin
OH
OH H N OH
O
O
N
Pilocarpine
O
N
N
N
N O
HCl
Pilocarpine, monohydrochloride
O
O
N
HNO3
Pilocarpine, mononitrate
O
O Pilosine
N
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
Phenyl(triphenylmethyl)diazene
No.
Name
9043 Pimaric acid Pinane trans-2-Pinanol Pindolol a-Pinene b-Pinene Piperazine 1-Piperazinecarboxaldehyde 1,4-Piperazinediethanol Piperazine dihydrochloride 2,5-Piperazinedione 1,4-Piperazinedipropanamine 1-Piperazineethanamine 1-Piperazineethanol 1-Piperidinamine Piperidine 1-Piperidinecarboxaldehyde 4-Piperidinecarboxamide 2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid, S) ( 3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-Piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-Piperidineethanol 2-Piperidineethanol 4-Piperidineethanol Piperidine, hydrochloride 4-Piperidinemethanamine 2-Piperidinemethanol 3-Piperidinemethanol 1-Piperidinepropanenitrile 2-Piperidinone
Dextropimaric acid
Mol. Form. C2 20H30O
2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptane10H18C Pinene hydrate C18O 10H CH20N2O2 14 2-Pinene CH16 10 Nopinene CH16 10 Diethylenediamine C2 4H10N C10N2O 5H CN2O2 8H18 Diethylenediamine dihydrochloride 4H12Cl2N2C C6N2O2 4H 1,4-Bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine10H24N4C 1-(2-Aminoethyl)piperazine 6H15N3C 6HC14N2O 5HC 12N2 Azacyclohexane 5HC 11N 6HC 11NO 6HC 12N2O L-Pipecolic acid 6HC 11NO2 Nipecotic acid 6H11NO2C Isonipecotic acid 6H11NO2C CNO 7H15 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperidine 7H15NOC 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperidine 7H15NOC Piperidinium chloride 5H12ClNC 4-(Aminomethyl)piperidine 6H14N2 C CNO 6H13 CNO 6H13 C2 8H14N C9NO 5H
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
127-27-5
302.451
473-55-2 35408-04-9 13523-86-9 80-56-8 127-91-3 110-85-0 7755-92-2 122-96-3 142-64-3 106-57-0 7209-38-3 140-31-8 103-76-4 2213-43-6 110-89-4 2591-86-8 39546-32-2 3105-95-1 498-95-3 498-94-2 3040-44-6 1484-84-0 622-26-4 6091-44-7 7144-05-0 3433-37-2 4606-65-9 3088-41-3 675-20-7
138.250 154.249 248.321 136.234 136.234 86.135 114.145 174.241 159.057 114.103 200.325 129.203 130.187 100.162 85.148 113.157 128.171 129.157 129.157 129.157 129.200 129.200 129.200 121.609 114.188 115.173 115.173 138.210 99.131
9073 2-(1-Piperidinylmethyl) Pimeclone cyclohexanone 9074 1-(2-Piperidinyl)-2-propanone, (±) 9075 3-(2-Piperidinyl)pyridine, S) ( Anabasine 9076 Piperine
C12H21NO
534-84-9
195.301
8HC 15NO C10H14N2 CH19NO3 17
539-00-4 494-52-0 94-62-2
141.211 162.231 285.338
9077 9078 9079 9080 9081 9082 9083
H C O C 18H28O3S C10H16Br2N2O2 24HC 40O8 H18N4O2 11C 13HC 24N3O3PS 11HC 20N3O3PS
51-03-6 120-62-7 54-91-1 5281-13-0 23103-98-2 23505-41-1 29232-93-7
338.438 324.478 356.054 456.570 238.287 333.387 305.334
Piperonyl butoxide Piperonyl sulfoxide Pipobroman Piprotal Pirimicarb Pirimiphos-ethyl Pirimiphos-methyl
19 30 5
Isosafrole octyl sulfoxide Tropital
Physical Form orth (ace) pr (al) oil
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
218.5
28218
-53 60 cry (EtOH) 172 liq -64 liq -61.5 hyg pl or lf (al) 106 135 tab or pl (w)
312 dec 15
liq liq
-11.02 -30.8 138.5 nd (MeOH/eth) 260 261 dec nd 336 17.9 69 syr 132.5 142 dec 25 69 61 -6.8 hyg 39.5
den/g cm-3
nD
vs eth, py, EtOH
169 8110
0.846721
1.460521
156.2 166 146 950.5 21730
0.853925 0.86025
1.463225 1.476825 113 1.446 1.509420
sub 260 1512 220 246 147 106.22 222.5
Solubility
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s bz, EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; i eth
sl H2O; i EtOH sl 2HO, EtOH; s HCl 0.97325 0.98525 1.06125 0.92825 0.860620 1.015825
1.501520 1.498320 1.506520 1.475020 1.453020 1.480525
msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig
vs H2O 202; 9012 202; 14536 227.5 200; 3110 10410, 801 1063.5 14550 256
0.970325 1.0127 1.005915
1.474920 1.490720
msc H2O; vs EtOH vs H2O vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O, chl
1.490020 1.026320 0.940325
1.496420 1.467625
sl chl sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s dil acid; i con alk
11914 oil liq 9 pr (AcOEt) pl or 131.5 mcl pr (al), cry
9114 276; 14614
1801 dec
ye-br liq
0.962420 1.045520
1.53025
2150.04 90.5 15
dec >130 dec
vs EtOH, chl msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, bz, py; sl eth; vs chl
1.0525
106 liq
1.468320 1.543020
1.1420 1.1720
sl H2O; misc os
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-476
9044 9045 9046 9047 9048 9049 9050 9051 9052 9053 9054 9055 9056 9057 9058 9059 9060 9061 9062 9063 9064 9065 9066 9067 9068 9069 9070 9071 9072
Synonym
OH
O
N H
OH
HO
O Pimaricacid
Pinane
trans-2-Pinanol
a-Pinene
b-Pinene
N O
Piperazine
H N
N
N
3-477
O
N NH2
OH
1-Piperazineethanamine
1,4-Piperazinediethanol
H N N H
Piperazinedihydrochloride
O
2,5-Piperazinedione
NH2
O OH
N NH2
NH2 1,4-Piperazinedipropanamine
O
H N
O
2HCl
N H
OH
1-Piperazinecarboxaldehyde
NH2 N
H N
N
N H
Pindolol
N
1-Piperazineethanol
N H
1-Piperidinamine
OH
N
Piperidine
N H
N H
O 1-Piperidinecarboxaldehyde
OH
4-Piperidinecarboxamide
N H
O
2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid,(S)
3-Piperidinecarboxylic acid
NH2
OH
OH N
N H
OH
4-Piperidinecarboxylic acid
1-Piperidineethanol
N H
N H
OH
2-Piperidineethanol
4-Piperidineethanol
O N H
2-Piperidinone
Piperidine, hydrochloride
2-(1-Piperidinylmethyl)cyclohexanone
Piperonylsulfoxide
Piperine
O Br
Pipobroman
1-Piperidinepropanenitrile
O O
O
N
O O
N O N
O Piprotal
O
O
Piperonylbutoxide
O O
O
O
Br
N
3-Piperidinemethanol
N
O
N
O
3-(2-Piperidinyl)pyridine, (S)
N
O
2-Piperidinemethanol
O
N H
N
1-(2-Piperidinyl)-2-propanone, (±)
O S
O
4-Piperidinemethanamine
N
N H
O
N H
O
O
N H
N H
HCl
O N
O
N H
OH
N
Pirimicarb
S O P O O N
S O P O O N
N
N
N
Pirimiphos-ethyl
N
Pirimiphos-methyl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N H
OH
H N
H N
No. 9084 9085 9086 9087 9088
Name Pithecolobine 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione Plasmocid Plumericin Podophyllotoxin
Synonym Pindone
9090 Ponceau 3R
C.I. Food Red 6
9092 21H,23H-Porphine
3-478
9097 9098 9099 9100 9101 9102
Potassium benzoate Potassium dichloroisocyanurate PotassiumD-gluconate Potassiumtrans,trans-2,4hexadienoate Potassium hydrogen phthalate Potassiumcis-9-octadecenoate Prazosin Prednisolone 5a-Pregnane 5b-Pregnane
9103 9104 9105 9106
5a-Pregnane-3a,20a-diol 5b-Pregnane-3a,20S-diol 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione 5b-Pregnane-3,20-dione
9107 5-Pregnane-3,17,21-triol-20-one 9108 Pregnan-3a-ol-20-one 9109 9110 9111 9112
Pregnenolone Prenoxdiazine hydrochloride Prephenic acid Pridinol
9113 Prilocaine 9114 Procainamide 9115 9116 9117 9118
Procainamide hydrochloride Procarbazine hydrochloride Prochlorperazine Procymidone
Mol. Wt.
22368-82-7 83-26-1 551-01-9 77-16-7 518-28-5
398.626 230.259 287.400 290.268 414.405
H C ClF3N3O4 346-18-9 S3 C19H16N2Na2O7 3564-09-8 S2 99-17-2 C20H22O8 11 13
9091 Populin
9093 9094 9095 9096
C46N4O2 22H CO3 14H14 C17H25N3O 15CH14O6 H22O8 22C
CAS RN
Potassium sorbate Potassium biphthalate Potassium oleate
Allopregnane 17b-Ethyletiocholane Allopregnane-3 a,20a-diol Pregnanediol 3,20-Allopregnanedione
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
cry ye cry
68 109
2300.007 1821.0
439.882 494.449
dk red pow
390.384
nd (w+2), pr (al) red or oran lf (chl-MeOH) hyg cry hyg cry ye-wh cry
582-25-2 2244-21-5 299-27-4 24634-61-5
160.212 236.054 234.245 150.217
H KO4C HC KO2 C19H21N5O4 C21H28O5 C21H36 C36 21H
877-24-7 143-18-0 19216-56-9 50-24-8 641-85-0 481-26-5
204.222 320.552 383.402 360.444 288.511 288.511
C21H36O2 H36O2 21C H32O2 21C C21H32O2
566-58-5 80-92-2 566-65-4 128-23-4
320.510 320.510 316.478 316.478
68-60-0
350.493
128-20-1
318.494
145-13-1 982-43-4 126-49-8 511-45-5
316.478 397.940 226.182 295.419
nd (bz), cry (dil 149.5 al) nd (dil al) 192 186.5 free acid unstab cry 120
721-50-6
220.310
nd
51-06-9
235.325
614-39-1 366-70-1 58-38-8 32809-16-8
271.786 257.759 373.943 284.138
3,17,21-Trihydroxypregnan-20-one, C21H34O4 (3a,5b) C21H34O2 C21H32O2 C28ClN3O 23H CH10O6 10 1,1-Diphenyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1-C20H25NO propanol N-(2-Methylphenyl)-2-(propylamino)C13H20N2O propanamide 4-AminoN-[2-(diethylamino) C13H21N3O ethyl]benzamide C22ClN3O 13H 12CH20ClN3O C20H24ClN3S C13H11Cl2NO2
s H2O, chl, eth, EtOH, peth 1.056924
1.585524 s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; i eth; s ace, bz, HOAc
180
HC KO2 Cl2KNC3O3 C6H11KO7 C7KO2 6H
18 33
Solubility
s H2O; sl EtOH
310.352
8 5
nD
214
101-60-0
3
den/g cm-3
183
C20H14N4 7 5
Troclosene potassium
Physical Form
ye-br solid cry
mcl sc or pl (MeOH) cry (MeOH) pl (ace) cry nd (dil al) cry (dil ace) cry (EtOAc)
cry (MeOH)
360
sub 300
250 dec 183 dec >270 dec
279 235 84.5 83.5 244 243.5 200 123
1.33625
i H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl EtOH; s diox
1.36125
vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs H2O; s EtOH
1.63625
s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH
1.03215
i H2O; s chl, MeOH
1.1525
sl EtOH, eth; s ace i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace
226 vs EtOH
s ace
38
1601
47
2122
166 225 228 166
1.529920
vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz; sl chl
1.45225
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9089 Polythiazide
Mol. Form.
HO O H
O O
Pithecolobine
O N N
O 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione
H O
O
O
Plumericin
O
NH N
O K
Cl
N
OH N HN
HO
O
21H,23H-Porphine
Potassiumbenzoate
N N K
OH Populin
Cl O S H2N O
Cl O
Potassiumdichloroisocyanurate
S N
F
S O O
F F
Polythiazide
COO K OH H OH OH CH2OH
Ponceau 3R
O
OH O
O
O
K
O K
PotassiumD-gluconate
Potassiumtrans,trans-2,4-hexadienoate
Potassiumhydrogen phthalate
O N
3-479
O O K
HO
O
N
N
O
HO
OH OH H
H
H
H
N
O
NH2
O Potassiumcis-9-octadecenoate
O
Prednisolone
O
O
OH
HO
H
H
O
Prazosin
5a-Pregnane
5b-Pregnane
O
H 5a-Pregnane-3a,20a-diol
O
OH OH
H
HO
N O
H 5b-Pregnane-3a,20S-diol
HO OH O
O
H 5a-Pregnane-3,20-dione
HO
H 5b-Pregnane-3,20-dione
H
O
HCl
N
HO
Pregnan-3a-ol-20-one
Pregnenolone
O O
Prenoxdiazinehydrochloride
H N S
N N
H N H OH
HO
H
5-Pregnane-3,17,21-triol-20-one
O
Prephenicacid
N
OH Pridinol
O
N H
Prilocaine
N
HN H2N O
N
HN HCl H2N
Procainamide
Cl
HCl
O Procainamidehydrochloride
N H
H N
Procarbazinehydrochloride
O
Cl N N N
Prochlorperazine
Cl
O Procymidone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H HO H H
N
H N
Podophyllotoxin
O O O
O O
OH O O
OH
O
NH Plasmocid
SO3 Na
O H
O
O
O
N OH
HN
Na O3S
H
O O
NH
HN
O
No.
Name
Synonym
9119 Prodiamine 9120 Profenofos
Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
9124 L-Proline
2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
9125 Promazine 9126 Promecarb 9127 Promethazine 9128 Promethazine hydrochloride 9129 Prometone 9130 Prometryn 9131 Propachlor
3-480
9132 9133 9134 9135
Propanal Propanal oxime Propanamide Propane
CH17F3N4O4 13 CH15BrClO3P 11 S C14H16F3N3O4 CH30O2 21 C5H9NO2 H NO C2
5 9
C17H20N2S Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-,C12H17NO2 methylcarbamate N,N,a-Trimethyl-10 H-phenothiazine- C17H20N2S 10-ethanamine Diprazin CClN2S 17H21 C10H19N5O N,N’-Diisopropyl-6-(methylthio)- C10H19N5S 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine Acetamide, 2-chloroN-(1C11H14ClNO methylethyl)N-phenylPropionaldehyde H6O 3C C3H7NO Propionamide C7NO 3H C3H8
Physical Form
mp/˚C
350.294 373.631
26399-36-0 57-83-0 609-36-9
347.290 314.462 115.131
147-85-3
115.131
58-40-2 2631-37-0
284.419 207.269
87
2060.3 1170.01
60-87-7
284.419
60
1910.5
58-33-3 1610-18-0 7287-19-6
320.880 225.291 241.357
1918-16-7
211.688
123-38-6 627-39-4 79-05-0 74-98-6
58.079 73.094 73.094 44.096
liq
124
34 pr 129 hyg nd (al-eth) 205 dec cry (+w) nd (al-eth) pr 221 dec (w)
solid
rhom, pl (bz) col gas
0.865725 0.925820 0.9262110 0.49325 (p>1 atm)
1.363620 1.428720 1.4180110
119.5 139.8 190.5 209.5 909, 570.5 72 5728 152 172.9
0.87815 0.88425 1.05920 1.07014 1.06625 1.045520 1.450920 1.0820 1.077220
1.446020 1.460020 1.417320 1.4192 1.445820 1.400218 1.463920 1.53220 1.539220
97.14 1361 dec 180; 7712
0.781820 1.251625 1.26720
1.365520
67.8 52.6
0.841120 0.814320
1.438020 1.425520
9150 1,3-Propane sultone 9151 1-Propanethiol 9152 2-Propanethiol
H OC S HCS 3HC 8S
1120-71-4 107-03-9 75-33-2
122.143 76.161 76.161
liq liq
-113.13 -130.5
H CN HO C
21291-99-6 99-14-9
89.139 176.124
visc oil orth (eth)
166
3 11 3 6 8 6
1.15720
48 131.5 213 -42.1
liq
1,2,3-Triaminopropane Tricarballylic acid
vs H2O, EtOH, chl
-80 40 81.3 -187.63
55.079 124.159 142.605
9153 1,2,3-Propanetriamine 9154 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid
i H2O; vs dil HCl
1.24225
107-12-0 5284-66-2 10147-36-1
3 8
vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace, bz; i eth, PrOH
1100.03
170.8 -10.8
ye hyg liq
-79 54.3
-92.78 8
Solubility
i H2O; s EtOH, diox, ace vs H2O, EtOH
77
mcl pr(w) hyg liq
liq
nD
1.16623
231 91.5 119
102.092 74.124 74.124 160.168 160.168 144.168 72.063 140.953 108.226 108.226 282.337
3 6 3
1100.001
29091-21-2 41198-08-7
108-13-4 10424-38-1 109-76-2 623-84-7 628-66-0 923-26-2 78-98-8 1663-67-8 814-67-5 109-80-8 120-70-7
1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide Propyl mercaptan Isopropyl mercaptan
den/g cm-3 1.4725 1.45520
Mol. Wt.
H6N2O2 Propanediamide 3C 1,2-Propanediamine, (±) Propylenediamine CN2 3H10 1,3-Propanediamine 1,3-Diaminopropane 3HC 10N2 1,2-Propanediol diacetate 7HC 12O4 1,3-Propanediol diacetate 7HC 12O4 1,2-Propanediol 1-methacrylate 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate C3 7H12O 1,2-Propanedione Pyruvaldehyde C3H4O2 Propanedioyl dichloride 3HC 2Cl2O2 1,2-Propanedithiol 3HC8S2 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethylene dimercaptan 3H8S2 C 2,2’-[1,3Disalicylidene-1,3-propanediamine 17H18CN2O2 Propanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyne) ]bisphenol 9147 Propanenitrile Ethyl cyanide C 3H5N 9148 1-Propanesulfonic acid 3HC 8O3S 9149 1-Propanesulfonyl chloride 3HC 7ClO2S
9136 9137 9138 9139 9140 9141 9142 9143 9144 9145 9146
bp/˚C
CAS RN
9 190; 92
s H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; vs eth, bz; sl ace s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO vs H2O; i eth; vs chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz s eth, AcOEt s chl sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth, bz
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc
1.45220 s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl s H2O vs H 2O, EtOH; sl eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9121 Profluralin 9122 Progesterone 9123 DL-Proline
Mol. Form.
N NH2 O N
O O
N N
O
O
O2N
Br
O
Cl
Prodiamine
O S P O
NO2
N H
F
Profenofos
F
F
N H
O
Profluralin
Progesterone
OH
OH
N H
O
DL-Proline
H N
O
N
O
O
S
L-Proline
Promazine
Promecarb
N
N
HN
HN N
N
N
HCl
O
S
S
3-481
Promethazine
Promethazinehydrochloride
N
N N
S
N H
Prometone
N N
N
N
O
O
Prometryn
NH2
Cl
N H
Propachlor
Propanal
H 2N O
O
OH
Propanal oxime
NH2
Propanamide
Propane
O
Propanediamide
O O
O O
O
NH2 NH2 1,2-Propanediamine,(±)
H 2N
NH2
1,3-Propanediamine
O 1,2-Propanedioldiacetate
O
O
1,3-Propanedioldiacetate
Cl
O
O O
O
OH 1,2-Propanediol1-methacrylate
1,2-Propanedione
Cl O
SH HS
SH
O
Propanedioyldichloride
1,2-Propanedithiol
SH
1,3-Propanedithiol
OH
OH N
N N
2,2’-[1,3-Propanediylbis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bisphenol Propanenitrile
O OH S O 1-Propanesulfonic acid
O Cl S O 1-Propanesulfonylchloride
S
O
O O 1,3-Propane sultone
SH SH 1-Propanethiol
NH2 H2N
2-Propanethiol
NH2
1,2,3-Propanetriamine
HOOC
COOH COOH
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
F F
F
No.
Name
3-482
Mol. Wt.
5HC 10O4 CH13NO4 10
106-61-6 136-44-7
134.131 211.215
H OC CO6 24H20 CO6 12H20 H38O6 21C C50O6 27H
105-70-4 614-33-5 139-45-7 621-70-5 538-23-8
176.167 404.412 260.283 386.523 470.682
1421-14-3 709-98-8
337.411 218.079
79-09-4 123-62-6 71-23-8
74.079 130.141 60.095
liq liq liq
-20.5 -45 -124.39
141.15 170; 67.518 97.2
67-63-0
60.095
liq
-87.9
82.3
127-06-0 103-02-6 79-03-8 430-71-7 50-34-0 2312-35-8 627-09-8 107-19-7 2921-92-8
73.094 148.204 92.524 76.069 448.393 350.472 98.101 56.063 269.166
pr (al) orth liq
61 42 -94
cry
160
139-40-2
229.710
115-07-1
42.080
col gas
5 6 4
CH O
498-24-8
130.100
cis-Aconitic acid
H OC HS C 6HC 6O6
97-65-4 870-23-5 585-84-2
130.100 74.145 174.108
orth nd or mcl 204.5 pr (eth) rhom (bz) 175
trans-Aconitic acid
6 6 6
HCO
4023-65-8
174.108
CH O H ClO C C9H10
6004-44-0 814-68-6 766-90-5
56.063 90.508 118.175
C9H10 C10H10O2
873-66-5 4043-71-4
C9H10O
539-12-8
1,3-Diacetin
7 12 5
9164 Propanoic acid 9165 Propanoic anhydride 9166 1-Propanol
CH27NO5 18 N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) C9H9Cl2NO Propanamide, Propionic acid C2 3H6O Propionic anhydride 6H10CO3 H8O Propyl alcohol 3C
9167 2-Propanol
Isopropyl alcohol
9168 9169 9170 9171 9172 9173 9174 9175 9176
HC NO CH N C 3H5ClO 3HC 5FO C30BrNO3 23H CH26O4S 19 H6O2 5C 3-Hydroxy-1-propyne C3H4O 2-Ethyl-2-[(nitrooxy)methyl]-1,3-C6H11N3O9 propanediol, dinitrate 6-Chloro-N,N’-diisopropyl-1,3,5C9H16ClN5 triazine-2,4-diamine Propylene C3H6
9162 Propanidid 9163 Propanil
2-Propanone oxime 2-Propanone phenylhydrazone Propanoyl chloride Propanoyl fluoride Propantheline bromide Propargite Propargyl acetate Propargyl alcohol Propatyl nitrate
9177 Propazine 9178 Propene 9179 trans-1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 9180 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 9181 2-Propene-1-thiol 9182 cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 9183 trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 9184 1-Propen-1-one 9185 2-Propenoyl chloride 9186 cis-1-Propenylbenzene 9187 trans-1-Propenylbenzene 9188 trans-5-(1-Propenyl)-1,3benzodioxole 9189 4-(1-Propenyl)phenol
Physical Form
CAS RN
Glycerylp-aminobenzoate
Mol. Form.
Acetoxime Acetone, phenylhydrazone Propionyl chloride Propionyl fluoride
Mesaconic acid Itaconic acid
CH O
3 8
3 7
9 12 2
5 6 4 3 6
Methylketene Acrylic acid chloride
p-Anol
3 4 3 3
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
158165, 1293 1.206020
hyg liq nd (MeOH)
260; 14912 76 -60 10
17520, 15713 >200 233
1.17915 1.22812 1.10815 0.986720 0.954020
nD
Solubility
1.415720
vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH
1.439520
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, chl
1.431819 1.442720 1.448220
2110.7 1.2525
92
liq wh pow
-51.8 52
136; 6120 16350 80 44
1.380920 1.403820 1.385020
0.780925
1.377620
0.911362
1.415620
20 1.0646 0.97215
1.403220 1.32913
msc H2O, EtOH; s eth; sl chl msc eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; vs bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, chl; vs bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig s EtOH, eth, dil acid s eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl; i eth, bz
121.5 113.6
1.1025 0.998220 0.947820 1.49
1.418720 1.432220
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace
1.3567-70
sl H2O; vs EtOH, HOAc
1.16220
213 -185.24
0.988225 1.011020 0.799725
sub
0.5O525 (p>1 atm) 1.46620
dec 65
1.63225 0.92523
-47.69
sl H2O, bz, CS2; vs EtOH; s eth, tfa
nd (w)
125
s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, peth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; sl eth
lf (w) nd (w, eth) col gas
196 dec
vs H2O, EtOH
-80
liq
-61.6
-23 75.5 167.5
118.175 162.185
liq
-29.3 6.8
178.3 253
134.174
lf
94
dec 250
1.483220
1.113620 0.908820
1.434320 1.542020
0.902325 1.122420
1.550620 1.578220
vs eth vs chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl sl 2HO; vs DMF
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9155 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate 9156 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-(4aminobenzoate) 9157 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate 9158 1,2,3-Propanetriol tribenzoate 9159 1,2,3-Propanetriol tripropanoate 9160 1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate 9161 1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate
Synonym
O O
O
O O
OH HO
OH O
O
O
O
O
1,2,3-Propanetriol 1-(4-aminobenzoate)
O O
O
1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate
O
O
O O
O
O
O
O
1,2,3-Propanetriol tribenzoate
O O
O
1,2,3-Propanetriol tripropanoate
1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate
O O
O O
H N
O N
O
O
O O
O
O
1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate
OH
O
Cl
O
Cl
Propanidid
Propanil
3-483 OH
2-Propanone oxime
N
H N
2-Propanone phenylhydrazone
O N O O
OH Propargyl alcohol
Cl
O
O N
O
Propanoicacid
O
N
O
O
OH OH
O
Propanoicanhydride
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
O N
S O O O
Br
O
F
O
O
Propanoyl chloride
Propanoyl fluoride
O
O Propantheline bromide
Propargite
Propargyl acetate
HN
O O N O
N N H
O
Propatylnitrate
O
N N
HO Cl
OH O
Propazine
Propene
trans-1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
HO
OH SH
O O 1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
2-Propene-1-thiol
HOOC
COOH COOH
cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
OH
COOH HOOC
COOH
trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
O
Cl C
O
1-Propen-1-one
O 2-Propenoyl chloride
O cis-1-Propenylbenzene
trans-1-Propenylbenzene
trans-5-(1-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole
4-(1-Propenyl)phenol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H2N
O 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate
OH OH
O
No. 9190 9191 9192 9193 9194
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
2-(1-Propenyl)piperidine Propetamphos Propiconazole Propiomazine Propionyl-L-carnitine
b-Coniceine
H15N 8C C10H20NO4PS C15H17Cl2N3O2 CH24N2OS 20 C10H19NO4
538-90-9 31218-83-4 60207-90-1 362-29-8 20064-19-1
125.212 281.309 342.221 340.482 217.263
2078-54-8 114-26-1
178.270 209.242
2807-30-9 469-62-5 2338-37-6 1569-01-3 1471-03-0 525-66-6 109-60-4 925-60-0 107-10-8
104.148 339.471 339.471 118.174 100.158 259.344 102.132 114.142 59.110
9195 Propofol 9196 Propoxur
Carnitine, O-propanoyl
C12H18O Phenol, 2-(1-methylethoxy)-, C11H15NO3 methylcarbamate Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether 5H12CO2 Dextropropoxyphene C22H29NO2 Levopropoxyphene C22H29NO2 1,2-Propylene glycol 1-propyl ether 6HC14O2 C6H12O C16H21NO2 H10O2 5C O2 2-Propenoic acid, propyl ester 6H10C 1-Propanamine C9N 3H
3-484
9197 9198 9199 9200 9201 9202 9203 9204 9205
2-Propoxyethanol D-Propoxyphene L-Propoxyphene 1-Propoxy-2-propanol 3-Propoxy-1-propene Propranolol Propyl acetate Propyl acrylate Propylamine
9206 9207 9208 9209 9210 9211 9212
Propylamine hydrochloride Propyl 4-aminobenzoate 2-(Propylamino)ethanol 4-Propylaniline N-Propylaniline Propylarsonic acid Propylbenzene
1-Propanearsonic acid Isocumene
H CClN HC NO2 C13NO 5H C13N 9H C13N 9H AsO3 3H9C C9H12
556-53-6 94-12-2 16369-21-4 2696-84-6 622-80-0 107-34-6 103-65-1
95.571 179.216 103.163 135.206 135.206 168.023 120.191
9213 9214 9215 9216 9217 9218 9219 9220 9221 9222 9223 9224 9225
a-Propylbenzenemethanol,R)( Propyl benzenesulfonate Propyl benzoate 5-Propyl-1,3-benzodioxole Propyl butanoate Propyl carbamate Propyl chloroacetate Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate Propyl chlorocarbonate Propyl 3-chloropropanoate S-Propyl chlorothioformate Propyl trans-cinnamate Propylcyclohexane
C10H14O C12O3S 9H C10H12O2 Dihydrosafrole 10HC 12O2 H14O2 7C C4H9NO2 C9ClO2 5H C13ClO2 7H H7ClO2 4C H11ClO2 6C ClOS S-Propyl carbonochloridothioate 4H7C Propyltrans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate C12H14O2 C9H18
22144-60-1 80-42-2 2315-68-6 94-58-6 105-66-8 627-12-3 5396-24-7 62108-71-8 109-61-5 62108-66-1 13889-92-4 74513-58-9 1678-92-8
150.217 200.254 164.201 164.201 130.185 103.120 136.577 164.630 122.551 150.603 138.616 190.238 126.239
C9H16O H16 8C
94-65-5 2040-96-2
H O C HCO C8O2 3H
1604-02-0 108-32-7 57-55-6
1-Propanamine hydrochloride Risocaine
9226 2-Propylcyclohexanone 9227 Propylcyclopentane 9228 1-Propylcyclopentanol 9229 Propylene carbonate 9230 1,2-Propylene glycol
3 10
10 13
8 16
4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one 1,2-Propanediol
4 6 3
Physical Form
hyg pr (2PrOH)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
8
168 880.005 1800.1 2400.5
0.871615 1.129420 1.2720
256; 13630 dec
0.95520 1.1220
1.514020
149.8
0.911220
1.413320
s H2O; vs EtOH, eth
150 91
0.888620 0.776420
1.413020 1.391920
cry (cyhex) liq
vs ace, eth, EtOH
0.887820
1.384220
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc
liq
0.717320
1.387020
msc H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s bz, chl; sl ctc s DMSO vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl
pr
182 227 222; 9811
0.900520
1.442820
nd (al), pl (w) liq
0.944320
1.542820
159.24
0.859325
1.489525
0.974020 1.180417 1.023020
1.513920 1.503525 1.500020
0.873020
1.400120
1.10420 1.025220 1.090120 1.065620
1.426120
vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; i eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth
1.403520 1.429020
msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH
Solubility
147 dec 19 87
cry (peth) cry (peth)
nD
75.5 75.5
96 -93 -84.75
101.54 122; 63100 47.22
163.5 75
134.5 -99.6 16
liq
-94.9
232 16215 211 228 143.0 196 161 183 115.2 180 26 59 285 156.7
140.222 112.213
liq
-117.3
197 131
128.212 102.089 76.095
liq liq liq
-37.5 -48.8 -60
liq
-51.6
liq pr
-95.2 60
liq
173.5 242 187.6
1.04330 0.793620
1.437020
0.92720 0.776320
1.453820 1.426620
0.904025 1.204720 1.036120
1.450225 1.418920 1.432420
i H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, ctc; s eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz; vs ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Name
N
O HN P O S
N
O
O O
Propetamphos
O
Cl
S
Propiconazole
O
O
N
N
OH
OH
O
O
O
O
D-Propoxyphene
L-Propoxyphene
1-Propoxy-2-propanol
3-Propoxy-1-propene
O
PropionylL-carnitine
O O
O
N
O
Propiomazine
O
N H
OH O
O
Propofol
N H
Propoxur
O
O O
Propranolol
NH2
O
Propyl acetate
Propyl acrylate
Propylamine
NH2
3-485
O O NH2 HCl Propylaminehydrochloride
H N
H 2N Propyl 4-aminobenzoate
O As OH OH
OH
2-(Propylamino)ethanol
4-Propylaniline
N-Propylaniline
Propylarsonicacid
a-Propylbenzenemethanol,(R)
Propylbenzene
O
Propyl benzenesulfonate
O O
O
O
O O
O Propyl benzoate
5-Propyl-1,3-benzodioxole
H2N
Propyl butanoate
O O Cl
O O S O
OH
HN
OH
2-Propoxyethanol
O Cl
O
Propyl carbamate
O
O O
Cl
Cl
Propyl chloroacetate
O
Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate
O
Cl
Propyl chlorocarbonate
HO
O S
S-Propyl chlorothioformate
O
O O
Propyl trans-cinnamate
Propylcyclohexane
2-Propylcyclohexanone
Propylcyclopentane
1-Propylcyclopentanol
O
Propyl 3-chloropropanoate
OH O
Propylene carbonate
OH 1,2-Propylene glycol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
2-(1-Propenyl)piperidine
N
N O
N H
N Cl
No. 9231 9232 9233 9234 9235
9265 9266 9267 9268 9269 9270 9271 9272
Synonym
Mol. Form.
1,3-Propylene glycol Trimethylene glycol O2 3H8C -butyl ether 2-(1,1-Dimethylethoxy)-1-propanol 7H16O C2 1,2-Propylene glycol 2-tert 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate C2O6 3H6N 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl 1-Methoxy-2-propanol C4H10O2 ether 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl 2-Acetoxy-1-methoxypropane C 6H12O3 ether acetate Propyleneimine 2-Methylaziridine 3H7N C Propyl formate H8O2 4C Propyl 3-(2-furyl)acrylate C12O3 10H 4-Propylheptane C10H22 Propyl hexanoate C9H18O2 Propyl 2-hydroxybenzoate C10H12O3 Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Propylparaben CH12O3 10 Propyliodone C10H11I2NO3 Propyl isobutanoate C14O2 7H Propyl isocyanate 1-Isocyanatopropane C7NO 4H Propyl isothiocyanate 1-Isothiocyanatopropane C 4H7NS Propyl methacrylate C12O2 7H Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Propyl isopentanoate 8H16OC2 1-Propylnaphthalene CH14 13 Propyl nitrate C7NO3 3H Propyl nitrite 3HC 7NO2 Propyl octanoate CH22O2 11 H16O2 Propyl pentanoate 8C 2-Propylpentanoic acid Valproic acid C2 8H16O 2-Propylphenol C9H12O 4-Propylphenol C9H12O H17N 2-Propylpiperidine, S) ( Coniine 8C trans-6-Propyl-3-piperidinol,S)(3 Pseudoconhydrine C8H17NO N-Propylpropanamide C6H13NO Propyl propanoate Propyl propionate 6HC 12O2 2-Propylpyridine C11N 8H 4-Propylpyridine C11N 8H S 2-Propyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide Protionamide 9H12N2C Propyl Red Benzoic acid, 2-[[4-(dipropylamino)C19H23N3O2 phenyl]azo]H12S (Propylthio)benzene 9C Propyl 4-toluenesulfonate 10HC14O3S Propyl trichloroacetate Cl3O2 5H7C Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Propyl gallate CO5 10H12 Propylurea C4H10N2O Propyl vinyl ether 1-(Ethenyloxy)propane 5HC 10O 2-Propynal Propargyl aldehyde C3H2O 2-Propyn-1-amine C3H5N
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
504-63-2 94023-15-1 6423-43-4 107-98-2
76.095 132.201 166.089 90.121
liq liq liq
108-65-6
132.157
liq
75-55-8 110-74-7 623-22-3 3178-29-8 626-77-7 607-90-9 94-13-3 587-61-1 644-49-5 110-78-1 628-30-8 2210-28-8 557-00-6 2765-18-6 627-13-4 543-67-9 624-13-5 141-06-0 99-66-1 644-35-9 645-56-7 458-88-8 140-55-6 3217-86-5 106-36-5 622-39-9 1122-81-2 14222-60-7 2641-01-2
57.095 88.106 180.200 142.282 158.238 180.200 180.200 447.008 130.185 85.105 101.171 128.169 144.212 170.250 105.093 89.094 186.292 144.212 144.212 136.190 136.190 127.228 143.227 115.173 116.158 121.180 121.180 180.269 325.405
874-79-3 599-91-7 13313-91-2 121-79-9 627-06-5 764-47-6 624-67-9 2450-71-7
152.256 214.281 205.468 212.199 102.134 86.132 54.047 55.079
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-27.7
214.4 152 9210 119
exp
-92.9
liq
-68.7 97 97 186
liq liq liq liq col liq
liq hyg nd (eth) liq
nD
Solubility
1.053820 0.87
1.439820
msc H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl bz
0.962020
1.403420
67 80.9 11316, 923 157.5 187 239
0.81216 0.907320 1.074420 0.732125 0.867220 1.097920 1.0630102
1.37720 1.539224 1.413520 1.417020 1.516120 1.5050102
sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH
135.4 83.5 153 141 155.9 274.5 110 48 226.4 167.5 14 221; 120 220 232.6 166.5 236 215; 1089 122.5 167 185
0.88430 0.90825 0.978116 0.902220 0.861720 0.989720 1.053820 0.88620 0.865920 0.869920 0.90425 1.01520 1.00920 0.844020
1.395520 1.397020 1.508516 1.419020 1.403120 1.592320 1.397320 1.360420 1.419125 1.406520 1.42525
sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth
147
liq
pr (eth)
den/g cm-3
-8.6
-46.2 -70.7 7 22 -1.0 106 154 -75.9 1.0
0.898525 0.880920 0.911920 0.938115
1.537925 1.451222
1.393520 1.492520 1.496620
vs eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH; vs eth; s bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs eth, EtOH
136.7 viol-bl or purp red cry (al) liq
nd (w) pr (al)
s EtOH, KOH -45 <-20
220 1899 187
0.999520 1.14420 1.322120
1.557120 1.499820 1.450120
65 60 83
0.767420 0.915220 0.80325
1.390820 1.403325 1.448020
130 108.5
vs eth, EtOH sl H2O sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, tol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-486
9236 9237 9238 9239 9240 9241 9242 9243 9244 9245 9246 9247 9248 9249 9250 9251 9252 9253 9254 9255 9256 9257 9258 9259 9260 9261 9262 9263 9264
Name
O O HO
1,3-Propylene glycol
ONO2 ONO2
OH
OH
1,2-Propylene glycol2-tert -butylether
O
OH O
N H
O
1,2-Propylene glycoldinitrate 1,2-Propylene glycolmonomethylether
1,2-Propylene glycolmonomethyletheracetate
O
O O
O
Propyleneimine
O
Propyl formate
Propyl 3-(2-furyl)acrylate
O
O
I
O
N OH
O
OH
Propyl hexanoate
O
O
O 4-Propylheptane
I
Propyl 2-hydroxybenzoate
O
O
Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Propyliodone
O N
Propyl isobutanoate
C
O N
Propyl isocyanate
S
C
O
Propyl isothiocyanate
Propyl methacrylate
OH OH
3-487
O
O O Propyl 3-methylbutanoate
1-Propylnaphthalene
N O
O
O O
Propyl nitrate
N
O
O O
Propyl nitrite
O
Propyl octanoate
O N H
2-Propylpiperidine, (S)
trans-6-Propyl-3-piperidinol, (3S)
O
N-Propylpropanamide
Propyl propanoate
N
O
2-Propylpyridine
(Propylthio)benzene
Propyl 4-toluenesulfonate
NH2
Cl
Propyl trichloroacetate
N
HO
N
4-Propylpyridine
N
2-Propyl-4-pyridinecarbothioamide
Propyl Red
O
O O
4-Propylphenol
N N O
N H
Cl Cl
2-Propylphenol
O
O O S O S
OH
2-Propylpentanoic acid
S
OH N H
O
Propyl pentanoate
HO
OH OH
Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
H N
NH2 O
Propylurea
O Propyl vinylether
O 2-Propynal
NH2 2-Propyn-1-amine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
No.
Name
9273 Propyne 9274 2-Propynoic acid 9275 1-Propynylbenzene 9276 Propyzamide
9278 Prostaglandin2 E 9279 Prostaglandin2aF 9280 Protopine 9281 Protoverine 9282 Protriptyline hydrochloride 9283 9284 9285 9286
Methylacetylene Propiolic acid
N-(1,1-Dimethyl-2-propynyl)-3,5dichlorobenzamide 11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-13prostenoic acid 11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-5,13prostadienoic acid 9,11,15-Trihydroxyprosta-5,13dienoic acid Fumarine Triptil
3-488
Psoralen Pteridine 2,4(1H,3H)-Pteridinedione Pulegone 1H-Purine 1H-Purine-2,6-diamine Pyocyanine
9296 9297 9298 9299 9300 9301
4H-Pyran 2H-Pyran-2-one 4H-Pyran-4-one Pyrantel 4H-Pyran-4-thione 8,16-Pyranthrenedione
9302 9303 9304 9305
Pyrazine Pyrazinecarboxamide Pyrazinecarboxylic acid 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic acid
9306 1H-Pyrazole
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
C4 3H
74-99-7
40.064
col gas
-102.7
-23.2
1.3863-40
sl H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, chl
H OC
471-25-0
70.047
cry (CS2)
9
dec 144; 7250 183
0.60725 (p>1 atm) 1.138020
1.430620
vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl
3 2 2
116.160 256.127
C20H34O5
745-65-3
354.481
cry (EtOAc)
115
s H2O
C20H32O5
363-24-6
352.465
col cry
67
s H2O, thf
C20H34O5
551-11-1
354.481
oil or solid
ª30
sl H2O; s EtOH, MeOH, chl, AcOEt
CH NO5 CH NO9 C 19H22ClN
130-86-9 76-45-9 1225-55-4
353.369 525.632 299.838
CH O CH NO12 C18H21NO3 CH49NO8 33
552-59-0 127-29-7 466-96-6 36069-05-3
284.263 689.790 299.365 587.744
C34H36N2O6
125-24-6
568.659
135-97-7
141.211
C11H6O3 6H4N4C N4O2 6H4C C10H16O 5HC 4N4 5H6NC 6 C13H10N2O
66-97-7 91-18-9 487-21-8 89-82-7 120-73-0 1904-98-9 85-66-5
186.164 132.123 164.122 152.233 120.113 150.142 210.230
mcl pr (al-chl) 208 nd (MeOH) 221 cry (2-PrOH/ 170 eth) 239.5 tcl (MeOH) 214 wh nd 181.5 wh nd or hex 304 dec cry cry (aq NH3, + 282.5 3 w) orth cry (eth), 109 orth bipym (peth-bz) nd (w, EtOH) 171 ye pl (bz, sub) 139.5 ye-oran nd (w) 348.5
C5H6O C5H4O2 C5H4O2 C11H14N2S H4OS 5C CH14O2 30
289-65-6 504-31-4 108-97-4 15686-83-6 1120-93-0 128-70-1
82.101 96.085 96.085 206.307 112.150 406.431
HC N 5HC 5N3O 5H4NC 2O2 6H4NC 2O4
290-37-9 98-96-4 98-97-5 89-01-0
80.088 123.113 124.098 168.107
216.5 cry (dil al) 302 dk bl nd (w + 1) 133 dec (chl-peth) unstab oil 8.5 32.5 cry (MeOH) 178 49 red-ye or red- dec br nd (PhNO2) pr (w) 51.0 wh nd (w, al) 192 wh nd (w) 225 dec pr (w+2) 193 dec
CH N
288-13-1
68.077
nd or pr (lig)
36 51
8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-C8H15NO 3-ol, exo
Pyrazino[2,3-d]pyrimidine Lumazine 6H-Imidazo[4,5-d]pyrimidine 2,6-Diaminopurine
1,4-Pyran
1,4-Diazine Pyrazinamide Pyrazinoic acid 2,3-Dicarboxypyrazine 1,2-Diazole
4 4 2
3 4 2
1.563
15
673-32-5 23950-58-5
20 19
0.942
15
C9H8 C12H11Cl2NO
16 12 5
9287 Pseudomorphine
9289 9290 9291 9292 9293 9294 9295
Mol. Wt.
27 43
Prunetin Pseudoaconitine Pseudocodeine Pseudojervine
9288 Pseudotropine
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
155
i2H O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, aq acid, MeOH
vs eth, EtOH 1.29080
i H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol, peth; s EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, sulf; s py, NH3 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth; s bz, chl
241
sub 125 224
70.7
1.574
80 207.5 212.5
0.934645
1.20020 1.19025
1.489420
20 1.4559 1.527025 1.5238
vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz vs HOAc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; s ace sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, ace; i eth; vs chl s EtOH, eth, bz msc H2O; vs ace vs H2O, chl, eth; s EtOH, bz; sl CS 2 s H2O
sub
115 sub sub
187
1.031161
1.495361
1.4203
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, MeOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9277 Prostaglandin1 E
Synonym
O
H N
O
O
HO
O OH
O
O
O OH
Propyne
OH
OH
Cl
2-Propynoicacid
HO
Cl
1-Propynylbenzene
HO
OH
OH
Prostaglandin E1
Propyzamide
HO
OH
H
H
N
O O
HO O
HO
Protopine
H
OH
OH O
HO
OH
N H
OH
Protoverine
HCl
O
O
Protriptyline hydrochloride
Prunetin
O O
O H
O
O O H
H
N
HO OH
O
O
O
OH H OH
H
O
O
O N H OH
O
Pseudoaconitine
Pseudocodeine
3-489
OH N
H O
H H N
O
OH HO
O HO
O
H O O
O
OH H
HO OH
N
N N
N OH
HO Pseudojervine
Pseudomorphine
Pseudotropine
O
O
O
Psoralen
N
N
N
N
Pteridine
N N H
NH2
H H O
O
N N
2,4(1H,3H)-Pteridinedione Pulegone
N
H
N
H2N
1H-Purine
N
N
N
N
1H-Purine-2,6-diamine
O
O
O
O
N N Pyocyanine
S
N
O N
N
N
N
N O 4H-Pyran
O
O
2H-Pyran-2-one
S
O 4H-Pyran-4-one
Pyrantel
O 4H-Pyran-4-thione
O 8,16-Pyranthrenedione
Pyrazine
N
O NH2
N N
OH
OH OH
N O
N H
N
Pyrazinecarboxamide Pyrazinecarboxylic acid 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic acid 1H-Pyrazole
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O H N O
OH Prostaglandin F2a
Prostaglandin E2
No.
Name
Synonym
9307 1-Pyrenamine 9308 Pyrene Pyrethrin I Pyrethrin II Pyridate Pyridazine
9313 9314 9315 9316 9317 9318
2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine Pyridine 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile
3-490
9319 9320 9321 9322 9323 9324 9325 9326 9327 9328 9329 9330 9331 9332 9333 9334 9335 9336 9337 9338 9339 9340 9341 9342 9343 9344
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C16H11N
1606-67-3
217.265
CH
129-00-0
202.250
16 10
CH O CH O CH23ClN2O2S 19 C4N2 4H
121-21-1 121-29-9 55512-33-9 289-80-5
328.445 372.454 378.916 80.088
H NC H NC 5H6NC 2 C5N 5H C2 6H4N C2 6H4N
504-29-0 462-08-8 504-24-5 110-86-1 100-70-9 100-54-9
94.115 94.115 94.115 79.101 104.109 104.109
H NC HC NS N2S 6H6C C5NO 6H C 6H5NO C5NO 6H 6HC 6N2O C6N2O 6H 6H6NC 2O C6N2O 6H 6H5NO2C 6H5NO2 C 6H5NO2 C 6H5NO3 C C3 6H5NO 5HC 7N3 5H7N3 C 5HC 7N3 5HC 7N3 7H5NO4 C 7H5NO4 C 7H5NO4C 7H5NO4 C 7H5NO4C 7H5NO4 C C3NO3 7H
100-48-1 4621-66-3 2196-13-6 1121-60-4 500-22-1 872-85-5 873-69-8 1452-77-3 98-92-0 1453-82-3 98-98-6 59-67-6 55-22-1 2398-81-4 13602-12-5 452-58-4 4318-76-7 141-86-6 54-96-6 89-00-9 499-80-9 100-26-5 499-83-2 490-11-9 499-81-0 699-98-9
104.109 138.190 138.190 107.110 107.110 107.110 122.124 122.124 122.124 122.124 123.110 123.110 123.110 139.109 139.109 109.130 109.130 109.130 109.130 167.120 167.120 167.120 167.120 167.120 167.120 149.104
HC N HC N 7HC9NO
2706-56-1 13258-63-4 103-74-2
122.167 122.167 123.152
21 28 3 22 28 5
1,2-Diazabenzene 2-Aminopyridine 3-Aminopyridine 4-Aminopyridine Azine
4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbothioamide 4-Pyridinecarbothioamide 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nicotinaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime 2-Pyridinecarboxamide 3-Pyridinecarboxamide Niacinamide 4-Pyridinecarboxamide 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid Picolinic acid 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid Nicotinic acid 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid Isonicotinic acid 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide Oxiniacic acid 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1-oxide 2,3-Pyridinediamine 2,5-Pyridinediamine 2,5-Diaminopyridine 2,6-Pyridinediamine 3,4-Pyridinediamine 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Quinolinic acid 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Lutidinic acid 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Isocinchomeronic acid 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Dipicolinic acid 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Cinchomeronic acid 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Dinicotinic acid 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Furo[3,4-b]pyridine-5,7-dione anhydride 9345 2-Pyridineethanamine 9346 4-Pyridineethanamine 9347 2-Pyridineethanol
5 6 2 5 6 2
6 4 2 6 6 2
7 10 2 7 10 2
Physical Form
mp/˚C
ye nd (hx) lf (dil 117.5 al) pa ye pl (to, 150.62 sub) visc liq visc liq br oil 27 liq -8 lf (lig) 57.5 lf (bz-lig) 64.5 nd (bz) 158.5 liq -41.70 nd or pr (eth) 29 nd (lig), peth- 51 eth) nd(lig-eth) 83 192 198 dec
112.5 mcl pr (w) 108.3 wh pw, nd (bz) 130 157.5 nd (w, al, bz) 136.5 nd (al, w) 236.6 nd(w) 315 nd 254 dec 273 dec lf or pl (dil al) 120.8 nd 110.3 121.5 nd or lf 219.3 mcl pr (w) 228.5 lf (w+1) 249 lf or pr (dil HCl) 254 nd (w+3/2) 252 cry (w) 256 cry (w) 324 138
-7.8
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility s EtOH, ace, hx, acid; sl chl
1.27123
404 0.1
170 dec 0.1 dec 200 2200.1 208 20 105 252 273 115.23 224.5 206.9; 170300 186
1.5192
18
1.55520 1.103523
0.981920 1.081025 1.159025
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, tol; sl ctc 18
1.5192 1.525820 1.56820 1.521820
1.509520 1.524225
s 2HO, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig
180; 6213 9223 7712
1.118125 1.139425
1570.0005
1.40025
sub sub sub 260
1.47325
1.538918 1.542320
s H2O, EtOH, eth, AcOEt; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth, peth s H2O, eth, ctc
1.466
sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, bz vs H2O, EtOH, glycerol; sl chl sl H2O, bz; s EtOH; i eth, chl, CS 2 sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O, MeOH
5 149 18212 285; 1485
s H2O, EtOH, bz vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, ace sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz, CS 2 s2O,H HCl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth, i chl i H2O; sl eth, HOAc; s DMSO, HCl
0.94225
sub sub
213; 13150 12110 190200, 170100
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, peth i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz; i peth s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl s2O, H EtOH, eth; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; sl lig msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s chl; sl lig
1.022025 1.030225 1.09125
1.533525 1.538125 1.536620
vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9309 9310 9311 9312
Benzo[def]phenanthrene
Mol. Form.
O
NH2
O
O
O
O
O
PyrethrinI
PyrethrinII
N NH2
S
S
N
NH2 N
N
N
N 4-Pyridinamine
Pyridine
N
N
2-Pyridinecarbonitrile
N
N
N
N
Pyridazine
NH2
2-Pyridinamine
NH2
3-491
N
N
N 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde
HO
NH2
N OH
OH
3-Pyridinecarboxamide
2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid
NH2 H2N
N
N O
N
4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid1-oxide
NH2
N
2,3-Pyridinediamine
HO
O
O
N
NH2
2,6-Pyridinediamine
O OH
OH
H2N
NH2
2,5-Pyridinediamine
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid1-oxide
O
O HO OH
N
O
N 3,4-Pyridinediamine
OH
N O
O
2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid
2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid
O
O
HO
4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid
HO OH OH
NH2
N O
N
O NH2
O
O
OH
N
O
N
HO
3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde
OH
O
4-Pyridinecarboxamide
N
2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde
O N
O
N
4-Pyridinecarbothioamide
O
N
N
2-Pyridinecarboxamide
N
3-Pyridinecarbothioamide
NH2
O
2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime
4-Pyridinecarbonitrile
H2N
O
O
N
N
3-Pyridinecarbonitrile
O
O
N
NH2
3-Pyridinamine
HO
Cl Pyridate
2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid
NH2
O
OH N
O
2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid
N 3,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid
N 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid
O 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acidanhydride
N
NH2
2-Pyridineethanamine
N 4-Pyridineethanamine
N
OH
2-Pyridineethanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Pyrene
O
O
O
O 1-Pyrenamine
S
No.
Name
Synonym
Physical Form
Mol. Wt.
628-13-7 3731-51-9 3731-52-0 3731-53-1 586-98-1
115.562 108.141 108.141 108.141 109.126
H NOC H NO C C5H5NO C11NO 8H C11NO 8H 5H5NO3SC C 5H5NOS 5HC 5NS C5NO 5H C5NO 5H C5NO 5H H5NO 5C
100-55-0 586-95-8 694-59-7 2859-68-9 2859-67-8 636-73-7 1121-31-9 2637-34-5 72762-00-6 109-00-2 626-64-2 142-08-5
109.126 109.126 95.100 137.179 137.179 159.164 127.165 111.166 95.100 95.100 95.100 95.100
C3 5H7N C13H14N2O
4930-98-7 553-69-5
109.130 214.262
1122-62-9 350-03-8 1122-54-9 1539-42-0
121.137 121.137 121.137 199.251
1202-34-2 65-22-5 54-47-7
171.198 203.623 247.142
85-87-0
168.193
orth wh-ye pow or cry cry
9375 Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride 9376 Pyridoxine hydrochloride
524-36-7 58-56-0
241.115 205.639
pl (al) pl (al, ace)
9377 9378 9379 9380 9381 9382 9383 9384
85-85-8 1141-59-9 91-84-9 109-12-6 591-54-8 289-95-2 50-71-5 87-39-8
249.267 215.208 285.384 95.103 95.103 80.088 142.070 157.085
red-br cry red-br cry
130 187 dec
nd (AcOEt) pl (AcOEt)
pa ye orth
127.5 151.5 22 256 dec 203 dec
1004-38-2 53558-25-1
125.133 272.259
solid
248 dec 224 dec
Pyridine hydrochloride 2-Pyridinemethanamine 3-Pyridinemethanamine 4-Pyridinemethanamine 2-Pyridinemethanol
9353 9354 9355 9356 9357 9358 9359 9360 9361 9362 9363 9364
3-Pyridinemethanol 4-Pyridinemethanol Pyridine-1-oxide 2-Pyridinepropanol 3-Pyridinepropanol 3-Pyridinesulfonic acid 2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxide 2(1H)-Pyridinethione 2-Pyridinol 3-Pyridinol 4-Pyridinol 2(1H)-Pyridinone
Nicotinyl alcohol 4-Picolyl alcohol Pyridine N-oxide
9365 2(1H)-Pyridinone hydrazone 9366 a-[(2-Pyridinylamino) methyl]benzenemethanol 9367 1-(2-Pyridinyl)ethanone 9368 1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanone 9369 1-(4-Pyridinyl)ethanone 9370 N-(2-Pyridinylmethyl)-2pyridinemethanamine 9371 N-2-Pyridinyl-2-pyridinamine 9372 Pyridoxal hydrochloride 9373 Pyridoxal 5-phosphate
2-Pyridinylhydrazine Phenyramidol
9374 Pyridoxamine
9385 9386
5HC 6ClN 6HC 8N2 6HC 8N2 6HC 8N2 6HC7NO
3-Pyridylsulfonic acid
6 7 6 7
HCNO H NOC 7HC7NO C12H13N3 7 7
Methyl pyridyl ketone
7 7
N3 10H9C Vitamin B6 C 3 8H10ClNO NO6P Pyridoxal 5-(dihydrogen phosphate)8H10C 4-(Aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-6methyl-3-pyridinemethanol
C8H12N2O2
CCl2N2O2 8H14 5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4C8H12ClNO3 pyridinedimethanol hydrochloride H11N3O 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol PAN 15C H9N3O2 4-(2’-Pyridylazo)resorcinol PAR 11C Pyrilamine 17CH23N3O 2-Pyrimidinamine 4HC 5N3 4-Pyrimidinamine 4HC 5N3 Pyrimidine 1,3-Diazine C2 4H4N 2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone Alloxan C2O4 4H2N 2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone 5-Violuric acid 4HC 3N3O4 oxime 2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine 4H7NC5 Pyriminil C12N4O3 13H
mp/˚C
hyg pl or sc (al) 146 liq liq
liq
orth
-21.1 -7.6
-6.5 53 65.5 34
nd (bz) nd (bz) pr or nd (w+1) nd (bz)
357 dec 70.5 130.0 107.8 129 149.8 107.8
cry (dil MeOH)
46.6 83.5
ye in air 13.5 16
90.5 165 dec 141
bp/˚C 222 203; 9117 226 230; 10311 11216, 102.58 266 14112 14613 260.2; 1164 284; 1303
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.052525 1.06420 1.07220 1.131720
1.543125 1.55220 1.549525 1.544420
vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz
1.13120
1.545520
vs H2O, eth s chl
1.06025 1.06325 1.71325
1.529820 1.531320
vs H2O vs H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl vs H2O, bz, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth, DMSO s chl
1.391020 >350; 25710 280
1.391020
185140, 901
192 220 212 20010, 1391
25 1.077
1.09725 1.107425
1.520320 1.534120 1.528225 1.575725
307.5
sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH
198 226 dec 207
s EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid sl EtOH, eth, acid
s EtOH, acid vs H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O
sub
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 2015 sub 123.8 sub
1.499820
s H2O; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH msc H2O; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-492
CAS RN
9348 9349 9350 9351 9352
Mol. Form.
NH2 NH2
HCl
NH2
N
N Pyridinehydrochloride
3-Pyridinemethanamine
4-Pyridinemethanamine
3-Pyridinemethanol
4-Pyridinemethanol
OH
N
Pyridine-1-oxide
2-Pyridinepropanol
3-Pyridinesulfonic acid
N H
SH
2-Pyridinethiol, 1-oxide
S N
2(1H)-Pyridinethione
OH
N
2-Pyridinol
3-Pyridinol
3-493
O
2(1H)-Pyridinone
1-(3-Pyridinyl)ethanone
N H
NH2
2(1H)-Pyridinonehydrazone
O
N
N
a-[(2-Pyridinylamino)methyl]benzenemethanol 1-(2-Pyridinyl)ethanone
4-Pyridinol
N
O
O
H N
N OH
N H
N
N
1-(4-Pyridinyl)ethanone
OH
HO N
N
N H
HCl
N
N
N-(2-Pyridinylmethyl)-2-pyridinemethanamine N-2-Pyridinyl-2-pyridinamine
Pyridoxalhydrochloride
N HO
O P
HO
NH2
O OH
O
NH2
OH
HO
2-Pyrimidinamine
N
O
4-Pyrimidinamine
Pyrimidine
N
N
O
N H
1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol
O
O
2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone
HON O
O Pyrilamine
NH2 O
2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinetetrone 5-oxime
N
O N
O
N H2N
N
OH
4-(2’-Pyridylazo)resorcinol
NH N H
N
N
HO
Pyridoxinehydrochloride
NH
N N
N OH
HCl
O
N NH2
N
N
Pyridoxaminedihydrochloride
NH2
N
N
OH
HO
N
Pyridoxamine
N
OH 2HCl
HO
N
N Pyridoxal5-phosphate
OH
N H NH2
2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine
N H
N Pyriminil
O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N O
O N H
2-Pyridinemethanol
N O
N
N
OH
N
3-Pyridinepropanol
OH
N
OH
O H S O
N
OH N
N
2-Pyridinemethanamine
OH
N
OH
No. 9387 9388 9389 9390 9391
9401 9402 9403 9404
Synonym
Mol. Form.
Pyrithione zinc Pyrocatechol L-Pyroglutamic acid Pyrolan Pyrrobutamine
C8N2O2S2Zn 10H 1,2-Benzenediol C6O2 6H 5-OxoL-proline C5H7NO3 C13H15N3O2 1-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-2- C20H22ClN butenyl]pyrrolidine Pyrrole Imidole H5N 4C C5H5NO 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde C5NO2 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid 5H 3-Pyrrolecarboxylic acid C2 1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid 5H5NO 1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione C4H3NO2 Pyrrolidine Azacyclopentane 4HC 9N 1-Pyrrolidineethanamine CN2 6H14 1-Pyrrolidineethanol 6HC 13NO 1-[4-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-2- Oxotremorine CH18N2O 12 pyrrolidinone 3-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, S) ( Nornicotine C12N2 9H H7NO 2-Pyrrolidone g-Butyrolactam 4C 1-(1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone H7NO 6C H4O3 Pyruvic acid 3C
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
13463-41-7 120-80-9 98-79-3 87-47-8 91-82-7
317.722 110.111 129.115 245.277 311.849
wh solid cry
cry
262 104.6 162 50 49
109-97-7 1003-29-8 634-97-9 931-03-3 541-59-3 123-75-1 7154-73-6 2955-88-6 70-22-4
67.090 95.100 111.100 111.100 97.073 71.121 114.188 115.173 206.283
liq orth pr (peth) lf (w) nd (lig) pl (bz) col liq
-23.39 46.5 208 dec 161.5 94 -57.79
494-97-3 616-45-5 1072-83-9 127-17-3
148.204 85.105 109.126 88.062
hyg cry (peth) mcl nd (w)
pa ye liq
3-494
9405 Pyrvinium chloride 9406 1,1’:4’,1’’:4’’,1’’’-Quaterphenyl
C28ClN3 26H C24H18
548-84-5 135-70-6
417.973 306.400
red pow (w)
9407 Quercetin
15 10 7
CH O
117-39-5
302.236
C21H20O11
522-12-3
448.377
HC O CH ClN3O 21CH23IN 2 CH24N2O2 19
631-01-6 83-89-6 117-92-0 464-85-7
486.683 399.956 430.325 312.406
N2 1,3-Benzodiazine 8H6C 3,7-Dichloroquinoline-8-carboxylic C10H5Cl2NO2 acid CH12ClN3O3S 10 C12O6 7H H24N2O2 20C
253-82-7 84087-01-4
130.147 242.059
ye nd (dil al, + 2 w) pa ye nd or pl (+2w, dil al) nd (dil al) ye oil dk red pow pr (bz), nd (80% al) ye pl (peth)
73-49-4 77-95-2 56-54-2
289.738 192.166 324.417
6’-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol,a,9R) (8 6’-Methoxycinchonan-9-ol monohydrochloride, (8a,9R)
C20H24N2O2 C20H25ClN2O2
130-95-0 130-89-2
324.417 360.878
HC N O S CH N O 9H8N2C 9H8N2C 9H8N2C
804-63-7 84-31-1 580-22-3 580-17-6 578-68-7
746.912 322.401 144.173 144.173 144.173
9408 Quercitrin 9409 9410 9411 9412
Quillaic acid Quinacrine Quinaldine Red Quinamine
9413 Quinazoline 9414 Quinclorac 9415 Quinethazone 9416 Quinic acid 9417 Quinidine 9418 Quinine 9419 Quinine hydrochloride 9420 9421 9422 9423 9424
Quinine sulfate Quininone 2-Quinolinamine 3-Quinolinamine 4-Quinolinamine
Quercetin-3L-rhamnoside
30 46 5
Mepacrine
23 30
40 50 4 8 20 22 2 2
2-Aminoquinoline 3-Aminoquinoline 4-Aminoquinoline
mp/˚C
25 90 13.8
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
245
1.34420
1.60425
1610.2 1920.3 129.79 218
0.969820
sub 86.56 166; 6823 187; 8013 1240.1
1.2493106 20 0.8586 0.90125 0.975020 0.99125
1.443120 1.468720 1.471320 1.516020
270 251; 13312 220 dec 165; 5410
1.073719 1.12020
1.537818 1.480630
1.227220
1.428020
250 dec 320
42818
316.5
sub
1.508520 16 1.5939
294 87
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl chl, lig s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS 2 s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace
s H2O; vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace
185.5
162.5 cry (+2.5w, dil 174 al) 57 silky efflor nd 159 (w) silky nd (w) 235.2 nd, lf (eth) 108 lf (w) 131.5 orth (w, dil al) 94 nd (bz, dil al) 154.8
s chl, DMSO, DMF vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH s DMSO s ctc, CS2
i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; s bz, PhNO 2, HOAc sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH, ace, py i H2O, eth; s EtOH, HOAc, MeOH, alk vs ace, eth, py, EtOH
170
48 274
Solubility
241
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl 1.75
1.6425
1.62515
sub 12 180
s tfa vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz; vs chl; i peth sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, py; s eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; sl bz vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, bz, chl; vs EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9392 9393 9394 9395 9396 9397 9398 9399 9400
Name
Cl O OH S N O
Zn
O N
N OH
N H
S
Pyrithione zinc
Pyrocatechol
N
OH
O
N
O
N
L-Pyroglutamic acid
N H
N H
O
O
Pyrolan
Pyrrobutamine
O
Pyrrole
N H
1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde
OH
OH
O
N H
O
1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylicacid
1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylicacid
N H
O
1H-Pyrrole-2,5-dione
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N N
N
N H
N NH2
Pyrrolidine
OH
N H
N
N H
N
O
1-Pyrrolidineethanamine 1-Pyrrolidineethanol 1-[4-(1-Pyrrolidinyl)-2-butynyl]-2-pyrrolidinone3-(2-Pyrrolidinyl)pyridine, (S)
HO
Cl
O
H N
N H
O
2-Pyrrolidone
N
OH O
O
1-(1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)ethanone
Pyruvicacid
Pyrviniumchloride
O O CH3 OH OH OH O
3-495
OH O OH HO
OH
H OH
O
HO
OH
O
N
HN O OH
O
HO OH
OH 1,1’:4’,1’’:4’’,1’’’-Quaterphenyl
Quercetin
Quercitrin
O
N
Quillaic acid
Quinacrine
Cl
OH
N H
O
O H
Cl
N
N I
N
Quinaldine Red
N Quinamine
H
O
N HCl
N Quininehydrochloride
H
O
N
HO
Quinazoline
HO
HO
Cl O
O S O H2N
Quinclorac
N
O
O H
O N Quininesulfate
2
HO
OH NH
Quinethazone
H2SO4
HO
H N
Cl
H
O HO
HO
N
H
O
N
OH OH
N
Quinicacid
N
Quinidine
Quinine
N
NH2 NH2
N Quininone
N
NH2
2-Quinolinamine
N 3-Quinolinamine
N 4-Quinolinamine
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
9425 5-Quinolinamine
5-Aminoquinoline
9H8N2C
611-34-7
144.173
9426 6-Quinolinamine
6-Aminoquinoline
9 8 2
H NC
580-15-4
144.173
9427 8-Quinolinamine
8-Aminoquinoline 1-Azanaphthalene
9429 9430 9431 9432 9433
Cinchoninaldehyde Quinaldic acid 8-Carboxyquinoline
4-Quinolinecarboxaldehyde 2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 2(1H)-Quinolinethione 2-Quinolinol
2-Hydroxyquinoline
3-496
9434 3-Quinolinol 9435 4-Quinolinol 9436 5-Quinolinol
3-Hydroxyquinoline 4-Hydroxyquinoline 5-Hydroxyquinoline
9437 6-Quinolinol 9438 7-Quinolinol
6-Hydroxyquinoline 7-Hydroxyquinoline
9439 9440 9441 9442 9443 9444
8-Quinolinol 8-Quinolinol benzoate 8-Quinolinol sulfate (2:1) Quinovic acid Quinovose Quinoxaline
8-Hydroxyquinoline Benzoxiquine 8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate
9445 9446 9447 9448 9449 9450 9451 9452 9453
2(1H)-Quinoxalinone Quizalofop-Ethyl Radicinin Raffinose Ranitidine Raubasine Raunescine Reinecke salt Resazurin
9454 9455 9456 9457 9458 9459 9460 9461 9462
Rescinnamine Reserpic acid Reserpine cis-Resmethrin, (-) Resorcinol 11-cis-Retinal Retinal (all trans) 13-cis-Retinoic acid 13-trans-Retinoic acid
1,4-Benzodiazine
114
18712
sl H2O, eth; s NH3, EtOH
nd (to-peth)
51 156 187 187 199.5
9 7
HCN
91-22-5
129.159
H CNO H NOC2 C2 10H7NO NS 9H7C C 9H7NO
4363-93-3 93-10-7 86-59-9 2637-37-8 59-31-4
157.169 173.169 173.169 161.224 145.158
pr (MeOH)
H NO C H NO C C 9H7NO
580-18-7 611-36-9 578-67-6
145.158 145.158 145.158
cry (bz, dil al) 201.3 nd (w+3) 210 nd (al), pl 226 dec
H NO C H NO C
580-16-5 580-20-1
145.158 145.158
H NO C 16H11CNO2 18H16N2OC 6S H46O5 30C C6H12O5 N2 8H6C
148-24-3 86-75-9 134-31-6 465-74-7 7658-08-4 91-19-0
145.158 249.264 388.934 486.683 164.156 130.147
pr (al, eth) 195 pr (al), nd (dil 239 al-eth) nd (dil al) 75.5
H CNO HC ClN2O4 H12O5 12C C18H32O16 C22N4O3S 13H C21H24N2O3 C31H36N2O8 H12CrN7OS4 4C C12H7NO4
1196-57-2 76578-14-8 10088-95-6 512-69-6 66357-35-5 483-04-5 117-73-7 13573-16-5 550-82-3
146.146 372.802 236.220 504.437 314.404 352.427 564.626 354.440 229.189
CH N O CH N O C33H40N2O9 CH26O3 22 C6O2 6H C20H28O C20H28O 20HC 28O2 C28O2 20H
24815-24-5 83-60-3 50-55-5 10453-86-8 108-46-3 564-87-4 116-31-4 4759-48-2 302-79-4
634.716 400.467 608.679 338.439 110.111 284.435 284.435 300.435 300.435
10 7 10 7
9 7 9 7
9 7 9 7
9 7
35 42 2 9 22 28 2 5
Accutane
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; i lig
144.173
19 17
1,3-Benzenediol Vitamin A 1 aldehyde
310; 18410
578-66-5
8 6 2
7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one, 10-oxide
bp/˚C
110
H NC
9 8 2
den/g cm-3
mp/˚C
ye nd (al) lf (eth) cry (w+2), pr (eth) pa ye nd (sub) cry (al, lig) liq
nd (w)
pl or nd cry (AcOEt) cry (peth) lf (al) wh cry
solid
70 -14.78
177.5 298 dec 139.5 28 271 93 221.5 80 69.5 258 dec 165 270 dec
red cry (w) dk red to gr pr or pl (HOAc) nd (bz) 238.5 cry (MeOH) 242 lo pr (dil ace) 264.5 75 nd (bz), pl (w) 109.4 cry oran cry 64 cry (EtOH) 189 cry (MeOH) 181.5
157
nD
19
237.16
Solubility
vs H2O, EtOH 1.097715
1.626820
4 122
sub sub
sub 360 sub 267
20 1.034
229.5
1.133448
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s ctc vs eth, tol s H2O; vs bz vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl i2O; H s EtOH; sl eth, chl; vs bz vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, peth s H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH; vs MeOH; i lig i 2HO, bz, chl; sl EtOH, eth; s alk vs EtOH i H2O, eth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s ace sl chl vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth
1.623148
sub 200 2200.2
vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl chl i H2O; s bz, EtOH, ace, xyl sl chl s H2O, py; vs MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth
1.46525
i H2O; s MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, chl, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, ace; i bz i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, HOAc; s alk
sub
i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, chl, AcOEt sl2H O, eth, ace; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt 276.5; 17816 1.27820
1.57825
vs H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl, cy, peth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9428 Quinoline
Physical Form
O
NH2
OH
H2N N N
N 5-Quinolinamine
6-Quinolinamine
N
8-Quinolinamine
HO
O
N
Quinoline
N
OH
N
NH2
OH
4-Quinolinecarboxaldehyde 2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid
N H
O
S
N
8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 2(1H)-Quinolinethione
OH
N
2-Quinolinol
N
3-Quinolinol
4-Quinolinol
O
H
HO
N
N HO
N
N 5-Quinolinol
6-Quinolinol
N
OH
OH
7-Quinolinol
H2SO4
8-Quinolinol
8-Quinolinol benzoate
COOH
O
COOH
HO
HO
2
8-Quinolinol sulfate (2:1)
Quinovicacid
N
N
OH OH OH
N H
N
Quinovose
Quinoxaline
O
2(1H)-Quinoxalinone
HO HO
O
HO
OH N Cl
O
O
N
O
O
OH
O
HO
3-497
O
O
Quizalofop-Ethyl
O N
OH N
HO
O
Raffinose
H N H
O NH3 NCS SCN Cr SCN NCS NH3
O
O OH
O O
Raunescine
HO NH4.H
O
2O
O
O
O
N H
H N H
O
O
O
N H H
HO
O
OH O
O
Resazurin
H O
O
O O
O
H
Raubasine
N H H
O
N O
Reineckesalt
N H
N
N H H
Ranitidine
O
H
S
O
OH
Radicinin
H
O
O HO
O O OH
N
N H H O
O OH
Rescinnamine
O
Reserpicacid
OH O H O
N H
N
O H
O
cis-Resmethrin,(-)
O
H O
Resorcinol
11-cis-Retinal
Retinal (alltrans)
O OH
O O
Reserpine
O
OH
O
O O
O O
HO 13-cis-Retinoic acid
O 13-trans-Retinoic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N O
OH
No.
Name Retinol Retinyl palmitate Retronecine, (+) Retrorsine Rhamnetin
9468 9469 9470 9471
DL-a-Rhamnose D-Rhamnose Rheadine Rhein
9472 Rhenium carbonyl 9473 Rhizopterin
3-498
9474 9475 9476 9477 9478
Rhodamine B Rhodium carbonyl chloride Ribavirin Ribitol Riboflavin
9479 9480 9481 9482 9483
Riboflavin-5’-phosphate D-Ribose L-Ribose D-Ribulose Ricinine
9484 Rifabutin 9485 Rifampin 9486 Rinderine 9487 Ronnel 9488 Rotenone
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
68-26-8 79-81-2 480-85-3 480-54-6 90-19-7
286.451 524.860 155.195 351.395 316.262
116908-82-8 634-74-2 2718-25-4 478-43-3
164.156 164.156 383.395 284.221
14285-68-8 119-20-0
652.515 340.294
C28H32ClN2O3 Dirhodium tetracarbonyl dichloride C2 4Cl2O4Rh Tribavirin C4O5 8H12N O5 Adonitol 5H12C CH20N4O6 17
81-88-9 14523-22-9 36791-04-5 488-81-3 83-88-5
480.018 388.758 244.205 152.146 376.364
H20N4O9P 17C C5H10O5 C5H10O5 erythro-2-Pentulose C5H10O5 1,2-Dihydro-4-methoxy-1-methyl-2C8H8N2O2 oxo-3-pyridinecarbonitrile C62N4O11 46H H58N4O12 43C
146-17-8 50-69-1 24259-59-4 488-84-6 524-40-3
455.336 150.130 150.130 150.130 164.162
72559-06-9 13292-46-1
847.004 822.941
6029-84-1 299-84-3 83-79-4
299.364 321.546 394.417
CH NO2 CH O CH13N3O 18
79-58-3 21794-01-4 84-26-4
413.636 518.509 287.315
O CRu3 H O CRu CH22O10 12
15243-33-1 14284-93-6 90-74-4
639.33 398.39 326.297
C29H47NO8 C7H5NO3S
124-80-1 81-07-2
537.685 183.185
128-44-9
205.168
116-26-7
150.217
Vitamin A Retinol, hexadecanoate
6-Deoxy-D-mannose
Dirhenium decacarbonyl
9495 Sabadine 9496 Saccharin 9497 Saccharin sodium 9498 Safranal
CO 20H30 36H60O2C H13NO2 8C CH25NO6 18 CH12O7 16 C6H12O5 C6H12O5 C21H21NO6 C15H8O6 OC Re2 CH N O
10 10
15 12 6 4
Echinatine-3’-epimer
9489 Rubijervine 9490 Rubratoxin B 9491 Rutecarpine 9492 Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl 9493 Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 9494 Rutinose
Mol. Form.
15H25CNO5 C8H8Cl3O3PS C23H22O6
27 43
26 30 11
Triruthenium dodecacarbonyl Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate
12 12
15 21 6
1,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one, 1,1- C7H4NNaO3S dioxide, sodium salt 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene-C10H14O 1-carboxaldehyde
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C 1370.000001
cry (ace) cry (AcOEt) ye nd (al)
63.5 28 121 212 295
cry (w)
151
nd (chl, eth, al) ye or oran nd (MeOH, py) ye-wh cry lt ye pl (w)
257 321
ye pr (peth)
viol-red cry red-oran pl (ace) cry (ace)
nD
Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH; sl eth sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, chl; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, PhOH; vs dil alk vs H2O, EtOH s H2O
sub sub
170 dec >300
165 red-oran cry 124 col cry (EtOH) 175 pr (w), nd (al) 104 ye or oran-ye 280 dec nd (w) ye cry (w) pl (al) 88 81 syrup pr or lf (w, al) 201.5
den/g cm-3
sl H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs py 2.87
s os i2O, H EtOH, eth; s aq alk, aq NH 3, py s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, xyl s os s H2O s H2O, EtOH; i eth, lig i H2O, eth, ace, chl; sl EtOH
s H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O s 2HO, chl; sl EtOH, bz; vs py; i peth i2H O; vs chl; s MeOH; sl EtOH
sub 170
185 dec
100.5 41 nd or lf (al, aq- 176 ace) nd (+1w, dil al) 242 cry (MeCN) 169 dec ye nd (al, 259.5 AcOEt) oran cry dec 150 230 hyg pow (al, 190 dec eth) nd (eth) 258 nd (ace) pr (al), 228 dec lf (w) wh cry 229
1520.4 2150.5
1.4432
1.533535 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl eth; vs chl vs bz, EtOH, chl sl EtOH, ace, bz
vs H2O, EtOH
sub
vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, bz, eth, chl; s ace, EtOH
0.82825
s H2O 701
0.973419
1.528119
vs EtOH, peth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9463 9464 9465 9466 9467
Synonym
HO
OH O
OH O OH
O
O
H
HO
N Retinol
Retinyl palmitate
O
OH
O
OH
O
O H
OH
O
N
Retronecine,(+)
O OHHO
Rhamnetin
O
OH
HO
OH
Retrorsine
CHO H H OH OH CH3
HO HO H H
DL-a-Rhamnose
D-Rhamnose
O
O N H
H O
O
O
O
O OH
O O
O
OH O
Rheadine
OH Rhein
OC CO OC CO OC Re Re CO OC CO OC CO
HO N
N O
Rheniumcarbonyl
N
N
HN O
O
N
N
3-499
CH2OH OH H OH H OH H CH2OH Ribitol
NH2
Rhizopterin
RhodamineB
CHO H OH H OH H OH CH2OH
Riboflavin-5’-phosphate
D-Ribose
CH2OH O H OH H OH CH2OH
L-Ribose
D-Ribulose
CO
HO
Rhodiumcarbonyl chloride
OH O OH O
OH Ribavirin
HO
O
O
OH O OH OH
NH
N
O
NH
NH
N
N
O
N
Cl
O
O
O N
CO
HO
O
CHO HO H HO H HO H CH2OH
NH2 N
Rh
Rh OC
Cl
O
N CH2 H OH H OH H OH O CH2O P OH OH
N CH2 H OH H OH H OH CH2OH Riboflavin
N
O
O N
Cl
OC
NH
N
HN
N
HO
O
O O
N
O
O
O
N
Ricinine
OH
O
N N
O
Rifabutin
Rifampin
O O
O O
HO
O
OH
S O O P O Cl
Cl
H O OH
N
Cl
Rinderine
O
O
O
H
H O H
OH
H
H
N
H
H
H
H
HO
Ronnel
Rotenone
Rubijervine
N
O Rh
O
OH O
H H
O
N H
O O HO
OH O RubratoxinB
N N
Rutecarpine
O
OC CO OC CO Ru OC CO Ru CO OC Ru OC CO OC CO Rutheniumdodecacarbonyl
H
OH
O O
O
HO
O O O
O O
Ruthenium(III)2,4-pentanedioate
H
H O
H
OH OH OH HO Rutinose
OH OH
O HO
OH
H Sabadine
OH OH OH
O NH S O O Saccharin
O NNa S O O Saccharinsodium
O Safranal
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
9499 Safrole 9500 Salcomine Salicylaldehyde Salicylaldoxime Salsoline Salvarsan dihydrochloride
9505 9506 9507 9508 9509 9510 9511
Sanguinarine a-Santalol b-Santalol Santonic acid a-Santonin Sarcosine Sarmentogenin
9512 9513 9514 9515 9516 9517
Sarpagan-17-al Sarpagan-10,17-diol Saxitoxin dihydrochloride Scarlet red Schradan Scilliroside
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
5-(2-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole N,N’-Bis(salicylidene) ethylenediaminocobalt(II) 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
C10O2 10H C16H14CoN2O2
94-59-7 14167-18-1
162.185 325.227
mcl red cry (DMF)
90-02-8 94-67-7 89-31-6 139-93-5
122.122 137.137 193.243 439.001
liq
-7 57 pow or cry (al) 221.5 ye hyg pow 190 dec
2447-54-3 115-71-9 77-42-9 510-35-0 481-06-1 107-97-1 76-28-8
349.337 220.351 220.351 264.318 246.302 89.094 390.513
cry (eth, al)
6874-98-2 482-68-8 35554-08-6 85-83-6 152-16-9 507-60-8
292.374 310.390 372.209 380.442 286.250 620.684
Arsphenamine
N-Methylglycine
Vellosimine Sarpagine
HC O 7HC 7NO2 CH15NO2 11 C14As2Cl2N2 12H O2 CH15NO5 20 CH24O 15 CH24O 15 H20O4 15C CH18O3 15 C7NO2 3H CH34O5 23 7 6 2
HC N O CH N O CCl2N7O4 10H19 C24H20N4O C8H24N4O3P2 C44O12 32H 19 20 2
19 22 2 2
cry orth (w, eth) cry (al) pr (95% al, MeOH-eth) cry (MeOH) nd hyg wh solid dk br pow or nd
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
11.2
234.5
1.100020
1.538120
i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, chl s bz, chl, py
197
1.167420
1.574020
sl H2O, chl; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s chl; i lig sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, peth; s chl, alk vs H2O
301.5 16710 28515
0.967920 0.975020
1.502320 1.511520
266
171 175 212 dec 280 305.5 320 185; dec 260 17 169
lo pr (dil MeOH) visc liq hyg nd (lig, eth, 108.5 chl, peth) lf 130.9
9518 Scopolamine 9519 Scopoline
C17H21NO4 C8H13NO2
51-34-3 487-27-4
303.354 155.195
9520 Sebacic acid
10 18 4
CH O
111-20-6
202.248
H NOC2Se
1464-42-2
196.11
6596-50-5 630-10-4 563-41-7 130-01-8 480-81-9 2318-18-5 17094-01-8 302-84-1 312-84-5 56-45-1 18786-24-8 94-83-7 136-78-7
92.99 123.02 111.531 335.396 333.380 365.420 237.215 105.093 105.093 105.093 348.395 311.160 309.100
hex pl (MeOH 265 dec aq) unstab gas pr or nd (w) pr (dil al) 176 dec pl 232 pl (AcOEt) 217 dec pl (ace) 197 ye pow or cry mcl pr or lf (w) 246 dec nd or hex pr (w) 229 dec hex pl or pr (w) 228 dec 175 cry 66 245 dec
74051-80-2 138-59-0 1982-49-6
327.482 174.151 232.321
nd cry solid
9521 Selenium methionine 9522 9523 9524 9525 9526 9527 9528 9529 9530 9531 9532 9533 9534
Selenoformaldehyde Selenourea Semicarbazide hydrochloride Senecionine Seneciphylline Senkirkin L-Sepiapterin DL-Serine D-Serine L-Serine Serpentine alkaloid Sesin Sesone
9535 Sethoxydim 9536 Shikimic acid 9537 Siduron
Selenomethionine
5 11
CH 2Se 4NCH 2Se ClN3O 6CH CH25NO5 18 H23NO5 18C CH27NO6 19 6-Lactoyl-7,8-dihydropterin 9H11NC 5O3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, S( ) C3H7NO3 C20N2O3 21H 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyethyl benzoate 15HC12Cl2O3 Sodium 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) C8H7Cl2NaO5S ethyl sulfate CH29NO3S 17 7HC 10O5 C14H20N2O Carbamimidoselenoic acid
184 135
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s chl, eth, HOAc, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i peth s H2O i H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH; sl ace, chl
25 1.590
sub 180
1542.0 dec
1.0925
248
1.0891134
295100, 23210
1.270520
dec 200
1.422133
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth; i bz
vs H2O vs 2HO i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s chl s chl; sl EtOH, ace; i eth
22 1.603
dec sub 150
1.46225
i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, MeOH, EtOH i H2O; sl ace, bz; vs chl, peth vs H2O, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace, chl; vs EtOH, diox; i eth vs hot2O, H EtOH, ace; sl bz s H2O
1.622
s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc s H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace
1851.5
>900.00003 subl
1.04325 sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl s EtOH, DMF, CH 2Cl2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-500
9501 9502 9503 9504
Synonym
As
OH O N N Co O O
O O Safrole
N
HO OH Salsoline
CH2OH
O a-Santalol
Sanguinarine
b-Santalol
H2N HO H O
O O
O a-Santonin
Santonicacid
HO
OH
O
OH
N
N HH
OH
O
H N
O
HO
O
N
N HH
H H N
O HN HN
NH 2HCl N
H
Sarcosine
Sarmentogenin
Sarpagan-17-al
Sarpagan-10,17-diol
N H OH OH
Saxitoxin dihydrochloride
O O
N
OH
3-501
N
OH N
HO
N
O
OH O O
N
O O N P O P N N N Scarletred
OH O
OH HO
O
OH
Schradan
Scilliroside
Se
Se H
H2N
H
Selenoformaldehyde
H2N NH2
Selenourea
OH L-Serine
HCl
O
O H
O
O O
O O
O
O
N
Senecionine
Seneciphylline
O N
OH
N
N
N
N H
Senkirkin
H O
Serpentinealkaloid
O
NH NH2
HO
O O
O Cl
O
O
Cl Sesin
Cl
Cl Sesone
O O S O ONa
O OH
HO
L-Sepiapterin
NH2
DL-Serine
D-Serine
O
O
O
HN
S
N O Sethoxydim
O
OH
NH2
HO H
O
Seleniummethionine
OH O
O
Sebacicacid
N
O
NH2
NH2
Semicarbazidehydrochloride
N
HO
N H
H O H
O
OH NH2
Scopoline
HO O
O
OH
Se
O
O
Scopolamine
HO
HO
HO O
O
O
N
O
HO
N H
OH OH Shikimic acid
Siduron
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
H
H HO
OH
O 2
Salvarsan dihydrochloride
O
O
N
NH2
NH
O Salicylaldehyde Salicylaldoxime
O
2HCl
OH
OH
Salcomine
O
No.
Name
9538 Silvex
Synonym
Mol. Form.
93-72-1
269.509
181.6
122-34-9
201.657
226
14929-11-4 530-59-6
469.354 224.210
cry wh pow
52
115-53-7 474-40-8
329.391 426.717
nd (bz) nd (al)
162 166
127-85-5 134-03-2 873-55-2 515-42-4 532-32-1 124-65-2 127-20-8 148-18-5 20624-25-3
239.037 198.106 164.158 180.157 144.104 159.980 164.951 171.260 225.306
wh cry cry cry
129-96-4
364.260
wh nd or lf (w)
128-04-1 2211-98-5 151-21-3 141-52-6 62-74-8 870-72-4 149-44-0 527-07-1 1562-00-1
144.215 348.476 288.379 68.050 100.024 134.088 118.088 218.137 148.114
col cry (w) cry wh pow hyg wh pow wh mcl cry cry (EtOH aq) cry (w)
540-92-1
162.141
cry
s H2O; sl EtOH
126-31-8 140-93-2 124-41-4 2163-80-6 137-42-8 521-24-4
243.984 158.218 54.024 161.953 129.180 260.199
cry hyg wh-ye pow 150 dec wh hyg tetr cry 300 cry (w) 115 cry (w) 287 dec
sl EtOH, ace, bz
113-24-6 139-02-6 137-40-6 71-67-0
110.044 116.093 96.061 837.998
868-18-8 6106-24-7
194.051 230.082
gran cry hyg pow cry (EtOH) orth cry (ace)
hyg cry
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
Mol. Wt.
nD
Solubility
1.30220 2250.15 i H2O; s MeOH, ace sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, dil alk vs EtOH, chl s H2O
218 dec 300 >300 >300 60 (hyd) 166 dec 95 95
s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, MeOH, ace; i eth, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; i bz, eth vs H2O
121 (hyd) 144 205 260 dec 200
reac H2O; s EtOH i ace, chl; sl EtOH, MeOH
63 (hyd)
s H2O; i EtOH, bz, eth s H2O s H2O
reac H 2O; s MeOH, EtOH vs H2O; s MeOH; i os vs H2O
s H2O; sl abs EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, thf sl H2O s H2O; i EtOH, ace
384
hyg cry
1.54525
s H2O s H2O; i EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-502
Propanoic acid, 2-(2,4,5C9H7Cl3O3 trichlorophenoxy)C7H12ClN5 9539 Simazine 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloroN,N’-diethyl9540 Simfibrate CH26Cl2O6 23 9541 Sinapinic acid 3-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)C11H12O5 2-propenoic acid 9542 Sinomenine CH23NO4 19 C30H50O 4-Methylstigmasta-7,24(28)-dien-39543 a1-Sitosterol ol, (3b,4a,5a,24Z) 9544 Sodium arsanilate Sodium (4-aminophenyl)arsonate 6H7AsNNaO C 3 H7NaO6 9545 Sodium ascorbate 6C H5NaO2S 9546 Sodium benzenesulfinate 6C 9547 Sodium benzenesulfonate Monosodium benzenesulfonate 6H5NaO C 3S H5NaO2 9548 Sodium benzoate 7C 9549 Sodium cacodylate Sodium dimethylarsonate C 2 2H6AsNaO 9550 Sodium 2,2-dichloropropanoate 3HC3Cl2NaO2 9551 Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate Dithiocarb sodium C2 5H10NNaS 9552 Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate Diethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt C5H16NNaO3S2 trihydrate trihydrate 9553 Sodium 4,5-dihydroxy-2,7Chromotropic acid disodium salt 10H6Na C 2O8S2 naphthalenedisulfonic acid 9554 Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate C 2 3H7NNaS 9555 Sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate C29NaO3S 18H 9556 Sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate C 4S 12H25NaO 9557 Sodium ethanolate Sodium ethoxide C 2H5NaO 9558 Sodium fluoroacetate C2FNaO2 2H S 9559 Sodium formaldehyde bisulfite Sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate 3NaO4CH 9560 Sodium formaldehydesulfoxylate Sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate 3NaOCH 3S H11NaO7 9561 Sodium gluconate 6C 9562 Sodium 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate Monosodium 2C2H5NaO4S hydroxyethanesulfonate 9563 Sodium 2-hydroxy-2Monosodium 2-hydroxy-2C3H7NaO4S propanesulfonate propanesulfonate 9564 Sodium iodomethanesulfonate Methiodal sodium 2INaOCH 3S 9565 SodiumO-isopropyl xanthate C7NaOS2 4H 9566 Sodium methanolate Sodium methoxide CH 3NaO 9567 Sodium methylarsonate CH 4AsNaO3 9568 Sodium methyldithiocarbamate Metham sodium C 2 2H4NNaS 9569 Sodiumb-naphthoquinone-4Sodium 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dioxo-1- C10H5NaO5S sulfonate naphthalenesulfonate H3NaO3 9570 Sodium 2-oxopropanoate 3C NaO 9571 Sodium phenolate Sodium phenoxide 6H5C H5NaO2 9572 Sodium propanoate 3C 9573 Sodium sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein sodium 20H8Br4Na C 2O10 S2 9574 Sodium tartrate 4HC 4Na2O6 9575 Sodium tartrate dihydrate C 2O8 4H8Na
Physical Form
CAS RN
O Cl
O O
O
NH OH
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
N N
O N H
O
O HO As ONa
CH2O Na OH O O
NH2
HO
Sodiumarsanilate
Simfibrate
O Na
S
O Na
Sodiumbenzenesulfinate
Sodiumbenzenesulfonate
Sodiumbenzoate
H a1-Sitosterol
Sinomenine
S
O
O As O Na
OH
HO
O
Sinapinic acid
O
O Na O
N
O O
Cl
O
H
HO
Cl
O S
Sodiumascorbate
OH
O
O
Simazine
HO
O
O
Cl
Na
O Na
S
S N
Na
S
3H2O N
Cl
Sodiumcacodylate
Sodium2,2-dichloropropanoate
Sodiumdiethyldithiocarbamate Sodiumdiethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate
O Na O S O
3-503
SO3 Na
Na O3S
S Na
OH OH Sodium4,5-dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
HO
O S ONa O
HO
O S
S
N
Na
Sodiumdimethyldithiocarbamate
H HO H H ONa
Sodiumformaldehydebisulfite Sodiumformaldehydesulfoxylate
COONa OH H OH OH CH2OH
Sodiumgluconate
O
Sodium4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate
O S ONa O
HO
O
O S ONa O
I
Sodium2-hydroxy-2-propanesulfonate
O HO As O Na
N H
O S O O Na
S HS
Na O CH3
O
Sodiummethanolate
SO3Na OH
Br Br
O Na
O
S Na S
O Na
Sodiumfluoroacetate
Sodiumiodomethanesulfonate SodiumO-isopropylxanthate
NaO3S O
Sodiumethanolate
O S ONa O
HO O
F
Na O
Sodiumdodecyl sulfate
HO
Sodium2-hydroxyethanesulfonate
O S O O
O
ONa
Br O Na
O
Sodiummethylarsonate SodiummethyldithiocarbamateSodiumb-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate Sodium2-oxopropanoate
O
Sodiumphenolate
Sodiumpropanoate
Br
O
Sodiumsulfobromophthalein
H HO
COONa OH H COONa
Sodiumtartrate
H HO
COONa OH H COONa
2H2O
Sodiumtartrate dihydrate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Silvex
O
No.
Sodium tetraphenylborate Sodium trichloroacetate Sodium trifluoroacetate Solanid-5-ene-3,18-diol, b(3) Solanine Solanone Soman Sophoricoside Sorbitan oleate L-Sorbose Sparteine Spinulosin Spironolactone Spiro[2.2]pentane Spirosolan-3-ol, (3 b,5a,22b,25S) Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, (3 b,22a,25R)
Synonym
Isorubijervine
L-Sorbinose
Tomatidine Solasodine
3-504
Physical Form
mp/˚C
342.217 185.369 136.005 413.636 868.060 194.313 182.173 432.378 428.602 180.155 234.380 184.147 416.574 68.118 415.652 413.636
nd ye-wh pow cry pr(al) nd (EtOH aq)
300 300 207 dec 242.5 286 dec
511-96-6 77-60-1
432.636 416.636
lf (bz), nd (eth) 271.5 lf (al +1w) pr 205.5 (ace) nd (ace) 185 lo pr, nd (ace) 200.5 nd (al) 281.5
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C20BNa 24H NaO2 2Cl3C NaO2 2F3C H43NO2 27C C45H73NO15 C13H22O C7H16FO2P CH20O10 21 H44O6 24C C6H12O6 CH26N2 15 C8O5 8H CH32O4S 24 H8 5C H45NO2 27C C27H43NO2
143-66-8 650-51-1 2923-18-4 468-45-1 20562-02-1 1937-54-8 96-64-0 152-95-4 1338-43-8 87-79-6 90-39-1 85-23-4 52-01-7 157-40-4 77-59-8 126-17-0
27 44 3
CH O CH O
9592 Spirostan-2,3-diol,a,3b,5a,25R) (2 9593 Spirostan-3-ol, b,5a,25R) (3
Gitogenin Tigogenin
9594 Spirostan-3-ol, b,5b,25R) (3 9595 Spirostan-3-ol, b,5b,25S) (3 9596 Spirostan-2,3,15-triol, (2a,3b,5a,15b,25R) 9597 Spirost-5-en-3-ol, b,25R) (3 9598 Spiro[5.5]undecane 9599 S-Propyl thioacetate 9600 Squalene 9601 Stachydrine 9602 Stanozolol 9603 Stearaldehyde 9604 Stearic acid
Smilagenin Sarsasapogenin Digitogenin
27CH44O3 C27H44O3 C44O5 27H
126-18-1 126-19-2 511-34-2
416.636 416.636 448.635
Diosgenin
CH42O3 27 C11H20 5HC 10OS C30H50 H13NO2 7C CH32N2O 21 C18H36O CO2 18H36
512-04-9 180-43-8 2307-10-0 111-02-4 471-87-4 10418-03-8 638-66-4 57-11-4
414.620 152.277 118.197 410.718 143.184 328.491 268.478 284.478
H O C HC O H48O 29C H48O 29C C29H52O H50O 29C H50O 29C CH12 14
638-08-4 10048-13-2 521-04-0 83-48-7 83-45-4 83-46-5 83-47-6 645-49-8
550.939 324.284 412.690 412.690 416.722 414.706 414.706 180.245
103-30-0 57-92-1
180.245 581.575
3810-74-0
1457.383
9605 9606 9607 9608 9609 9610 9611 9612
Stearic acid anhydride Sterigmatocystin Stigmasta-5,7-dien-3-ol,b)(3 Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol,b,22E) (3 Stigmastan-3-ol,b,5a) (3 Stigmast-5-en-3-ol,b,24R) (3 Stigmast-5-en-3-ol,b,24S) (3 cis-Stilbene
9613 trans-Stilbene 9614 Streptomycin 9615 Streptomycin sulfate
Octadecanoic acid Octadecanoic anhydride
27 44 4
36 70 3 18 12 6
7-Dehydrositosterol Stigmasterol b-Sitosterol g-Sitosterol cis-1,2-Diphenylethene
trans-1,2-Diphenylethene CH12 14 N-Methyl-LC21H39N7O12 glucosamidinostreptosidostreptidine CN14O36S3 42H84
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, chl; i peth s H2O, EtOH vs bz, chl i 2HO, eth, chl; s hot EtOH
601
0.87020
1.475520
0.986 1.61217 1.019620
1.480020 1.531220
0.726620
1.412020
liq 274 ye oil orth (al) red-bl
165 30.5 202.5
liq pl hex pl (sub)
-107.0 210.5 202
cry (ace)
oil cry (w+1) cry (EtOH) nd (peth) mcl lf (al)
325; 1738 sub 120 134 39
s EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace, bz, diox, py; sl eth; vs chl i2O; H s EtOH, chl; sl eth s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, MeOH, peth vs ace, bz, EtOH s EtOH, ace, bz, chl vs chl
205.5
-4.8 235 ª236 69.3
vs EtOH 208 0.878320 137.9 0.953525 421.3; 28017 0.858420
261 dec 350; 23215
1.4731 1.499020
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, ctc vs H2O, EtOH
0.940820
1.429980
i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl, CS 2
0.836582
1.436280
i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz
72 246 dec 144.5 170 144 137 148 -5
14112
1.014320
1.613020
cry (al) hyg pow
124.2
307; 16612
0.970720
1.626417
pow
ª230 dec
ye nd
pl (al) cry (EtOH)
i H2O; s EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, MeOH vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; s alk
vs bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, HOAc s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9576 9577 9578 9579 9580 9581 9582 9583 9584 9585 9586 9587 9588 9589 9590 9591
Name
Na
H
B
O Cl Cl
Sodium tetraphenylborate
H HO
Cl
H
N
O
O
HO
OH
O OH
HO
O
OH OH OH
HO
Sodiumtrifluoroacetate
O
OH
O CH3
OH
O Na F
O O
HO
HO
Soman
HO
O
Solanid-5-ene-3,18-diol, (3b)
Solanine
OH
OH
Sophoricoside
Sorbitanoleate
O O
CH2OH O HO H H OH HO H CH2OH
H
O
N HO
N
L-Sorbose
H
O
O
H HO
O
O
Sparteine
Spinulosin
Spironolactone
O
Spiro[2.2]pentane
O
O
3-505
H
S
H
H
H
HO
Spirosol-5-en-3-ol,(3b,22a,25R)
O
HO
H
Spirostan-2,3-diol, (2a,3b,5a,25R)
O
O
H
O
H
HO
HO
Spirosolan-3-ol,(3b,5a,22b,25S)
O
H
O
O H
H
O
O
H N
H O
H
OH
H
H N
H
O
H
O
OH HO
HO
H
Spirostan-3-ol, (3b,5a,25R)
HO
H
Spirostan-3-ol, (3b,5b,25R)
HO
H
Spirostan-3-ol, (3b,5b,25S)
H
S
HO
Spirostan-2,3,15-triol, (2a,3b,5a,15b,25R)
Spirost-5-en-3-ol, (3b,25R)
Spiro[5.5]undecane
S-Propyl thioacetate
OH
O
H
O
N
OH O
HN
O
OH
O
N
O
Squalene
O
O
H
Stachydrine
Stanozolol
Stearaldehyde
Stearicacid
Stearicacidanhydride NH
NH
O H2N
NH
NH
H2N
NH NH2
NH NH2 O
O H
OH
H O
HO
Sterigmatocystin
HO
HO
Stigmasta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3b)
Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, (3b,22E)
HO
Stigmastan-3-ol, (3b,5a)
O
O
CH2OH MeHN
trans-Stilbene
H3C
O
Streptomycin
3H2SO4
CHO OH O O
HO
CH2OH MeHN
OH
OH
cis-Stilbene
O
CHO OH O O
HO
H
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3b,24S)
HO
HO
HO
HO Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3b,24R)
OH
HO
H
H3C
H
NH
NH
2
Streptomycin sulfate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O O
O O OH
O P O F
Solanone
HO
HO
Sodiumtrichloroacetate H HO H
F F
H
O Na
O
N
No.
Name
Synonym
9616 Streptozotocin 9617 Strophanthidin
Strychnidin-10-one mononitrate Strychnidin-10-one sulfate (2:1) Strychnine Styrene
9622 Succimer 9623 Succinamide 9624 Succinic acid
Strychnine nitrate Strychnine sulfate Vinylbenzene
3-506
Mol. Wt.
8HC 15N3O7 C32O6 23H
18883-66-4 66-28-4
265.221 404.496
H N OC C8S 42H46N4O CH22N2O2 21 H8 8C
66-32-0 60-41-3 57-24-9 100-42-5
397.425 766.901 334.412 104.150
pl 115 dec orth tab 173 dec (MeOH-w) lf (w+2) nd (w) 295 200 dec orth pr (al) 287 liq -30.65
304-55-2
182.219
wh cry (MeOH) 193
110-14-5 110-15-6
116.119 118.089
orth nd (w) tcl or mcl pr
HC O
108-30-5
100.073
HC NO2
123-56-8
99.089
110-61-2 71-27-2 116-43-8 54182-58-0 57-50-1 26446-38-8 126-14-7 56030-54-7 127-71-9
80.088 361.305 355.389 2086.737 342.296 580.706 678.591 386.550 276.310
nd (al), orth 119 pym (chl) pl (+1w, al) orth 126.5 (ace) 57.98 cry (w) 190 cry 193.5 wh amorp pow mcl 185.5 cry 61 nd (al) 86.5 cry (peth) 96.6 hex pr (60% al) 181.5
80-32-0 17784-12-2
284.722 294.329
122-11-2 57-67-0 95-06-7
310.329 214.245 223.787
nd (w)
127-79-7
264.304
cry
236
57-68-1
278.330
198.5
HC N O S CH N O S 11HC 12N4O3S CN3O2S2 10H11 C12H13N3O4S2
144-82-1 723-46-6 80-35-3 515-59-3 547-52-4
270.331 253.277 280.303 269.343 327.379
pa ye (w+1/2) cry (diox-w) cry (w) ye-wh pow
HCN O S CH N O S H14N4O5S 18C
547-44-4 526-08-9 599-79-1
215.229 314.363 398.393
21 23 3 5
2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid, C4H6O4S2 (R*,S*) H8N2O2 4C C6O4 4H
9625 Succinic anhydride
4 4 3
9626 Succinimide
4 5
9627 9628 9629 9630 9631 9632 9633 9634 9635
Succinonitrile Succinylcholine chloride Succinylsulphathiazole Sucralfate Sucrose Sucrose monohexadecanoate Sucrose octaacetate Sufentanil Sulfabenzamide
Butanedinitrile Suxamethonium chloride
Sucrose palmitate
N-[(4-Aminophenyl) sulfonyl]benzamide
9638 Sulfadimethoxine 9639 Sulfaguanidine 9640 Sulfallate 9641 Sulfamerazine
Sulfamethiazole Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethylthiazole N4-Sulfanilylsulfanilamide
9648 Sulfanilylurea 9649 Sulfaphenazole 9650 Sulfasalazine
14 30
10 9
12 14 4 3
HC N O S HC N O S H14ClNS2 Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl-,C82chloro-2-propenyl ester 11CH12N4O2S 12 14 4 4 7 10 4 2
H C NOS
9642 Sulfamethazine 9643 9644 9645 9646 9647
HN C H Cl C2N2O4 13HC 13N3O5S2 CH54Al16O75S8 12 C12H22O11 C52O12 28H 28CH38O19 C30N2O2S 22H C13H12N2O3S 4 4 2
HC ClN4O2S H C NOS
9636 Sulfachlorpyridazine 9637 Sulfacytine
12 14 4 2
9 10 4 2 2 10 11 3 3
4-AminoN-[4-(aminosulfonyl) phenyl]benzenesulfonamide
Physical Form
CAS RN
7 9 3 3
15 14 4 2
cry (MeOH/ BuOH)
mp/˚C
268 dec 187.9
bp/˚C
nD
Solubility s H2O, EtOH i H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc, chl
1.62725 2705 145
sub 125 dec 235
1.3620 0.901625
1.544025
vs H2O, MeOH; sl bz; s chl, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, MeOH; i eth; sl chl sl H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; i eth; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz; sl ctc
261
1.220
s H2O sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth
dec 287
1.41825
s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace
266
0.986760
1.417360
1.580517
1.5376
1.2716
1.4660
2501
25 1.572
187 167
1.450
vs H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; sl eth sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth i H2O, eth, chl; sl EtOH, ace; s alk i H2O, EtOH, chl; s dil HCl, alk s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
i H2O; s alk
203.5 191.5 1291
cry (w) cry (EtOH)
den/g cm-3
210 171 182.5 237 137 147 dec 181 220 dec
1.088 sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO; i eth, chl s H2O, acid, alk; sl DMSO sl hot H2O i eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i chl, peth
sl EtOH, MeOH, gl HOAc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9618 9619 9620 9621
Mol. Form.
O O HO
N
N
N
O OH
O
OH
H
HO N
HN
N
O
N
OH HO
O
OH Strophanthidin
HNO3
H
H H
N O
O
Strychnidin-10-one mononitrate
H
H
H2SO4
H
H
N
O
H
O
H
2
Strychnidin-10-one sulfate (2:1)
H
HS HS
O
Strychnine
Styrene
COOH O H H2N H COOH
Succimer
NH2 O
Succinamide
RO RO N O
O N
OH
HO
O
O Succinicacid
O
O
Succinicanhydride
N H
N
S O
O
O
O
Cl
Succinonitrile
RO
Succinylcholine chloride
O
OH
N H
O
N
Succinimide
N
OR OR
OR
OR
R=SO 3[Al2(OH)5]
O
Succinylsulphathiazole
Sucralfate
AcO
HO
O
3-507
O
OAc
OH AcO
HO HO
O
Cl
O RO
O
O O S N H
AcO
HO O O HO
AcO
OH
OH Sucrose
O
O AcO
N OAc
OAc
O O NH S NH2 N H
S
N
H2N
Cl Sulfaguanidine
H2N
H2N
Sulfallate
S O O S N N H
Sulfabenzamide
O O N S N N H
S
O O N S N H Sulfacytine
O O N N S N S H H2N
Sulfamethazine
O NH2 S O
O O O S NH2 N H Sulfanilylurea
N
H2N Sulfaphenazole
O O S N H
O
H2N
O O S N H
N O
Sulfadimethoxine
O O S N H
Sulfamethiazole
H2N N4-Sulfanilylsulfanilamide
O O N S N H
N
H2N
Sulfachlorpyridazine
H2N
H 2N Sulfamethylthiazole
Cl
H2N
O O N S N N H
Sulfamerazine
O O S N H
N
H2N
H2N
Sufentanil
S
O O N S N H
O O O S N H
O
Sucrose octaacetate
O
O
N
O
O N
N
H 2N Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxypyridazine
OH N
N
N N
H N
OH
N O
S O O Sulfasalazine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O Streptozotocin
H
H
No.
Name
9651 Sulfathiazole Sulfathiourea Sulfinpyrazone N-Sulfinylaniline Sulfisoxazole Sulfoacetic acid 2-Sulfobenzoic acid Sulfolane Sulfometuron methyl Sulfonmethane Sulfonyldiacetic acid 4-Sulfophthalic acid Sulfotep Sulfuryl chloride isocyanate Sulphan Blue
9666 Sulprofos 9667 Sunset Yellow FCF
3-508
9668 Suprasterol II 9669 Sutan 9670 Symclosene 9671 Syringin 9672 Tabun 9673 Tachysterol 9674 9675 9676 9677
D-Tagatose Talbutal Tamoxifen Tannic acid
9678 DL-Tartaric acid 9679 meso-Tartaric acid 9680 D-Tartaric acid 9681 L-Tartaric acid 9682 9683 9684 9685 9686 9687
Taurocholic acid Taxine A Taxol Tebuconazole Tebuthiuron Teniposide
4-AminoN-2thiazolylbenzenesulfonamide
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C9H9N3O2S2
72-14-0
255.316
515-49-1 57-96-5 1122-83-4 127-69-5 123-43-3 632-25-7 126-33-0 74222-97-2 115-24-2 123-45-5 89-08-7 3689-24-5 1189-71-5 129-17-9
231.295 404.481 139.175 267.304 140.115 202.185 120.171 364.377 228.330 182.152 246.195 322.320 141.534 566.664
liq viol pow
35400-43-2 2783-94-0
322.447 452.369
cry
>300
562-71-0 2008-41-5
396.648 217.372
pr
110
87-90-1
232.409
118-34-3 77-81-6
372.368 162.127
115-61-7
396.648
87-81-0 115-44-6 10540-29-1 1401-55-4
180.155 224.256 371.514 1701.198
133-37-9
150.087
147-73-9 147-71-7
150.087 150.087
87-69-4
150.087
81-24-3 1361-49-5 33069-62-4 107534-96-3 34014-18-1 29767-20-2
515.703 641.749 853.907 308.826 228.314 656.653
7HC9N3O2S2 C23H20N2O3S 6HC 5NOS C11H13N3O3S O5S 2H4C 7HC 6O5S Tetrahydrothiophene, 1-1-dioxide 4H8OC 2S C16N4O5S 15H 2,2-Bis(ethylsulfonyl)propane 7H16OC4S2 4H6OC6S 4-Sulfo-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid 8H6O7S C H20O5P2S2 8C CClNO 3S C27H31N2NaO6 S2 C12H19O2PS3 H10N2Na2O7 C.I. Food Yellow 3 16C S2 C28H44O Carbamothioic acid, bis(2C11H23NOS methylpropyl)-,S-ethyl ester 1,3,5-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazineC3Cl3N3O3 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione CH24O9 17 Dimethylphosphoroamidocyanidic C5H11N2O2P acid, ethyl ester 9,10-Secoergosta-5(10),6,8,22C28H44O tetraen-3-ol, (3 b,6E,22E)C6H12O6 CH16N2O3 11 CH29NO 26 H52O46 Tannin 76C
2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, R*, (C4H6O6 R*)-(±)C6O6 4H 2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, S- [C4H6O6 (R*,R*)]2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, R- [C4H6O6 (R*,R*)]Cholaic acid CNO7S 26H45 C35H47NO10 Paclitaxel C51NO14 47H C16H23ClN3O H16N4OS 9C CH32O13S 32
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
br pl, rods or 175(form a); pow (45% al) 202(form b) 182 137
sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH 200
191 hyg tab (w+1) 85 nd (w+3) 141 27.6 wh solid 202 mcl (w), pr (al) 125.8 187 cry 139 -44
Solubility
1.23625
1.627020
dec 245 287.3
1.272318
1.483318
dec 300
1372 107
vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s chl vs bz, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, sulf
1.19625 1.62625
1.475325 1.446720
i H2O; s EtOH s EtOH
1560.1
1.2020
1900.005 13821
0.940225
240
1.077
1.5859
sl H2O s H2O; sl EtOH s MeOH
246.7 dec cry (w), nd (al) liq
192 -50
1.425020
vs EtOH msc H2O i H2O, MeOH; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
cry (dil al) cry cry (peth) ye-br amorp pow mcl pr (w, al +1w) tcl pl (w) mcl, orth pr (w+1)
134.5 109 97 ª210 dec
vs 2HO i H2O, peth; s EtOH, ace, eth, chl vs EtOH, ace; i bz, chl, eth, ctc
206
1.78825
147 172.5
20 1.666 1.759820
s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz
1.495520
vs H2O, EtOH sl DMSO
169 pr (al-eth) cry (ace) nd (MeOH aq)
cry (EtOH)
125 dec 205 214 dec 102.4 163 dec 244
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9652 9653 9654 9655 9656 9657 9658 9659 9660 9661 9662 9663 9664 9665
Synonym
O S
O
O O S S NH2 N H
O O N S N S H
O
N
O S N
N
H2N
H2N
HO
O O S N H
O
N
H 2N
Sulfathiazole
Sulfathiourea
Sulfinpyrazone
N-Sulfinylaniline
Sulfisoxazole
Sulfoacetic acid
O
Sulfometuron methyl
S O
S O
O HO
Sulfonmethane
O O O O S
O SO3
O
O S O OH
OH
Sulfonyldiacetic acid
Sulfolane
SO3Na
OH
O N O O O S N N N H H
S O O
4-Sulfophthalic acid
O O S Cl N
S S O O P P O O
Sulfotep
S O P O S
C
N S
O
Sulfurylchlorideisocyanate
Sulphan Blue
Sulprofos
SO3Na HO N
O N
H
H S
3-509
HO
SO3Na
Cl N
N
O
N Cl
H
SunsetYellowFCF
SuprasterolII
Sutan
N
Cl
O
O O
OH O
O
HO OH
Symclosene
CH2OH O HO H HO H H OH CH2OH
OH
HO
O
O
O P
N
N
Syringin
OH Tachysterol
Tabun
D-Tagatose
CH2OR O OR OR RO N
OH
HO NH
O
OH
HO O
O
N H
O
R=
OH O O
HO
O
HO
OH
Talbutal
Tamoxifen
O OH S O
O
OR
O
OH O
Tannicacid
COOH H H COOH
HO HO
OH
DL-Tartaricacid
HO H
meso-Tartaricacid
COOH H OH COOH
H HO
D-Tartaricacid
COOH OH H COOH
HO
H
L-Tartaricacid
N H
OH
Taurocholicacid O O S O
O HO
H
O OH
H O
O O O
OH O
OH
O
O
OH
O
H O O
TaxineA
HO
N
OH OH O
H O O
H
O
O O
O
O
OH N N
O
N H
N
Tebuconazole
O
N N S
Cl
Taxol
O
N
Tebuthiuron
N H
O
O OH
Teniposide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
O
O OH S O
2-Sulfobenzoic acid
N HO
O
O O O S HO OH
No.
Name
Synonym
9688 Tephrosin 9689 Terbacil
tert -butyl-6-methyl5-Chloro-32,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
9690 Terbufos 9691 Terbuthylazine
Terephthalic acid Terfenadine o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl
9698 p-Terphenyl 9699 a-Terpinene
3-510
9700 9701 9702 9703 9704 9705
g-Terpinene a-Terpineol a-Terpineol acetate Terpinolene 2,2’:6’,2’’-Terpyridine Terrazole
9706 2,2’:5’,2’’-Terthiophene 9707 Testolactone 9708 3,6,9,12-Tetraazatetradecane-1,14diamine 9709 Tetrabenazine 9710 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 9711 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane
4-Isopropyl-1-methyl-1,3cyclohexadiene
p-Mentha-1,4(8)-diene 1,2,4-Thiadiazole, 5-ethoxy-3(trichloromethyl)a-Terthienyl
9712 Tetrabromoethene
Acetylene tetrabromide Tetrabromoethylene
9713 2’,4’,5’,7’-Tetrabromofluorescein, Eosine YS disodium salt 9714 4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1,3isobenzofurandione 9715 Tetrabromomethane Carbon tetrabromide 9716 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromo-6-methylphenol 3,4,5,6-Tetrabromoo-cresol 9717 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein 9718 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester 9719 3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt 9720 Tetrabutylammonium bromide 9721 Tetrabutylammonium chloride
TMAB
den/g cm-3
sub 175
1.3425
-29.2 178
690.01
1.10524 1.18820
104 175
1570.06
1.11520 0.815
C23H22O7 C9H13ClN2O2
76-80-2 5902-51-2
410.417 216.664
13071-79-9 5915-41-3
288.431 229.710
886-50-0 79-91-4
241.357 158.152
100-21-0 50679-08-8 84-15-1 92-06-8
166.132 471.674 230.304 230.304
C18H14 C10H16
92-94-4 99-86-5
230.304 136.234
C10H16 C10H18O H20O2 12C CH16 10 CH11N3 15 C5H5Cl3N2OS
99-85-4 2438-12-2 80-26-2 586-62-9 1148-79-4 2593-15-9
136.234 154.249 196.286 136.234 233.268 247.530
12 8 3
CH S
1081-34-1
248.387
CH O H N C
968-93-4 4067-16-7
300.392 232.369
ye-oran pl (MeOH) cry (ace) liq
CH27NO3 19 C6H2Br4 C4 2H2Br
58-46-8 636-28-2 79-27-6
317.422 393.696 345.653
mcl pr (CS2) ye visc liq
79-28-7
343.637
17372-87-1
691.855
pl (dil al), nd 56.5 (al) ye-red cry 295.5
C8Br4O3
632-79-1
463.700
nd (xyl, HOAc)
4CBr C7H4Br4O
558-13-4 576-55-6
331.627 423.722
C10Br4O4 20H C22H14Br4O4
76-62-0 1176-74-5
633.907 661.960
mcl tab (dil al) 92.3 ye nd (chl, 208 HOAc) nd (al, eth) 296 ye cry (bz) 210
C22H13Br4KO4
62637-91-6
700.050
HC BrN HC ClN
1643-19-2 1112-67-0
322.368 277.917
19 24 3
Pentaethylenehexamine
bp/˚C
198 176
Mol. Wt.
10 28 6
BrC4
2
C20H6Br4Na2O5
16 36 16 36
pr (chl-MeOH)
cry
nD
Solubility vs ace, eth, chl
sl H2O; s EtOH
nd (sub)
sub 300
147 mcl pr (MeOH) 56.20 ye nd (al) 87
332 363
1.19920
376 174
0.837519
1.47719
i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH; sl hx i H2O; s ace, bz, chl, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS 2 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth
0.84920 0.933720 0.965921 0.863215
1.476514 1.483120 1.468921 1.488320
sl H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc
213.9
cry (peth)
40.5
88.0 19.9
183 220 14040, 10511 186 370 951
1.50325
93
i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, eth, ace, peth
218 0.950 128 182 0
3.120 3.07220 54 2.965520 243.5; 151
1.509620
1.635320
226
s chl i H2O; vs eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl vs EtOH
280
i H2O, EtOH; sl bz; s PhNO2 189.5 dec
100 2.9608
1.5942100
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs CS 2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl lig, HOAc i2HO; sl EtOH; vs eth; s alk, HOAc
210
cry
99 74
s chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9694 9695 9696 9697
mp/˚C
CAS RN
C9H21O2PS3 6-ChloroN-tert -butyl-N’-ethyl-1,3,5- C9H16ClN5 triazine-2,4-diamine C10H19N5S Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3- C7H10O4 furancarboxylic acid 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 8H6O4C Seldane 32CH41NO2 C18H14 C18H14
9692 Terbutryn 9693 Terebic acid
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
O O
O OH
O
Cl
Cl O
O
S O P O S
N
O H
N H Terbacil
S
N H
Terbufos
N N
N N H
N
Terbuthylazine
HO
O
O
N
S
O
OH N H
O
O
Terbutryn
Terebicacid
Terephthalic acid
OH
N O OH Terfenadine
o-Terphenyl
m-Terphenyl
Cl
3-511
N N
N
O
OH
O
N
2,2’:6’,2’’-Terpyridine
S
a-Terpinene
p-Terphenyl
g-Terpinene
a-Terpineol
S
Terrazole
S
S
H N
H2N
O
2,2’:5’,2’’-Terthiophene
Terpinolene
O
O Cl Cl
N
a-Terpineolacetate
Testolactone
N H
H N
NH2
N H
3,6,9,12-Tetraazatetradecane-1,14-diamine
O O
Br
O
Br
N
Br
Tetrabenazine
1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene
Br
Br
Br
Br
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane
Br
Br
HO
O
HO
Br
Br
Br
O OH
Br
Br
ONa
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br O
K O
Br
Br
Br Br
2’,4’,5’,7’-Tetrabromofluorescein, disodiumsalt
Br
O
O O
O
O
Br
Tetrabromoethene
O
Br
Br Na
Br
Br
Br
Br
O
OH
Br
Br
O
Br
Br
O
Br Br
4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-1,3-isobenzofurandione
Tetrabromomethane
Br O Br
O
N
N Br
Cl
O
Br 2,3,4,5-Tetrabromo-6-methylphenol
3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein
3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethylester
3’,3’’,5’,5’’-Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethylester,potassiumsalt
Tetrabutylammonium bromide
Tetrabutylammonium chloride
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Tephrosin
O
N
NH
HO
No.
9730 9731 9732 9733 9734
Synonym
3-512
9742 9743 9744 9745 9746 9747 9748 9749 9750 9751
429-41-4 2052-49-5 311-28-4 32503-27-8 3115-68-2 4766-57-8 1461-25-2 1634-02-2
261.462 259.471 369.368 580.990 339.335 320.541 347.167 408.752
5593-70-4 136-47-0 634-66-2 634-90-2 95-94-3
340.322 300.825 215.892 215.892 215.892
6 2
HC Cl4O2 HC Cl4O2
1198-55-6 87-87-6
247.891 247.891
CH Cl4 CH Cl4 H6Cl4 12C H12Cl4O2 15C Cl4O2 6C
41464-40-8 33284-53-6 32598-13-3 79-95-8 118-75-2
291.988 291.988 291.988 366.067 245.875
C6Cl4O2
2435-53-2
245.875
HC Cl4O2 H C Cl4O C2Cl4F2
1746-01-6 51207-31-9 76-11-9
321.971 305.971 203.830
C2Cl4F2
76-12-0
203.830
C7H6Cl4O2
2207-27-4
263.934
C8H6Cl4
877-08-7
243.946
228
C8H6Cl4
877-09-8
243.946
223
C2H6Cl4Si2
4518-98-3
228.052
CH Cl4
630-20-6
167.849
liq
-70.2
130.2
1.540620
1.482120
12 6 12 6
12 4 12 4
2 2
cry (w) stab in soln lf (w, bz) cry (ace/eth) liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
Mol. Wt.
6 2
2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,3’,4’,4’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2’,6,6’-Tetrachlorobisphenol A 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5Chloranil cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-3,5cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin Dioxin 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,5-dimethoxy1,3-cyclopentadiene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6dimethylbenzene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2dimethyldisilane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Physical Form
CAS RN
Tetrabutylammonium fluoride 16HC36FN Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide 16HC37NO Tetrabutylammonium iodide CIN 16H36 Tetrabutylammonium sulfate CN2O4S 32H72 Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide 16HC36BrP Tetrabutyl silicate Silicic acid, tetrabutyl ester 16H36O4Si C Tetrabutylstannane H36Sn 16C N,N,N’,N’Bis(dibutylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide18H36NC2S4 Tetrabutylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide Tetrabutyl titanate Titanium(IV) butoxide C 16H36O4Ti Tetracaine hydrochloride C25ClN2O2 15H 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene C6H2Cl4 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene C6H2Cl4 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene C6H2Cl4
9735 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol 9736 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzenediol 9737 9738 9739 9740 9741
Mol. Form.
nD
Solubility
37 s 2HO, MeOH sl 2HO, chl; vs EtOH sl chl
148 170 102 -97 39.5
256; 1203 0.899020 14510, 950.28 1.0620 1.0320
1.412820 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth
292.4 147 nd (al) 47.5 nd (al) 54.5 nd, mcl pr (eth, 139.5 al or bz) cry (dil al, bz) 194 nd (HOAc) cry (MeOH) cry cry (EtOH) cry (HOAc) ye mcl, pr (bz) ye lf (HOAc)
66.5 92.2 180 136 290
254 246 244.5
i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, CS 2 i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS 2
1.85822
sl2H O i H2O, bz, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; sl HOAc i H2O i H2O
sub
sub
i H2O, liq; sl EtOH, chl; s eth
130.5 nd cry
295 227 41.0
92.8
1.64925
24.8
92.8
1.595150
1.413025
109
1.50125
1.528220
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz 1.70325
i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl
154
9752 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Acetylene tetrachloride
2 2
H ClC4
79-34-5
167.849
liq
-42.4
145.2
1.595320
1.494020
9753 Tetrachloroethene 9754 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane 9755 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane
Perchloroethylene
2
ClC4 HCl4F 2C HCl4F 2C
127-18-4 354-11-0 354-14-3
165.833 185.839 185.839
liq liq liq
-22.3 -95.3 -82.6
121.3 117.1 116.7
1.623020
1.505920
1.549717
1.439020
sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9722 9723 9724 9725 9726 9727 9728 9729
Name
N
N
SO4
N
F
O O Si O O
2
N
P
Sn
Br
I
HO
Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide
S
S
Tetrabutylammonium sulfate
O O Ti O O
S N
Tetrabutylammonium iodide
N
3-513
OH Cl
Cl
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzenediol
Cl
2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl
1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Cl
Cl 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Cl 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol
O
Cl Cl
1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
OH
OH
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Tetracainehydrochloride
Cl Cl
Cl
OH Cl
Cl
HCl
N H
Tetrabutylstannane
Cl Cl
Cl
N
O
Tetrabutyl titanate
Tetrabutyl silicate
Cl
O
S
N,N,N’,N’-Tetrabutylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide
Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide
Cl
OH
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl
Cl
HO
Cl
Cl
3,3’,4’,4’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl
Cl
Cl
O
2,2’,6,6’-Tetrachlorobisphenol A
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
O Cl
O
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
F Cl
Cl Cl
3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione
Cl
Cl
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin
O
Cl
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl F
F
O
O
Cl
F Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,5-dimethoxy-1,3-cyclopentadiene
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Si Si Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl F
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
F Cl Cl
1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6-dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6-dimethylbenzene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-dimethyldisilane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2
Tetrabutylammonium fluoride
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
56-23-5
153.823
liq
484-67-3 10460-33-0 20020-02-4 879-39-0 117-18-0 4901-51-3 58-90-2
261.918 245.918 265.951 260.890 260.890 231.891 231.891
mp/˚C
3-514
Carbon tetrachloride
9757 9758 9759 9760 9761 9762 9763
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5-nitrobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
Drosophilin A
9764 9765 9766 9767 9768 9769 9770 9771 9772 9773
2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropene 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloropyridine Tetrachloropyrimidine 3,3’,4’,5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide
CH Cl4O ClC4O3 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4 C3H2Cl4 C 4N 5HCl C4N2 4Cl 3,5-DichloroN-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) C13H7Cl4NO2 -2-hydroxybenzamide C8Cl6O2
935-95-5 117-08-8 812-03-3 1070-78-6 18495-30-2 13116-53-5 10436-39-2 2402-79-1 1780-40-1 1154-59-2
231.891 285.896 181.876 181.876 181.876 181.876 179.860 216.881 217.868 351.013
lf (lig)
719-32-4
340.803
cry (ctc)
146.5
Cl C4S CH Cl4O4P C 40H82 Tetracosamethylhendecasiloxane 24H72OC10Si11 C24H50 Lignoceric acid 24H48CO2 C24H50O Nervonic acid 24HC 46O2 Tetracyanoethylene 6NC 4 CH24N2O8 22 C25ClN2O8 22H C 14H24 C42O5Si6 14H C14H28O CH29NO 14 C14H30 C26O4 14H CH30O2 14 Myristonitrile 14H27N C
6012-97-1 961-11-5 4181-95-7 107-53-9 646-31-1 557-59-5 506-51-4 506-37-6 670-54-2 60-54-8 64-75-5 5743-97-5 107-52-8 124-25-4 638-58-4 629-59-4 821-38-5 19812-64-7 629-63-0
221.920 365.961 563.079 829.764 338.654 368.637 354.653 366.621 128.091 444.434 480.895 192.341 458.993 212.371 227.386 198.388 258.354 230.387 209.371
nd (dil al)
30.5 97 81.5
H S C H O C
2079-95-0 544-63-8
230.453 228.371
lf (eth)
54.2
CH O
626-29-9
438.727
lf (peth)
53.4
9794 1-Tetradecanethiol 9795 Tetradecanoic acid 9796 Tetradecanoic anhydride
H Cl C 4O2 HC Cl4O H4Cl4 10C C 4NO2 6HCl C 4NO2 6HCl H2Cl4O 6C H2Cl4O 6C 7 4 7 4
6 2 8
4
10 9
14 30
Myristic acid
14 28 2
28 54 3
nd (peth)
nd (peth, sub) nd (lig)
liq
liq cry (aq al)
cry (eth)
cry (+3w) liq liq lf lf (ace)
nd (bz)
-22.62 116 189.5 199 66 99.5 116.5 70 115 254.5 -64
90.5 69.0 161
50.4 87.5 77 43 199 172 dec 214 -3 -59 30 104 5.82 125.5 85.8 19 7
bp/˚C 76.8
den/g cm-3 1.594020
nD
Solubility
1.460120
i H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth, bz, chl i 2HO; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, KOH
304 sub 15015
1.74425
sub 152.5 157 179.5 165 167.2; 5917 250.5
1.49275 1.47320 1.450920 1.51317 1.50018 1.5520
1.486720 1.482520 1.503717 1.494018
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc; vs NaOH sl2O;H vs bz; s lig sl eth i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs eth, EtOH, peth
1.591530
i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth
1.457225 1.399420 1.428370 1.4287100
vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth vs bz, eth
1.34825
1.56025
sl eth, bz, ctc, chl; s ace
0.94420 0.891020
1.501120 1.394820
0.759620
1.429020
i H2O; s eth, ace, bz vs bz i2H O; s EtOH, eth, ace vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc
2009 226100, 1191 0.828119
1.439223
310; 17822 100 250
1.459720 1.472370
233.4
30 1.7036
522; 40050 0.817125 322.8; 20247 0.924725 391.3 0.799120 27210 0.8207100 2100.4 223
270; 872 245.5 21712 253.58
0.864120 0.862254 70 0.8502
1.433570
vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; sl eth; vs bz vs eth, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Wt.
9756 Tetrachloromethane
9774 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroterphthaloyl dichloride 9775 Tetrachlorothiophene 9776 Tetrachlorovinphos 9777 Tetracontane 9778 Tetracosamethylundecasiloxane 9779 Tetracosane 9780 Tetracosanoic acid 9781 1-Tetracosanol 9782 cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid 9783 Tetracyanoethene 9784 Tetracycline 9785 Tetracycline hydrochloride 9786 Tetradecahydrophenanthrene 9787 Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane 9788 Tetradecanal 9789 Tetradecanamide 9790 Tetradecane 9791 Tetradecanedioic acid 9792 1,14-Tetradecanediol 9793 Tetradecanenitrile
4 CCl
CAS RN
OH Cl
OH Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
Tetrachloromethane
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-methoxyphenol
2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
O
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane
O
2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
O O
Cl
1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropane
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane
Cl
1,1,2,3-Tetrachloropropene
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
N N
Cl
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloropyridine Tetrachloropyrimidine
Cl
Cl
3-515
3,3’,4’,5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride
OH HN
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene
Cl
Cl
O
2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol
1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5-nitrobenzene
O
N O
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
N O
Cl
OH
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroterphthaloyl dichloride
S
Cl
Tetrachlorothiophene
Cl Cl O O P O O
Si
H3C(CH2)38CH3
Tetrachlorovinphos
O
Si
O
Si
O
Tetracontane
Si
O
Si
Si
O
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
Tetracosamethylundecasiloxane
N
N
N
N
O OH
OH
OH O
Tetracosane
HO
H
H
Tetracosanoicacid
N
HO OH
H
H
O OH
OH O HO
Tetracycline
Tetracyanoethene
OH NH2
O
cis-15-Tetracosenoicacid
N
NH2 OH O HO
1-Tetracosanol
O OH
O
HCl
O
Si
Tetracycline hydrochloride
Tetradecahydrophenanthrene
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
Si
O
NH2
O
Si
Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane
Tetradecanal
Tetradecanamide
O OH OH
Tetradecanedioic acid
SH
OH 1,14-Tetradecanediol
O
OH
OH
O Tetradecane
O
O
N
O Tetradecanenitrile
1-Tetradecanethiol
Tetradecanoicacid
Tetradecanoicanhydride
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl OH
O
Cl
Cl
OH
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
38.2 33.5
287 100, 205 13413 17116
Tetradecyl alcohol Dodecyl methyl ketone
C30O 14H C28O 14H
112-72-1 2345-27-9
214.387 212.371
lf cry (dil al)
9799 Tetradecanoyl chloride 9800 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13acetate 9801 1-Tetradecene 9802 Tetradecyl acetate 9803 Tetradecylamine 9804 Tetradecylbenzene 9805 Tetradecylcyclohexane 9806 Tetradifon
Myristoyl chloride Cocarcinogen A1
C 14H27ClO C36H56O8
112-64-1 16561-29-8
246.816 616.825
oil
1120-36-1 638-59-5 2016-42-4 1459-10-5 1795-18-2 116-29-0
196.372 256.424 213.403 274.484 280.532 356.052
14165-55-0 78-09-1 71-91-0 56-34-8 68-05-3 38842-05-6 83-81-8
252.88 192.253 210.156 165.705 257.156 190.325 276.374
9807 9808 9809 9810 9811 9812 9813
3-516
Tetraethoxygermane Tetraethoxymethane Tetraethylammonium bromide Tetraethylammonium chloride Tetraethylammonium iodide 1,2,3,5-Tetraethylbenzene N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2benzenedicarboxamide 9814 Tetra(2-ethylbutyl) silicate
C14H28 O2 16H32C 14HC31N C20H34 CH40 20 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-[(4-chlorophenyl)C12H6Cl4O2S sulfonyl]benzene Ethanol, germanium(4+) salt GeO4 8H20C Tetraethyl orthocarbonate C4 9H20O 8HC 20BrN CClN 8H20 IN 8H20C CH22 14 N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylphthalamide 16HC 24N2O2 1-Tetradecanol, acetate 1-Tetradecanamine
Silicic acid, tetrakis(2-ethylbutyl) C24H52O4Si ester O5 9815 Tetraethylene glycol 3,6,9-Trioxaundecane-1,11-diol 8H18C 9816 Tetraethylene glycol diacrylate CO7 14H22 9817 Tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate O7 16H26C 9818 Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether O5 10H22C 9819 Tetraethylene glycol monostearate 26HC 52O6 9820 Tetraethylenepentamine 8HC 23N5 9821 N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2C10H24N2 ethanediamine 9822 Tetraethylgermane H20Ge 8C 9823 Tetraethyl lead C20Pb 8H 9824 N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylmethanediamine 9H22CN2 9825 Tetraethyl pyrophosphate C20O7P2 8H 9826 9827 9828 9829 9830 9831 9832 9833
Tetraethylsilane Tetraethylstannane Tin tetraethyl Tetraethylthiodicarbonic diamide Sulfiram Tetraethylurea 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 3,3,4,4-Tetrafluorodihydro-2,5furandione 9834 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2-dinitroethane 9835 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
78-13-7
432.754
112-60-7 17831-71-9 109-17-1 143-24-8 106-07-0 112-57-2 150-77-6
194.226 302.321 330.373 222.279 460.687 189.303 172.311
597-63-7 78-00-2 102-53-4 107-49-3
188.89 323.4 158.284 290.188
HC Si H Sn C S3 10H20N2C H20N2O 9C C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C4F4O3
631-36-7 597-64-8 95-05-6 1187-03-7 551-62-2 2367-82-0 327-54-8 699-30-9
144.331 234.955 264.474 172.267 150.074 150.074 150.074 172.035
N2O4 2F4C C 2H2F4
356-16-1 811-97-2
192.026 102.031
8 20 8 20
-1
liq
-12 83.1 16 24 146
233 17310 291.2 359 360
139200 159.5 hyg (al) hyg cry cry (w)
286 dec
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace
0.907825
s eth
0.774525
1.435120
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz; sl ctc
0.807920 0.854920 0.825420 1.15120
1.446320 1.481820 1.457920
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace
0.918620 1.397020
1.390525
msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH, ace, chl s H 2O
1.430720
i H2O; sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz
1.457720
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, diox
20 0.8920
-6.2
40
170 dec
-112
liq
-46.25 3.88
liq col gas
-41.5 -103.3
Solubility
249.0 20416
liq
liq
nD
0.823638
300 dec 36
liq
den/g cm-3
328 2201 275.3 328 341.5 192
1.128515 1.12525
1.461025 1.011420 1.128515
msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc
0.80825
1.459320 1.504220 1.434320
164.5 dec 200 165.8 1553
1.199 1.65320 0.800020 1.184720
1.519820 1.442025 1.418020
154.7 181; 6412 2323 209 94.3 84.4 90.2 54.5
0.765820 1.18725 1.1220 0.91920 1.31925 1.425520 1.620920
58.5 -26.08
1.602425 1.207225
1.426820 1.473020 1.447420 1.405420 1.403520 1.407520 1.324020 1.326525
s H2O
i H2O; s bz; sl EtOH msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, xyl, chl; sl ctc i H2O s chl i H2O, alk, acid
i H2O; s ace i H2O; s eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9797 1-Tetradecanol 9798 2-Tetradecanone
O O
O O H O
O
OH Cl
OH
H
O OH OH
2-Tetradecanone
Tetradecanoylchloride
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1-Tetradecene
Tetradecylacetate
Tetradecylamine
Cl O S O
Cl
Cl Tetradecylbenzene
Tetradecylcyclohexane
Tetradifon
3-517
N N
N
Cl
O
O
Tetraethoxymethane
N
Tetraethylammonium iodide
O
1,2,3,5-Tetraethylbenzene
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
H2N
N H
H N
O
O
N
Tetraethylenepentamine
Ge
N
O
O
N
S S
N
N
Tetraethyl lead
OH
O
O
OH
O Tetraethylene glycolmonostearate
Sn
Si
N
N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethylmethanediamine
F F
Tetraethylurea
O
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Tetraethylsilane Tetraethylstannane
F
F F
Tetraethylthiodicarbonic diamide
O
O
O O O P O P O O O
F
F N
O
O
N
O
O
Tetraethylene glycoldimethyl ether
F S
O
Pb
N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2-ethanediamine Tetraethylgermane
Tetraethylammonium bromide
Tetraethylene glycol
O
Tetraethylene glycoldimethacrylate
NH2
Tetra(2-ethylbutyl) silicate
O O
Tetraethylene glycoldiacrylate
H N
N,N,N’,N’-Tetraethyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxamide
O
O
Br
O O Si O O
HO Tetraethylammonium chloride
N
O O
Tetraethoxygermane
O
I
O
O O Ge O O
Cl
1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene
F F F
F O
F F
F
1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene
F 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene
O
O
O
O N
F F
F F
N O
O
F F F
F
3,3,4,4-Tetrafluorodihydro-2,5-furandione 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2-dinitroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1-Tetradecanol
NH2
O
O
No.
Name
Synonym
9853 9854 9855 9856 9857 9858 9859 9860 9861 9862 9863 9864 9865 9866 9867 9868
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
359-35-3 116-14-3 57041-67-5
102.031 100.015 168.037
col gas col gas vol liq or gas
-89 -131.15
-19.9 -75.9 23.35
1.519-76 23 1.4540
4 CF C3H4F4O C11H12O
75-73-0 76-37-9 826-73-3
88.005 132.057 160.212
col gas liq
-183.60 -15
-128.0 109.5 17540, 1247
3.03425 1.485320 1.08020
1.319720 1.569820
12 15
CH N
479-59-4
173.254
40
1.00320
1.56825
10 12 2
CH N
581-49-7
160.215
dec 280; 15517 14510
1.09119
1.567620
C12H13N H32O5 21C C13H19NO2
942-01-8 53-05-4 490-53-9
171.238 364.476 221.296
6HC 12O3 C10H14O
696-59-3 494-90-6
132.157 150.217
C12H16
21564-91-0
160.255
H C O
26754-48-3
172.179
lf or pr (w+1)
90
5161-13-7 634-19-5
116.224 184.233
-89 81.5
135-16-0 109-99-9 4795-29-3 637-65-0
445.429 72.106 101.147 158.195
liq lt ye nd or pr (pentane) pow liq
453-20-3 637-64-9 2399-48-6 97-99-4 2455-24-5 496-46-8
88.106 144.168 156.179 102.132 170.205 142.117
nd or pr (w)
300 dec
935-79-5
152.148
cry (peth)
103.5
2426-02-0
152.148
pl (EtOH)
74
91-21-4 2525-16-8
133.190 127.184
liq
120-15-0
163.216
1559-81-5
146.229
C 2H2F4 2FC 4 C2F6O 3H
8 12 4 6H12CS C13H12O
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid 19HC 23N7O6 Tetrahydrofuran Tetramethylene oxide C 4H8O Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanamine Tetrahydrofurfurylamine C 5H11NO Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol C8H14O3 propanoate H8O2 Tetrahydro-3-furanol 4C Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate 7H12CO3 Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate CO3 8H12 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Tetrahydro-2-furancarbinol 5H10O2C O3 Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate 9H14C Tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-Acetyleneurea C4H6N4O2 2,5(1H,3H)-dione cis-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-1,34-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid,C8H8O3 isobenzofurandione anhydride 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1,31-Cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid,C8H8O3 isobenzofurandione anhydride 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline CN 9H11 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2 HC7H13NO azepine 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6C10H13NO methoxyquinoline 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1C11H14 methylnaphthalene
lf (dil al) cry (EtOAc) pa br syr
120 190
nD
i H2O
327.5
-108.44
<-60 <-80
i H2O; s bz, chl s EtOH, ace, chl s EtOH
msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz iO;Hs EtOH; vs eth, bz, MeOH
2
1701
86
Solubility
vs H2O, eth, EtOH
145.7 8018
1.0225 0.97215
1.418020
239
0.94120
1.52620 vs H2O
142.3 1390.05
0.922220
1.479920
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
65 153 205.5
0.883325 0.975220 1.04420
1.405025 1.455120
s H2O s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl
181 193; 8918 966 178 265; 814
1.0925 1.062420 1.06120 1.052420 1.04025
1.450020 1.435025 1.452020 1.455425
vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs ace, eth sl H2O; i EtOH, HOAc; s eth, HCl, alk s EtOH, ace, chl, bz; sl peth
1.2105
<-15
232.5 4916, 6624
pr (peth, al) 42.5 orth pym (w)
284; 1281 220.6
1.064224 0.887
0.958320
s EtOH, ace, chl; vs eth 1.566820 1.463020
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, acid, xyl
1.571820
s chl
1.535320
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-518
9836 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane 9837 Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoroethylene 9838 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl Refrigerant 236me difluoromethyl ether 9839 Tetrafluoromethane Carbon tetrafluoride 9840 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol 9841 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5Hbenzocyclohepten-5-one 9842 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H,5HJulolidine benzo[ij]quinolizine 9843 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,3’-bipyridine, Anatabine (S) 9844 2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-carbazole 9845 Tetrahydrocortisone 9846 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy- Carnegine 1,2-dimethylisoquinoline, (±) 9847 Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 9848 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-3,6dimethylbenzofuran 9849 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,5dimethylnaphthalene 9850 Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3- Terpenylic acid furanacetic acid 9851 cis-Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethylthiophene 9852 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9H-fluoren-9-one Phentydrone
CAS RN
Mol. Form.
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
O
F
F
F
F F
F F
O
F F
F
OH
N
H N
F
N H
1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Tetrafluoroethene 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether Tetrafluoromethane 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-one 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizine 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2,3’-bipyridine, (S)
OH OH
H N H
HO
O
2,3,4,9-Tetrahydro-1H-carbazole
N
O
H Tetrahydrocortisone
O
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2-dimethylisoquinoline, (±) Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-3,6-dimethylbenzofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,5-dimethylnaphthalene
H2N
3-519
OH
H
O O
O
S
Tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-3-furanacetic acid
O
O
O
N
H N
O
N H
N
H N
O
O
cis-Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethylthiophene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9H-fluoren-9-one
O
H N O
OH O
OH
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid
Tetrahydrofuran
OH O
O
O O
O Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanol propanoate
H
O H
O
cis-3a,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione
O
O
O
Tetrahydro-3-furanol
O
O
Tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate
O Tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate
O
OH
O
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
O Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate
O
Tetrahydro-2-furanmethanamine
H N
H N
N H
N H
O
O
NH2
O
O
Tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5(1 H,3H)-dione
O
O O 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-1,3-isobenzofurandione
N
H
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline
O
N
3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-7-methoxy-2 H-azepine
N H 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxyquinoline
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-methylnaphthalene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O O
No.
Name
3-520
9881 9882 9883 9884 9885 9886 9887 9888 9889 9890 9891 9892 9893
1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalimide Tetrahydro-6-propyl-2H-pyran-2-one 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-6-propylpyridine Tetrahydropyran Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-methanol Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1H)pyrimidinethione 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoxaline
MPTP
Tetralin 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroa-naphthol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroa-naphthol Tetralol 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrob-naphthol 5-Hydroxydecanoic acid lactone
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
C11H14
2809-64-5
146.229
liq
-23
234
0.972020
1.543920
C11H14
1680-51-9
146.229
liq
-40
229
0.953720
1.535720
C12H15N
28289-54-5
173.254
cry
41
870.8
H12S 6C C10H13N
5258-50-4 2217-41-6
116.224 147.217
liq
-60 38
158 279
0.947320 1.062516
1.492220 1.590020
119-64-2 529-33-9 529-35-1 530-91-6 1125-78-6 705-86-2 1013-08-7
132.202 148.201 148.201 148.201 148.201 170.249 182.261
liq
207.6 255; 1032 266; 14311 14012 275.5 1213 17311
0.964525 1.099620 1.055675
1.541320 1.563820
liq lf (MeOH)
-35.7 34.5 70 15.5 57 -27 33.5
85-40-5 698-76-0 1604-01-9 142-68-7 100-72-1 542-28-9 29943-42-8 694-05-3 498-96-4
151.163 142.196 125.212 86.132 116.158 100.117 100.117 83.132 127.141
cry (EtOH) liq
137 -13
liq
-49.1
liq
-12.5
4 8 2
HC NS
2055-46-1
116.185
HC N H N C 8HC10N2
635-46-1 10500-57-9 3476-89-9
133.190 133.190 134.178
lf (w, eth, peth) 99
HC N
54-95-5
138.170
cry (bz-lig)
59.5
19412
4 8
H SC
110-01-0
88.172
liq
-96.2
C13H18
475-03-6
174.282
10HC 12 C10H12O C10H12O C12O 10H C10H12O C18O2 10H C 14H14
HCNO2 HCO H15N 8C C5H10O C6H12O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C9N 5H C6H9NO2 8 9
5-Hydroxyoctanoic acid lactone g-Coniceine Oxane
D3-Piperidine Guvacine Hexahydropyrimidine-2-thione
8 14 2
9 11
2,3-Cyclohexenopyridine
9894 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-tetrazolo[1,5- Pentylenetetrazole a]azepine 9895 Tetrahydrothiophene Thiacyclopentane 9896 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,1,6trimethylnaphthalene 9897 1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 9898 2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5Hbenzocyclohepten-5-one 9899 2,2’,4,4’-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone 9900 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 9901 11,17,20,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4en-3-one, (11b,20R)
Mol. Form.
9 11
6 10 4
liq -48 pr (w), rods 295 dec (+1w dil al) 211 nd
20
Quinalizarin
14 8 6
HC O
81-61-8
272.210
oran nd
>275
Purpurogallin
11 8 5
CH O
569-77-7
220.179
274 dec
Tetroquinone
C13H10O5 H4O6 6C
131-55-5 319-89-1
246.215 172.092
red nd (gl HOAc) ye nd (w+1) bl-blk cry
4-Pregnene-11b,17a,20b,21-tetrol- C21H32O5 3-on
116-58-5
364.476
cry (aq ace)
12615 174 88 185 219 166.5 108
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, PhNH 2
1.055265 1.060140
0.875315 0.881420 1.02725 1.108220 1.08425 0.91125
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl, lig
1.466116 1.420020 1.45820 1.450320 1.452020 1.480020
s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc s H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc s chl vs H2O
1.3320 1.058820 1.030413
1.606219 1.543520
s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz s2O, H chl; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl peth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; s eth, bz; sl chl
121.1
0.998720
1.487118
240; 904
0.930320
1.525720
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl
251 222 289
sl H2O, ace, bz, EtOH, eth
197
vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, ctc; vs EtOH
125 dec
vs ace, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9869 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5methylnaphthalene 9870 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6methylnaphthalene 9871 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-4phenylpyridine 9872 Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2 H-thiopyran 9873 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1naphthalenamine 9874 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 9875 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol 9876 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol 9877 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol 9878 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol 9879 Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2 H-pyran-2-one 9880 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrophenanthrene
Synonym
NH2 N 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methylnaphthalene
S
1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine
Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2 H-thiopyran
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthalenamine
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene
O OH
OH OH
N H
OH O
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphthol
O
O
Tetrahydro-6-pentyl-2 H-pyran-2-one
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrophenanthrene
1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalimide
O O
3-521
O
O
N N H
O
N
Tetrahydro-6-propyl-2H-pyran-2-one
OH
O
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-6-propylpyridine Tetrahydropyran
O
Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-methanol
O
OH
O
Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one
N H
N H
Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one
1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine
1,2,5,6-Tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
H N
H
N
N H
S
3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione
N H
N
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline
N N
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoxaline
N S
6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5H-tetrazolo[1,5-a]azepine
Tetrahydrothiophene
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethylnaphthalene
OH OH O
OH
O OH
OH
OH O
OH
HO
OH OH O 1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
HO
O
OH
2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-one
HO HO
OH
2,2’,4,4’-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone
HO
OH
OH OH
OH O
2,3,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
O 11,17,20,21-Tetrahydroxypregn-4-en-3-one,(11b,20R)
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5-methylnaphthalene
No.
Name
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
ENTPROL
C14H32N2O4
102-60-3
292.415
2I 4 C C8I4O3
513-92-8 632-80-4
531.639 651.702
9905 Tetraiodomethane H-pyrrole 9906 2,3,4,5-Tetraiodo-1 9907 Tetraisobutyl titanate
507-25-5 87-58-1 7425-80-1
519.629 570.676 340.322
9908 9909
546-68-9 140-07-8
284.215 236.309
124-64-1
190.562
6156-25-8 529-34-0 1850-14-2 102-52-3 7696-12-0 65-61-2
200.409 146.185 136.147 164.200 331.407 301.814
64-20-0
154.049
hyg bipym
H CClN
75-57-0
109.598
H CIN 10HC 15N CH14 10
75-58-1 769-06-2 488-23-3
201.049 149.233 134.218
hyg bipym (dil 420 dec al) >230 dec liq -36 liq -6.2
196; 8820 205
liq
9902 N,N,N’,N’-Tetra(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine 9903 Tetraiodoethene 9904 4,5,6,7-Tetraiodo-1,3isobenzofurandione
9910 9911 9912 9913 9914 9915 9916
3-522
9917
Tetraiodoethylene
Carbon tetraiodide CI 4 Iodopyrrole C4HI4N 2-Methyl-1-propanol, titanium(4+) C16H36O4Ti salt Tetraisopropyl titanate 2-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt 12H28O4TiC N,N,N’,N’-Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)C10H24N2O4 1,2-ethanediamine Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium C4H12ClO4P chloride Tetrakis(methylthio)methane C4 5H12S 1-Tetralone C10H10O Tetramethoxymethane C12O4 5H 1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane C 7H16O4 Tetramethrin H25NO4 19C N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-3,6Acridine Orange CH20ClN3 17 acridinediamine, monohydrochloride Tetramethylammonium bromide 4HC 12BrN
9918 Tetramethylammonium chloride
4 12
9919 Tetramethylammonium iodide 9920 N,N,2,6-Tetramethylaniline 9921 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene
4 12
mp/˚C
ye lf, pr (eth) 187 ye pr, nd 327.5 (HOAc) nd (sub) red lf (bz, chl) 171 ye nd (al) 150 dec
bp/˚C
sub sub
1.5 135
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
1.03025
1.47825
sl chl
20 2.983
4.2320
256500
0.96050
227.5
0.971120
s chl 8 liq wh cry oran-ye soln
-2.5
1156 114 183; 6612
ª65-80
1.098816 1.02325 0.99725 1.10820
1.5625
230 dec
-23.7
1.829 25 0.914720 0.905220
1.520320
198
0.890320
1.513020 1.479081
527-53-7
134.218
9923 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene
Durene
10 14
CH
95-93-2
134.218
79.3
196.8
0.838081
C10H16N2
704-01-8
164.247
8.9
215.5
0.956020
10 16 2
CH N
100-22-1
164.247
lf (dil al or lig)
10HC 14O2 C14H14O8
527-18-4 635-10-9
166.217 310.256
nd (al) nd (al)
C16H20N2
54827-17-7
240.343
168.5
C16H20N2
366-29-0
240.343
196.0
C16H18O2
2417-04-1
242.313
594-82-1
114.229
51
233 144
221.8 100.7
vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s MeOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; vs MeOH sl H2O, alk, EtOH, ace; i eth, chl
1.16920
CH
pa ye nd or pr (HOAc) lf (eth)
1.567220 1.384520 1.408120 1.517521 s H2O, EtOH
10 14
HC
dec H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O, EtOH s H2O
Isodurene
8 18
vs py, chl vs ace, eth, chl dec H2O
152.5
9922 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene
9924 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2benzenediamine 9925 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4Tetramethylp-phenylenediamine benzenediamine 9926 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediol Durohydroquinone 9927 Tetramethyl 1,2,4,5benzenetetracarboxylate 9928 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]4,4’-diamine 9929 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine 9930 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]4,4’-diol 9931 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane
vs bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, bz; sl HOAc
260
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc
sl O; Hvs EtOH, eth, bz, chl
2
sub
s EtOH; sl eth vs EtOH
sub
sl EtOH, bz, gl HOAc, tol; i lig
106.45
20 0.8242
1.469520
i H2O; s eth, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Synonym
OH HO
I N
N
I
I
I
Tetraiodoethene
OH
HO
HO N,N,N’,N’-Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine
Tetraiodomethane
HS
OH P
I
I
2,3,4,5-Tetraiodo-1 H-pyrrole
Tetraisobutyl titanate
O
SH
OH
Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride
Tetraisopropyl titanate
O
Cl
O
HS
O O Ti O O
O O Ti O O
I
N H
I
4,5,6,7-Tetraiodo-1,3-isobenzofurandione
HO
OH N
I O
I
I
O
O O
SH
Tetrakis(methylthio)methane
1-Tetralone
O O
Tetramethoxymethane
O
1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane
O N
3-523
N
O
N
O
O Tetramethrin
N
N
HCl
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride
N
N
Br
Tetramethylammonium bromide
N
Cl
Tetramethylammonium chloride
I
Tetramethylammonium iodide
N
N,N,2,6-Tetramethylaniline
OH
N N N 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene
O
O
1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2-benzenediamine
OH
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediamine
2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzenediol
O O
O H2N O
O
N
O
Tetramethyl 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylate
HO
NH2
3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine
OH
N
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diamine
3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethyl-[1,1’-biphenyl]-4,4’-diol
2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
I
I
N,N,N’,N’-Tetra(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine
N
I I
O
OH OH
HO
O
I
No.
Name
Synonym
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
0.794215
1.462125
msc H2O; s EtOH, eth
Mol. Wt.
C8H20N2
111-51-3
144.258
C22O 14H C8H12O2
140-66-9 933-52-8
206.324 140.180
C10H12O2
527-17-3
164.201
ye nd (al or lig) 111.5
3726-45-2 50876-33-0 4127-47-3 2370-88-9 126-86-3
140.266 126.239 98.186 240.510 226.355
liq liq liq
CH N O
90-94-8
268.353
lf (al), nd (bz)
179
dec 360
CAs2 4H12 C16H22OSi2
471-35-2 56-33-7
209.981 286.516
liq liq
-6 -80
165 292; 15613
COSi2 4H14 C4H14O3Si2
3277-26-7 1118-15-6
134.324 166.323
6 16 2
HCN
110-18-9
116.204
H Ge C HCN 11H20OC 2 H40O2 20C
865-52-1 80-70-6 1118-71-4 14721-66-5
132.78 115.177 184.276 312.531
C20H40O
505-32-8
296.531
oil
CH CH CH22 10 C10H24N2
13475-81-5 1071-81-4 5171-84-6 111-18-2
142.282 142.282 142.282 172.311
liq liq
C12Pb 4H C5H14N2
75-74-1 51-80-9
267.3 102.178
liq
5076-20-0 1921-70-6 7154-79-2 1186-53-4 1070-87-7 16747-38-9 14609-79-1 488-70-0 3238-38-8 527-35-5
100.158 268.521 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 144.254 150.217 150.217 150.217
CH 9HC 18 C14 7H C4Si4 4H16O C14H26O2 10 20
17 20 2
4 12
5 13 3
10 22 10 22
HC O 19HC 40 C20 9H C20 9H H20 9C C20 9H 9HC 20O CO 10H14 H14O 10C H14O 10C 6 12
mp/˚C
168
CAS RN
85.8
279 s chl
-88.4 -81 -65 47
i2O; H s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, sulf, chl 118 76 134.5 16540
1.453120 1.412520
0.991220
1.387020
i H2O
i2O, H eth; sl EtOH; vs bz; s chl 1.44715 0.976320
1.517620
vs eth, EtOH s ctc
0.75620 1.09525
1.370020
121
0.7725
1.417920
32500
1.006
9335, 726
0.88325
1.458920
s ctc sl ctc
1080.01
0.851920
1.457120
vs bz, eth, EtOH
-54 -12.6
160.3 137.4 170.0 209.5
0.760925 0.714825 0.778925 0.80625
1.428220 1.405520 1.436820 1.435920
-30.2
110 83
1.99520 0.749118
90.4 296 140.2 133.0 122.29 141.5 165.5 266 240 247
0.815616 0.779125 0.753025 0.738920 0.719520 0.754720
71 66 liq
0.821920 0.746925
-55
-65
liq liq liq liq
-9.75 -121.0 -66.54 -102.1 52 nd (lig, aq al) 85.3 cry (peth) 80.5 nd (lig), pr (al) 118.5
s H2O 1.398416 1.437025 1.423620 1.414720 1.406920 1.422220
s H2O vs bz, eth, chl, peth
i H2O; vs EtOH, bz
sl2H O, lig; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH s chl, peth, HOAc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-524
9932 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4butanediamine 9933 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenol 9934 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3cyclobutanedione 9935 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-2,5Duroquinone cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 9936 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylcyclohexane 9937 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane 9938 1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane 9939 2,4,6,8-Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane 9940 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7diol 9941 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4’Michler’s ketone diaminobenzophenone 9942 Tetramethyldiarsine Cacodyl 9943 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3diphenyldisiloxane 9944 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane 9945 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3disiloxanediol 9946 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,21,2-Dimethylaminoethane ethanediamine 9947 Tetramethylgermane Germanium tetramethyl 9948 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine 9949 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione Dipivaloylmethane 9950 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic Phytanic acid acid 9951 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecen- Isophytol 3-ol 9952 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 9953 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 9954 3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane 9955 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,6hexanediamine 9956 Tetramethyl lead 9957 N,N,N’,N’Tetramethylmethanediamine 9958 Tetramethyloxirane 9959 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane Pristane 9960 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 9961 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 9962 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane Ditert -butylmethane 9963 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 9964 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol 9965 2,3,4,5-Tetramethylphenol Prehnitenol 9966 2,3,4,6-Tetramethylphenol 9967 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylphenol
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
O O N
N
O
HO 4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenol
H Si O O O Si O Si H H H
1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane
O
2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione
2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
1,2,3,4-Tetramethylcyclohexane
O
Si
Si N
OH HO
2,4,6,8-Tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane
2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol
N
As As
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4’-diaminobenzophenone
Tetramethyldiarsine
Si
O
Si
HO
H
3-525
1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane
Si
O
Si
OH
N
1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-disiloxanediol
N
Ge
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
O
N
Tetramethylgermane
O
Si
1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane
NH H
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane
O
O
N
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine
2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione
OH OH
3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid
N
N
3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecen-3-ol
Pb
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine
Tetramethyl lead
N
2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane
N
2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane
3,3,4,4-Tetramethylhexane
O
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylmethanediamine
Tetramethyloxirane
2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecane
OH
2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane
OH OH
OH 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane
2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane
2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane
2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol
2,3,4,5-Tetramethylphenol
2,3,4,6-Tetramethylphenol
2,3,5,6-Tetramethylphenol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,4-butanediamine
No.
Name
Synonym
9968 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine 9969 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Norpempidine 9970 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone
Tetramethylbutanedinitrile
3-526
130.231
1124-11-4 75-76-3 681-84-5 594-27-4 3333-52-6
136.194 88.224 152.222 178.848 136.194
C28H32O4Si4
77-63-4
544.894
H N CS HC N S H12N2O 5C O8 4CN H12O4 7C C20O5 9H CH20O4Si 24 H22 28C C29H20O
97-74-5 2782-91-4 632-22-4 509-14-8 126-54-5 23783-42-8 1174-72-7 1450-63-1 479-33-4
208.367 132.227 116.161 196.033 160.168 208.252 400.500 358.475 384.468
632-50-8
334.453
464-72-2
366.452
HC N HC Si C 4H12O4Si C12Sn 4H C 8H12N2 4 12
CH
26 22
Benzopinacol
9992 5,6,11,12-Tetraphenylnaphthacene
Rubrene
Tetrapropylammonium iodide Tetrapropylstannane Tetrapropyl thiodiphosphate Tetrapropyl titanate Tetrasodium EDTA Tetratetracontane Tetratriacontane
110-95-2
5 12 2
Germanium tetraphenyl
9998 9999 10000 10001 10002 10003 10004
156.268 141.254 155.237
6 12 2 3
9990 Tetraphenylgermane 9991 Tetraphenylmethane
Tetraphenylplumbane Tetraphenylsilane Tetraphenylstannane Tetrapropoxysilane Tetrapropylammonium bromide
36768-62-4 768-66-1 826-36-8
C2 9H20N 9H19NC NO 9H17C
8 12 2
TMS Methyl silicate
9989 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethene
9993 9994 9995 9996 9997
Mol. Wt.
C7H18N2
9977 2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane 9978 Tetramethylthiodicarbonic diamide 9979 Tetramethylthiourea 9980 Tetramethylurea 9981 Tetranitromethane 9982 2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane 9983 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxatridecan-13-ol 9984 Tetraphenoxysilane 9985 1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene 9986 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-2,4cyclopentadien-1-one 9987 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethane 9988 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenyl-1,2-ethanediol
CAS RN
H CO
26 22 2
26 20
CH
632-51-9
332.437
25 20
HC Ge CH
1048-05-1 630-76-2
381.06 320.427
CH
517-51-1
532.671
595-89-1 1048-08-4 595-90-4 682-01-9 1941-30-6
515.6 336.502 427.126 264.434 266.261
631-40-3 2176-98-9 3244-90-4 3087-37-4 64-02-8 7098-22-8 14167-59-0
313.261 291.060 378.425 284.215 380.169 619.186 478.920
24 20
42 28
CH Pb CH Si CH20Sn 24 CH28O4Si 12 N,N,N-Tripropyl-1-propanaminium C12H28BrN bromide 12HC 28IN CH28Sn 12 Aspon CO5P2S2 12H28 1-Propanol, titanium(4+) salt 12H28O4Ti C Edetate sodium 10HC 12N2Na4O8 C90 44H C70 34H 24 20 24 20
Physical Form
mp/˚C
17 28 orth pl (eth-w) 36 nd (eth)
cry (w) 86 vol liq or gas -99.06 liq -1.0 liq -55.1 mcl pl, lf, pr (dil170.5 al) cry (HOAc) 99
liq
109.5 79.3 -0.6 13.8 48.3 49 203.5 222.3
blk-viol lf (HOAc, xyl) cry (bz), orth 214.5 nd (chl) pr (bz), cry 182 (ace) mcl or orth (bz- 225 eth or chl-al) 229.0 orth nd (bz, 282 sub) oran-red (bz332.5 lig) 228.3 236.5 228
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
188.5 156 205
0.91225 0.836716
1.470620 1.445520
144
0.783718
190 26.6 121 78
237115
19 0.648 20 1.0232 1.31425 1.07025
1.358720 1.368320 1.4386
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; i sulf vs EtOH i H2O; s ctc, CS2 s EtOH
1.118320
1.546120
i H2O; msc ace, hp
0.968720 1.638020
1.449623 1.438420
0.98725 1.141260
1.445320
amorp pow pl (eth)
280 dec -109.1
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth sl EtOH, eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc s EtOH, bz, xyl, HOAc 360
420
sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc
1.155
i H2O, peth; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth; vs bz
0
431
12613 2283 420 226
i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig, HOAc; s bz, tol i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, py; s bz 1.529820 1.07820 0.915820
1.401220
25 1.3138 1.106520 1.1225
1.474520 1.471021
252 orth bipym liq amber liq
vs eth s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth
1.3725 245 176.5 126.1 14753, 681 16411 417; 2361
Solubility
228 1040.1 206100
300 (dihydrate) 85.6 72.5 285.43
s chl s ctc, CS2 sl chl s ctc, CS2 vs H2O, chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, HOAc; sl eth sl H2O, peth sl EtOH
0.772890
1.429690
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
9971 N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,3propanediamine 9972 Tetramethylpyrazine 9973 Tetramethylsilane 9974 Tetramethyl silicate 9975 Tetramethylstannane 9976 Tetramethylsuccinonitrile
Mol. Form.
NH2
O O O Si O O
N N H
N H 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine
N H
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine
N
2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone
Si
N
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine
Tetramethylpyrazine
Tetramethylsilane
Sn
Tetramethyl silicate
Tetramethylstannane
N
N
N
S
Tetramethylsuccinonitrile
2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane
S
N
S
O
N
S
Tetramethylthiodicarbonic diamide
N
N
Tetramethylthiourea
O2N
N
Tetramethylurea
NO2 NO2 NO2
Tetranitromethane
O
O
O
O
2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane
O
3-527
O O Si O O O
HO
O
O
HO
O
2,5,8,11-Tetraoxatridecan-13-ol
Tetraphenoxysilane
1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene
N
2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-one 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethane
Pb
Ge
Tetraphenylgermane
Tetraphenylmethane
I
Tetrapropylammonium iodide
OH
Sn
Tetrapropylstannane
5,6,11,12-Tetraphenylnaphthacene
S S O P O P O O O Tetrapropylthiodiphosphate
Sn
Si
Tetraphenylplumbane
O O Ti O O
Tetraphenylsilane
O O Si O O
Tetraphenylstannane
Tetrapropoxysilane
N
Br
Tetrapropylammonium bromide
COONa Na
OOC
Na
OOC
N N
Tetrapropyltitanate
1,1,2,2-Tetraphenyl-1,2-ethanediol 1,1,2,2-Tetraphenylethene
TetrasodiumEDTA
COONa H3C(CH2)42CH3
H3C(CH2)32CH3
Tetratetracontane
Tetratriacontane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Si O
Si O O Si O Si
N
No.
Name
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
8HC 12Si C12H24O4Si4
1112-55-6 2554-06-5
136.267 344.659
CH N CH 3N5 CH2N4 H17N3O8 11C C13H10N2O4
290-96-0 4418-61-5 288-94-8 4368-28-9 50-35-1
82.064 85.069 70.054 319.268 258.229
20398-06-5 115-37-7
249.443 311.375
467-98-1 86-12-4
299.365 286.435
91-79-2 83-67-0
261.386 180.165
10018 Theophylline
58-55-9
180.165
10019 10020 10021 10022 10023 10024 10025 10026 10027
148-79-8 104-06-3 1613-51-0 288-39-1 289-06-5 1072-71-5 59-43-8 67-03-8 532-40-1
201.248 236.293 102.198 86.115 86.115 150.245 300.807 337.268 380.787
92-85-3 96-50-4 288-47-1 504-78-9 444-27-9 2295-31-0 96-53-7 51707-55-2
216.322 100.142 85.128 89.160 133.170 117.127 119.209 220.251
88-15-3 4753-80-4 287-27-4 5687-92-3 1420-55-9 420-12-2 2765-04-0
126.176 116.224 74.145 106.144 399.615 60.118 180.354
10012 Thallium(I) ethanolate 10013 Thebaine 10014 Thebainone 10015 Thenaldine 10016 Thenyldiamine 10017 Theobromine
3-528
10028 10029 10030 10031 10032 10033 10034 10035 10036 10037 10038 10039 10040 10041 10042
sym-Tetrazine
2-(2,6-Dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1 Hisoindole-1,3(2 H)-dione Thallous ethoxide
2 2 4
C 2H5OTl C19H21NO3
C18H21NO3 1-MethylN-phenyl-N-(2C17H22N2S thienylmethyl)-4-piperidinamine 14CH19N3S C7H8N4O2
3,7-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1 HC7H8N4O2 purine-2,6-dione Thiabendazole H 1 -Benzimidazole, 2-(4-thiazolyl)- 10H7CN3S Thiacetazone CH12N4OS 10 Thiacyclohexane C5H10S 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Piazthiole 2H2NC2S 1,3,4-Thiadiazole C2N2S 2H S3 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione 2H2N2C Thiamine chloride C17ClN4OS 12H Thiamine hydrochloride C18Cl2N4OS 12H ThiamineO-phosphate, chloride CH18ClN4O4P 12 S Thianthrene CH8S2 12 2-Thiazolamine 2-Aminothiazole 3H4NC2S Thiazole C3H3NS Thiazolidine 3HC 7NS 4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic acid Timonacic 4H7NOC 2S NO2S 2,4-Thiazolidinedione 3H3C 2-Thiazolidinethione C2 3H5NS Thidiazuron N-Phenyl-N’-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl- C9H8N4OS urea H6OS 1-(2-Thienyl)ethanone 6C Thiepane Hexamethylene sulfide C12S 6H S Thietane Trimethylene sulfide 3H6C Thietane 1,1-dioxide Trimethylene sulfone C 3H6O2S Thiethylperazine C29N3S2 22H Thiirane Ethylene sulfide 2HC 4S Thioacetaldehyde trimer 2,4,6-Trimethyl-1,3,5-trithiane 6H12S3 C
Physical Form liq dk red pr pl (al) cry nd
mp/˚C -43.5 99 204 dec 157.3 225 dec 270
cloudy liq -3 pl (eth), pr (dil 193 al) nd or pr (al) 151.5 96
orth or mcl nd 357 (w) nd or pl (w+1) 273
bp/˚C 130.2 224; 11112
den/g cm-3
nD
0.799920 0.987520
1.462520 s ctc, CS2
sub sub
dec 130 sub 91
Solubility
s H2O, EtOH, eth, sulf 1.406020
sl H2O sl H2O,eth, EtOH; s dil HOAc vs py, diox
3.49 1.30520
dec2H O i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; sl eth; s bz sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, AcOEt
1590.02 1701 sub 290
1.591520 sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, ctc, lig, chl s H2O; sl EtOH, eth, chl
sub 305
liq cry (sub) ye cry (MeOH) cry mcl pl
225 dec 19 -50.1 42.5 168 164 248 dec 200
mcl pr or pl (al) 159.3 ye pl (al) 93 -33.62 cry (w) pl (w), pr (al) nd (w, MeOH)
liq liq cry a-mcl pl;b-nd (ace)
196.5 128 107.3 211 dec 10.5 0.5 -73.24 75.5 63 -109 101
141.8 94 204
0.986120 1.26825
1.506720 1.515025
i H2O, os, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz
s H2O s H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl
365 14011 118 164.5
1.442020 1.199817 1.13125
1.596920 1.55120
1.167920 0.99120 1.020020
1.566720 1.504418 1.510220 1.515620
1.013020
1.493520
17919
213.5 173.5 95.0 91.214 2270.01 dec 57 246.5
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, CS 2 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; vs dil HCl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O; s EtOH, ctc; vs eth, ace vs H2O vs eth s H2O, bz, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, 2CS
sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s ace s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth sl ace sl EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; vs bz, chl
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Mol. Form.
10005 Tetravinylsilane 10006 2,4,6,8-Tetravinyl-2,4,6,8tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane 10007 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine 10008 1H-Tetrazol-5-amine 10009 1H-Tetrazole 10010 Tetrodotoxin 10011 Thalidomide
Synonym
OH H
OH OH
HN Si
Si O O O Si O Si
Si
2,4,6,8-Tetravinyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine
N N N N H
1H-Tetrazol-5-amine
HN
N O
N O OH H O HO OH
1H-Tetrazole
O
N H
Tetrodotoxin
O
O
Tl
Thalidomide
Thallium(I)ethanolate
O
O
N
N O
N
S
3-529
N H
N
Thenaldine
Thenyldiamine
H N N
O
N
S Thiacetazone
Cl
Thiacyclohexane
O
Theobromine
N
1,3,4-Thiadiazole
S
HO
N
N H
S N
Thiabendazole
NH2
Cl N
N HO
N
S
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione
N
NH2
Cl
H S
N
H N
Theophylline
N N S
S
1,2,5-Thiadiazole
N
N
N
HCl
N
S
Thiaminechloride
N
Thiaminehydrochloride
OH H
S
N
S
N
N
NH2
N O HO P OH O
S
N
O
N
S
H N
S
N
N N
Thebainone
H
N
O Thebaine
O
O
HO
O
H2N
H 2N N
N
N N N N H
N S
S
ThiamineO-phosphate,chloride
Thianthrene
N NH2
Thiazolidine
H
H
N
N
S
Thiazole
O
H
N
S
2-Thiazolamine
O
N O
S
S 4-Thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
2,4-Thiazolidinedione
S
S
2-Thiazolidinethione
N N H N
H N O
Thidiazuron
N N S N
S O 1-(2-Thienyl)ethanone
S Thiepane
S Thietane
S O O Thietane1,1-dioxide
S
S Thiethylperazine
S S Thiirane
S S
Thioacetaldehyde trimer
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Tetravinylsilane
N
N
O
No.
Name
10043 10044 10045 10046
Thioacetamide Thioacetic acid Thiobencarb 4,4’-Thiobis(6tert -butyl-m-cresol)
Synonym Ethanethioamide
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C 2H5NS 2HC 4OS C12H16ClNOS C22H30O2S
62-55-5 507-09-5 28249-77-6 96-69-5
75.133 76.117 257.779 358.537
115.5 ye fuming liq <-17 1.7 cry 163
93;3526 1270.008
871-76-1 123-28-4
120.216 514.845
ye cry
232; 11917
62-46-4 463-56-9 59669-26-0 123-93-3 111-17-1 39196-18-4 865-36-1 68-11-1 541-53-7 71563-86-5 640-15-3 123-90-0 297-97-2
206.326 59.091 354.470 150.154 178.206 218.316 46.092 92.117 135.211 106.144 246.351 103.186 248.239
ye nd
23564-05-8 110-02-1
342.394 84.140
1918-77-0 20893-30-5 1003-31-2 1641-09-4 5271-67-0 98-03-3 498-62-4 527-72-0 88-13-1 4282-31-9 636-72-6 16629-19-9 84-06-0 1120-94-1 93-75-4 50-52-2 3313-26-6 62-56-6 261-31-4 492-22-8 503-87-7
142.176 123.176 109.150 109.150 146.595 112.150 112.150 128.150 128.150 172.159 114.166 182.649 446.005 128.216 236.336 262.477 443.625 76.121 198.283 212.267 116.141
10062 10063 10064 10065 10066 10067 10068 10069 10070 10071 10072 10073 10074 10075 10076 10077 10078 10079 10080 10081 10082 10083 10084
2-Thiopheneacetic acid 2-Thiopheneacetonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonyl chloride 2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde 3-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylic acid 2-Thiophenemethanol 2-Thiophenesulfonyl chloride Thiopropazate 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione Thioquinox Thioridazine cis-Thiothixene Thiourea 9H-Thioxanthene 9H-Thioxanthen-9-one 2-Thioxo-4-imidazolidinone
10049 10050 10051 10052 10053 10054 10055 10056 10057 10058 10059 10060 10061
HCO S H NS C C 5H3NS C 5H3NS C3ClOS 5H C5H4OS 5HC 4OS C2S 5H4O C2S 5H4O S 6H4O4C H6OS 5C ClO2S2 4H3C CH28ClN3O2S 23 C4S2 5H H4N2S3 9C H26N2S2 12C H29N3O2S2 23C CH 4N2S 13HC 10S C8OS 13H C 3H4N2OS 6 6 2 6 5
2-Cyanothiophene 3-Cyanothiophene
3-Formylthiophene 2-Carboxythiophene 3-Thenoic acid 2,5-Dicarboxythiophene
Thiocarbamide Dibenzothiapyran Thioxanthone 2-Thiohydantoin
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3 1.06420 1.1620
nD
Solubility
1.464820
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s DMSO s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth
39
cry (w) cry wh pow
61
162
dec 0 173 129 129 57
i H2O vs2O; H s os 1.420 sl H2O; vs EtOH; s bz vs H2O, EtOH
unstab gas mcl cry
-16.5 181 dec 12
oil liq
-0.9
liq
172 dec -38.21
cry (w)
76
oil pa ye liq nd (w)
129.5 138 359 28
br-ye pow cry cry orth (al) nd (al-chl) ye nd (chl) wh nd (w)
47 180 73 148 178 128.5 209 230 dec
12020
1.325320
1.508020
10615 1.193820 1100.1, 770.01 1.20920 175; 110100 1.088220 80
1.481020
1.064920
1.528920
84.0
12023 192 204; 8515 280 197; 8516 86.720 dec 260 sub 150 207; 8610 1006 2160.1
1.15525 1.17225
1.542520 1.562920
1.212721
1.592020 1.585520
1.205316
1.528020
msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc, diox, py; sl chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH s chl
i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl; sl peth s H2O sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, ace s eth
i H2O; sl ace, EtOH, peth sl ace
2300.02 1.40525 341 373
1.538620
msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl vs ace s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s os vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
s H2O, EtOH; i eth s chl i H2O, peth; sl EtOH; s bz, chl, CS 2 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, alk
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
CAS RN
Bis(5-tert -butyl-4-hydroxy-2methylphenyl) sulfide S 2,2’-Thiobisethanamine Bis(2-aminoethyl) sulfide 4H12N2C 3,3’-Thiobispropanoic acid, didodecyl Didodecyl thiobispropanoate CO4S 30H58 ester Thioctic acid 1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid 8H14O2S2C Thiocyanic acid CHNS Thiodicarb CH18N4O4S3 10 Thiodiglycolic acid Thiodiacetic acid 4H6O4S C 3,3’-Thiodipropionic acid 6H10CO4S H18N2O2S Thiofanox 9C Thioformaldehyde Methanethial 2SCH Thioglycolic acid 2HC 4O2S Thioimidodicarbonic diamide 2,4-Dithiobiuret 2H5N3S2 C O2S Thiolactic acid 3H6C H15O2PS3 Thiometon 6C Thiomorpholine Thiamorpholine C 4H9NS Thionazin Phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethylO- C8H13N2O3PS pyrazinyl ester H14N4O4S2 Thiophanate-methyl 12C Thiophene Thiofuran C4S 4H
10047 10048
3-530
Mol. Form.
N
S O S
O
S NH2
Thioacetamide
HO OH
S
OH
Thioacetic acid
S
H2N
Cl Thiobencarb
4,4’-Thiobis(6tert -butyl-m-cresol)
O
O
S
O
NH2
2,2’-Thiobisethanamine
3,3’-Thiobispropanoic acid,didodecylester
O
S OH
S
S
N HS
Thioctic acid
O
N
N
O
N
O
N
Thiocyanicacid
O S
HO
Thiodicarb
N
3-531
S
OH SH Thiolactic acid
H N
S S O P O Thiometon
N
NH
S P O O O
S
S OH
H
3,3’-Thiodipropionic acid
Thiofanox
S
O HS
H
Thioformaldehyde
H2N
OH
Thioglycolic acid
S N H
Thioimidodicarbonic diamide
N O
O S
O
Thiophanate-methyl
N OH
S
S
S
Cl
S S
N
O
Thiophene 2-Thiopheneacetic acid 2-Thiopheneacetonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 2-Thiophenecarbonylchloride
O
N
O
S
2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde
OH
OH
S S
HO
S
O
3-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde
2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid
OH
S O
3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid
S
O
2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylic acid
S
OH
2-Thiophenemethanol
Cl S O O
S 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione
Thiopropazate
N O
N
S
N
S
Thioquinox
S Thioridazine
Cl
S
2-Thiophenesulfonyl chloride
S
S
N
N
N
N
O
N
O O
NH2
O
S Thionazin
S
N H
O N H H N
NH
O
HO
OH
Thiodiglycolic acid
S Thiomorpholine
O
O S
S
O
O N
O
S
N
S
S
O O cis-Thiothixene
H2N
O NH
S NH2
Thiourea
S
S
9H-Thioxanthene
9H-Thioxanthen-9-one
N H
S
2-Thioxo-4-imidazolidinone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
141-84-4 137-26-8
133.192 240.432
2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, R- [ C4H9NO3 (R*,S*)] C4H8O4
72-19-5
119.119
95-43-2
120.105
C4H8O4 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3,6-cycloheptatrieneC10H12O2 1-carboxylic acid C10H16O 4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one, l() Widdrene CH24 15 Thymine 2-desoxyriboside CN2O5 10H14 C5H6N2O2 H14O 2-Isopropyl-5-methylphenol 10C C27H30O5S
95-44-3 499-89-8
120.105 164.201
546-80-5
152.233
201.2
470-40-6 50-89-5 65-71-4 89-83-8 76-61-9
204.352 242.228 126.114 150.217 466.589
12
CH I O CH O C15H11I4NO4 CH24N4O3S 13 23CH32N2O2S C15H17NS2
552-22-7 125-20-2 51-48-9 26839-75-8 910-86-1 5169-78-8
550.213 430.536 776.871 316.420 400.577 275.433
amorp pr or nd (al) nd oil
C18H37N5O9 28HC48O2 28HC48O2 H46O2 27C C14H21N3O3S C12H18N2O3S
32986-56-4 148-03-8 7616-22-0 119-13-1 1156-19-0 64-77-7
467.516 416.680 416.680 402.653 311.400 270.347
cry pa ye visc oil pa ye visc oil -1.5 pa ye visc oil cry 172 orth cry 128.5
14 16 2
119-93-7
212.290
CH NO3 CH C2 7H10N C2 7H10N 9HC6N2O2 9HC6N2O2 7HC 8O3S
26171-23-3 108-88-3 95-80-7 108-71-4 584-84-9 91-08-7 104-15-4
257.285 92.139 122.167 122.167 174.156 174.156 172.202
6192-52-5
190.217
wh-red lf (EtOH 131 aq) cry (MeCN) 156 dec liq -94.95 nd (w), cry (al) 99 oil 20.5 18.3 hyg pl (w+1) 104.5 mcl lf or pl 105.3
Rhodanine
10087 L-Threonine 10088 D-Threose
10091 a-Thujone
3-532
10092 10093 10094 10095 10096
3-Thujopsene Thymidine Thymine Thymol Thymol Blue
10097 10098 10099 10100 10101 10102
Thymol iodide Thymolphthalein L-Thyroxine Timolol Tiocarlide Tipepidine
10103 10104 10105 10106 10107 10108
Tobramycin b-Tocopherol g-Tocopherol d-Tocopherol Tolazamide Tolbutamide
10109 o-Tolidine 10110 10111 10112 10113 10114 10115 10116
Tolmetin Toluene Toluene-2,4-diamine Toluene-3,5-diamine Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate p-Toluenesulfonic acid
20 24 2 2 28 30 4
3-(Di-2-thienylmethylene)-1methylpiperidine 5,8-Dimethyltocol 7,8-Dimethyltocol 8-Methyltocol N-[(Butylamino)carbonyl]-4methylbenzenesulfonamide 3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine
p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid
H NC
15 15
Methylbenzene 4-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine 5-Methyl-1,3-benzenediamine
10117 p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate 10118 10119 10120 10121
C 2 3H3NOS C6H12N2S4
7 8
4-Methylbenzenesulfonic acid, C7H10O4S monohydrate 7HC 7ClO2S C8O2 8H C8O2 8H C8O2 8H
98-59-9 118-90-1 99-04-7 99-94-5
190.648 136.149 136.149 136.149
mp/˚C
lt ye pr (al, w) 170 wh or ye mcl 155.6 (chl-al) 256 dec hyg-syr or nd (w)
129
cry (peth)
88.5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
25 0.868
sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth vs chl
12920
s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl
vs H2O
liq nd (AcOEt)
122
186.5 316 49.5 grn-red (al, eth) 222 dec
ye cry
232.5
0.910925 0.932
24
0.97025
1.449015 1.5031
1.522720
253 235 146 65
tcl (eth, peth) 71 pr or nd (w) 103.5 109.9 179.6
i H2O; s EtOH
25
s H2O, EtOH, ace, py, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, EtOH, eth, DMSO i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl, AcOEt sl 2HO, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc, PhNH2 i H2O; s eth; vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl DMSO sl H2O; i EtOH, bz
1814.5 s H2O vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl
0.1 205 0.1 205 0.001 150
1.24525
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth
110.63 292 284 251
0.866820
1.496120
1.224420
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, CS 2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s chl vs ace, bz, eth dec H2O; s ace, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, eth
14020
s H2O 15
145 259
1.062115 1.054112
1.512115 1.509
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, MeOH; sl tfa
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10089 L-Threose 10090 Thujic acid
Physical Form
CAS RN
10085 2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 10086 Thiram
Mol. Form.
O HN HO OH O
S
O NH S
N S
S
S
CHO HO H H OH CH2OH
OH
N NH2
S Thiram
L-Threonine
HO
HO
CHO H OH HO H CH2OH
D-Threose
O
3-Thujopsene
O O
Thymol
O
Thymol iodide
OH
O
OH
O
I
N
I
Thymolphthalein
O
N
NH2
O
Thymol Blue
O
Thymine
I I
HO
O
I
S O O
N H
Thymidine
OH
I O
O
OH a-Thujone
Thujicacid
HO
OH
N
NH
L-Threose
OH
O O
S
H N
N
L-Thyroxine
Timolol
HO HO
O
3-533
NH2
H 2N
HO O
S H N
HO
H N
Tiocarlide
N HN O
N
H2N
NH2
Toluene-3,5-diamine
O
C
C
H N
S O O O
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate
C
N
O
H N
S O O O
OH O S O
O
g-Tocopherol
H2N
Tolbutamide
O
N
O
Tobramycin
Tolazamide
NH2
NH2
NH2
H N
d-Tocopherol
HO OH NH2
Tipepidine
HO
Toluene-2,4-diamine
H2N
N
O
b-Tocopherol
O
S
S
O
O OH O
N
C
NH2
HO
N O
o-Tolidine
Tolmetin
Cl O S O
OH O S O
Toluene
HO HO
O
HO
O
O
H2O O
Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate
p-Toluenesulfonic acid
p-Toluenesulfonic acidmonohydrate
p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride
o-Toluicacid
m-Toluicacid
p-Toluicacid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone
O
No.
Name
10122 N-o-Tolylbiguanide
3-534
10136 10137 10138 10139 10140 10141 10142 10143 10144 10145
Tomatine Tralomethrin Tranylcypromine Trehalose Triacetamide Triacetin Triacontane Triacontanoic acid 1-Triacontanol Triadimenol Triallate Triallyl phosphate 1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione Triamcinolone Triamiphos Triasulfuron 1,2,4-Triazine 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine-3,5(2 H,4H)-dione 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)trithione Triazofos Triazolam
10146 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 10147 10148 10149 10150 10151 10152 10153 10154 10155 10156 10157 10158 10159 10160 10161
1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5-diamine Tribenuron-methyl Tribenzylamine Tribromoacetaldehyde Tribromoacetic acid 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene 1,1,2-Tribromobutane 1,2,2-Tribromobutane 1,2,3-Tribromobutane 1,2,4-Tribromobutane 2,2,3-Tribromobutane
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
93-69-6
191.233
nd or pl (w+1)
145.0
sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace; i bz, chl, eth
17406-45-0 66841-25-6 155-09-9 99-20-7 641-06-5 102-76-1 638-68-6 506-50-3 593-50-0 123-88-6 2303-17-5 1623-19-4 1025-15-6
1034.188 665.007 133.190 342.296 143.140 218.203 422.813 452.796 438.812 295.13 304.664 218.186 249.265
nd (MeOH) oran-ye solid cry orth cry nd (eth) col oily liq orth (eth, bz) sc, nd (al, ace) nd (eth),pl (bz) cry
270
vs EtOH, diox
H CFO6 CH N OP 14CH16ClN5O5S H3N3 3C H3N3 3C C3H3N3O2 3H6NC 6 N3S3 3H3C
124-94-7 1031-47-6 82097-50-5 290-38-0 290-87-9 461-89-2 108-78-1 638-16-4
394.433 294.292 401.826 81.076 81.076 113.075 126.120 177.271
cry cry (EtOH aq)
CH16N3O3PS 12 C17H12Cl2N4
24017-47-8 28911-01-5
313.312 343.210
5 234
61-82-5
84.080
ye-br oil tan cry (2PrOH) cry (w, al)
288-36-8 288-88-0 1455-77-2 101200-48-0 620-40-6
69.065 69.065 99.095 395.391 287.399
hyg cry nd (bz/EtOH)
23 120.5 211.5 141 91.5
Mol. Form.
N-(2-Methylphenyl) C9H13N5 imidodicarbonimidic diamide CH83NO21 50 CH19Br4NO3 22 2-Phenylcyclopropylamine 9HC 11N C12H22O11 C9NO3 6H Glycerol triacetate 9H14OC 6 CH62 30 C60O2 30H Myricyl alcohol 30HC 62O Mercury, chloro(2-methoxyethyl)- 3H7ClHgO C H16Cl3NOS 10C 9HC15O4P C12H15N3O3 Fluoxiprednisolone
21 27
12 19 6
Melamine Trithiocyanuric acid
Amitrole
Pyrrodiazole
N,N-Bis(phenylmethyl) benzenemethanamine Bromal
HC N
2 4 4
C2H3N3 C3N3 2H 2HC 5N5 CH17N5O6S 15 C21H21N HBr C 3O HBr C 3O2 6HC 4Br3N C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3 H7Br3 4C H7Br3 4C H7Br3 4C H7Br3 4C H7Br3 4C 2 2
115-17-3 75-96-7 147-82-0 615-54-3 626-39-1 3675-68-1 3675-69-2 632-05-3 38300-67-3 62127-47-3
280.740 296.740 329.815 314.800 314.800 294.811 294.811 294.811 294.811 294.811
pa ye oil
mcl pr (w) ye pr
solid pl (eth), mcl (al) mcl nd (al, bz) nd or pr (al)
liq liq
44 203 79 -78 65.1 93.6 88 115 29 -50 20.5 270 167 186 16.5 80.3 276.8 345 dec >300
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
12732 1.5824 259 449.7
20 1.1583 20 0.8097
1.430120 1.435270 1.4323100
0.77795 1170.0003 1087 1494, 1050.5
1.27325 1.081520 1.159020
sl chl
sl H2O; s os 157 114 sub 10022
1.514925 1.3825
s EtOH, eth
1.57316
1.87220
1.251420
-19 -18 0.9
204 260 dec
1.186125
385
0.991295
174 dec 245 300 275 271 216.2 213.8 220 215 206
2.6649
25
1.485425
vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, ace; s chl; sl AcOEt s H2O; s eth, ace; i lig s H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH; s eth, ctc
1.5939
20
2.3520
2.183520 2.169220 2.190720 2.17020 2.172320
sl H2O, EtOH; i eth
i H2O; s os
159
132 122 44.5 122.8
vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs bz vs bz, CS2, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace
1.562617 1.56820 1.568020 1.560820 1.560220
vs ace, eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace; sl bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10123 10124 10125 10126 10127 10128 10129 10130 10131 10132 10133 10134 10135
Synonym
H N
H
Br Br
O H HO
HO
O
O N HO
OH
O
HO
HO OH
OH
HO
OH
O
HO HO
O OH
O H N
H N
OH
NH2
OH NH2
HO
NH HN
OH
N-o-Tolylbiguanide
Tomatine
Tranylcypromine
O
Triacontanoic acid
3-535
O
O
OH
N N
OH
H
Triacetin
S
O P O O
O N
Cl
Cl Triadimenol
Triallate
Triallyl phosphate
OH
O
N N
H2N
N
N P N N O
F O 1,3,5-Triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trione
O
O
O
HO O
1-Triacontanol
O O
O
Cl
Hg O
O
Triacetamide
Cl
OH Triacontane
O
Trehalose
OH
O
N
HO
OH
N
O O
O
Triamcinolone
O
N N
Triamiphos
O O S N H
N H
Cl
O
N N
Triasulfuron
N N
O
N N
H N N
NH2 O NH
N
N N
H2N
NH2
1,2,4-Triazine 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine-3,5(2 H,4H)-dione 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine
N N
S HN S
O
N
NH
N
N
O P O S
O N
Cl
Cl
N
S
N H
N H
1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1 H,3H,5H)-trithione
Triazofos
Triazolam
NH2 Br
O Br Br
N
O Br
Br Br
NH2
N N N H
N
Tribromoacetaldehyde Tribromoacetic acid
N
H2N
N
O
N N
N H
N
O O O S
N
O
Tribenuron-methyl
Tribenzylamine
Br Br
Br
Br
Br
Br Br
Br
N H
N
1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5-diamine
OH Br
N
N N H
NH2
Br
2,4,6-Tribromoaniline 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene
Br
Br
1,3,5-Tribromobenzene
Br 1,1,2-Tribromobutane
Br Br
Br Br Br 1,2,2-Tribromobutane
Br 1,2,3-Tribromobutane
Br
Br Br
1,2,4-Tribromobutane
Br Br 2,2,3-Tribromobutane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
Br
H
O
O
O
Tralomethrin
O
O
O
O
Br
No.
Name
10162 10163 10164 10165 10166 10167
Tribromochloromethane 1,1,2-Tribromoethane 2,2,2-Tribromoethanol Tribromoethene Tribromofluoromethane Tribromomethane
10171 Tribromonitromethane 10172 2,4,6-Tribromophenol
Bromoform
2,4,6-Tribromom-cresol 1,1,1-Tribromotert -butyl alcohol
Mol. Form.
3-536
bp/˚C
lf (eth) liq nd or pr (peth)
55 -29.3 81
2.70820
1.604516
liq
-73.6 8.69
158.5 188.93 9210 164 108 149.1
2.878825
1.594825
607-99-8 4619-74-3 76-08-4
344.826 344.826 310.810
nd (al)
298
2.49125
464-10-8 118-79-6
297.729 330.799
14602-62-1 14476-30-3 96-11-7 3141-24-0 12263-85-3 77-90-7
280.784 280.784 280.784 320.828 338.778 402.479
3085-30-1 1116-70-7 102-82-9 688-74-4 1983-10-4 732-26-3 126-73-8 998-40-3 102-85-2 78-48-8 998-41-4 688-73-3 60-01-5
246.322 198.324 185.349 230.151 309.050 262.430 266.313 202.316 250.314 314.510 200.436 291.060 302.363
813-94-5 52-68-6 75-87-6 594-65-0 76-03-9 4124-31-6
498.433 257.437 147.387 162.402 163.387 308.759
545-06-2 76-02-8 634-67-3 636-30-6
144.387 181.832 196.462 196.462
CBr 3Cl H3Br3 2C H3Br3O 2C HBr3 2C CBr 3F CHBr 3
594-15-0 78-74-0 75-80-9 598-16-3 353-54-8 75-25-2
H5Br3O 7C C7H5Br3O H7Br3O 4C CBr 3NO2 C6H3Br3O
10192 10193 10194 10195 10196 10197 10198 10199 10200 10201
Trichloroacetonitrile Trichloroacetyl chloride 2,3,4-Trichloroaniline 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline
10179 10180 10181 10182 10183 10184 10185 10186 10187 10188 10189 10190 10191
mp/˚C
287.176 266.757 282.756 264.741 270.721 252.731
Mol. Wt.
1,1,2-Tribromopropane C3H5Br3 1,2,2-Tribromopropane C3H5Br3 1,2,3-Tribromopropane C3H5Br3 2,3,5-Tribromothiophene C 3S 4HBr Tribromotrimethyldialuminum Methyl aluminum sesquibromide 3H9Al2Br3 C Tributyl 2-(acetyloxy)-1,2,3C20H34O8 propanetricarboxylate Tributyl aluminate 1-Butanol, aluminum salt C3 12H27AlO Tributylaluminum C27Al 12H Tributylamine N,N-Dibutyl-1-butanamine 12HC27N H27BO3 Tributyl borate 12C Tributylfluorostannane Tributyltin fluoride C 12H27FSn 2,4,6-Tri-tert -butylphenol CH30O 18 H27O4P Tributyl phosphate 12C Tributylphosphine C27P 12H Tributyl phosphite Tributoxyphosphine C3P 12H27O S,S,S-Tributyl phosphorotrothioateS,S,S-Tributyl trithiophosphate C 3 12H27OPS Tributylsilane C28Si 12H Tributylstannane Tributyltin hydride C 12H28Sn Tributyrin Butanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriylC15H26O6 ester Tricalcium citrate Calcium citrate 12H10CaC 3O14 Trichlorfon C8Cl3O4P 4H Trichloroacetaldehyde Chloral C 3O 2HCl 2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide 2HC2Cl3NO Trichloroacetic acid C 3O2 2HCl Trichloroacetic anhydride C6O3 4Cl
10173 10174 10175 10176 10177 10178
Physical Form
CAS RN
Cl3N C ClC4O 6HC 4Cl3N 6HC 4Cl3N 2 2
88 84 nd (lig) cry (dil 169 al) pr 10 nd (al), pr (bz) 95.5
nd (al) hyg col liq
liq oil nd cry (al, peth)
16.9 29
-70 <-70 ª260 131
<-25 liq liq cry (w) liq hyg cry
liq nd (lig) nd (lig)
-75
den/g cm-3 15 2.71 2.621020
nD 1.593320
sub 12718 286
2.81112 2.5520
1.579020
200.5 190.5 222.1 260 50 110 1731
2.354720 2.298420 2.420820
1.579020 1.567020 1.586220
2605 1022 216.5 234 sub >200 278 289 240; 15050 13726, 12212 1500.3 221 1138, 760.7 307.5
ª100 dec (hyd) 77 1000.1 -57.5 97.8 142 240 59.2 196.5 dec 223; 13960 -42 85.7 117.9 73 292 96.5 270
Solubility vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, chl i2H O; s EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, lig, chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs ace, bz; s ctc s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl, peth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, chl, HOAc; vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc s chl sl chl
0.777020 0.856720 0.86427 0.972725 0.81225 0.925920 1.05720 0.779420 1.10320 1.035020
1.7320 1.51220
1.429920 1.410618
1.422425 1.461920 1.432119
sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s EtOH, bz; vs eth, MeOH i H2O, alk; s EtOH, ace, ctc s H2O, eth, bz, CS2; msc EtOH s EtOH; sl ctc; vs eth
1.438020 1.435920
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs eth sl H2O; i EtOH
1.458020
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs eth, HOAc
1.612664 1.690820
1.460361
1.440325 1.620220
1.440920 1.469520
i H2O msc eth vs EtOH s EtOH, eth; vs CS 2; sl lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10168 1,3,5-Tribromo-2-methoxybenzene 10169 2,4,6-Tribromo-3-methylphenol 10170 1,1,1-Tribromo-2-methyl-2-propanol
Synonym
OH Br Cl Br
Br
Br
Br
Br Br
Br
Br Tribromochloromethane
1,1,2-Tribromoethane
Br
F
H Br
OH Br
Br
2,2,2-Tribromoethanol
Br
Tribromoethene
Br
H Br
Br Br
O
Br
Br
Br
Br
Tribromofluoromethane
Tribromomethane
Br
Br
HO
Br
1,3,5-Tribromo-2-methoxybenzene
2,4,6-Tribromo-3-methylphenol
Br Br
1,1,1-Tribromo-2-methyl-2-propanol
Br
O Br
NO2 Br Br Br
Br Br
2,4,6-Tribromophenol
Br Br
1,1,2-Tribromopropane
1,2,3-Tribromopropane
S
Br
O
Al
Al Br
Br
1,2,2-Tribromopropane
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Tribromonitromethane
O
O
Br
O O O
Br
Br
2,3,5-Tribromothiophene
Tribromotrimethyldialuminum
Tributyl 2-(acetyloxy)-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate
OH O
3-537
O
O Al
Al
O
Tributyl aluminate
N
Tributylaluminum
O
Tributylamine
O B
O P O O
Sn O
F
Tributyl borate
Tributylfluorostannane
2,4,6-Tri-tert -butylphenol
Tributyl phosphate
O O
O P S S S
P
O
Tributylphosphine
Cl Cl
O
O P
O P
Si H
O
Tributyl phosphite
O O
S,S,S-Tributyl phosphorotrothioate
O
Sn
O
Tributylstannane
O
O
OH
O
H
Tributylsilane
O
O
3Ca O 2
Tributyrin
Tricalcium citrate
NH2 O OH
Cl Trichlorfon
O Cl Cl
O Cl
Trichloroacetaldehyde
Cl Cl
O NH2
Cl
2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide
Cl Cl
O OH
Cl
Trichloroacetic acid
Cl Cl
O O
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Trichloroacetic anhydride
Cl Cl
N Cl
Trichloroacetonitrile
NH2 Cl
O Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Trichloroacetyl chloride
2
Cl Cl 2,3,4-Trichloroaniline
Cl Cl Cl 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O OH
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
6HC 4Cl3N
634-93-5
196.462
10203 10204 10205 10206 10207 10208
2,3,6-Trichlorobenzaldehyde 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzeneacetic acid 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol
H3Cl3O 7C C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C3O2 8H5Cl C3Cl3O2 6H
4659-47-6 87-61-6 120-82-1 108-70-3 85-34-7 56961-20-7
209.457 181.447 181.447 181.447 239.484 213.446
10209 10210 10211 10212
50-31-7 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid 7HC 3Cl3O2 H7Cl3 15862-07-4 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 12C H7Cl3 35693-92-6 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 12C 50-29-3 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane C14H9Cl5 chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) 76-36-8 2,2,3-Trichlorobutanal 2,2,3-Trichlorobutyraldehyde C3O 4H5Cl H5Cl3 2431-50-7 2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene 4C Cl3N2O 101-20-2 3,4,4’-Trichlorocarbanilide Triclocarban 13H9C 3955-26-8 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-(chloromethyl) C7H4Cl4 benzene 1558-25-4 Trichloro(chloromethyl)silane (Chloromethyl)trichlorosilane 2Cl4SiCH Trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silane 825-94-5 6HC 4Cl4Si Trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane 2550-06-3 3HC 6Cl4Si Trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane (Dichloromethyl)trichlorosilane 5Si CHCl 1558-24-3 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane C 3F2 354-12-1 2HCl 354-21-2 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane C 3F2 2HCl 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane C 3F2 354-15-4 2HCl Cl3O 6972-47-0 2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol 8H7C 2971-22-4 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane C11Cl3 14H 4484-72-4 Trichlorododecylsilane Dodecyltrichlorosilane C3Si 12H25Cl 1,1,1-Trichloro-3,4-epoxybutane (2,2,2-Trichloroethyl)oxirane C3O 3083-25-8 4H5Cl 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Methyl chloroform C3 71-55-6 2H3Cl 79-00-5 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vinyl trichloride 2H3ClC 3 115-20-8 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol C3Cl3O 2H
225.457 257.543 257.543 354.486
10213 10214 10215 10216
3-538
10217 10218 10219 10220 10221 10222 10223 10224 10225 10226 10227 10228 10229 10230 10231 10232 10233 10234 10235 10236 10237 10238 10239 10240 10241
Trichloroethene 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-ethoxyethanol Trichloroethoxysilane 2,2,2-Trichloroethylb-Dglucopyranosiduronic acid Trichloroethylsilane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane Trichlorofluoromethane 2,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,1,3,4,4,4heptafluorobutane Trichlorohexylsilane
Chlorfenac
Trichloroethylene Chloral alcoholate Urochloralic acid Ethyltrichlorosilane Refrigerant 131b Refrigerant 131a Refrigerant 11
Hexyltrichlorosilane
HCl C3 H ClC3O2 2HC 5Cl3OSi C11Cl3O7 8H
175.441 159.442 315.581 229.919 183.925 245.994 211.978 218.370 169.385 169.385 169.385 225.500 285.596 303.772 175.441 133.404 133.404 149.403
79-01-6 515-83-3 1825-82-7 97-25-6
131.388 193.457 179.505 325.528
H Cl3Si C H Cl C 3F C 3F 2H2Cl H2Cl3F 2C CCl 3F C4Cl3F7
115-21-9 2366-36-1 811-95-0 359-28-4 75-69-4 335-44-4
163.506 151.394 151.394 151.394 137.368 287.391
H ClC3Si
928-65-4
219.612
2
4 7
2 5 2 2
6 13
cry (al), nd (lig or peth) nd (lig) pl (al) orth nd (i) pr (HOAc) (ii) pr (bz) cry cry (EtOH aq) nd (al)
fine pl
ye nd (peth)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
78.5
262
87.3 51.3 16.92 62.8 161 115(form a); 134(form b) 124.5 78.5 62.5 108.5
-140 -174 175 65
-105.6 -104.7
vol liq or gas
nD
Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs CS 2
1.453325 1.45925
1.571720
vs ace, bz, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s chl sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O; s eth i H2O i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, py
17215 260; 1860.05 164 6020, 4010
1.395620 1.343020
1.475520 1.494420
273
1.54720
118 233; 11620 181.5 145 73 71.9 72.5
1.465020 1.406220 1.359020 1.551820
1.455520 1.541820 1.466820 1.471420
1.544720
1.388920
vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, chl
256
liq liq -30.01 liq -36.3 hyg orth tab or 19 pl liq -84.7 56.5 liq -135 nd 142 liq liq
218.5 213.5 208
den/g cm-3
-110.44 2.0
vs ace, eth, EtOH
i 2HO; s chl; vs peth s EtOH; sl chl 15510 110100 74.09 113.8 152; 5211
1.458120 1.339020 1.439720
1.437920 1.471420 1.486120
sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s alk
87.21 115.5 101.9
1.464220 1.14340 20 1.2274
1.477320
sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, eth vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
100.5 86.5 88.0 102.4 23.7 98
20 1.2373
1.425620
s ctc
1.49220 1.539320
1.439020
i H2O i2OH
1.748420
1.353020
190
1.110020
1.404520
dec H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10202 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline
Physical Form
NH2 Cl
O
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
OH OH Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Cl
Cl O
Cl
Cl
Cl
3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid
2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,3,6-Trichlorobenzeneacetic acid
Cl Cl Cl
2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
2,2,3-Trichlorobutanal
Cl
H N
Cl
Cl
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane
H N
2,3,4-Trichloro-1-butene
Cl
3,4,4’-Trichlorocarbanilide
Cl 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-(chloromethyl)benzene
Trichloro(chloromethyl)silane
Cl Cl Si
OH
3-539
Cl Cl Cl Trichloro(4-chlorophenyl)silane
Cl
Cl
Cl Si Cl Cl
Trichloro(3-chloropropyl)silane
Cl
F Cl Si Cl Cl
Cl
F Cl
Trichloro(dichloromethyl)silane
O
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane
Trichlorododecylsilane
Cl Cl
Cl F
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane
Cl Cl Cl Si Cl
HO
Cl Si Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
H H
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
F Cl
Cl
F F Cl
1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane
Cl
Cl
1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane
2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol
OH
H
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
H
Cl
Cl
OH Cl
Cl Cl
O Cl
O
Cl Cl Si Cl
1,1,1-Trichloro-3,4-epoxybutane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol Trichloroethene 2,2,2-Trichloro-1-ethoxyethanol Trichloroethoxysilane
O O O OH
Cl
HO
Cl Cl
OH 2,2,2-Trichloroethylb-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid
Cl Cl Si Cl Cl
F Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl F
Cl
F Cl
F Cl
Cl Cl
F F
F Cl Cl F Cl F
F F
Trichloroethylsilane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane Trichlorofluoromethane 2,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,1,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutane
Cl Cl Si Cl Trichlorohexylsilane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
OH
Cl Cl
2,4,6-Trichloroaniline 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzaldehyde
O
OH
No.
Name
10242 N-(2,2,2-Trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) formamide 10243 3,3,3-Trichloro-2hydroxypropanenitrile 10244 Trichloroisobutylsilane 10245 Trichloromethane
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
Chloral formamide
C4Cl3NO2 3H
515-82-2
192.429
cry
120
Chlorocyanohydrin
C3H2Cl3NO
513-96-2
174.413
pl (w)
61
Synonym
191.559 119.378
4,5,6-Trichloroo-cresol 2,3,6-Trichlorop-cresol
S CCl 4OCCl 2S 3S CHCl Cl3N3O4S2 8H8C H5Cl3O 7C C 3O 7H5Cl C3 7H5Cl C3 7H5Cl 3HC 3Cl3O C7H5Cl3O C7H5Cl3O
594-42-3 2547-61-7 75-70-7 133-67-5 6130-75-2 87-40-1 6639-30-1 98-07-7 3083-23-6 551-78-0 551-77-9
185.888 217.887 151.443 380.657 211.473 211.473 195.474 195.474 161.414 211.473 211.473
10257 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol
2,4,6-Trichlorom-cresol
C7H5Cl3O
551-76-8
211.473
10258 10259 10260 10261
1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol Trichloronate 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-nitrobenzene Trichloronitromethane
1,1,1-Trichlorotert -butyl alcohol
57-15-8 327-98-0 89-69-0 76-06-2
177.457 333.599 226.445 164.376
10262 10263 10264 10265
3,4,6-Trichloro-2-nitrophenol Trichlorooctadecylsilane Octadecyltrichlorosilane Trichlorooctylsilane Octyltrichlorosilane 1,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,2,3,3pentafluoropropane Trichloropentylsilane Amyltrichlorosilane 2,3,4-Trichlorophenol 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol 2,3,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-T 2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2- Pentanate dichloropropanoate Trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane (2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)hydrazine Trichlorophenylsilane 1,1,2-Trichloropropane
HCCl3NO3 H Cl3CSi C 8H17Cl3Si C3Cl3F5
82-62-2 112-04-9 5283-66-9 76-17-5
242.444 387.932 247.666 237.383
H Cl3CSi CH Cl3O H3Cl3O 6C H3Cl3O 6C H3Cl3O 6C H3Cl3O 6C H3Cl3O 6C Cl3O3 8H5C C 11H9Cl5O3
107-72-2 15950-66-0 933-78-8 933-75-5 95-95-4 88-06-2 609-19-8 93-76-5 136-25-4
205.586 197.446 197.446 197.446 197.446 197.446 197.446 255.483 366.452
HC Cl3Si HC Cl3N2 6HC 5Cl3Si C3H5Cl3
940-41-0 5329-12-4 98-13-5 598-77-6
239.602 211.476 211.549 147.431
C3H5Cl3
20395-25-9
147.431
3-540
10266 10267 10268 10269 10270 10271 10272 10273 10274 10275 10276 10277 10278
Trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride Trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride Trichloromethanethiol Trichloromethiazide 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methoxybenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2-methoxybenzene 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trichloromethyl)oxirane 2,3,4-Trichloro-6-methylphenol 2,3,6-Trichloro-4-methylphenol
10279 1,1,3-Trichloropropane
Perchloromethyl mercaptan Trichloromethyl mercaptan
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole 2,4,5-Trichlorotoluene Benzotrichloride
4
H Cl3O C CH Cl3O2PS 6HC2Cl3NO2 CCl 3NO 2 4 7
10 12
Chloropicrin
6 2
18 37
5 11 6 3
8 9 6 5
liq ye oil cry (al-w) oran oil nd (dil al) mcl nd (al) nd or lf (al) liq
-63.41
140.5 270 dec 77.5 61.5 82.4 -4.42
nd (peth) 77 nd (HOAc, 66.5 peth) nd or pl (w, 46 peth) hyg nd (w + 1) 97 ye liq pr (al), nd (al) 57.5 liq -64
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility vs ace, eth, EtOH
dec 217
vs H2O, eth, EtOH 20
143.3 61.17
1.154 1.478825
1.445920
149 170 12515
1.694720
1.548420
254 241 231 221 149; 4413
1.64025 1.372320 1.49520
1.558020 1.473725
dec H2O sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ace, ctc s eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH vs EtOH, ace s EtOH, bz, chl; vs ace i2O; H s EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth; s chl vs EtOH
265 167 1080.01 288 112
i H2O; vs EtOH, MeOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, chl 1.36520 1.79023 1.655820
1.461120
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl, CS 2 s H2O; msc EtOH, ace, bz, MeOH, HOAc
dec H2O, EtOH; s ctc
pa ye cry (peth) 92.5
liq
-72
nd (bz, lig, sub) 83.5 nd (al) 62 nd (dil al, lig) 58 nd (al, peth) 69 orth nd (HOAc) 69 nd (lig) 101 cry (bz) 153 49
22310 232 73.7
0.98425 1.663120
1.460220 1.448020 1.351220
172; 60.515 sub 248250
1.133020
1.450320
247 246 275 dec 1620.5 242; 985
cry (bz)
liq
s EtOH, eth, bz, alk, HOAc vs eth, EtOH sl2O;Hvs EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl 2HO; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl 2HO, lig; s eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, ace, xyl
1.490175
1.5550 1.239720
1.518520
1.32120 1.37215
1.523020
s H2O, bz s ctc, chl, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth; sl ctc
1.471820
vs eth, EtOH, chl
143
-59
201 132.0; 117500 145.5
1.355720
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
18169-57-8 67-66-3
10246 10247 10248 10249 10250 10251 10252 10253 10254 10255 10256
H Cl C 3Si CHCl 3
4 9
Chloroform
bp/˚C
OH Cl Cl
OH
N H
Cl
Cl Cl
O
N-(2,2,2-Trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)formamide
3,3,3-Trichloro-2-hydroxypropanenitrile
H2N
Cl
Trichloromethanethiol
Cl
3-541 N O
OH O N
NO2 Cl Cl Cl
1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol
Trichlorooctadecylsilane
OH Cl
Cl
2,3,4-Trichlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Cl
Cl F
Cl
OH Cl
O
2,3,6-Trichlorophenol
Cl
Cl O Cl Cl
2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)ethyl 2,2-dichloropropanoate
Cl
Cl
O
Cl Si
Cl F
Cl
Cl
2,3,5-Trichlorophenol
F
F
1,2,3-Trichloro-1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl F
OH Cl
O
Trichloronate
Trichlorooctylsilane
OH OH
P S
Cl
Cl Si Cl Cl
Cl Si Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol
Cl
OH
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
O O
O
OH
Cl
H2N Cl
(Trichloromethyl)benzene
O
3,4,6-Trichloro-2-nitrophenol
Cl
Trichloropentylsilane
Cl
Cl
OH
Cl Cl Si Cl
Cl
Cl 1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene
Cl
Cl
Trichloronitromethane
Cl
OH
2,3,6-Trichloro-4-methylphenol
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,3,4-Trichloro-6-methylphenol
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1,2,4-Trichloro-5-nitrobenzene
Trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride
Cl
1,3,5-Trichloro-2-methoxybenzene
OH
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride
Cl
1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methoxybenzene
Cl
(Trichloromethyl)oxirane
Cl
O S
O
Cl
Cl
O Cl Cl
Cl
O
OH Cl Cl
Trichloromethane
Cl
Trichloromethiazide
O
Cl
S
Cl
NH S O O
S O O
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
3,4,5-Trichlorophenol
NH
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl Si Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Trichloro(2-phenylethyl)silane
Cl
Cl
(2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)hydrazine
Trichlorophenylsilane
1,1,2-Trichloropropane
Cl
Cl
1,1,3-Trichloropropane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl
Cl
Trichloroisobutylsilane
Cl
H N
Cl SH
N
Cl
H
Cl Si Cl Cl
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
10280 10281 10282 10283 10284 10285 10286 10287 10288 10289 10290 10291 10292
1,2,2-Trichloropropane C3H5Cl3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane C3H5Cl3 H5Cl3O 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanol 3C 1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanone 1,1,1-Trichloroacetone 3HC 3Cl3O 1,2,3-Trichloro-1-propene C3H3Cl3 3,3,3-Trichloro-1-propene C3H3Cl3 2,3,3-Trichloro-2-propenoyl chloride C4O 3Cl Si Trichloropropylsilane Propyltrichlorosilane 3H7Cl3C 2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine C 3N2 4HCl 3-(Trichlorosilyl)propanenitrile C3NSi 3H4Cl 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine Cyanuric acic trichloride 3Cl3N3 C Cl3N 2,2’,2’’-Trichlorotriethylamine 6H12C Trichlorotriethyldialuminum Ethylaluminum sesquichloride6H15Al2Cl3 C
3-542
10293 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6C6Cl3F3 trifluorobenzene 10294 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane C3F3 2Cl 10295 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane C3F3 2Cl 10296 Trichlorovinylsilane Vinyltrichlorosilane C 2H3Cl3Si 10297 Trichodermin 12,13-Epoxytrichothec-9-en-4-ol C17H24O4 acetate 10298 Triclofos 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol dihydrogenC2H4Cl3O4P phosphate 10299 Triclopyr Acetic acid, [(3,5,6-trichloro-2- C7H4Cl3NO3 pyridinyl)oxy]10300 Tricosane C23H48 10301 12-Tricosanone Diundecyl ketone C46O 23H H21O4P 10302 Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Trio-tolyl phosphate 21C 10303 Tri-m-cresyl phosphate 10304 Tri-p-cresyl phosphate 10305 1,3,6-Tricyanohexane 10306 Tricyclazole 10307 Tricyclene 10308 10309 10310 10311 10312 10313 10314 10315 10316 10317
Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane Tridecanal Tridecane Tridecanedioic acid Tridecanenitrile Tridecanoic acid 1-Tridecanol 2-Tridecanone 7-Tridecanone
Trim-tolyl phosphate Trip-tolyl phosphate
CH O P H21O4P 21C 21 21 4
C9H11N3 1,2,4-Triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazole,C9H7N3S 5-methylC10H16 1,7,72,6]heptane Trimethyltricyclo[2.2.1.0 Amantadine H17N 10C Adamantane C10H16 C13H26O C13H28 C24O4 13H 13HC 25N O2 Tridecylic acid 13H26C Tridecyl alcohol C28O 13H Methyl undecyl ketone C26O 13H Dihexyl ketone C26O 13H
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
3175-23-3 96-18-4 76-00-6 918-00-3 96-19-5 2233-00-3 815-58-7 141-57-1 3764-01-0 1071-22-3 108-77-0 555-77-1 12075-68-2
147.431 147.431 163.430 161.414 145.415 145.415 193.843 177.533 183.423 188.516 184.411 204.525 247.505
319-88-0
235.418
354-58-5 76-13-1 75-94-5 4682-50-2
187.375 187.375 161.490 292.371
liq liq cry
14.37 -36.22 -95 59
306-52-5
229.383
cry (bz)
120.5
55335-06-3
256.471
638-67-5 540-09-0 78-30-8
324.627 338.610 368.363
lf (eth-al) lf (al) col or pa ye
47.76 70.2 11
563-04-2 78-32-0
368.363 368.363
25.5 77.5
1772-25-4 41814-78-2
161.203 189.237
wax nd (al), tab (eth) br liq
508-32-7
136.234
768-94-5 281-23-2 10486-19-8 629-50-5 505-52-2 629-60-7 638-53-9 112-70-9 593-08-8 462-18-0
151.249 136.234 198.344 184.361 244.328 195.345 214.344 200.360 198.344 198.344
liq
liq
mp/˚C -14.7 50.5
-30
22.5 cry (eth, bz) pa ye ye liq
154 -2.0
149
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
124 157 163; 5412 149; 2810 142 114.5 158 123.5 212.5 10930 192 14315 115.550, 36.20.2 198.4
1.31825 1.388920
1.460920 1.485220
1.43520 1.41220 1.36720
1.463517 1.503020 1.482720 1.527118 1.431020 1.570020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth; vs chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz
45.5 47.7 91.5 1110.05
1.579020 1.563525 20 1.2426
1.361035 1.355725 1.429520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, chl
410
48 0.7785 69 0.8086 1.195520
1.446820 1.428380 1.557520
26015 22435
1.15025 1.24725
1.557520
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ctc vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ctc, tol; s HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ctc, tol s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc
2572
1.040
1.466020
152.5
0.866880
1.429680
sub 15613 235.47
1.0725 0.835618 0.756420
1.568 1.438418 1.425620
293 236100, 1401 274; 15214 263 261
0.825720 0.845880 0.822331 0.821730 30 0.825
1.437820 1.428660
1.19520
vs EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH
dec 290 380
187 cry (al)
nd (sub) liq
cry (peth ace) cry (al) lf (al)
67.5 180 268 14 -5.4 114 9.7 41.5 31.7 30.5 33
1.431820
sl H2O s bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O, bz, tfa; s EtOH, eth, chl vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, chl, lig; vs eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
No.
OH Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanol
Cl Cl 1,2,2-Trichloropropane
Cl
O Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
1,1,1-Trichloro-2-propanone
Cl
1,2,3-Trichloro-1-propene
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
3,3,3-Trichloro-1-propene
2,3,3-Trichloro-2-propenoylchloride
Cl Cl Si Cl Cl
Cl Si Cl Cl
N Cl
Trichloropropylsilane
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine
N N
Cl
3-(Trichlorosilyl)propanenitrile
F F
Cl Cl Cl
F
Cl F Cl
Cl F
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane
2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine
3-543 12-Tricosanone
N
Cl
Cl
Cl
H O
Cl
O O P O O
Tri-o-cresyl phosphate
Tri-m-cresyl phosphate
Cl N
OH
O O
Triclofos
O O P O O
1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene
Cl
O P OH O OH
Cl
Trichodermin
Cl F
Trichlorotriethyldialuminum
Cl Cl
F
Triclopyr
O O P O O
Tri-p-cresyl phosphate
NH2 N N
N
1,3,6-Tricyanohexane
O
O
Trichlorovinylsilane
N N
Cl
2,2’,2’’-Trichlorotriethylamine
O
O
Tricosane
N
Cl
Cl Si Cl Cl
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
Al
Al Cl
H F
Cl
N N
F
O
S Tricyclazole
Tricyclene
Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane
Tridecanal
O
O
O OH
HO Tridecane
Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-1-amine
N
Tridecanedioic acid
OH
Tridecanenitrile
O
Tridecanoicacid
O
OH 1-Tridecanol
2-Tridecanone
7-Tridecanone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl
Name
10318 10319 10320 10321 10322 10323 10324 10325 10326 10327 10328
1-Tridecene Tridecyl acrylate Tridecylaluminum Tridecylamine (Tridecyl)amine Tridecylbenzene Tridecylcyclohexane Tridecyl methacrylate Tri(decyl) phosphite 1-Tridecyne Tridiphane
3-544
10329 10330 10331 10332 10333 10334 10335 10336 10337 10338 10339 10340 10341 10342 10343
Synonym
N,N-Didecyl-1-decanamine 1-Tridecanamine 1-Phenyltridecane
2-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2trichloroethyl)oxirane, (±) N,N-Didodecyl-1-dodecanamine Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C13H26 H30O2 16C H63Al 30C 30CH63N 13HC 29N C32 19H CH38 19 C32O2 17H C63O3P 30H C13H24 C10H7Cl5O
2437-56-1 3076-04-8 1726-66-5 1070-01-5 2869-34-3 123-02-4 6006-33-3 2495-25-2 2929-86-4 26186-02-7 58138-08-2
182.345 254.408 450.803 437.828 199.376 260.457 266.505 268.435 502.793 180.330 320.427
CH N C3 6H15NO CH18O3 12 9H21ClOC 3Si C18O3 8H CO3Si 8H20 C16O3 7H CO3Si 7H18 11HC 26O3Si C20O3Si 12H H20O3 9C 6HC16O3Si CNO3Si 9H23 C 3Si 9H19NO O8 14H22C
102-87-4 102-71-6 2437-88-9 5089-70-3 78-39-7 78-07-9 122-51-0 2031-67-6 2761-24-2 780-69-8 115-80-0 998-30-1 919-30-2 919-31-3 77-89-4
521.988 149.188 210.269 240.800 162.227 192.329 148.200 178.302 234.408 240.371 176.253 164.275 221.370 217.338 318.320
16.4 hyg cry 20.5 cry (al, dil al) 43.5 col gas
H AlC HCN
97-93-8 121-44-8
114.165 101.190
col hyg liq liq
-46 -114.7
554-68-7 617-75-4 42205-08-3 877-44-1 102-25-0 97-94-9 150-46-9 77-93-0 280-57-9 112-27-6
137.651 162.105 162.271 162.271 162.271 97.994 145.992 276.283 112.172 150.173
hex (al)
260 dec
C22H42O6
94-28-0
402.564
H CO O6 14H22C
111-21-7 109-16-0
234.246 286.321
Tridodecylamine Triethanolamine 1,3,5-Triethoxybenzene Triethoxy(3-chloropropyl)silane (3-Chloropropyl)triethoxysilane 1,1,1-Triethoxyethane Triethoxyethylsilane Triethoxymethane Triethoxymethylsilane Triethoxypentylsilane Triethoxyphenylsilane 1,1,1-Triethoxypropane Triethoxysilane 3-(Triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propanenitrile Triethyl 2-acetoxy-1,2,3Triethyl acetylcitrate propanetricarboxylate 10344 Triethylaluminum Hexaethyldialuminum 10345 Triethylamine N,N-Diethylethanamine
10346 10347 10348 10349 10350 10351 10352 10353 10354 10355
Triethylamine hydrochloride Triethylarsine 1,2,3-Triethylbenzene 1,2,4-Triethylbenzene 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene Triethylborane Triethyl borate Triethyl citrate Triethylenediamine Triethylene glycol
10356 Triethylene glycol bis(2ethylhexanoate) 10357 Triethylene glycol diacetate 10358 Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
36 75
6 15 6 15
ClN N,N-Diethylethanamine hydrochloride6H16C 6HC15As CH18 12 CH18 12 CH18 12 H15B 6C Boric acid, triethyl ester 6H15BO3C CO7 12H20 CN2 6H12 O4 Triglycol 6H14C
10 18 6
liq liq hyg visc liq
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
-13
232.8 15010
liq 2.5 42.8
liq
col liq
-26
liq liq liq
-66.5 -93 -84.8
liq
nD
Solubility
0.765820 0.8820
1.434020
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz
0.804920 0.855020 0.823920 0.88120
1.444320 1.482120 1.457020 1.44825
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth
0.784220
1.430920
vs bz, eth
1.124220
1.485220
msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s chl vs eth, EtOH
0.884725 0.896320 0.890920 0.894825 0.886220 0.99625
1.398020 1.395520 1.392220 1.383220 1.405920 1.460420 1.400025
i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl s EtOH, eth
-38 27.4 10 18.5
hyg liq
den/g cm-3
159 -7
-50
406 275.8 346 346 1181 2553, 1800.1 234; 9425
2200.03 335.4 24 170 -149 145 158.5 143; 6020 142 10030, 9513 232; 11310 171 133.5 11929 10 109 21440 13 194; 100 89
0.874520 0.950620 0.97420 1.13525
1.422520 1.4380
0.83225 0.727520
1.401020
1.068921 1.15020
1.46720
0.873820 0.863120 0.7023 0.854620 1.136920
1.502420 1.496920 1.3971 1.374920 1.445520
285
1.127415
1.453120
286 1705
1.115320 1.09220
1.459525
sub 245 138.5 172 218; 9915 215.9 95 120 294
vs eth, EtOH
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc; vs ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s chl msc H2O, EtOH, bz; sl eth, chl; i peth s chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
No.
O Al
O 1-Tridecene
Tridecylacrylate
Tridecylaluminum
NH2
N Tridecylamine
(Tridecyl)amine
Tridecylbenzene
Tridecylcyclohexane
Cl
O O
O Tridecylmethacrylate
O P
O Cl
O
Tri(decyl)phosphite
1-Tridecyne
Cl
Cl
Tridiphane
Cl O
OH
O
3-545
N
HO
Tridodecylamine
N
OH
Triethanolamine
O
Si O O
O
O
O
O
O
1,3,5-Triethoxybenzene
Triethoxy(3-chloropropyl)silane
1,1,1-Triethoxyethane
Triethoxyethylsilane
N
H2N
O O
Si O O O
O O
O
Si O
O Si O O
O
O
O
O
Triethoxymethane
Al
Triethoxymethylsilane
N
Triethylaluminum
Triethylamine
N
Triethoxypentylsilane Triethoxyphenylsilane 1,1,1-Triethoxypropane
HCl
Triethylamine hydrochloride
O
Triethylene glycol
OH
O
Triethoxysilane
Si O
Si O O O
O
B 1,2,3-Triethylbenzene 1,2,4-Triethylbenzene
O
O
O
1,3,5-Triethylbenzene
O O
O
O
O
Triethylborane
O B
EtOOC O
Triethyl borate
COOEt COOEt OH Triethyl citrate
N N Triethylenediamine
O O
O
O
O Triethylene glycolbis(2-ethylhexanoate)
O
O
3-(Triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine3-(Triethoxysilyl)propanenitrile Triethyl 2-acetoxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate
O O
O
O Si O O H
As Triethylarsine
O
HO
O
Si O O
O
O
O
O
O
O Triethylene glycoldiacetate
O Triethylene glycoldimethacrylate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Cl
No.
Name
Synonym
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
10359 Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether 10360 Triethylene glycol dinitrate
112-49-2 111-22-8
178.227 240.167
10361 10362 10363 10364 10365 10366 10367 10368 10369 10370 10371 10372 10373 10374 10375 10376 10377 10378 10379 10380 10381 10382 10383 10384 10385 10386 10387 10388 10389 10390 10391 10392 10393 10394 10395
Triglyme 8H18O4C Ethanol, 2,2’-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy) C6H12N2O8 ]bis-, dinitrate Triethylene glycol monoethyl ether 2-[2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol 8H18O4 C Triethylenephosphoramide Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine, oxide6H12N3OP C Triethylenethiophosphoramide Thiotepa 6H12NC 3PS N3 1,3,5-Triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine 9H21C Triethyl phosphate Ethyl phosphate O4P 6H15C Triethylphosphine 6HC15P Triethylphosphine oxide COP 6H15 Triethylphosphine sulfide 6HC 15PS Triethyl phosphite Triethoxyphosphine 6H15OC 3P O,O,O-Triethyl phosphorothioate O,O,O-Triethyl thiophosphate 6H15CO3PS Triethylsilane 6HC 16Si Triethylsilanol COSi 6H16 Sb Triethylstibine 6H15C NO Trifenmorph 4-(Triphenylmethyl)morpholine 23H23C Triflumizole 15CH15ClF3N3O Trifluoperazine CH24F3N3S 21 Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride Stelazine C 2F3N3S 21H26Cl 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide C2F3NO 2H Trifluoroacetic acid C3O2 2HF Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride C3 4F6O 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone Methyl trifluoromethyl ketone C 3H3F3O Trifluoroacetonitrile C 2F3N Trifluoroacetyl chloride C 3O 2ClF 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene C6H3F3 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene C6H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Methyl fluoroform 2HC 3F3 H3F3 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 2C H3F3O 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 2C Trifluoroethene Trifluoroethylene C3 2HF 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanamine 2H4FC 3N 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether F3O 3H5C 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane C2F3I 2H Trifluoroiodomethane CF 3I Trifluoroisocyanomethane Trifluoromethyl isocyanide 2F3N C Trifluoromethane Fluoroform CHF 3
112-50-5 545-55-1 52-24-4 7779-27-3 78-40-0 554-70-1 597-50-2 597-51-3 122-52-1 126-68-1 617-86-7 597-52-4 617-85-6 1420-06-0 68694-11-1 117-89-5 440-17-5 354-38-1 76-05-1 407-25-0 421-50-1 353-85-5 354-32-5 367-23-7 372-38-3 420-46-2 430-66-0 75-89-8 359-11-5 753-90-2 460-43-5 353-83-3 2314-97-8 19480-01-4 75-46-7
178.227 173.152 189.218 171.283 182.154 118.157 134.156 150.222 166.155 198.220 116.277 132.276 208.943 329.435 345.747 407.496 480.417 113.038 114.023 210.031 112.050 95.023 132.468 132.083 132.083 84.040 84.040 100.039 82.024 99.055 114.066 209.936 195.910 95.023 70.014
10396 10397 10398 10399 10400 10401 10402
Trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride 2-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline
421-17-0 1493-13-6 421-83-0 335-05-7 88-17-5 98-16-8 455-14-1
136.524 150.077 168.523 152.069 161.125 161.125 161.125
CClF 3S OS CHF CClF 3O2S 4OCF 2S F3N 7H6C F3N 7H6C F3N 7H6C 3 3
Physical Form liq
bp/˚C
-45
216 820.03
0.98620
256 9123
1.020920
cry cry
41 51.5
liq liq wh hyg nd cry (al)
-56.4 -88 48 94
liq liq cry (EtOH)
-156.9 -98 176 63.5
liq col gas col gas liq col gas
col gas col gas col gas col gas hyg liq
786 215.5 129 243 157.9 217; 10016 109 154 161.4
nD
Solubility
1.422420
vs H2O, bz
vs H2O, EtOH, eth, ace vs H2O; s bz, chl, eth, EtOH 1.069520 0.800619
0.962920 1.076820 20 0.7302 0.864720 1.322415
1.458025 1.405320 1.45815
1.412720 1.448020 1.44720 1.432920
s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH; sl chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O, sulf i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i 2HO; s chl, ctc
2060.7
cry
liq liq vol liq or gas col gas col gas
den/g cm-3
mp/˚C
241.5 73.8 -15.2 -65
-146 -5.5 -111.3 -84 -43.5
-155.2
45
col gas 35.5 5.5 38
162.5 73 39.5 21.5 -68.8 -18 90 75.5 -47.25 3.7 74 -51 36 31.62 54.5 -22.5 -80 -82.1 -0.7 162 162; 6218 -21.7 6815 187; 7410 117.560
1.535125 1.49025 25 1.252
1.26425 1.27725
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace 1.26925
1.417120 1.414020 s eth, chl
1.384220 1.26-70 1.24525
1.290722
2.1325 2.3607-32
1.400920 1.3790-32
0.67325 (p>1 atm)
s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH; sl chl
1.334420 1.28225 1.304712 1.28327
vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth
1.481020 1.478720 1.481525
i H2O vs eth i H2O
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-546
Mol. Form.
O
O
O
O
O
O N
O
O
Triethylene glycoldimethyl ether
O
O
N O
O N P N N
O O
O
Triethylene glycoldinitrate
OH
O
Triethylene glycolmonoethylether
N
S N P N N
Triethylenephosphoramide
N N
Triethylenethiophosphoramide
1,3,5-Triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine
O O P O O
O P
S P
P Triethyl phosphate
O
Triethylphosphine
Cl
F
Triethylphosphine oxide
F F
N
3-547
F
F
F F
Triflumizole
Sb
O
Triethyl phosphite
F F
N
S
N
OH Si
O,O,O-Triethyl phosphorothioate
Triethylsilane
Triethylsilanol
Triethylstibine
Trifenmorph
2HCl
N
N
N
H Si
N
N
N
O
Triethylphosphine sulfide
O P
N
S O P O O
S
Trifluoperazine
O
O F F
Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride
F F
NH2 F
F F
OH
F
F O O
F
2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide Trifluoroacetic acid
O
F F
O
O
F
Trifluoroacetic acidanhydride
F
F F
F
N F
F F
Cl F
1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone Trifluoroacetonitrile Trifluoroacetyl chloride
F F
F
F
F
F F
F
F 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene
1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene
F
F
F
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane
F
F
F
F
1,1,2-Trifluoroethane
F
F
F OH
F
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
F
Trifluoroethene
F
NH2
O
I
F F F
F I
2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methylether
F
F
F F
1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane Trifluoroiodomethane
NH2 NH2 H
F F
N F
F
F F
F F
S
Cl
F
Trifluoroisocyanomethane Trifluoromethane Trifluoromethanesulfenyl chloride
F F
O OH S O F
Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
F F
O Cl S O F
Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride
F F
O F S O F
NH2 F
F F F
F F
F
F
F
Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride 2-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
Name
10403 10404 10405 10406 10407 10408 10409 10410 10411
4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde C5F3O 8H (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzotrifluoride C3 7H5F 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 8H4FC 3N 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 8H4FC 3N ClF3O 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride 8H4C Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether 2HFC 5O 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C5F3O 7H 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C5F3O 7H 2-[[3-(Trifluoromethyl) Flufenamic acid C10F3NO2 14H phenyl]amino]benzoic acid F3Si Trifluoromethylsilane 3CH F3Si (Trifluoromethyl)silane 3CH Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2C3HF7O tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione 1,1,1-Trifluoroacetylacetone 5H5FC 3O2 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3C10H7F3O2 butanedione H5F3O 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylethanone 8C Trifluorophenylsilane C5F3Si 6H 1,1,1-Trifluoropropane C3H5F3 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-propanol, (±) C3H5F3O 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene C3H3F3 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne (Trifluoromethyl)acetylene 3HFC3 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3- Thenoyltrifluoroacetone C5F3O2S 8H butanedione Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)oxirane Perfluoropropylene oxide 3F6O C Triflupromazine Fluopromazine C19F3N2S 18H Trifluralin 2,6-DinitroN,N-dipropyl-4C13H16F3N3O4 (trifluoromethyl)aniline Triforine H14Cl6N4O2 10C Trigonelline C7NO2 7H Trihexylamine N,N-Dihexyl-1-hexanamine 18CH39N Trihexyl borate CH39BO3 18 Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride a-Cyclohexyl-a-phenyl-1C20H32ClNO piperidinepropanol hydrochloride Trihydro(pyridine)boron Borane pyridine C 5H8BN 1,2,3-Trihydroxy-9,10Anthragallol CH8O5 14 anthracenedione 1,2,4-Trihydroxy-9,10Purpurin C14H8O5 anthracenedione
10412 10413 10414 10415 10416
3-548
10417 10418 10419 10420 10421 10422 10423 10424 10425 10426 10427 10428 10429 10430 10431 10432 10433 10434
10435 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzoic acid 10436 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid 10437 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid 10438 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone 10439 2’,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone
Synonym
Mol. Form.
HC O HC O 7H6OC 5 7 6 5 7 6 5
Gallic acid Alizarin Yellow A Isoliquiritigenin
HC O H OC
13 10 4 15 12 4
Physical Form
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
455-19-6 98-08-8 368-77-4 455-18-5 2251-65-2 3822-68-2 444-30-4 98-17-9 530-78-9
174.120 146.110 171.120 171.120 208.565 136.020 162.109 162.109 281.230
373-74-0 10112-11-5 2356-61-8
100.116 100.116 186.028
col gas col gas col gas
-73 -124 -141
-30 -38.3 -3
367-57-7 326-06-7
154.088 216.157
liq cry
39
107 224
434-45-7 368-47-8 421-07-8 17556-48-8 677-21-4 661-54-1 326-91-0
174.120 162.185 98.067 114.066 96.051 94.035 222.185
liq liq col gas liq col gas col gas
428-59-1 146-54-3 1582-09-8
166.021 352.417 335.279
gas visc oil
26644-46-2 535-83-1 102-86-3 5337-36-0 52-49-3
434.962 137.137 269.510 314.312 337.927
110-51-0 602-64-2
92.936 256.211
81-54-9
256.211
610-02-6 83-30-7 149-91-7
170.120 170.120 170.120
oran red or oran-ye nd (al) nd (+w) cry (w+1) pr (w+1)
1143-72-2 961-29-5
230.216 256.254
ye nd (dil al) 140.5 ye nd (EtOH-w) 200
liq
oil col gas liq
mp/˚C -28.95 14.5 37.5 -157 45.5 -0.9 133.5
-40 -18
bp/˚C 8025 102.1 189 186; 8016 -38 147.5 178
nD
Solubility
1.188420 1.281320
1.463020 1.414620 1.450820
msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc
1.383
1.477020
1.341825 s DMSO
42.8
153 101.5 -13 78 -17 -48.3 978
49
-27.4 0.7 176 1404.2
-52
den/g cm-3
s os i H2O; s EtOH, ace 1.27920 20 1.2169
1.458320 1.411020
vs bz, EtOH
1.263225
1.313025
vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl ctc
1.578023
155 dec pr (aq, al, +1w) 261.7 1432
vs H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s acid sl ctc
0.797621
258.5
ye nd (dil al)
10.5 313
0.92020 sub 290
1.528025
i H2O; dec acid sl2H O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc, CS 2
259
sub
sl H2O; vs EtOH, bz, HOAc; s eth
221 100 dec 253 dec
sub
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS 2 sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; i bz sl H2O, eth; vs EtOH; s ace; i bz, chl sl2H O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc
1.6946
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
No.
N
O
N F
F
F
O
F F
F
F
F
F
F
F F
F F
3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride
O F
F
F
F F
F
F F
F
Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether
2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol
OH H N
F
F
F
2-[[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]benzoic acid
O
F
F Si F F
F F F
H Si H H
O
F
F F
F
O
O
F F
F
Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether
O
O
F F
F
1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione
F F
F
F F
4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione 2,2,2-Trifluoro-1-phenylethanone
N
3-549
F F F Si
F Trifluorophenylsilane
F
1,1,1-Trifluoropropane
F F
F F
1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-propanol, (±)
F F
F S
F F
O
F
3,3,3-Trifluoropropene
3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne
F
O
F
OH F F
F
F
F
O
N
F F
F F F
S
4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)oxirane
Triflupromazine
N O2N
NO2
NH
HN N
F
F
Cl Cl Cl
F
Trifluralin
O
O
N N Me
Cl Cl Cl Triforine
N
Trigonelline
O
OH
N
O
O
O
Trihexylamine
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
O B
Trihexylborate
O
OH
HO
O
Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
OH
O 1,2,3-Trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
OH
O
O
OH
1,2,4-Trihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
OH 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzoicacid
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoicacid
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoicacid
Trihydro(pyridine)boron
OH O
OH
OH OH
HCl
OH
O
N H B H H
HO OH
OH 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzophenone
2’,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (Trifluoromethyl)benzene
O
OH OH
F
F
Cl
F
No.
Name
Synonym
3-550
10451 10452 10453 10454 10455 10456 10457 10458 10459 10460 10461 10462 10463 10464 10465 10466 10467 10468 10469 10470 10471 10472 10473 10474 10475
Mol. Wt.
C5 16H32O C15H10O5
6949-98-0 518-82-1
304.422 270.237
18 36 5
HC O
583-86-8
332.476
lf (dil al), nd (w) 102 oran-red mcl 257 nd (HOAc) cry (dil al) 101.5
CH O
491-67-8
270.237
ye pr (al)
C10H12O4
1421-63-2
196.200
153.8
HCO HCO C9H10O4
528-21-2 480-66-0 2295-58-1
168.148 168.148 182.173
173 221.0 175.5
C19H12O5
975-17-7
320.295
HCI O CHI 3
88-82-4 75-47-8
499.811 393.732
609-23-4 51-26-3 3453-79-0 100-99-2 1116-40-1
471.800 635.959 246.322 198.324 185.349
1116-39-8 126-71-6 645-41-0
182.153 266.313 227.430
122-20-3 4447-60-3 18023-33-1 948-32-3 717-74-8 5419-55-6 513-02-0 116-17-6 5588-84-1
191.268 190.280 232.393 204.352 204.352 188.072 224.234 208.235 244.203
liq
616-68-2
248.364
cry
44
1876
552-30-7 84-96-8
192.125 298.446
cry
162 68
24114 1620.3
2275-18-5 554-92-7 738-70-5 24313-88-0 2103-57-3
285.364 424.918 290.318 183.204 196.200
15 10 5
8 8 4 8 8 4
7 33 2
H CIO HC I O H27AlOC 2-Methyl-1-propanol, aluminum 12 salt 3 12HC 27Al 2-MethylN,N-bis(2-methylpropyl)- C12H27N 1-propanamine Triisobutylborane C27B 12H Triisobutyl phosphate 12HC27O4P N,N-bis(3-methylbutyl)-1- C15H33N Triisopentylamine 3-Methylbutanamine Triisopropanolamine 9HC 21NO3 O3 Triisopropoxymethane Isopropyl orthoformate 10H22C Triisopropoxyvinylsilane CO3Si 11H24 1,2,4-Triisopropylbenzene 15CH24 1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene 15CH24 Triisopropyl borate 9HC21BO3 Triisopropyl phosphate 9HC21O4P Triisopropyl phosphite CO3P 9H21 Triisopropyl vanadate Vanadium, oxotris(2-propanolato)-, C9H21O4V (T-4)Trimecaine 2-Diethylamino-2’,4’,6’C15H24N2O trimethylacetanilide Trimellitic anhydride 9H4OC5 Trimeprazine N,N,b-Trimethyl-10 H-phenothiazine- C18H22N2S 10-propanamine Trimethoate C20NO3PS2 9H Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride 21HC 29ClN2O5 H18N4O3 Trimethoprim 14C 3,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline CNO3 9H13 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde CH12O4 10 2,4,6-Triiodophenol 3,3’,5-Triiodothyropropanoic acid Triisobutyl aluminate Triisobutylaluminum Triisobutylamine
Physical Form
CAS RN
6 33
15 11 3 4
nd (w, +1w)
mp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
225 121.2
nd (dil al) cry (EtOH)
159.8 200
liq liq
6 -21.8
Solubility sl2OH vs eth, EtOH
sub
264 dec
oran red (alHCl) pr (al) ye cry
sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace, HOAc
s H2O, eth; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, chl sl H2O, chl, bz; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth, EtOH
>300
45
solid cry ye cry
bp/˚C
-7.4
28.5 188 201 112.8
218
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz i H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl DMSO i2O; H sl EtOH; s eth, ace sl EtOH
4.00825
sub 27550 10 86 191.5
0.768420
1.425217
vs eth, EtOH
188; 8620 264 235
0.738025 0.968120 0.784820
1.418823 1.419320 1.433120
vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, bz, ctc
17510 167 179.5; 7720 244 238 140; 7576 219 7420, 6010 10410
1.020 0.862120 0.862725 0.857425 0.854520 0.825120 0.986720 0.906320
1.400020 1.398120 1.489625 1.488220 1.377720 1.405720 1.408525
1350.1
1220.5
s H2O, EtOH; sl chl vs eth, EtOH s ctc s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, eth, bz, PrOH vs EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl
sl H2O vs H2O sl chl, MeOH; i eth, bz 1.554720
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10440 9,10,16-Trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid Aleuritic acid 10441 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10Emodin anthracenedione 10442 9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid,Phloionolic acid (R*,R*) Baicalein 10443 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 10444 1-(2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1butanone 10445 1-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone Gallacetophenone 10446 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone 2’,4’,6’-Trihydroxyacetophenone 10447 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1Flopropione propanone Phenylfluorone 10448 2,6,7-Trihydroxy-9-phenyl-3Hxanthen-3-one 10449 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid 10450 Triiodomethane Iodoform
Mol. Form.
OH O OH
OH O
OH
O
HO
OH OH
1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione
O OH
9,10,18-Trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid,(R*,R*)
HO
HO
OH
O
OH HO
HO
5,6,7-Trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1-benzopyran-4-one
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
I
I I
HO
OH
OH
OH
1-(2,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1-butanone 1-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone
I O
3-551
O HO
O Al
O
OH
I I
N
Al
O
O
I
2,6,7-Trihydroxy-9-phenyl-3 H-xanthen-3-one
O O P O O
B
I
I I
2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid
I
Triiodomethane 2,4,6-Triiodophenol
HO
N
I
H
OH OH
O
OH
O
N
O
O
HO
O
3,3’,5-Triiodothyropropanoic acid
Triisobutyl aluminate
Triisobutylaluminum Triisobutylamine
Triisobutylborane
Triisobutyl phosphate
Triisopentylamine
Triisopropanolamine
Triisopropoxymethane
O
O Si O O
O
O B
O O P O O
O
O
O P
O O V O O
O
N
HN
OH
O
O
O O
Triisopropoxyvinylsilane
1,2,4-Triisopropylbenzene
N N S Trimeprazine
1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene
S O P O S O
Triisopropyl borate
Triisopropyl phosphate
Triisopropyl phosphite
O O
N H
Trimethoate
Trimecaine
NH2 O
N H
O
Triisopropyl vanadate
O
N
HCl
Trimethobenzamide hydrochloride
O
NH2
O
N N
O
NH2
O
O O
O
O
Trimellitic anhydride
Trimethoprim
3,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline
O O 2,3,4-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
HO
OH OH
O
9,10,16-Trihydroxyhexadecanoicacid
O
HO
OH
OH
HO
Name
10476 10477 10478 10479 10480 10481 10482
2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzenemethanol 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid
10483 10484 10485 10486
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl chloride Trimethoxyboroxin 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’Berbamine dimethylberbaman-12-ol 6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’Oxyacanthine dimethyloxyacanthan-12’-ol 7’,10,11-Trimethoxyemetan-6’-ol Cephaeline 1,1,1-Trimethoxyethane 4,7,8-Trimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline Skimmianine
10487 10488 10489 10490
Synonym
Mescaline 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl alcohol
Mol. Form.
3-552
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
CH12O4 10 CH12O4 10 H12O3 9C H12O3 9C CNO3 11H17 O4 10H14C C12O5 10H
4460-86-0 86-81-7 634-36-6 621-23-8 54-04-6 3840-31-1 490-64-2
196.200 196.200 168.189 168.189 211.258 198.216 212.199
HC O HC ClO4 C9B3O6 3H C37H40N2O6
118-41-2 4521-61-3 102-24-9 478-61-5
212.199 230.645 173.532 608.723
37 40 2 6
CH N O
548-40-3
608.723
HC N O H C O C4 14H13NO
483-17-0 1445-45-0 83-95-4
466.613 120.147 259.258
149-73-5 1185-55-3 2996-92-1 2487-90-3 4420-74-0 1760-24-3
106.120 136.222 198.291 122.195 196.340 222.358
2530-85-0
248.349
10 12 5 10 11
28 38 2 4 5 12 3
10491 10492 10493 10494 10495 10496
Trimethoxymethane C10O3 4H Trimethoxymethylsilane CO3Si 4H12 Trimethoxyphenylsilane 9HC 14O3Si Trimethoxysilane 3HC10O3Si 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane C 6H16O3SSi N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2C8H22N2O3Si ethanediamine 10497 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl C10H20O5Si methacrylate 10498 Trimethyl aluminum 3HC 9Al 10499 Trimethylamine N,N-Dimethylmethanamine 3HC 9N 10500 Trimethylamine borane 10501 Trimethylamine hydrochloride 10502 10503 10504 10505 10506 10507
Trimethylamine oxide 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline Trimethylarsine 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
Physical Form
nd (eth) pym (al)
1.100945
1.142720
Solubility s H2O, eth, chl, lig s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i2O;H s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; i eth, peth
1.543920 vs H2O, bz, EtOH, peth
22610 18518
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl
15
72.945 95.571
94 mcl hyg nd (al) 277.5
1184-78-7 137-17-7 88-05-1 593-88-4 487-68-3 526-73-8
75.109 135.206 135.206 120.025 148.201 120.191
hyg nd (w+2) nd (w) liq liq
H C
95-63-6
120.191
liq
10508 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Pseudocumene
9 12
10509 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
Mesitylene
9 12
HC
108-67-8
120.191
liq
HC O H CN 12H12O6
700-13-0 100-92-5 2459-10-1
152.190 163.260 252.219
nd (w) liq visc oil
i 2HO; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; i lig
108
0.943825
1.385925
104 102.5 13045, 11020 32100 12850, 9310 140.515
0.967620 0.954820 1.06420
1.379320 1.369620 1.473420
1.01525 1.0125
1.442025 1.441625
vs ace, EtOH, MeOH, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O, peth; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, CS2 s EtOH, eth s chl s ctc, CS2
5, 951 107
liq
liq
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, peth
177
75-22-9 593-81-7
C
nD
115.5
col gas
11 17
1485 235 255.5 18012 22825 300
den/g cm-3
1.4025
72.085 59.110
9 12 2
bp/˚C
lf (+2w, al) cry 198.5 (peth) nd (al, eth) 216.5
75-24-1 75-50-3
N,N-Dimethylmethanamine borane 3HC 12BN N,N-Dimethylmethanamine C3H10ClN hydrochloride N,N-Dimethylmethanamine oxide 3H9NO C CN 9H13 Mesitylamine 9H13N C 3HC9As H12O 10C Hemimellitene 9H12 C
10510 2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-benzenediol 10511 N,a,a-Trimethylbenzeneethanamine Mephentermine 10512 Trimethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate Trimethyl trimellitate
mp/˚C
114 72.5 orth nd (al) 48.5 pr (al), lf (peth) 54.5 cry 35.5 3 nd (al or bz145 peth) mcl nd (w) 172.3 82
15.4 -117.1
256 68 -2.5 -87.3 14 -25.4
130; 208 2.87 172 sub 200
0.75220 0.62725 (p>1 atm) 0.79225
1.36310
vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, chl
234.5 232.5 52 238.5 176.12
0.95725 0.963325 1.14415 1.015425 0.894420
-43.77
169.38
0.875820
1.504820
-44.72
164.74
0.861525
1.499420
1.549520
1.513920
169 dec -13
959 12 194
1.261
vs H2O, chl, tol; s EtOH, eth, bz
1.523020
vs H2O, EtOH vs EtOH sl ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s eth; vs EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
No.
O
O O O
O O
2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde
OH
O
1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
O
1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene
O
O
O
O
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl chloride
O B O
B O
N H
O
O
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzenemethanol
N H
N H
O
O O
N H
O
O
O OH
OH
Trimethoxyboroxin
2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic acid
O
O
O
O
O O
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzeneethanamine
O
B O
O
O O
O
Cl O
O
O
6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’-dimethylberbaman-12-ol
6,6’,7-Trimethoxy-2,2’-dimethyloxyacanthan-12’-ol
O O
N H
3-553
O H H
H
O
N
OH 7’,10,11-Trimethoxyemetan-6’-ol
O Si O O
O O Si O
N H
O
O
O
1,1,1-Trimethoxyethane
NH2
O
N
O
O
O
O
O
4,7,8-Trimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline Trimethoxymethane
H Si O O O
Si O O O Trimethoxymethylsilane
O O Si O
Trimethoxyphenylsilane
O O Si O
Trimethoxysilane
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol
NH2 H N B H H
O O
N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2-ethanediamine 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate
Al Trimethyl aluminum
N Trimethylamine
N
Trimethylamine borane
N O
HCl
Trimethylamine hydrochloride
Trimethylamine oxide
2,4,5-Trimethylaniline
O O
NH2
SH
O
OH
O O
H N As 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline Trimethylarsine 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzaldehyde
OH 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
O
O
2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-benzenediol N,a,a-Trimethylbenzeneethanamine Trimethyl 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde
OH O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
OH
NH2
O
No.
Name
Synonym
10513 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoic acid 10514 Trimethylbenzylsilane 10515 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
10525 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol
3-554
10526 10527 10528 10529 10530 10531 10532 10533 10534 10535 10536 10537 10538 10539 10540 10541 10542 10543 10544 10545
2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Trimethylchlorosilane Trimethyl citrate 2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4-cycloheptadien-Eucarvone 1-one 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1a,2b,4b-1,2,4Trimethylcyclohexane 1a,3a,5b-1,3,5trans-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane Trimethylcyclohexane cis-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol trans-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone 2,4,4-Trimethylcyclohexanone 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanone Dihydroisophorone 2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1- b-Cyclocitral carboxaldehyde 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol Isophorol 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1- b-Ionol yl)-3-buten-2-ol 4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1- a-Ionol yl)-3-buten-2-ol 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane 1a,2a,4b-1,2,4Trimethylcyclopentane
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
480-63-7 770-09-2 464-15-3
164.201 164.320 138.250
512-13-0
154.249
76-49-3
196.286
C10H16
464-17-5
136.234
C10H16O
1820-09-3
C10H16O
10HC 12O2 10HC 16Si 10HC 18
Physical Form pr (lig) hex pl(al), pr(MeOH) pr
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
156.5
sl 2HO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl 190.5 161
0.893320
1.494120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, AcOEt, MeOH
48
9420
29
221
113
146
152.233
24
9210
0.965725
1.490825
1845-30-3
152.233
15.5
9010
0.968425
1.491225
C10H14O
473-06-3
150.217
HB C HC BO3 7H16C
593-90-8 121-43-7 464-06-2
55.914 103.912 100.202
col gas liq liq
HC O
594-83-2
116.201
HC H CClSi 9H14CO7 C10H14O
594-56-9 75-77-4 1587-20-8 503-93-5
98.186 108.642 234.203 150.217
cry (dil al +1/ 17 2w) liq -109.9 liq -40 tcl 79.3
HC C18 9H C9H18
7094-26-0 3073-66-3 7667-60-9
126.239 126.239 126.239
liq liq liq
-29 -65.7 -83.5
9 18
HC
1795-26-2
126.239
liq
-107.4
HC O HC O C16O 9H C16O 9H CO 9H16 H16O 10C
933-48-2 767-54-4 2408-37-9 2230-70-8 873-94-9 432-25-7
142.238 142.238 140.222 140.222 140.222 152.233
470-99-5 22029-76-1
C10H18O CH O
12 20 2
3 9 3 9
7 16
7 14 3 9
9 18
9 18 9 18
9HC 16O C13H22O
cry (al)
1.472022
vs EtOH
0.91525 0.690120
1.356820 1.386420
0.838025
1.423322
vs eth, MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, peth, ctc sl H2O; vs ace, eth, EtOH
0.705020 25 0.856
1.402520 1.387020
0.949020
1.508720
145.2 136.6 142.9
0.796325 0.774925 0.787025
1.438220 1.429520 1.434120
i H2O
140.5
0.779420
1.430720
vs bz, eth, lig
202; 9212 189.2 178.5 191 189 11229, 9715
0.900616 0.863160 0.904318 0.90220 0.891919 0.95915
1.455016
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl
140.222 194.313
695 13014
0.91420 0.924320
1.471720 1.496920
14
20
20
cry (eth) liq
-161.5 -29.3 -24.6
37.3 55.8 -31.8
ye oil
25312-34-9
194.313
oil
HC HC C8H16
4259-00-1 4516-69-2 4850-28-6
112.213 112.213 112.213
liq liq liq
8 16
vs bz, eth, EtOH
8812
C13H22O 8 16
0.903484
-21.6 -142.4 -132.6
-20.2 67.5 80.86 131 77.9 60 285; 17616 210; 10522
127
0.9189
114; 53100 104.9 116.7
0.766020 0.743925 0.759225
i H2O; s eth, bz, chl, MeOH vs eth, EtOH s eth, ace
1.447020 1.449320 1.445415 1.497115
1.4735
1.419920 1.411220 1.418620
s EtOH, eth, ace
i H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10516 1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-a-Fenchyl alcohol, l() 2-ol, (1S-endo) 10517 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-Bornyl acetate 2-ol acetate,endo 10518 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2ene 10519 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3en-2-ol, (1a,2a,5a) 10520 4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3en-2-ol, (1a,2b,5a) 10521 2,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-Chrysanthenone en-6-one 10522 Trimethylborane 10523 Trimethyl borate 10524 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane Triptane
Mol. Form.
O
OH
OH 2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoic acid
Trimethylbenzylsilane
1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
OH
OH
4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, (1a,2a,5a)
O
1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, (1S-endo)
1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol acetate,endo
B
O
4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol, (1a,2b,5a)
O
2,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-6-one Trimethylborane
O B
1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene
OH O
Trimethyl borate
2,2,3-Trimethylbutane
2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol
3-555
O Cl Si 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene
MeOOC
Trimethylchlorosilane
1a,3a,5b-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane
OH
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol
COOMe COOMe OH
Trimethyl citrate
2,6,6-Trimethyl-2,4-cycloheptadien-1-one
O
OH
OH
cis-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
trans-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
OH
4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-ol
1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane
2,4,4-Trimethylcyclohexanone
3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanone
1a,2b,4b-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclohexane
O
O
O
2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone
1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane
2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde
OH
4-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-ol
1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane
1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane
1a,2a,4b-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O
Si
No.
Name
Synonym
10581 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 10582 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 10583 10584 10585 10586
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanethiol 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
C8H16
16883-48-0
112.213
liq
-130.8
109.3
124-83-4
200.232
pr, lf (w)
187
28056-54-4 4694-12-6 4127-45-1 19317-11-4
126.196 126.196 84.159 220.351
liq liq liq
-40.6 -25.6 -138.2
1445-79-0 1190-83-6 1189-99-7 7154-80-5 20278-89-1 16747-25-4 16747-26-5 3522-94-9 16747-28-7 921-47-1 1069-53-0 16747-30-1 16747-31-2 3302-10-1 3452-97-9 4773-83-5 3385-78-2 1640-39-7 3728-43-6 2131-41-1 603-71-4 123-17-1 62016-38-0 77-99-6 127-48-0 420-37-1 107-45-9 564-02-3 540-84-1
114.826 142.282 142.282 142.282 142.282 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 128.255 158.238 144.254 158.239 159.921 159.228 164.320 170.250 165.189 186.333 156.309 134.173 143.140 147.907 129.244 114.229 114.229
liq
-105
8 18
HC HC
560-21-4 565-75-3
H CO S 8H18C 8HC 18O 8HC 18O
144-19-4 141-59-3 690-37-9 5162-48-1
CH O
10 16 4
HC O 8HC 14O C12 6H C15H24O 8 14
H CGa H C H22 10C H22 10C H22 10C H20 9C H20 9C H20 9C H20 9C H20 9C H20 9C H20 9C H20 9C C2 9H18O C20O 9H C14 12H 3H9In C C11H13N CSi 10H16 C14 13H 9HC 11NO2 H26O 12C H24 11C C14O3 6H 6H9NO3C 3HC 9BF4O 8HC 19N C18 8H 8HC 18 3 9
10 22
8 18
8 18 2
liq liq liq
-120 -105.7 -116.8
liq liq liq liq
-127.9 -113.4 -101.2
liq
lf (MeOH) orth pr (al)
wh pow or pl hyg nd
38 63 44
58 46 148 dec
den/g cm-3 0.743025
nD
1.18620
158 160.5 54 17214 55.7 148.9 152.8 155.7 162.5 133.6 126.5 124.09 137.7 139.1 131.4 130.7 140.5 12110, 854 194 100.510 135.7 10711 192; 7310 14512 255 225.4 168.1 1605 795
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl
0.87725 0.878518 0.689725 0.89318
1.430020 1.43318 1.386420 1.4995
0.720025 0.736225 0.724820 0.751925 0.725725 0.71120 0.707220 0.734525 0.735425 0.721820 0.720125 0.741425
1.407820 1.414920 1.417020 1.422920 1.410620 1.403320 1.399720 1.414120 1.414420 1.405120 1.407420 1.417820
0.823625 0.971420 1.568 19
1.430025 1.552120
0.866620
1.490020
dec H2O (exp)
-112.2 -107.3
110 99.22
0.716120 0.687825
1.403020 1.388425
114.229 114.229
liq liq
-100.9 -109.2
114.8 113.5
0.726220 0.719120
1.407520 1.404220
146.228 146.294 130.228 130.228
pl (bz) liq liq liq
-20 -13
235; 811 7650 147.5 150.5
0.93615 0.822520 0.829720
i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s ctc
i H2O vs EtOH sl ctc
1.5125 0.817820
liq liq
51.5
Solubility
1.410620
1.451315 1.428420 1.428820
vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth vs ace, chl s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, hp; s bz i H2O; msc EtOH, ace, hp; s eth, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, hp i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-556
10546 1a,2b,4a-1,2,4Trimethylcyclopentane (+)-Camphoric acid 10547 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3R, (1 cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, 3S) 10548 2,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone 10549 2,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone 10550 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane 10551 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10dodecatrienal 10552 Trimethylgallium 10553 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane 10554 2,5,5-Trimethylheptane 10555 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 10556 3,4,5-Trimethylheptane 10557 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane 10558 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 10559 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 10560 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 10561 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane 10562 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 10563 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 10564 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 10565 3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoic acid Isononanoic acid 10566 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol 10567 1,2,3-Trimethylindene 10568 Trimethylindium Indium trimethyl 10569 2,3,3-Trimethyl-3 H-indole 10570 Trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane 10571 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene 10572 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-nitrobenzene 10573 2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanol 10574 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane 10575 Trimethylolpropane 10576 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione Trimethadione 10577 Trimethyloxonium fluoborate 10578 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanamine 10579 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 10580 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Isooctane
Mol. Form.
O
O HOOC
COOH O
1a,2b,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane
cis-1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid,(1R)
2,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone
2,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone
1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane
3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienal
2,2,6-Trimethylheptane
2,5,5-Trimethylheptane
3,3,5-Trimethylheptane
3,4,5-Trimethylheptane
2,2,3-Trimethylhexane
2,2,4-Trimethylhexane
2,2,5-Trimethylhexane
O OH 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane
2,3,4-Trimethylhexane
2,3,5-Trimethylhexane
2,4,4-Trimethylhexane
3,3,4-Trimethylhexane
OH
3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoic acid
3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol
1,2,3-Trimethylindene
3-557 Si O N In Trimethylindium
2,3,3-Trimethyl-3 H-indole
Trimethyl(4-methylphenyl)silane
O HO
O
OH
N
OH OH
Trimethylolpropane
N O
O O
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione
1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene
F F B F F
Trimethyloxonium fluoborate
OH
1,3,5-Trimethyl-2-nitrobenzene
2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanol
NH2 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanamine
SH
2,2,3-Trimethylpentane
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
OH OH
OH 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
2,4,7-Trimethyloctane
2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanethiol
2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol
2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Ga Trimethylgallium
Name
Synonym
10587 10588 10589 10590 10591 10592 10593 10594 10595 10596
2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,3,4-Trimethylphenol 2,3,5-Trimethylphenol 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol 2,4,5-Trimethylphenol 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol
tert -Butyl isopropyl ketone
10597 10598 10599 10600 10601 10602 10603 10604 10605 10606 10607 10608 10609 10610 10611 10612 10613
3,4,5-Trimethylphenol C12O 9H Trimethylphenoxysilane 9HC 14OSi Trimethylphenylammonium chloride Phenyltrimethylammonium chloride 9H14ClN C 1-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)ethanone C14O 11H N-phenylsilanamine Phenyl(trimethylsilyl)amine C 1,1,1-Trimethyl9H15NSi Trimethylphenylsilane CSi 9H14 Trimethyl phosphate Methyl phosphate C4P 3H9O Trimethylphosphine 3HC9P Trimethyl phosphite 3HC 9O3P 1,2,4-Trimethylpiperazine CN2 7H16 N 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine 8H17C Trimethylpyrazine 7HC10N2 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1 H-pyrazole C6H10N2 2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine 2,3,6-Collidine 8H11NC 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2,4,6-Collidine 8H11NC 1,2,5-Trimethyl-1 H-pyrrole C7H11N N,N,2-Trimethyl-6-quinolinamine 12H14CN2
10614 10615 10616 10617 10618 10619 10620
HC Si H C N Si COSi 6H16 C 3H9Sb 3H9ISC 4HC 10N2S C21H24O3Si3
Trimethylsilane 1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1 H-imidazole 3-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propanol Trimethylstibine Trimethylsulfonium iodide Trimethylthiourea 2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6triphenylcyclotrisiloxane 10621 Trimethylurea 10622 Trinitroacetonitrile 10623 2,4,6-Trinitroaniline 10624 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 10625 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol 10626 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
5857-36-3 560-23-6 107-39-1 565-77-5 107-40-4 526-85-2 697-82-5 2416-94-6 496-78-6 527-60-6
128.212 112.213 112.213 112.213 112.213 136.190 136.190 136.190 136.190 136.190
527-54-8 1529-17-5 138-24-9 1667-01-2 3768-55-6 768-32-1 512-56-1 594-09-2 121-45-9 120-85-4 101257-71-0 14667-55-1 1072-91-9 1462-84-6 108-75-8 930-87-0 92-99-9
136.190 166.292 171.667 162.228 165.308 150.293 140.074 76.077 124.075 128.215 127.228 122.167 110.156 121.180 121.180 109.169 186.252
993-07-7 18156-74-6 2917-47-7 594-10-5 2181-42-2 2489-77-2 546-45-2
74.197 140.258 132.276 166.863 204.072 118.200 408.671
C H NO 2N4O6C C4O6 6H4N
632-14-4 630-72-8 489-98-5
102.134 176.044 228.119
6 3 3 6
HC N O
99-35-4
213.104
H N CO
82-71-3
245.103
HC NO
129-66-8
257.114
8HC 16O C16 8H C16 8H C16 8H C16 8H C12O 9H C12O 9H C12O 9H C12O 9H C12O 9H
3 10
6 12 2
4 10 2
sym-Trinitrobenzene Styphnic acid
6 3 3 8
7 3 3 8
Physical Form liq liq liq liq nd (peth)
nd (lig) nd (peth, MeOH) nd (peth) liq
liq liq
mp/˚C -69 -93.5 -113.4 -106.3 81 94.5 63 72 73 108 -55
-46 -85
37 liq ye pr (HOAc, AcOEt) col gas
-46 101 -135.9
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
135.1 108.3 101.4 116.5 104.9 236 233
0.806520 0.730825 0.715020 0.743420 0.721820
1.4060 1.417420 1.408620 1.427420 1.416020
i H2O; s eth, ace
232 220 248.5 119 241; 12012 206 169.5 197.2 37.5 111.5 149.5 148 8735 170 171.6 170.6 171 319
i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl, lig i H2O; s eth, bz, ctc, chl; vs lig vs bz, eth, EtOH
i2H O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH
20 0.8681
1.512520
0.975420 0.94020 0.872220 1.214420
1.517520
1.051820 0.83215
1.409520 1.443320 1.445820
0.926940 0.922025 0.916622 0.80725
1.458957 1.505320 1.495925 1.496920
1.490720 1.396720
vs H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc s ctc, CS2 vs H2O; sl EtOH; s eth i2H O; s eth vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc s ctc vs eth, EtOH
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, ctc s ctc, CS2
6.7 s chl
liq cry (eth) pr (bz-lig)
pr (eth) wax dk ye pr (HOAc) orth pl (bz) lf (w) hex ye cry (dil al) orth (w)
141; 8224 80.6
0.82225 1.52315
1.429820 1.4215
1.539720
-62 211 dec 87.5 100
1901.5
1.106220
75.5 41.5 193.5
232.5 exp 220 exp
1.190020 1.76210
122.9
315
1.4775152
175.5
sub
228 dec
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 vs bz, EtOH, chl
s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz vs eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, AcOEt sl H2O, EtOH, eth; vs ace; s bz, py vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, bz; vs EtOH; s eth, ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
3-558
No.
OH OH
O 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone
2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene
2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene
OH
2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene
2,3,4-Trimethylphenol
O
OH
OH
Cl
N O
2,3,6-Trimethylphenol
H N
2,4,5-Trimethylphenol
2,4,6-Trimethylphenol
Si
3,4,5-Trimethylphenol
Trimethylphenylsilane
Si
Trimethylphenoxysilane
Trimethylphenylammonium chloride
1-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)ethanone
N
O O P O O
Si
1,1,1-TrimethylN-phenylsilanamine
P
Trimethyl phosphate
O
Trimethylphosphine
O P
N
O
Trimethyl phosphite
N H
1,2,4-Trimethylpiperazine
3-559
N
2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine
N N
N Trimethylpyrazine
N N
1,3,5-Trimethyl-1 H-pyrazole
N
N
2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine
2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine
N,N,2-Trimethyl-6-quinolinamine
Si O
S
N Si 1-(Trimethylsilyl)-1 H-imidazole
Si
Sb
OH
3-(Trimethylsilyl)-1-propanol
Trimethylstibine
O O N H
Trimethylurea
O2N O2N
S
NH2 O N
O N
Trinitroacetonitrile
Trimethylsulfonium iodide
O
N
O O
O O
N
O
2,4,6-Trinitroaniline
N O
N O
O Si
Si O
2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane
OH O N
O N
O
1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene
Trimethylsilane
N H
Trimethylthiourea
O
N NO2
N
I
H Si
N
1,2,5-Trimethyl-1 H-pyrrole
N
N
2,3,5-Trimethylphenol
O
O
O N
O
OH O N
O
OH O
N
O
2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol
O
N
O
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene
No.
Name
Synonym
10627 2,4,7-Trinitro-9 H-fluoren-9-one
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C13H5N3O7
129-79-3
315.195
3O6 CFN H N CO
1840-42-2 55-63-0
169.025 227.087
Fluorotrinitromethane Nitroglycerin
3 5 3 9
10630 Trinitromethane 10631 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
Picric acid
6 3 3 7
CHN 3O6 H NCO
517-25-9 88-89-1
151.035 229.104
H N NaO C 7 H N OC C5N7O12 12H
3324-58-1 118-96-7 131-73-7
251.086 227.131 439.208
HC Al HC N 24HC 51OP 3HC6O3
1070-00-4 1116-76-3 78-50-2 110-88-3
366.644 353.669 386.635 90.078
462-02-2 4246-51-9 81-23-2
129.074 220.309 402.524
18 15
HC N CH N
621-77-2 603-34-9
227.430 245.319
CH As HC AsO 18HC 15Bi C18H15B CH12 18 CH18 20
603-32-7 1153-05-5 603-33-8 960-71-4 217-59-4 1520-42-9
306.234 322.233 440.292 242.123 228.288 258.357
CH C17N3 19H 21CH16N2 CH16 19 H16O 19C CH15O4P 18
58-72-0 101-01-9 484-47-9 519-73-3 76-84-6 115-86-6
256.341 287.358 296.365 244.330 260.329 326.283
CH P HC OP C15O3P 18H H16Si 18C C16OSi 18H 18HC 15Sb ClN4 19H15C C 18H16OSn 21HC 15N3
603-35-0 791-28-6 101-02-0 789-25-3 791-31-1 603-36-1 298-96-4 76-87-9 493-77-6
262.286 278.285 310.284 260.406 276.405 353.072 334.802 367.029 309.364
10632 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, sodium salt Sodium picrate 10633 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene 10634 2,4,6-TrinitroN-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)Dipicrylamine aniline 10635 Trioctylaluminum 10636 Trioctylamine N,N-Dioctyl-1-octanamine 10637 Trioctylphosphine oxide TOPO 10638 1,3,5-Trioxane Formaldehyde, trimer
6 2 3
7 5 3 6
24 51 24 51
10639 1,3,5-Trioxane-2,4,6-triimine Cyamelide 3H3NC 3O3 H24N2O3C 10640 4,7,10-Trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine Diethyleneglycol diaminopropyl10ether 10641 3,7,12-Trioxocholan-24-oic acid,b)(5 Dehydrocholic acid 24CH34O5
3-560
10642 Tripentylamine 10643 Triphenylamine 10644 10645 10646 10647 10648 10649
Triphenylarsine Triphenylarsine oxide Triphenylbismuthine Triphenylborane Triphenylene 1,1,2-Triphenylethane
10650 10651 10652 10653 10654 10655
1,1,2-Triphenylethene N,N’,N’’-Triphenylguanidine 2,4,5-Triphenyl-1H-imidazole Triphenylmethane Triphenylmethanol Triphenyl phosphate
10656 10657 10658 10659 10660 10661 10662 10663 10664
Triphenylphosphine Triphenylphosphine oxide Triphenyl phosphite Triphenylsilane Triphenylsilanol Triphenylstibine Triphenyltetrazolium chloride Triphenyltin hydroxide 2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine
N,N-Dipentyl-1-pentanamine N,N-Diphenylbenzenamine
15 33
18 15 18 15
Benzo[1]phenanthrene
20 16
18 15 18 15
Stannane, hydroxytriphenyl-
pa ye nd (bz, HOAc)
mp/˚C
pa ye tcl or orth 13.5 15 ye lf (w), pr 122.5 (eth) pl (al) nd (w) 270.4 orth (al) 80.5 pa ye pr(HOAc) 244 dec hyg visc liq liq orth nd (eth) amor pow liq
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
175.8
-62 -34.6 52 60.29 dec
86.3 exp 218; 930.31 exp exp 300
exp 240
366 2012 114.5 dec 1474
1.5920 1.593120 1.47920
1.478612 1.445124 1.763
1.65425
0.701 0.811020
1.451019
65 1.17
1.12715 1.005
126.5
61 192 77.6 wh cry 142 nd (al, chl, bz) 197.8 mcl lf (dil al), 57 nd (al) lf (al) 72.5 nd or pr (al) 146.5 nd (al) 275 orth (al) 93.4 pl (al), trg (bz) 164.2 cry (lig), pr (al) 50.5 nd (eth) 80 pr 156.5 25
pr (peth) nd (al,chl)
154.8 53.5 243 dec 119 257
sl H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth; vs ace, chl vs ace, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; vs ace
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz i H2O, EtOH, bz, ctc; sl eth, ace; vs py
vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS 2; i peth vs eth, EtOH 1.464020
237
mcl (MeOH, bz)
Solubility sl H2O; vs ace, bz, chl
242.5 365
0.790720 0.7740
1.436620 1.35316
i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, MeOH
360 324.0 24214
1.263418
1.688821
i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz; s chl
1.71575
1.704075
sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz, CS 2 i H2O; sl eth; s bz, lig i 2HO; s EtOH, HOAc; vs bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; sl MeOH
14 220 dec sub 359; 20010 380 24511
1.037378 1.16320
1.629278
1.01499 0 1.199 1.205550
1.583999
i H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH; vs eth sl H2O; s EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, py, chl; s bz i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, bz, ctc, chl
1881 >360 360
1.074980 1.212423 1.184220
1.635880
>360
1.177720 1.434325
425
1.5420
1.590020
1.694842
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; vs EtOH s ctc, CS 2 s ctc, CS2 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace, chl; i eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10628 Trinitrofluoromethane 10629 Trinitroglycerol
Physical Form
O
O N
O
O N
O
O F
O
N
O2N O
2,4,7-Trinitro-9 H-fluoren-9-one
O N
OH O N
O
O
O N
O
O N
Na O
O
O
H
NO2 NO2
ONO2 ONO2
O2NO
Trinitrofluoromethane
O2N
Trinitroglycerol
NO2 NO2
O
Trinitromethane
N
O
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
O
N
O
O
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, sodiumsalt
N
O
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
H N
NO2
NO2 O2N
Al
2,4,6-TrinitroN-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)aniline
N
Trioctylaluminum
Trioctylamine
Trioctylphosphine oxide
O O H
NH O
O
O
O
HN
1,3,5-Trioxane
OH
N
O O
H2N
NH
1,3,5-Trioxane-2,4,6-triimine
O
O
O
NH2
O
O
H
N
3,7,12-Trioxocholan-24-oic acid,(5b)
4,7,10-Trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine
Tripentylamine
3-561
H N
O As Bi
Triphenylarsine oxide
B
Triphenylbismuthine
Triphenylborane
Triphenylene
1,1,2-Triphenylethane
1,1,2-Triphenylethene
O O P O O
OH N
O
P
Triphenylmethane
Triphenylmethanol
N,N’,N’’-Triphenylguanidine
O P
N H 2,4,5-Triphenyl-1 H-imidazole
N NH
As
Triphenylarsine
Triphenylamine
Triphenylphosphate
Triphenylphosphine
Triphenylphosphine oxide
O P
O
Triphenylphosphite
Cl N
OH Si Si H Triphenylsilane
N N N
OH Sn
Sb
Triphenylsilanol
Triphenylstibine
N
N N
Triphenyltetrazolium chloride
Triphenyltin hydroxide
2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O P
NO2 O2N O 2N
O N
O N
No.
Name
10672 10673 10674 10675 10676 10677 10678 10679 10680 10681 10682
3-562
10683 10684 10685 10686 10687 10688 10689
Potassium citrate Trimethylolpropane triacrylate
Mol. Form. 6H5K3O7 C C22N2 19H O6 15H20C
N,N-Dipropyl-1-propanamine
C21N 9H C9H21B Boric acid, tripropyl ester C3 9H21BO [(1-Methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis(oxy)C9H20O4 ]bispropanol Tripropylene glycol diacrylate 15HC 24O6 Tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-[2-(2-Methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-1C10H22O4 methylethoxy]-2-propanol H21O4P Tripropyl phosphate 9C Tripropyl phosphite Tripropoxyphosphine O3P 9H21C Tripropylsilane C22Si 9H Tris(4-aminophenyl)methanol C.I. Basic Red 9 19HC 19N3O 2,4,6-Tris(1-aziridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine Triethylenemelamine C 9H12N6 Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate C39O7P 18H Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate 6HC 12Cl3O4P Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphite CCl3O3P 6H12 Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Fyrol FR-2 C9H15Cl6O4P phosphate Tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methane Paraleucaniline 25H31N3C O4P Tris(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 2,4-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1) 24H27C O4P Tris(2,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 2,5-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1) 24H27C O4P Tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 2,6-Xylenol, phosphate (3:1) 24H27C Tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate 24HC 27O4P Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate C51O4P 24H Tris(ethylthio)methane Triethyl orthothioformate C 7H16S3
10690 1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl) C9H15N3O6 isocyanuric acid 10691 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane 2-Methyl-2-[(nitrooxy)methyl]-1,3- C5H9N3O9 trinitrate propanediol, dinitrate 10692 N,N’,N’’-Tris(hydroxymethyl)melamine Trimethylolmelamine O3 6H12N6C 10693 Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3- C4H11NO3 propanediol 10694 Tris(methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane CO6Si 11H24 10695 Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)chloroethene Chlorotrianisene C 3 23H21ClO 10696 Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine C21P 21H 10697 Tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphine C21P 21H 10698 Tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine C21P 21H 10699 Tris(2-methyl-2-propenoyl)-2-ethyl- 1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane C18H26O6 2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol trimethacrylate 10700 Trisodium citrate Sodium citrate O7 6H5Na3C 10701 TrisodiumNVersen-Ol C10H15N2Na3O7 hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriaceta te
Physical Form
mp/˚C
306.395 278.391 296.316
wh cry (w) cry (peth)
275 dec 60
102-69-2 1116-61-6 688-71-1 24800-44-0
143.270 140.074 188.072 192.253
liq liq
42978-66-5 20324-33-8
300.348 206.280
>1201 241.3
513-08-6 923-99-9 998-29-8 467-62-9 51-18-3 78-51-3 115-96-8 140-08-9 13674-87-8
224.234 208.235 158.357 305.373 204.231 398.473 285.489 269.490 430.904
603-48-5 3862-12-2 19074-59-0 121-06-2 25653-16-1 78-42-2 6267-24-9
373.534 410.442 410.442 410.442 410.442 434.633 196.397
wax
839-90-7
261.231
cry
3032-55-1
255.140
1017-56-7 77-86-1
216.197 121.135
1067-53-4 569-57-3 6163-58-2 6224-63-1 1038-95-5 3290-92-4
280.391 380.864 304.366 304.366 304.366 338.395
68-04-2 139-89-9
258.069 344.204
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
866-84-2 486-12-4 15625-89-5
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
liq
purp cry cry pow liq
lf (al), nd (bz)
1.473520 0.755820 0.720425 0.857620 1.0220
1.418120 1.413522 1.394820 1.444020
vs eth, EtOH
252 206.5 172
1.012120 0.941720 0.77230
1.416520 1.428220 1.428020
sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, tol, 2CS vs eth, EtOH i H2O
25510 330; 19410 1203 5 236
1.0225 1.3925 1.344326
233.5 2628 2636 29010 2155 dec 235; 12712
1.14238 1.19725
156 159 179.5 268; 1152
205 139 dec
visc liq
1.472120 1.486820 1.502220
176.5 79.8 137.8 46.2
liq
Solubility vs H2O; i EtOH
>2001 -93.5 -56
nD
0.9920 1.05320
1.555020
1.541015
vs EtOH; msc eth; s PrOH
s H2O i H2O s ctc i H2O vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s bz, chl, hx i H2O; sl EtOH, hx; s eth, bz, ctc i H2O; sl EtOH, hx; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, chl, hx; s HOAc vs eth, EtOH
136 830.05
cry
148 171.5
21910
vs H2O; s MeOH s ctc
115 127.0 101.0 147.0 >2001 wh cry (w)
300 288 (hyd)
1.47025 vs H2O; i EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10665 Tripotassium citrate 10666 Triprolidine 10667 Tri-2-propenoyl-2-ethyl-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol 10668 Tripropylamine 10669 Tripropylborane 10670 Tripropyl borate 10671 Tripropylene glycol
Synonym
N O
O O
O
O
O O
3K
N
O
OH
O O
Tripotassium citrate
O O
Triprolidine
N
Tri-2-propenoyl-2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol
B
Tripropylamine
O
Tripropylborane
O B
O
HO
O
Tripropylborate
OH
O
Tripropyleneglycol
OH
O
O
O
O Tripropyleneglycoldiacrylate
O
O
O
Tripropyleneglycolmonomethylether
O
N
O
HO
O
O P O O
Tripropylphosphite
Tris(4-aminophenyl)methanol
N
O P O O O
Cl
Cl
Cl
3-563
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate
O O P O O
O
O P
O
Cl
Cl
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphite
Cl
N
N
Cl
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate
Tris(4-dimethylaminophenyl)methane
O P O O O
O O P O O
O O P O O
Cl
O P O O O
Cl
Cl
Cl
O O P O O
NH2
Tripropylsilane
Cl
N 2,4,6-Tris(1-aziridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine
Si H
O
O
O
N
Tripropylphosphate
O P
NH2
S S Tris(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphate
Tris(2,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate
Tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl) phosphate
Tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl) phosphate
Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate
O
O HO
N O
Cl
OH
N N
S
Tris(ethylthio)methane
O2NO
N
ONO2 HO
O2NO
OH 1,3,5-Tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanuricacid
1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane trinitrate
N H
O
OH
HN O
N N
HO N H
OH
Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine
O P P
P
O
Tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphine
Tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine
O
O
O
Tris(methoxyethoxy)vinylsilane
Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)chloroethene
O O
O
O O
Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine
O
OH
HO
N,N’,N’’-Tris(hydroxymethyl)melamine
Si O O
O
NH2
Tris(2-methyl-2-propenoyl)-2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol
O
O
O
OH
HO
O
COO Na N
3Na N
O
Trisodiumcitrate
COO Na
Na OOC TrisodiumN-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
O P O O O
O O
H2N
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
10702 10703 10704 10705 10706
10708 10709 10710 10711
Trithiocarbonic acid Tritriacontane Tropacocaine Tropine
10712 Trypan blue
3-564
10713 10714 10715 10716 10717 10718 10719
Tryptamine L-Tryptophan Tsuduranine T-2 Toxin Tubocurarine dichloride Tungsten carbonyl Turanose
10720 10721 10722 10723 10724
Tybamate L-Tyrosine Tyrosineamide L-Tyrosine, ethyl ester L-Tyrosine, methyl ester, hydrochloride 1,10-Undecadiyne Undecafluorocyclohexane Undecanal Undecane Undecanenitrile 1-Undecanethiol Undecanoic acid 1-Undecanol 2-Undecanol 2-Undecanone 6-Undecanone Undecanoyl chloride 10-Undecenal 1-Undecene cis-2-Undecene trans-2-Undecene cis-4-Undecene trans-4-Undecene
10725 10726 10727 10728 10729 10730 10731 10732 10733 10734 10735 10736 10737 10738 10739 10740 10741 10742
2SCH 3 HC C15H19NO2 8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan- C8H15NO 3-ol, endo C34H24N6Na4O14 S4 CH12N2 10 a-Aminoindole-3-propionic acid, l) (C11H12N2O2 C18H19NO3 H34O9 Mycotoxin T2 24C C42Cl2N2O6 37H Tungsten hexacarbonyl C6W 6O C12H22O11
Hendecane Decyl cyanide Undecyl mercaptan Undecyl alcohol sec-Undecyl alcohol Methyl nonyl ketone Butyl hexyl ketone
311-89-7 3682-35-7 2622-08-4 620-42-8 17185-29-4
671.092 312.328 352.364 352.364 918.781
291-21-4
138.275
594-08-1 630-05-7 537-26-8 120-29-6
110.222 464.893 245.318 141.211
72-57-1
Physical Form
pa ye ye cry hex (bz), pr (w) nd (al) red oil
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
Solubility
178
1.88425
1.29125
s ace
210 11 52 121
23811, 1972 25210
1.142320 1.128025 1.33
1.574028 1.570328
s eth; sl chl vs eth sl bz, chl
220
sub
1.637424
mp/˚C
pl or tab hyg pl (eth)
-26.9 71.2 49 64
960.805
dk bl cry
300
61-54-1 73-22-3 517-97-5 21259-20-1 57-94-3 14040-11-0 547-25-1
160.215 204.225 297.349 466.522 681.644 351.90 342.296
C13H26N2O4 H11NO3 9C H12N2O2 9C H15NO3 11C C10H14ClNO3
4268-36-4 60-18-4 4985-46-0 949-67-7 3417-91-2
274.356 181.188 180.203 209.242 231.676
nd (al-bz, lig) 118 lf or pl (dil al) 289 dec nd (eth) 204 nd 151 hyg cry 275 dec wh cry dec 170 pr (w-al, 168 MeOH) cry 50 nd (w) 343 dec pl or pl (al) 153.5 pr (AcOEt) 108.5 191.0
C11H16 C6HF11 C11H22O C11H24 11HC 21N C24S 11H CH22O2 11 CH24O 11 C11H24O H22O 11C H22O 11C CH21ClO 11 C11H20O C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22
4117-15-1 308-24-7 112-44-7 1120-21-4 2244-07-7 5332-52-5 112-37-8 112-42-5 1653-30-1 112-12-9 927-49-1 17746-05-3 112-45-8 821-95-4 821-96-5 693-61-8 821-98-7 693-62-9
148.245 282.054 170.292 156.309 167.292 188.374 186.292 172.308 172.308 170.292 170.292 204.737 168.276 154.293 154.293 154.293 154.293 154.293
33 68
4-Hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
Mol. Wt.
-17
liq liq cry (ace) col liq
liq liq liq liq liq
-2.0 -25.5 -1.5 28.6 15.9 0 15 14.5
-49.2 -66.5 -48.3 -97 -63.7
sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz
57.8
1.47625
1.822520
dec H2O, EtOH; vs tol, chl
dec 233
1.0426100 1.016100
1.5080100 1.4811100
vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O, acid; i EtOH
0.15 137
sub
i H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace sl 2O,HHOAc; s EtOH; i eth, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, chl, DMSO s MeOH; i py, bz, ace, eth i H2O; s os vs H2O; s EtOH, MeOH
2.65
1510.06 sub
sl H2O, HOAc; i EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH vs bz, EtOH, AcOEt s H2O
8312 62.0 11718 195.9 253 257.4 280 245 229.7 231.5 228
0.818221
1.45321
vs ace, bz
0.825123 0.740220 0.825430 0.844820 0.890720 0.829820 25 0.8234 0.825020 0.830820
1.452020 1.416420 1.429330 1.458520 1.429445 1.439220 1.435225 1.429120 1.427020
i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc
192.7 196.1 192.5 192.6 193
0.750320 0.757620 0.752820 0.754120 0.750820
1.426120 1.429220 1.430220 1.428520
i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; s eth; msc bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl ctc sl ctc i H2O; s eth, chl, lig
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Trinonafluorobutylamine C 12F27N s-triazine H12N6 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine 2,4,6-Tripyridyl18C C21O3P Tris(o-tolyl) phosphite 21H C21O3P Tris(p-tolyl) phosphite 21H Tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium Carbonylhydrotris(triphenylphosphin C55H46OP3Rh carbonyl hydride e)rhodium 10707 1,3,5-Trithiane C6S3 3H
CAS RN
F F F F F
F
N
F F
F
N CO F
F F
F
F
N
F
F
F
N
F F
N N
O
N
Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine
2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridinyl)-1,3,5-triazine
O P
R O
O P
O
Tris(o-tolyl)phosphite
R
Rh
R=
P
R
S
H
S
S HS
S
O
Tris(p-tolyl)phosphite
Tris(triphenylphosphine) rhodiumcarbonyl hydride
1,3,5-Trithiane
SH
Trithiocarbonic acid
N N NH2 OH
OH NH2 N N
O
Tritriacontane
Tropacocaine
3-565
O OH N H
Trypan blue
N H
Cl OH
H N
O
O
O CO OC
Cl
T-2 Toxin
OH
CO
OC
O O
HO
W
OH O
O Tsuduranine
Tryptamine
HO
OH O
O HO
N H
SO3Na
H O
O
NH2
NaO3S
O O
O
L-Tryptophan
H 2N
O
NH H
SO3Na
Tropine
H
O O
NaO3S
OH
O
NH2
N N
OH
CO
Tubocurarinedichloride
Tungstencarbonyl
Turanose
O O
O
O H N
O
OH
O
HO
Tybamate
O NH2
NH2
NH2
HO
L-Tyrosine
Tyrosineamide
HO
L-Tyrosine,ethylester
NH2
F
F F F
F F
O
NH2
HO
F
O O
OH OH
OH HO
CO
HCl
F
L-Tyrosine,methylester,hydrochloride
1,10-Undecadiyne
F F
F
Undecafluorocyclohexane
O N
O Undecanal
Undecane
OH
O
1-Undecanethiol
Cl 2-Undecanol
1-Undecene
Undecanoicacid
O
O
OH 1-Undecanol
OH
SH
Undecanenitrile
2-Undecanone
cis-2-Undecene
6-Undecanone
trans-2-Undecene
O
Undecanoyl chloride
cis-4-Undecene
10-Undecenal
trans-4-Undecene
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
F F
F
F
F F F F
Name
10743 10744 10745 10746 10747 10748 10749 10750 10751 10752 10753 10754 10755 10756
cis-5-Undecene trans-5-Undecene 10-Undecenoic acid 10-Undecen-1-ol 10-Undecenoyl chloride Undecylamine Undecylbenzene 1-Undecyne 2-Undecyne Uracil Uracil mustard Uranyl acetate dihydrate Urazole Urea
Synonym
Undecylenic acid
1-Undecanamine
Carbamide
10757 Urea hydrochloride 10758 Urea nitrate 10759 Uric acid
3-566
10760 10761 10762 10763 10764 10765 10766
Uridine 5’-Uridylic acid Urocanic acid Urs-12-en-3-ol, (3b) Ursolic acid Uzarin Vacciniin
10767 10768 10769 10770 10771 10772 10773 10774 10775 10776 10777 10778 10779 10780 10781
Validamycin A L-Valine Valinomycin Valium Vamidothion Vanadium carbonyl Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate DL-Vasicine L-Vasicine Verapamil Veratramine Veratramine, 3-glucoside Veratridine d-Verbenone Vernolate
10782 Versalide 10783 a-Vetivone 10784 b-Vetivone
1b-D-Ribofuranosyluracil Uridine 5’-phosphoric acid Imidazole-4-acrylic acid a-Amyrin
D-Glucose, 6-benzoate
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C11H22 C11H22 11HC 20O2 C11H22O CH19ClO 11 11CH25N C17H28 C11H20 C11H20 C4H4N2O2 H11Cl2N3O2 8C 4HC 10O8U C2H3N3O2 CH4N2O
764-96-5 764-97-6 112-38-9 112-43-6 38460-95-6 7307-55-3 6742-54-7 2243-98-3 60212-29-5 66-22-8 66-75-1 6159-44-0 3232-84-6 57-13-6
154.293 154.293 184.276 170.292 202.721 171.324 232.404 152.277 152.277 112.087 252.098 424.146 101.064 60.055
CH5ClN2O CH 5N3O4 H4N4O3 5C
506-89-8 124-47-0 69-93-2
96.516 123.069 168.111
HC N O H NCO P 6H6NC2O2 C30H50O 30CH48O3 C35H54O14 C13H16O7
58-96-8 58-97-9 104-98-3 638-95-9 77-52-1 20231-81-6 14200-76-1
244.200 324.180 138.124 426.717 456.700 698.796 284.262
CH NO13 H NO C 2 54CH90N6O18 C16H13ClN2O C18NO4PS2 8H C6V 6O C6V 15H21O C11H12N2O C11H12N2O C27H38N2O4 CH39NO2 27 C49NO7 33H H51NO11 36C C10H14O C10H21NOS
37248-47-8 72-18-4 2001-95-8 439-14-5 2275-23-2 14024-00-1 13476-99-8 6159-56-4 6159-55-3 52-53-9 60-70-8 475-00-3 71-62-5 18309-32-5 1929-77-7
497.491 117.147 1111.322 284.739 287.337 219.002 348.266 188.225 188.225 454.602 409.605 571.745 673.790 150.217 203.345
88-29-9 15764-04-2 18444-79-6
258.398 218.335 218.335
9 12 2 6 9 13 2 9
20 35
2-Aminoisovaleric acid
Vanadium hexacarbonyl Vanadium(III) acetylacetonate DL-Peganine L-Peganine
Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, Spropyl ester Isonootkatone
5 11
C18H26O C22O 15H CH22O 15
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
nD
liq liq cry liq
-106.5 -61.1 24.5 -1.0
cry (eth, al) liq liq liq nd (w)
0.753720 0.749720 0.907224 0.849515 0.94420 0.797920 0.855320 0.772820 0.782720
1.430220 1.428520 1.448624 1.450020 1.45420 1.439820 1.482820 1.430620 1.439120
ye cry (HOAc) lf (w) tetr pr (al)
17 -5 -25 -30.1 338 206 dec 80 dec 249 dec 133.3
192.3 192 275 250 12713 242 316 196 204.2
mcl lf (w) orth pr or pl
145 dec 152 dec dec
nd (aq al) pr (MeOH) nd (al) pl (al) pr amor (aq ace, +1w) amorp pow lf (w-al) cry oil bl-grn cry brn cry nd (al) nd (al) ye oil nd nd (aq. MeOH) ye amorp pow
cry cry (peth) cry (peth)
165 202 dec 227 186 284 269 122 95 dec 315 187 132
dec
20 1.3230
vs eth, chl, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc s H2O, EtOH; i eth; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil NH 3 sl H2O sl EtOH
2.89 dec
Solubility
1.484
20 1.690 1.8925
2430.5
vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s HOAc, py s H2O vs EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk, glycerol; sl acid s H2O, EtOH, py vs H2O; s MeOH s H2O, ace; i EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc; sl peth vs ace, eth, chl vs H2O, ace, EtOH, eth
sub
25 1.23
s H2O
i peth; s os dec 60 ª185 210.8 211.5
sub sub
ª1.0
2450.01 206 242 dec 180 9.8
46.5 51.5 44.5
1.544825
s MeOH, ace, bz, chl sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, chl sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; sl bz, hx s EtOH, bz, chl, dil acid; i dil alk
227.5 15030
0.997820 0.95220
1.499318
i H2O; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, ace, bz
1302 1442 1412
1.003520 1.000120
1.537020 1.530920
s EtOH vs ace s ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
No.
O
O OH
OH cis-5-Undecene
trans-5-Undecene
10-Undecenoicacid
O
Cl NH
N H 1-Undecyne
2-Undecyne
O O O O Uranyl acetatedihydrate
O
O H2N
O H2N
NH2 Urea
HN
O H2N
NH2 HCl
Urea hydrochloride
O
HN
O
N H O N H Urazole
2H2O
O U O
O
O
N
Undecylbenzene
NH2 HNO3 Urea nitrate
HN O HO P O OH
N O
O N H
O
HO
H N
O
N H
OH OH
Uricacid
O
N
O
O
N
N H Urocanicacid
OH OH 5’-Uridylic acid
Uridine
H
OH
O
HO
3-567
HO HO
OH
H
HO
Uzarin
O
O
OH
O
OH
OH
OH OH Vacciniin
HN
O HO
HO
OH OH
Validamycin A
N H
O
NH2
OH
O
L-Valine
O
O
Valinomycin
O O
O
O P S O
Valium
OC
O S
CO
O
Vamidothion
OC
N
O
CO
CO Vanadiumcarbonyl
N
O
V N H
H H N
O V
CO
N
Cl
O
O
O NH
O
OH
O
O
HO
N
O O
O OH NH OH
O
O
Ursolicacid
NH
HN
HO
OH
HO
O
OH
H
O
O
O
O
OH O O
O
H N
O
O
OH
Urs-12-en-3-ol, (3b)
O
O
HO
HO
N
N OH
Vanadium(III)2,4-pentanedioate
H
DL-Vasicina
N
O
N
O
O
OH
L-Vasicine
O
HO
H HO
Verapamil
Veratramine
H N
H H N H H
HO O
H
HO
O
O
O
O
OH
O
HO Veratramine,3-glucoside
H OH
OH OH OH
O O O
H OH
O
OH
H
OH
Veratridine
S O d-Verbenone
O N
Vernolate
Versalide
a-Vetivone
b-Vetivone
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H
Undecylamine
NH
N H Uracilmustard
Uracil
10-Undecenoyl chloride
O N
Cl
O
NH2
Cl
10-Undecen-1-ol
No.
Name
10785 Vicine
Vidarabine Vinblastine Vincamine Vinclozolin Vincristine Vinyl acetate
3-568
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
2,6-Diamino-5-( b- D glucopyranosyloxy)-4(1H)pyrimidinone b-D-9-Arabinofuranosyladenine
C10H16N4O7
152-93-2
304.257
nd (w, dil al, +1 240 dec w)
5536-17-4 865-21-4 1617-90-9 50471-44-8 57-22-7 108-05-4
285.257 810.975 354.442 286.110 824.958 86.090
nd (w) nd (MeOH)
1520-21-4 4393-06-0 123-20-6 3234-54-6 1484-13-5 695-12-5 2622-21-1 100-40-3 3742-34-5 5507-44-8 5356-83-2 405-99-2 692-45-5 1487-18-9 612-15-7 626-20-0 637-69-4 5951-67-7
119.164 134.174 114.142 112.127 193.244 110.197 108.181 108.181 96.170 160.287 130.260 122.140 72.063 94.111 134.174 134.174 134.174 204.352
CH H10 12C 8HC7NO2
826-74-4 827-54-3 586-39-0
154.207 154.207 149.148
HCNO2 HC O2 20H38C 8HC 12O C6O 4H 4H8O2C C2 5H8O 7HC 7N 7HC 7N 7HC 7N 6HC 9NO C6Si 2H 4HC 6OS
100-13-0 3048-64-4 111-63-7 106-86-5 930-22-3 764-48-7 105-38-4 100-69-6 1121-55-7 100-43-6 88-12-0 7291-09-0 1115-15-7
149.148 120.191 310.515 124.180 70.090 88.106 100.117 105.138 105.138 105.138 111.141 58.155 102.155
10792 10793 10794 10795 10796 10797 10798 10799 10800 10801 10802 10803 10804 10805 10806 10807 10808 10809
4-Vinylaniline a-Vinylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenylallyl alcohol Vinyl butanoate Vinyltrans-2-butenoate Vinyl crotonate 9-Vinyl-9H-carbazole Vinylcyclohexane 1-Vinylcyclohexene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Vinylcyclopentane Vinyldiethoxymethylsilane Vinylethoxydimethylsilane 1-Vinyl-4-fluorobenzene Vinyl formate 2-Vinylfuran 1-Vinyl-2-methoxybenzene 1-Vinyl-3-methoxybenzene 1-Vinyl-4-methoxybenzene 6-Vinyl-6-methyl-1-isopropyl-3-(1methylethylidene)cyclohexene, S) ( 10810 1-Vinylnaphthalene 10811 2-Vinylnaphthalene 10812 1-Vinyl-3-nitrobenzene
10813 10814 10815 10816 10817 10818 10819 10820 10821 10822 10823 10824 10825
1-Vinyl-4-nitrobenzene 2-Vinyl-5-norbornene 5-Vinylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Vinyl octadecanoate Vinyl stearate 3-Vinyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Vinyloxirane 2-(Vinyloxy)ethanol Ethylene glycol monovinyl ether Vinyl propanoate Vinyl propionate 2-Vinylpyridine 3-Vinylpyridine 4-Vinylpyridine 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone Vinylsilane Vinyl sulfoxide
HC N O H C NO CH26N2O3 21 H9Cl2NO3 12C C56N4O10 46H C6O2 4H 10 15 5 5 46 58 4 9
HCN H O C C10O2 6H O2 6H8C C14H11N H14 8C H12 8C H12 8C C12 7H C2Si 7H16O C 6H14OSi C8H7F 3HC4O2 C6O 6H H10O 9C H10O 9C H10O 9C C15H24 8 9
9 10
12 10
8 7
9 12
liq
mp/˚C
257 216 231.5 108 219 -93.2 23.5
bp/˚C
liq liq
visc liq liq nd
-108.9 -126.5
-34.5 -78 -94 29
66 -10 29 -80 29 <-100
red to dk-br col gas liq
13.5 -171.6
Solubility
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt 1310.05 72.8 1169
1.51 0.925625
1.392625
1.01020 1.024921 0.900620
1.625022 1.540620
sl H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, chl s ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s ctc i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth
66
2.0
pr (lig) liq
nD
sl H2O, EtOH; vs acid, alk
116.7; 64130 cry (al)
den/g cm-3
128 145 128 97 133 99 67.450, 304 46 99.5 197; 8312 9115, 705 205; 9113 1258
0.816619 0.862315 0.829920 0.783420 0.862020 0.79020 1.022020 20 0.965 0.944519 1.004917 0.991920 1.000113 0.878220
1.45519 1.491520 1.463920 1.436020 1.400120 1.398320 1.515020 1.384220 1.499219 1.538820 1.558623 1.564213 1.513026
12415 13518, 952 12011
1.065620
1.64420
1.155232
1.583620
0.841 0.851720 0.958120 0.900625 0.982120
1.481020
dec 139 1672 169; 7020 68 141.6 91.2 159.5 162 121150, 7933 193400, 9311 -22.8 8618
0.998320 0.987920 0.987920 1.0420
i H2O; s eth, bz; vs MeOH i H2O; s eth, bz, peth
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz
i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig, HOAc vs EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, lig sl chl
1.470020 1.416820 1.456417
s EtOH, eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i lig
1.549520 1.553020 1.544920
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10786 10787 10788 10789 10790 10791
Physical Form
Synonym
H2N
NH2
N N
HO
NH2 N
O
OH O OH
N H O
N
N
HO
N
N
N
O HO
OH O O
N
OH Vidarabine
N O O
H HO O
H O
Cl
O
N
O
O
O
Vincamine
N O
H O
N
HO O
Vinblastine
N
OH
N H O
O
Vinclozolin
O O
H HO O
Vincristine
NH2 OH O
O O
O O
Vinylacetate
4-Vinylaniline
a-Vinylbenzenemethanol
N O
Vinylbutanoate
Vinyltrans-2-butenoate
9-Vinyl-9 H-carbazole
Vinylcyclohexane
3-569 O
Si
4-Vinylcyclohexene
Vinylcyclopentane
O
Si O
O
Vinyldiethoxymethylsilane
1-Vinylcyclohexene
O
F
Vinylethoxydimethylsilane
1-Vinyl-4-fluorobenzene
O
O
Vinylformate
O
O
2-Vinylfuran
1-Vinyl-2-methoxybenzene
1-Vinyl-3-methoxybenzene
1-Vinyl-4-methoxybenzene
O N O 6-Vinyl-6-methyl-1-isopropyl-3-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexene, (S)
1-Vinylnaphthalene
2-Vinylnaphthalene
O O
1-Vinyl-3-nitrobenzene
N
O O
1-Vinyl-4-nitrobenzene
O O 3-Vinyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane
O Vinyloxirane
O
OH
2-(Vinyloxy)ethanol
2-Vinyl-5-norbornene
N O
Vinylpropanoate
N 2-Vinylpyridine
N 3-Vinylpyridine
O
N 4-Vinylpyridine
1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
Vinyloctadecanoate
H
Si H H Vinylsilane
O S Vinylsulfoxide
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OH
H
O
H
HO Vicine
Cl
N
H
No.
Name
10826 10827 10828 10829
Vinyltriacetoxysilane Vinyltriethoxysilane Vinyltrimethylsilane Violaxanthin
10833 Vitamin B12 10834 Vitamin D2 10835 Vitamin D3 10836 Vitamin E 10837 Vitamin E acetate 10838 Vitamin K1 10839 Vomicine
3-570
10840 10841 10842 10843 10844 10845
Warfarin 9H-Xanthene 9H-Xanthen-9-ol Xanthine Xanthone Xanthopterin
Vinylsilanetriol, triacetate
324.417 388.412 230.216
68-19-9
1355.365
50-14-6 67-97-0
396.648 384.637
pr (ace)
116.5 84.5
sub
59-02-9 58-95-7 84-80-0
430.706 472.743 450.696
pale ye oil
3.0 -27.5 -20
0.1 210 1840.01 1420.001
C22H24N2O4
125-15-5
380.437
282
H16O4 19C C13H10O C13H10O2 H4N4O2 5C C13H8O2 C5N5O2 6H
81-81-2 92-83-1 90-46-0 69-89-6 90-47-1 119-44-8
308.328 182.217 198.217 152.112 196.202 179.137
15 14 4
CH N O H O C
146-80-5 84-99-1
284.225 258.270
C14H12O3
553-19-5
228.243
nd (80% al) pr (ace) cry (al) ye lf (al) nd (aq al) ye pl (w) nd (al) hyg ye amor or oran pow (HOAc) pr cry (w) pr (MeOH, peth) pr (MeOH)
131.5
1420.1
92-95-5 81584-06-7 95-47-6
195.216 251.366 106.165
nd cry liq
56 57 -25.2
dec 283 1350.7 144.5
0.880210
1.505520
63 88
10 12 4 6
8,8-Dimethyl-2 H,8H-benzo[1,2b:5,4-b’]dipyran-2-one 4-Isocyanato-1,1’-biphenyl
1.422620 1.396025 1.391420
84-55-9 477-32-7 82-57-5
HC N O CH O C13H10O4
HC CoN14 O14P H44O 28C 9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trienC27H44O 3-ol, (3b,5Z,7E)a-Tocopherol C29H50O2 31HC 52O3 H46O2 31C 4-Hydroxy-19-methyl-16,19secostrychnidine-10,16-dione Coumadin 10H-9-Oxaanthracene
nD
232.263 190.313 100.235 600.871
C
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
4130-08-9 78-08-0 754-05-2 126-29-4
8H12O6Si O3Si 8H18C C 5H12Si C56O4 40H
mp/˚C
1.16920 0.90120 0.6520
Mol. Wt.
21 24 7
H-furo[3,24-Methoxy-7-methyl-5 g][1]benzopyran-5-one Cyanocobalamin
Physical Form
CAS RN
20 24 2 2
10846 Xanthosine 10847 Xanthoxyletin 10848 Xanthyletin
Mol. Form.
11510 160; 6220 55 red pr (MeOH, al-eth) red ye amor nd nd (w, MeOH)
208
s chl i H2O s EtOH, eth, CS 2; i peth
60 85.5 144.5
vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; vs chl
>300
161 100.5 125 dec 174 >410 dec
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s os 0.95025 0.953321 0.96425
1.504525 1.49720 1.525025
sub 351; 1463 9918
1.55925
sl cold H2O; vs hot H2O; dec acid i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth; vs bz, alk s EtOH, peth
133
1,2-Dimethylbenzene
HCNO CH NO2 C10 8H
10852 m-Xylene
1,3-Dimethylbenzene
8 10
HC
108-38-3
106.165
liq
-47.8
139.12
0.859625
1.497210
10853 p-Xylene
1,4-Dimethylbenzene
8 10
HC
106-42-3
106.165
mcl pr (al)
13.25
138.37
0.856625
1.495820
10854 2,3-Xylenol 10855 2,4-Xylenol 10856 2,5-Xylenol
2,3-Dimethylphenol 2,4-Dimethylphenol 2,5-Dimethylphenol
HC O HC O 8HC 10O
526-75-0 105-67-9 95-87-4
122.164 122.164 122.164
72.5 24.5 74.8
216.9 210.98 211.1
0.965020
20 1.5420 1.542014
10857 2,6-Xylenol 10858 3,4-Xylenol 10859 3,5-Xylenol
2,6-Dimethylphenol 3,4-Dimethylphenol 3,5-Dimethylphenol
HC O HC O 8HC 10O
576-26-1 95-65-8 108-68-9
122.164 122.164 122.164
nd (w, dil al) nd (w) nd (w), pr (aleth) lf or nd (al)
45.8 65.1 63.4
201.07 227 221.74
15 25
8 10 8 10
8 10 8 10
nd (w, peth)
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, chl sl EtOH, eth, ace; vs chl; s AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH, ace, diox i2O; H sl EtOH, ctc; s eth, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs acid, alk
311
10849 p-Xenylcarbimide 10850 Xibenolol 10851 o-Xylene
13 9
Solubility
0.983020 0.968020
vs eth s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl chl s 2HO, EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, ctc; msc eth s H2O, EtOH, ctc
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
10830 Viquidil 10831 Visnadine 10832 Visnagin
Synonym
NH O
OH
O O
Si O O
O
O
Si O O
Si
O O
O
NH2
NR N Co
H2N H
N
N
HO
O
3-571
O
H
R=CN
O
O
O
Vitamin D2
N
NH O P O O O
O
O
HO
HO
NH2
Vitamin D3
Vitamin E
N
O
HO
O O
O
Visnadine
O H 2N
H2N
Viquidil
O
O
HO
Visnagin
O
Vitamin B12
Vitamin E acetate
Vitamin K1
O N
H N OH O
H
OH
O
H HO
O
O
Warfarin
O
O
9H-Xanthene
9H-Xanthen-9-ol
OH O
O Xanthyletin
O
OH
H N
HN
Vomicine
O
N
HN
O
O
O
O O
H N
N H
O HO
O
N O
O
NH
N
N H
N
O
Xanthine
Xanthone
N
NH2
O
OH OH
Xanthopterin
Xanthosine
OH
H N
OH
O
O
Xanthoxyletin
OH OH
OH
2,5-Xylenol
2,6-Xylenol
OH
N C O p-Xenylcarbimide
Xibenolol
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
2,3-Xylenol
2,4-Xylenol
3,4-Xylenol
3,5-Xylenol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
H2N
O
O
N Violaxanthin
O
O O
HO
Vinyltriethoxysilane Vinyltrimethylsilane
O
H
O
O
O Vinyltriacetoxysilane
O
O
Name
Synonym
10860 10861 10862 10863 10864 10865 10866 10867 10868
Xylenol orange Xylitol 6-O-b-D-Xylopyranosyl-D-glucose D-Xylose D-Xylulose L-Xylulose 3,5-Xylyl methylcarbamate Yohimbine Yohimbine hydrochloride
10869 10870 10871 10872 10873 10874 10875 10876 10877
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C31H32N2O13S O5 Xylite 5H12C Primeverose C11H20O10 C5H10O5 D-threo-2-Pentulose C5H10O5 L-threo-2-Pentulose C5H10O5 3,5-Dimethylphenyl methylcarbamate C2 10H13NO CH26N2O3 21 Tosanpin 21HC 27ClN2O3
1611-35-4 87-99-0 26531-85-1 58-86-6 551-84-8 527-50-4 2655-14-3 146-48-5 65-19-0
672.656 152.146 312.271 150.130 150.130 150.130 179.216 354.442 390.903
Zearalenone C18H22O5 Zidovudine 3’-Azido-3’-deoxythymidine 10H13CN5O4 Zinc benzoate CH10O4Zn 14 Zinc bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate) 18H36NC 2S4Zn S4Zn ZincN,N’-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate Zineb 4H6N2C Zinc gluconate CH22O14Zn 12 Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate Zinc acetylacetonate 10H14OC 4Zn H10O4Zn Zinc propanoate 6C Ziram Zinc, bis(dimethylcarbamodithioatoC6H12N2S4Zn S,S’)-, (T-4)-
17924-92-4 30516-87-1 553-72-0 136-23-2 12122-67-7 4468-02-4 14024-63-6 557-28-8 137-30-4
318.365 267.242 307.636 474.161 275.773 455.704 263.625 211.550 305.841
Physical Form
mp/˚C
dk red cry mcl (al) cry (MeOH) mcl nd visc liq syrup cry nd (dil al) orth nd or pl (w, dil HCl) cry cry (w)
286 dec 93.5 210 90.5
cry
138 157 dec
99 241 302
bp/˚C
den/g cm-3
216 1.52520
sub 160
164 121
nD
Solubility s H2O vs H2O, py, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH vs H2O; s EtOH; sl eth s2H O vs H2O sl H2O; s os sl2H O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl vs H2O i H2O; s alk, bz, EtOH, eth sl H2O
pow hyg pl or nd cry
250
1.6625
s DMSO sl EtOH i H2O; sl bz; s chl
3-572
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
No.
O
O HO N
O
OH H HO H
N SO3H
OH
HO
O
Xylenolorange
CH2OH OH H OH CH2OH
O O OH
O
HO
OH
CHO OH H OH CH2OH
H HO H
OH
OH HO OH
Xylitol
6-O-b-D-Xylopyranosyl-D-glucose
CH2OH O HO H H OH CH2OH
D-Xylose
CH2OH O H OH HO H CH2OH
D-Xylulose
L-Xylulose
O HN O O
N
N H H N H
O
H H
3-573
O 3,5-Xylylmethylcarbamate
S S
HCl
HN
Zincbis(dibutyldithiocarbamate)
OH O
H
S
S
NH
Zn S
S
ZincN,N’-ethylenebisdithiocarbamate
O
N
O
OH
H HO H H
HO
N3
O Zearalenone
COO OH H OH OH CH2OH
2
Zn
O
O
Yohimbinehydrochloride
N S
O
O
HO
H
O
OH
Yohimbine
S Zn
N
N
N H H
2
Zidovudine
Zincbenzoate
2
Zn
O
O Zn
2
Zincgluconate
O
O
Zinc2,4-pentanedioate
O
O O
Zn
O
Zincpropanoate
S
S Zn
N S
N S
Ziram
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
HO
O
DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm , defined by χm = κVm = κ M/ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density. When the cgs system is used, the customary unit for χm is cm3 mol-1; the corresponding SI unit is m3 mol-1. Substances with no unpaired electrons are called diamagnetic; they have negative values of χm. This table gives values of the diamagnetic susceptibility for about 400 common organic compounds. All values refer to room temperature and atmospheric pressure and to the physical form that is stable under these conditions. Substances are arranged by molecular formula in Hill order. A more extensive table may be found in Reference 1. In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m-1).
REFERENCES 1. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16, Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Gupta, R. R., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 2. Barter, C., Meisenheimer, R. G., and Stevenson, D. P., J. Phys. Chem. 64, 1312, 1960. 3. Broersma, S., J. Chem. Phys. 17, 873, 1949.
Molecular Formula
Compound
CBrCl3 CBr4 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CHBrCl2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHI3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4N2O CH4O CH5N CI4 CN4O8 C2ClF3 C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2HCl3
Bromotrichloromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane Bromodichloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Triiodomethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Urea Methanol Methylamine Tetraiodomethane Tetranitromethane Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Hexachloroethane Trichloroethylene
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 73.2 93.7 45.3 32.4 52.2 47.9 58.7 75.3 66.8 66.3 82.6 58.9 117.1 55.1 65.1 46.6 93.1 24.8 18.6 19.9 42.8 32.0 17.8 57.2 23.0 21.0 17.4 33.5 21.4 27.0 136 43.0 49.1 81.6 112.8 65.8
Molecular Formula
Compound
C2HCl3O C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl C2H3ClO C2H3N C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H8N2 C2N2
Trichloroacetaldehyde Dichloroacetyl chloride Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Chloroethylene Acetyl chloride Acetonitrile Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane Acetamide Nitroethane Glycine Ethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanediamine Cyanogen
3-737
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 73.0 69.0 73.0 99.1 43.3 20.8 123.4 49.2 51.0 48.9 89.8 35.9 39.3 27.8 18.8 78.9 57.4 59.6 22.2 30.5 31.8 31.1 78.8 69.9 69.1 33.9 35.4 39.6 26.8 33.7 26.3 38.9 47.0 44.9 46.5 21.6
DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula
Compound
C3H4 C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5N C3H6 C3H6 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C4H2O3 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2
Allene Vinyl formate 3-Bromopropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane Allylamine 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Ethyl carbamate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,3-Propylene glycol Dimethoxymethane Glycerol Maleic anhydride Pyrazine Pyrimidine Furan Succinic anhydride Maleic acid Fumaric acid Thiophene Pyrrole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene Vinyl acetate Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal 2-Butanone Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
Molecular Formula
Compound
25.3 34.7 58.6 47.8 47.8 38.6 30.7 39.2 36.7 34.2 33.8 42.5 43.2 42.4 65.6 65.1 56.0 84.3 40.1 45.0 45.4 57.0 38.6 44.8 45.7 50.2 47.3 57.1 35.8 37.8 43.1 43.1 47.5 49.6 49.1 57.3 48.6 35.6 32.1 46.4 52.8 58.0 55.7 50.4 41.0 42.6 43.3 40.8 40.0 47.9 54.8 45.9 45.6 55.2 56.1 55.0 54.1 54.5
C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6O2 C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H13N C6Cl6 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2
1,4-Dioxane 1-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 1-Butanethiol Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Furfural Pyridine Furfuryl alcohol Ethyl cyanoacetate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentanone Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 1,5-Pentanediol Pentylamine Hexachlorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene
3-738
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 52.2 77.1 79.9 67.1 67.4 93.6 54.8 55.0 50.3 50.5 56.4 57.6 57.6 56.6 55.5 61.8 61.8 70.2 58.9 59.8 56.8 47.2 48.7 61.0 67.3 46.0 51.6 57.3 54.9 54.6 54.7 56.2 64.0 57.5 57.5 57.7 66.5 67.7 65.8 66.8 65.9 67.0 66.3 69.4 75.4 64.2 61.5 63.0 63.0 67.0 69.1 73.5 69.3 147.0 75.5 77.2 74.7 84.4
DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula
Compound
C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O
m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Aniline 4-Methylpyridine 1,4-Cyclohexadiene o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Ethyl acetoacetate Diethyl oxalate 1-Hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Isopentyl formate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Paraldehyde Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
Molecular Formula
Compound
84.1 81.7 36 78.4 69.5 77.3 77.6 77.7 58.4 92.0 61.9 68.9 65.9 66.9 54.8 79.5 76.6 76.7 67.4 69.7 68.0 60.6 64.7 68.2 67.2 62.4 59.8 48.7 72.5 70.4 70.7 55.1 64.5 58.0 62.0 71.7 81.7 66.4 65.9 68 70.2 69.4 69.2 69.0 69.7 73.4 78.1 78.4 78.7 77.7 86.1 74.1 75.3 75.5 76.2 76.2 79.5 80.4
C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O6 C6H15N C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7N
Dipropyl ether 1,6-Hexanediol 1,1-Diethoxyethane D-Glucitol Triethylamine Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid p-Bromotoluene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene Benzamide o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine o-Methoxyaniline [o-Anisidine] Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Heptane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 1-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Phthalic anhydride Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid Benzeneacetonitrile
3-739
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 79.4 84.3 81.4 107.8 83.3 65.2 60.7 66.8 75 88.7 82.4 79.7 80.3 81.6 72.0 72.2 72.7 73.3 65.6 73.3 72.2 72.4 71.8 72.2 74.9 74.6 72.5 74.1 71.3 72.5 79.1 92.6 77.8 73.9 78.9 81.0 80.5 80.7 80.5 81.1 89.0 88.9 89.4 89.1 91.1 85.2 86.2 87.0 87.5 87.5 89.5 91.7 92.1 66.7 83.6 84.6 83.5 76.9
DIAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Molecular Formula C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O4 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18 C9H18O C9H20 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N
Compound Indole Styrene Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine Ethyl succinate 1-Octene Cyclooctane Octanoic acid Hexyl acetate 1-Chlorooctane Octane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol Dibutylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene Isopropenylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene [Mesitylene] 1-Nonene 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine 2-Naphthalenamine
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 85.0 68.2 72.5 84.3 83.0 82.4 82.4 81.6 86.6 77.3 77.7 76.4 77.0 84.5 85.6 85.1 83.1 105.0 88.8 85.3 99.5 100.9 114.9 96.6 97.3 97.8 99.1 99.1 99.8 101.6 103.7 86.1 83.9 83 80.0 93.8 93.2 89.1 89.5 92.3 100.1 104.3 108.1 123.6 107.6 91.6 123.7 96.2 96.8 92.5 98.0
Molecular Formula C10H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H22 C11H10 C11H10 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H11N C12H14O4 C12H18 C12H24O2 C13H9N C13H10O C13H12 C13H28 C14H8O2 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H28O2 C14H30 C16H10 C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H34O2 C18H36O2 C20H12
3-740
Compound
-χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
Safrole Dimethyl terephthalate Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene p-tert-Butylphenol N,N-Diethylaniline d-Limonene α-Pinene β-Pinene Camphor, (+) cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Undecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenylamine Diethyl phthalate Hexamethylbenzene Dodecanoic acid Acridine Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Tridecane 9,10-Anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene Benzil Benzyl benzoate 1,2-Diphenylethane Tetradecanoic acid [Myristic acid] Tetradecane Pyrene Hexadecanoic acid [Palmitic acid] Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Chrysene o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl cis-9-Octadecenoic acid [Oleic acid] Octadecanoic acid [Steric acid] Perylene
97.5 101.6 100.7 101.8 101.7 102.8 101.2 108.0 107.9 98.0 100.7 101.9 103.0 107.0 107.6 119.5 102.9 102.7 131.8 111.6 119.9 109.9 103.3 106.8 108.4 127.5 122.5 113.0 118.8 109.6 116.0 153.7 113.0 129.8 127.6 116 106.8 132.2 127.8 176.0 166.2 147 198.6 187.6 183.5 148.0 150.4 155.5 156.0 208.5 220.8 167.5
THE ELEMENTS C. R. Hammond One of the most striking facts about the elements is their unequal distribution and occurrence in nature. Present knowledge of the chemical composition of the universe, obtained from the study of the spectra of stars and nebulae, indicates that hydrogen is by far the most abundant element and may account for more than 90% of the atoms or about 75% of the mass of the universe. Helium atoms make up most of the remainder. All of the other elements together contribute only slightly to the total mass. The chemical composition of the universe is undergoing continuous change. Hydrogen is being converted into helium, and helium is being changed into heavier elements. As time goes on, the ratio of heavier elements increases relative to hydrogen. Presumably, the process is not reversible. Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle, and more recently, Peebles, Penzias, and others have studied the synthesis of elements in stars. To explain all of the features of the nuclear abundance curve — obtained by studies of the composition of the earth, meteorites, stars, etc. — it is necessary to postulate that the elements were originally formed by at least eight different processes: (1) hydrogen burning, (2) helium burning, (3) χ process, (4) e process, (5) s process, (6) r process, (7) p process, and (8) the X process. The X process is thought to account for the existence of light nuclei such as D, Li, Be, and B. Common metals such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ti, Zn, etc. were likely produced early in the history of our galaxy. It is also probable that most of the heavy elements on earth and elsewhere in the universe were originally formed in supernovae, or in the hot interior of stars. Studies of the solar spectrum have led to the identification of 67 elements in the sun’s atmosphere; however, all elements cannot be identified with the same degree of certainty. Other elements may be present in the sun, although they have not yet been detected spectroscopically. The element helium was discovered on the sun before it was found on earth. Some elements such as scandium are relatively more plentiful in the sun and stars than here on earth. Minerals in lunar rocks brought back from the moon on the Apollo missions consist predominantly of plagioclase {(Ca,Na)(Al,Si)O4O8} and pyroxene {(Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O6} — two minerals common in terrestrial volcanic rock. No new elements have been found on the moon that cannot be accounted for on earth; however, three minerals, armalcolite {(Fe,Mg)Ti2O5}, pyroxferroite {CaFe6(SiO3)7}, and tranquillityite {Fe8(Zr,Y)Ti3Si3O2}, are new. The oldest known terrestrial rocks are about 4 billion years old. One rock, known as the “Genesis Rock,” brought back from the Apollo 15 Mission, is about 4.15 billion years old. This is only about one-half billion years younger than the supposed age of the moon and solar system. Lunar rocks appear to be relatively enriched in refractory elements such as chromium, titanium, zirconium, and the rare earths, and impoverished in volatile elements such as the alkali metals, in chlorine, and in noble metals such as nickel, platinum, and gold. Even older than the “Genesis Rock” are carbonaceous chondrites, a type of meteorite that has fallen to earth and has been studied. These are some of the most primitive objects of the solar system yet found. The grains making up these objects probably condensed directly out the gaseous nebula from which the sun and planets were born. Most of the condensation of the grains probably was completed within 50,000 years of the time the disk of the nebula was first formed — about 4.6 billion years ago. It is now thought that this type of meteorite may contain a small percentage of presolar dust grains. The relative abundances of the elements of these meteorites are about the same as the abundances found in the solar chromosphere. The X-ray fluorescent spectrometer sent with the Viking I spacecraft to Mars shows that the Martian soil contains about 12 to 16% iron, 14 to 15% silicon, 3 to 8% calcium, 2 to 7% aluminum, and one-half to 2% titanium. The gas chromatograph — mass spectrometer on Viking II found no trace of organic compounds that should be present if life ever existed there. F. W. Clarke and others have carefully studied the composition of rocks making up the crust of the earth. Oxygen accounts for about 47% of the crust, by weight, while silicon comprises about 28% and aluminum about 8%. These elements, plus iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, account for about 99% of the composition of the crust. Many elements such as tin, copper, zinc, lead, mercury, silver, platinum, antimony, arsenic, and gold, which are so essential to our needs and civilization, are among some of the rarest elements in the earth’s crust. These are made available to us only by the processes of concentration in ore bodies. Some of the so-called rare-earth elements have been found to be much more plentiful than originally thought and are about as abundant as uranium, mercury, lead, or bismuth. The least abundant rare-earth or lanthanide element, thulium, is now believed to be more plentiful on earth than silver, cadmium, gold, or iodine, for example. Rubidium, the 16th most abundant element, is more plentiful than chlorine while its compounds are little known in chemistry and commerce. It is now thought that at least 24 elements are essential to living matter. The four most abundant in the human body are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. The seven next most common, in order of abundance, are calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, potassium, sulfur, sodium, and magnesium. Iron, copper, zinc, silicon, iodine, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, fluorine, tin, chromium, selenium, and vanadium are needed and play a role in living matter. Boron is also thought essential for some plants, and it is possible that aluminum, nickel, and germanium may turn out to be necessary. Ninety-one elements occur naturally on earth. Minute traces of plutonium-244 have been discovered in rocks mined in Southern California. This discovery supports the theory that heavy elements were produced during creation of the solar system. While technetium and promethium have not yet been found naturally on earth, they have been found to be present in stars. Technetium has been identified in the spectra of certain “late” type stars, and promethium lines have been identified in the spectra of a faintly visible star HR465 in Andromeda. Promethium must have been made very recently near the star’s surface for no known isotope of this element has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. It has been suggested that californium is present in certain stellar explosions known as supernovae; however, this has not been proved. At present no elements are found elsewhere in the universe that cannot be accounted for here on earth. All atomic mass numbers from 1 to 238 are found naturally on earth except for masses 5 and 8. About 285 relatively stable and 67 naturally radioactive isotopes occur on earth totaling 352. In addition, the neutron, technetium, promethium, and the transuranic elements (lying beyond uranium) have now been produced artificially. In June 1999, scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory reported that they had found evidence of an isotope of Element 118 and its immediate decay products of Elements 116, 114, and 112. This sequence of events tended to reinforce the theory that was predicted since the 1970s that an “island of stability” existed for nuclei with approximately 114 protons and 184 neutrons. This “island” refers to nuclei in which the decay lasts for a period of time instead of a decay that occurs instantaneously. However, on July 27, 2001, researchers at LBNL reported that their laboratory and the facilities at the GSI Laboratory in Germany and at Japanese laboratories failed to confirm the results of their earlier experiments where the fusion of a krypton atom with a lead target resulted in Element 118, with chains of decay leading to Elements 116, 114, and 112, and on down to Element 106. Therefore, the discovery was reported to be spurious. However, with the announcement it was said that different
4-1
THE ELEMENTS (continued) experiments at the Livermore Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia indicated that Element 116 had since been created directly. (See also under Elements 116 and 118.) Laboratory processes have now extended the radioactive element mass numbers beyond 238 to about 280. Each element from atomic numbers 1 to 110 is known to have at least one radioactive isotope. As of December 2001, about 3286 isotopes and isomers were thought to be known and recognized. Many stable and radioactive isotopes are now produced and distributed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A., to customers licensed by the U.S. Department of Energy. The nucleus of an atom is characterized by the number of protons it contains, denoted by Z, and by the number of neutrons, N. Isotopes of an element have the same value of Z, but different values of N. The mass number A, is the sum of Z and N. For example, Uranium-238 has a mass number of 238, and contains 92 protons and 146 neutrons. There is evidence that the definition of chemical elements must be broadened to include the electron. Several compounds known as electrides, have recently been made of alkaline metal elements and electrons. A relatively stable combination of a positron and electron, known as positronium, has also been studied. The well-known proton, neutron, and electron are now thought to be members of a group that includes other fundamental particles that have been discovered or hypothesized by physicists. These very elemental particles, of which all matter is made, are now thought to belong to one of two families: namely, quarks or leptons. Each of these two families consists of six particles. Also, there are four different force carriers that lead to interactions between particles. The six members or “flavors” of the quark family are called up, charm, top, down, strange, and bottom. The force carriers for the quarks are the gluon and the photon. The six members of the lepton family are the e neutrino, the mu neutrino, the tau neutrino, the electron, the muon particle, and the tau particle. The force carriers for these are the w boson and the z boson. Furthermore, it appears that each of these particles has an anti-particle that has an opposite electrical charge from the above particles. Quarks are not found individually, but are found with other quarks arranged to form composites known as hadrons. There are two basic types of hadrons: baryons, composed of three quarks, and mesons, composed of a quark and an anti-quark. Examples of baryons are the neutron and the proton. Neutrons are made of two down quarks and one up quark. Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark. An example of the meson is the pion. This particle is made of an up quark and a down anti-quark. Such particles are unstable and tend to decay rapidly. The anti-particle of the proton is the anti-proton. The exception to the rule is the electron, whose anti-particle is the positron. In recent years a search has been made for a hypothetical particle known as the Higgs particle or Higgs boson, suggested in 1966 by Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh, which could possibly explain why the carriers of the “electro-weak” field (w and z bosons) have mass. The Higgs particle is thought to be responsible possibly for the mass of objects throughout the universe. Many physicists now hold that all matter and energy in the universe is controlled by four fundamental forces: the electromagnetic force, gravity, a weak nuclear force, and a strong nuclear force. The gluon binds quarks together by carrying the strong nuclear force. Each of these natural forces is passed back and forth among the basic particles of matter by the force carriers mentioned above. The electromagnetic force is carried by the photon, the weak nuclear force by the intermediate vector boson, and the gravity by the graviton. For more complete information on these fundamental particles, please consult recent articles and books on nuclear or particle physics. The available evidence leads to the conclusion that elements 89 (actinium) through 103 (lawrencium) are chemically similar to the rare-earth or lanthanide elements (elements 57 to 71, inclusive). These elements therefore have been named actinides after the first member of this series. Those elements beyond uranium that have been produced artificially have the following names and symbols: neptunium, 93 (Np); plutonium, 94 (Pu); americium, 95 (Am); curium, 96 (Cm); berkelium, 97 (Bk); californium, 98 (Cf); einsteinium, 99 (Es); fermium, 100 (Fm); mendelevium, 101 (Md); nobelium, 102 (No); and lawrencium, 103 (Lr). It is now claimed that Elements 104 through 112 have been produced and identified. More recently, Elements 118, 116, and 114 were reported found (see Element 118). In August 1997, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) gave final approval to the following names for Elements 104 to 109: Element 104 — rutherfordium (Rf); Element 105 — dubnium (Db); Element 106 — seaborgium (Sg); Element 107 — bohrium (Bh); Element 108 — hassium (Hs); and Element 109 — meitnerium (Mt). The recently discovered elements 110, 111, 112, 114, etc. have not yet been named, but may carry temporary names as designated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. IUPAC recommends that until the existence of a new element is proven to their satisfaction, the elements are to have names and symbols derived according to these precise and simple rules: The name is based on the digits in the element’s atomic number. Each digit is replaced with these expressions, with the end using the usual –ium suffix as follows: 0 nil, 1 un, 2 bi, 3 tri, 4 quad, 5 pent, 6 hex, 7 sept, 8 oct, 9 enn. Double letter i’s are not used, as for example Ununbiium, but would be Ununbium. The symbol used would be the first letter of the three main syllables. For example, Element 126 would be Unbihexium, with the symbol Ubh. It is thought there is a possibility of producing elements beyond Element 116 and discovering Elements 117, 115, and 113 by altering the beams of ions and the targets from those now being used. There are many claims in the literature of the existence of various allotropic modifications of the elements, some of which are based on doubtful or incomplete evidence. Also, the physical properties of an element may change drastically by the presence of small amounts of impurities. With new methods of purification, which are now able to produce elements with 99.9999% purity, it has been necessary to restudy the properties of the elements. For example, the melting point of thorium changes by several hundred degrees by the presence of a small percentage of ThO2 as an impurity. Ordinary commercial tungsten is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Pure tungsten, however, can be cut with a hacksaw, forged, spun, drawn, or extruded. In general, the value of a physical property given here applies to the pure element, when it is known. Many of the chemical elements and their compounds are toxic and should be handled with due respect and care. In recent years there has been a greatly increased knowledge and awareness of the health hazards associated with chemicals, radioactive materials, and other agents. Anyone working with the elements and certain of their compounds should become thoroughly familiar with the proper safeguards to be taken. Information on specific hazards and recommended exposure limits may also be found in Section 16. Reference should also be made to publications such as the following: 1. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Labor. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register. 2. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy. With additions found in issues of the Federal Register. (Published by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Supt. of Documents.) 3. Occupational Safety and Health Reporter (latest edition with amendments and corrections), Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, D.C.
4-2
THE ELEMENTS (continued) 4. Atomic Energy Law Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 5. Nuclear Regulation Reporter, Commerce Clearing House, Chicago, IL. 6. TLVs® Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents is issued annually be the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio. 7. The Sigma Aldrich Library of Regulatory and Safety Data. Vol. 3, Robert E. Lenga and Kristine L. Volonpal, Sigma Chemical Co. and Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc. 1993. 8. Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, Richard J. Lewis, Sr., 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, Dec. 1997. 9. Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 3rd ed., Noyes Publications, 2001/2. 10. Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Richard J. Lewis and N. Irving Sax, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999. 11. World Wide Limits for Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals in Air, Water, and Soil, Marshall Sittig, Noyes Publishers. The prices of elements as indicated in this article are intended to be only a rough guide. Prices may vary, over time, widely with supplier, quantity, and purity. Actinium — (Gr. aktis, aktinos, beam or ray), Ac; at. wt. (227); at. no. 89; m.p. 1051°C, b.p. 3200 ± 300°C (est.); sp. gr. 10.07 (calc.). Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals. Thirty four isotopes and isomers are now recognized. All are radioactive. Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is an alpha and beta emitter with a 21.77-year halflife. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.72-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of short-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha rays. Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300°C. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 days, and then decays according to its 21.77-year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutrons. Actinium-225, with a purity of 99%, is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to holders of a permit for about $500/millicurie, plus packing charges. Aluminum — (L. alumen, alum), Al; at. wt. 26.981539(5); at. no. 13; f.p. 660.323°C; b.p. 2519°C; sp. gr. 2.6989 (20°C); valence 3. The ancient Greeks and Romans used alum in medicine as an astringent, and as a mordant in dyeing. In 1761 de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal. Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name alumium for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminium was adopted to conform with the “ium” ending of most elements, and this spelling is now in use elsewhere in the world. Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. The method of obtaining aluminum metal by the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite was discovered in 1886 by Hall in the U.S. and at about the same time by Heroult in France. Cryolite, a natural ore found in Greenland, is no longer widely used in commercial production, but has been replaced by an artificial mixture of sodium, aluminum, and calcium fluorides. Bauxite, an impure hydrated oxide ore, is found in large deposits in Jamaica, Australia, Suriname, Guyana, Russia, Arkansas, and elsewhere. The Bayer process is most commonly used today to refine bauxite so it can be accommodated in the Hall-Heroult refining process, used to make most aluminum. Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth’s crust (8.1%), but is never found free in nature. In addition to the minerals mentioned above, it is found in feldspars, granite, and in many other common minerals. Twenty-two isotopes and isomers are known. Natural aluminum is made of one isotope, 27Al. Pure aluminum, a silvery-white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nontoxic, has a pleasing appearance, can easily be formed, machined, or cast, has a high thermal conductivity, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is nonmagnetic and nonsparking, stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although its electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but it can be alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and other elements to impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They have found application in coatings for telescope mirrors, in making decorative paper, packages, toys, and in many other uses. The compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, the sulfate, and the soluble sulfate with potassium (alum). The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby, sapphire, corundum, and emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractories. Synthetic ruby and sapphire have found application in the construction of lasers for producing coherent light. In 1852, the price of aluminum was about $1200/kg, and just before Hall’s discovery in 1886, about $25/kg. The price rapidly dropped to 60¢ and has been as low as 33¢/kg. The price in December 2001 was about 64¢/lb or $1.40/kg. Americium — (the Americas), Am; at. wt. 243; at. no. 95; m.p. 1176°C; b.p. 2011°C; sp. gr. 13.67 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Americium was the fourth transuranium element to be discovered; the isotope 241Am was identified by Seaborg, James, Morgan, and Ghiorso late in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago as the result of successive neutron capture reactions by plutonium isotopes in a nuclear reactor: 239 Pu( n, γ )→ 240 Pu( n, γ )→ 241 Pu β→ 241 Am Since the isotope 241Am can be prepared in relatively pure form by extraction as a decay product over a period of years from strongly neutronbombarded plutonium, 241Pu, this isotope is used for much of the chemical investigation of this element. Better suited is the isotope 243Am due to its longer half-life (7.37 × 103 years as compared to 432.2 years for 241Am). A mixture of the isotopes 241Am, 242Am, and 243Am can be prepared by intense neutron irradiation of 241Am according to the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am (n, γ) → 243Am. Nearly isotopically pure 243Am can be prepared by a sequence of neutron bombardments and chemical separations as follows: neutron bombardment of 241Am yields 242Pu by the reactions 241Am (n, γ) → 242Am → 242Pu, after chemical separation the 242Pu can be transformed to 243Am via the reactions 242Pu (n, γ) → 243Pu → 243Am, and the 243Am can
4-3
THE ELEMENTS (continued) be chemically separated. Fairly pure 242Pu can be prepared more simply by very intense neutron irradiation of 239Pu as the result of successive neutroncapture reactions. Seventeen radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Americium metal has been prepared by reducing the trifluoride with barium vapor at 1000 to 1200°C or the dioxide by lanthanum metal. The luster of freshly prepared americium metal is white and more silvery than plutonium or neptunium prepared in the same manner. It appears to be more malleable than uranium or neptunium and tarnishes slowly in dry air at room temperature. Americium is thought to exist in two forms: an alpha form which has a double hexagonal close-packed structure and a loosepacked cubic beta form. Americium must be handled with great care to avoid personal contamination. As little as 0.03 µCi of 241Am is the maximum permissible total body burden. The alpha activity from 241Am is about three times that of radium. When gram quantities of 241Am are handled, the intense gamma activity makes exposure a serious problem. Americium dioxide, AmO2, is the most important oxide. AmF3, AmF4, AmCl3, AmBr3, AmI3, and other compounds have been prepared. The isotope 241Am has been used as a portable source for gamma radiography. It has also been used as a radioactive glass thickness gage for the flat glass industry, and as a source of ionization for smoke detectors. Americum-243 (99%) is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of about $750/g plus packing charges. Antimony — (Gr. anti plus monos — a metal not found alone), Sb; at. wt. 121.760(1); at. no. 51; m.p. 630.63°C; b.p. 1587°C; sp. gr. 6.691 (20°C); valence 0, –3, +3, or +5. Antimony was recognized in compounds by the ancients and was known as a metal at the beginning of the 17th century and possibly much earlier. It is not abundant, but is found in over 100 mineral species. It is sometimes found native, but more frequently as the sulfide, stibnite (Sb2S3); it is also found as antimonides of the heavy metals, and as oxides. It is extracted from the sulfide by roasting to the oxide, which is reduced by salt and scrap iron; from its oxides it is also prepared by reduction with carbon. Two allotropic forms of antimony exist: the normal stable, metallic form, and the amorphous gray form. The so-called explosive antimony is an ill-defined material always containing an appreciable amount of halogen; therefore, it no longer warrants consideration as a separate allotrope. The yellow form, obtained by oxidation of stibine, SbH3, is probably impure, and is not a distinct form. Natural antimony is made of two stable isotopes, 121Sb and 123Sb. Forty five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Metallic antimony is an extremely brittle metal of a flaky, crystalline texture. It is bluish white and has a metallic luster. It is not acted on by air at room temperature, but burns brilliantly when heated with the formation of white fumes of Sb2O3. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and has a hardness of 3 to 3.5. Antimony, available commercially with a purity of 99.999 + %, is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes, and Hall-effect devices. Commercial-grade antimony is widely used in alloys with percentages ranging from 1 to 20. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. Batteries, antifriction alloys, type metal, small arms and tracer bullets, cable sheathing, and minor products use about half the metal produced. Compounds taking up the other half are oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride. These are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery. Tartar emetic (hydrated potassium antimonyl tartate) has been used in medicine. Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic. Antimony costs about $1.30/kg or about $12/g (99.999%). Argon — (Gr. argos, inactive), Ar; at. wt. 39.948(1); at. no. 18; m.p. –189.35°C; b.p. –185.85°C; tc -122.28; density 1.7837 g/l. Its presence in air was suspected by Cavendish in 1785, discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894. The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air, the atmosphere containing 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 p.p.m. of 36Ar. Argon is two and one half times as soluble in water as nitrogen, having about the same solubility as oxygen. It is recognized by the characteristic lines in the red end of the spectrum. It is used in electric light bulbs and in fluorescent tubes at a pressure of about 400 Pa, and in filling photo tubes, glow tubes, etc. Argon is also used as an inert gas shield for arc welding and cutting, as a blanket for the production of titanium and other reactive elements, and as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals. Argon is colorless and odorless, both as a gas and liquid. It is available in high-purity form. Commercial argon is available at a cost of about 3¢ per cubic foot. Argon is considered to be a very inert gas and is not known to form true chemical compounds, as do krypton, xenon, and radon. However, it does form a hydrate having a dissociation pressure of 105 atm at 0°C. Ion molecules such as (ArKr)+, (ArXe)+, (NeAr)+ have been observed spectroscopically. Argon also forms a clathrate with β-hydroquinone. This clathrate is stable and can be stored for a considerable time, but a true chemical bond does not exist. Van der Waals’ forces act to hold the argon. In August 200, researchers at the University of Helsinki, Finland reported they made a new argon compound HArF by shining UV light on frozen argon that contained a small amount of HF. Naturally occurring argon is a mixture of three isotopes. Seventeen other radioactive isotopes are now known to exist. Commercial argon is priced at about $70/300 cu. ft. or 8.5 cu. meters. Arsenic — (L. arsenicum, Gr. arsenikon, yellow orpiment, identified with arsenikos, male, from the belief that metals were different sexes; Arabic, Az-zernikh, the orpiment from Persian zerni-zar, gold), As; at. wt. 74.92160(2); at. no. 33; valence –3, 0, +3 or +5. Elemental arsenic occurs in two solid modifications: yellow, and gray or metallic, with specific gravities of 1.97, and 5.73, respectively. Gray arsenic, the ordinary stable form, has a triple point of 817°C and sublimes at 614°C and has a critical temperature of 1400°C. Several other allotropic forms of arsenic are reported in the literature. It is believed that Albertus Magnus obtained the element in 1250 A.D. In 1649 Schroeder published two methods of preparing the element. It is found native, in the sulfides realgar and orpiment, as arsenides and sulfarsenides of heavy metals, as the oxide, and as arsenates. Mispickel, arsenopyrite, (FeSAs) is the most common mineral, from which on heating the arsenic sublimes leaving ferrous sulfide. The element is a steel gray, very brittle, crystalline, semimetallic solid; it tarnishes in air, and when heated is rapidly oxidized to arsenous oxide (As2O3) with the odor of garlic. Arsenic and its compounds are poisonous. Exposure to arsenic and its compounds should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 as elemental As during an 8-h work day. These values, however, are being studied, and may be lowered. Arsenic is also used in bronzing, pyrotechny, and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot. The most important compounds are white arsenic (As2O3), the sulfide, Paris green 3Cu(AsO2)2 · Cu(C 2H3O2)2, calcium arsenate, and lead arsenate; the last three have been used as agricultural insecticides and poisons. Marsh’s test makes use of the formation and ready decomposition of arsine (AsH3). Arsenic is available in high-purity form. It is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light. Natural arsenic is made of one isotope 75As. Thirty other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Arsenic (99%) costs about $75/50g. Purified arsenic (99.9995%) costs about $50/g. Astatine — (Gr. astatos, unstable), At; at. wt. (210); at. no. 85; m.p. 300°C (est.); valence probably 1, 3, 5, or 7. Synthesized in 1940 by D. R. Corson, K. R. MacKenzie, and E. Segre at the University of California by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. The longest-lived isotope, 210At, has a half-life of only 8.1 hours. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are now known. Minute quantities of 215At, 218At, and 219At exist in equilibrium in nature with naturally occurring uranium and thorium isotopes, and traces of 217At are equilibrium with 233U and 239Np resulting from interaction of thorium and uranium with naturally produced neutrons. The total amount of astatine present in the earth’s crust, however, is probably less than 1 oz. Astatine can be produced by bombarding bismuth with energetic alpha particles to obtain the relatively long-lived 209–211At, which can be distilled
4-4
THE ELEMENTS (continued) from the target by heating it in air. Only about 0.05 µg of astatine has been prepared to date. The “time of flight” mass spectrometer has been used to confirm that this highly radioactive halogen behaves chemically very much like other halogens, particularly iodine. The interhalogen compounds AtI, AtBr, and AtCl are known to form, but it is not yet known if astatine forms diatomic astatine molecules. HAt and CH3At (methyl astatide) have been detected. Astatine is said to be more metallic that iodine, and, like iodine, it probably accumulates in the thyroid gland. Workers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have recently used reactive scattering in crossed molecular beams to identify and measure elementary reactions involving astatine. Barium — (Gr. barys, heavy), Ba; at. wt. 137.327(7), at. no. 56; m.p. 727°C; b.p. 1897°C; sp. gr. 3.5 (20°C); valence 2. Baryta was distinguished from lime by Scheele in 1774; the element was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. It is found only in combination with other elements, chiefly in barite or heavy spar (sulfate) and witherite (carbonate) and is prepared by electrolysis of the chloride. Large deposits of barite are found in China, Germany, India, Morocco, and in the U.S. Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure is silvery white like lead; it belongs to the alkaline earth group, resembling calcium chemically. The metal oxidizes very easily and should be kept under petroleum or other suitable oxygen-free liquids to exclude air. It is decomposed by water or alcohol. The metal is used as a “getter” in vacuum tubes. The most important compounds are the peroxide (BaO2), chloride, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, and chlorate. Lithopone, a pigment containing barium sulfate and zinc sulfide, has good covering power, and does not darken in the presence of sulfides. The sulfate, as permanent white or blanc fixe, is also used in paint, in X-ray diagnostic work, and in glassmaking. Barite is extensively used as a weighting agent in oilwell drilling fluids, and also in making rubber. The carbonate has been used as a rat poison, while the nitrate and chlorate give green colors in pyrotechny. The impure sulfide phosphoresces after exposure to the light. The compounds and the metal are not expensive. Barium metal (99.2 + % pure) costs about $3/g. All barium compounds that are water or acid soluble are poisonous. Naturally occurring barium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Thirty six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Berkelium — (Berkeley, home of the University of California), Bk; at. wt. (247); at. no. 97; m.p. 1050°C; valence 3 or 4; sp. gr. 14 (est.). Berkelium, the eighth member of the actinide transition series, was discovered in December 1949 by Thompson, Ghiorso, and Seaborg, and was the fifth transuranium element synthesized. It was produced by cyclotron bombardment of milligram amounts of 241Am with helium ions at Berkeley, California. The first isotope produced had a mass number of 243 and decayed with a half-life of 4.5 hours. Thirteen isotopes are now known and have been synthesized. The existence of 249Bk, with a half-life of 320 days, makes it feasible to isolate berkelium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. One of the first visible amounts of a pure berkelium compound, berkelium chloride, was produced in 1962. It weighed 3 billionth of a gram. Berkelium probably has not yet been prepared in elemental form, but it is expected to be a silvery metal, easily soluble in dilute mineral acids, and readily oxidized by air or oxygen at elevated temperatures to form the oxide. X-ray diffraction methods have been used to identify the following compounds: BkO2, BkO3, BkF3, BkCl, and BkOCl. As with other actinide elements, berkelium tends to accumulate in the skeletal system. The maximum permissible body burden of 249Bk in the human skeleton is about 0.0004 µg. Because of its rarity, berkelium presently has no commercial or technological use. Berkelium most likely resembles terbium with respect to chemical properties. Berkelium-249 is available from O.R.N.L. at a cost of $185/µg plus packing charges. Beryllium — (Gr. beryllos, beryl; also called Glucinium or Glucinum, Gr. glykys, sweet), Be; at. wt. 9.012182(3); at no. 4; m.p. 1287°C; b.p. 2471°C; sp. gr. 1.848 (20°C); valence 2. Discovered as the oxide by Vauquelin in beryl and in emeralds in 1798. The metal was isolated in 1828 by Wohler and by Bussy independently by the action of potassium on beryllium chloride. Beryllium is found in some 30 mineral species, the most important of which are bertrandite, beryl, chrysoberyl, and phenacite. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of beryl. Beryllium minerals are found in the U.S., Brazil, Russia, Kazakhstan, and elsewhere. Colombia is known for its emeralds. Beryl (3BeO · Al 2O3 · 6SiO 2) and bertrandite (4BeO · 2SiO 2 · H 2O) are the most important commercial sources of the element and its compounds. Most of the metal is now prepared by reducing beryllium fluoride with magnesium metal. Beryllium metal did not become readily available to industry until 1957. The metal, steel gray in color, has many desirable properties. It is one of the lightest of all metals, and has one of the highest melting points of the light metals. Its modulus of elasticity is about one third greater than that of steel. It resists attack by concentrated nitric acid, has excellent thermal conductivity, and is nonmagnetic. It has a high permeability to X-rays, and when bombarded by alpha particles, as from radium or polonium, neutrons are produced in the ratio of about 30 neutrons/ million alpha particles. At ordinary temperatures beryllium resists oxidation in air, although its ability to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer of the oxide. Beryllium is used as an alloying agent in producing beryllium copper which is extensively used for springs, electrical contacts, spot-welding electrodes, and nonsparking tools. It has found application as a structural material for high-speed aircraft, missiles, spacecraft, and communication satellites. It is being used in the windshield frame, brake discs, support beams, and other structural components of the space shuttle. Because beryllium is relatively transparent to X-rays, ultra-thin Be-foil is finding use in X-ray lithography for reproduction of microminiature integrated circuits. Natural beryllium is made of 9Be and is stable. Eight other radioactive isotopes are known. Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator for it has a low thermal neutron absorption cross section. It is used in gyroscopes, computer parts, and instruments where lightness, stiffness, and dimensional stability are required. The oxide has a very high melting point and is also used in nuclear work and ceramic applications. Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care. Beryllium and its compounds should not be tasted to verify the sweetish nature of beryllium (as did early experimenters). The metal, its alloys, and its salts can be handled safely if certain work codes are observed, but no attempt should be made to work with beryllium before becoming familiar with proper safeguards. Beryllium metal is available at a cost of about $5/g (99.5% pure). Bismuth — (Ger. Weisse Masse, white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum), Bi; at. wt. 208.98038(2); at. no. 83; m.p. 271.4°C; b.p. 1564°C; sp. gr. 9.747 (20°C); valence 3 or 5. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753. It is a white crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs native. The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). “Bismanol” is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocouple material, and has found application as a carrier for U235 or U233 fuel in atomic reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming
4-5
THE ELEMENTS (continued) insoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine. Natural bismuth contains only one isotope 209Bi. Forty-four isotopes and isomers of bismuth are known. Bismuth metal (99.5%) costs about $250/kg. Bohrium — (Named after Niels Bohr [1885-1962], Danish atomic and nuclear physicist.) Bh; at.wt. [262]. at.no. 107. Bohrium is expected to have chemical properties similar to rhenium. This element was synthesized and unambiguously identified in 1981 using the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (G.S.I.) in Darmstadt, Germany. The discovery team was led by Armbruster and Münzenberg. The reaction producing the element was proposed and applied earlier by a Dubna Group led by Oganessian in 1976. A target of 209Bi was bombarded by a beam of 54Cr ions. In 1983 experiments at Dubna using the 157-inch cyclotron, produced 262107 by the reaction 209Bi + 54Cr. The alpha decay of 246Cf, the sixth member in the decay chain of 262107, served to establish a 1-neutron reaction channel. The IUPAC adopted the name Bohrium with the symbol Bh for Element 107 in August 1997. Five isotopes of bohrium are now recognized. One isotope of bohrium appears to have a relatively long life of 15 seconds. Work on this relatively long-lived isotope has been performed with the 88-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory. Boron — (Ar. Buraq, Pers. Burah), B; at. wt. 10.811(7); at. no. 5; m.p. 2075°C; b.p. 4000°C; sp. gr. of crystals 2.34, of amorphous variety 2.37; valence 3. Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in borax and colemanite. Ulexite, another boron mineral, is interesting as it is nature’s own version of “fiber optics.” Important sources of boron are the ores rasorite (kernite) and tincal (borax ore). Both of these ores are found in the Mojave Desert. Tincal is the most important source of boron from the Mojave. Extensive borax deposits are also found in Turkey. Boron exists naturally as 19.9% 10B isotope and 80.1% 11B isotope. Ten other isotopes of boron are known. High-purity crystalline boron may be prepared by the vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. The impure, or amorphous, boron, a brownish-black powder, can be obtained by heating the trioxide with magnesium powder. Boron of 99.9999% purity has been produced and is available commercially. Elemental boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. It has interesting optical characteristics, transmitting portions of the infrared, and is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature, but a good conductor at high temperature. Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter. By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B4O7 · 5H 2O. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach. Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile fiberglass and in cellulose insulation as a flame retardant. Next in order of importance is borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H 2O) which is used principally in laundry products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in terms of dollars and tons. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. It also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. The hydrides are easily oxidized with considerable energy liberation, and have been studied for use as rocket fuels. Demand is increasing for boron filaments, a highstrength, lightweight material chiefly employed for advanced aerospace structures. Boron is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Carboranes, metalloboranes, phosphacarboranes, and other families comprise thousands of compounds. Crystalline boron (99.5%) costs about $6/g. Amorphous boron (94–96%) costs about $1.50/g. Elemental boron and the borates are not considered to be toxic, and they do not require special care in handling. However, some of the more exotic boron hydrogen compounds are definitely toxic and do require care. Bromine — (Gr. bromos, stench), Br; at. wt. 79.904(1); at. no. 35; m.p. –7.2°C; b.p. 58.8°C; tc 315°C; density of gas 7.59 g/l, liquid 3.12 (20°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. A member of the halogen group of elements, it is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it. Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline antiknock compounds. Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future production of bromine. Bromine is also used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important. Natural bromine is made of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Thirty-four isotopes and isomers are known. Bromine (99.8%) costs about $70/kg. Cadmium — (L. cadmia; Gr. kadmeia — ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate), Cd; at. wt. 112.411(8); at. no. 48; m.p. 321.07°C; b.p. 767°C; sp. gr. 8.65 (20°C); valence 2. Discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of zinc, copper, and lead ores. It is a soft, bluish-white metal which is easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc. It is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries, and as a barrier to control atomic fission. The market for Ni-Cd batteries is expected to grow significantly in the next few years. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. It forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its compounds are toxic. Failure to appreciate the toxic properties of cadmium may cause workers to be unwittingly exposed to dangerous fumes. Some silver solders, for example, contain cadmium and should be handled with care. Serious toxicity problems have been found from long-term exposure and work with cadmium plating baths. Cadmium is present in certain phosphate rocks. This has raised concerns that the long-term use of certain phosphate fertilizers might pose a health hazard from levels of cadmium that might enter the food chain. In 1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium spectral line (i.e. 1 m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has been changed (see under
4-6
THE ELEMENTS (continued) Krypton). The current price of cadmium is about 50¢/g (99.5%). It is available in high purity form for about $550/kg. Natural cadmium is made of eight isotopes. Thirty four other isotopes and isomers are now known and recognized. Calcium — (L. calx, lime), Ca; at. wt. 40.078(4); at. no. 20; m.p. 842°C; b.p. 1484°C; sp. gr. 1.55 (20°C); valence 2. Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal. Calcium is a metallic element, fifth in abundance in the earth’s crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells. Never found in nature uncombined, it occurs abundantly as limestone (CaCO3), gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H 2O), and fluorite (CaF2); apatite is the fluorophosphate or chlorophosphate of calcium. The metal has a silvery color, is rather hard, and is prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride to which calcium fluoride is added to lower the melting point. Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of oxide in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame, forming largely the oxide. The metal is used as a reducing agent in preparing other metals such as thorium, uranium, zirconium, etc., and is used as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, and inclusion modifier for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys. It is also used as an alloying agent for aluminum, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys, and serves as a “getter” for residual gases in vacuum tubes, etc. Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), made by heating limestone and changed into slaked lime by the careful addition of water, is the great cheap base of chemical industry with countless uses. Mixed with sand it hardens as mortar and plaster by taking up carbon dioxide from the air. Calcium from limestone is an important element in Portland cement. The solubility of the carbonate in water containing carbon dioxide causes the formation of caves with stalactites and stalagmites and is responsible for hardness in water. Other important compounds are the carbide (CaC2), chloride (CaCl2), cyanamide (CaCN2), hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and sulfide (CaS). Calcium sulfide is phosphorescent after being exposed to light. Natural calcium contains six isotopes. Sixteen other radioactive isotopes are known. Metallic calcium (99.5%) costs about $200/kg. Californium — (State and University of California), Cf; at. wt. (251); m.p. 900°C; at. no. 98. Californium, the sixth transuranium element to be discovered, was produced by Thompson, Street, Ghioirso, and Seaborg in 1950 by bombarding microgram quantities of 242Cm with 35 MeV helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. Californium (III) is the only ion stable in aqueous solutions, all attempts to reduce or oxidize californium (III) having failed. The isotope 249Cf results from the beta decay of 249Bk while the heavier isotopes are produced by intense neutron irradiation by the reactions: 249 Bk( n, γ )→ 250 Bk β→ 250 Cf and 249 Cf ( n, γ )→ 250 Cf followed by
250
Cf ( n, γ )→ 251 Cf ( n, γ )→ 252 Cf
The existence of the isotopes 249Cf, 250Cf, 251Cf, and 252Cf makes it feasible to isolate californium in weighable amounts so that its properties can be investigated with macroscopic quantities. Californium-252 is a very strong neutron emitter. One microgram releases 170 million neutrons per minute, which presents biological hazards. Proper safeguards should be used in handling californium. Twenty isotopes of californium are now recognized. 249Cf and 252Cf have half-lives of 351 years and 900 years, respectively. In 1960 a few tenths of a microgram of californium trichloride, CfCl , 3 californium oxychloride, CfOCl, and californium oxide, Cf2O3, were first prepared. Reduction of californium to its metallic state has not yet been accomplished. Because californium is a very efficient source of neutrons, many new uses are expected for it. It has already found use in neutron moisture gages and in well-logging (the determination of water and oil-bearing layers). It is also being used as a portable neutron source for discovery of metals such as gold or silver by on-the-spot activation analysis. 252Cf is now being offered for sale by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (O.R.N.L.) at a cost of $60/µg and 249Cf at a cost of $185/µg plus packing charges. It has been suggested that californium may be produced in certain stellar explosions, called supernovae, for the radioactive decay of 254Cf (55-day half-life) agrees with the characteristics of the light curves of such explosions observed through telescopes. This suggestion, however, is questioned. Californium is expected to have chemical properties similar to dysprosium. Carbon — (L. carbo, charcoal), C; at. wt. 12.0107(8); at. no. 6; sublimes at 3642°C; triple point (graphite-liquid-gas), 4492°C at a pressure of 101.325 kPa; sp. gr. amorphous 1.8 to 2.1, graphite 1.9 to 2.3, diamond 3.15 to 3.53 (depending on variety); gem diamond 3.513 (25°C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Carbon, an element of prehistoric discovery, is very widely distributed in nature. It is found in abundance in the sun, stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. Carbon in the form of microscopic diamonds is found in some meteorites. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite or lamporite of ancient formations called “pipes,” such as found in South Africa, Arkansas, and elsewhere. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. About 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now made synthetically. The energy of the sun and stars can be attributed at least in part to the well-known carbon-nitrogen cycle. Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous, graphite, and diamond. A fourth form, known as “white” carbon, is now thought to exist. Graphite is one of the softest known materials while diamond is one of the hardest. Graphite exists in two forms: alpha and beta. These have identical physical properties, except for their crystal structure. Naturally occurring graphites are reported to contain as much as 30% of the rhombohedral (beta) form, whereas synthetic materials contain only the alpha form. The hexagonal alpha type can be converted to the beta by mechanical treatment, and the beta form reverts to the alpha on heating it above 1000°C. In 1969 a new allotropic form of carbon was produced during the sublimation of pyrolytic graphite at low pressures. Under free-vaporization conditions above ~2550 K, “white” carbon forms as small transparent crystals on the edges of the basal planes of graphite. The interplanar spacings of “white” carbon are identical to those of carbon form noted in the graphitic gneiss from the Ries (meteoritic) Crater of Germany. “White” carbon is a transparent birefringent material. Little information is presently available about this allotrope. Of recent interest is the discovery of all-carbon molecules, known as “buckyballs” or fullerenes, which have a number of unusual properties. These interesting molecules, consisting of 60 or 70 carbon atoms linked together, seem capable of withstanding great pressure and trapping foreign atoms inside their network of carbon. They are said to be capable of magnetism and superconductivity and have potential as a nonlinear optical material. Buckyball films are reported to remain superconductive at temperatures as high as 45 K. In combination, carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth and dissolved in all natural waters. It is a component of great rock masses in the form of carbonates of calcium (limestone), magnesium, and iron. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is unique among the elements in the vast number and variety of compounds it can form. With hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, it forms a very large number of compounds, carbon atom often being linked to carbon atom. There are close to ten million known carbon
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) compounds, many thousands of which are vital to organic and life processes. Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and their derivatives. Carbon has fifteen isotopes. Natural carbon consists of 98.89% 12C and 1.11% 13C. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. Carbon-14, an isotope with a half-life of 5715 years, has been widely used to date such materials as wood, archeological specimens, etc. A new brittle form of carbon, known as “glassy carbon”, has been developed. It can be obtained with high purity. It has a high resistance to corrosion, has good thermal stability, and is structurally impermeable to both gases and liquids. It has a randomized structure, making it useful in ultra-high technology applications, such as crystal growing, crucibles for high-temperature use, etc. Glassy carbon is available at a cost of about $35/10gms. Fullerene powder is available at a cost of about $55/10mg (99%C10). Diamond powder (99.9%) costs about $40/g Cerium — (named for the asteroid Ceres, which was discovered in 1801 only 2 years before the element), Ce; at. wt. 140.115(4); at. no. 58; m.p. 798°C; b.p. 3424°C; sp. gr. 6.770 (25°C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Klaproth and by Berzelius and Hisinger; metal prepared by Hillebrand and Norton in 1875. Cerium is the most abundant of the metals of the so-called rare earths. It is found in a number of minerals including allanite (also known as orthite), monazite, bastnasite, cerite, and samarskite. Monazite and bastnasite are presently the two most important sources of cerium. Large deposits of monazite found on the beaches of Travancore, India, in river sands in Brazil, and deposits of allanite in the western United States, and bastnasite in Southern California will supply cerium, thorium, and the other rare-earth metals for many years to come. Metallic cerium is prepared by metallothermic reduction techniques, such as by reducing cerous fluoride with calcium, or by electrolysis of molten cerous chloride or other cerous halides. The metallothermic technique is used to produce high-purity cerium. Cerium is especially interesting because of its variable electronic structure. The energy of the inner 4f level is nearly the same as that of the outer or valence electrons, and only small amounts of energy are required to change the relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise to dual valency states. For example, a volume change of about 10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about 3 to 4 when it is cooled or compressed. The low temperature behavior of cerium is complex. Four allotropic modifications are thought to exist: cerium at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure is known as γ cerium. Upon cooling to –16°C, γ cerium changes to β cerium. The remaining γ cerium starts to change to α cerium when cooled to –172°C, and the transformation is complete at –269°C. α Cerium has a density of 8.16; δ cerium exists above 726°C. At atmospheric pressure, liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting point. Cerium is an iron-gray lustrous metal. It is malleable, and oxidizes very readily at room temperature, especially in moist air. Except for europium, cerium is the most reactive of the “rare-earth” metals. It slowly decomposes in cold water, and rapidly in hot water. Alkali solutions and dilute and concentrated acids attack the metal rapidly. The pure metal is likely to ignite if scratched with a knife. Ceric salts are orange red or yellowish; cerous salts are usually white. Cerium is a component of misch metal, which is extensively used in the manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, etc. Natural cerium is stable and contains four isotopes. Thirty-two other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. While cerium is not radioactive, the impure commercial grade may contain traces of thorium, which is radioactive. The oxide is an important constituent of incandescent gas mantles and it is emerging as a hydrocarbon catalyst in “self-cleaning” ovens. In this application it can be incorporated into oven walls to prevent the collection of cooking residues. As ceric sulfate it finds extensive use as a volumetric oxidizing agent in quantitative analysis. Cerium compounds are used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer. The oxide is finding increased use as a glass polishing agent instead of rouge, for it is much faster than rouge in polishing glass surfaces. Cerium compounds are finding use in automobile exhaust catalysts. Cerium is also finding use in making permanent magnets. Cerium, with other rare earths, is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry. It is also finding use as an important catalyst in petroleum refining and in metallurgical and nuclear applications. In small lots, cerium costs about $5/g (99.9%). Cesium — (L. caesius, sky blue), Cs; at. wt. 132.90545(2); at. no. 55; m.p. 28.44°C; b.p. 671°C; sp. gr. 1.873 (20°C); valence 1. Cesium was discovered spectroscopically by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water from Durkheim. Cesium, an alkali metal, occurs in lepidolite, pollucite (a hydrated silicate of aluminum and cesium), and in other sources. One of the world’s richest sources of cesium is located at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. The deposits are estimated to contain 300,000 tons of pollucite, averaging 20% cesium. It can be isolated by electrolysis of the fused cyanide and by a number of other methods. Very pure, gas-free cesium can be prepared by thermal decomposition of cesium azide. The metal is characterized by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue along with several others in the red, yellow, and green. It is silvery white, soft, and ductile. It is the most electropositive and most alkaline element. Cesium, gallium, and mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at room temperature. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above –116°C. Cesium hydroxide, the strongest base known, attacks glass. Because of its great affinity for oxygen the metal is used as a “getter” in electron tubes. It is also used in photoelectric cells, as well as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds. The metal has recently found application in ion propulsion systems. Cesium is used in atomic clocks, which are accurate to 5 s in 300 years. A second of time is now defined as being the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyper-fine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. Its chief compounds are the chloride and the nitrate. Cesium has 52 isotopes and isomers with masses ranging from 112 to 148. The present price of cesium is about $50/g (99.98%) sealed in a glass ampoule. Chlorine — (Gr. chloros, greenish yellow), Cl; at. wt. 35.4527(9); at. no. 17; m.p. –101.5°C; b.p. –34.04°C; tc 143.8°C; density 3.214 g/l; sp. gr. 1.56 (–33.6°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele, who thought it contained oxygen; named in 1810 by Davy, who insisted it was an element. In nature it is found in the combined state only, chiefly with sodium as common salt (NaCl), carnallite (KMgCl3 · 6H 2O), and sylvite (KCl). It is a member of the halogen (salt-forming) group of elements and is obtained from chlorides by the action of oxidizing agents and more often by electrolysis; it is a greenish-yellow gas, combining directly with nearly all elements. At 10°C one volume of water dissolves 3.10 volumes of chlorine, at 30°C only 1.77 volumes. Chlorine is widely used in making many everyday products. It is used for producing safe drinking water the world over. Even the smallest water supplies are now usually chlorinated. It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products. Most of the chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Further use is in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and in the extraction of bromine. Organic chemistry demands much from chlorine, both as an oxidizing agent and in substitution, since it often brings desired properties in an organic compound when substituted for hydrogen, as in one form
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) of synthetic rubber. Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucous membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odor, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. It was used as a war gas in 1915. Natural chlorine contains two isotopes. Twenty other isotopes and isomers are known. Chromium — (Gr. chroma, color), Cr; at. wt. 51.9961(6); at. no. 24; m.p. 1907°C; b.p. 2671°C; sp. gr. 7.18 to 7.20 (20°C); valence chiefly 2, 3, or 6. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin, who prepared the metal the next year, chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish. The principal ore is chromite (FeCr2O4), which is found in Zimbabwe, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, Iran, Albania, Finland, Democratic Republic of Madagascar, the Philippines, and elsewhere. The U.S. has no appreciable chromite ore reserves. The metal is usually produced by reducing the oxide with aluminum. Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form many useful alloys. Much is used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Chromium is used to give glass an emerald green color. It finds wide use as a catalyst. All compounds of chromium are colored; the most important are the chromates of sodium and potassium (K2CrO4) and the dichromates (K2Cr2O7) and the potassium and ammonium chrome alums, as KCr(SO4)2 · 12H 2O. The dichromates are used as oxidizing agents in quantitative analysis, also in tanning leather. Other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow, a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing aluminum. The refractory industry has found chromite useful for forming bricks and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal expansion, and stability of crystalline structure. Chromium is an essential trace element for human health. Many chromium compounds, however, are acutely toxic, chronically toxic, and may be carcinogenic. They should be handled with proper safeguards. Natural chromium contains four isotopes. Twenty other isotopes are known. Chromium metal (99.95%) costs about $1000/kg. Commercial grade chromium (99%) costs about $75/kg. Cobalt — (Kobald, from the German, goblin or evil spirit, cobalos, Greek, mine), Co; at. wt. 58.93320(1); at. no. 27; m.p. 1495°C; b.p. 2927°C; sp. gr. 8.9 (20°C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered by Brandt about 1735. Cobalt occurs in the mineral cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. It is also present in meteorites. Important ore deposits are found in Congo-Kinshasa, Australia, Zambia, Russia, Canada, and elsewhere. The U.S. Geological Survey has announced that the bottom of the north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in waters close to the Hawaiian Islands and other U.S. Pacific territories. Cobalt is a brittle, hard metal, closely resembling iron and nickel in appearance. It has a magnetic permeability of about two thirds that of iron. Cobalt tends to exist as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range; the β-form predominates below 400°C, and the α above that temperature. The transformation is sluggish and accounts in part for the wide variation in reported data on physical properties of cobalt. It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. Stellite alloys, containing cobalt, chromium, and tungsten, are used for high-speed, heavy-duty, high temperature cutting tools, and for dies. Cobalt is also used in other magnet steels and stainless steels, and in alloys used in jet turbines and gas turbine generators. The metal is used in electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation. The salts have been used for centuries for the production of brilliant and permanent blue colors in porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. It is the principal ingredient in Sevre’s and Thenard’s blue. A solution of the chloride (CoCl2 · 6H 2O) is used as sympathetic ink. The cobalt ammines are of interest; the oxide and the nitrate are important. Cobalt carefully used in the form of the chloride, sulfate, acetate, or nitrate has been found effective in correcting a certain mineral deficiency disease in animals. Soils should contain 0.13 to 0.30 ppm of cobalt for proper animal nutrition.Cobalt is found in Vitamin B-12, which is essential for human nutrition. Cobalt of 99.9+% purity is priced at about$250/kg. Cobalt-60, an artificial isotope, is an important gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a tracer and a radiotherapeutic agent. Single compact sources of Cobalt-60 vary from about $1 to $10/curie, depending on quantity and specific activity. Thirty isotopes and isomers of cobalt are known. Columbium — See Niobium. Copper — (L. cuprum, from the island of Cyprus), Cu; at. wt. 63.546(3); at. no. 29; f.p. 1084.62 °C; b.p. 2562°C; sp. gr. 8.96 (20°C); valence 1 or 2. The discovery of copper dates from prehistoric times. It is said to have been mined for more than 5000 years. It is one of man’s most important metals. Copper is reddish colored, takes on a bright metallic luster, and is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Copper occasionally occurs native, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis. Its alloys, brass and bronze, long used, are still very important; all American coins are now copper alloys; monel and gun metals also contain copper. The most important compounds are the oxide and the sulfate, blue vitriol; the latter has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds such as Fehling’s solution are widely used in analytical chemistry in tests for sugar. High-purity copper (99.999 + %) is readily available commercially. The price of commercial copper has fluctuated widely. The price of copper in December 2001 was about $1.50/kg. Natural copper contains two isotopes. Twenty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Curium — (Pierre and Marie Curie), Cm; at. wt. (247); at. no. 96; m.p. 1345°C; sp. gr. 13.51 (calc.); valence 3 and 4. Although curium follows americium in the periodic system, it was actually known before americium and was the third transuranium element to be discovered. It was identified by Seaborg, James, and Ghiorso in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago as a result of helium-ion bombardment of 239Pu in the Berkeley, California, 60-inch cyclotron. Visible amounts (30 µg) of 242Cm, in the form of the hydroxide, were first isolated by Werner and Perlman of the University of California in 1947. In 1950, Crane, Wallmann, and Cunningham found that the magnetic susceptibility of microgram samples of CmF3 was of the same magnitude as that of GdF3. This provided direct experimental evidence for assigning an electronic configuration to Cm+3. In 1951, the same workers prepared curium in its elemental form for the first time. Sixteen isotopes of curium are now known. The most stable, 247Cm, with a half-life of 16 million years, is so short compared to the earth’s age that any primordial curium must have disappeared long ago from the natural scene. Minute amounts of curium probably exist in natural deposits of uranium, as a result of a sequence of neutron captures and β decays sustained by the very low flux of neutrons naturally present in uranium ores. The presence of natural curium, however, has never been detected. 242Cm and 244Cm are available in multigram quantities. 248Cm has been produced only in milligram amounts. Curium is similar in some regards to gadolinium, its rareearth homolog, but it has a more complex crystal structure. Curium is silver in color, is chemically reactive, and is more electropositive than aluminum. CmO2, Cm2O3, CmF3, CmF4, CmCl3, CmBr3, and CmI3 have been prepared. Most compounds of trivalent curium are faintly yellow in color. 242Cm generates about three watts of thermal energy per gram. This compares to one-half watt per gram of 238Pu. This suggests use for curium as a power source. 244Cm is now offered for sale by the O.R.N.L. at $185/mg plus packing charges. 248Cm is available at a cost of $160/µg, plus packing charges,
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) from the O.R.N.L. Curium absorbed into the body accumulates in the bones, and is therefore very toxic as its radiation destroys the red-cell forming mechanism. The maximum permissible total body burden of 244Cm (soluble) in a human being is 0.3 µCi (microcurie). Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen — see Hydrogen. Dubnium — (named after the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia). Db; at.wt. [262]; at.no. 105. In 1967 G. N. Flerov reported that a Soviet team working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna may have produced a few atoms of 260105 and 261105 by bombarding 243Am with 22Ne. Their evidence was based on time-coincidence measurements of alpha energies. More recently, it was reported that early in 1970 Dubna scientists synthesized Element 105 and that by the end of April 1970 “had investigated all the types of decay of the new element and had determined its chemical properties.” In late April 1970, it was announced that Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. L. Eskola, working at the University of California at Berkeley, had positively identified Element 105. The discovery was made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with a beam of 84 MeV nitrogen nuclei in the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC). When a 15N nuclear is absorbed by a 249Cf nucleus, four neutrons are emitted and a new atom of 260105 with a half-life of 1.6 s is formed. While the first atoms of Element 105 are said to have been detected conclusively on March 5, 1970, there is evidence that Element 105 had been formed in Berkeley experiments a year earlier by the method described. Ghiorso and his associates have attempted to confirm Soviet findings by more sophisticated methods without success. In October 1971, it was announced that two new isotopes of Element 105 were synthesized with the heavy ion linear accelerator by A. Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley. Element 261105 was produced both by bombarding 250Cf with 15N and by bombarding 249Bk with 16O. The isotope emits 8.93-MeV α particles and decays to 257Lr with a half-life of about 1.8 s. Element 262105 was produced by bombarding 249Bk with 18O. It emits 8.45 MeV α particles and decays to 258Lr with a half-life of about 40 s. Nine isotopes of Dubnium are now recognized. Soon after the discovery the names Hahnium and Joliotium, named after Otto Hahn and Jean-Frederic Joliot and Mme. Joliot-Curie, were suggested as names for Element 105. The IUPAC in August 1997 finally resolved the issue, naming Element 105 Dubnium with the symbol Db. Dubnium is thought to have properties similar to tantalum. Dysprosium — (Gr. dysprositos, hard to get at), Dy; at. wt. 162.50(3); at. no. 66; m.p. 1412°C; b.p. 2567°C; sp. gr. 8.551 (25°C); valence 3. Dysprosium was discovered in 1886 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not isolated. Neither the oxide nor the metal was available in relatively pure form until the development of ion-exchange separation and metallographic reduction techniques by Spedding and associates about 1950. Dysprosium occurs along with other so-called rare-earth or lanthanide elements in a variety of minerals such as xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, and blomstrandine. The most important sources, however, are from monazite and bastnasite. Dysprosium can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with calcium. The element has a metallic, bright silver luster. It is relatively stable in air at room temperature, and is readily attacked and dissolved, with the evolution of hydrogen, by dilute and concentrated mineral acids. The metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Small amounts of impurities can greatly affect its physical properties. While dysprosium has not yet found many applications, its thermal neutron absorption cross-section and high melting point suggest metallurgical uses in nuclear control applications and for alloying with special stainless steels. A dysprosium oxide-nickel cermet has found use in cooling nuclear reactor rods. This cermet absorbs neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment. In combination with vanadium and other rare earths, dysprosium has been used in making laser materials. Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides, as sources of infrared radiation, have been used for studying chemical reactions. The cost of dysprosium metal has dropped in recent years since the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, and the discovery of large ore bodies. Thirty two isotopes and isomers are now known. The metal costs about $6/g (99.9% purity). Einsteinium — (Albert Einstein [1879–1955]), Es; at. wt. (252); m.p. 860°C (est.); at. no. 99. Einsteinium, the seventh transuranic element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley in December 1952 in debris from the first large thermonuclear explosion, which took place in the Pacific in November 1952. The isotope produced was the 20-day 253Es isotope. In 1961, a sufficient amount of einsteinium was produced to permit separation of a macroscopic amount of 253Es. This sample weighed about 0.01 µg. A special magnetic-type balance was used in making this determination. 253Es so produced was used to produce mendelevium. About 3 µg of einsteinium has been produced at Oak Ridge National Laboratories by irradiating for several years kilogram quantities of 239Pu in a reactor to produce 242Pu. This was then fabricated into pellets of plutonium oxide and aluminum powder, and loaded into target rods for an initial 1-year irradiation at the Savannah River Plant, followed by irradiation in a HFIR (High Flux Isotopic Reactor). After 4 months in the HFIR the targets were removed for chemical separation of the einsteinium from californium. Nineteen isotopes and isomers of einsteinium are now recognized. 254Es has the longest half-life (276 days). Tracer studies using 253Es show that einsteinium has chemical properties typical of a heavy trivalent, actinide element. Einsteinium is extremely radioactive. Great care must be taken when handling it. Element 93 — See Neptunium. Element 94 — See Plutonium. Element 95 — See Americium. Element 96 — See Curium. Element 97 — See Berkelium. Element 98 — See Californium. Element 99 — See Einsteinium. Element 100 — See Fermium (unnilnilium). Element 101 — See Mendelevium (unnilunium). Element 102 — See Nobelium (unnilbium). Element 103 — See Lawrencium (unniltrium). Element 104 — See Rutherfordium (unnilquadium). Element 105 — See Dubnium (unnilpentium). Element 106 — See Seaborgium (unnilhexium). Element 107 — See Bohrium (unnilseptium). Element 108 — See Hassium (unniloctium). Element 109 — See Meitnerium (unnilennium).
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Element 110 — In 1987 Oganessian, et al., at Dubna, claimed discovery of this element. Their experiments indicated the spontaneous fissioning nuclide 272110 with a half-life of 10 ms. More recently a group led by Armbruster at G.S.I. in Darmstadt, Germany, reported evidence of 269110, which was produced by bombarding lead for many days with more than 1018 nickel atoms. A detector searched each collision for Element 110’s distinct decay sequence. On November 9, 1994, evidence of 110 was detected. Berkeley scientists, in 1991, performed similar experiments and reported evidence of 110, but this was not confirmed. Workers at Dubna have experiments underway to produce 273110 by bombarding plutonium with sulfur atoms. Other experiments at G.S.I. and elsewhere are now searching for heavier isotopes. Five isotopes of Element 110 are now recognized. Several years ago the IUPAC suggested the use of the temporary name ununnilium, with the symbol Uun, for Element 110 when it was found. Element 111 — On December 20, 1994, scientists at GSI Darmstadt, Germany announced they had detected three atoms of a new element with 111 protons and 161 neutrons. This element was made by bombarding 83Bi with 28Ni. Signals of Element 111 appeared for less than 0.002 sec, then decayed into lighter elements including Element 268109 and Element 264107. These isotopes had not previously been observed. A name for Element 111 has not been suggested although IUPAC has suggested a temporary name of Unununium, with the symbol Uuu. Element 111 is expected to have properties similar to gold. Element 112 — In late February 1996, Siguard Hofmann and his collaborators at GSI Darmstadt announced their discovery of Element 112, having 112 protons and 165 neutrons, with an atomic mass of 277. This element was made by bombarding a lead target with high-energy zinc ions. A single nucleus of Element 112 was detected, which decayed after less than 0.001 sec by emitting an α particle, consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This created Element 110273, which in turn decayed by emitting an α particle to form a new isotope of Element 108 and so on. Evidence indicates that nuclei with 162 neutrons are held together more strongly than nuclei with a smaller or larger number of neutrons. This suggests a narrow “peninsula” of relatively stable isotopes around Element 114. GSI scientists are experimenting to bombard targets with ions heavier than zinc to produce Elements 113 and 114. A name has not yet been suggested for Element 112, although the IUPAC suggested the temporary name of ununbium, with the symbol of Uub, when the element was discovered. Element 112 is expected to have properties similar to mercury. Element 113 — (ununtrium) As of December 1999 this element remains undiscovered. Element 114 — (ununquadium) Symbol Uuq. Element 114 is the first new element to be discovered since 1996. This element was found by a Russian–American team, including Livermore researchers, by bombarding a sheet of plutonium with a rare form of calcium hoping to make the atoms stick together in a new element. Radiation showed that the new element broke into smaller pieces. Data of radiation collected at the Russian Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in November and December 1998, were analyzed in January 1999. It was found that some of the heavy atoms created when 114 decayed lived up to 30 seconds, which was longer than ever seen before, for such a heavy element. This isotope decayed into a previously unknown isotope of Element 112, which itself lasted 15 minutes. That isotope, in turn, decayed to a previously undiscovered isotope of Element 108, which survived 17 minutes. Isotopes of these and those with longer life-times have been predicted for some time by theorists. It appears that these isotopes are on the edge of the “island of stability”, and that some of the isotopes in this region might last long enough for studies of their nuclear behavior and for a chemical evaluation to be made. No name has yet been suggested for Element 114; however, the temporary name of ununquadium with symbol Uuq may be used. Element 115— (Ununpentium) Symbol Uup. As of January 2002, this element remains undiscovered. Element 116— (Ununhexium) Symbol Uuh. As of January 2002 it is questionable if this element has been discovered. Element 117— (Ununseptium) Symbol Uus. As of January 2002, this element remains undiscovered. Element 118— (Ununoctium) Symbol Uuo. In June 1999 it was announced that Elements 118 and 116 had been discovered at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. A lead target was bombarded for more than 10 days with roughly 1 quintillion krypton ions. The team reported that three atoms of Element 118 were made, which quickly decayed into Elements 116, 114, and elements of lower atomic mass. It was said that the isotopes of Element 118 lasted only about 200 milliseconds, while the isotope of Element 116 lasted only 1.2 milliseconds. It was hoped that these elements might be members of “an island of stability”, which had long been sought. At that time it was hoped that a target of bismuth might be bombarded with krypton ions to make Element 119, which, in turn, would decay into Elements 117, 115, and 113. On July 27, 2001 researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory announced that their discovery of Element 118 was being retracted because workers at the GSI Laboratory in Germany and at Japanese laboratories failed to confirm their results. However, it was reported that different experiments at the Livermore Laboratory and Joint Institute from Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia indicated that Element 116 had since been created. Researchers at the Australian National Laboratory suggest that super-heavy elements may be more difficult to make than previously thought. Their data suggest the best way to encourage fusion in making super-heavy elements is to combine the lightest projectiles possible with the heaviest possible targets. This would minimize a so-called “quasi-fission process” in which a projectile nucleus steals protons and neutrons froma target nucleus. In this process the two nuclei are said to fly apart without every having actually combined. Erbium — (Ytterby, a town in Sweden), Er; at. wt. 167.26(3); at. no. 68; m.p. 1529°C; b.p. 2868°C; sp. gr. 9.066 (25°C); valence 3, Erbium, one of the so-called rare-earth elements of the lanthanide series, is found in the minerals mentioned under dysprosium above. In 1842 Mosander separated “yttria,” found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. The names erbia and terbia became confused in this early period. After 1860, Mosander’s terbia was known as erbia, and after 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as erbia, scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonably pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor. The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare-earth metals, its properties depend to a certain extent on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. Naturally occurring erbium is a mixture of six isotopes, all of which are stable. Twenty-seven radioactive isotopes of erbium are also recognized. Recent production techniques, using ion-exchange reactions, have resulted in much lower prices of the rare-earth metals and their compounds in recent years. The cost of 99.9% erbium metal is about $21/g. Erbium is finding nuclear and metallurgical uses. Added to vanadium, for example, erbium lowers the hardness and improves workability. Most of the rare-earth oxides have sharp absorption bands in the visible, ultraviolet, and near infrared. This property, associated with the electronic structure, gives beautiful pastel colors to many of the rare-earth salts. Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes. Europium — (Europe), Eu; at. wt. 151.964(1); at. no. 63; m.p. 822°C; b.p. 1596°C; sp. gr. 5.244 (25°C); valence 2 or 3. In 1890 Boisbaudran obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spark spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. These
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) lines subsequently have been shown to belong to europium. The discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay, who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years. Europium is now prepared by mixing Eu2O3 with a 10%-excess of lanthanum metal and heating the mixture in a tantalum crucible under high vacuum. The element is collected as a silvery-white metallic deposit on the walls of the crucible. As with other rare-earth metals, except for lanthanum, europium ignites in air at about 150 to 180°C. Europium is about as hard as lead and is quite ductile. It is the most reactive of the rare-earth metals, quickly oxidizing in air. It resembles calcium in its reaction with water. Bastnasite and monazite are the principal ores containing europium. Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications. Europium oxide is now widely used as a phosphor activator and europium-activated yttrium vanadate is in commercial use as the red phosphor in color TV tubes. Europium-doped plastic has been used as a laser material. With the development of ion-exchange techniques and special processes, the cost of the metal has been greatly reduced in recent years. Natural europium contains two stable isotopes. Thirty five other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Europium is one of the rarest and most costly of the rare-earth metals. It is priced at about $60/g (99.9% pure). Fermium — (Enrico Fermi [1901–1954], nuclear physicist), Fm; at. wt. [257]; at. no. 100; m.p. 1527°C. Fermium, the eighth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was identified by Ghiorso and co-workers in 1952 in the debris from a thermonuclear explosion in the Pacific in work involving the University of California Radiation Laboratory, the Argonne National Laboratory, and the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The isotope produced was the 20-hour 255Fm. During 1953 and early 1954, while discovery of elements 99 and 100 was withheld from publication for security reasons, a group from the Nobel Institute of Physics in Stockholm bombarded 238U with 16O ions, and isolated a 30-min α-emitter, which they ascribed to 250100, without claiming discovery of the element. This isotope has since been identified positively, and the 30-min half-life confirmed. The chemical properties of fermium have been studied solely with tracer amounts, and in normal aqueous media only the (III) oxidation state appears to exist. The isotope 254Fm and heavier isotopes can be produced by intense neutron irradiation of lower elements such as plutonium by a process of successive neutron capture interspersed with beta decays until these mass numbers and atomic numbers are reached. Twenty isotopes and isomers of fermium are known to exist. 257Fm, with a half-life of about 100.5 days, is the longest lived. 250Fm, with a half-life of 30 min, has been shown to be a product of decay of Element 254102. It was by chemical identification of 250Fm that production of Element 102 (nobelium) was confirmed. Fermium would probably have chemical properties resembling erbium. Fluorine — (L. and F. fluere, flow, or flux), F; at. wt. 18.9984032(5); at. no. 9; m.p. –219.62°C (1 atm); b.p. –188.12°C (1 atm); tc -129.02°C; density 1.696 g/L (0°C, 1 atm); liq. den. at b.p. 1.50 g/cm3; valence 1. In 1529, Georgius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux, and as early as 1670 Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid. Scheele and many later investigators, including Davy, Gay-Lussac, Lavoisier, and Thenard, experimented with hydrofluoric acid, some experiments ending in tragedy. The element was finally isolated in 1886 by Moisson after nearly 74 years of continuous effort. Fluorine occurs chiefly in fluorspar (CaF2) and cryolite (Na2AlF6), and is in topaz and other minerals. It is a member of the halogen family of elements, and is obtained by electrolyzing a solution of potassium hydrogen fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in a vessel of metal or transparent fluorspar. Modern commercial production methods are essentially variations on the procedures first used by Moisson. Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements. It is a pale yellow, corrosive gas, which reacts with practically all organic and inorganic substances. Finely divided metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and even water burn in fluorine with a bright flame. Until World War II, there was no commercial production of elemental fluorine. The atom bomb project and nuclear energy applications, however, made it necessary to produce large quantities. Safe handling techniques have now been developed and it is possible at present to transport liquid fluorine by the ton. Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium (from the hexafluoride) and more than 100 commercial fluorochemicals, including many well-known high-temperature plastics. Hydrofluoric acid is extensively used for etching the glass of light bulbs, etc. Fluorochloro hydrocarbons have been extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration. However, in recent years the U.S. and other countries have been phasing out ozone-depleting substances, such as the fluorochloro hydrocarbons that have been used in these applications. It has been suggested that fluorine might be substituted for hydrogen wherever it occurs in organic compounds, which could lead to an astronomical number of new fluorine compounds. The presence of fluorine as a soluble fluoride in drinking water to the extent of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth, when used by children acquiring permanent teeth; in smaller amounts, however, fluorides are said to be beneficial and used in water supplies to prevent dental cavities. Elemental fluorine has been studied as a rocket propellant as it has an exceptionally high specific impulse value. Compounds of fluorine with rare gases have now been confirmed. Fluorides of xenon, radon, and krypton are among those known. Elemental fluorine and the fluoride ion are highly toxic. The free element has a characteristic pungent odor, detectable in concentrations as low as 20 ppb, which is below the safe working level. The recommended maximum allowable concentration for a daily 8-hour time-weighted exposure is 1 ppm. Fluorine is known to have fourteen isotopes. Francium — (France), Fr; at. no. 87; at. wt. [223]; m.p. 27°C; valence 1. Discovered in 1939 by Mlle. Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute, Paris. Francium, the heaviest known member of the alkali metal series, occurs as a result of an alpha disintegration of actinium. It can also be made artificially by bombarding thorium with protons. While it occurs naturally in uranium minerals, there is probably less than an ounce of francium at any time in the total crust of the earth. It has the highest equivalent weight of any element, and is the most unstable of the first 101 elements of the periodic system. Thirty-six isotopes and isomers of francium are recognized. The longest lived 223Fr(Ac, K), a daughter of 227Ac, has a half-life of 21.8 min. This is the only isotope of francium occurring in nature. Because all known isotopes of francium are highly unstable, knowledge of the chemical properties of this element comes from radiochemical techniques. No weighable quantity of the element has been prepared or isolated. The chemical properties of francium most closely resemble cesium. In 1996, researchers Orozco, Sprouse, and co-workers at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, reported that they had produced francium atoms by bombarding 18O atoms at a gold target heated almost to its melting point. Collisions between gold and oxygen nuclei created atoms of francium-210 which had 87 protons and123 neutrons. This team reported they had generated about 1 million francium-210 ions per second and held 1000 or more atoms at a time for about 20 secs. in a magnetic trap they had devised before the atoms decayed or escaped. Enough francium was trapped so that a video camera could capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresced. A cluster of about 10,000 francium atoms appeared as a glowing sphere about 1 mm in diameter. It is thought that the francium atoms could serve as miniature laboratoires for probing interactions between electrons and quarks. Gadolinium — (gadolinite, a mineral named for Gadolin, a Finnish chemist), Gd; at. wt. 157.25(3); at. no. 64; m.p. 1313°C; b.p. 3273°C; sp. gr. 7.901 (25°C); valence 3. Gadolinia, the oxide of gadolinium, was separated by Marignac in 1880 and Lecoq de Boisbaudran independently isolated the element from Mosander’s “yttria” in 1886. The element was named for the mineral gadolinite from which this rare earth was originally obtained. Gadolinium is found in several other minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are of commercial importance. The element has been isolated
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) only in recent years. With the development of ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques, the availability and price of gadolinium and the other rare-earth metals have greatly improved. Thirty-one isotopes and isomers of gadolinium are now recognized; seven are stable and occur naturally. The metal can be prepared by the reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium. As with other related rare-earth metals, it is silvery white, has a metallic luster, and is malleable and ductile. At room temperature, gadolinium crystallizes in the hexagonal, close-packed α form. Upon heating to 1235°C, α gadolinium transforms into the β form, which has a body-centered cubic structure. The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but in moist air it tarnishes with the formation of a loosely adhering oxide film which spalls off and exposes more surface to oxidation. The metal reacts slowly with water and is soluble in dilute acid. Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element (49,000 barns). Natural gadolinium is a mixture of seven isotopes. Two of these, 155Gd and 157Gd, have excellent capture characteristics, but they are present naturally in low concentrations. As a result, gadolinium has a very fast burnout rate and has limited use as a nuclear control rod material. It has been used in making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications. Compounds of gadolinium are used in making phosphors for color TV tubes. The metal has unusual superconductive properties. As little as 1% gadolinium has been found to improve the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. Gadolinium ethyl sulfate has extremely low noise characteristics and may find use in duplicating the performance of amplifiers, such as the maser. The metal is ferromagnetic. Gadolinium is unique for its high magnetic moment and for its special Curie temperature (above which ferromagnetism vanishes) lying just at room temperature. This suggests uses as a magnetic component that senses hot and cold. The price of the metal is about $5/g (99.9% purity). Gallium — (L. Gallia, France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock), Ga; at. wt. 69.723(1); at. no. 31; m.p. 29.76°C; b.p. 2204°C; sp. gr. 5.904 (29.6°C) solid; sp. gr. 6.095 (29.6°C) liquid; valence 2 or 3. Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH. Gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much as 1.5% gallium. It is the only metal, except for mercury, cesium, and rubidium, which can be liquid near room temperatures; this makes possible its use in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures. There is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. Therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification. Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. The metal expands 3.1% on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, as they may break as the metal solidifies. Gallium wets glass or porcelain, and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass. It is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors. High-purity gallium is attacked only slowly by mineral acids. Magnesium gallate containing divalent impurities such as Mn+2 is finding use in commercial ultraviolet activated powder phosphors. Gallium nitride has been used to produce blue light-emitting diodes. Blue LED’s used in compact disc applications can be used to store a 2-hr movie, for example, on one 5-in. diameter disc. Extensive use of gallium has found recent application in the Gallex Detector Experiment located in the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory in Italy. This underground facility has been built by the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in the middle of a highway tunnel through the Abruzzese mountains, about 150 km east of Rome. The experiment is shielded by a 3300-m water-equivalent of rock. In this experiment, 30.3 tons of gallium in the form of 110 tons of GaCl3-HCl solution are being used to detect solar neutrinos. The production of 71Ge from gallium is being measured.Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low-melting alloys. Its toxicity appears to be of a low order, but should be handled with care until more data are forthcoming. Natural gallium contains two stable isotopes. Twenty-six other isotopes, one of which is an isomer, are known. The metal can be supplied in ultrapure form (99.99999+%). The cost is about $5/g (99.999%). Germanium — (L. Germania, Germany), Ge; at. wt. 72.61(2); at. no. 32; m.p. 938.25°C; b.p. 2833°C; sp. gr. 5.323 (25°C); valence 2 and 4. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 as ekasilicon, and discovered by Winkler in 1886. The metal is found in argyrodite, a sulfide of germanium and silver; in germanite, which contains 8% of the element; in zinc ores; in coal; and in other minerals. The element is frequently obtained commercially from flue dusts of smelters processing zinc ores, and has been recovered from the by-products of combustion of certain coals. Its presence in coal insures a large reserve of the element in the years to come. Germanium can be separated from other metals by fractional distillation of its volatile tetrachloride. The tetrachloride may then be hydrolyzed to give GeO2; the dioxide can be reduced with hydrogen to give the metal. Recently developed zone-refining techniques permit the production of germanium of ultra-high purity. The element is a gray-white metalloid, and in its pure state is crystalline and brittle, retaining its luster in air at room temperature. It is a very important semiconductor material. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with an impurity of only one part in 1010. Doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. Its application in fiber optics and infra-red optical systems now provides the largest use for germanium. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst. Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. Germanium oxide’s high index of refraction and dispersion has made it useful as a component of glasses used in wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives. The field of organogermanium chemistry is becoming increasingly important. Certain germanium compounds have a low mammalian toxicity, but a marked activity against certain bacteria, which makes them of interest as chemotherapeutic agents. The cost of germanium is about $10/g (99.999% purity). Thirty isotopes and isomers are known, five of which occur naturally. Gold — (Sanskrit Jval; Anglo-Saxon gold), Au (L. aurum, gold); at. wt. 196.96654(3); at. no. 79; m.p. 1064.18°C; b.p. 2856°C; sp. gr. ~19.3 (20°C); valence 1 or 3. Known and highly valued from earliest times, gold is found in nature as the free metal and in tellurides; it is very widely distributed and is almost always associated with quartz or pyrite. It occurs in veins and alluvial deposits, and is often separated from rocks and other minerals by sluicing and panning operations. About 25% of the world’s gold output comes from South Africa, and about two thirds of the total U.S. production now comes from South Dakota and Nevada. The metal is recovered from its ores by cyaniding, amalgamating, and smelting processes. Refining is also frequently done by electrolysis. Gold occurs in sea water to the extent of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location where the sample is taken. As yet, no method has been found for recovering gold from sea water profitably. It is estimated that all the gold in the world, so far refined, could be placed in a single cube 60 ft on a side. Of all the elements, gold in its pure state is undoubtedly the most beautiful. It is metallic, having a yellow color when in a mass, but when finely divided it may be black, ruby, or purple. The Purple of Cassius is a delicate test for auric gold. It is the most malleable and ductile metal; 1 oz. of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2. It is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems in many countries. It
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and for plating. It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. Gold, like other precious metals, is measured in troy weight; when alloyed with other metals, the term carat is used to express the amount of gold present, 24 carats being pure gold. For many years the value of gold was set by the U.S. at $20.67/troy ounce; in 1934 this value was fixed by law at $35.00/troy ounce, 9/10th fine. On March 17, 1968, because of a gold crisis, a two-tiered pricing system was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00/troy ounce price while the price of gold on the private market would be allowed to fluctuate. Since this time, the price of gold on the free market has fluctuated widely. The price of gold on the free market reached a price of $620/ troy oz. in January 1980. More recently, the U.K. and other nations, including the I.M.F. have sold or threatened to sell a sizeable portion of their gold reserves. This has caused wide fluctuations in the price of gold. Because this has damaged the economy of some countries, a moratorium for a few years has been declared. This has tended to stabilize temporarily the price of gold. The most common gold compounds are auric chloride (AuCl3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4), the latter being used in photography for toning the silver image. Gold has forty-eight recognized isotopes and isomers; 198Au, with a half-life of 2.7 days, is used for treating cancer and other diseases. Disodium aurothiomalate is administered intramuscularly as a treatment for arthritis. A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). Gold is available commercially with a purity of 99.999+%. For many years the temperature assigned to the freezing point of gold has been 1063.0°C; this has served as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scales (ITS-27 and ITS-48) and the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS48). In 1968, a new International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-68) was adopted, which demanded that the freezing point of gold be changed to 1064.43°C. In 1990 a new International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) was adopted bringing the t.p. (triple point) of H2O (t90 (°C)) to 0.01°C and the freezing point of gold to 1064.18°C.The specific gravity of gold has been found to vary considerably depending on temperature, how the metal is precipitated, and cold-worked. As of December 2001, gold was priced at about $275/troy oz. ($8.50/g). Hafnium — (Hafnia, Latin name for Copenhagen), Hf; at. wt. 178.49(2); at. no. 72; m.p. 2233°C; b.p. 4603°C; sp. gr. 13.31 (20°C); valence 4. Hafnium was thought to be present in various minerals and concentrations many years prior to its discovery, in 1923, credited to D. Coster and G. von Hevesey. On the basis of the Bohr theory, the new element was expected to be associated with zirconium. It was finally identified in zircon from Norway, by means of X-ray spectroscopic analysis. It was named in honor of the city in which the discovery was made. Most zirconium minerals contain 1 to 5% hafnium. It was originally separated from zirconium by repeated recrystallization of the double ammonium or potassium fluorides by von Hevesey and Jantzen. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by van Arkel and deBoer by passing the vapor of the tetraiodide over a heated tungsten filament. Almost all hafnium metal now produced is made by reducing the tetrachloride with magnesium or with sodium (Kroll Process). Hafnium is a ductile metal with a brilliant silver luster. Its properties are considerably influenced by the impurities of zirconium present. Of all the elements, zirconium and hafnium are two of the most difficult to separate. Their chemistry is almost identical, however, the density of zirconium is about half that of hafnium. Very pure hafnium has been produced, with zirconium being the major impurity. Natural hafnium contains six isotopes, one of which is slightly radioactive. Hafnium has a total of 41 recognized isotopes and isomers. Because hafnium has a good absorption cross section for thermal neutrons (almost 600 times that of zirconium), has excellent mechanical properties, and is extremely corrosion resistant, it is used for reactor control rods. Such rods are used in nuclear submarines. Hafnium has been successfully alloyed with iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum, and other metals. Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary composition known, and the nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides (m.p. 3310°C). Hafnium is used in gas-filled and incandescent lamps, and is an efficient “getter” for scavenging oxygen and nitrogen. Finely divided hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air. Care should be taken when machining the metal or when handling hot sponge hafnium. At 700°C hafnium rapidly absorbs hydrogen to form the composition HfH1.86. Hafnium is resistant to concentrated alkalis, but at elevated temperatures reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon. Halogens react directly to form tetrahalides. The price of the metal is about $2/g. The yearly demand for hafnium in the U.S. is now in excess of 50,000 kg. Hahnium — A name previously used for Element 105, now named dubnium. Hassium — (named for the German state, Hesse) Hs, at.wt. [265]; at.no. 108. This element was first synthesized and identified in 1964 by the same G.S.I. Darmstadt Group who first identified Bohrium and Meitnerium. Presumably this element has chemical properties similar to osmium. Isotope 265108 was produced using a beam of 58Fe projectiles, produced by the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) to bombard a 208Pb target. Discovery of Bohrium and Meitnerium was made using detection of isotopes with odd proton and neutron numbers. Elements having even atomic numbers have been thought to be less stable against spontaneous fusion than odd elements. The production of 265108 in the same reaction as was used at G.S.I. was confirmed at Dubna with detection of the seventh member of the decay chain 253Es. Isotopes of Hassium are believed to decay by spontaneous fission, explaining why 109 was produced before 108. Isotope 265108 and 266108 are thought to decay to 261106, which in turn decay to 257104 and 253102. The IUPAC adopted the name Hassium after the German state of Hesse in September 1997. In June 2001 it was announced that hassium is now the heaviest element to have its chemical properties analyzed. A research team at the UNILAC heavy-ion accelerator in Darmstadt, Germany built an instrument to detect and analyze hassium. Atoms of curium-248 were collided with atoms of magnesium-26, producing about 6 atoms of hassium with a halflife of 9 sec. This was sufficiently long to obtain data showing that hassium atoms react with oxygen to form hassium oxide molecules. These condensed at a temperature consistent with the behavior of Group 8 elements. This experiment appears to confirm hassium’s location under osmium in the periodic table. Helium — (Gr. helios, the sun), He; at. wt. 4.002602(2); at. no. 2; m.p. below — 272.2°C (26 atm); b.p. — 268.93°C; tc -267.96°C; density 0.1785 g/l (0°C, 1 atm); liquid density 7.62 lb/ft3 at. b.p.; valence usually 0. Evidence of the existence of helium was first obtained by Janssen during the solar eclipse of 1868 when he detected a new line in the solar spectrum; Lockyer and Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element; in 1895, Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral clevite, and it was independently discovered in cleveite by the Swedish chemists Cleve and Langlet about the same time. Rutherford and Royds in 1907 demonstrated that α particles are helium nuclei. Except for hydrogen, helium is the most abundant element found throughout the universe. Helium is extracted from natural gas; all natural gas contains at least trace quantities of helium. It has been detected spectroscopically in great abundance, especially in the hotter stars, and it is an important component in both the proton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle, which account for the energy of the sun and stars. The fusion of hydrogen into helium provides the energy of the hydrogen bomb. The helium content of the atmosphere is about 1 part in 200,000. It is present in various radioactive minerals as a decay product. Much of the world’s supply of helium is obtained from wells in Texas, Colorado, and Kansas. The only other known helium extraction plants, outside the United States, in 1999 were inPoland, Russia, China, Algeria, and India. The cost of helium has fallen from $2500/ft3 in 1915 to about 2.5¢/cu.ft. (.028 cu meters) in 1999. Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and has found wide use in cryogenic research, as its boiling point is close to absolute zero.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Its use in the study of superconductivity is vital. Using liquid helium, Kurti and co-workers, and others, have succeeded in obtaining temperatures of a few microkelvins by the adiabatic demagnetization of copper nuclei, starting from about 0.01 K. Liquid helium (He4) exists in two forms: He4I and He4II, with a sharp transition point at 2.174 K (3.83 cm Hg). He4I (above this temperature) is a normal liquid, but He4II (below it) is unlike any other known substance. It expands on cooling; its conductivity for heat is enormous; and neither its heat conduction nor viscosity obeys normal rules. It has other peculiar properties. Helium is the only liquid that cannot be solidified by lowering the temperature. It remains liquid down to absolute zero at ordinary pressures, but it can readily be solidified by increasing the pressure. Solid 3He and 4He are unusual in that both can readily be changed in volume by more than 30% by application of pressure. The specific heat of helium gas is unusually high. The density of helium vapor at the normal boiling point is also very high, with the vapor expanding greatly when heated to room temperature. Containers filled with helium gas at 5 to 10 K should be treated as though they contained liquid helium due to the large increase in pressure resulting from warming the gas to room temperature. While helium normally has a 0 valence, it seems to have a weak tendency to combine with certain other elements. Means of preparing helium diflouride have been studied, and species such as HeNe and the molecular ions He+ and He++ have been investigated. Helium is widely used as an inert gas shield for arc welding; as a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals, and in titanium and zirconium production; as a cooling medium for nuclear reactors, and as a gas for supersonic wind tunnels. A mixture of helium and oxygen is used as an artificial atmosphere for divers and others working under pressure. Different ratios of He/O2 are used for different depths at which the diver is operating. Helium is extensively used for filling balloons as it is a much safer gas than hydrogen. One of the recent largest uses for helium has been for pressuring liquid fuel rockets. A Saturn booster such as used on the Apollo lunar missions required about 13 million ft3of helium for a firing, plus more for checkouts. Liquid helium’s use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to increase as the medical profession accepts and develops new uses for the equipment. This equipment is providing accurate diagnoses of problems where exploratory surgery has previously been required to determine problems. Another medical application that is being developed uses MRI to determine by blood analysis whether a patient has any form of cancer. Lifting gas applications are increasing. Various companies in addition to Goodyear, are now using “blimps” for advertising. The Navy and the Air Force are investigating the use of airships to provide early warning systems to detect low-flying cruise missiles. The Drug Enforcement Agency has used radar-equipped blimps to detect drug smugglers along the southern border of the U.S. In addition, NASA is currently using helium-filled balloons to sample the atmosphere in Antarctica to determine what is depleting the ozone layer that protects Earth from harmful U.V. radiation. Research on and development of materials which become superconductive at temperatures well above the boiling point of helium could have a major impact on the demand for helium. Less costly refrigerants having boiling points considerably higher could replace the present need to cool such superconductive materials to the boiling point of helium. Natural helium contains two stable isotopes 3He and 4He. 3He is present in very small quantities. Six other isotopes of helium are now recognized. Holmium — (L. Holmia , for Stockholm), Ho; at. wt. 164.93032(2); at. no 67; m.p. 1474°C; b.p. 2700°C; sp. gr. 8.795 (25°C); valence + 3. The spectral absorption bands of holmium were noticed in 1878 by the Swiss chemists Delafontaine and Soret, who announced the existence of an “Element X”. Cleve, of Sweden, later independently discovered the element while working on erbia earth. The element is named after Cleve’s native city. Pure holmia, the yellow oxide, was prepared by Homberg in 1911. Holmium occurs in gadolinite, monazite, and in other rare-earth minerals. It is commercially obtained from monazite, occurring in that mineral to the extent of about 0.05%. It has been isolated by the reduction of its anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal. Pure holmium has a metallic to bright silver luster. It is relatively soft and malleable, and is stable in dry air at room temperature, but rapidly oxidizes in moist air and at elevated temperatures. The metal has unusual magnetic properties. Few uses have yet been found for the element. The element, as with other rare earths, seems to have a low acute toxic rating. Natural holmium consists of one isotope 165Ho, which is not radioactive. Holmium has 49 other isotopes known, all of which are radioactive. The price of 99.9% holmium metal is about $20/g. Hydrogen — (Gr. hydro, water, and genes, forming), H; at. wt. 1.00794(7); at. no. 1; m.p. –259.34°C; b.p. –252.87°C; tc -240.18; density 0.08988 g/l; density (liquid) 70.8 g/l (–253°C); density (solid) 70.6 g/l (–262°C); valence 1. Hydrogen was prepared many years before it was recognized as a distinct substance by Cavendish in 1766. It was named by Lavoisier. Hydrogen is the most abundant of all elements in the universe, and it is thought that the heavier elements were, and still are, being built from hydrogen and helium. It has been estimated that hydrogen makes up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the universe. It is found in the sun and most stars, and plays an important part in the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle, which accounts for the energy of the sun and stars. It is thought that hydrogen is a major component of the planet Jupiter and that at some depth in the planet’s interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted into solid metallic hydrogen. In 1973, it was reported that a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 2.8 Mbar. At the transition the density changed from 1.08 to 1.3 g/cm3. Earlier, in 1972, a Livermore (California) group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. It has been predicted that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc. It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of less than 1 ppm by volume. It is the lightest of all gases, and combines with other elements, sometimes explosively, to form compounds. Great quantities of hydrogen are required commercially for the fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber ammonia process and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. It is also used as a rocket fuel, for welding, for production of hydrochloric acid, for the reduction of metallic ores, and for filling balloons. The lifting power of 1 ft3 of hydrogen gas is about 0.076 lb at 0°C, 760 mm pressure. Production of hydrogen in the U.S. alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. It is prepared by the action of steam on heated carbon, by decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, by the electrolysis of water, or by the displacement from acids by certain metals. It is also produced by the action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum. Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only a 20°C above absolute zero. Hydrogen consists of three isotopes, most of which is 1H. The ordinary isotope of hydrogen, H, is known as protium. In 1932, Urey announced the discovery of a stable isotope, deuterium (2H or D) with an atomic weight of 2. Deuterium is present in natural hydrogen to the extent of 0.015%. Two years later an unstable isotope, tritium (3H), with an atomic weight of 3 was discovered. Tritium has a half-life of about 12.32 years. Tritium atoms are also present in natural hydrogen but in much smaller proportion. Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb. It is also used as a radioactive agent in making luminous paints, and as a tracer. On August 27, 2001 Russian, French, and Japanese physicists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research near Moscow reported they had made “super-heavy hydrogen”, which had a nucleus with one proton and four neutrons. Using an accelerator, they used a beam of helium-6 nuclei to strike a hydrogen target, which resulted in the occasional production of a hydrogen-5 nucleus plus a helium-2 nucleus. These unstable particles quickly disintegrated. This resulted in two protons from the He-2, a triton, and two neutrons from the H-5 breakup. Deuterium gas is readily
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) available, without permit, at about $1/l. Heavy water, deuterium oxide (D2O), which is used as a moderator to slow down neutrons, is available without permit at a cost of 6c to $1/g, depending on quantity and purity. About 1000 tons (4,400,000 kg) of deuterium oxide (heavy water) are now in use at the Sudbury (Ontario) Neutrino Observatory. This observatory is taking data to provide new revolutionary insight into the properties of neutrinos and into the core of the sun. The heavy water is on loan from Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. (AECL). The observatory and detectors are located 6800 ft (2072 m) deep in the Creighton mine of the International Nickel Co., near Sudbury. The heavy water is contained in an acrylic vessel, 12 m in diameter. Neutrinos react with the heavy water to produce Cherenkov radiation. This light is then detected with 9600 photomultiplier tubes surrounding the vessel. The detector laboratory is immensely clean to reduce background radiation, which otherwise hide the very weak signals from neutrinos. Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that hydrogen gas under ordinary conditions is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and parahydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. Since the two forms differ in energy, the physical properties also differ. The melting and boiling points of parahydrogen are about 0.1°C lower than those of normal hydrogen. Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze sea water; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines. Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high present cost of hydrogen with respect to present fuels are but a few of the problems facing establishment of such an economy. Hydrogen is being investigated as a substitute for deep-sea diving applications below 300 m. Hydrogen is readily available from air product suppliers. Indium — (from the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum),In; at. wt. 114.818(3); at. no. 49; m.p. 156.60°C; b.p. 2072°C; sp. gr. 7.31 (20°C); valence 1, 2, or 3. Discovered by Reich and Richter, who later isolated the metal. Indium is most frequently associated with zinc materials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained; however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores. Until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world’s supply of this element in isolated form. It is probably about as abundant as silver. About 4 million troy ounces of indium are now produced annually in the Free World. Canada is presently producing more than 1,000,000 troy ounces annually. The present cost of indium is about $2 to $10/g, depending on quantity and purity. It is available in ultrapure form. Indium is a very soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster. The pure metal gives a highpitched “cry” when bent. It wets glass, as does gallium. It has found application in making low-melting alloys; an alloy of 24% indium-76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. Indium is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, liquid crystal displays, high definition television, batteries, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. There is evidence that indium has a low order of toxicity; however, care should be taken until further information is available. Seventy isotopes and isomers are now recognized (more than any other element). Natural indium contains two isotopes. One is stable. The other, 115In, comprising 95.71% of natural indium is slightly radioactive with a very long half-life. Iodine — (Gr. iodes, violet), I; at. wt. 126.90447(3); at. no. 53; m.p. 113.7°C; b.p. 184.4°C; tc 546°C; density of the gas 11.27 g/l; sp. gr. solid 4.93 (20°C); valence 1, 3, 5, or 7. Discovered by Courtois in 1811. Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, in Chilean saltpeter and nitrate-bearing earth, known as caliche in brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells. Ultrapure iodine can be obtained from the reaction of potassium iodide with copper sulfate. Several other methods of isolating the element are known. Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid, volatilizing at ordinary temperatures into a blue-violet gas with an irritating odor; it forms compounds with many elements, but is less active than the other halogens, which displace it from iodides. Iodine exhibits some metallic-like properties. It dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form beautiful purple solutions. It is only slightly soluble in water. Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Forty two isotopes and isomers are recognized. Only one stable isotope, 127I is found in nature. The artificial radioisotope 131I, with a half-life of 8 days, has been used in treating the thyroid gland. The most common compounds are the iodides of sodium and potassium (KI) and the iodates (KIO3). Lack of iodine is the cause of goiter. Iodides, and thyroxin which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. Care should be taken in handling and using iodine, as contact with the skin can cause lesions; iodine vapor is intensely irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Elemental iodine costs about 25 to 75¢/g depending on purity and quantity. Iridium — (L. iris, rainbow), Ir; at. wt. 192.217(3); at. no. 77; m.p. 2446°C; b.p. 4428°C; sp. gr. 22.42 (17°C); valence 3 or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. The name iridium is appropriate, for its salts are highly colored. Iridium, a metal of the platinum family, is white, similar to platinum, but with a slight yellowish cast. It is very hard and brittle, making it very hard to machine, form, or work. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, and was used in making the standard meter bar of Paris, which is a 90% platinum-10% iridium alloy. This meter bar was replaced in 1960 as a fundamental unit of length (see under Krypton). Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. Iridium occurs uncombined in nature with platinum and other metals of this family in alluvial deposits. It is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry. The largest reserves and production of the platinum group of metals, which includes iridium, is in South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. The U.S. has only one active mine, located at Nye, MT. The presence of iridium has recently been used in examining the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. Meteorites contain small amounts of iridium. Because iridium is found widely distributed at the K-T boundary, it has been suggested that a large meteorite or asteroid collided with the earth, killing the dinosaurs, and creating a large dust cloud and crater. Searches for such a crater point to one in the Yucatan, known as Chicxulub. Iridium has found use in making crucibles and apparatus for use at high temperatures. It is also used for electrical contacts. Its principal use is as a hardening agent for platinum. With osmium, it forms an alloy which is used for tipping pens and compass bearings. The specific gravity of iridium is only very slightly lower than that of osmium, which has been generally credited as being the heaviest known element. Calculations of the densities of iridium and osmium from the space lattices gives values of 22.65 and 22.61 g/cm3, respectively. These values may be more reliable than actual physical measurements. At present, therefore, we know that either iridium or osmium is the densest known element, but the data do not yet allow selection between the two. Natural iridium contains two stable isotopes. Forty-five other isotopes, all radioactive, are now recognized. Iridium (99.9%) costs about $100/g. Iron — (Anglo-Saxon, iron), Fe (L. ferrum); at. wt. 55.845(2); at. no. 26; m.p. 1538°C; b.p. 2861°C; sp. gr. 7.874 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 6. The use of iron is prehistoric. Genesis mentions that Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, was “an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.” A remarkable iron pillar, dating to about A.D. 400, remains standing today in Delhi, India. This solid shaft of wrought iron is about 71/4 m high by 40 cm in diameter. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal although it has been exposed to the weather since its erection. Iron is a relatively abundant
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. Its nuclei are very stable. It has been suggested that the iron we have here on earth may have originated in a supernova. Iron is a very difficult element to produce in ordinary nuclear reactions, such as would take place in the sun. Iron is found native as a principal component of a class of iron-nickel meteorites known as siderites, and is a minor constituent of the other two classes of meteorites. The core of the earth, 2150 miles in radius, is thought to be largely composed of iron with about 10% occluded hydrogen. The metal is the fourth most abundant element, by weight, making up the crust of the earth. The most common ore is hematite (Fe2O3). Magnetite (Fe3O4) is frequently seen as black sands along beaches and banks of streams. Lodestone is another form of magnetite. Taconite is becoming increasingly important as a commercial ore. Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life, and appears in hemoglobin. The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals. The pure metal is very reactive chemically, and rapidly corrodes, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures. It has four allotropic forms, or ferrites, known as α, β, γ, and δ, with transition points at 700, 928, and 1530°C. The α form is magnetic, but when transformed into the β form, the magnetism disappears although the lattice remains unchanged. The relations of these forms are peculiar. Pig iron is an alloy containing about 3% carbon with varying amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P. It is hard, brittle, fairly fusible, and is used to produce other alloys, including steel. Wrought iron contains only a few tenths of a percent of carbon, is tough, malleable, less fusible, and has usually a “fibrous” structure. Carbon steel is an alloy of iron with carbon, with small amounts of Mn, S, P, and Si. Alloy steels are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel, chromium, vanadium, etc. Iron is the cheapest and most abundant, useful, and important of all metals. Natural iron contains four isotopes and isomers. Twenty-six other isotopes and isomers, all radioactive, are now recognized. Krypton — (Gr. kryptos, hidden), Kr; at. wt. 83.80(1); at. no. 36; m.p. –157.36°C; b.p. –153.22 ± 0.10°C; tc -63.74°C; density 3.733 g/l (0°C); valence usually 0. Discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers in the residue left after liquid air had nearly boiled away. Krypton is present in the air to the extent of about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars has been found to contain 0.3 ppm of krypton. It is one of the “noble” gases. It is characterized by its brilliant green and orange spectral lines. Naturally occurring krypton contains six stable isotopes. Thirty other unstable isotopes and isomers are now recognized. The spectral lines of krypton are easily produced and some are very sharp. In 1960 it was internationally agreed that the fundamental unit of length, the meter, should be defined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of 86Kr. This replaced the standard meter of Paris, which was defined in terms of a bar made of a platinum-iridium alloy. In October 1983 the meter, which originally was defined as being one ten millionth of a quadrant of the earth’s polar circumference, was again redefined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures as being the length of path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a face-centered cubic structure which is common to all the “rare gases”. While krypton is generally thought of as a rare gas that normally does not combine with other elements to form compounds, it now appears that the existence of some krypton compounds is established. Krypton difluoride has been prepared in gram quantities and can be made by several methods. A higher fluoride of krypton and a salt of an oxyacid of krypton also have been reported. Molecule-ions of ArKr+ and KrH+ have been identified and investigated, and evidence is provided for the formation of KrXe or KrXe+. Krypton clathrates have been prepared with hydroquinone and phenol. 85Kr has found recent application in chemical analysis. By imbedding the isotope in various solids, kryptonates are formed. The activity of these kryptonates is sensitive to chemical reactions at the surface. Estimates of the concentration of reactants are therefore made possible. Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography. Uses thus far have been limited because of its high cost. Krypton gas presently costs about $690/100 L. Kurchatovium — See Rutherfordium. Lanthanum — (Gr. lanthanein, to lie hidden), La; at. wt. 138.9055(2); at. no. 57; m.p. 918°C; b.p. 3464°C; sp. gr. 6.145 (25°C); valence 3. Mosander in 1839 extracted a new earth lanthana, from impure cerium nitrate, and recognized the new element. Lanthanum is found in rare-earth minerals such as cerite, monazite, allanite, and bastnasite. Monazite and bastnasite are principal ores in which lanthanum occurs in percentages up to 25 and 38%, respectively. Misch metal, used in making lighter flints, contains about 25% lanthanum. Lanthanum was isolated in relatively pure form in 1923. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the so-called “rare-earth” elements. The availability of lanthanum and other rare earths has improved greatly in recent years. The metal can be produced by reducing the anhydrous fluoride with calcium. Lanthanum is silvery white, malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It is one of the most reactive of the rare-earth metals. It oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air. Cold water attacks lanthanum slowly, and hot water attacks it much more rapidly. The metal reacts directly with elemental carbon, nitrogen, boron, selenium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and with halogens. At 310°C, lanthanum changes from a hexagonal to a face-centered cubic structure, and at 865°C it again transforms into a body-centered cubic structure. Natural lanthanum is mixture of two isotopes, one of which is stable and one of which is radioactive with a very long half-life. Thirty other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Rare-earth compounds containing lanthanum are extensively used in carbon lighting applications, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. This application consumes about 25% of the rare-earth compounds produced. La2O3 improves the alkali resistance of glass, and is used in making special optical glasses. Small amounts of lanthanum, as an additive, can be used to produce nodular cast iron. There is current interest in hydrogen sponge alloys containing lanthanum. These alloys take up to 400 times their own volume of hydrogen gas, and the process is reversible. Heat energy is released every time they do so; therefore these alloys have possibilities in energy conservation systems. Lanthanum and its compounds have a low to moderate acute toxicity rating; therefore, care should be taken in handling them. The metal costs about $2/g (99.9%). Lawrencium — (Ernest O. Lawrence [1901–1958], inventor of the cyclotron), Lr; at. no. 103; at. mass no. [262]; valence + 3(?). This member of the 5f transition elements (actinide series) was discovered in March 1961 by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A. E. Larsh, and R. M. Latimer.A 3-µg californium target, consisting of a mixture of isotopes of mass number 249, 250, 251, and 252, was bombarded with either 10B or 11B. The electrically charged transmutation nuclei recoiled with an atmosphere of helium and were collected on a thin copper conveyor tape which was then moved to place collected atoms in front of a series of solid-state detectors. The isotope of element 103 produced in this way decayed by emitting an 8.6-MeV alpha particle with a half-life of 8 s. In 1967, Flerov and associates of the Dubna Laboratory reported their inability to detect an alpha emitter with a halflife of 8 s which was assigned by the Berkeley group to 257103. This assignment has been changed to 258Lr or 259Lr. In 1965, the Dubna workers found a longer-lived lawrencium isotope, 256Lr, with a half-life of 35 s. In 1968, Ghiorso and associates at Berkeley were able to use a few atoms of this isotope to study the oxidation behavior of lawrencium. Using solvent extraction techniques and working very rapidly, they extracted lawrencium ions from a buffered aqueous solution into an organic solvent, completing each extraction in about 30 s. It was found that lawrencium behaves differently from dipositive nobelium and more like the tripositive elements earlier in the actinide series. Ten isotopes of lawrencium are now recognized. Lead — (Anglo-Saxon lead), Pb (L. plumbum); at. wt. 207.2(1); at. no. 82; m.p. 327.46°C; b.p. 1749°C; sp. gr. 11.35 (20°C); valence 2 or 4. Long known, mentioned in Exodus. The alchemists believed lead to be the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Native lead occurs in nature,
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) but it is rare. Lead is obtained chiefly from galena (PbS) by a roasting process. Anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), and minim (Pb3O4) are other common lead minerals. Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a poor conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion; lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still in service. It is used in containers for corrosive liquids (such as sulfuric acid) and may be toughened by the addition of a small percentage of antimony or other metals. Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: 204Pb (1.4%), 206Pb (24.1%), 207Pb (22.1%), and 208Pb (52.4%). Lead isotopes are the end products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: 206Pb for the uranium series, 207Pb for the actinium series, and 208Pb for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized. Its alloys include solder, type metal, and various antifriction metals. Great quantities of lead, both as the metal and as the dioxide, are used in storage batteries. Lead is also used for cable covering, plumbing, and ammunition. The metal is very effective as a sound absorber, is used as a radiation shield around X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors, and is used to absorb vibration. Lead, alloyed with tin, is used in making organ pipes. White lead, the basic carbonate, sublimed white lead (PbSO4), chrome yellow (PbCrO4), red lead (Pb3O4), and other lead compounds are used extensively in paints, although in recent years the use of lead in paints has been drastically curtailed to eliminate or reduce health hazards. Lead oxide is used in producing fine “crystal glass” and “flint glass” of a high index of refraction for achromatic lenses. The nitrate and the acetate are soluble salts. Lead salts such as lead arsenate have been used as insecticides, but their use in recent years has been practically eliminated in favor of less harmful organic compounds. Care must be used in handling lead as it is a cumulative poison. Environmental concern with lead poisoning has resulted in a national program to eliminate the lead tetraethyl in gasoline. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has recommended that industries limit airborne lead to 50 µgms/cu. meter. Lead is priced at about 90¢/kg (99.9%). Lithium — (Gr. lithos, stone), Li; at. wt. 6.941(2); at. no. 3; m.p. 180.5°C; b.p. 1342°C; sp. gr. 0.534 (20°C); valence 1. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water. It does not occur free in nature; combined it is found in small amounts in nearly all igneous rocks and in the waters of many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it. Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from Nevada, Chile, and Argentina. Large deposits of spodumene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na and K, other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly the flame is a dazzling white. Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Seven isotopes of lithium are recognized. Natural lithium contains two isotopes. The metal is priced at about $1.50/g (99.9%). Lutetium — (Lutetia, ancient name for Paris, sometimes called cassiopeium by the Germans), Lu; at. wt. 174.967(1); at. no. 71; m.p. 1663°C; b.p. 3402°C; sp. gr. 9.841 (25°C); valence 3. In 1907, Urbain described a process by which Marignac’s ytterbium (1879) could be separated into the two elements, ytterbium (neoytterbium)and lutetium. These elements were identical with “aldebaranium” and “cassiopeium,” independently discovered by von Welsbach about the same time. Charles James of the University of New Hampshire also independently prepared the very pure oxide, lutecia, at this time. The spelling of the element was changed from lutecium to lutetium in 1949. Lutetium occurs in very small amounts in nearly all minerals containing yttrium, and is present in monazite to the extent of about 0.003%, which is a commercial source. The pure metal has been isolated only in recent years and is one of the most difficult to prepare. It can be prepared by the reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by an alkali or alkaline earth metal. The metal is silvery white and relatively stable in air. While new techniques, including ion-exchange reactions, have been developed to separate the various rare-earth elements, lutetium is still the most costly of all rare earths. It is priced at about $100/g (99.9%). 176Lu occurs naturally (97.41%) with 175Lu (2.59%), which is radioactive with a very long half-life. It is radioactive with a half-life of about 4 × 1010 years. Lutetium has 50 isotopes and isomers that are now recognized. Stable lutetium nuclides, which emit pure beta radiation after thermal neutron activation, can be used as catalysts in cracking, alkylation, hydrogenation, and polymerization. Virtually no other commercial uses have been found yet for lutetium. While lutetium, like other rare-earth metals, is thought to have a low toxicity rating, it should be handled with care until more information is available. Magnesium — (Magnesia, district in Thessaly) Mg; at. wt. 24.3050(6); at. no. 12; m.p. 650°C; b.p. 1090°C; sp. gr. 1.738 (20°C); valence 2. Compounds of magnesium have long been known. Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. It was isolated by Davy in 1808, and prepared in coherent form by Bussy in 1831. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It does not occur uncombined, but is found in large deposits in the form of magnesite, dolomite, and other minerals. The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water. Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame. It is used in flashlight photography, flares, and pyrotechnics, including incendiary bombs. It is one third lighter than aluminium, and in alloys is essential for airplane and missile contruction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Magnesium is used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron,and is used as an additive to conventional propellants. It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of pure uranium and other metals from their salts. The hydroxide (milk of magnesia), chloride, sulfate (Epsom salts), and citrate are used in medicine. Dead-burned magnesite is employed for refractory purposes such as brick and liners in furnaces and converters. Calcined magnesia is also used for water treatment and in the manufacture of rubber, paper, etc. Organic magnesium compounds (Grignard’s reagents) are important. Magnesium is an important element in both plant and animal life. Chlorophylls are magnesium-centered porphyrins. The adult daily requirement of magnesium is about 300 mg/day, but this is affected by various factors. Great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially in the finely divided state, as serious fires can occur. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires. Natural magnesium contains three isotopes. Twelve other isotopes are recognized. Magnesium metal costs about $100/kg (99.8%). Manganese — (L. magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite; It. manganese, corrupt form of magnesia), Mn; at. wt. 54.938049(9); at. no. 25; m.p. 1246°C; b.p. 2061°C; sp. gr. 7.21 to 7.44, depending on allotropic form; valence 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7. Recognized by Scheele, Bergman,
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon. Manganese minerals are widely distributed; oxides, silicates, and carbonates are the most common. The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the floor of the oceans holds promise as a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese together with many other elements in lesser abundance. Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in the Ukraine, Brazil, Australia, Republic of So. Africa, Gabon, China, and India. Pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis. It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically, and decomposes cold water slowly. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. In steel, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness, and hardenability. With aluminum and antimony, especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent. The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells, and is used to “decolorize” glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine. Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1. Twenty-seven isotopes and isomers are known. Manganese metal (99.95%) is priced at about $800/kg. Metal of 99.6% purity is priced at about $80/kg. Meitnerium — (named for Lise Meitner [1878–1968], Austrian-Swedish physicist and mathematician), Mt; at. wt [266]; at. no. 109. On August 29, 1992, Element 109 was made and identified by physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (G.S.I.), Darmstadt, Germany, by bombarding a target of 209Bi with accelerated nuclei of 58Fe. The production of Element 109 has been extremely small. It took a week of target bombardment (1011 nuclear encounters) to produce a single atom of 109. Oganessian and his team at Dubna in 1994 repeated the Darmstadt experiment using a tenfold irradiation dose. One fission event from seven alpha decays of 109 was observed, thus indirectly confirming the existence of isotope 266109. In August 1997, the IUPAC adopted the name meitnerium for this element, honoring L. Meitner. Four isotopes of meitnerium are now recognized. Mendelevium — (Dmitri Mendeleev [1834–1907]), Md; at. wt. (258); at. no. 101; m.p. 827°C; valence +2, +3. Mendelevium, the ninth transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered, was first identified by Ghiorso, Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, and Seaborg early in 1955 as a result of the bombardment of the isotope 253Es with helium ions in the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron. The isotope produced was 256Md, which has a half-life of 78 min. This first identification was notable in that 256Md was synthesized on a one-atom-at-a-time basis. Nineteen isotopes and isomers are now recognized. 258Md has a half-life of 51.5 days. This isotope has been produced by the bombardment of an isotope of einsteinium with ions of helium. It now appears possible that eventually enough 258Md can be made so that some of its physical properties can be determined. 256Md has been used to elucidate some of the chemical properties of mendelevium in aqueous solution. Experiments seem to show that the element possesses a moderately stable dipositive (II) oxidation state in addition to the tripositive (III) oxidation state,which is characteristic of actinide elements. Mercury — (Planet Mercury), Hg (hydrargyrum, liquid silver); at. wt. 200.59(2); at. no. 80; t.p. –38.83°C; b.p. 356.73°C; tc 1447°C; sp. gr. 13.546 (20°C); valence 1 or 2. Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus; found in Egyptian tombs of 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only common metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. It only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar (HgS). Spain and China produce about 75% of the world’s supply of the metal. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the “flask,” which weighs 76 lb (34.46 kg). The metal is obtained by heating cinnabar in a current of air and by condensing the vapor. It is a heavy, silvery-white metal; a rather poor conductor of heat, as compared with other metals, and a fair conductor of electricity. It easily forms alloys with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, which are called amalgams. Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in the recovery of gold from its ores. The metal is widely used in laboratory work for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps, and many other instruments. It is used in making mercury-vapor lamps and advertising signs, etc. and is used in mercury switches and other electrical apparatus. Other uses are in making pesticides, mercury cells for caustic soda and chlorine production, dental preparations, antifouling paint, batteries, and catalysts. The most important salts are mercuric chloride HgCl2 (corrosive sublimate — a violent poison), mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2(calomel, occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate (Hg(ONC)2), a detonator widely used in explosives, and mercuric sulfide (HgS, vermillion, a high-grade paint pigment). Organic mercury compounds are important. It has been found that an electrical discharge causes mercury vapor to combine with neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These products, held together with van der Waals’ forces, correspond to HgNe, HgAr, HgKr, and HgXe. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison and dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20°C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxic limit many times. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is therefore important that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. If it is necessary to heat mercury or mercury compounds, it should be done in a well-ventilated hood. Methyl mercury is a dangerous pollutant and is now widely found in water and streams. The triple point of mercury, – 38.8344°C, is a fixed point on the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90). Mercury (99.98%) is priced at about $110/kg. Native mercury contains seven isotopes. Thirty-six other isotopes and isomers are known. Molybdenum — (Gr. molybdos, lead), Mo; at. wt. 95.94(1); at. no. 42; m.p. 2623°C; b.p. 4639°C; sp. gr. 10.22 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5?, or 6. Before Scheele recognized molybdenite as a distinct ore of a new element in 1778, it was confused with graphite and lead ore. The metal was prepared in an impure form in 1782 by Hjelm. Molybdenum does not occur native, but is obtained principally from molybdenite (MoS2). Wulfenite (PbMoO4) and powellite (Ca(MoW)O4) are also minor commercial ores. Molybdenum is also recovered as a by-product of copper and tungsten mining operations. The U.S., Canada, Chile, and China produce most of the world’s molybdenum ores. The metal is prepared from the powder made by the hydrogen reduction of purified molybdic trioxide or ammonium molybdate. The metal is silvery white, very hard, but is softer and more ductile than tungsten. It has a high elastic modulus, and only tungsten and tantalum, of the more readily available metals, have higher melting points. It is a valuable alloying agent, as it contributes to the hardenability and toughness of quenched and tempered steels. It also improves the strength of steel at high temperatures. It is used in certain nickel-based alloys, such as the “Hastelloys®” which are heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant to chemical solutions. Molybdenum oxidizes at elevated temperatures. The metal has found recent application as electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces and forehearths. The metal is also used in nuclear energy applications and for missile and aircraft parts. Molybdenum is valuable as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum. It has found application as a filament material in electronic and electrical applications. Molybdenum is an essential trace element in plant nutrition. Some lands are barren for lack of this element in the soil. Molybdenum sulfide is useful as a lubricant, especially at high temperatures where oils would
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) decompose. Almost all ultra-high strength steels with minimum yield points up to 300,000 psi(lb/in.2) contain molybdenum in amounts from 0.25 to 8%. Natural molybdenum contains seven isotopes. Thirty other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. Molybdenum metal costs about $1/g (99.999% purity). Molybdenum metal (99.9%) costs about $160/kg. Neodymium — (Gr. neos, new, and didymos, twin), Nd; at. wt. 144.24(3); at. no. 60; m.p. 1021°C; b.p. 3074°C; sp. gr. 7.008 (25°C); valence 3. In 1841, Mosander, extracted from cerite a new rose-colored oxide, which he believed contained a new element. He named the element didymium, as it was an inseparable twin brother of lanthanum. In 1885 von Welsbach separated didymium into two new elemental components, neodymia and praseodymia, by repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate. While the free metal is in misch metal, long known and used as a pyrophoric alloy for light flints, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. It is present in the minerals monazite and bastnasite, which are principal sources of rare-earth metals. The element may be obtained by separating neodymium salts from other rare earths by ion-exchange or solvent extraction techniques, and by reducing anhydrous halides such as NdF3 with calcium metal. Other separation techniques are possible. The metal has a bright silvery metallic luster. Neodymium is one of the more reactive rare-earth metals and quickly tarnishes in air, forming an oxide that spalls off and exposes metal to oxidation. The metal, therefore, should be kept under light mineral oil or sealed in a plastic material. Neodymium exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at 863°C. Natural neodymium is a mixture of seven isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Twenty seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. Didymium, of which neodymium is a component, is used for coloring glass to make welder’s goggles. By itself, neodymium colors glass delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. Light transmitted through such glass shows unusually sharp absorption bands. The glass has been used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated. Glass containing neodymium can be used as a laser material to produce coherent light. Neodymium salts are also used as a colorant for enamels. The element is also being used with iron and boron to produce extremely strong magnets having energy densities as high as 27 to 35 million gauss oersteds. These are the most compact magnets commercially available. The price of the metal is about $4/g. Neodymium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. As with other rare earths, neodymium should be handled with care. Neon — (Gr. neos, new), Ne; at. wt. 20.1797(6); at. no. 10; t.p. –248.59°C; b.p. –246.08°C; tc -228.7°C (1 atm); density of gas 0.89990 g/l (1 atm, 0°C); density of liquid at b.p. 1.207 g/cm3; valence 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898. Neon is a rare gaseous element present in the atmosphere to the extent of 1 part in 65,000 of air. It is obtained by liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation. Natural neon is a mixture of three isotopes. Fourteen other unstable isotopes are known. It is very inert element; however, it is said to form a compound with fluorine. It is still questionable if true compounds of neon exist, but evidence is mounting in favor of their existence. The following ions are known from optical and mass spectrometric studies: Ne+, (NeAr)+, (NeH)+, and (HeNe+). Neon also forms an unstable hydrate. In a vacuum discharge tube, neon glows reddish orange. Of all the rare gases, the discharge of neon is the most intense at ordinary voltages and currents. Neon is used in making the common neon advertising signs, which accounts for its largest use. It is also used to make high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, and TV tubes. Neon and helium are used in making gas lasers. Liquid neon is now commercially available and is finding important application as an economical cryogenic refrigerant. It has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity per unit volume than liquid helium and more than three times that of liquid hydrogen. It is compact, inert, and is less expensive than helium when it meets refrigeration requirements. Neon costs about $800/80 cu. ft. (2265 l). Neptunium — (Planet Neptune), Np; at. wt. (237); at. no. 93; m.p. 644°C; sp. gr. 20.25 (20°C); valence 3, 4, 5, and 6. Neptunium was the first synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series discovered; the isotope 239Np was produced by McMillan and Abelson in 1940 at Berkeley, California, as the result of bombarding uranium with cyclotron-produced neutrons. The isotope 237Np (half-life of 2.14 × 106 years) is currently obtained in gram quantities as a by-product from nuclear reactors in the production of plutonium. Twenty-three isotopes and isomers of neptunium are now recognized. Trace quantities of the element are actually found in nature due to transmutation reactions in uranium ores produced by the neutrons which are present. Neptunium is prepared by the reduction of NpF3 with barium or lithium vapor at about 1200°C. Neptunium metal has a silvery appearance, is chemically reactive, and exists in at least three structural modifications: α-neptunium, orthorhombic, density 20.25 g/cm3, β-neptunium (above 280°C), tetragonal, density (313°C) 19.36 g/cm3; γ-neptunium (above 577°C), cubic, density (600°C) 18.0 g/cm3. Neptunium has four ionic oxidation states in solution: Np+3 (pale purple), analogous to the rare earth ion Pm+3, Np+4 (yellow green); NpO+ (green blue); and NpO++ (pale pink). These latter oxygenated species are in contrast to the rare earths which exhibit only simple ions of the (II), (III), and (IV) oxidation states in aqueous solution. The element forms tri- and tetrahalides such as NpF3, NpF4, NpCl4, NpBr3, NpI3, and oxides of various compositions such as are found in the uraniumoxygen system, including Np3O8 and NpO2. Nickel — (Ger. Nickel, Satan or Old Nick’s and from kupfernickel, Old Nick’s copper), Ni; at. wt. 58.6934(2); at. no. 28; m.p. 1455°C; b.p. 2913°C; sp. gr. 8.902 (25°C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3. Discovered by Cronstedt in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite). Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 to nearly 20% nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces much of the world’s nickel. It is now thought that the Sudbury deposit is the result of an ancient meteorite impact. Large deposits of nickel, cobalt, and copper have recently been developed at Voisey’s Bay, Laborador. Other deposits of nickel are found in Russia, New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere. Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms. It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar®, Monel®, Inconel®, and the Hastelloys®. Tubing made of a copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. Nickel is also now used extensively in coinage and in making nickel steel for armor plate and burglar-proof vaults, and is a component in Nichrome®, Permalloy®, and constantan. Nickel added to glass gives a green color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison® storage battery. The sulfate and the oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; twenty-five other unstable isotopes are known. Nickel sulfide fume and dust is recognized as having carcinogenic potential. Nickel metal (99.9%) is priced at about $2/g or less in larger quantities. Nielsbohrium — See Bohrium. Niobium — (Niobe, daughter of Tantalus), Nb; or Columbium (Columbia, name for America); at. wt. 92.90638(2); at. no. 41; m.p. 2477°C; b.p. 4744°C, sp. gr. 8.57 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4?, 5. Discovered in 1801 by Hatchett in an ore sent to England more that a century before by John Winthrop
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) the Younger, first governor of Connecticut. The metal was first prepared in 1864 by Blomstrand, who reduced the chloride by heating it in a hydrogen atmosphere. The name niobium was adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1950 after 100 years of controversy. Many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by this name. Most metallurgists, leading metal societies, and all but one of the leading U.S. commercial producers, however, still refer to the metal as “columbium”. The element is found in niobite(or columbite), niobite-tantalite, pyrochlore, and euxenite. Large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbon-silicate rocks), as a constituent of pyrochlore. Extensive ore reserves are found in Canada, Brazil, Congo-Kinshasa, Rwanda, and Australia. The metal can be isolated from tantalum, and prepared in several ways. It is a shiny, white, soft, and ductile metal, and takes on a bluish cast when exposed to air at room temperatures for a long time. The metal starts to oxidize in air at 200°C, and when processed at even moderate temperatures must be placed in a protective atmosphere. It is used in arc-welding rods for stabilized grades of stainless steel. Thousands of pounds of niobium have been used in advance air frame systems such as were used in the Gemini space program. It has also found use in super-alloys for applications such as jet engine components, rocket subassemblies, and heat-resisting equipment. The element has superconductive properties; superconductive magnets have been made with Nb-Zr wire, which retains its superconductivity in strong magnetic fields. This type of application offers hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Natural niobium is composed of only one isotope, 93Nb. Forty-seven other isotopes and isomers of niobium are now recognized. Niobium metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about 50¢/g. Nitrogen — (L. nitrum, Gr. nitron, native soda; genes, forming, N; at. wt. 14.00674(7); at. no. 7; m.p. –210.00°C; b.p. –198.79°C; tc -146.94°C; density 1.2506 g/l; sp. gr. liquid 0.808 (–195.8°C), solid 1.026 (–252°C); valence 3 or 5. Discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, but Scheele, Cavendish,Priestley, and others about the same time studied “burnt or dephlogisticated air,” as air without oxygen was then called. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the air, by volume. The atmosphere of Mars, by comparison, is 2.6% nitrogen. The estimated amount of this element in our atmosphere is more than 4000 trillion tons. From this inexhaustible source it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. Nitrogen molecules give the orange-red, blue-green, blue-violet, and deep violet shades to the aurora.The element is so inert that Lavoisier named it azote, meaning without life, yet its compounds are so active as to be most important in foods, poisons, fertilizers, and explosives. Nitrogen can be also easily prepared by heating a water solution of ammonium nitrite. Nitrogen, as a gas, is colorless, odorless, and a generally inert element. As a liquid it is also colorless and odorless, and is similar in appearance to water. Two allotropic forms of solid nitrogen exist, with the transition from the α to the β form taking place at –237°C. When nitrogen is heated, it combines directly with magnesium, lithium, or calcium; when mixed with oxygen and subjected to electric sparks, it forms first nitric oxide (NO) and then the dioxide (NO2); when heated under pressure with a catalyst with hydrogen, ammonia is formed (Haber process). The ammonia thus formed is of the utmost importance as it is used in fertilizers, and it can be oxidized to nitric acid (Ostwald process). The ammonia industryis the largest consumer of nitrogen. Large amounts of gas are also used by the electronics industry, which uses the gas as a blanketing medium during production of such components as transistors, diodes, etc. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products. The drug industry also uses large quantities. Nitrogen is used as a refrigerant both for the immersion freezing of food products and for transportation of foods. Liquid nitrogen is also used in missile work as a purge for components, insulators for space chambers, etc., and by the oil industry to build up great pressures in wells to force crude oil upward. Sodium and potassium nitrates are formed by the decomposition of organic matter with compounds of the metals present. In certain dry areas of the world these saltpeters are found in quantity. Ammonia, nitric acid, the nitrates, the five oxides (N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, and N2O5), TNT, the cyanides, etc. are but a few of the important compounds. Nitrogen gas prices vary from 2¢ to $2.75 per 100 ft3 (2.83 cu. meters), depending on purity, etc. Production of elemental nitrogen in the U.S. is more than 9 million short tons per year. Natural nitrogen contains two isotopes, 14N and 15N. Ten other isotopes are known. Nobelium — (Alfred Nobel, discoverer of dynamite), No; at. wt. [259]; at. no. 102; valence +2, +3. Nobelium was unambiguously discovered and identified in April 1958 at Berkeley by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J. R. Walton, and G. T. Seaborg, who used a new double-recoil technique. A heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) was used to bombard a thin target of curium (95% 244Cm and 4.5% 246Cm) with 12C ions to produce 102254 according to the 246Cm (12C, 4n) reaction. Earlier in 1957 workers of the U.S., Britain, and Sweden announced the discovery of an isotope of Element 102 with a 10-min half-life at 8.5 MeV, as a result of bombarding 244Cm with 13C nuclei. On the basis of this experiment the name nobelium was assigned and accepted by the Commission on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The acceptance of the name was premature, for both Russian and American efforts now completely rule out the possibility of any isotope of Element 102 having a half-life of 10 min in the vicinity of 8.5 MeV. Early work in 1957 on the search for this element, in Russia at the Kurchatov Institute, was marred by the assignment of 8.9 ± 0.4 MeV alpha radiation with a half-life of 2 to 40 sec, which was too indefinite to support claim to discovery. Confirmatory experiments at Berkeley in 1966 have shown the existence of 254102 with a 55-s half-life, 252102 with a 2.3-s half-life, and 257102 with a 25-s half-life. Twelve isotopes are now recognized, one of which — 255102 has a half-life of 3.1 min. In view of the discover’s traditional right to name an element, the Berkeley group, in 1967, suggested that the hastily given name nobelium, along with the symbol No, be retained. Osmium — (Gr. osme, a smell), Os; at. wt. 190.23(3); at. no. 76; m.p. 3033°C; b.p. 5012°C; sp. gr. 22.57; valence 0 to +8, more usually +3, +4, +6, and +8. Discovered in 1803 by Tennant in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. Osmium occurs in iridosmine and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of Sudbury, Ontario, region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of nickel ores processed make commercial recovery possible. The metal is lustrous, bluish white, extremely hard, and brittle even at high temperatures. It has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of the platinum group. The metal is very difficult to fabricate, but the powder can be sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 2000°C. The solid metal is not affected by air at room temperature, but the powdered or spongy metal slowly gives off osmium tetroxide, which is a powerful oxidizing agent and has a strong smell. The tetroxide is highly toxic, and boils at 130°C (760 mm). Concentrations in air as low as 10–7 g/m3 can cause lung congestion, skin damage, or eye damage. The tetroxide has been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys, with other metals of the platinum group, for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, phonograph needles, and electrical contacts. The price of 99.9% pure osmium powder — the form usually supplied commercially — is about $100/g, depending on quantity and supplier. Natural osmium contains seven isotopes, one of which, 186Os, is radioactive with a very long half-life. Thirty four other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive.The measured densities of iridium and osmium seem to indicate that osmium is slightly more dense than iridium, so osmium has generally been credited with being the heaviest known element. Calculations of the density from the space lattice, which may be more reliable for these elements than actual measurements, however, give a density of 22.65 for iridium compared to 22.61 for osmium. At present, therefore, we know either iridium or osmium is the heaviest element, but the data do not allow selection between the two.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Oxygen — (Gr. oxys, sharp, acid, and genes, forming; acid former), O; at. wt. 15.9994(3); at. no. 8; t.p. –218.79°C; tc -118.56°C; valence 2. For many centuries, workers occasionally realized air was composed of more than one component. The behavior of oxygen and nitrogen as components of air led to the advancement of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which captured the minds of chemists for a century. Oxygen was prepared by several workers, including Bayen and Borch, but they did not know how to collect it, did not study its properties, and did not recognize it as an elementary substance. Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently. Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the sun, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle, one process thought to give the sun and stars their energy. Oxygen under excited conditions is responsible for the bright red and yellow-green colors of the aurora. Oxygen, as a gaseous element, forms 21% of the atmosphere by volume from which it can be obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth’s crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen. In the laboratory it can be prepared by the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate with manganese dioxide as a catalyst. The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic. Ozone (O3), a highly active compound, is formed by the action of an electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen. Ozone’s presence in the atmosphere (amounting to the equivalent of a layer 3 mm thick at ordinary pressures and temperatures) is of vital importance in preventing harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun from reaching the earth’s surface. There has been recent concern that pollutants in the atmosphere may have a detrimental effect on this ozone layer. Ozone is toxic and exposure should not exceed 0.2 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40-hour work week). Undiluted ozone has a bluish color. Liquid ozone is bluish black, and solid ozone is violet-black. Oxygen is very reactive and capable of combining with most elements. It is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds. It is essential for respiration of all plants and animals and for practically all combustion. In hospitals it is frequently used to aid respiration of patients. Its atomic weight was used as a standard of comparison for each of the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis. Oxygen has thirteen recognized isotopes. Natural oxygen is a mixture of three isotopes. Oxygen 18 occurs naturally, is stable, and is available commercially. Water (H2O with 1.5% 18O) is also available. Commercial oxygen consumption in the U.S. is estimated to be 20 million short tons per year and the demand is expected to increase substantially in the next few years. Oxygen enrichment of steel blast furnaces accounts for the greatest use of the gas. Large quantities are also used in making synthesis gas for ammonia and methanol, ethylene oxide, and for oxy-acetylene welding. Air separation plants produce about 99% of the gas, electrolysis plants about 1%. The gas costs 5¢/ft3 ($1.75/cu. meters) in small quantities. Palladium — (named after the asteroid Pallas, discovered about the same time; Gr. Pallas, goddess of wisdom), Pd. at. wt. 106.42(1) at. no. 46; m.p. 1554.9°C; b.p. 2963°C; sp. gr. 12.02 (20°C); valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston. Palladium is found along with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in deposits of Russia, South Africa, Canada (Ontario), and elsewhere. Natural palladium contains six stable isotopes. Twenty-nine other isotopes are recognized, all of which are radioactive. It is frequently found associated with the nickel-copper deposits such as those found in Ontario. Its separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found. It is a steel-white metal, does not tarnish in air, and is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid. At room temperatures the metal has the unusual property of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium and this provides a means of purifying the gas. Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades. White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. Like gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watchmaking, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts. Palladium recently has been substituted for higher priced platinum in catalytic converters by some automobile companies. This has caused a large increase in the cost of palladium. The price of the two metals are now, in 2002, about the same. Palladium, however, is less resistant to poisoning by sulfur and lead, than platinum, but it may prove useful in controlling emissions from diesel vehicles. The metal sells for about $350/tr. oz. ($11/g). Phosphorus — (Gr. phosphoros, light bearing; ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise), P; at. wt. 30.973762(4); at. no. 15; m.p. (white) 44.15°C; b.p. 280.5°C; sp. gr. (white) 1.82 (red) 2.20, (black) 2.25 to 2.69; valence 3 or 5. Discovered in 1669 by Brand, who prepared it from urine. Phosphorus exists in four or more allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red, and black (or violet). White phosphorus has two modifications: α and β with a transition temperature at –3.8°C. Never found free in nature, it is widely distributed in combination with minerals. Twenty-one isotopes of phosphorus are recognized. Phosphate rock, which contains the mineral apatite, an impure tri-calcium phosphate, is an important source of the element. Large deposits are found in the Russia,China, Morocco, and in Florida, Tennessee, Utah, Idaho, and elsewhere. Phosphorus in an essential ingredient of all cell protoplasm, nervous tissue, and bones. Ordinary phosphorus is a waxy white solid; when pure it is colorless and transparent. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. It takes fire spontaneously in air, burning to the pentoxide. It is very poisonous, 50 mg constituting an approximate fatal dose. Exposure to white phosphorus should not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time-weighted average — 40-hour work week). White phosphorus should be kept under water, as it is dangerously reactive in air, and it should be handled with forceps, as contact with the skin may cause severe burns. When exposed to sunlight or when heated in its own vapor to 250°C, it is converted to the red variety, which does not phosphoresce in air as does the white variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is not as dangerous as white phosphorus. It should, however, be handled with care as it does convert to the white form at some temperatures and it emits highly toxic fumes of the oxides of phosphorus when heated. The red modification is fairly stable, sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atm at 417°C,and is used in the manufacture of safety matches, pyrotechnics, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, tracer bullets, etc. White phosphorus may be made by several methods. By one process, tri-calcium phosphate, the essential ingredient of phosphate rock, is heated in the presence of carbon and silica in an electric furnace or fuel-fired furnace. Elementary phosphorus is liberated as vapor and may be collected under water. If desired, the phosphorus vapor and carbon monoxide produced by the reaction can be oxidized at once in the presence of moisture to produce phosphoric acid, an important compound in making super-phosphate fertilizers. In recent years, concentrated phosphoric acids, which may contain as much as 70 to 75% P2O5 content, have become of great importance to agriculture and farm production. World-wide demand for fertilizers has caused record phosphate production. Phosphates are used in the production of special glasses, such as those used for sodium lamps. Bone-ash, calcium phosphate, is also used to produce fine chinaware and to produce mono-calcium phosphate used in baking powder. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steels, phosphor bronze, and many other products. Trisodium phosphate is important as a cleaning agent, as a water softener, and for preventing boiler scale and corrosion of pipes and boiler tubes. Organic compounds of phosphorus are important. Amorphous (red) phosphorus costs about $70/kg (99%).
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Platinum — (It. platina, silver), Pt; at. wt. 195.078(2); at. no. 78; m.p. 1768.4°C; b.p. 3825°C; sp. gr. 21.45 (20°C); valence 1?, 2, 3, or 4. Discovered in South America by Ulloa in 1735 and by Wood in 1741. The metal was used by pre-Columbian Indians. Platinum occurs native, accompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are found in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains and in Columbia. Sperrylite (PtAs2), occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is a source of a considerable amount of metal. The large production of nickel offsets there being only one part of the platinum metals in two million parts of ore. The largest supplier of the platinum group of metals is now South Africa, followed by Russia and Canada. Platinum is a beautiful silvery-white metal, when pure, and is malleable and ductile. It has a coefficient of expansion almost equal to that of soda-lime-silica glass, and is therefore used to make sealed electrodes in glass systems. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature, but is corroded by halogens, cyanides, sulfur, and caustic alkalis. It is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves when they are mixed as aqua regia, forming chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6), an important compound. Natural platinum contains six isotopes, one of which, 190Pt, is radioactive with a long half-life. Thirty-seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is extensively used in jewelry, wire, and vessels for laboratory use, and in many valuable instruments including thermocouple elements. It is also used for electrical contacts, corrosion-resistant apparatus, and in dentistry. Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. One such alloy made of 76.7% Pt and 23.3% Co, by weight, is an extremely powerful magnet that offers a B-H (max) almost twice that of Alnico V. Platinum resistance wires are used for constructing high-temperature electric furnaces. The metal is used for coating missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, etc., which must perform reliably for long periods of time at high temperatures. The metal, like palladium, absorbs large volumes, of hydrogen, retaining it at ordinary temperatures but giving it up at red heat. In the finely divided state platinum is an excellent catalyst, having long been used in the contact process for producing sulfuric acid. It is also used as a catalyst in cracking petroleum products. There is also much current interest in the use of platinum as a catalyst in fuel cells and in its use as antipollution devices for automobiles. Platinum anodes are extensively used in cathodic protection systems for large ships and ocean-going vessels, pipelines, steel piers, etc. Pure platinum wire will glow red hot when placed in the vapor of methyl alcohol. It acts here as a catalyst, converting the alcohol to formaldehyde. This phenomenon has been used commercially to produce cigarette lighters and hand warmers. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in the presence of platinum. The price of platinum has varied widely; more than a century ago it was used to adulterate gold. It was nearly eight times as valuable as gold in 1920. The price in January 2002 was about $430/troy oz. ($15/g), higher than the price of gold. Plutonium — (Planet pluto), Pu; at. wt. (244); at. no. 94; sp. gr. (α modification) 19.84 (25°C); m.p. 640°C; b.p. 3228°C; valence 3, 4, 5, or 6. Plutonium was the second transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered. The isotope 238Pu was produced in 1940 by Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium in the 60-inch cyclotron at Berkeley, California. Plutonium also exists in trace quantities in naturally occurring uranium ores. It is formed in much the same manner as neptunium, by irradiation of natural uranium with the neutrons which are present. By far of greatest importance is the isotope Pu239, with a half-life of 24,100 years, produced in extensive quantities in nuclear reactors from natural uranium: 238
U( n, γ )→ 239 U β→ 239 Np β→ 239 Pu
Nineteen isotopes of plutonium are now known. Plutonium has assumed the position of dominant importance among the transuranium elements because of its successful use as an explosive ingredient in nuclear weapons and the place which it holds as a key material in the development of industrial use of nuclear power. One kilogram is equivalent to about 22 million kilowatt hours of heat energy. The complete detonation of a kilogram of plutonium produces an explosion equal to about 20,000 tons of chemical explosive. Its importance depends on the nuclear property of being readily fissionable with neutrons and its availability in quantity. The world’s nuclear-power reactors are now producing about 20,000 kg of plutonium/yr. By 1982 it was estimated that about 300,000 kg had accumulated. The various nuclear applications of plutonium are well known. 238Pu has been used in the Apollo lunar missions to power seismic and other equipment on the lunar surface. As with neptunium and uranium, plutonium metal can be prepared by reduction of the trifluoride with alkaline-earth metals. The metal has a silvery appearance and takes on a yellow tarnish when slightly oxidized. It is chemically reactive. A relatively large piece of plutonium is warm to the touch because of the energy given off in alpha decay. Larger pieces will produce enough heat to boil water. The metal readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, or perchloric acid with formation of the Pu+3 ion. The metal exhibits six allotropic modifications having various crystalline structures. The densities of these vary from 16.00 to 19.86 g/cm3. Plutonium also exhibits four ionic valence states in aqueous solutions: Pu+3(blue lavender), Pu+4 (yellow brown), PuO+ (pink?), and PuO+2 (pink orange). The ion PuO+ is unstable in aqueous solutions, disproportionating into Pu+4 and PuO+2. The Pu+4 thus formed, however, oxidizes the PuO+ into PuO+2, itself being reduced to Pu+3, giving finally Pu+3 and PuO+2. Plutonium forms binary compounds with oxygen: PuO, PuO2, and intermediate oxides of variable composition; with the halides: PuF3, PuF4, PuCl3, PuBr3, PuI3; with carbon, nitrogen, and silicon: PuC, PuN, PuSi2. Oxyhalides are also well known: PuOCl, PuOBr, PuOI. Because of the high rate of emission of alpha particles and the element being specifically absorbed by bone marrow, plutonium, as well as all of the other transuranium elements except neptunium, are radiological poisons and must be handled with very special equipment and precautions. Plutonium is a very dangerous radiological hazard. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the unintentional formation of a critical mass. Plutonium in liquid solution is more likely to become critical than solid plutonium. The shape of the mass must also be considered where criticality is concerned. Plutonium-239 is available to authorized users from the O.R.N.L. at a cost of about $4.80/mg (99.9%) plus packing costs. Polonium — (Poland, native country of Mme. Curie [1867–1934]), Po; at. wt. (209); at. no. 84; m.p. 254°C; b.p. 962°C; sp. gr. (alpha modification) 9.32; valence –2, 0, +2, +3(?), +4, and +6. Polonium was the first element discovered by Mme. Curie in 1898, while seeking the cause of radioactivity of pitchblende from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The electroscope showed it separating with bismuth. Polonium is also called Radium F. Polonium is a very rare natural element. Uranium ores contain only about 100 µg of the element per ton. Its abundance is only about 0.2% of that of radium. In 1934, it was found that when natural bismuth (209Bi) was bombarded by neutrons, 210Bi, the parent of polonium, was obtained. Milligram amounts of polonium may now be prepared this way, by using the high neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors. Polonium-210 is a low-melting, fairly volatile metal, 50% of which is vaporized in air in 45 hours at 55°C. It is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 138.39 days. A milligram emits as many alpha particles as 5 g of radium. The energy released by its decay is so large (140 W/g) that a capsule containing about half a gram reaches a temperature above 500°C. The capsule also presents a contact gamma-ray dose rate of 0.012 Gy/h. A few curies (1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 Bq) of polonium exhibit a blue glow, caused by excitation of the surrounding gas. Because almost all alpha radiation is stopped within the solid source and its container, giving up its energy,
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) polonium has attracted attention for uses as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space satellites. Thirty-eight isotopes and isomers of polonium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 192 to 218. All are radioactive. Polonium-210 is the most readily available. Isotopes of mass 209 (half-life 102 years) and mass 208 (half-life 2.9 years) can be prepared by alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron, but these are expensive to produce. Metallic polonium has been prepared from polonium hydroxide and some other polonium compounds in the presence of concentrated aqueous or anhydrous liquid ammonia. Two allotropic modifications are known to exist. Polonium is readily dissolved in dilute acids, but is only slightly soluble in alkalis. Polonium salts of organic acids char rapidly; halide amines are reduced to the metal. Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. It has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc.; however, beta sources are more commonly used and are less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user. Polonium-210 is very dangerous to handle in even milligram or microgram amounts, and special equipment and strict control is necessary. Damage arises from the complete absorption of the energy of the alpha particle into tissue. The maximum permissible body burden for ingested polonium is only 0.03 µCi, which represents a particle weighing only 6.8 × 10–12 g. Weight for weight it is about 2.5 × 1011 times as toxic as hydrocyanic acid. The maximum allowable concentration for soluble polonium compounds in air is about 2 × 1011 µCi/cm3. Polonium-209 is available on special order from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a cost of $3600/µCi plus packing costs.. Potassium — (English, potash — pot ashes; L. kalium, Arab. qali, alkali), K; at. wt. 39.0983(1); at. no. 19; m.p. 63.38°C; b.p. 759°C; sp. gr. 0.862 (20°C); valence 1. Discovered in 1807 by Davy, who obtained it from caustic potash (KOH); this was the first metal isolated by electrolysis. The metal is the seventh most abundant and makes up about 2.4% by weight of the earth’s crust. Most potassium minerals are insoluble and the metal is obtained from them only with great difficulty. Certain minerals, however, such as sylvite, carnallite, langbeinite, and polyhalite are found in ancient lake and sea beds and form rather extensive deposits from which potassium and its salts can readily be obtained. Potash is mined in Germany, New Mexico, California, Utah, and elsewhere. Large deposits of potash, found at a depth of some 1000 m in Saskatchewan, promise to be important in coming years. Potassium is also found in the ocean, but is present only in relatively small amounts, compared to sodium. The greatest demand for potash has been in its use for fertilizers. Potassium is an essential constituent for plant growth and it is found in most soils. Potassium is never found free in nature, but is obtained by electrolysis of the hydroxide, much in the same manner as prepared by Davy. Thermal methods also are commonly used to produce potassium (such as by reduction of potassium compounds with CaC2, C, Si, or Na). It is one of the most reactive and electropositive of metals. Except for lithium, it is the lightest known metal. It is soft, easily cut with a knife, and is silvery in appearance immediately after a fresh surface is exposed. It rapidly oxidizes in air and should be preserved in a mineral oil. As with other metals of the alkali group, it decomposes in water with the evolution of hydrogen. It catches fire spontaneously on water. Potassium and its salts impart a violet color to flames. Twenty one isotopes, one of which is an isomer, of potassium are known. Ordinary potassium is composed of three isotopes, one of which is 40K (0.0117%), a radioactive isotope with a halflife of 1.26 × 109 years. The radioactivity presents no appreciable hazard. An alloy of sodium and potassium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium. Many potassium salts are of utmost importance, including the hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, chloride, chlorate, bromide, iodide, cyanide, sulfate, chromate, and dichromate. Metallic potassium is available commercially for about $1200/kg (98% purity) or $75/g (99.95% purity). Praseodymium — (Gr. prasios, green, and didymos, twin), Pr; at. wt. 140.90765(2); at. no. 59; m.p. 931°C; b.p. 3520°C; sp. gr. 6.773; valence 3. In 1841 Mosander extracted the rare earth didymia from lanthana; in 1879, Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a new earth, samaria, from didymia obtained from the mineral samarskite. Six years later, in 1885, von Welsbach separated didymia into two others, praseodymia and neodymia, which gave salts of different colors. As with other rare earths, compounds of these elements in solution have distinctive sharp spectral absorption bands or lines, some of which are only a few Angstroms wide. The element occurs along with other rare-earth elements in a variety of minerals. Monazite and bastnasite are the two principal commercial sources of the rare-earth metals. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have led to much easier isolation of the rare earths and the cost has dropped greatly in the past few years. Thirty-seven isotopes and isomers are now recognized. Praseodymium can be prepared by several methods, such as by calcium reduction of the anhydrous chloride of fluoride. Misch metal, used in making cigarette lighters, contains about 5% praseodymium metal. Praseodymium is soft, silvery, malleable, and ductile. It was prepared in relatively pure form in 1931. It is somewhat more resistant to corrosion in air than europium, lanthanum, cerium, or neodymium, but it does develop a green oxide coating that spalls off when exposed to air. As with other rare-earth metals it should be kept under a light mineral oil or sealed in plastic. The rare-earth oxides, including Pr2O3, are among the most refractory substances known. Along with other rare earths, it is widely used as a core material for carbon arcs used by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection. Salts of praseodymium are used to color glasses and enamels; when mixed with certain other materials, praseodymium produces an intense and unusually clean yellow color in glass. Didymium glass, of which praseodymium is a component, is a colorant for welder’s goggles. The metal (99.9% pure) is priced at about $4/g. Promethium — (Prometheus, who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven), Pm; at. no. 61; at. wt. (145); m.p. 1042°C; b.p. 3000°C (est.); sp. gr. 7.264 (25°C); valence 3. In 1902 Branner predicted the existence of an element between neodymium and samarium, and this was confirmed by Moseley in 1914. Unsuccessful searches were made for this predicted element over two decades, and various investigators proposed the names “illinium”, “florentium”, and “cyclonium” for this element. In 1941, workers at Ohio State University irradiated neodymium and praseodymium with neutrons, deuterons, and alpha particles, resp., and produced several new radioactivities, which most likely were those of element 61. Wu and Segre, and Bethe, in 1942, confirmed the formation; however, chemical proof of the production of element 61 was lacking because of the difficulty in separating the rare earths from each other at that time. In 1945, Marinsky, Glendenin, and Coryell made the first chemical identification by use of ionexchange chromatography. Their work was done by fission of uranium and by neutron bombardment of neodymium. These investigators named the newly discovered element. Searches for the element on earth have been fruitless, and it now appears that promethium is completely missing from the earth’s crust. Promethium, however, has been reported to be in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda. This element is being formed recently near the star’s surface, for no known isotope of promethium has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. Thirty five isotopes and isomers of promethium, with atomic masses from 130 to 158 are now known. Promethium-145,with a half-life of 17.7 years, is the most useful. Promethium-145 has a specific activity of 940 Ci/g. It is a soft beta emitter; although no gamma rays are emitted, X-radiation can be generated when beta particles impinge on elements of a high atomic number, and great care must be taken in handling it. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue or greenish glow, due to their high radioactivity. Ion-exchange methods led to the preparation of about 10 g of promethium from atomic reactor fuel processing wastes in early 1963. Little is yet generally known about the properties of metallic promethium. Two allotropic modifications exist. The element has applications as a beta source for thickness gages, and it can be absorbed by a phosphor to produce light. Light produced in this manner can be used for signs or signals
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) that require dependable operation; it can be used as a nuclear-powered battery by capturing light in photocells which convert it into electric current. Such a battery, using 147Pm, would have a useful life of about 5 years. It is being used for fluorescent lighting starters and coatings for self-luminous watch dials. Promethium shows promise as a portable X-ray source, and it may become useful as a heat source to provide auxiliary power for space probes and satellites. More than 30 promethium compounds have been prepared. Most are colored. Promethium-147 is available upon special order from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, or from the Westinghouse Hanford Co., Richland, WA. Protactinium — (Gr. protos, first), Pa; at. wt. 231.03588(2); at. no. 91; m.p. 1572°C; sp. gr. 15.37 (calc.); valence 4 or 5. The first isotope of element 91 to be discovered was 234Pa, also known as UX2, a short-lived member of the naturally occurring 238U decay series. It was identified by K. Fajans and O. H. Gohring in 1913 and they named the new element brevium. When the longer-lived isotope 231Pa was identified by Hahn and Meitner in 1918, the name protoactinium was adopted as being more consistent with the characteristics of the most abundant isotope. Soddy, Cranson, and Fleck were also active in this work. The name protoactinium was shortened to protactinium in 1949. In 1927, Grosse prepared 2 mg of a white powder, which was shown to be Pa2O5. Later, in 1934, from 0.1 g of pure Pa2O5 he isolated the element by two methods, one of which was by converting the oxide to an iodide and “cracking” it in a high vacuum by an electrically heated filament by the reaction
2 PaI 5 → 2 Pa + 5I 2 Protactinium has a bright metallic luster which it retains for some time in air. The element occurs in pitchblende to the extent of about 1 part 231Pa to 10 million of ore. Ores from Congo-Kinshasa have about 3 ppm. Protactinium has twenty-eight isotopes and isomers, the most common of which is 231Pr with a half-life of 32,500 years. A number of protactinium compounds are known, some of which are colored. The element is superconductive below 1.4 K. The element is a dangerous toxic material and requires precautions similar to those used when handling plutonium. In 1959 and 1961, it was announced that the Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority extracted by a 12-stage process 125 g of 99.9% protactinium, the world’s only stock of the metal for many years to come. The extraction was made from 60 tons of waste material at a cost of about $500,000. Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements. Radium — (L. radius, ray), Ra; at. wt. (226); at. no. 88; m.p. 700°C; sp. gr. 5; valence 2. Radium was discovered in 1898 by M. and Mme. Curie in the pitchblende or uraninite of North Bohemia (Czech Republic), where it occurs. There is about 1 g of radium in 7 tons of pitchblende. The element was isolated in 1911 by Mme. Curie and Debierne by the electrolysis of a solution of pure radium chloride, employing a mercury cathode; on distillation in an atmosphere of hydrogen this amalgam yielded the pure metal. Originally, radium was obtained from the rich pitchblende ore found at Joachimsthal, Bohemia. The carnotite sands of Colorado furnish some radium, but richer ores are found in the Republic of Congo-Kinshasa and the Great Bear Lake region of Canada. Radium is present in all uranium minerals, and could be extracted, if desired, from the extensive wastes of uranium processing. Large uranium deposits are located in Ontario, New Mexico, Utah, Australia, and elsewhere. Radium is obtained commercially as the bromide or chloride; it is doubtful if any appreciable stock of the isolated element now exists. The pure metal is brilliant white when freshly prepared, but blackens on exposure to air, probably due to formation of the nitride. It exhibits luminescence, as do its salts; it decomposes in water and is somewhat more volatile than barium. It is a member of the alkaline-earth group of metals. Radium imparts a carmine red color to a flame. Radium emits alpha, beta, and gamma rays and when mixed with beryllium produce neutrons. One gram of 226Ra undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per s. The curie (Ci) is defined as that amount of radioactivity which has the same disintegration rate as 1 g of 226Ra. Thirty-six isotopes are now known; radium 226, the common isotope, has a half-life of 1599 years. One gram of radium produces about 0.0001 ml (stp) of emanation, or radon gas, per day. This is pumped from the radium and sealed in minute tubes, which are used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. One gram of radium yields about 4186 kJ per year. Radium is used in producing self-luminous paints, neutron sources, and in medicine for the treatment of disease. Some of the more recently discovered radioisotopes, such as 60Co, are now being used in place of radium. Some of these sources are much more powerful, and others are safer to use. Radium loses about 1% of its activity in 25 years, being transformed into elements of lower atomic weight. Lead is a final product of disintegration. Stored radium should be ventilated to prevent build-up of radon. Inhalation, injection, or body exposure to radium can cause cancer and other body disorders. The maximum permissible burden in the total body for 226Ra is 7400 becquerel. Radon — (from radium; called niton at first, L. nitens, shining), Rn; at. wt. (222); at. no. 86; m.p. –71°C; b.p. –61.7°C; tc 104°C; density of gas 9.73 g/l; sp. gr. liquid 4.4 at –62°C, solid 4; valence usually 0. The element was discovered in 1900 by Dorn, who called it radium emanation. In 1908 Ramsay and Gray, who named it niton, isolated the element and determined its density, finding it to be the heaviest known gas. It is essentially inert and occupies the last place in the zero group of gases in the Periodic Table. Since 1923, it has been called radon. Thirty-seven isotopes and isomers are known. Radon-222, coming from radium, has a half-life of 3.823 days and is an alpha emitter; Radon-220, emanating naturally from thorium and called thoron, has a half-life of 55.6 s and is also an alpha emitter. Radon-219 emanates from actinium and is called actinon. It has a half-life of 3.9 s and is also an alpha emitter. It is estimated that every square mile of soil to a depth of 6 inches contains about 1 g of radium, which releases radon in tiny amounts to the atmosphere. Radon is present in some spring waters, such as those at Hot Springs, Arkansas. On the average, one part of radon is present to 1 × 1021 part of air. At ordinary temperatures radon is a colorless gas; when cooled below the freezing point, radon exhibits a brilliant phosphorescence which becomes yellow as the temperature is lowered and orange-red at the temperature of liquid air. It has been reported that fluorine reacts with radon, forming radon fluoride. Radon clathrates have also been reported. Radon is still produced for therapeutic use by a few hospitals by pumping it from a radium source and sealing it in minute tubes, called seeds or needles, for application to patients. This practice has now been largely discontinued as hospitals can order the seeds directly from suppliers, who make up the seeds with the desired activity for the day of use. Care must be taken in handling radon, as with other radioactive materials. The main hazard is from inhalation of the element and its solid daughters, which are collected on dust in the air. Good ventilation should be provided where radium, thorium, or actinium is stored to prevent build-up of this element. Radon build-up is a health consideration in uranium mines. Recently radon build-up in homes has been a concern. Many deaths from lung cancer are caused by radon exposure. In the U.S. it is recommended that remedial action be taken if the air from radon in homes exceeds 4 pCi/l. Rhenium — (L. Rhenus, Rhine), Re; at. wt. 186.207(1); at. no. 75; m.p. 3186°C; b.p. 5596°C; sp. gr. 21.02 (20°C); valence –1, +1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the element in platinum ores and columbite. They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite. By working up 660 kg of molybdenite they were able in 1928 to extract 1 g of rhenium. The price in 1928 was $10,000/g. Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral species. It is, however, widely spread throughout the earth’s crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdenite roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona, and elsewhere in Arizona and Utah. Some molybdenites
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) contain from 0.002 to 0.2% rhenium. It is estimated that in 1999 about 16,000 kg of rhenium was being produced. The total estimated world reserves of rhenium is 11,000,000 kg. The total estimated Free World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Natural rhenium is a mixture of two isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Thirty nine other unstable isotopes are recognized. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. The element is silvery white with a metallic luster; its density is exceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium, and its melting point is exceeded only by that of tungsten and carbon. It has other useful properties. The usual commercial form of the element is a powder, but it can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This produces a compact shape in excess of 90% of the density of the metal. Annealed rhenium is very ductile, and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium is used as an additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to impart useful properties. It is widely used for filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gages. Rheniummolybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K. Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material as it has good wear resistance and withstands arc corrosion. Thermocouples made of Re-W are used for measuring temperatures up to 2200°C, and rhenium wire has been used in photoflash lamps for photography. Rhenium catalysts are exceptionally resistant to poisoning from nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and are used for hydrogenation of fine chemicals, hydrocracking, reforming, and disproportionation of olefins. Rhenium has recently become especially important as a catalyst for petroleum refining and in making super-alloys for jet engines. Rhenium costs about $16/g (99.99% pure). Little is known of its toxicity; therefore, it should be handled with care until more data are available. Rhodium — (Gr. rhodon, rose), Rh; at. wt. 102.90550(3); at. no. 45; m.p. 1964°C; b.p. 3695°C; sp. gr. 12.41 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Wollaston discovered rhodium in 1803-4 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America. Rhodium occurs native with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide ores of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring here is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium in 1999 was only about 9000 kg. The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the sesquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. Its major use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocouple elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. It has a high reflectance and is hard and durable. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst. Fifty-two isotopes and isomers are now known. Rhodium metal (powder) costs about $180/g (99.9%). Rubidium — (L. rubidus, deepest red), Rb; at. wt. 85.4678(3); at. no. 37; m.p. 39.31°C; b.p. 688°C; sp. gr. (solid) 1.532 (20°C), (liquid) 1.475 (39°C); valence 1, 2, 3, 4. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope. The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, carnallite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba. Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept under a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Thirty five isotopes and isomers of rubidium are known. Naturally occurring rubidium is made of two isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.83% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 × 1010 years. Ordinary rubidium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic film in about 30 to 60 days. Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4. Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in “ion engines” for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an armature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20°C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications. The present cost in small quantities is about $50/g (99.8% pure). Ruthenium — (L. Ruthenia, Russia), Ru; at. wt. 101.07(2); at. no. 44, m.p. 2334°C; b.p. 4150°C; sp. gr. 12.41 (20°C); valence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann’s ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. A member of the platinum group, ruthenium occurs native with other members of the group in ores found in the Ural mountains and in North and South America. It is also found along with other platinum metals in small but commercial quantities in pentlandite of the Sudbury, Ontario, nickel-mining region, and in pyroxinite deposits of South Africa. Natural ruthenium contains seven isotopes. Twenty-eight other isotopes and isomers are known, all of which are radioactive. The metal is isolated commercially by a complex chemical process, the final stage of which is the hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride, which yields a powder. The powder is consolidated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding. Ruthenium is a hard, white metal and has four crystal modifications. It does not tarnish at room temperatures, but oxidizes in air at about 800°C. The metal is not attacked by hot or cold acids or aqua regia, but when potassium chlorate is added to the solution, it oxidizes explosively. It is attacked by halogens, hydroxides, etc. Ruthenium can be plated by electrodeposition or by thermal decomposition methods. The metal is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium, and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistance. A ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is said to be superconductive at 10.6 K. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of CdS particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is thought this may have application to removal of H2S from oil refining and other industrial processes. Compounds in at least eight oxidation states have been found, but of these, the +2. +3. and +4 states are the most common.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Ruthenium tetroxide, like osmium tetroxide, is highly toxic. In addition, it may explode. Ruthenium compounds show a marked resemblance to those of osmium. The metal is priced at about $25/g (99.95% pure). Rutherfordium — (named for Ernest Rutherford [1871–1937], New Zealand, Canadian, and British physicist); Rf; at. wt. [261]; at. no. 104. In 1964, workers of the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (Russia) bombarded plutonium with accelerated 113 to 115 MeV neon ions. By measuring fission tracks in a special glass with a microscope, they detected an isotope that decays by spontaneous fission. They suggested that this isotope, which has a half-life of 0.3 ± 0.1 s, might be 260104, produced by the following reaction: 242 Pu + 22 Ne→ 260 104 94 10
+ 4n
Element 104, the first transactinide element, is expected to have chemical properties similar to those of hafnium. It would, for example, form a relatively volatile compound with chlorine (a tetrachloride). The Soviet scientists have performed experiments aimed at chemical identification, and have attempted to show that the 0.3-s activity is more volatile than that of the relatively nonvolatile actinide trichlorides. This experiment does not fulfill the test of chemically separating the new element from all others, but it provides important evidence for evaluation. New data, reportedly issued by Soviet scientists, have reduced the half-life of the isotope they worked with from 0.3 to 0.15 s. The Dubna scientists suggest the name kurchatovium and symbol Ku for Element 104, in honor of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903—1960), late Head of Soviet Nuclear Research. The Dubna Group also has proposed the name dubnium for Element 104. In 1969, Ghiorso, Nurmia, Harris, K. A. Y. Eskola, and P. L. Eskola of the University of California at Berkeley reported they had positively identified two, and possibly three, isotopes of Element 104. The group also indicated that after repeated attempts so far they have been unable to produce isotope 260104 reported by the Dubna groups in 1964. The discoveries at Berkeley were made by bombarding a target of 249Cf with 12C nuclei of 71 MeV, and 13C nuclei of 69 MeV. The combination of 12C with 249Cf followed by instant emission of four neutrons produced Element 257104. This isotope has a half-life of 4 to 5 s, decaying by emitting an alpha particle into 253No, with a half-life of 105 s. The same reaction, except with the emission of three neutrons, was thought to have produced 258104 with a half-life of about 1/100 s. Element 259104 is formed by the merging of a 13C nuclei with 249Cf, followed by emission of three neutrons. This isotope has a half-life of 3 to 4 s, and decays by emitting an alpha particle into 255No, which has a half-life of 185 s. Thousands of atoms of 257104 and 259104 have been detected. The Berkeley group believe their identification of 258104 was correct. Eleven isotopes of Element 104 have now been identified. The Berkeley group proposed for the new element the name rutherfordium (symbol Rf), in honor of Ernest Rutherford. This name was formally adapted by IUPAC in August 1997. Samarium — (Samarskite a mineral), Sm; at. wt. 150.36(3); at. no. 62; m.p. 1074°C; b.p. 1794°C; sp. gr (α) 7.520 (25°C); valence 2 or 3. Discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1879 by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the mineral samarskite, named in honor of a Russian mine official, Col. Samarski. Samarium is found along with other members of the rare-earth elements in many minerals, including monazite and bastnasite, which are commercial sources. The largest producer of rare earth minerals is now China, followed by the U.S., India, and Russia. It occurs in monazite to the extent of 2.8%. While misch metal containing about 1% of samarium metal, has long been used, samarium has not been isolated in relatively pure form until recent years. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently simplified separation of the rare earths from one another; more recently, electrochemical deposition, using an electrolytic solution of lithium citrate and a mercury electrode, is said to be a simple, fast, and highly specific way to separate the rare earths. Samarium metal can be produced by reducing the oxide with barium or lanthanum. Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 922°C. The metal ignites in air at about 150°C. Thirty-three isotopes and isomers of samarium are now recognized. Natural samarium is a mixture of seven isotopes, three of which are unstable but have long half-lives. Samarium, along with other rare earths, is used for carbon-arc lighting for the motion picture industry. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to 1100°C. SmCo5 has been used in making a new permanent magnet material with the highest resistance to demagnetization of any known material. It is said to have an intrinsic coercive force as high as 2200 kA/m. Samarium oxide has been used in optical glass to absorb the infrared. Samarium is used to dope calcium fluoride crystals for use in optical masers or lasers. Compounds of the metal act as sensitizers for phosphors excited in the infrared; the oxide exhibits catalytic properties in the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethyl alcohol. It is used in infrared absorbing glass and as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors. The metal is priced at about $3.50/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of samarium; therefore, it should be handled carefully. Scandium — (L. Scandia, Scandinavia), Sc; at. wt. 44.955910(8); at. no. 21; m.p. 1541°C; b.p. 2836°C; sp. gr. 2.989 (25°C); valence 3. On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2 g of scandium oxide of high purity. Cleve later pointed out that Nilson’s scandium was identical with Mendeleev’s ekaboron. Scandium is apparently a much more abundant element in the sun and certain stars than here on earth. It is about the 23rd most abundant element in the sun, compared to the 50th most abundant on earth. It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite. Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grieneisen, who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal. The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960. Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft, and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium. It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of conc. HNO3 and 48% HF. Scandium reacts rapidly with many acids. Twenty-three isotopes and isomers of scandium are recognized. The metal is expensive, costing about $200/g with a purity of about 99.9%. About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc2O3) are now being used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights, and the radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc. Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is important for indoor or night-time color TV. Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore, it should be handled with care.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) Seaborgium — (named for Glenn T. Seaborg [1912–1999], American chemist and nuclear physicist). Sg; at. wt. [263]; at no. 106. The discovery of Seaborgium, Element 106, took place in 1974 almost simultaneously at the Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratory and at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The Berkeley Group, under direction of Ghiorso, used the Super-Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (Super HILAC) as a source of heavy 18O ions to bombard a 259-µg target of 249Cf. This resulted in the production and positive identification of 263106, which decayed with a halflife of 0.9 ± 0.2 s by the emission of alpha particles as follows: 263
α α α 106 → 259 104 → 255 No →.
The Dubna Team, directed by Flerov and Organessian, produced heavy ions of 54Cr with their 310-cm heavy-ion cyclotron to bombard 207Pb and 208Pb and found a product that decayed with a half-life of 7 ms. They assigned 259106 to this isotope. It is now thought seven isotopes of Seaborgium have been identified. Two of the isotopes are believed to have half-lives of about 30 s. Seaborgium most likely would have properties resembling tungsten. The IUPAC adopted the name Seaborgium in August 1997. Normally the naming of an element is not given until after the death of the person for which the element is named; however, in this case, it was named while Dr. Seaborg was still alive. Selenium — (Gr. Selene, moon), Se; at. wt. 78.96(3); at. no. 34; m.p. (gray) 221°C; b.p. (gray) 685°C; sp. gr. (gray) 4.79, (vitreous) 4.28; valence –2, +4, or +6. Discovered by Berzelius in 1817, who found it associated with tellurium, named for the earth. Selenium is found in a few rare minerals, such as crooksite and clausthalite. In years past it has been obtained from flue dusts remaining from processing copper sulfide ores, but the anode muds from electrolytic copper refineries now provide the source of most of the world’s selenium. Selenium is recovered by roasting the muds with soda or sulfuric acid, or by smelting them with soda and niter. Selenium exists in several allotropic forms. Three are generally recognized, but as many as six have been claimed. Selenium can be prepared with either an amorphous or crystalline structure. The color of amorphous selenium is either red, in powder form, or black, in vitreous form. Crystalline monoclinic selenium is a deep red; crystalline hexagonal selenium, the most stable variety, is a metallic gray. Natural selenium contains six stable isotopes. Twenty-nine other isotopes and isomers have been characterized. The element is a member of the sulfur family and resembles sulfur both in its various forms and in its compounds. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. These properties make selenium useful in the production of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Selenium is also able to convert a.c. electricity to d.c., and is extensively used in rectifiers. Below its melting point selenium is a p-type semiconductor and is finding many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. It is used in Xerography for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc., but recently its use in this application has been decreasing in favor of certain organic compounds. It is used by the glass industry to decolorize glass and to make ruby-colored glasses and enamels. It is also used as a photographic toner, and as an additive to stainless steel. Elemental selenium has been said to be practically nontoxic and is considered to be an essential trace element; however, hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic, and resemble arsenic in their physiological reactions. Hydrogen selenide in a concentration of 1.5 ppm is intolerable to man. Selenium occurs in some soils in amounts sufficient to produce serious effects on animals feeding on plants, such as locoweed, grown in such soils. Selenium (99.5%) is priced at about $250/kg. It is also available in high-purity form at a cost of about $350/kg (99.999%). Silicon — (L. silex, silicis, flint), Si; at. wt. 28.0855(3); at. no. 14; m.p. 1414°C; b.p. 3265°C; sp. gr. 2.33 (25°C); valence 4. Davy in 1800 thought silica to be a compound and not an element; later in 1811, Gay Lussac and Thenard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride. Berzelius, generally credited with the discovery, in 1824 succeeded in preparing amorphous silicon by the same general method as used earlier, but he purified the product by removing the fluosilicates by repeated washings. Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element. Silicon is present in the sun and stars and is a principal component of a class of meteorites known as “aerolites”. It is also a component of tektites, a natural glass of uncertain origin. Natural silicon contains three isotopes. Twenty-four other radioactive isotopes are recognized. Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth’s crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. Silicon is not found free in nature, but occurs chiefly as the oxide and as silicates. Sand, quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, and opal are some of the forms in which the oxide appears. Granite, hornblende, asbestos, feldspar, clay mica, etc. are but a few of the numerous silicate minerals. Silicon is prepared commercially by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Several other methods can be used for preparing the element. Amorphous silicon can be prepared as a brown powder, which can be easily melted or vaporized. Crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and grayish color. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in a hydrogen atmosphere, and by a vacuum float zone process. This product can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus, or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silicon is a relatively inert element, but it is attacked by halogens and dilute alkali. Most acids except hydrofluoric, do not affect it. Silicones are important products of silicon. They may be prepared by hydrolyzing a silicon organic chloride, such as dimethyl silicon chloride. Hydrolysis and condensation of various substituted chlorosilanes can be used to produce a very great number of polymeric products, or silicones, ranging from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Elemental silicon transmits more than 95% of all wavelengths of infrared, from 1.3 to 6.7 µm. Silicon is one of man’s most useful elements. In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form of silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Glass can be made in a very great variety of shapes, and is used as containers, window glass, insulators, and thousands of other uses. Silicon tetrachloride can be used to iridize glass. Silicon is important in plant and animal life. Diatoms in both fresh and salt water extract silica from the water to build up their cell walls. Silica is present in ashes of plants and in the human skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in steel; silicon carbide is one of the most important abrasives and has been used in lasers to produce coherent light of 4560 Å. A remarkable material, first discovered in 1930, is Aerogel, developed and now used by NASA in their Stardust mission, which is expected to encounter Comet Wild 2 in 2004, returning cometary and interplanet dust to Earth in 2006. Aerogel is a highly insulative material that has the lowest density of any known solid. One form of Aerogel is 99.9% air and 0.1% SiO2, by volume. It is 1000 times less dense than glass. It has been called “blue smoke” or “solid smoke”. A block of Aerogel as large as a person may weigh less than a pound and yet support the weight of 1000 lbs (455 kg). This material is expected to trap cometary particles traveling at speeds of 32 km/sec. Aerogel is said to be non-toxic and non-inflammable. It has high thermal insulating qualities that
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) could be used in home insulation. Its light weight may have aircraft applications. Regular grade silicon (99.5%) costs about $160/kg. Silicon (99.9999%) pure costs about $200/kg; hyperpure silicon is available at a higher cost. Miners, stonecutters, and other engaged in work where siliceous dust is breathed in large quantities often develop a serious lung disease known as silicosis. Silver — (Anglo-Saxon, Seolfor siolfur), Ag (L. argentum), at. wt. 107.8682(2); at. no. 47; m.p. 961.78°C; b.p. 2162°C; sp. gr. 10.50 (20°C); valence 1, 2. Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C. Silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere. Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially. Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important. Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. While silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes. Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body. A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has at times greatly exceeded the output. In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71¢/troy oz., and at 90.5¢/troy oz. in 1946. In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized silver, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins. The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins. This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792. Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu. The composition of the one- and five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn. Five-cent coins are 75% Cu and 25% Ni. Old silver dollars are 90% Ag and 10% Cu. Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value. Silver coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver. Since that time, the price of silver has fluctuated widely. As of January 2002, the price of silver was about $4.10/troy oz. (13¢/g); however the price has fluctuated considerably due to market instability. The price of silver in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago. This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods. Also, silver has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography. Sodium — (English, soda; Medieval Latin, sodanum, headache remedy), Na (L. natrium); at. wt. 22.989770(2); at. no. 11; m.p. 97.80°C; b.p. 883°C; sp. gr. 0.971 (20°C); valence 1. Long recognized in compounds, sodium was first isolated by Davy in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic soda. Sodium is present in fair abundance in the sun and stars. The D lines of sodium are among the most prominent in the solar spectrum. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element on earth, comprising about 2.6% of the earth’s crust; it is the most abundant of the alkali group of metals of which it is a member. The most common compound is sodium chloride, but it occurs in many other minerals, such as soda niter, cryolite, amphibole, zeolite, sodalite,etc. It is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. It is now obtained commercially by the electrolysis of absolutely dry fused sodium chloride. This method is much cheaper than that of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide, as was used several years ago. Sodium is a soft, bright, silvery metal which floats on water, decomposing it with the evolution of hydrogen and the formation of the hydroxide. It may or may not ignite spontaneously on water, depending on the amount of oxide and metal exposed to the water. It normally does not ignite in air at temperatures below 115°C. Sodium should be handled with respect, as it can be dangerous when improperly handled. Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of sodamide and esters, and in the preparation of organic compounds. The metal may be used to improve the structure of certain alloys, to descale metal, to purify molten metals, and as a heat transfer agent. An alloy of sodium with potassium, NaK, is also an important heat transfer agent. Sodium compounds are important to the paper, glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Soap is generally a sodium salt of certain fatty acids. The importance of common salt to animal nutrition has been recognized since prehistoric times. Among the many compounds that are of the greatest industrial importance are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO3), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na2S2O3 · 5H 2O), and borax (Na2B4O7 · 10H 2O). Seventeen isotopes of sodium are recognized. Metallic sodium is priced at about $575/kg (99.95%). On a volume basis, it is the cheapest of all metals. Sodium metal should be handled with great care. It should be kept in an inert atmosphere and contact with water and other substances with which sodium reacts should be avoided. Strontium — (Strontian, town in Scotland), Sr; at. wt. 87.62(1); at. no. 38; m.p. 777°C; b.p. 1382°C; sp. gr. 2.54; valence 2. Isolated by Davey by electrolysis in 1808; however, Adair Crawford in 1790 recognized a new mineral (strontianite) as differing from other barium minerals (baryta). Strontium is found chiefly as celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3). Celestite is found in Mexico, Turkey, Iran, Spain, Algeria, and in the U.K. The U.S. has no active celestite mines. The metal can be prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride mixed with potassium chloride, or is made by reducing strontium oxide with aluminum in a vacuum at a temperature at which strontium distills off. Three allotropic forms of the metal exist, with transition points at 235 and 540°C. Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes water more vigorously. It does not absorb nitrogen below 380°C. It should be kept under mineral oil to prevent oxidation. Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium salts impart a beautiful crimson color to flames, and these salts are used in pyrotechnics and in the production of flares. Natural strontium is a mixture of four stable isotopes. Thirty-two other unstable
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Of greatest importance is 90Sr with a half-life of 29 years. It is a product of nuclear fallout and presents a health problem. This isotope is one of the best long-lived high-energy beta emitters known, and is used in SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) devices. These devices hold promise for use in space vehicles, remote weather stations, navigational buoys, etc., where a lightweight, long-lived, nuclear-electric power source is needed. The major use for strontium at present is in producing glass for color television picture tubes. All color TV and cathode ray tubes sold in the U.S. are required by law to contain strontium in the face plate glass to block X-ray emission. Strontium also improves the brilliance of the glass and the quality of the picture. It has also found use in producing ferrite magnets and in refining zinc. Strontium titanate is an interesting optical material as it has an extremely high refractive index and an optical dispersion greater than that of diamond. It has been used as a gemstone, but it is very soft. It does not occur naturally. Strontium metal (99% pure) costs about $220/kg. Sulfur — (Sanskrit, sulvere; L. sulphurium), S; at. wt. 32.066(6); at. no. 16; m.p. 115.21°C; b.p. 444.60°C; tc 1041°C; sp. gr. (rhombic) 2.07, (monoclinic) 1.957 (20°C); valence 2, 4, or 6. Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone. Sulfur is found in meteorites. A dark area near the crater Aristarchus on the moon has been studied by R. W. Wood with ultraviolet light. This study suggests strongly that it is a sulfur deposit. Sulfur occurs native in the vicinity of volcanoes and hot springs. It is widely distributed in nature as iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, Epsom salts, celestite, barite,etc. Sulfur is commercially recovered from wells sunk into the salt domes along the Gulf Coast of the U.S. It is obtained from these wells by the Frasch process, which forces heated water into the wells to melt the sulfur, which is then brought to the surface. Sulfur also occurs in natural gas and petroleum crudes and must be removed from these products. Formerly this was done chemically, which wasted the sulfur. New processes now permit recovery, and these sources promise to be very important. Large amounts of sulfur are being recovered from Alberta gas fields. Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid, which is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. In every state, whether gas, liquid or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form or modification; these present a confusing multitude of forms whose relations are not yet fully understood. Amorphous or “plastic” sulfur is obtained by fast cooling of the crystalline form. X-ray studies indicate that amorphous sulfur may have a helical structure with eight atoms per spiral. Crystalline sulfur seems to be made of rings, each containing eight sulfur atoms, which fit together to give a normal X-ray pattern. Twenty-one isotopes of sulfur are now recognized. Four occur in natural sulfur, none of which is radioactive. A finely divided form of sulfur, known as flowers of sulfur, is obtained by sublimation. Sulfur readily forms sulfides with many elements. Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide. It is also used extensively is making phosphatic fertilizers. A tremendous tonnage is used to produce sulfuric acid, the most important manufactured chemical. It is used in making sulfite paper and other papers, as a fumigant, and in the bleaching of dried fruits. The element is a good electrical insulator. Organic compounds containing sulfur are very important. Calcium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide are but a few of the many other important compounds of sulfur. Sulfur is essential to life. It is a minor constituent of fats, body fluids, and skeletal minerals. Carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide should be handled carefully. Hydrogen sulfide in small concentrations can be metabolized, but in higher concentrations it quickly can cause death by respiratory paralysis. It is insidious in that it quickly deadens the sense of smell. Sulfur dioxide is a dangerous component in atmospheric air pollution. In 1975, University of Pennsylvania scientists reported synthesis of polymeric sulfur nitride, which has the properties of a metal, although it contains no metal atoms. The material has unusual optical and electrical properties. Sulfur (99.999%) costs about $575/kg. Tantalum — (Gr. Tantalos, mythological character, father of Niobe), Ta; at. wt. 180.9479(1); at. no. 73; m.p. 3017°C; b.p. 5458°C; sp. gr. 16.654; valence 2?, 3, 4?, or 5. Discovered in 1802 by Ekeberg, but many chemists thought niobium and tantalum were identical elements until Rose, in 1844, and Marignac, in1866, showed that niobic and tantalic acids were two different acids. The early investigators only isolated the impure metal. The first relatively pure ductile tantalum was produced by von Bolton in 1903. Tantalum occurs principally in the mineral columbite-tantalite (Fe, Mn)(Nb, Ta)2O6. Tantalum ores are found in Australia, Brazil, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Congo-Kinshasa, Nigeria, and Canada. Separation of tantalum from niobium requires several complicated steps. Several methods are used to commercially produce the element, including electrolysis of molten potassium fluorotantalate, reduction of potassium fluorotantalate with sodium, or reacting tantalum carbide with tantalum oxide. Thirty four isotopes and isomers of tantalum are known to exist. Natural tantalum contains two isotopes, one of which is radioactive with a very long half-life. Tantalum is a gray, heavy, and very hard metal. When pure, it is ductile and can be drawn into fine wire, which is used as a filament for evaporating metals such as aluminum. Tantalum is almost completely immune to chemical attack at temperatures below 150°C, and is attacked only by hydrofluoric acid, acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion, and free sulfur trioxide. Alkalis attack it only slowly. At high temperatures, tantalum becomes much more reactive. The element has a melting point exceeded only by tungsten and rhenium. Tantalum is used to make a variety of alloys with desirable properties such as high melting point, high strength, good ductility, etc. Scientists at Los Alamos have produced a tantalum carbide graphite composite material, which is said to be one of the hardest materials ever made. The compound has a melting point of 3738°C. Tantalum has good “gettering” ability at high temperatures, and tantalum oxide films are stable and have good rectifying and dielectric properties. Tantalum is used to make electrolytic capacitors and vacuum furnace parts, which account for about 60% of its use. The metal is also widely used to fabricate chemical process equipment, nuclear reactors, and aircraft and missile parts. Tantalum is completely immune to body liquids and is a nonirritating metal. It has, therefore, found wide use in making surgical appliances. Tantalum oxide is used to make special glass with high index of refraction for camera lenses. The metal has many other uses. The price of (99.9%) tantalum is about $2/g. Technetium — (Gr. technetos, artificial), Tc; at. wt. (98); at. no. 43; m.p. 2157°C; b.p. 4265°C; sp. gr. 11.50 (calc.); valence 0, +2, +4, +5, +6, and +7. Element 43 was predicted on the basis of the periodic table, and was erroneously reported as having been discovered in 1925, at which time it was named masurium. The element was actually discovered by Perrier and Segre in Italy in 1937. It was found in a sample of molybdenum, which was bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley cyclotron, and which E. Lawrence sent to these investigators. Technetium was the first element to be produced artificially. Since its discovery, searches for the element in terrestrial materials have been made without success. If it does exist, the concentration must be very small. Technetium has been found in the spectrum of S-, M-, and N-type stars, and its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in the stars. Forty-three isotopes and isomers of technetium, with atomic masses ranging from 86 to 113, are known. 97Tc has a half-life of 2.6 × 106 years. 98Tc has a half-life of 4.2 × 106 years. The isomeric isotope 95mTc, with a half-life of 61 days, is useful for tracer work, as it produces energetic gamma rays. Technetium metal has been produced in kilogram quantities. The metal was first prepared by passing hydrogen gas at 1100°C over Tc2S7. It is now conveniently prepared by the reduction of ammonium pertechnetate with hydrogen. Technetium is a silvery-gray metal that tarnishes slowly in moist air. Until 1960, technetium was available only in small amounts and the price was as high as $2800/g. 99Tc is now commercially available to holders of O.R.N.L. permits at a price of $83/g plus packing charges. 99Tc is available at a cost of $1.56/µCi. The chemistry of technetium is said to be similar to that of rhenium. Technetium dissolves in nitric acid, aqua regia, and conc.
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) sulfuric acid, but is not soluble in hydrochloric acid of any strength. The element is a remarkable corrosion inhibitor for steel. It is reported that mild carbon steels may be effectively protected by as little as 55 ppm of KTcO4 in aerated distilled water at temperatures up to 250°C. This corrosion protection is limited to closed systems, since technetium is radioactive and must be confined. 99Tc has a specific activity of 6.2 × 108 Bq/g. Activity of this level must not be allowed to spread. 99Tc is a contamination hazard and should be handled in a glove box. The metal is an excellent superconductor at 11°K and below. Tellurium — (L. tellus, earth), Te; at. wt. 127.60(3); at. no. 52; m.p. 449.51°C; b.p. 988°C; sp. gr. 6.24 (20°C); valence 2, 4, or 6. Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798. Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from the anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element. Crystalline tellurium has a silverywhite appearance, and when pure exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is formed by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a ptype semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms. Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flame, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel. Tellurium and its compounds are probably toxic and should be handled with care. Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 of air, or less, develop “tellurium breath,” which has a garlic-like odor. Forty two isotopes and isomers of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 106 to 138. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes, two of which are radioactive with very long halflives. Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium catalysts are used in the oxidation of organic compounds and are used in hydrogenation and halogenation reactions. Tellurium is also used in electronic and semi-conductor devices. It is also used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices. Tellurium costs about 50¢/g, with a purity of about 99.5%. The metal with a purity of 99.9999% costs about $5/g. Terbium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden), Tb; at. wt. 158.92534(2); at. no. 65; m.p. 1356°C; b.p. 3230°C; sp. gr. 8.230; valence 3, 4. Discovered by Mosander in 1843. Terbium is a member of the lanthanide or “rare earth” group of elements. It is found in cerite, gadolinite, and other minerals along with other rare earths. It is recovered commercially from monazite in which it is present to the extent of 0.03%, from xenotime, and from euxenite, a complex oxide containing 1% of more of terbia. Terbium has been isolated only in recent years with the development of ion-exchange techniques for separating the rare-earth elements. As with other rare earths, it can be produced by reducing the anhydrous chloride or fluoride with calcium metal in a tantalum crucible. Calcium and tantalum impurities can be removed by vacuum remelting. Other methods of isolation are possible. Terbium is reasonably stable in air. It is a silver-gray metal, and is malleable, ductile, and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Two crystal modifications exist, with a transformation temperature of 1289°C. Forty-two isotopes and isomers are recognized. The oxide is a chocolate or dark maroon color. Sodium terbium borate is used as a laser material and emits coherent light at 0.546 µm. Terbium is used to dope calcium fluoride, calcium tungstate, and strontium molybdate, used in solid-state devices. The oxide has potential application as an activator for green phosphors used in color TV tubes. It can be used with ZrO2 as a crystal stabilizer of fuel cells which operate at elevated temperature. Few other uses have been found. The element is priced at about $40/g (99.9%). Little is known of the toxicity of terbium. It should be handled with care as with other lanthanide elements. Thallium — (Gr. thallos, a green shoot or twig), Tl; at. wt. 204.3833(2); at. no. 81; m.p. 304°C; b.p. 1473°C; sp. gr. 11.85 (20°C); valence 1, or 3. Thallium was discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Crookes. The element was named after the beautiful green spectral line, which identified the element. The metal was isolated both by Crookes and Lamy in 1862 about the same time. Thallium occurs in crooksite, lorandite, and hutchinsonite. It is also present in pyrites and is recovered from the roasting of this ore in connection with the production of sulfuric acid. It is also obtained from the smelting of lead and zinc ores. Extraction is somewhat complex and depends on the source of the thallium. Manganese nodules, found on the ocean floor, contain thallium. When freshly exposed to air, thallium exhibits a metallic luster, but soon develops a bluish-gray tinge, resembling lead in appearance. A heavy oxide builds up on thallium if left in air, and in the presence of water the hydroxide is formed. The metal is very soft and malleable. It can be cut with a knife. Forty-seven isotopes of thallium, with atomic masses ranging from 179 to 210 are recognized. Natural thallium is a mixture of two isotopes. The element and its compounds are toxic and should be handled carefully. Contact of the metal with skin is dangerous, and when melting the metal adequate ventilation should be provided. Thallium is suspected of carcinogenic potential for man. Thallium sulfate has been widely employed as a rodenticide and ant killer. It is odorless and tasteless, giving no warning of its presence. Its use, however, has been prohibited in the U.S. since 1975 as a household insecticide and rodenticide. The electrical conductivity of thallium sulfide changes with exposure to infrared light, and this compound is used in photocells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has been used, with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses which become fluid between 125 and 150°C. These glasses have properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction. Thallium has been used in treating ringworm and other skin infections; however, its use has been limited because of the narrow margin between toxicity and therapeutic benefits. A mercury-thallium alloy, which forms a eutectic at 8.5% thallium, is reported to freeze at –60°C, some 20° below the freezing point of mercury. Thallium metal (99.999%) costs about $2/g. Thorium — (Thor, Scandinavian god of war), Th; at. wt. 232.0381(1); at. no. 90; m.p. 1750°C; b.p. 4788°C; sp. gr. 11.72; valence +2(?), +3(?), +4. Discovered by Berzelius in 1828. Thorium occurs in thorite (ThSiO4) and in thorianite (ThO2 + UO2). Large deposits of thorium minerals have been reported in New England and elsewhere, but these have not yet been exploited. Thorium is now thought to be about three times as abundant as uranium and about as abundant as lead or molybdenum. The metal is a source of nuclear power. There is probably more energy available for use from thorium in the minerals of the earth’s crust than from both uranium and fossil fuels. Any sizable demand for thorium as a nuclear fuel is still several years in the future. Work has been done in developing thorium cycle converter-reactor systems. Several prototypes, including the HTGR (hightemperature gas-cooled reactor) and MSRE (molten salt converter reactor experiment), have operated. While the HTGR reactors are efficient, they are not expected to become important commercially for many years because of certain operating difficulties. Thorium is recovered commercially from the mineral monazite, which contains from 3 to 9% ThO2 along with rare-earth minerals. Much of the internal heat the earth produces has been attributed to thorium and uranium. Several methods are available for producing thorium metal: it can be obtained by reducing thorium oxide with calcium, by electrolysis of anhydrous thorium chloride in a fused mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides, by calcium reduction of thorium tetrachloride mixed with anhydrous zinc chloride, and by reduction of thorium tetrachloride with an alkali metal. Thorium was originally assigned a position in Group IV
4-31
THE ELEMENTS (continued) of the periodic table. Because of its atomic weight, valence, etc., it is now considered to be the second member of the actinide series of elements. When pure, thorium is a silvery-white metal which is air-stable and retains its luster for several months. When contaminated with the oxide, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming gray and finally black. The physical properties of thorium are greatly influenced by the degree of contamination with the oxide. The purest specimens often contain several tenths of a percent of the oxide. High-purity thorium has been made. Pure thorium is soft, very ductile, and can be cold-rolled, swaged, and drawn. Thorium is dimorphic, changing at 1400°C from a cubic to a body-centered cubic structure. Thorium oxide has a melting point of 3300°C, which is the highest of all oxides. Only a few elements, such as tungsten, and a few compounds, such as tantalum carbide, have higher melting points. Thorium is slowly attacked by water, but does not dissolve readily in most common acids, except hydrochloric. Powdered thorium metal is often pyrophoric and should be carefully handled. When heated in air, thorium turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light. The principal use of thorium has been in the preparation of the Welsbach mantle, used for portable gas lights. These mantles, consisting of thorium oxide with about 1% cerium oxide and other ingredients, glow with a dazzling light when heated in a gas flame. Thorium is an important alloying element in magnesium, imparting high strength and creep resistance at elevated temperatures. Because thorium has a low work-function and high electron emission, it is used to coat tungsten wire used in electronic equipment. The oxide is also used to control the grain size of tungsten used for electric lamps; it is also used for high-temperature laboratory crucibles. Glasses containing thorium oxide have a high refractive index and low dispersion. Consequently, they find application in high quality lenses for cameras and scientific instruments. Thorium oxide has also found use as a catalyst in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid, in petroleum cracking, and in producing sulfuric acid. Thorium has not found many uses due to its radioactive nature and its handling and disposal problems. Thirty isotopes of thorium are known with atomic masses ranging from 210 to 237. All are unstable. 232Th occurs naturally and has a half-life of 1.4 × 1010 years. It is an alpha emitter. 232Th goes through six alpha and four beta decay steps before becoming the stable isotope 208Pb. 232Th is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in a few hours. Thorium disintegrates with the production of “thoron” (220Rn), which is an alpha emitter and presents a radiation hazard. Good ventilation of areas where thorium is stored or handled is therefore essential. Thorium metal (99.8%) costs about $25/g. Thulium — (Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia), Tm; at. wt. 168.93421(3); at. no. 69; m.p. 1545°C; b.p. 1950°C; sp. gr. 9.321 (25°C); valence 3. Discovered in 1879 by Cleve. Thulium occurs in small quantities along with other rare earths in a number of minerals. It is obtained commercially from monazite, which contains about 0.007% of the element. Thulium is the least abundant of the rare earth elements, but with new sources recently discovered, it is now considered to be about as rare as silver, gold, or cadmium. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques have recently permitted much easier separation of the rare earths, with much lower costs. Only a few years ago, thulium metal was not obtainable at any cost; in 1996 the oxide cost $20/g. Thulium metal powder now costs $70/g (99.9%). Thulium can be isolated by reduction of the oxide with lanthanum metal or by calcium reduction of the anhydrous fluoride. The pure metal has a bright, silvery luster. It is reasonably stable in air, but the metal should be protected from moisture in a closed container. The element is silver-gray, soft, malleable, and ductile, and can be cut with a knife. Forty-one isotopes and isomers are known, with atomic masses ranging from 146 to 176. Natural thulium, which is 100% 169Tm, is stable. Because of the relatively high price of the metal, thulium has not yet found many practical applications. 169Tm bombarded in a nuclear reactor can be used as a radiation source in portable Xray equipment. 171Tm is potentially useful as an energy source. Natural thulium also has possible use in ferrites (ceramic magnetic materials) used in microwave equipment. As with other lanthanides, thulium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. It should be handled with care. Tin — (anglo-Saxon, tin), Sn (L. stannum); at. wt. 118.710(7); at. no. 50; m.p. 231.93°C; b.p. 2602°C; sp. gr. (gray) 5.75, (white) 7.31; valence 2, 4. Known to the ancients. Tin is found chiefly in cassiterite (SnO2). Most of the world’s supply comes from China, Indonesia, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. The U.S. produces almost none, although occurrences have been found in Alaska and Colorado. Tin is obtained by reducing the ore with coal in a reverberatory furnace. Ordinary tin is composed of ten stable isotopes; thirty-six unstable isotopes and isomers are also known. Ordinary tin is a silver-white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a “tin cry” is heard when a bar is bent. The element has two allotropic forms at normal pressure. On warming, gray, or α tin, with a cubic structure, changes at 13.2°C into white, or β tin, the ordinary form of the metal. White tin has a tetragonal structure. When tin is cooled below 13.2°C, it changes slowly from white to gray. This change is affected by impurities such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by small additions of antimony or bismuth. This change from the α to β form is called the tin pest. Tin-lead alloys are used to make organ pipes. There are few if any uses for gray tin. Tin takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Such tin plate over steel is used in the so-called tin can for preserving food. Alloys of tin are very important. Soft solder, type metal, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, bell metal, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy, and phosphor bronze are some of the important alloys using tin. Tin resists distilled sea and soft tap water, but is attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Oxygen in solution accelerates the attack. When heated in air, tin forms SnO2, which is feebly acid, forming stannate salts with basic oxides. The most important salt is the chloride (SnCl2 · H 2O), which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface (Pilkington process). Of recent interest is a crystalline tinniobium alloy that is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Such magnets, made of tin-niobium wire, weigh but a few pounds and produce magnetic fields that, when started with a small battery, are comparable to that of a 100 ton electromagnet operated continuously with a large power supply. The small amount of tin found in canned foods is quite harmless. The agreed limit of tin content in U.S. foods is 300 mg/kg. The trialkyl and triaryl tin compounds are used as biocides and must be handled carefully. Over the past 25 years the price of commercial tin has varied from 50¢/lb ($1.10/kg) to its present price of about $6/kg in January 2002. Tin (99.99% pure) costs about $260/kg. Titanium — (L. Titans, the first sons of the Earth, myth.), Ti; at. wt. 47.867(1); at. no. 22; m.p. 1668°C; b.p. 3287°C; sp. gr. 4.54; valence 2, 3, or 4. Discovered by Gregor in 1791; named by Klaproth in 1795. Impure titanium was prepared by Nilson and Pettersson in 1887; however, the pure metal (99.9%) was not made until 1910 by Hunter by heating TiCl4 with sodium in a steel bomb. Titanium is present in meteorites and in the sun. Rocks obtained during the Apollo 17 lunar mission showed presence of 12.1% TiO2. Analyses of rocks obtained during earlier Apollo missions show lower percentages. Titanium oxide bands are prominent in the spectra of M-type stars. The element is the ninth most abundant in the crust of the earth. Titanium is almost always present in igneous rocks and in the sediments derived from them. It occurs in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Deposits of ilmenite and rutile are found in Florida, California, Tennessee, and New York. Australia, Norway, Malaysia, India, and China are also large suppliers of titanium minerals. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. The metal was a laboratory curiosity until Kroll, in 1946, showed that titanium could be produced commercially by reducing titanium
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) tetrachloride with magnesium. This method is largely used for producing the metal today. The metal can be purified by decomposing the iodide. Titanium, when pure, is a lustrous, white metal. It has a low density, good strength, is easily fabricated, and has excellent corrosion resistance. It is ductile only when it is free of oxygen. The metal burns in air and is the only element that burns in nitrogen. Titanium is resistant to dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, most organic acids, moist chlorine gas, and chloride solutions. Natural titanium consists of five isotopes with atomic masses from 46 to 50. All are stable. Eighteen other unstable isotopes are known. The metal is dimorphic. The hexagonal α form changes to the cubic β form very slowly at about 880°C. The metal combines with oxygen at red heat, and with chlorine at 550°C. Titanium is important as an alloying agent with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals. Alloys of titanium are principally used for aircraft and missiles where lightweight strength and ability to withstand extremes of temperature are important. Titanium is as strong as steel, but 45% lighter. It is 60% heavier than aluminum, but twice as strong. Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. The metal has excellent resistance to sea water and is used for propeller shafts, rigging, and other parts of ships exposed to salt water. A titanium anode coated with platinum has been used to provide cathodic protection from corrosion by salt water. Titanium metal is considered to be physiologically inert; however, titanium powder may be a carcinogenic hazard. When pure, titanium dioxide is relatively clear and has an extremely high index of refraction with an optical dispersion higher than diamond. It is produced artificially for use as a gemstone, but it is relatively soft. Star sapphires and rubies exhibit their asterism as a result of the presence of TiO2. Titanium dioxide is extensively used for both house paint and artist’s paint, as it is permanent and has good covering power. Titanium oxide pigment accounts for the largest use of the element. Titanium paint is an excellent reflector of infrared, and is extensively used in solar observatories where heat causes poor seeing conditions. Titanium tetrachloride is used to iridize glass. This compound fumes strongly in air and has been used to produce smoke screens. The price of titanium metal (99.9%) is about $1100/kg. Tungsten — (Swedish, tung sten, heavy stone); also known as wolfram (from wolframite, said to be named from wolf rahm or spumi lupi, because the ore interfered with the smelting of tin and was supposed to devour the tin), W; at. wt. 183.84(1); at. no. 74; m.p. 3422°C; b.p. 5555°C; sp. gr. 19.3 (20°C); valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In 1779 Peter Woulfe examined the mineral now known as wolframite and concluded it must contain a new substance. Scheele, in 1781, found that a new acid could be made from tung sten (a name first applied about 1758 to a mineral now known as scheelite). Scheele and Berman suggested the possibility of obtaining a new metal by reducing this acid. The de Elhuyar brothers found an acid in wolframite in 1783 that was identical to the acid of tungsten(tungstic acid) of Scheele, and in that year they succeeded in obtaining the element by reduction of this acid with charcoal. Tungsten occurs in wolframite, (Fe, Mn)WO4; scheelite, CaWO4; huebnerite, MnWO4; and ferberite, FeWO4. Important deposits of tungsten occur in California, Colorado, Bolivia, Russia, and Portugal. China is reported to have about 75% of the world’s tungsten resources. Natural tungsten contains five stable isotopes. Thirty two other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. The metal is obtained commercially by reducing tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. Pure tungsten is a steel-gray to tin-white metal. Very pure tungsten can be cut with a hacksaw, and can be forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. The impure metal is brittle and can be worked only with difficulty. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and at temperatures over 1650°C has the highest tensile strength. The metal oxidizes in air and must be protected at elevated temperatures. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. The thermal expansion is about the same as borosilicate glass, which makes the metal useful for glass-to-metal seals. Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for metal evaporation work; for electrical contact points for automobile distributors; X-ray targets; windings and heating elements for electrical furnaces; and for numerous spacecraft and high-temperature applications. High-speed tool steels, Hastelloy®, Stellite®, and many other alloys contain tungsten. Tungsten carbide is of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries.Calcium and magnesium tungstates are widely used in fluorescent lighting; other salts of tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten disulfide is a dry, high-temperature lubricant, stable to 500°C. Tungsten bronzes and other tungsten compounds are used in paints. Zirconium tungstate has found recent applications (see under Zirconium). Tungsten powder (99.999%) costs about $2900/kg. Uranium — (Planet Uranus), U; at. wt. 238.0289(1); at. no. 92; m.p. 1135°C; b.p. 4131°C; sp. gr. ~18.95; valence 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Yellow-colored glass, containing more than 1% uranium oxide and dating back to 79 A.D., has been found near Naples, Italy. Klaproth recognized an unknown element in pitchblende and attempted to isolate the metal in 1789. The metal apparently was first isolated in 1841 by Peligot, who reduced the anhydrous chloride with potassium. Uranium is not as rare as it was once thought. It is now considered to be more plentiful than mercury, antimony, silver, or cadmium, and is about as abundant as molybdenum or arsenic. It occurs in numerous minerals such as pitchblende, uraninite, carnotite, autunite, uranophane, davidite, and tobernite. It is also found in phosphate rock, lignite, monazite sands, and can be recovered commercially from these sources. Large deposits of uranium ore occur in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Canada, and elsewhere. Uranium can be made by reducing uranium halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals or by reducing uranium oxides by calcium, aluminum, or carbon at high temperatures. The metal can also be produced by electrolysis of KUF5 or UF4, dissolved in a molten mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl. High-purity uranium can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of uranium halides on a hot filament. Uranium exhibits three crystallographic modifications as follows: °C °C α 688 → β 776 →γ
Uranium is a heavy, silvery-white metal which is pyrophoric when finely divided. It is a little softer than steel, and is attacked by cold water in a finely divided state. It is malleable, ductile, and slightly paramagnetic. In air, the metal becomes coated with a layer of oxide. Acids dissolve the metal, but it is unaffected by alkalis. Uranium has twenty three isotopes, one of which is an isomer and all of which are radioactive. Naturally occurring uranium contains 99.2745% by weight 238U, 0.720% 235U, and 0.0055% 234U. Studies show that the percentage weight of 235U in natural uranium varies by as much as 0.1%, depending on the source. The U.S.D.O.E. has adopted the value of 0.711 as being their “official” percentage of 235U in natural uranium. Natural uranium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic plate in an hour or so. Much of the internal heat of the earth is thought to be attributable to the presence of uranium and thorium. 238U with a half-life of 4.46 × 109 years, has been used to estimate the age of igneous rocks. The origin of uranium, the highest member of the naturally occurring elements — except perhaps for traces of neptunium or plutonium — is not clearly understood, although it has been thought that uranium might be a decay product of elements of higher atomic weight, which may have once been present on earth or elsewhere in the universe. These original elements may have been formed as a result of a primordial “creation,” known as “the big bang,” in a supernova, or in some other stellar processes. The fact that recent studies show that most trans-uranic elements are extremely rare with very short half-lives indicates that it may be necessary to find some alternative explanation for the very large quantities of radioactive uranium we find on earth. Studies of meteorites from other parts of the solar system show a relatively low radioactive content, compared to terrestrial rocks. Uranium is of great
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) importance as a nuclear fuel.
238U
can be converted into fissionable plutonium by the following reactions: 238
U( n, γ )→ 239 U β→ 239 Np β→ 239 Pu
This nuclear conversion can be brought about in “breeder” reactors where it is possible to produce more new fissionable material than the fissionable material used in maintaining the chain reaction. 235U is of even greater importance, for it is the key to the utilization of uranium. 235U, while occurring in natural uranium to the extent of only 0.72%, is so fissionable with slow neutrons that a self-sustaining fission chain reaction can be made to occur in a reactor constructed from natural uranium and a suitable moderator, such as heavy water or graphite, alone. 235U can be concentrated by gaseous diffusion and other physical processes, if desired, and used directly as a nuclear fuel, instead of natural uranium, or used as an explosive. Natural uranium, slightly enriched with 235U by a small percentage, is used to fuel nuclear power reactors for the generation of electricity. Natural thorium can be irradiated with neutrons as follows to produce the important isotope 233U. 232
Th( n, γ )→ 233 Th β→ 233 Pa β→ 233 U
While thorium itself is not fissionable, 233U is, and in this way may be used as a nuclear fuel. One pound of completely fissioned uranium has the fuel value of over 1500 tons of coal. The uses of nuclear fuels to generate electrical power, to make isotopes for peaceful purposes, and to make explosives are well known. The estimated world-wide production of the 437 nuclear power reactors in operation in 1998 amounted to about 352,000 Megawatt hours. In 1998 the U.S. had about 107 commercial reactors with an output of about 100,000 Megawatt-hours. Some nuclear-powered electric generating plants have recently been closed because of safety concerns. There are also serious problems with nuclear waste disposal that have not been completely resolved. Uranium in the U.S.A. is controlled by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, under the Department of Energy. Uses are being found for the large quantities of “depleted” uranium, now available, where uranium-235 has been lowered to about 0.2%. Depleted uranium has been used for inertial guidance devices, gyrocompasses, counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, ballast for missile reentry vehicles, and as a shielding material for tanks, etc. Concerns, however, have been raised over its low radioactive properties. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets for production of high-energy X-rays. The nitrate has been used as photographic toner, and the acetate is used in analytical chemistry. Crystals of uranium nitrate are triboluminescent. Uranium salts have also been used for producing yellow “vaseline” glass and glazes. Uranium and its compounds are highly toxic, both from a chemical and radiological standpoint. Finely divided uranium metal, being pyrophoric, presents a fire hazard. The maximum permissible total body burden of natural uranium (based on radiotoxicity) is 0.2 µCi for soluble compounds. Recently, the natural presence of uranium and thorium in many soils has become of concern to homeowners because of the generation of radon and its daughters (see under Radon). Uranium metal is available commercially at a cost of about $6/g (99.7%) in air-tight glass under argon. Unnilnilium etc. — See under the opening paragraphs of this article and also under Elements 110 to 118. Vanadium — (Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis), V; at. wt. 50.9415(1); at. no. 23; m.p. 1910°C; b.p. 3407°C; sp. gr. 6.11 (18.7°C); valence 2, 3, 4, or 5. Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared del Rio’s new element was only impure chromium; del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemist’s statement. The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess Vanadis because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, in 1867, who reduced the chloride with hydrogen. Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1927. Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites. Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. China, South Africa, and Russia supply much of the world’s vanadium ores. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures. Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybolt. Natural vanadium is a mixture of two isotopes, 50V (0.25%) and 51V (99.75%). 50V is slightly radioactive, having a long half-life. Twenty other unstable isotopes are recognized. Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 660°C. The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Vanadium is used in producing rust resistant, spring, and highspeed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels. About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst. It is also used in producing a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss. Vanadium and its compounds are toxic and should be handled with care. Ductile vanadium is commercially available. Vanadium metal (99.7%) costs about $3/g. Wolfram — see Tungsten. Xenon — (Gr. xenon, stranger), Xe; at. wt. 131.29(2); at. no. 54; m.p. –111.79°C; b.p. –108.12°C; tc 16.62°C; density (gas) 5.887 ± 0.009 g/l, sp. gr (liquid) 3.52 (–109°C); valence usually 0. Discovered by Ramsay and Travers in 1898 in the residue left after evaporating liquid air components. Xenon is a member of the so-called noble or “inert” gases. It is present in the atmosphere to the extent of about one part in twenty million. Xenon is present in the Martian atmosphere to the extent of 0.08 ppm. The element is found in the gases evolved from certain mineral springs, and is commercially obtained by extraction from liquid air. Natural xenon is composed of nine stable isotopes. In addition to these, thirty five unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Before 1962, it had generally been assumed that xenon and other noble gases were unable to form compounds. Evidence has been mounting in the past few years that xenon, as well as other members of the zero valence elements, do form compounds. Among the “compounds” of xenon now reported are xenon hydrate, sodium perxenate, xenon deuterate, difluoride, tetrafluoride, hexafluoride, and XePtF6 and XeRhF6. Xenon trioxide, which is highly explosive, has been prepared. More than 80 xenon compounds have been made with xenon chemically bonded to fluorine and oxygen. Some xenon compounds are colored. Metallic xenon has been produced, using several hundred kilobars of pressure. Xenon in a vacuum tube produces a beautiful blue glow when excited by an electrical discharge. The gas is used in making electron tubes, stroboscopic lamps, bactericidal lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers for generating coherent light. Xenon is used in the atomic energy field in bubble chambers, probes, and other applications where its high molecular weight is of value. The perxenates are used in analytical chemistry as oxidizing agents. 133Xe and 135Xe
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) are produced by neutron irradiation in air cooled nuclear reactors. 133Xe has useful applications as a radioisotope. The element is available in sealed glass containers for about $20/l of gas at standard pressure. Xenon is not toxic, but its compounds are highly toxic because of their strong oxidizing characteristics. Ytterbium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden), Yb; at. wt. 173.04(3); at. no. 70; m.p. 819°C; b.p. 1196°C; sp. gr (α) 6.903 (β) 6.966; valence 2, 3. Marignac in 1878 discovered a new component, which he called ytterbia, in the earth then known as erbia. In 1907, Urbain separated ytterbia into two components, which he called neoytterbia and lutecia. The elements in these earths are now known as ytterbium and lutetium, respectively. These elements are identical with aldebaranium and cassiopeium, discovered independently and at about the same time by von Welsbach. Ytterbium occurs along with other rare earths in a number of rare minerals. It is commercially recovered principally from monazite sand, which contains about 0.03%. Ion-exchange and solvent extraction techniques developed in recent years have greatly simplified the separation of the rare earths from one another. The element was first prepared by Klemm and Bonner in 1937 by reducing ytterbium trichloride with potassium. Their metal was mixed, however, with KCl. Daane, Dennison, and Spedding prepared a much purer form in 1953 from which the chemical and physical properties of the element could be determined. Ytterbium has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable, and quite ductile. While the element is fairly stable, it should be kept in closed containers to protect it from air and moisture. Ytterbium is readily attacked and dissolved by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and reacts slowly with water. Ytterbium has three allotropic forms with transformation points at –13° and 795°C. The beta form is a room-temperature, face-centered, cubic modification, while the high-temperature gamma form is a body-centered cubic form. Another body-centered cubic phase has recently been found to be stable at high pressures at room temperatures. The beta form ordinarily has metallic-type conductivity, but becomes a semiconductor when the pressure is increased above 16,000 atm. The electrical resistance increases tenfold as the pressure is increased to 39,000 atm and drops to about 80% of its standard temperature-pressure resistivity at a pressure of 40,000 atm. Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Twenty six other unstable isotopes and isomers are known. Ytterbium metal has possible use in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. One isotope is reported to have been used as a radiation source as a substitute for a portable X-ray machine where electricity is unavailable. Few other uses have been found. Ytterbium metal is available with a purity of about 99.9% for about $10/g. Ytterbium has a low acute toxic rating, but may present a carcinogenic hazard. Yttrium — (Ytterby, village in Sweden near Vauxholm), Y; at. wt. 88.90585(2); at. no. 39; m.p. 1522°C; b.p. 3345°C; sp. gr. 4.469 (25°C); valence 3. Yttria, which is an earth containing yttrium, was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusually minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium. In 1843 Mosander showed that yttria could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia. Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content. It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques. Yttrium has a silvermetallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C, and finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air. Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Many hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application. Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters. Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond). Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys. Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of atomic explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility. Yttrium is also finding application in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization.It has also potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass. Natural yttrium contains but one isotope, 89Y. Fortythree other unstable isotopes and isomers have been characterized. Yttrium metal of 99.9% purity is commercially available at a cost of about $5/g. Zinc — (Ger. Zink, of obscure origin), Zn; at. wt. 65.39(2); at. no. 30; m.p. 419.53°C; b.p. 907°C; sp. gr. 7.133 (25°C); valence 2. Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass. Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, is mentioned as being an “instructor in every artificer in brass and iron.” An alloy containing 87% zinc has been found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania. Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. in India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746, who showed that it could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal. The principal ores of zinc are sphalerite or blende (sulfide), smithsonite (carbonate), calamine (silicate), and franklinite (zinc, manganese, iron oxide). Canada, Japan, Belgium, Germany, and The Netherlands are suppliers of zinc ores. Zinc is also mined in Alaska, Tennessee, Missouri, and elsewhere in the U.S. Zinc can be obtained by roasting its ores to form the oxide and by reduction of the oxide with coal or carbon, with subsequent distillation of the metal. Other methods of extraction are possible. Naturally occurring zinc contains five stable isotopes. Twenty-five other unstable isotopes and isomers are recognized. Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a fair conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide. The metal is employed to form numerous alloys with other metals. Brass, nickel silver, typewriter metal, commercial bronze, spring brass, German silver, soft solder, and aluminum solder are some of the more important alloys. Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. An alloy called Prestal®, consisting of 78% zinc and 22% aluminum is reported to be almost as strong as steel but as easy to mold as plastic. It is said to be so plastic that it can be molded into form by relatively inexpensive die casts made of ceramics and cement. It exhibits superplasticity. Zinc is also extensively used to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion. Neither zinc nor zirconium is ferromagnetic; but ZrZn2 exhibits ferromagnetism at temperatures below 35 K. Zinc oxide is a unique and very useful material to modern civilization. It is widely used in the manufacture of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, storage batteries, textiles, electrical equipment, and other products. It has unusual electrical, thermal, optical, and solid-state properties that have not yet been fully investigated. Lithopone, a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate,
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THE ELEMENTS (continued) is an important pigment. Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray and TV screens, and fluorescent lights. The chloride and chromate are also important compounds. Zinc is an essential element in the growth of human beings and animals. Tests show that zinc-deficient animals require 50% more food to gain the same weight as an animal supplied with sufficient zinc. Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as the oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. It is recommended that where zinc oxide is encountered good ventilation be provided. The commercial price of zinc in January 2002 was roughly 40¢/lb ($90 kg). Zinc metal with a purity of 99.9999% is priced at about $5/g. Zirconium — (Syriac, zargun, color of gold), Zr; at. wt. 91.224(2); at. no. 40; m.p. 1855°C; b.p. 4409°C; sp. gr. 6.506 (20°C); valence +2, +3, and +4. The name zircon may have originated from the Syriac word zargono, which describes the color of certain gemstones now known as zircon, jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure.This mineral, or its variations, is mentioned in biblical writings. These minerals were not known to contain this element until Klaproth, in 1789, analyzed a jargon from Sri Lanka and found a new earth, which Werner named zircon (silex circonius), and Klaproth called Zirkonerde (zirconia). The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small iron tube. Pure zirconium was first prepared in 1914. Very pure zirconium was first produced in 1925 by van Arkel and de Boer by an iodide decomposition process they developed. Zirconium is found in abundance in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites. Analyses of lunar rock samples obtained during the various Apollo missions to the moon show a surprisingly high zirconium oxide content, compared with terrestial rocks. Naturally occurring zirconium contains five isotopes. Thirty-one other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known to exist. Zircon, ZrSiO4, the principal ore, is found in deposits in Florida, South Carolina, Australia, South Africa, and elsewhere. Baddeleyite, found in Brazil, is an important zirconium mineral. It is principally pure ZrO2in crystalline form having a hafnium content of about 1%. Zirconium also occurs in some 30 other recognized mineral species. Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of the chloride with magnesium (the Kroll Process), and by other methods. It is a grayish-white lustrous metal. When finely divided, the metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures. The solid metal is much more difficult to ignite. The inherent toxicity of zirconium compounds is low. Hafnium is invariably found in zirconium ores, and the separation is difficult. Commercial-grade zirconium contains from 1 to 3% hafnium. Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therefore used for nuclear energy applications, such as for cladding fuel elements. Commercial nuclear power generation now takes more than 90% of zirconium metal production. Reactors of the size now being made may use as much as a half-million lineal feet of zirconium alloy tubing. Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Zircaloy® is an important alloy developed specifically for nuclear applications. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents. It is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol. With niobium, zirconium is superconductive at low temperatures and is used to make superconductive magnets, which offer hope of direct large-scale generation of electric power. Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35 K. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat shock, for linings of metallurgical furnaces, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Its use as a refractory material accounts for a large share of all zirconium consumed. Zirconium tungstate is an unusual material that shrinks, rather than expands, when heated. While this compound has been known for more than 30 years, it is only now that it is being studied to determine the nature of this unusual behavior. A few other compounds are known to possess this property, but they tend to shrink in one direction, while they stretch out in others in order to maintain an overall volume. Zirconium tungstate shrinks in all directions over a wide temperature range of from near absolute zero to +777°C. This material is being considered for use in very small computer chips, which are subject to severe temperature changes. It is also being considered for use in composite materials where thermal expansion may be a problem. Zirconium of about 99.5% purity is available at a cost of about $2000/kg or about $4/g.
4-36
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS The compounds in this table were selected on the basis of their laboratory and industrial importance, as well as their value in illustrating trends in the variation of physical properties with position in the periodic table. An effort has been made to include the most frequently encountered inorganic substances; a limited number of organometallics are also covered. Many, if not most, of the compounds that are solids at ambient temperature can exist in more than one crystalline modification. The information given here applies to the most stable or common crystalline form. In cases where two or more forms are of practical importance, separate entries will be found in the table. Compounds are arranged primarily in alphabetical order by the most commonly used name. However, adjustments are made in many instances in order to bring closely related compounds together. For example, hydrides of elements such as boron, silicon, and germanium are grouped together immediately following the entry for the parent element, since they would otherwise be scattered throughout the table. Likewise, the oxoacids of an element are given in one group whenever a strict alphabetical order would separate them (e.g., sulfuric acid and fluorosulfuric acid). The Formula Index following the table provides another means of locating a compound. There is also an index to CAS Registry Numbers. The following data fields appear in the table: • •
•
•
• •
•
•
•
•
Name: Systematic name for the substance. The valence state of a metallic element is indicated by a Roman numeral, e.g., copper in the +1 state is written as copper(I) rather than cuprous, iron in the +3 state is iron(III) rather than ferric. Formula: The simplest descriptive formula is given, but this does not necessarily specify the actual structure of the compound. For example, aluminum chloride is designated as AlCl3, even though a more accurate representation of the structure in the solid phase (and, under some conditions, in the gas phase) is Al2Cl6. A few exceptions are made, such as the use of Hg2+2 for the mercury(I) ion. CAS Registry Number: Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. An asterisk (*) following the CAS RN for a hydrate indicates that the number refers to the anhydrous compound. In most cases the generic CAS RN for the compound is given rather than the number for a specific crystalline form or mineral. Mol. Weight: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as calculated with the 1997 IUPAC Recommended Atomic Weights. The number of decimal places corresponds to the number of places in the atomic weight of the least accurately known element (e.g., one place for lead compounds, two places for compounds of selenium, germanium, etc.); a maximum of three places is given. For compounds of radioactive elements for which IUPAC makes no recommendation, the mass number of the isotope with longest half-life is used, and the result is rounded to the nearest integer. Physical Form: The crystal system is given, when available, for compounds that are solid at room temperature, together with color and other descriptive features. Abbreviations are listed below. mp: Normal melting point in °C. The notation “tp” indicates the temperature at which solid, liquid, and gas are in equilibrium at a pressure greater than one atmosphere (i.e., the normal melting point does not exist). When available, the triple point pressure is listed. bp: Normal boiling point in °C (referred to 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg pressure). The notation “sp” following the number indicates the temperature where the pressure of the vapor in equilibrium with the solid reaches as 101.325 kPa. See Reference 8, p. 23, for further discussion of sublimation points and triple points. A notation “sublimes” without a temperature being given indicates that there is a perceptible sublimation pressure above the solid at ambient temperatures. Density: Density values for solids and liquids are always in units of grams per cubic centimeter and can be assumed to refer to temperatures near room temperature unless otherwise stated. Values for gases are the calculated ideal gas densities in grams per liter at 25°C and 101.325 kPa; the unit is always specified for a gas value. Aqueous Solubility: Solubility is expressed as the number of grams of the compound (excluding any water of hydration) that will dissolve in 100 g of water. The temperature in °C is given as a superscript. Solubility at other temperatures can be found for many compounds in the table “Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures” in Section 8. Qualitative Solubility: Qualitative information on the solubility in other solvents (and in water, if quantitative data are unavailable) is given here. The abbreviations are: i insoluble sl slightly soluble s soluble vs very soluble
Data were taken from a wide variety of reliable sources, including monographs, treatises, review articles, evaluated compilations and databases, and in some cases the primary literature. Some of the most useful references for the properties covered here are listed below.
List of Abbreviations Ac ace acid alk amorp anh aq blk
acetyl acetone acid solutions alkaline solutions amorphous anhydrous aqueous black
brn bz chl col conc cry cub cyhex
brown benzene chloroform colorless concentrated crystals, crystalline cubic cyclohexane
4-37
dec dil diox eth EtOH exp flam gl
decomposes dilute dioxane ethyl ether ethanol explodes, explosive flammable glass, glassy
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED) List of Abbreviations (continued) grn hc hex hp hex hyd hyg i liq MeOH mono octahed oran orth os
green hydrocarbon solvents hexagonal heptane hexane hydrate hygroscopic insoluble in liquid methanol monoclinic octahedral orange orthorhombic organic solvents
peth pow prec pur py reac refrac rhom s silv sl soln sp stab subl
petroleum ether powder precipitate purple pyridine reacts with refractory rhombohedral soluble in silvery slightly soluble in solution sublimation point stable sublimes
temp tetr thf tol tp trans tricl trig unstab viol visc vs wh xyl yel
temperature tetragonal tetrahydrofuran toluene triple point transition, transformation triclinic trigonal unstable violet viscous very soluble in white xylene yellow
References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Phillips, S. L., and Perry, D.L., Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. Trotman-Dickenson, A. F., Executive Editor, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1-5, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. GMELIN Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985; Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 9, 1998. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volumes 2 and 4, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985. Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1992. Massalski, T. B., Editor, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd Edition, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1990. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/4, Caloric Quantities of State, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. Deer, W. A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. Carmichael, R. S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Dinsdale, A.T., “SGTE Data for Pure Elements”, CALPHAD, 15, 317-425, 1991. Madelung, O., Semiconductors: Group IV Elements and III-IV Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991. Daubert, T.E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H.M., and Stebbins, C.C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. Lidin, R. A., Andreeva, L. L., and Molochko, V. A., Constants of Inorganic Substances, Begell House, New York, 1995. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. The Combined Chemical Dictionary on CDROM, Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
4-38
Formula
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ac AcBr3 AcCl 3 AcF3 AcI3 Ac2O3 Al AlNH 4(SO4)2 AlNH 4(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O AlSb AlAs 2Al 2O3 ⋅ B2O3 AlB 2 Al(BH 4)3 Al(BrO 3)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlBr 3 AlBr 3 ⋅ 6H2O Al 4C3 Al(ClO 3)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlCl 3 AlCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O Al(OH)(C 2H3O2)2 Al(C 2H5O)3 AlF 3 AlF 3 ⋅ H2O AlF 3 ⋅ 3H2O Al 2(SiF6)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlH 3 Al(OH) 3 Al 2(OH)5Cl ⋅ 2H2O Al(H 2PO2)3 AlI 3 AlI 3 ⋅ 6H2O Al(C 3H5O3)3 Al(NO 3)3 Al(NO 3)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlN Al(C 18H33O2)3 AlPO 4 Al(PO 3)3 Al 2O3 AlO(OH) Al(C 15H31COO)3 Al(ClO 4)3 ⋅ 9H2O AlP
Actinium Actinium bromide Actinium chloride Actinium fluoride Actinium iodide Actinium oxide Aluminum Aluminum ammonium sulfate Aluminum ammonium sulfate dodecahydrate Aluminum antimonide Aluminum arsenide Aluminum borate Aluminum boride Aluminum borohydride Aluminum bromate nonahydrate Aluminum bromide Aluminum bromide hexahydrate Aluminum carbide Aluminum chlorate nonahydrate Aluminum chloride Aluminum chloride hexahydrate Aluminum diacetaet Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum fluoride Aluminum fluoride monohydrate Aluminum fluoride rt ihydrate Aluminum hexafluorosilicate nonahydrate Aluminum hydride Aluminum hydroxide Aluminum hydroxychloride Aluminum hypophosphite Aluminum iodide Aluminum iodide hexahydrate Aluminum lactate Aluminum nitrate Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate Aluminum nitride Aluminum oleate Aluminum phosphate Aluminum metaphosphate Aluminum oxide (corundum) Aluminum oxyhydroxide Aluminum palmitate Aluminum perchlorate nonahydrate Aluminum phosphide
CAS Reg No. 7440-34-8 33689-81-5 22986-54-5 33689-80-4 33689-82-6 12002-61-8 7429-90-5 7784-25-0 7784-26-1 25152-52-7 22831-42-1 11121-16-7 12041-50-8 16962-07-5 11126-81-1* 7727-15-3 7784-11-4 1299-86-1 15477-33-5 7446-70-0 7784-13-6 142-03-0 555-75-9 7784-18-1 32287-65-3 15098-87-0 17099-70-6 7784-21-6 21645-51-2 1327-41-9 7784-22-7 7784-23-8 10090-53-6 18917-91-4 13473-90-0 7784-27-2 24304-00-5 688-37-9 7784-30-7 32823-06-6 1344-28-1 14457-84-2 555-35-1 14452-39-2 20859-73-8
Mol. Physical Weight Form 227 467 333 284 608 502 26.982 237.148 453.331 148.742 101.903 273.543 48.604 71.510 572.826 266.694 374.785 143.958 439.472 133.340 241.431 162.078 162.163 83.977 101.992 138.023 642.329 30.006 78.004 210.483 221.948 407.695 515.786 294.192 212.997 375.134 40.989 871.342 121.953 263.898 101.961 59.989 793.230 487.470 57.956
silv metal; cub wh hex cry wh hex cry wh hex cry wh cry wh hex cry silv-wh metal; cub cry wh powder col cry or powder cub cry oran cub cry; hyg needles powder flam liq wh hyg cry wh-yel monocl cry; hyg col-yel hyg cry yel hex cry hyg cry wh hex cry or powder; hyg col hyg cry wh amorp powder liq, condenses to wh solid wh hex cry orth cry wh hyg cry hex prisms col hex cry wh amorp powder gl solid cry powder wh el aflets yel hyg cry powder powder wh hyg solid wh hyg mono cry blue-wh hex cry yel solid wh rhomb plates col powder; tetr wh powder; hex ortho cry wh-yel powder wh hyg cry grn or yel cub cry
mp/°C
bp/°C
1051
3198 800 subl 960 subl
1977 660.32 94.5 1065 1740 ≈1050 >920 dec -64.5 62 97.5 93 2100 192.6 100 dec 140 ≈2250 tp (220 MPa)
2519 >280 dec
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 10 5.85 4.81 7.88
s H2O i H2O s H2O i H2O i H2O; s acid, alk sl H 2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH
9.19 2.70 1.65 4.26 3.76 3.19
44.5 >100 dec 255 >2200 dec
3.2 2.54 2.36
180 sp
2.48 2.398
45.125 45.125
1276 sp
3.10 2.17 1.914
0.5025 0.5025 0.5025
>500 dec >150 dec 2.42 220 dec 188.28
dec 73 3000 >1460 ≈1525 2053
82 dec 2550
382
3.98
135 dec
1.72 3.255
≈3000
68.925 68.925
2.56 2.78 3.97 3.44 2.0 2.40
i H2O s dil HCl reac H2O s H2O reac H2O; s bz, tol s H2O, EtOH, CS 2 reac H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s bz, ctc, chl s EtOH, eth i H2O reac H2O; sl xyl
s H2O reac H2O i H2O; s alk, acid s H2O i H2O; s alk, acid reac H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O vs EtOH; sl ace vs EtOH; i pyr reac H2O i H2O; s EtOH, bz i H2O; sl acid i H2O i H2O, os; sl alk i H2O; s acid, alk i H2O, EtOH; s peth
182.40 reac H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-39
No. Name
Formula
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Al 2Se3 Al 2SiO5 Al 2O3 ⋅ 2SiO2 ⋅ 2H2O Al(C 18H35O2)3 Al 2(SO4)3 Al 2(SO4)3 ⋅ 18H2O Al 2S3 Al 2Te3 Al(SCN) 3 Am Am2O3 AmBr3 AmCl 3 AmF3 AmI3 AmF4 AmO2 NH3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4N3 NH4C7H5O2 NH4C4H4O5 (NH4)2B4O7 ⋅ 4H2O NH4BrO3 NH4Br NH4C8H15O2 NH2COONH4 (NH4)2CO3 NH4Ce(SO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 NH4ClO 3 NH4Cl (NH4)2CrO4 NH4Cr(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O CoNH4PO4 (NH4)2Co(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O CuCl 2 ⋅ 2NH4Cl CuCl 2 ⋅ 2NH4Cl ⋅ 2H2O NH4CN (NH4)2Cr2O7 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4NH2CSS NH4Fe(CrO4)2 (NH4)3Fe(C2O4)3 ⋅ 3H2O
Aluminum selenide Aluminum silicate Aluminum silicate dihydrate Aluminum stearate Aluminum sulfate Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate Aluminum sulfide Aluminum teluride Aluminum thiocyanate Americium Americium(III) oxide Americium(III) bromide Americium(III) chloride Americium(III) fluoride Americium(III) iodide Americium(IV) fluoride Americium(IV) oxide Ammonia Ammonium acetate Ammonium azide Ammonium benzoate Ammonium hydrogen malate Ammonium borate tetrahydrate Ammonium bromate Ammonium bromide Ammonium caprylate Ammonium carbamate Ammonium carbonate Ammonium cerium(III) sulfate tetrahydrate Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate Ammonium chlorate Ammonium chloride Ammonium chromate Ammonium chromic sulfate dodecahydrate Ammonium cobalt(II) phosphate Ammonium cobalt(II) sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium copper(II) chloride Ammonium copper(II) chloride dihydrate Ammonium cyanide Ammonium dichromate Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Ammonium dithiocarbamate Ammonium ferric chromate Ammonium ferric oxalate trihydrate
CAS Reg No. 1302-82-5 12183-80-1 1332-58-7 637-12-7 10043-01-3 7784-31-8 1302-81-4 12043-29-7 538-17-0 7440-35-9 12254-64-7 14933-38-1 13464-46-5 13708-80-0 13813-47-3 15947-41-8 12005-67-3 7664-41-7 631-61-8 12164-94-2 1863-63-4 5972-71-4 12228-87-4 13843-59-9 12124-97-9 5972-76-9 1111-78-0 506-87-6 21995-38-0* 16774-21-3 10192-29-7 12125-02-9 7788-98-9 10022-47-6 14590-13-7 13586-38-4 10060-13-6* 10060-13-6 12211-52-8 7789-09-5 13462-93-6 7722-76-1 513-74-6 7789-08-4 13268-42-3
Mol. Physical Weight Form 290.84 162.046 258.161 877.390 342.154 666.429 150.161 436.76 201.232 243 534 483 349 300 624 319 275 17.031 77.083 60.059 139.152 151.118 263.377 145.941 97.943 161.243 78.071 96.086 422.343 548.223 101.490 53.492 152.071 478.345 171.943 395.229 241.434 277.464 44.056 252.065 158.975 115.026 110.204 305.871 428.063
yel-brown powder gray-grn cry wh-yel powder; tricl wh powder wh cry col monocl cry yel-gray powder gray-blk hex cry yel powder silv metal; hex or cub tan hex cry wh orth cry pink hex cry pink hex cry yel ortho cry tan monocl cry blk cub cry col gas wh hyg cry ortho cry; flam wh cry or powder ortho cry tetr cry col hex cry wh hyg tetr cry hyg monocl cry cry powder col cry powder monocl cry red-oran cry wh cry col cub cry yel cry blue-viol cry red-viol powder (hyd) red monocl prisms yel hyg orth cry blue-grn tetr cry col tetr cry oran-red monocl cry; hyg tetr cry wh et rt cry yel ortho cry red powder grn monocl cry; hyg
mp/°C
bp/°C
960
3.437 3.145 2.59 1.070
115 1040 dec 86 dec 1100 ≈895 1176
1.69 2.02 4.5 2011
500 1393 ≈950 >1000 dec -77.73 114 160 198 160 exp 542 dec ≈75
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility
-33.33 exp
396 sp
12 11.77 6.85 5.87 9.53 6.9 7.23 11.68 0.696 g/L 1.073 1.346 1.26 1.15
2.429
reac H2O
38.525 38.525
i H2O, acid, alk i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk i EtOH
s H2O; i EtOH, eth s acid s acid s H2O
1484 20.230
78.325
s acid vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl ace s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O s EtOH, ace; sl eth reac H2O; s EtOH; i chl, bz vs H2O; s EtOH
10015
58 dec
s H2O vs H2O 102 exp 520 tp (dec) 185 dec 94 dec
338 sp
1.80 1.519 1.90 1.72
28.70 39.525 3725
1.90 110 dec dec 180 dec 300 dec 190 99 dec
1.993 1.10 2.155 2.311 1.80 1.45
≈160 dec
1.780
35.620 52.725 40.425
sl ace, MeOH; i EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; s acid s H2O; i EtOH s H2O s H2O, EtOH vs H2O
sl EtOH; i ace s H2O i H2O vs H2O; i EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-40
No. Name
Ammonium ferric sulfate dodecahydrate Ammonium ferricyanide trihydrate Ammonium ferrocyanide trihydrate Ammonium ferrous sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium fluoride Ammonium tetrafluoroborate Ammonium fluorosulfonate Ammonium formate Ammonium hexachloroiridate(IV) Ammonium hexachloroosmiate(IV) Ammonium hexachloropalladate(IV) Ammonium hexabromoplatinate(IV) Ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV) Ammonium hexafluoroaluminate Ammonium hexafluorogallate Ammonium hexafluorogermanate Ammonium hexafluorophosphate Ammonium hexafluorosilicate Ammonium hexafluorozirconate(IV) Ammonium hydrogen arsenate Ammonium hydrogen borate trihydrate Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Ammonium hydrogen citrate Ammonium hydrogen fluoride Ammonium hydrogen oxalate monohydrate Ammonium hydrogen phosphate Ammonium hydrogen selenate Ammonium hydrogen sulfate Ammonium hydrogen sulfide Ammonium hydrogen sulfite Ammonium hydrogen tartrate Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hypophosphite Ammonium iodate Ammonium iodide Ammonium lactate Ammonium metatungstate hexahydrate Ammonium metavanadate Ammonium molybdate(VI) tetrahydrate Ammonium molybdophosphate Ammonium nickel chloride hexahydrate Ammonium nickel sulfate hexahydrate Ammonium nitrate Ammonium nitrite Ammonium nitroferricyanide Ammonium oleate Ammonium oxalate Ammonium oxalate monohydrate
NH4Fe(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O (NH4)3Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 3H2O (NH4)4Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 3H2O (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O NH4F NH4BF4 NH4SO3F NH4CHO2 (NH4)2IrCl 6 (NH4)2OsCl 6 (NH4)2PdCl 6 (NH4)2PtBr 6 (NH4)2PtCl 6 (NH4)3AlF 6 (NH4)3GaF6 (NH4)2GeF6 NH4PF6 (NH4)2SiF6 (NH4)2ZrF6 (NH4)2HAsO4 NH4HB4O7 ⋅ 3H2O NH4HCO3 (NH4)2HC6H5O7 NH4HF2 NH4HC2O4 ⋅ H2O (NH4)2HPO4 NH4HSeO4 NH4HSO4 NH4HS NH4HSO3 NH4C4H4O6 NH4OH NH4H2PO2 NH4IO3 NH4I NH4C3H5O3 (NH4)6W7O24 ⋅ 6H2O NH4VO3 (NH4)6Mo7O24 ⋅ 4H2O (NH4)3PO4 ⋅ 12MoO3 NH4NiCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O NH4NO3 NH4NO2 (NH4)2Fe(CN)5NO NH4C18H33O2 (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2C2O4 ⋅ H2O
10138-04-2 14221-48-8* 14481-29-9* 10045-89-3 12125-01-8 13826-83-0 13446-08-7 540-69-2 16940-92-4 12125-08-5 19168-23-1 17363-02-9 16919-58-7 7784-19-2 14639-94-2 16962-47-3 16941-11-0 16919-19-0 16919-31-6 7784-44-3 10135-84-9 1066-33-7 3012-65-5 1341-49-7 5972-72-5* 7783-28-0 10294-60-7 7803-63-6 12124-99-1 10192-30-0 3095-65-6 1336-21-6 7803-65-8 13446-09-8 12027-06-4 52003-58-4 12028-48-7 7803-55-6 12054-85-2 54723-94-3* 16122-03-5* 7785-20-8 6484-52-2 13446-48-5 14402-70-1 544-60-5 1113-38-8 6009-70-7
482.194 320.111 338.149 392.141 37.037 104.844 117.101 63.057 441.010 439.02 355.21 710.58 443.87 195.087 237.828 222.68 163.003 178.153 241.291 176.004 228.332 79.056 226.184 57.044 125.081 132.055 162.01 115.111 51.113 99.111 167.117 35.046 83.028 192.941 144.943 107.108 1887.19 116.979 1235.86 1876.35 291.181 394.989 80.043 64.044 252.016 299.493 124.096 142.110
col to viol cry red cry yel cry blue-grn monocl cry wh hex cry; hyg wh powder; orth col needles hyg cry blk cry powder red cry or powder red-brn hyg cry powder red-oran cub cry cub cry col cub cry wh cry wh cub cry wh cub or trig cry wh hex cry wh powder col cry col or wh prisms col cry wh orth cry col rhomb cry wh cry rhom cry wh hyg cry wh et tr or orth cry col cry wh cry exists only in soln wh hyg cry wh powder wh et tr cry; hyg col cry wh cry wh-yel cry col or grn-yel cry yel cry pow grn hyg cry blue-grn cry wh hyg cry; orth wh-yel cry red-brn cry yel-brn paste col sol wh orth cry
≈37
1.71
dec ≈100 dec dec 487 dec 245 116 dec
1.86 1.015 1.871
subl dec 145 dec 380 dec >200 dec 380 58 dec dec
subl
107 dec 125 dec 155 dec dec 147 dec dec
dec 150 551 dec 92 200 dec 90 dec dec dec 210 dec 60 exp
240 dec
1.27 2.856 2.93 2.418 3.065 1.78 2.10 2.564 2.180 2.011 1.154 1.99 ≈2.5 1.586 1.48 1.50 1.56 1.619 2.162 1.78 1.17 2.03 1.68
83.525 2520 14320 1.0925
s H2O, EtOH, MeOH s EtOH s H2O, EtOH
0.5920 0.520
22.725
24.825
i EtOH s H2O s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; s ace, EtOH, MeOH i EtOH, ace s H2O s H2O s H2O i EtOH, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH
60.220 69.525 10020 1280 71.80
sl H 2O, EtOH i EtOH, ace i EtOH, ace, py sl ace; i bz, eth sl H 2O; s alk; i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH; i ace
405 sp
3.3 2.514
3.8425 17825
2.326 2.498
4.820 43 0.02
1.65 1.923 1.72 1.69
21325 22125
1.5 1.50
5.2025 5.2025
21 dec
vs H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH sl EtOH
sl EtOH, MeOH s H2O, EtOH; sl MeOH; i ace, eth s H2O; i EtOH i EtOH s alk; i acid s H2O sl H 2O; i EtOH sl MeOH i eth s H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl ace sl EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-41
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138
CAS Reg No.
Mol. Physical Weight Form
Formula
139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
NH4C15H31CO2 NH4B5O8 ⋅ 4H2O (NH4)3ZnCl 5 NH4ClO 4 NH4MnO4 (NH4)2S2O8 NH4ReO4 (NH4)3PO4 ⋅ 3H2O (NH4)2HPO3 ⋅ H2O
593-26-0 12007-89-5 14639-98-6 7790-98-9 13446-10-1 7727-54-0 13598-65-7 10361-65-6* 51503-61-8
273.455 272.150 296.77 117.490 136.975 228.204 268.244 203.133 134.071
yel-wh powder wh cry hyg orth cry wh orth cry purp rhomb cry monocl cry or wh powder col powder wh prisms hyg cry
(NH4)3PO4 ⋅ 12MoO3 ⋅ H2O
54723-94-3
1894.36
yel cry or powder
(NH4)3PO4 ⋅ 12WO3 ⋅ 2H2O NH4C6H2N3O7 NH4C7H5O3 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)2SeO3 NH4C18H35O2 NH4NH2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO3 ⋅ H2O (NH4)2C4H4O6 (NH4)2TeO4 NH4AlCl 4 (NH4)2PtCl 4 (NH4)2ZnCl 4 (NH4)2WS4 NH4SCN (NH4)2S2O3 (NH4)2TiO(C2O4)2 ⋅ H2O (NH4)10W12O41 (NH4)2U2O7 UO2(NH4)3F5 NH4C4H9CO2 (NH4)3ZrOH(CO3)3 ⋅ 2H2O Sb SbH3 SbAs SbBr3 SbCl 3 SbF3 SbI3 Sb2O3 Sb2O3
1311-90-6 131-74-8 528-94-9 7783-21-3 7783-19-9 1002-89-7 7773-06-0 7783-20-2 12135-76-1 17026-44-7 7783-11-1 3164-29-2 13453-06-0 7784-14-7 13820-41-2 14639-97-5 13862-78-7 1762-95-4 7783-18-8 10580-03-7 11120-25-5 7783-22-4 18433-40-4 42739-38-8 12616-24-9* 7440-36-0 7803-52-3 12322-34-8 7789-61-9 10025-91-9 7783-56-4 7790-44-5 1309-64-4 1309-64-4
2967.18 246.135 155.151 179.04 163.04 301.509 114.125 132.141 68.143 116.141 134.156 184.147 227.68 186.832 372.97 243.28 348.18 76.122 148.207 293.996 3042.44 624.131 419.135 119.163 362.404 121.760 124.784 196.682 361.472 228.118 178.755 502.473 291.518 291.518
cry powder yel orth cry wh cry powder wh monocl cry wh or red hyg cry yel-wh powder wh hyg cry wh or brn orth cry yel-oran cry wh hyg cry col cry wh cry wh powder wh hyg solid red cry wh orth plates; hyg oran cry col hyg cry wh cry hyg cry cry pow red-yel amorp powder grn-yel monocl cry hyg cry prisms; unstable silv metal; hex col gas; flam hex cry yel orth cry; hyg col orth cry; hyg wh orth cry; hyg red rhomb cry col cub cry wh orth cry
148
4-42
149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
Ammonium palmitate Ammonium pentaborate tetrahydrate Ammonium pentachlorozincate Ammonium perchlorate Ammonium permanganate Ammonium peroxydisulfate Ammonium perrhenate Ammonium phosphate trihydrate Ammonium phosphite, dibasic, monohydrate Ammonium phosphomolybdate monohydrate Ammonium phosphotungstate dihydrate Ammonium picrate Ammonium salicylate Ammonium selenate Ammonium selenite Ammonium stearate Ammonium sulfamate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium sulfide Ammonium sulfite Ammonium sulfite monohydrate Ammonium tartrate Ammonium telurate Ammonium tetrachloroaluminate Ammonium tetrachloroplatinate(II) Ammonium tetrachlorozincate Ammonium tetrathiotungstate Ammonium thiocyanate Ammonium thiosulfate Ammonium titanium oxalate monohydrate Ammonium tungstate(VI) Ammonium uranate(VI) Ammonium uranium fluoride Ammonium valerate Ammonium zirconyl carbonate dihydrate Antimony Stibine Antimony arsenide Antimony(III) bromide Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(III) fluoride Antimony(III) iodide Antimony(III) oxide (senarmontite) Antimony(III) oxide (valentinite)
mp/°C
bp/°C
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility
22
s H2O; sl bz, xyl; i ace, EtOH, ctc 7.0318 1.81 1.95 2.22 1.982 3.97
dec, exp 70 dec dec
dec
1.72
dec dec 22 131 280 dec ≈0 dec
2.194
11725 12125
0.89 160 dec 1.77
1.41 1.601 3.024
dec
2.936 1.879 2.71 1.30 1.678
76.425 64.225 64.225
18125
2.3
108 630.63 -88 ≈680 96.6 73.4 292 168 570 trans 655
vs H2O s MeOH; sl EtOH, ace; i eth
i ace s H2O
0.02
exp
dec dec dec 304 dec 150 dec dec ≈149 150 dec
24.525 7.915 83.525 6.2320 25.025
1587 -17 280 220.3 ≈345 401 1425 1425
6.68 5.100 g/L 6.0 4.35 3.14 4.38 4.92 5.58 5.7
98725 49225
sl H 2O sl H 2O vs H2O; s EtOH i EtOH, ace sl H 2O, bz; s EtOH, MeOH; i ace vs H2O; sl EtOH i EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH, alk i EtOH, ace s H2O s H2O, eth s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O s H2O vs EtOH; s ace; i chl vs H2O; i EtOH, eth vs H2O s H2O; i EtOH i H2O, alk; s acid s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth s H2O i dil acid sl H 2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s ace, bz, chl s acid, EtOH, bz, ace reac H2O; s EtOH, ace; i ctc sl H 2O; i os sl H 2O; i os
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
No. Name
Antimony(III) oxychloride Antimony(III) selenide Antimony(III) sulfate Antimony(III) sulfide Antimony(III) teluride Antimony(III,V) oxide Antimony(V) chloride Antimony(V) fluoride Antimony(V) dichlorotrifluoride Antimony(V) oxide Antimony(V) sulfide Argon Arsenic (gray) Arsine Diarsine Arsenic acid Arsenic acid hemihydrate Arsenious acid Arsenic diiodide Arsenic hemiselenide Arsenic sulfide Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsenic(III) oxide (arsenolite) Arsenic(III) oxide (claudetite) Arsenic(III) selenide Arsenic(III) sulfide Arsenic(III) teluride Arsenic(V) chloride Arsenic(V) fluoride Arsenic(V) oxide Arsenic(V) selenide Arsenic(V) sulfide Triethyl arsenite Astatine Barium Barium acetate Barium acetate monohydrate Barium aluminate Barium azide Barium bromate monohydrate Barium bromide Barium bromide dihydrate Barium carbide Barium carbonate
SbOCl Sb2Se3 Sb2(SO4)3 Sb2S3 Sb2Te3 Sb2O4 SbCl 5 SbF5 SbCl 2F3 Sb2O5 Sb2S5 Ar As AsH3 As2H4 H3AsO4 H3AsO4 ⋅ 0.5H2O H3AsO3 As2I4 As2Se As4S4 AsBr3 AsCl 3 AsF3 AsI3 As2O3 As2O3 As2Se3 As2S3 As2Te3 AsCl 5 AsF5 As2O5 As2Se5 As2S5 As(OC2H5)3 At Ba Ba(C2H3O2)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ H2O BaAl 2O4 Ba(N3)2 Ba(BrO3)2 ⋅ H2O BaBr2 BaBr2 ⋅ 2H2O BaC2 BaCO3
7791-08-4 1315-05-5 7446-32-4 1345-04-6 1327-50-0 1332-81-6 7647-18-9 7783-70-2 7791-16-4 1314-60-9 1315-04-4 7440-37-1 7440-38-2 7784-42-1 15942-63-9 7778-39-4 7778-39-4* 13464-58-9 13770-56-4 1303-35-1 12279-90-2 7784-33-0 7784-34-1 7784-35-2 7784-45-4 1327-53-3 1327-53-3 1303-36-2 1303-33-9 12044-54-1 22441-45-8 7784-36-3 1303-28-2 1303-37-3 1303-34-0 3141-12-6 7440-68-8 7440-39-3 543-80-6 5908-64-5 12004-04-5 18810-58-7 10326-26-8 10553-31-8 7791-28-8 50813-65-5 513-77-9
173.212 480.40 531.711 339.718 626.32 307.518 299.024 216.752 249.660 323.517 403.850 39.948 74.922 77.946 153.875 141.944 150.951 125.944 657.461 228.80 427.950 314.634 181.280 131.917 455.635 197.841 197.841 386.72 246.041 532.64 252.186 169.914 229.840 544.64 310.173 210.103 210 137.327 255.416 273.431 255.288 221.367 411.147 297.135 333.166 161.348 197.336
wh momo cry grn orth cry wh cry powder; hyg gray-blk orth cry gray cry yel orth cry col or yel liq hyg visc liq visc liq yel powder; cub oran-yel powder col gas gray metal; rhomb col gas unstable liq exists only in soln wh hyg cry exists only in soln red cry blk cry red monocl cry yel orth cry; hyg col liq col liq red hex cry wh cub cry wh monocl cry brn-blk solid yel-oran monocl cry blk monocl cry stable at low temp col gas wh amorp powder blk solid brn-yel amorp solid liq cry silv-yel metal; cub wh powder wh cry hex cry monocl cry; exp wh monocl cry wh orth cry wh cry gray tetr cry wh orth cry
170 dec 611 dec 550 620 4 8.3 dec 75 dec -189.36 tp (69 kPa) 817 tp (3.70 MPa) -116
140 dec 141
-185.85 603 sp -62.5 ≈100
reac H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H 2O sl H 2O i H2O; s conc HCl
5.81 3.62 4.562 6.5 6.64 2.34 3.10 3.78 4.120 1.633 g/L 5.75 3.186 g/L
reac H2O; s chl, ctc reac H2O reac H2O 0.320 i H2O; s acid, alk sl H 2O i H2O sl H 2O
≈2
35.5
vs H2O, EtOH
137 320 31.1 -16 -5.9 140.9 274 313 260 310 621 ≈-50 dec -79.8 315 dec dec 302 727 110 dec 1827 ≈120 dec 260 dec 857 75 dec dec 1555
565 221 130 57.8 424 460 460 707
-52.8
3.5 3.40 2.150 2.7 4.73 3.86 3.74 4.75 3.46 6.50 6.945 g/L 4.32
166
1.21
1897
3.62 2.47 2.19
1835
2.936 3.99 4.781 3.7 3.74 4.2865
reac H2O; s os i H2O, os; dec acid, alk i H2O; sl bz; s alk reac H2O; s hc, ctc; vs eth, bz reac H2O; vs chl, ctc, eth reac H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz sl H 2O, EtOH, eth; s bz. tol 2.0525 2.0525
65.820
s dil acid, alk; i EtOH i H2O; s alk i H2O; s alk
reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth vs EtOH i H2O, EtOH, eth; s alk i H2O; s alk s HNO3, os reac H2O; sl EtOH
79.225 79.225 17.320 0.83125 10025 10025 0.001420
sl EtOH sl EtOH; i eth i EtOH s MeOH; i EtOH, ace, diox reac H2O s acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-43
183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229
Formula
230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274
Ba(ClO 3)2 Ba(ClO 3)2 ⋅ H2O BaCl 2 BaCl 2 ⋅ 2H2O Ba3(CrO4)2 BaCrO4 Ba3(C6H5O7)2 ⋅ H2O BaCuY2O5 Ba2Cu3YO7 Ba2Cu4YO8 Ba4Cu7Y2O15 Ba(CN)2 BaCr2O7 ⋅ 2H2O BaS2O6 ⋅ 2H2O Ba2Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 6H2O BaF2 Ba(CHO2)2 BaB6 BaSiF6 BaH2 BaHPO4 Ba(HS)2 Ba(HS)2 ⋅ 4H2O Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 ⋅ H2O Ba(OH)2 ⋅ 8H2O Ba(H2PO2)2 ⋅ H2O Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O BaI2 BaI2 ⋅ 2H2O BaMnO4 Ba(BO2)2 ⋅ H2O BaMoO4 Ba(NbO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba3N2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO2)2 ⋅ H2O BaC2O4 BaC2O4 ⋅ H2O BaO Ba(ClO 4)2 Ba(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 3H2O Ba(MnO4)2
Barium chlorate Barium chlorate monohydrate Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium chromate(V) Barium chromate(VI) Barium citrate monohydrate Barium copper yttrium oxide Barium copper yttrium oxide Barium copper yttrium oxide Barium copper yttrium oxide Barium cyanide Barium dichromate dihydrate Barium dithionate dihydrate Barium ferrocyanide hexahydrate Barium fluoride Barium formate Barium hexaboride Barium hexafluorosilicate Barium hydride Barium hydrogen phosphate Barium hydrosulfide Barium hydrosulfide tetrahydrate Barium hydroxide Barium hydroxide monohydrate Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium hypophosphite monohydrate Barium iodate Barium iodate monohydrate Barium iodide Barium iodide dihydrate Barium manganate(VI) Barium metaborate monohydrate Barium molybdate Barium niobate Barium nitrate Barium nitride Barium nitrite Barium nitrite monohydrate Barium oxalate Barium oxalate monohydrate Barium oxide Barium perchlorate Barium perchlorate trihydrate Barium permanganate
CAS Reg No.
Mol. Physical Weight Form
13477-00-4 304.228 wh cry 10294-38-9 322.244 wh monocl cry 10361-37-2 208.232 wh orth cry; hyg 10326-27-9 244.263 wh monocl cry 12345-14-1 643.968 grn-blk hex cry 10294-40-3 253.321 yel orth cry 512-25-4* 808.195 gray-wh cry 82642-06-6 458.682 grn cry; not superconductor 109064-29-1 666.194 blk solid; HT superconductor 114104-80-2 745.739 HT superconductor 124365-83-9 1411.933 HT superconductor 542-62-1 189.361 wh cry powder 10031-16-0 389.346 brn-red needles 13845-17-5 333.486 wh cry 13821-06-2* 594.694 yel monocl cry 7787-32-8 175.324 wh cub cry 541-43-5 227.362 cry 12046-08-1 202.193 blk cub cry 17125-80-3 279.403 wh orth needles 13477-09-3 139.343 gray orth cry 10048-98-3 233.306 wh cry powder 25417-81-6 203.475 yel hyg cry 12230-74-9 275.536 yel rhomb cry 17194-00-2 171.342 wh powder 22326-55-2 189.357 wh powder 12230-71-6 315.464 wh monocl cry 14871-79-5* 285.320 monocl plates 10567-69-8 487.132 wh cry powder 7787-34-0 505.148 cry 13718-50-8 391.136 wh orth cry 7787-33-9 427.167 col cry 7787-35-1 256.263 grn-gray hyg cry 26124-86-7 240.962 wh powder 7787-37-3 297.27 wh powder 12009-14-2 419.136 yel orth cry 10022-31-8 261.336 wh cub cry 12047-79-9 439.994 yel-brn cry 13465-94-6 229.338 col hex cry 7787-38-4 247.353 yel-wh hex cry 516-02-9 225.346 wh powder 13463-22-4 243.361 wh cry powder 1304-28-5 153.326 wh-yel powder; cub and hex 13465-95-7 336.227 col hex cry 10294-39-0 390.273 col cry 7787-36-2 375.198 brn-viol cry
mp/°C 414 120 dec 962 ≈120 dec
bp/°C
1560
1380
dec 140 dec 80 dec 1368 2070 300 dec 1200 400 dec
2260
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 3.179 3.9 3.097 5.25 4.50
476 dec 130 dec 711 740 dec >900 1450 1455 590 >500 dec 267 217 dec 400 dec 1972 505 200 dec
0.0002620
4.54
22.120
4.893 3.21 4.36 4.29 4.16 4.16
0.16125
50 dec 408 78 dec
37.925 37.925 37.025 37.025
3.743 2.18 2.90 5.23 5.00 5.15 5.0 4.85 3.3 4.975 5.44 3.24 4.78 3.234 3.18 2.658 2.66 5.72(cub) 3.20 2.74 3.77
0.01520
4.9125 4.9125 4.9125
sl EtOH, ace s acid; sl EtOH, ace i EtOH s H2O reac acid s H2O, acid
vs H2O; s EtOH reac H2O sl EtOH i H2O, EtOH s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid; i EtOH i H2O, EtOH; sl acid reac H2O s dil acid s H2O s H2O s acid s H2O; i EtOH
0.039625 0.039625 22125 22125 0.0004120
s acid; i EtOH s EtOH, ace sl H 2O
0.002120 10.325 79.525 79.525 0.0075 0.007520 1.520 31225 31225 62.520
i H2O sl EtOH, ace reac H2O i EtOH s acid s dil acid, EtOH; i ace vs EtOH s MeOH; sl EtOH, ace; i eth reac EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-44
No. Name
Barium peroxide Barium metaphosphate Barium potassium chromate Barium pyrophosphate Barium selenate Barium selenide Barium selenite Barium disilicate Barium metasilicate Barium silicide Barium sodium niobate Barium stannate Barium stannate trihydrate Barium stearate Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Barium sulfite Barium tartrate Barium tetracyanoplatinate(II) tetrahydrate Barium tetraiodomercurate(II) Barium thiocyanate Barium thiocyanate dihydrate Barium thiocyanate trihydrate Barium thiosulfate Barium thiosulfate monohydrate Barium titanate Barium tungstate Barium uranium oxide Barium orthovanadate Barium zirconate Berkelium ( α form) Berkelium ( β form) Beryllium Beryllium acetaet Beryllium 2,4-pentanedioate Beryllium aluminate Beryllium aluminum metasilicate Beryllium basic acetate Beryllium boride Beryllium borohydride Beryllium bromide Beryllium carbide Beryllium carbonate tetrahydrate Beryllium carbonate, basic Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium formate Beryllium hydride
BaO2 Ba(PO3)2 BaK2(CrO4)2 Ba2P2O7 BaSeO4 BaSe BaSeO3 BaSi2O5 BaSiO3 BaSi2 Ba2Na(NbO3)5 BaSnO3 BaSnO3 ⋅ 3H2O Ba(C18H35O2)2 BaSO4 BaS BaSO3 BaC4H4O6 BaPt(CN) 4 ⋅ 4H2O BaHgI4 Ba(SCN)2 Ba(SCN)2 ⋅ 2H2O Ba(SCN)2 ⋅ 3H2O BaS2O3 BaS2O3 ⋅ H2O BaTiO3 BaWO4 BaU2O7 Ba3(VO4)2 BaZrO3 Bk Bk Be Be(C2H3O2)2 Be(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 BeAl 2O4 Be3Al 2(SiO3)6 Be4O(C2H3O2)6 BeB2 Be(BH4)2 BeBr2 Be2C BeCO3 ⋅ 4H2O Be3(OH)2(CO3)2 BeCl 2 BeF2 Be(CHO2)2 BeH2
1304-29-6 13466-20-1 27133-66-0 13466-21-2 7787-41-9 1304-39-8 13718-59-7 12650-28-1 13255-26-0 1304-40-1 12323-03-4 12009-18-6 12009-18-6* 6865-35-6 7727-43-7 21109-95-5 7787-39-5 5908-81-6 13755-32-3 10048-99-4 2092-17-3 2092-17-3* 68016-36-4 35112-53-9 7787-40-8 12047-27-7 7787-42-0 10380-31-1 39416-30-3 12009-21-1 7440-40-6 7440-40-6 7440-41-7 543-81-7 10210-64-7 12004-06-7 1302-52-9 1332-52-1 12228-40-9 17440-85-6 7787-46-4 506-66-1 60883-64-9 66104-24-3 7787-47-5 7787-49-7 1111-71-3 7787-52-2
169.326 295.271 447.511 448.597 280.29 216.29 264.29 273.495 213.411 193.498 1002.167 304.035 358.081 704.266 233.391 169.393 217.391 285.398 508.54 845.54 253.493 289.524 307.539 249.457 267.473 233.192 385.17 725.381 641.859 276.549 247 247 9.012 127.101 207.228 126.973 537.502 406.312 30.634 36.682 168.820 30.035 93.085 181.069 79.917 47.009 99.047 11.028
gray-wh tetr cry wh powder yel hex cry wh powder wh rhomb cry cub cry powder solid wh orth cry col rhomb powder gray lumps wh orth cry cub cry wh cry powder wh powder wh orth cry col cub cry or gray powder wh monocl cry wh cry yel powder or cry yel-red hyg cry hyg cry hyg wh cry wh needles; hyg wh cry powder wh cry powder wh et rt cry wh et rt cry oran-yel powder hex cry gray-wh cub cry hex cub cry hex wh cry monocl cry powder orth cry col or grn-yel cry; hex wh cry refrac solid solid orth cry; hyg red cub cry wh solid wh pow wh-yel orth cry; hyg tetr cry or gl; hyg powder wh amorp solid
450 dec 1560 1430 dec 1780
4.96
0.09120
3.63 3.9 4.75 5.02
0.008820 0.01520
1420 1605 1180 1437
3.70 4.40
160 1580 2229 dec
1.145 4.49 4.3 4.44 2.98 2.076
reac H2O i H2O
5.40 7.24
2.286 220 dec dec 1625 1475
1730
3.5 6.02 5.04
2471
5.14 5.52 14.78 13.25 1.85
reac dil acid i H2O; sl acid vs H2O s acid
0.0003120 8.9425 0.001125
16725 16725 16725 0.220 0.2
i H2O; s acid reac H2O i H2O sl H 2O sl H 2O; s acid i H2O, EtOH i EtOH i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH sl H 2O; i EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s ace, MeOH, EtOH s EtOH s EtOH i EtOH i EtOH i H2O
0.001620 i H2O; s acid
707 2500 1050 986 1287 60 dec 108
285 >1970 125 dec 508 >2100 dec 100 dec 415 552 >250 dec 250 dec
270
330 subl 520
i H2O, alk; sl acid
s acid, alk i H2O, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
1.168 3.65 2.64 1.25
i H2O; s eth, os reac H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, pyr reac H2O
3.465 1.90 0.360
482 1169
1.90 2.1 0.65
71.525
i H2O; s acid, alk s EtOH, eth, py; i bz, tol vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O; i os reac H2O; i eth, tol
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-45
275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322
Formula
323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367
BeHPO4 Be(OH)2 BeI2 Be(NO3)2 ⋅ 3H2O Be3N2 BeO Be(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 4H2O BeSeO4 ⋅ 4H2O BeSO4 BeSO4 ⋅ 4H2O BeS Bi BiAsO4 (BiO)2CO3 BiBr3 BiCl 3 BiC6H5O7 BiF3 BiF5 BiH3 Bi(OH)3 BiI3 Bi(CF3COCHCOCF3)3 Bi2(MoO4)3 Bi(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Bi(C18H33O2)3 Bi2(C2O4)3 Bi2O3 BiOBr BiOCl BiOI BiONO3 BiPO4 K4BiI7 Bi2Se3 Bi2(SnO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4 Bi2(SO4)3 Bi2S3 Bi2Te3 Bi2O4 Bi4(TiO4)3 Bi2(WO4)3 BiVO4 B
Beryllium hydrogen phosphate Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium iodide Beryllium nitrate trihydrate Beryllium nitride Beryllium oxide Beryllium perchlorate tetrahydrate Beryllium selenate tetrahydrate Beryllium sulfate Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate Beryllium sulfide Bismuth Bismuth arsenate Bismuth basic carbonate Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bismuth citrate Bismuth trifluoride Bismuth pentafluoride Bismuth hydride Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth triiodide Bismuth hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Bismuth molybdate Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bismuth oleate Bismuth oxalate Bismuth oxide Bismuth oxybromide Bismuth oxychloride Bismuth oxyiodide Bismuth oxynitrate Bismuth phosphate Bismuth potassium iodide Bismuth selenide Bismuth stannate pentahydrate Bismuth subnitrate Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Bismuth teluride Bismuth tetroxide Bismuth tiat nate Bismuth tungstate Bismuth vanadate Boron
CAS Reg No. 13598-15-7 13327-32-7 7787-53-3 13597-99-4 1304-54-7 1304-56-9 7787-48-6 10039-31-3 13510-49-1 7787-56-6 13598-22-6 7440-69-9 13702-38-0 5892-10-4 7787-58-8 7787-60-2 813-93-4 7787-61-3 7787-62-4 18288-22-7 10361-43-0 7787-64-6 51898-99-8 10035-06-0 52951-38-9 6591-55-5 1304-76-3 7787-57-7 7787-59-9 7787-63-5 10361-46-3 10049-01-1 41944-01-8 12068-69-8 12777-45-6 1304-85-4 7787-68-0 1345-07-9 1304-82-1 12048-50-9 12048-51-0 13595-87-4 14059-33-7 7440-42-8
Mol. Physical Weight Form 104.991 43.027 262.821 187.068 55.050 25.011 279.974 224.03 105.076 177.137 41.078 208.980 347.900 509.969 448.692 315.338 398.080 265.975 303.972 212.004 260.002 589.693 830.132 897.77 485.071 1053.340 682.018 465.959 304.883 260.432 351.883 286.985 303.951 1253.704 654.84 1008.162 1461.987 706.152 514.159 800.76 481.959 1171.516 1161.47 323.920 10.811
cry wh powder or cry hyg needles yel-wh hyg cry gray refrac cry; cub wh hex cry hyg cry orth cry col tetr cry; hyg col tetr cry col cub cry gray-wh soft metal wh mono cry wh powder yel cub cry yel-wh cub cry; hyg wh powder wh-gray cub cry wh et tr needles; hyg col gas; unstable wh-yel amorp powder blk hex cry pow monocl cry col tricl cry; hyg soft yel-brn solid wh powder yel monocl cry or powder col tetr cry wh et rt cry red tetr cry wh powder monocl cry red cry blk hex cry wh cry hyg cry pow wh needles or powder blk-brn orth cry gray hex plates red-oran powder wh orth cry wh pow orth cry blk rhomb cry
mp/°C
bp/°C
≈200 dec 470 ≈30 2200 2577 250 dec 100 dec 1127 ≈100 dec dec 271.40
1564
218 230
453 447
725 154 -67
900 230 ≈17
408.6 96
542
487 dec
1.92 4.32 10720 2.71 3.01 2.03 2.5 1.71 2.36 9.79 7.14 6.86 5.72 4.75 3.458 8.3 5.55 8.665 g/L 4.962 5.778 5.95 2.83
1890
>300 dec 260 dec
8.9 8.08 7.72 7.92 4.93 6.32
710 dec
7.5
260 dec 405 dec 850 580 305
4.928 5.08 6.78 7.74 5.6 7.85
trans 500 2075
i H2O sl H 2O, alk; s acid reac H2O; s EtOH s EtOH reac acid, alk i H2O; sl acid, alk
19825
≈75 dec
817
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility
4000
6.25 2.34
vs H2O 41.325 41.325
0.0007820
i EtOH reac hot H 2O s acid i H2O; sl conc HNO 3 i H2O; s acid reac H2O; s dil acid, ace; i EtOH reac H2O; s acid, EtOH, ace i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O reac H2O i H2O; s acid s EtOH
reac H2O; s ace; i EtOH i H2O; s eth; sl bz i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s acid i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O i H2O, EtOH, chl; s HCl i H2O, EtOH; s acid sl H 2O, dil acid; i EtOH reac H2O; s alk iodide soln i H2O i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid reac H2O, EtOH i H2O; s acid i H2O; s EtOH reac H2O
i H2O; s acid i H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-46
No. Name
Diborane Tetraborane(10) Pentaborane(9) Pentaborane(11) Hexaborane(10) Hexaborane(12) Nonaborane(15) Decaborane(14) Borane carbonyl Borazine Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Metaboric acid ( α form) Metaboric acid ( β form) Metaboric acid ( γ form) Tetrafluoroboric acid Boron arsenide Boron tribromide Boron carbide Boron trichloride Tetrachlorodiborane Boron trifluoride Tetrafluorodiborane Boron triiodide Boron nitride Boron oxide Boron phosphide Boron sulfide Bromine Bromic acid Bromine oxide Bromine dioxide Bromine azide Bromine chloride Bromine fluoride Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Bromyl fluoride Cadmium Cadmium acetate Cadmium acetate dihydrate Cadmium antimonide Cadmium arsenide Cadmium azide Cadmium bromide Cadmium bromide tetrahydrate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium chlorate dihydrate Cadmium chloride
B2H6 B4H10 B5H9 B5H11 B6H10 B6H12 B9H15 B10H14 BH3CO B3N3H6 H3BO3 HBO2 HBO2 HBO2 HBF4 BAs BBr3 B4C BCl 3 B2Cl 4 BF3 B2F4 BI3 BN B2O3 BP B2S3 Br2 HBrO3 Br2O BrO2 BrN3 BrCl BrF BrF3 BrF5 BrO2F Cd Cd(C2H3O2)2 Cd(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 2H2O CdSb Cd3As2 Cd(N3)2 CdBr2 CdBr2 ⋅ 4H2O CdCO3 Cd(ClO 3)2 ⋅ 2H2O CdCl 2
19287-45-7 18283-93-7 19624-22-7 18433-84-6 23777-80-2 12008-19-4 19465-30-6 17702-41-9 13205-44-2 6569-51-3 10043-35-3 13460-50-9 13460-50-9 13460-50-9 16872-11-0 12005-69-5 10294-33-4 12069-32-8 10294-34-5 13701-67-2 7637-07-2 13965-73-6 13517-10-7 10043-11-5 1303-86-2 20205-91-8 12007-33-9 7726-95-6 7789-31-3 21308-80-5 21255-83-4 13973-87-0 13863-41-7 13863-59-7 7787-71-5 7789-30-2 22585-64-4 7440-43-9 543-90-8 5743-04-4 12014-29-8 12006-15-4 14215-29-3 7789-42-6 13464-92-1 513-78-0 22750-54-5* 10108-64-2
27.670 53.323 63.126 65.142 74.945 76.961 112.418 122.221 41.845 80.501 61.833 43.818 43.818 43.818 87.813 85.733 250.523 55.255 117.169 163.433 67.806 97.616 391.524 24.818 69.620 41.785 117.820 159.808 128.910 175.807 111.903 121.924 115.357 98.902 136.899 174.896 130.901 112.411 230.500 266.529 234.171 487.076 196.451 272.219 344.281 172.420 315.343 183.316
col gas; flam col gas flam liq col liq; unstable col liq col liq; unstable col liq wh orth cry col gas col liq col tricl cry col orth cry; hyg col monocl cry; hyg col cub cry col liq cub cry col liq; hyg hard blk cry col liq or gas col liq; flam col gas col gas; flam wh needles wh powder; hex or cub cry col gl or hex cry; hyg red cub cry or powder yel amorp solid red liq stable only in aq soln brn solid unstable yel cry red cry; exp unstable red-brn gas unstable red-brn gas col hyg liq col liq col liq silv-wh metal col cry wh cry orth cry gray tetr cry yel-wh orth cry; exp wh hex powder or flakes; hyg wh-yel cry wh hex cry col hyg cry rhomb cry; hyg
-165.5 -121 -46.6 -122 -62.3 -82.3 2.6 99.6 -137 -58 170.9 176 201 236
-92.4 18 60 65 108 dec ≈80
1.131 g/L 2.180 g/L 0.60
≈213 -64 53
0.94 1.710 g/L 0.824 1.5 1.784 2.045 2.487 ≈1.8 5.22 2.6 2.50 4.789 g/L
130 dec 920 dec -45 2350 -107 -92.6 -126.8 -56 49.7 2966 450 1125 dec softens ≈320 -7.2 -17.5 dec ≈0 dec ≈45 ≈-66 ≈-33 8.77 -60.5 -9 321.07 255 130 dec 456 721 exp 568 500 dec 80 dec 564
91 >3500 12.65 65 -101 -34 209.5
58.8
exp ≈5 dec ≈20 dec 125.8 40.76 50 dec 767
reac H2O reac H2O reac hot H 2O reac H2O reac hot H 2O reac H2O
0.67
2.772 g/L 3.990 g/L 3.35 2.18 2.55
5.8025
2.220
≈1.7 3.1028
844
960
4.258 2.28 4.08
reac H2O, EtOH i H2O, acid reac H2O, EtOH reac H2O s H2O reac H2O i H2O i H2O, acid s EtOH reac H2O, acid sl H 2O s H2O
4.715 g/L 4.043 g/L 2.803 2.460 8.69 2.34 2.01 6.92 6.25 3.24 5.19
sl H 2O; s EtOH, bz, CS 2, ctc reac H2O reac H2O sl EtOH s H2O s H2O s H2O vs H2O, EtOH
reac H2O; s eth, CS 2 reac H2O reac H2O (exp) reac H2O i H2O; reac acid s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH
11525 11525 2.640 12025
sl ace, eth s ace, EtOH i H2O; s acid s ace; sl EtOH; i eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-47
368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415
Formula
416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460
CdCl 2 ⋅ 2.5H2O CdCl 2 ⋅ H2O CdCrO4 Cd(CN)2 Cd(C8H15O2)2 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdI2 CdSiO3 CdMoO4 Cd2Nb2O7 Cd(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O CdC2O4 CdC2O4 ⋅ 3H2O CdO Cd(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Cd3(PO4)2 Cd3P2 CdSeO4 ⋅ 2H2O CdSe CdSO4 CdSO4 ⋅ H2O CdSO4 ⋅ 8H2O CdS CdTe Cd(BF4)2 CdTiO3 CdWO4 Ca Ca(C2H3O2)2 Ca(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ H2O CaAl 2O4 Ca3Al 2O6 Ca3(AsO4)2 CaAsO3 CaB6 CaBr2 CaBr2 ⋅ 6H2O CaC2 CaCO3 CaCO3 Ca(ClO 3)2 Ca(ClO 3)2 ⋅ 2H2O
Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate Cadmium chloride monohydrate Cadmium chromate Cadmium cyanide Cadmium 2-ethylhexanoate Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium iodide Cadmium metasilicate Cadmium molybdate Cadmium niobate Cadmium nitrate Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cadmium oxalate Cadmium oxalate trihydrate Cadmium oxide Cadmium perchlorate hexahydrate Cadmium phosphate Cadmium phosphide Cadmium selenate dihydrate Cadmium selenide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfate monohydrate Cadmium sulfate octahydrate Cadmium sulfide Cadmium teluride Cadmium tetrafluoroborate Cadmium titanate Cadmium tungstate Calcium Calcium acetate Calcium acetate monohydrate Calcium aluminate Calcium aluminate ( β form) Calcium arsenate Calcium arsenite Calcium boride Calcium bromide Calcium bromide hexahydrate Calcium carbide Calcium carbonate (aragonite) Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium chlorate Calcium chlorate dihydrate
CAS Reg No. 7790-78-5 34330-64-8 14312-00-6 542-83-6 2420-98-6 7790-79-6 21041-95-2 7790-81-0 7790-80-9 13477-19-5 13972-68-4 12187-14-3 10325-94-7 10022-68-1 814-88-0 20712-42-9 1306-19-0 10326-28-0 13477-17-3 12014-28-7 10060-09-0 1306-24-7 10124-36-4 7790-84-3 15244-35-6 1306-23-6 1306-25-8 14486-19-2 12014-14-1 7790-85-4 7440-70-2 62-54-4 5743-26-0 12042-68-1 12042-78-3 7778-44-1 52740-16-6 12007-99-7 7789-41-5 13477-28-6 75-20-7 471-34-1 471-34-1 10137-74-3 10035-05-9
Mol. Physical Weight Form 228.354 201.331 228.405 164.445 398.818 150.408 146.426 462.216 366.220 188.495 272.35 522.631 236.420 308.482 200.430 254.476 128.410 419.403 527.176 399.181 291.40 191.37 208.475 226.490 352.597 144.477 240.01 286.020 208.276 360.25 40.078 158.167 176.182 158.039 270.193 398.072 162.998 104.944 199.886 307.977 64.099 100.087 100.087 206.979 243.010
wh rhomb leaflets wh cry yel orth cry wh cub cry pow cub cry wh rt ig or hex cry wh powder hex flakes grn monocl cry col tetr cry cub cry wh cub cry; hyg col orth cry; hyg wh solid wh amorp powder brn cub cry wh hex cry pow gr tetr needles orth cry wh cub cry col orth cry monocl cry col monocl cry yel-oran cub cry brn-blk cub cry col hyg liq orth cry wh monocl cry silv-wh metal wh hyg cry wh needles or powder wh monocl cry wh cub cry; refr wh powder wh pow refrac solid rhomb cry; hyg wh hyg powder gray-blk orth cry wh orth cry or powder wh hex cry or powder wh cry wh monocl cry; hyg
mp/°C
bp/°C
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 3.327 4.5 2.23
1110 130 dec
1748
387 1252 ≈900 dec ≈1410 350 59.5
742
6.33 4.79 6.48 5.64 5.10 5.4 6.28 3.6 2.45 3.32
340 dec 1559 sp ≈1500 700 100 dec 1240 1000 105 40 dec 1750 1042
842 160 dec ≈150 dec 1605 1535 dec 2235 742 38 dec 2300 825 dec 1330 340 100 dec
1484
8.15 2.37 5.96 3.62 5.81 4.69 3.79 3.08 4.83 6.2 1.6 6.5 8.0 1.54 1.50 2.98 3.04 3.6
1815
2.49 3.38 2.29 2.22 2.83 2.71 2.711
12025 12025
s ace i H2O
1.715 4.3625 0.0001520 0.09125 86.225
15625 15625 0.006025 0.006025
s acid; i EtOH s dil acid s HNO3 s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s acid i H2O s EtOH s EtOH, ace i EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid
191.525 i H2O s dil HCl 70.525 76.725 76.725 76.725
i H2O i EtOH
i H2O; s acid i H2O, dil acid vs H2O, EtOH
0.003620
15625 15625 0.0006620 0.0006620 19725 19725
i H2O, acid; s NH4OH reac H2O; i bz s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O i H2O s dil acid sl H 2O; s acid s EtOH, ace reac H2O s dil acid s dil acid s EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-48
No. Name
499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507
Calcium chloride Calcium chloride dihydrate Calcium chloride hexahydrate Calcium chloride monohydrate Calcium chromate dihydrate Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyanide Calcium dichromate trihydrate Calcium 2-ethylhexanoate Calcium fluoride Calcium formate Calcium hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Calcium hexafluorosilicate dihydrate Calcium hydride Calcium hydrogen phosphate Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypophosphite Calcium iodate Calcium iodide Calcium iodide hexahydrate Calcium metaborate Calcium molybdate Calcium nitrate Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Calcium nitride Calcium nitrite Calcium oxalate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium oxide Calcium oxide silicate Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate Calcium perchlorate Calcium permanganate Calcium peroxide Calcium phosphate Calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate Calcium phosphide Calcium propanoate Calcium pyrophosphate Calcium selenate dihydrate Calcium selenide Calcium metasilicate Calcium silicide Calcium silicide Calcium stearate
CaCl 2 CaCl 2 ⋅ 2H2O CaCl 2 ⋅ 6H2O CaCl 2 ⋅ H2O CaCrO4 ⋅ 2H2O CaCN2 Ca(CN)2 CaCr2O7 ⋅ 3H2O Ca(C8H15O2)2 CaF2 Ca(CHO2)2 Ca(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 CaSiF6 ⋅ 2H2O CaH2 CaHPO4 CaHPO4 ⋅ 2H2O Ca(OH)2 Ca(OCl) 2 Ca(H2PO2)2 Ca(IO3)2 CaI2 CaI2 ⋅ 6H2O Ca(BO2)2 CaMoO4 Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O Ca3N2 Ca(NO2)2 CaC2O4 CaC2O4 ⋅ H2O CaO Ca3OSiO4 Ca(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Ca(ClO 4)2 Ca(MnO4)2 CaO2 Ca3(PO4)2 Ca(H2PO4)2 ⋅ H2O
10043-52-4 10035-04-8 7774-34-7 13477-29-7 13765-19-0 156-62-7 592-01-8 14307-33-6* 136-51-6 7789-75-5 544-17-2 121012-90-6 16925-39-6 7789-78-8 7757-93-9 7789-77-7 1305-62-0 7778-54-3 7789-79-9 7789-80-2 10102-68-8 71626-98-7 13701-64-9 7789-82-4 10124-37-5 13477-34-4 12013-82-0 13780-06-8 563-72-4 5794-28-5 1305-78-8 12168-85-3 19372-44-2 13477-36-6 10118-76-0 1305-79-9 7758-87-4 10031-30-8
110.983 147.014 219.074 128.998 192.102 80.102 92.112 310.112 326.485 78.075 130.113 454.180 218.185 42.094 136.057 172.088 74.093 142.982 170.055 389.883 293.887 401.978 125.698 200.02 164.087 236.149 148.247 132.089 128.097 146.112 56.077 228.317 238.294 238.978 277.949 72.077 310.177 252.068
wh cub cry or powder; hyg hyg flakes or powder wh hex cry; hyg wh hyg cry yel orth cry col hex cry wh rhomb cry; hyg red-oran cry pow wh cub cry or powder orth cry pow col tetr cry gray orth cry or powder wh rt icl cry monocl cry soft hex cry pow wh monocl cry wh monocl cry hyg hex cry wh hex needles or powder pow wh et rt cry wh cub cry; hyg wh cry red-brn cub cry wh-yel hex cry; hyg wh cry powder cub cry gray-wh cub cry refrac solid cry wh cry purp hyg cry wh-yel tetr cry; hyg wh amorp powder col tricl plates
Ca3P2 Ca(C3H5O2)2 Ca2P2O7 CaSeO4 ⋅ 2H2O CaSe CaSiO3 CaSi2 CaSi Ca(C18H35O2)2
1305-99-3 4075-81-4 7790-76-3 7790-74-1 1305-84-6 1344-95-2 12013-56-8 12013-55-7 1592-23-0
182.182 186.219 254.099 219.07 119.04 116.162 96.249 68.164 607.017
red-brn hyg cry mono cry, pow wh powder wh monocl cry wh-brn cub cry wh monocl cry gray hex cry orth cry granular pow
775 175 dec 30 dec 260 dec
1935.5
≈1340
subl
100 dec 1418 300 dec 135 1000 dec ≈100 dec 100 300 dec 783 42 dec 965 dec 561 ≈40 dec 1195
200 dec 2898 2150 175 dec 270 dec
2.15 1.85 1.71 2.24 2.50 2.29
2533.4
3.18 2.02
0.001625 16.620
2.25 1.7 2.92 2.31 ≈2.2 2.350
0.5220
4.52 3.96 2.55 4.35 2.5 1.82 2.67 2.23 2.2 2.2 3.34
≈200 dec 1670 100 dec ≈1600
2.51
1353
3.09 2.75 3.8 2.92 2.50 2.39
vs EtOH vs EtOH s EtOH reac H2O s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; reac EtOH; i eth, ctc
2.37
2.65 2.4 2.9 3.14 2.220
1400 dec 1540 1040 1324 180
81.325 81.325 81.325 81.325 13.220
0.0225 0.0225 0.16020
0.30625 21525 21525 0.1320 0.001120 14425 14425 94.625 0.0006120 0.0006120
18825 33120 0.0001220
sl acid i EtOH i ace; reac hot H 2O reac H2O, EtOH i EtOH i EtOH; s dil acid s acid s H2O; i EtOH s HNO3; i EtOH s MeOH, EtOH, ace; i eth vs EtOH i EtOH; s conc acid s EtOH, MeOH, ace s EtOH, ace s H2O, acid; i EtOH sl EtOH s dil acid reac H2O; s acid
s EtOH reac EtOH sl H 2O; s acid i EtOH; s dil acid sl H 2O; s dil acid reac H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl MeOH, EtOH; i ace, bz i H2O; s dil acid
8.318 reac H2O i H2O i cold H 2O; reac hot H 2O; s acid i H2O, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-49
461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498
Formula
508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552
CaSO4 CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O CaSO4 ⋅ 0.5H2O CaS CaSO3 ⋅ 2H2O CaTe Ca(AlH 4)2 Ca(SCN)2 ⋅ 4H2O CaS2O3 ⋅ 6H2O CaTiO3 CaWO4 CaZrO3 Cf C C C60 C70 C60F60 CO CO2 CSe2 CS2 COSe COS CSSe CSTe C3O2 C3S2 COBr2 COCl 2 COF2 C2N2 BrCN ClCN FCN ICN Ce CeB6 CeC2 CeN CeSi2 CeH2 CeI2 CeS CeBr3
Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfate hemihydrate Calcium sulfide Calcium sulfite dihydrate Calcium teluride Calcium tetrahydroaluminate Calcium thiocyanate tetrahydrate Calcium thiosulfate hexahydrate Calcium titanate Calcium tungstate Calcium zirconate Californium Carbon (diamond) Carbon (graphite) Carbon (fullerene-C 60) Carbon (fullerene-C 70) Fullerene fluoride Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon diselenide Carbon disulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon sulfide selenide Carbon sulfide et luride Carbon suboxide Carbon subsulfide Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl fluoride Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cerium Cerium boride Cerium carbide Cerium nitride Cerium silicide Cerium(II) hydride Cerium(II) iodide Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) bromide
CAS Reg No.
Mol. Physical Weight Form
7778-18-9 136.142 orth cry 10101-41-4 172.172 monocl cry or powder 10034-76-1 145.149 wh powder 20548-54-3 72.144 wh-yel cub cry; hyg 10257-55-3 156.173 wh powder 12013-57-9 167.68 wh cub cry 16941-10-9 102.105 gray powder; flam 2092-16-2 228.306 hygr cry 10124-41-1 260.300 tricl cry 12049-50-2 135.943 cub cry 7790-75-2 287.92 wh et rt cry 12013-47-7 179.300 pow 7440-71-3 251 hex or cub metal 7782-40-3 12.011 col cub cry 7782-42-5 12.011 soft blk hex cry 99685-96-8 720.642 yel needles or plates 115383-22-7 840.749 red-brn solid 134929-59-2 1860.546 col plates 630-08-0 28.010 col gas 124-38-9 44.010 col gas 506-80-9 169.93 yel il q 75-15-0 76.143 col or yel liq 1603-84-5 106.97 col gas; unstable 463-58-1 60.076 col gas 5951-19-9 123.04 yel il q 10340-06-4 171.68 red-yel liq; unstable 504-64-3 68.031 col gas 627-34-9 100.164 red liq 593-95-3 187.818 col liq 75-44-5 98.915 col gas 353-50-4 66.007 col gas 460-19-5 52.034 col gas 506-68-3 105.922 wh hyg needles 506-77-4 61.470 col gas 1495-50-7 45.016 col gas 506-78-5 152.922 col needles 7440-45-1 140.116 silv metal; cub or hex 12008-02-5 204.982 blue refrac solid; hex 12012-32-7 164.137 red hex cry 25764-08-3 154.123 refrac cub cry 12014-85-6 196.287 tetr cry 13569-50-1 142.132 cub cry 19139-47-0 393.925 bronze cry 12014-82-3 172.182 yel cub cry 14457-87-5 379.828 wh hex cry; hyg
mp/°C
bp/°C
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility
1460 150 dec
2.96 2.32
2524
2.59
0.20525 0.20520 0.20525 0.007025
1600 dec 160 dec 45 dec 1980 1620 2550 900 4440 (12.4 GPa) 4489 tp (10.3 MPa) >280 >280 287 -205.02 -56.56 tp -43.7 -112.1 -124.4 -138.8 -85 -54 -111.3 -1 -127.78 -111.26 -27.83 52 -6.55 -82 146.7 798 2550 2250 2557 1620 808 2445 733
i os sl H 2O; i EtOH sl EtOH; s acid
4.87
1.87 3.98 6.06
3825 sp
-191.5 -78.4 sp 125.5 46 -21.7 -50 84.5 20 dec 6.8 90 dec 64.5 8 -84.57 -21.1 61.5 13 -46 3443
15.1 3.513 2.2
1.145 g/L 1.799 g/L 2.6626 1.2555 4.372 g/L 2.456 g/L 1.99 2.781 g/L 1.27 2.5 4.043 g/L 2.698 g/L 2.127 g/L 2.005 2.513 g/L 1.840 g/L 1.84 6.770 4.87 5.47 7.89 5.31 5.45
reac H2O; s thf; i eth, bz vs H2O; s EtOH, ace s H2O; i EtOH 0.218
s hot acid
i H2O i H2O s os s bz, tol vs ace; s thf; i chl sl H 2O; s chl, EtOH s H2O i H2O; vs ctc, tol i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, os reac H2O s H2O, EtOH i H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O sl H 2O; s bz, tol reac H2O sl H 2O, eth; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s dil acid i H2O, HCl reac H2O i H2O reac H2O
5.9 1457
s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-50
No. Name
Cerium(III) bromide heptahydrate Cerium(III) carbide Cerium(III) carbonate hydrate Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) chloride heptahydrate Cerium(III) fluoride Cerium(III) iodide Cerium(III) iodide nonahydrate Cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Cerium(III) oxide Cerium(III) sulfate octahydrate Cerium(III) sulfide Cerium(IV) fluoride Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Cesium Cesium acetate Cesium amide Cesium azide Cesium bromate Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate Cesium chlorate Cesium chloride Cesium cyanide Cesium fluoride Cesium formate Cesium hydride Cesium hydrogen carbonate Cesium hydrogen fluoride Cesium hydrogen sulfate Cesium hydroxide Cesium iodate Cesium iodide Cesium metaborate Cesium nitrate Cesium oxide Cesium superoxide Cesium perchlorate Cesium periodate Cesium sulfate Cesium sulfide tetrahydrate Chlorine Hypochlorous acid Perchloric acid Chlorine monoxide Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trioxide
CeBr3 ⋅ 7H2O Ce2C3 Ce2(CO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O CeCl 3 CeCl 3 ⋅ 7H2O CeF3 CeI3 CeI3 ⋅ 9H2O Ce(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Ce2O3 Ce2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Ce2S3 CeF4 CeO2 Ce(SO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O Cs CsC2H3O2 CsNH2 CsN3 CsBrO3 CsBr Cs2CO3 CsClO 3 CsCl CsCN CsF CsCHO2 CsH CsHCO3 CsHF2 CsHSO4 CsOH CsIO3 CsI CsBO2 CsNO3 Cs2O CsO2 CsClO 4 CsIO4 Cs2SO4 Cs2S ⋅ 4H2O Cl 2 HOCl HClO 4 Cl 2O ClO 2 Cl 2O3
7789-56-2 12115-63-8 72520-94-6 7790-86-5 18618-55-8 7758-88-5 7790-87-6 7790-87-6* 10108-73-3* 1345-13-7 13454-94-9 12014-93-6 10060-10-3 1306-38-3 10294-42-5 7440-46-2 3396-11-0 22205-57-8 22750-57-8 13454-75-6 7787-69-1 534-17-8 13763-67-2 7647-17-8 21159-32-0 13400-13-0 3495-36-1 58724-12-2 15519-28-5 12280-52-3 7789-16-4 21351-79-1 13454-81-4 7789-17-5 92141-86-1 7789-18-6 20281-00-9 12018-61-0 13454-84-7 13478-04-1 10294-54-9 12214-16-3 7782-50-5 7790-92-3 7601-90-3 7791-21-1 10049-04-4 17496-59-2
505.935 316.264 550.335 246.474 372.581 197.111 520.829 682.967 434.222 328.230 712.545 376.430 216.110 172.115 404.305 132.905 191.949 148.928 174.925 260.807 212.809 325.820 216.356 168.358 158.923 151.903 177.923 133.913 193.922 171.910 229.977 149.912 307.807 259.809 175.715 194.910 281.810 164.904 232.356 323.807 361.875 369.939 70.905 52.460 100.459 86.904 67.452 118.903
col hyg needles yel-brn cub cry wh powder wh hex cry yel orth cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg yel orth cry; hyg wh-red cry col-red cry yel-grn cub cry wh orth cry red cub cry wh hyg powder wh-yel powder; cub yel-oran orth cry silv-wh metal hyg lumps wh et rt cry hyg tetr cry; exp col hex cry wh cub cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg col hex cry wh cub cry; hyg wh cub cry; hyg wh cub cry; hyg wh cry wh cub cry; flam rhom cry tetr cry col rhom prisms wh-yel hyg cry wh mono cry col cub cry; hyg cub cry wh hex or cub cry yel-oran hex cry yel et tr cry wh orth cry; hyg wh rhom prisms wh orth cry or hex prisms; hyg wh hyg cry grn-yel gas grn-yel; stable only in aq soln col hyg liq yel-brn gas oran-grn gas dark brn solid
732 1505
s H2O, EtOH 6.9
817 90 dec 1430 766 150 dec 2210 ≈250 dec 2450 ≈600 dec 2400 180 dec 28.5 194
3.97 6.157
17625 3730
671
9.6620 reac H2O 1011
326 636 792
≈1300
645 350 703
1297
≈170 dec 175 dec 170 dec 342.3 621 732 414 490 432 250
6.2 2.87 5.02 4.77 7.65 3.91 1.93
i H2O; s dil acid s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH i H2O s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s ace i H2O; s acid s H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O, dil acid
3.70 ≈3.5 4.11 4.43 4.24 3.57 3.988 3.34 4.64 1.017 3.42
2240 3.8325 12325 26115 7.7825 19125 57325
20915
≈1280
1005
3.86 3.352 3.68 4.85 4.51 ≈3.7 3.66 4.65 3.77 3.327 4.26 4.24
-101.5
-34.04
2.898 g/L
-112 -120.6 -59 exp <25
≈90 dec 2.2 11
1.77 3.552 g/L 2.757 g/L
30030 2.625 84.825 27.925
2.0025 2.215 18225
s EtOH; i ace s EtOH, eth s EtOH vs H2O s MeOH; i diox, py vs H2O reac H2O s EtOH s H2O s EtOH s EtOH, MeOH, ace s ace; sl EtOH vs H2O reac H2O
i EtOH, ace, py vs H2O sl H 2O s H2O s H2O vs H2O sl H 2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-51
553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600
Formula
601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645
Cl 2O6 Cl 2O7 ClF ClF 3 ClOF 3 ClF 5 ClO 2F ClO 2F3 ClO 3F ClOClO 3 Cr CrSb Cr2As CrB CrB2 Cr5B3 Cr3C2 Cr(CO)6 Cr2N CrN CrP CrSe Cr3Si CrSi2 Cr(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ H2O CrBr2 CrCl 2 Cr(H2O)4Cl 2 ⋅ 4H2O CrF2 CrI2 CrC2O4 ⋅ H2O CrSO4 ⋅ 5H2O Cr3O4 Cr(C2H3O2)3 Cr(C2H3O2)3 ⋅ 6H2O CrBr3 Cr(H2O)6Br3 CrBr3(H2O)4 ⋅ 2H2O CrCl 3 [CrCl 2(H2O)4]Cl ⋅ 2H2O CrF3 CrF3 ⋅ 3H2O Cr(OH)3 ⋅ 3H2O CrI3 Cr(NO3)3
Chlorine hexoxide Chlorine heptoxide Chlorine fluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorine trifluoride oxide Chlorine pentafluoride Chloryl fluoride Chloryl trifluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine perchlorate Chromium Chromium antimonide Chromium arsenide Chromium boride Chromium boride Chromium boride Chromium carbide Chromium carbonyl Chromium nitride Chromium nitride Chromium phosphide Chromium selenide Chromium silicide Chromium silicide Chromium(II) acetate monohydrate Chromium(II) bromide Chromium(II) chloride Chromium(II) chloride tetrahydrate Chromium(II) fluoride Chromium(II) iodide Chromium(II) oxalate monohydrate Chromium(II) sulfate pentahydrate Chromium(II,III) oxide Chromium(III) acetate Chromium(III) acetate hexahydrate Chromium(III) bromide Chromium(III) bromide hexahydrate (β) Chromium(III) bromide hexahydrate (α) Chromium(III) chloride Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(III) fluoride trihydrate Chromium(III) hydroxide trihydrate Chromium(III) iodide Chromium(III) nitrate
CAS Reg No. 12442-63-6 10294-48-1 7790-89-8 7790-91-2 30708-80-6 13637-63-3 13637-83-7 38680-84-1 7616-94-6 27218-16-2 7440-47-3 12053-12-2 12254-85-2 12006-79-0 12007-16-8 12007-38-4 12012-35-0 13007-92-6 12053-27-9 24094-93-7 26342-61-0 12053-13-3 12018-36-9 12018-09-6 628-52-4* 10049-25-9 10049-05-5 13931-94-7 10049-10-2 13478-28-9 814-90-4* 13825-86-0 12018-34-7 1066-30-4 1066-30-4* 10031-25-1 10031-25-1* 18721-05-6 10025-73-7 10060-12-5 7788-97-8 16671-27-5 1308-14-1 13569-75-0 13548-38-4
Mol. Physical Weight Form 166.901 182.901 54.451 92.448 108.447 130.445 86.450 124.447 102.449 134.903 51.996 173.756 178.914 62.807 73.618 292.414 180.009 220.056 117.999 66.003 82.970 130.96 184.074 108.167 188.100 211.804 122.901 267.023 89.993 305.805 158.030 238.136 219.986 229.127 337.220 291.708 399.799 399.799 158.354 266.445 108.991 163.037 157.063 432.709 238.011
red liq col oily liq; exp col gas gas col liq col gas col gas col gas col gas unstable liq blue-wh metal; cub hex cry tetr cry refrac orth cry refrac solid; hex tetr cry gray orth cry col orth cry hex cry gray cub cry orth cry hex cry cub cry gray hex cry red monocl cry wh monocl cry; aq soln blue hyg needles; aq soln blue blue hyg cry blue-grn monocl cry red-brn cry; hyg yel-grn powder blue cry cub cry bl-grn pwd blue needles dark grn hex cry viol hyg cry grn hyg cry purp hex plates grn monocl cry; hyg grn needles grn hex cry blue-grn powder dark grn hex cry grn hyg powder
mp/°C
bp/°C
3.5 -91.5 -155.6 -76.34 -42 -103 -15 -81 -147 -117 1907 1110
≈200 82 -101.1 11.75 29 -13.1 -6 -22 -46.75 ≈25 dec 2671
2100 2200 1900 1895 130 dec 1650 1080 dec
subl
≈1500 1770 1490 842 814 51 dec 894 868
1300
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O
1.9 2.226 g/L 3.779 g/L 5.332 g/L 3.534 g/L 5.087 g/L 4.187 g/L 1.810 7.15 7.11 7.04 6.1 5.22 6.10 6.68 1.77 6.8 5.9 5.25 6.1 6.4 4.91 1.79 4.236 2.88
reac H2O reac H2O
reac dil acid
i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl
sl H 2O s H2O, EtOH s H2O s H2O sl H 2O; i EtOH
3.79 5.1 2.468 210
sl H 2O s dil acid; sl EtOH; i ace
6.1
1130
1152
4.68
1300 dec
2.87
1400
3.8 2.2
500 dec >60 dec
5.32
sl H 2O s H2O s hot H 2O s H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H 2O s H2O, EtOH; sl ace; i eth i H2O, EtOH sl H 2O i H2O; s acid sl H 2O vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-52
No. Name
646 647 648 649 650 651 652
Cr(NO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O Cr2O3 Cr(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 CrPO4 CrPO4 ⋅ 3.5H2O CrPO4 ⋅ 6H2O CrK(SO4)2 ⋅ 12H2O
7789-02-8 1308-38-9 21679-31-2 7789-04-0 84359-31-9 84359-31-9 7788-99-0
400.148 151.990 349.320 146.967 210.021 255.059 499.405
grn-blk monocl cry grn hex cry red monocl cry blue orth cry blue-grn powder viol cry viol-blk cub cry
Cr2(SO4)3 Cr2S3 Cr2Te3 CrCl 4 CrF4 CrO2 CrF5 CrF6 CrO3 H2CrO4 CrO2Cl 2 Co CoSb CoAsS CoAs CoAs2 CoAs3 Co2B CoB Co2(CO)8 Co2P CoSi2 CoS2 Co4(CO)12 Co(C2H3O2)2 Co(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 4H2O CoAl 2O4 Co3(AsO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O Co(BrO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O CoBr2 CoBr2 ⋅ 6H2O CoCO3 CoCl 2 CoCl 2 ⋅ 2H2O CoCl 2 ⋅ 6H2O CoCrO4 CoCr2O4 Co(CN)2 Co(CN)2 ⋅ 2H2O Co3[Fe(CN)6]2
10101-53-8 12018-22-3 12053-39-3 15597-88-3 10049-11-3 12018-01-8 14884-42-5 13843-28-2 1333-82-0 7738-94-5 14977-61-8 7440-48-4 12052-42-5 12254-82-9 27016-73-5 12044-42-7 12256-04-1 12045-01-1 12006-77-8 10210-68-1 12134-02-0 12017-12-8 12013-10-4 17786-31-1 71-48-7 6147-53-1 13820-62-7 24719-19-5 13476-01-2 7789-43-7 13762-12-4 513-79-1 7646-79-9 16544-92-6 7791-13-1 24613-38-5 13455-25-9 542-84-7 20427-11-6 14049-81-1
392.183 200.190 486.79 193.807 127.990 83.995 146.988 165.986 99.994 118.010 154.900 58.933 180.693 165.921 133.855 208.776 283.698 128.677 69.744 341.947 148.840 115.104 123.065 571.854 177.022 249.082 176.894 598.760 422.829 218.741 326.832 118.942 129.838 165.869 237.929 174.927 226.923 110.967 146.998 600.699
red-brn hex cry brn-blk hex cry hex cry gas, stable at high temp grn cry brn-blk tetr powder red orth cry yel solid; stable at low temp red orth cry aq soln only red liq gray metal; hex or cub hex cry silv-wh solid orth cry monocl cry cub cry refrac solid refrac solid oran cry gray needles gray cub cry cub cry blk cry pink cry red monocl cry blue cub cry red monocl needles viol cry grn hex cry; hyg red hyg cry pink rhomb cry blue hyg leaflets viol-blue cry pink-red monocl cry yel-brn orth cry blue-grn cub cry blue hyg cry pink-brn needles red needles
66.3 2329 208 >1800
>100 dec ≈3000 345
>500 dec 89 dec
≈1300 >600 dec 277 ≈400 dec 34 -100 dec 197 -96.5 1495 1202
3.1 3.8 7.0 7.922 g/L
vs H2O i H2O, EtOH; sl acid, alk i H2O; s bz i H2O, acid, aqua regia i H2O; s acid i H2O; s acid, alk s H2O; i EtOH 6425
4.89
vs acid
i H2O; s acid
117 ≈250 dec
2.7
117 2927
1.91 8.86 8.8 ≈6.1 8.22 7.2 6.84 8.1 7.25 1.78 6.4 4.9 4.3 2.09
1180 942 1280 1460 51 dec 1386 1326 60 dec
400 dec
1000 dec
678 47 dec
100 dec
740
1049
87 dec
1.80 5.22 1.34 4.6 2.15 2.121 1.83
1.705 4.37 3.0 ≈2.5 4.91 2.46 4.2 3.36 2.477 1.924 ≈4.0 5.14 1.872
16925 s H2O reac H2O; s ctc, chl, bz s dil acid
reac H2O, HNO3 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS i H2O; s HNO3 s hot HCl
113.220 113.2 0.0001420 56.225 56.225 56.225
vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, dil acid i H2O i H2O; s dil acid vs H2O s MeOH, EtOH, ace i EtOH s EtOH, eth, ace, py s EtOH, ace, eth i H2O; s acid i H2O, conc acid i H2O i H2O, acid i H2O, HCl; s NH 4OH
2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-53
653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692
Chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Chromium(III) phosphate Chromium(III) phosphate hemiheptahydrate Chromium(III) phosphate hexahydrate Chromium(III) potassium sulfate dodecahydrate Chromium(III) sulfate Chromium(III) sulfide Chromium(III) teluride Chromium(IV) chloride Chromium(IV) fluoride Chromium(IV) oxide Chromium(V) fluoride Chromium(VI) fluoride Chromium(VI) oxide Chromic acid Chromyl chloride Cobalt Cobalt antimonide Cobalt arsenic sulfide Cobalt arsenide Cobalt arsenide Cobalt arsenide Cobalt boride Cobalt boride Cobalt carbonyl Cobalt phosphide Cobalt silicide Cobalt disulfide Cobalt dodecacarbonyl Cobalt(II) acetate Cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate Cobalt(II) aluminate Cobalt(II) arsenate octahydrate Cobalt(II) bromate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) bromide Cobalt(II) bromide hexahydrate Cobalt(II) carbonate Cobalt(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride dihydrate Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate Cobalt(II) chromate Cobalt(II) chromite Cobalt(II) cyanide Cobalt(II) cyanide dihydrate Cobalt(II) ferricyanide
Formula
693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737
CoF2 CoF2 ⋅ 4H2O Co(CHO2)2 ⋅ 2H2O Co(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 CoSiF6 ⋅ 6H2O Co(OH)2 Co(IO3)2 CoI2 CoI2 ⋅ 6H2O CoTiO3 CoMoO4 Co(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O CoC2O4 CoC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O CoO Co(ClO 4)2 Co3(PO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O CoK2(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O CoSeO4 ⋅ 5H2O CoSe CoSeO3 ⋅ 2H2O Co2SiO4 Co2SnO4 CoSO4 CoSO4 ⋅ 7H2O CoSO4 ⋅ H2O CoS CoTe Co(SCN)2 Co(SCN)2 ⋅ 3H2O CoWO4 Co3O4 Co(C2H3O2)3 NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4] CoF3 Co(NH3)6Cl 3 Co(OH)3 Co(NO3)3 Co2O3 Co2O3 ⋅ H2O CoK3(NO2)6 ⋅ 1.5H2O Co2S3 Co2TiO4 Cu
Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) fluoride tetrahydrate Cobalt(II) formate dihydrate Cobalt(II) hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Cobalt(II) hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) hydroxide Cobalt(II) iodate Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) iodide hexahydrate Cobalt(II) titanate Cobalt(II) molybdate Cobalt(II) nitrate Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) oxalate Cobalt(II) oxalate dihydrate Cobalt(II) oxide Cobalt(II) perchlorate Cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate Cobalt(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate Cobalt(II) selenate pentahydrate Cobalt(II) selenide Cobalt(II) selenite dihydrate Cobalt(II) orthosilicate Cobalt(II) stannate Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate Cobalt(II) sulfate monohydrate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(II) teluride Cobalt(II) thiocyanate Cobalt(II) thiocyanate trihydrate Cobalt(II) tungstate Cobalt(II,III) oxide Cobalt(III) acetate Cobalt(III) ammonium tert anitrodiammine Cobalt(III) fluoride Cobalt(III) hexammine chloride Cobalt(III) hydroxide Cobalt(III) nitrate Cobalt(III) oxide Cobalt(III) oxide monohydrate Cobalt(III) potassium nitrite sesquihydrate Cobalt(III) sulfide Cobalt(III) titanate Copper
CAS Reg No. 10026-17-2 13817-37-3 6424-20-0 19648-83-0 12021-68-0 21041-93-0 13455-28-2 15238-00-3 15238-00-3* 12017-01-5 13762-14-6 10141-05-6 10026-22-9 814-89-1 5965-38-8 1307-96-6 13455-31-7 10294-50-5 10026-20-7 14590-19-3 1307-99-9 19034-13-0 12017-08-2 12139-93-4 10124-43-3 10026-24-1 13455-34-0 1317-42-6 12017-13-9 3017-60-5 97126-35-7 12640-47-0 1308-06-1 917-69-1 13600-89-0 10026-18-3 10534-89-1 1307-86-4 15520-84-0 1308-04-9 12016-80-7 13782-01-9* 1332-71-4 12017-38-8 7440-50-8
Mol. Physical Weight Form 96.930 168.992 184.998 473.035 309.100 92.948 408.738 312.742 420.833 154.798 218.87 182.942 291.034 146.952 182.982 74.932 257.833 510.865 437.349 291.97 137.89 221.92 209.950 300.574 154.997 281.103 173.012 90.999 186.53 175.099 229.145 306.77 240.798 236.064 295.054 115.928 267.474 109.955 244.948 165.864 183.880 479.284 214.064 229.731 63.546
red tetr cry red orth cry red cry powder pow pale red cry blue-grn cry blk-viol needles blk hex cry; hyg red hex prisms grn rhomb cry blk monocl cry pale red powder red monocl cry; hyg pink powder pink needles gray cub cry red needles pink amorp powder red monocl cry red tricl cry yel hex cry blue-red powder red-viol orth cry grn-blue cub cry red orth cry pink monocl cry red monocl cry blk amorp powder hex cry yel-brn pow viol rhomb cry blue monocl cry blk cub cry grn hyg cry red-brn orth cry brn hex cry red monocl cry brn powder grn cub cry; hyg gray-blk powder brn-blk hex cry yel cub cry blk cub cry grn-blk cub cry red metal; cub
mp/°C
bp/°C
1127 dec 140 dec 197
≈1400
≈160 dec 200 dec 520 130 dec 1040 100 dec ≈55 250 dec dec 1830
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 4.46 2.22 2.13
1.425 1.425 5.0320
2.087 3.60 5.09 5.60 2.90 5.0 4.7 2.49 1.88 3.02
76.822
6.44 3.33 2.77 2.22 2.51 7.65
75 dec dec 1055 1345
4.63 6.30 3.71 2.03 3.08 5.45 ≈8.8
>700 41 dec 1182
≈7.8 6.11 1.97 3.88 1.71 ≈4 ≈3.0 5.18
927 dec 895 dec 150 dec
1084.62
2562
2.6 4.8 5.1 8.96
i EtOH
sl H 2O; s acid 0.4620 20325 20325
10325 10325 0.003720 0.0037 11325
s EtOH, eth, ace
s EtOH s acid, NH4OH sl acid; s NH 4OH i H2O; s acid i EtOH, ace i H2O; s acid vs H2O
5515 i H2O, alk; s aqua regia i H2O i H2O; s dil HCl i H2O; s alk 38.325 38.325 38.325
sl EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s acid
10325 10325 900 dec 100 dec
s acid
s EtOH, MeOH, ace, eth s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s hot conc acid i H2O; s acid, alk s H2O, EtOH s H2O reac H2O s H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid s H2O; reac os i H2O; s conc acid i H2O; s acid sl H 2O; reac acid; i EtOH reac acid s conc HCl sl dil acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-54
No. Name
Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Copper nitride Copper(II) 2-ethylhexanoate Copper phosphide Copper silicide Copper(I) acetaet Copper(I) acetyil de Copper(I) azide Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) fluoride Copper(I) hydride Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) mercury iodide Copper(I) oxide Copper(I) selenide Copper(I) sulfide Copper(I) sulfite monohydrate Copper(I) sulfite hemihydrate Copper(I) teluride Copper(I) thiocyanate Copper(I,II) sulfite dihydrate Copper(II) acetate Copper(II) acetate metaarsenite Copper(II) acetate monohydrate Copper(II) acetylide Copper(II) arsenate Copper(II) arsenite Copper(II) azide Copper(II) basic acetate Copper(II) borate Copper(II) bromide Copper(II) butanoate monohydrate Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide Copper(II) chlorate hexahydrate Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) chloride dihydrate Copper(II) chloride hydroxide Copper(II) chromate Copper(II) chromite Copper(II) citrate hemipentahydrate Copper(II) cyanide Copper(II) cyclohexanebutanoate Copper(II) dichromate dihydrate Copper(II) ethanolate Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate Copper(II) ferrocyanide
Cu(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Cu3N Cu(C8H15O2)2 CuP2 Cu5Si CuC2H3O2 Cu2C2 CuN3 CuBr CuCl CuCN CuF CuH CuI Cu2HgI4 Cu2O Cu2Se Cu2S Cu2SO3 ⋅ H2O Cu2SO3 ⋅ 0.5H2O Cu2Te CuSCN Cu2SO3 ⋅ CuSO3 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(C2H3O2)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 3Cu(AsO2)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ H2O CuC2 Cu3(AsO4)2 CuHAsO3 Cu(N3)2 Cu(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ CuO ⋅ 6H2O Cu(BO2)2 CuBr2 Cu(C4H7O2)2 ⋅ H2O CuCO3 ⋅ Cu(OH)2 Cu(ClO 3)2 ⋅ 6H2O CuCl 2 CuCl 2 ⋅ 2H2O Cu2(OH)3Cl CuCrO4 CuCr2O4 Cu2C6H4O7 ⋅ 2.5H2O Cu(CN)2 Cu(C10H17O2)2 CuCr2O7 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(C2H5O)2 Cu(C2H5CO2CHCOCH3)2 Cu2Fe(CN)6
13395-16-9 1308-80-1 149-11-1 12019-11-3 12159-07-8 598-54-9 1117-94-8 14336-80-2 7787-70-4 7758-89-6 544-92-3 13478-41-6 13517-00-5 7681-65-4 13876-85-2 1317-39-1 20405-64-5 22205-45-4 13982-53-1* 12019-52-2 1111-67-7 13814-81-8 142-71-2 12002-03-8 6046-93-1 12540-13-5 10103-61-4 10290-12-7 14215-30-6 52503-64-7 39290-85-2 7789-45-9 540-16-9 12069-69-1 14721-21-2 7447-39-4 10125-13-0 1332-65-6 13548-42-0 12018-10-9 10402-15-0 14763-77-0 2218-80-6 13675-47-3 2850-65-9 14284-06-1 13601-13-3
261.762 204.645 349.953 125.494 345.816 122.590 151.113 105.566 143.450 98.999 89.564 82.544 64.554 190.450 835.30 143.091 206.05 159.158 225.172 216.164 254.69 121.630 386.797 181.635 1013.795 199.650 87.567 468.476 187.474 147.586 369.271 149.166 223.354 255.756 221.116 338.539 134.451 170.482 213.567 179.540 231.536 360.221 115.580 402.028 315.565 153.667 321.813 339.041
blue powder cub cry pow monocl cry solid col cry red amorp powder; exp tetr cry; exp wh cub cry; hyg wh cub cry wh powder or grn orth cry cub cry red-brn solid wh cub cry red cry powder red-brn cub cry blue-blk tetr cry blue-blk orth cry cry wh-yel hex cry blue hex cry wh-yel amorp powder red prisms or powder blue-grn hyg powder grn cry powder grn monocl cry brn-blk solid; exp blue-grn cry yel-grn powder brn orth cry; exp blue-grn cry or powder blue-grn powder blk monocl cry; hyg grn monocl plates grn monocl cry blue-grn hyg cry yel-brn monocl cry; hyg grn-blue orth cry; hyg pale grn cry red-brn cry gray-blk tetr cry blue-grn cry grn powder pow red-brn rt icl cry blue hyg solid pow red-br cub cry or powder
284 dec 300 dec 252 dec ≈900 825 dec
subl
497 430 474
1345 ≈1400 dec
4.98 4.14 2.9 7.1
0.001220 0.004720
≈1290
5.67
0.00002020
1800 dec
6.0 6.84 5.6 3.83
60 dec 606 trans ≈60 (brn) 1235 1113 ≈1100
4.20 subl
1127 1084
115 exp 100
sl H 2O; s chl 5.84
reac H2O
4.6 2.85
240 dec
i ace i EtOH, ace i H2O, EtOH; s KCN soln
i dil acid i H2O, EtOH i H2O i H2O; s acid i H2O; sl acid sl H 2O; s HCl sl H 2O; s acid, alk; i EtOH, eth i H2O, dil acid, EtOH, ace; s eth i H2O, EtOH; s HCl i H2O; reac acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth
1.88
i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O, EtOH; s acid ≈2.6
498 200 dec 65 630 dec 100 dec
900
3.859 4.710
12625
4.0 100 dec 3.4 2.51
5.4 100 dec
16418 75.725 75.720
sl H 2O, EtOH; s dil acid, NH 4OH i H2O; s acid s EtOH, ace; i bz, eth s H2O, diox, bz; sl EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid vs EtOH s EtOH, ace vs EtOH, MeOH; s ace; i eth i H2O; s acid i H2O; s EtOH i H2O, dil acid sl H 2O; s dil acid i H2O; s acid, alk
126 dec 2.286 120 dec 192 2.2
vs H2O i os s EtOH i H2O, acid, os
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-55
738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785
CAS Reg No.
Mol. Physical Weight Form
Formula
786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812
Copper(II) ferrous sulfide Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) fluoride dihydrate Copper(II) formate Copper(II) formate tetrahydrate Copper(II) hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Copper(II) hexafluorosilicate et trahydrate Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) iodate Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Copper(II) molybdate Copper(II) nitrate Copper(II) nitrate hexahydrate Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Copper(II) oleate Copper(II) oxalate Copper(II) oxalate hemihydrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) perchlorate Copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Copper(II) phosphate Copper(II) phosphate trihydrate Copper(II) selenate pentahydrate Copper(II) selenide Copper(II) selenite dihydrate Copper(II) stearate Copper(II) sulfate
CuFeS2 CuF2 CuF2 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(CHO2)2 Cu(CHO2)2 ⋅ 4H2O Cu(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 CuSiF6 ⋅ 4H2O Cu(OH)2 Cu(IO3)2 Cu(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O CuMoO4 Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O Cu(NO3)2 ⋅ 3H2O Cu(C18H33O2)2 CuC2O4 CuC2O4 ⋅ 0.5H2O CuO Cu(ClO 4)2 Cu(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Cu3(PO4)2 Cu3(PO4)2 ⋅ 3H2O CuSeO4 ⋅ 5H2O CuSe CuSeO3 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(C18H35O2)2 CuSO4
1308-56-1 7789-19-7 13454-88-1 544-19-4 5893-61-8 14781-45-4 12062-24-7 20427-59-2 13454-89-2 13454-90-5 13767-34-5 3251-23-8 13478-38-1 10031-43-3 1120-44-1 814-91-5 814-91-5* 1317-38-0 13770-18-8 10294-46-9 7798-23-4 10031-48-8 10031-45-5 1317-41-5 15168-20-4 660-60-6 7758-98-7
183.523 101.543 137.574 153.581 225.641 477.648 277.684 97.561 413.351 431.367 223.48 187.555 295.647 241.602 626.453 151.565 144.573 79.545 262.446 370.538 380.581 434.627 296.58 142.51 226.54 630.485 159.610
813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Copper(II) sulfate, basic Copper(II) sulfide Copper(II) tartrate trihydrate Copper(II) teluride Copper(II) tetrafluoroborate Copper(II) tungstate Copper(II) tungstate dihydrate Copper(II) vanadate Curium Dysprosium Dysprosium boride Dysprosium nitride Dysprosium silicide Dysprosium(II) chloride Dysprosium(II) iodide Dysprosium(III) bromide Dysprosium(III) chloride
CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O Cu3(OH)4SO4 CuS CuC4H4O6 ⋅ 3H2O CuTe Cu(BF4)2 CuWO4 CuWO4 ⋅ 2H2O Cu(VO3)2 Cm Dy DyB4 DyN DySi2 DyCl 2 DyI2 DyBr3 DyCl 3
7758-99-8 1332-14-5 1317-40-4 815-82-7 12019-23-7 14735-84-3 13587-35-4 13587-35-4* 12789-09-2 7440-51-9 7429-91-6 12310-43-9 12019-88-4 12133-07-2 13767-31-2 36377-94-3 14456-48-5 10025-74-8
249.686 354.731 95.612 265.663 191.15 237.155 311.38 347.41 261.425 247 162.50 205.74 176.51 218.67 233.41 416.31 402.21 268.86
yel et tr cry wh monocl cry blue monocl cry blue cry blue monocl cry cry blue monocl cry blue-grn powder grn mono cry blue tricl cry grn cry blue-grn orth cry; hyg blue rhomb cry; hyg blue rhomb cry blue-grn solid blue-wh powder blue-wh cry blk powder or monocl cry grn hyg cry blue monocl cry; hyg blue-grn tricl cry blue-grn orth cry blue tricl cry blue-blk needles or plates blue orth cry blue-grn amorp powder wh-grn amorp powder or rhomb cry blue tricl cry grn rhomb cry blk hex cry blue-grn powder yel orth cry solid yel-brn powder grn powder pow silv metal; hex or cub silv metal; hex tetr cry cub cry orth cry blk cry purp cry wh hyg cry yel cry
mp/°C
bp/°C
950 836 130 dec
1676
98 dec dec 248 dec ≈500 255 114 310 dec 200 dec 1446 130 dec 82
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 4.2 4.23 2.934
i H2O, HCl; s HNO 3 0.07525 0.07525 12.520 12.5
220 dec 2.56 3.37 5.241 4.872 3.4 subl 170 dec
2.07 2.32
99.717 0.1520 0.1520 0.038 14525 14525 14525 0.002620 0.002620
6.31 120 dec
2.22
14630 14630
2.56 5.99 3.31
27.425
3.60
22.025 22.025
trans 507
2.286 3.88 4.76
trans ≈400
7.09
80 dec 550 dec ≈250 560 dec 110 dec
i os sl EtOH; i os s MeOH, ace, tol sl EtOH i H2O; s acid, conc alk s dil acid s dil H 2SO4 s diox; reac eth s EtOH vs EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth i EtOH, eth; s NH 4OH s NH4OH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid s eth, diox; i bz, ctc vs EtOH, HOAc, ace; sl eth i H2O; s acid, NH4OH i H2O; s acid, NH4OH s acid, NH4OH; sl ace; i EtOH reac acid i H2O; s acid, NH4OH i H2O, EtOH, eth; s py i EtOH s MeOH; sl EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH, dil acid, alk sl H 2O; s acid, alk s H2O
7.5 i H2O; sl HOAc; reac conc acid 1345 1412 2500
721 dec 659 879 680
≈3100 2567
13.51 8.55 6.98 9.93 5.2
3.67
s dil acid
reac H2O reac H2O s H2O s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-56
No. Name
Dysprosium(III) fluoride Dysprosium(III) hydride Dysprosium(III) iodide Dysprosium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Dysprosium(III) oxide Dysprosium(III) sulfide Einsteinium Erbium Erbium boride Erbium bromide Erbium chloride Erbium chloride hexahydrate Erbium fluoride Erbium hydride Erbium iodide Erbium nitrate pentahydrate Erbium nitride Erbium oxide Erbium silicide Erbium sulfate Erbium sulfate octahydrate Erbium sulfide Erbium teul ride Europium Europium boride Europium nitride Europium silicide Europium(II) bromide Europium(II) chloride Europium(II) fluoride Europium(II) iodide Europium(II) selenide Europium(II) sulfate Europium(II) sulfide Europium(II) teluride Europium(III) bromide Europium(III) chloride Europium(III) chloride hexahydrate Europium(III) fluoride Europium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Europium(III) oxide Europium(III) sulfate Europium(III) sulfate octahydrate Fermium Fluorine Fluorine monoxide Fluorine dioxide Fluorine nitrate
DyF3 DyH3 DyI3 Dy(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Dy2O3 Dy2S3 Es Er ErB4 ErBr3 ErCl 3 ErCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O ErF3 ErH3 ErI3 Er(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O ErN Er2O3 ErSi2 Er2(SO4)3 Er2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Er2S3 Er2Te3 Eu EuB6 EuN EuSi2 EuBr2 EuCl 2 EuF2 EuI2 EuSe EuSO4 EuS EuTe EuBr3 EuCl 3 EuCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O EuF3 Eu(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Eu2O3 Eu2(SO4)3 Eu2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Fm F2 F2 O F2O2 FNO3
13569-80-7 13537-09-2 15474-63-2 10143-38-1* 1308-87-8 12133-10-7 7429-92-7 7440-52-0 12310-44-0 13536-73-7 10138-41-7 10025-75-9 13760-83-3 13550-53-3 13813-42-8 10168-80-6* 12020-21-2 12061-16-4 12020-28-9 13478-49-4 10031-52-4 12159-66-9 12020-39-2 7440-53-1 12008-05-8 12020-58-5 12434-24-1 13780-48-8 13769-20-5 14077-39-5 22015-35-6 12020-66-5 10031-54-6 12020-65-4 12020-69-8 13759-88-1 10025-76-0 13759-92-7 13765-25-8 10031-53-5 1308-96-9 13537-15-0 10031-52-4 7440-72-4 7782-41-4 7783-41-7 7783-44-0 7789-26-6
219.50 165.52 543.21 438.59 373.00 421.20 252 167.26 210.50 406.97 273.62 381.71 224.26 170.28 547.97 443.35 181.27 382.52 223.43 622.71 766.83 430.72 717.32 151.964 216.830 165.971 208.135 311.772 222.869 189.961 405.773 230.92 248.028 184.030 279.56 391.676 258.322 366.413 208.959 446.070 351.926 592.119 736.241 257 37.997 53.996 69.996 81.003
grn cry hex cry grn cry yel cry wh cub cry red-brn monocl cry metal; cub silv metal; hex tetr cry viol hyg cry viol monocl cry; hyg pink hyg cry pink orth cry hex cry viol hex cry; hyg red cry cub cry pink powder orth cry hyg powder pink monocl cry red-brn monocl cry orth cry soft silv metal; cub cub cry cub cry tetr cry wh cry wh orth cry grn-yel cub cry grn cry brn cub cry col orth cry cub cry blk cub cry gray cry grn-yel needles wh-yel hyg cry wh hyg cry wh-pink hyg cry pink powder pale pink cry pink cry metal pale yel gas col gas gas, stable only at low temp col gas
1154 7.1 978 88.6 2228 860 1529 2450 923 776 dec 1147
208.425 3900
7.81 6.08
s acid
2868
9.07 7.0
i H2O; s acid
7.8 ≈7.6 ≈5.5
1014 130 dec 2344 dec dec 1730 1213 822 ≈2600
240.825 3920
1529
1500 683 731 ≈1380 580
1526 dec 623 850 1276 85 dec 2291 375 dec 1527 -219.67 tp -223.8 -154 -175
s H2O s H2O s H2O; sl EtOH i H2O
4.1
10.6 8.64 7.26 3.68 3.20 6.07 7.11 5.24 4.91 8.7 5.46
s H2O s EtOH, ace i H2O; s acid
1320 1320
reac H2O
s H2O s H2O
4.9 6.5
s H2O 6.45 4.99 5.7 6.48
i H2O
s H2O 4.89 4.89
s H2O i H2O 19325
3790
-188.12 -144.75 -57 -46
7.42 4.99
1.553 g/L 2.207 g/L 2.861 g/L 3.311 g/L
i H2O; s acid 2.120 2.120 reac H2O sl H 2O reac H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-57
831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878
Formula
879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923
FOClO 3 Fr Gd GdB6 GdN GdSi2 GdI2 GdSe GdBr3 GdCl 3 GdCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O GdF3 GdI3 Gd(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Gd(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Gd2O3 Gd2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Gd2S3 Gd2Te3 Ga GaSb GaAs GaN GaP Ga2O GaCl 2 GaSe GaS GaTe Ga(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 GaBr3 GaCl 3 GaF3 GaF3 ⋅ 3H2O GaH3 Ga(OH)3 GaI3 Ga(NO3)3 Ga2O3 GaOOH Ga2Se3 Ga2(SO4)3 Ga2(SO4)3 ⋅ 18H2O Ga2S3 Ga2Te3
Fluorine perchlorate Francium Gadolinium Gadolinium boride Gadolinium nitride Gadolinium silicide Gadolinium(II) iodide Gadolinium(II) selenide Gadolinium(III) bromide Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) chloride hexahydrate Gadolinium(III) fluoride Gadolinium(III) iodide Gadolinium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Gadolinium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Gadolinium(III) oxide Gadolinium(III) sulfate octahydrate Gadolinium(III) sulfide Gadolinium(III) teluride Gallium Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium nitride Gallium phosphide Gallium suboxide Gallium(II) chloride Gallium(II) selenide Gallium(II) sulfide Gallium(II) teluride Gallium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) fluoride Gallium(III) fluoride trihydrate Gallium(III) hydride Gallium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) iodide Gallium(III) nitrate Gallium(III) oxide Gallium(III) oxide hydroxide Gallium(III) selenide Gallium(III) sulfate Gallium(III) sulfate octadecahydrate Gallium(III) sulfide Gallium(III) teluride
CAS Reg No. 10049-03-3 7440-73-5 7440-54-2 12008-06-9 25764-15-2 12134-75-7 13814-72-7 12024-81-6 13818-75-2 10138-52-0 19423-81-5 13765-26-9 13572-98-0 19598-90-4 52788-53-1 12064-62-9 13450-87-8 12134-77-9 12160-99-5 7440-55-3 12064-03-8 1303-00-0 25617-97-4 12063-98-8 12024-20-3 24597-12-4 12024-11-2 12024-10-1 12024-14-5 14405-43-7 13450-88-9 13450-90-3 7783-51-9 22886-66-4 13572-93-5 12023-99-3 13450-91-4 13494-90-1 12024-21-4 20665-52-5 12024-24-7 13494-91-2 13780-42-2 12024-22-5 12024-27-0
Mol. Physical Weight Form 118.449 223 157.25 222.12 171.26 213.42 411.06 236.21 396.96 263.61 371.70 214.25 537.96 451.36 433.34 362.50 746.81 410.70 697.30 69.723 191.483 144.645 83.730 100.697 155.445 140.628 148.68 101.789 197.32 367.047 309.435 176.081 126.718 180.764 72.747 120.745 450.436 255.738 187.444 102.730 376.33 427.637 751.912 235.644 522.25
col gas; exp short-lived alkali metal silv metal; hex blk-brn cub cry cub cry orth cry bronze cry cub cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg col hyg cry wh cry yel cry hyg tricl cry wh cry wh hyg powder col monocl cry yel cub cry orth cry silv liq or gray orth cry cub cry gray cub cry gray hex cry yel cub cry brn powder wh orth cry hex cry hex cry monocl cry wh powder wh orth cry col needles or gl solid wh powder or col needles wh cry visc liq unstable prec monocl cry wh cry powder wh cry orth cry cub cry hex cry octahed cry monocl cry cub cry
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility
mp/°C
bp/°C
-167.3 27 1313 2510
-16
4.841 g/L
reac H2O
3273
7.90 5.31 9.10 5.9
s dil acid
831 2170 770 609 1231 925 91 dec 92 dec 2339 400 dec 1255 29.771 tp 712 1238 >2500 1457 >660 172.4 960 965 824 193 121.5 77.9 >1000 >140 dec -15 212
8.1 4.56 4.52 2.424
3900
2204
>800 dec 535
subl 279 201
2.33 2.41 7.07 4.14 6.1 7.7 5.91 5.6137 5.3176 6.1 4.138 4.77 2.74 5.03 3.86 5.44 1.42 3.69 2.47 4.47
19025 19025
s EtOH i H2O; s acid
2.320
reac alk
i H2O sl H 2O
≈0 dec 340
4.5
937
≈6.0 5.23 4.92
1090 790
3.7 5.57
1806
s H2O s H2O
s H2O, EtOH, eth s hot acid
s H2O, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-58
No. Name
Germanium Germane Digermane Trigermane Tetragermane Pentagermane Bromogermane Chlorogermane Chlorotrifluorogermane Dibromogermane Dichlorogermane Dichlorodifluorogermane Fluorogermane Iodogermane Tribromogermane Trichlorogermane Trichlorofluorogermane Methylgermane Germanium(II) bromide Germanium(II) chloride Germanium(II) fluoride Germanium(II) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) selenide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) teluride Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(IV) chloride Germanium(IV) fluoride Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(IV) nitride Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium(IV) selenide Germanium(IV) sulfide Gold Bromoauric acid pentahydrate Chloroauric acid tetrahydrate Gold(I) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(I) cyanide Gold(I) iodide Gold(I) sulfide Gold(III) bromide Gold(III) chloride Gold(III) cyanide trihydrate Gold(III) fluoride Gold(III) hydroxide Gold(III) iodide
Ge GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 Ge4H10 Ge5H12 GeH3Br GeH3Cl GeF3Cl GeH2Br2 GeH2Cl 2 GeF2Cl 2 GeH3F GeH3I GeHBr3 GeHCl 3 GeCl 3F GeH3CH3 GeBr2 GeCl 2 GeF2 GeI2 GeO GeSe GeS GeTe GeBr4 GeCl 4 GeF4 GeI4 Ge3N4 GeO2 GeSe2 GeS2 Au HAuBr4 ⋅ 5H2O HAuCl 4 ⋅ 4H2O AuBr AuCl AuCN AuI Au2S AuBr3 AuCl 3 Au(CN)3 ⋅ 3H2O AuF3 Au(OH)3 AuI3
7440-56-4 7782-65-2 13818-89-8 14691-44-2 14691-47-5 15587-39-0 13569-43-2 13637-65-5 14188-40-0 13769-36-3 15230-48-5 24422-21-7 13537-30-9 13573-02-9 14779-70-5 1184-65-2 24422-20-6 1449-65-6 24415-00-7 10060-11-4 13940-63-1 13573-08-5 20619-16-3 12065-10-0 12025-32-0 12025-39-7 13450-92-5 10038-98-9 7783-58-6 13450-95-8 12065-36-0 1310-53-8 12065-11-1 12025-34-2 7440-57-5 17083-68-0 16903-35-8 10294-27-6 10294-29-8 506-65-0 10294-31-2 1303-60-2 10294-28-7 13453-07-1 535-37-5* 14720-21-9 1303-52-2 31032-13-0
72.61 76.64 151.27 225.89 300.52 375.15 155.54 111.09 165.06 234.43 145.53 181.51 94.63 202.54 313.33 179.98 197.97 90.67 232.42 143.51 110.61 326.42 88.61 151.57 104.68 200.21 392.23 214.42 148.60 580.23 273.86 104.61 230.53 136.74 196.967 607.667 411.847 276.871 232.420 222.985 323.871 425.999 436.679 303.325 329.065 253.962 247.989 577.680
gray-wh cub cry col gas; flam col liq; flam col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq gas col liq col liq col gas col gas liq col liq liq liq col gas yel monocl cry wh-yel hyg powder wh orth cry; hyg oran-yel hex cry blk solid gray orth cry or brn powder gray orth cry cub cry wh cry col liq col gas red-oran cub cry orth cry wh hex cry yel-oran orth cry blk orth cry soft yel metal red-brn hyg cry yel monocl cry; hyg yel-gray tetr cry yel orth cry yel hex cry yel-grn powder; tetr brn-blk cub cry; unstable red-br monocl cry red monocl cry wh hyg cry oran-yel hex cry brn powder unstable grn powder
938.25 -165 -109 -105.6
-32 -52 -66.2 -15 -68 -51.8 -15 -25 -71 -49.8 -158 122 dec 110 550 dec 700 dec 667 615 725 26.1 -51.50 -15 tp 146 900 dec 1115 707 dec 530 1064.18 27 165 dec 289 dec dec 120 dec 240 dec ≈160 dec >160 dec 50 dec >300 ≈100 dec 20 dec
2833 -88.1 29 110.5 176.9 234 52 28 -20.3 89 69.5 -2.8 ≈90 dec 75.3 37.5 -23 150 dec 130 dec
5.3234 3.133 g/L 1.98-109 2.20-105
i H2O, dil acid, alk i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O reac H2O reac H2O
2.34 1.75 6.747 g/L 2.80 1.90 7.419 g/L 3.868 g/L
reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O
1.93 3.706 g/L
reac H2O reac H2O; s eth, bz reac H2O reac H2O
3.64 5.4
186.35 86.55 -36.5 sp 377
5.6 4.1 6.16 3.132 1.88 6.074 g/L 4.322
2856
4.25 4.56 3.01 19.3 ≈3.9 8.20 7.6 7.2 8.25 ≈11 4.7
i H2O; s conc HNO3 reac H2O reac H2O; s bz, eth, EtOH, ctc reac H2O reac H2O i H2O, acid, aqua regia i H2O
s aqua regia s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth i H2O 0.00003120 i H2O, EtOH, eth, dil acid i H2O; s CN soln i H2O, acid; s aqua regia s H2O, EtOH 6820 vs H2O; sl EtOH
subl
6.75 i H2O; s acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-59
924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971
Formula
972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016
Au2O3 Au2(SeO4)3 Au2Se3 Au2S3 Hf HfB2 HfBr4 HfC HfCl4 HfF4 HfH2 HfI4 HfN HfO2 HfOCl2 ⋅ 8H2O HfP HfSe2 HfSiO4 HfSi2 Hf(SO4)2 HfS2 He Ho HoBr3 HoCl 3 HoF3 HoI3 HoN Ho2O3 HoSi2 Ho2S3 N2H4 N2H4 ⋅ H2O N2H4 ⋅ HBr N2H4 ⋅ HCl N2H4 ⋅ 2HCl N2H4 ⋅ HI N2H4 ⋅ HNO3 N2H4 ⋅ H2SO4 HN3 H2NOH (H2NOH)2 ⋅ H2SO4 H2 HBr HCl
Gold(III) oxide Gold(III) selenate Gold(III) selenide Gold(III) sulfide Hafnium Hafnium boride Hafnium(IV) bromide Hafnium carbide Hafnium(IV) chloride Hafnium fluoride Hafnium hydride Hafnium iodide Hafnium nitride Hafnium oxide Hafnium oxychloride octahydrate Hafnium phosphide Hafnium selenide Hafnium orthosilicate Hafnium silicide Hafnium sulfate Hafnium sulfide Helium Holmium Holmium bromide Holmium chloride Holmium fluoride Holmium iodide Holmium nitride Holmium oxide Holmium silicide Holmium sulfide Hydrazine Hydrazine hydrate Hydrazine hydrobromide Hydrazine hydrochloride Hydrazine dihydrochloride Hydrazine hydroiodide Hydrazine nitrate Hydrazine sulfate Hydrazoic acid Hydroxylamine Hydroxylamine sulfate Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride
CAS Reg No. 1303-58-8 10294-32-3 1303-62-4 1303-61-3 7440-58-6 12007-23-7 13777-22-5 12069-85-1 13499-05-3 13709-52-9 12770-26-2 13777-23-6 25817-87-2 12055-23-1 14456-34-9 12325-59-6 12162-21-9 13870-13-8 12401-56-8 15823-43-5 18855-94-2 7440-59-7 7440-60-0 13825-76-8 10138-62-2 13760-78-6 13813-41-7 12029-81-1 12055-62-8 12136-24-2 12162-59-3 302-01-2 7803-57-8 13775-80-9 2644-70-4 5341-61-7 10039-55-1 13464-97-6 10034-93-2 7782-79-8 7803-49-8 10039-54-0 1333-74-0 10035-10-6 7647-01-0
Mol. Physical Weight Form 441.931 822.81 630.81 490.131 178.49 200.11 498.11 190.50 320.30 254.48 180.51 686.11 192.50 210.49 409.52 209.46 336.41 270.57 234.66 370.62 242.62 4.003 164.930 404.642 271.288 221.925 545.643 178.937 377.859 221.101 426.059 32.045 50.060 112.957 68.506 104.966 159.957 95.058 130.125 43.028 33.030 164.139 2.016 80.912 36.461
brn powder yel cry blk amorp solid unstable blk powder gray metal; hex gray hex cry wh cub cry refrac cub cry wh monocl cry wh monocl cry refrac tetr cry yel-oran cub cry yel-brn cub cry wh cub cry wh et rt cry hex cry brn hex cry tetr cry gray orth cry wh cry purp-brn hex cry col gas silv metal; hex yel hyg cry yel monocl cry; hyg pink-yel orth cry; hyg yel hex cry cub cry yel cub cry hex cry yel-oran monocl cry col oily liq fuming liq wh monocl cry flakes wh orth cry wh orth cry hyg cry monocl cry; exp col orth cry col liq; exp wh orth flakes or needles cry col gas; flam col gas col gas
mp/°C
bp/°C
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility
≈150 dec dec 200 dec 2233 3100 424 tp ≈3000 432 tp >970 449 tp 3305 2774 dec
4.65 4603 323 sp 317 sp 970 sp 394 sp
s HF
reac H2O 7.1 11.4 5.6 13.8 9.68
i H2O s H2O
9.78 7.46 7.0 7.6
≈1700 >500 dec
1474 919 718 1143 994
13.3 10.5 4.90 12.2
i H2O; s acid i H2O; s acid s aqua regia
-268.93 2700 1470 1500 >2200
2330
3900
1.4 -51.7 84 89 198 dec 125 70 254 -80 33.1 170 -259.34 -86.80 -114.17
113.55 119 ≈190 dec 240 dec
6.03 0.164 g/L 8.80 3.7 7.664 5.4 10.6 8.41 7.1 5.92 1.0036 1.030 2.3 1.5 1.42
1.378 35.7 58
1.21
-252.87 -66.38 -85
0.082 g/L 3.307 g/L 1.490 g/L
sl H 2O; i EtOH s dil acid s H2O s H2O
s acid
vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH vs H2O, EtOH; i chl, eth s H2O, EtOH s H2O; i os s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O sl H 2O; i EtOH s H2O vs H2O, MeOH vs H2O sl H 2O vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-60
No. Name
Hydrogen chloride dihydrate Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen teluride Indium Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium nitride Indium phosphide Indium(I) bromide Indium(I) chloride Indium(I) iodide Indium(II) bromide Indium(II) chloride Indium(II) sulfide Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) fluoride Indium(III) fluoride trihydrate Indium(III) hydroxide Indium(III) iodide Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) perchlorate octahydrate Indium(III) phosphate Indium(III) selenide Indium(III) sulfate Indium(III) sulfide Indium(III) teluride Iodine Iodic acid Periodic acid dihydrate Iodine tetroxide Iodine pentoxide Iodine nonaoxide Iodine bromide Iodine chloride Iodine trichloride Iodine fluoride Iodine trifluoride Iodine pentafluoride Iodine heptafluoride Iridium Iridium(III) sulfide
HCl ⋅ 2H2O HCN HF HI H2O2 H2Se H2S H2S2 H2Te In InSb InAs InN InP InBr InCl InI InBr2 InCl 2 InS InBr3 InCl 3 InF3 InF3 ⋅ 3H2O In(OH)3 InI3 In2O3 In(ClO 4)3 ⋅ 8H2O InPO4 In2Se3 In2(SO4)3 In2S3 In2Te3 I2 HIO3 HIO4 ⋅ 2H2O I2O4 I2O5 I4O9 IBr ICl ICl 3 IF IF3 IF5 IF7 Ir Ir2S3
13465-05-9 74-90-8 7664-39-3 10034-85-2 7722-84-1 7783-07-5 7783-06-4 13465-07-1 7783-09-7 7440-74-6 1312-41-0 1303-11-3 25617-98-5 22398-80-7 14280-53-6 13465-10-6 13966-94-4 21264-43-7 13465-11-7 12030-14-7 13465-09-3 10025-82-8 7783-52-0 14166-78-0 20661-21-6 13510-35-5 1312-43-2 13465-15-1 14693-82-4 1312-42-1 13464-82-9 12030-24-9 1312-45-4 7553-56-2 7782-68-5 10450-60-9 12399-08-5 12029-98-0 73560-00-6 7789-33-5 7790-99-0 865-44-1 13873-84-2 22520-96-3 7783-66-6 16921-96-3 7439-88-5 12136-42-4
72.492 27.026 20.006 127.912 34.015 80.98 34.082 66.148 129.62 114.818 236.578 189.740 128.825 145.792 194.722 150.271 241.722 274.626 185.723 146.884 354.530 221.176 171.813 225.859 165.840 495.531 277.634 557.291 209.789 466.52 517.827 325.834 612.44 253.809 175.910 227.940 317.807 333.806 651.613 206.808 162.357 233.262 145.902 183.899 221.896 259.893 192.217 480.632
col liq col liq col gas col or yel gas col liq col gas; flam col gas; flam col liq col gas soft wh metal blk cub cry gray cub cry hex cry blk cub cry oran-red orth cry yel cub cry orth cry orth cry col orth cry red-brn orth cry hyg yel-wh monocl cry yel monocl cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg wh cry cub cry yel-red monocl cry; hyg yel cub cry wh cry wh orth cry blk hex cry hyg wh powder oran cub cry blk cub cry blue-blk plates col orth cry monocl hyg cry yel cry hyg wh cry hyg yel powder blk orth cry red cry or oily liq yel rt icl cry; hyg disproportionates at room temp yel solid, stable at low temp yel il q col gas silv-wh metal; cub orth cry
-17.7 -13.29 -83.35 -50.76 -0.43 -65.73 -85.5 -49 156.60 525 942 1100 1062 290 211 364.4 235 692 420 583 1170 100 dec 207 1912 ≈80
26 20 -35.55 150.2 -41.25 -59.55 70.7 -2 2072
656 608 712
>1200
1.46 0.684 0.818 g/L 5.228 g/L 1.44 3.310 g/L 1.393 g/L 1.334 5.298 g/L 7.31 5.7747 5.67 6.88 4.81 4.96 4.19 5.32 4.22 3.64 5.2 4.74 4.0 4.39 4.4 4.69 7.18
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs H2O; s os vs H2O s H2O s H2O s H2O, EtOH, alk s acid i acid sl acid reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O 41420 195.122
s EtOH sl H 2O; s dil acid s H2O
130822 i H2O; s hot acid
200 dec
660
4.9 5.8 3.44 4.45 5.75 4.933 4.63
0.0320 30825
4.2 4.98
253.420
1050 667 113.7 110 dec 122 dec 85 dec ≈300 dec 75 dec 40 27.39 101 tp (16 atm)
116 dec 100 dec 64 sp dec
4.3 3.24 3.2
-28 dec 9.43 6.5 tp 2446
100.5 4.8 sp 4428
3.19 10.62 g/L 22.5 10.2
184.4
i H2O 11720
s bz, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth sl H 2O i EtOH, eth, CS 2 s H2O, EtOH, eth reac H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH, bz
reac H2O s H2O s aqua regia
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-61
1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064
Formula
1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109
IrBr3 IrBr3 ⋅ 4H2O IrCl 3 IrF3 IrI3 Ir2O3 IrCl 4 IrO2 IrS2 IrF6 Fe Fe(C5H5)2 Fe(CO)5 Fe2(CO)9 Fe3(CO)12 FeH2(CO)4 FeAs FeB Fe2B Fe3C FeP Fe2P Fe3P FeS2 FeSi FeSi2 Fe(AlO 2)2 Fe3(AsO4)2 Fe3(AsO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O FeBr2 FeBr2 ⋅ 6H2O FeCO3 FeCl 2 FeCl 2 ⋅ 2H2O FeCl 2 ⋅ 4H2O FeCr2O4 FeF2 FeF2 ⋅ 4H2O Fe(OH)2 FeI2 FeI2 ⋅ 4H2O FeMoO4 Fe(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O FeC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O
Iridium(III) bromide Iridium(III) bromide tetrahydrate Iridium(III) chloride Iridium(III) fluoride Iridium(III) iodide Iridium(III) oxide Iridium(IV) chloride Iridium(IV) oxide Iridium(IV) sulfide Iridium(VI) fluoride Iron Ferrocene Iron pentacarbonyl Iron nonacarbonyl Iron dodecacarbonyl Iron hydrocarbonyl Iron arsenide Iron boride Iron boride Iron carbide Iron phosphide Iron phosphide Iron phosphide Iron disulfide Iron silicide Iron silicide Iron(II) aluminate Iron(II) arsenate Iron(II) arsenate hexahydrate Iron(II) bromide Iron(II) bromide hexahydrate Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride dihydrate Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate Iron(II) chromite Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) fluoride tetrahydrate Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) iodide tetrahydrate Iron(II) molybdate Iron(II) nitrate Iron(II) nitrate hexahydrate Iron(II) oxalate dihydrate
CAS Reg No. 10049-24-8 10049-24-8* 10025-83-9 23370-59-4 7790-41-2 1312-46-5 10025-97-5 12030-49-8 12030-51-2 7783-75-7 7439-89-6 102-54-5 13463-40-6 15321-51-4 12088-65-2 17440-90-3 12044-16-5 12006-84-7 12006-86-9 12011-67-5 26508-33-8 1310-43-6 12023-53-9 1317-66-4 12022-95-6 12022-99-0 12068-49-4 10102-50-8 10102-50-8* 7789-46-0 13463-12-2 563-71-3 7758-94-3 16399-77-2 13478-10-9 1308-31-2 7789-28-8 13940-89-1 18624-44-7 7783-86-0 7783-86-0* 13718-70-2 14013-86-6 14013-86-6* 6047-25-2
Mol. Physical Weight Form 431.929 503.991 298.575 249.212 572.930 432.432 334.028 224.216 256.349 306.207 55.845 186.031 195.896 363.781 503.656 169.902 130.767 66.656 122.501 179.546 86.819 142.664 198.509 119.977 83.931 112.016 173.806 445.373 553.465 215.653 323.744 115.854 126.750 162.781 198.812 223.835 93.842 165.904 89.860 309.654 381.716 215.78 179.854 287.946 179.894
red-brn monocl cry grn-brn cry brn monocl cry blk hex cry dark brn monocl cry blue-blk cry brn hyg solid brn tetr cry orth cry yel cub cry; hyg silv-wh or gray met oran needles yel oily liq; flam oran-yel cry blk cry col liq; unstable gray orth cry refr solid; orth refr solid; tetr gray cub cry rhom cry gray hex needles gray solid blk cub cry gray cub cry gray tetr cry blk cub cry grn pow grn amorp pow yel-brn hex cry; hyg grn hyg cry gray-brn hex cry wh hex cry; hyg wh-grn monocl cry grn monocl cry blk cub cry wh et rt cry col hex cry wh-grn hex cry red-viol hex cry; hyg blk hyg leaflest brn-yel monocl cry grn solid grn solid yel cry
mp/°C
bp/°C
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 6.82
763 dec 250 dec
5.30 ≈8.0 ≈7.4
1000 dec ≈700 dec 1100 dec 44 1538 172.5 -20 100 dec 140 -70 1030 1650 1389 1227
53.6 2861 249 103
677 120 dec 105 dec 1100
587 90 dec 1115 60 dec 150 dec
11.7 9.3 4.8 7.87
reac H2O s dil acid i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, dil HNO i H2O; s eth, bz, ace
1.490 2.85 2.00
dec
s alk 7.85 ≈7 7.3 7.694 6.07 6.8 6.74 5.02 6.1 4.74 4.3
1370 1100 >600 dec 1410 1220
dec 691 27 dec
i H2O, acid, alk s H2O; i EtOH i H2O, acid, alk i H2O, dil acid i H2O, acid, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; sl hot HCl s H2O, EtOH
dec
1023
4.636 4.64 3.9 3.16 2.39 1.93 5.0 4.09 2.20 3.4 5.3 2.87 5.6
2.28
i H2O, dil acid, alk i H2O i H2O
12025 12025 0.00006220 65.025 65.025 65.025
i H2O i H2O; s acid vs EtOH s EtOH vs EtOH, ace; sl bz s EtOH sl H 2O; s dil HF; i EtOH, eth
0.00005220 s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH i H2O 87.525 87.525 0.07825
s acid
3
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-62
No. Name
Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) perchlorate Iron(II) phosphate octahydrate Iron(II) selenide Iron(II) orthosilicate Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate Iron(II) sulfide Iron(II) tantalate Iron(II) tartrate Iron(II) teluride Iron(II) thiocyanate trihydrate Iron(II) titanate Iron(II) tungstaet Iron(II,III) oxide Iron(III) acetate, basic Iron(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Iron(III) arsenate dihydrate Iron(III) bromide Iron(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate Iron(III) chromate Iron(III) citrate pentahydrate Iron(III) dichromate Iron(III) ferrocyanide Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) fluoride trihydrate Iron(III) formate Iron(III) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide oxide Iron(III) nitrate Iron(III) nitrate hexahydrate Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate Iron(III) oxalate Iron(III) oxide Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate Iron(III) pyrophosphate nonahydrate Iron(III) hypophosphite Iron(III) sodium pyrophosphate Iron(III) sulfate Iron(III) sulfate nonahydrate Iron(III) thiocyanate monohydrate Iron(III) metavanadate Krypton Krypton difluoride Lanthanum Lanthanum boride
FeO Fe(ClO 4)2 Fe3(PO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O FeSe Fe2SiO4 FeSO4 FeSO4 ⋅ H2O FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2O FeS Fe(TaO3)2 FeC4H4O6 FeTe Fe(SCN)2 ⋅ 3H2O FeTiO3 FeWO4 Fe3O4 FeOH(C2H3O2)2 Fe(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 FeAsO4 ⋅ 2H2O FeBr3 FeCl 3 FeCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O Fe2(CrO4)3 FeC6H5O7 ⋅ 5H2O Fe2(Cr2O7)3 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 FeF3 FeF3 ⋅ 3H2O Fe(CHO2)3 Fe(OH)3 FeO(OH) Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Fe(NO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O Fe2(C2O4)3 Fe2O3 FePO4 ⋅ 2H2O Fe4(P2O7)3 ⋅ 9H2O Fe(H2PO2)3 FeNaP2O7 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3 ⋅ 9H2O Fe(SCN)3 ⋅ H2O Fe(VO3)3 Kr KrF2 La LaB6
1345-25-1 13933-23-8 14940-41-1 1310-32-3 10179-73-4 7720-78-7 17375-41-6 7782-63-0 1317-37-9
12125-63-2 6010-09-9 12168-52-4 13870-24-1 1317-61-9 10450-55-2 14024-18-1 10102-49-5 10031-26-2 7705-08-0 10025-77-1 10294-52-7 3522-50-7 10294-53-8 14038-43-8 7783-50-8 15469-38-2 555-76-0 1309-33-7 20344-49-4 10421-48-4 13476-08-9 7782-61-8 19469-07-9 1309-37-1 10045-86-0 10058-44-3 7783-84-8 10045-87-1 10028-22-5 13520-56-4 4119-52-2 65842-03-7 7439-90-9 13773-81-4 7439-91-0 12008-21-8
71.844 254.745 501.600 134.81 203.774 151.909 169.924 278.015 87.911 513.737 203.916 183.45 226.057 151.710 303.68 231.533 190.941 353.169 230.795 295.557 162.203 270.294 459.671 335.021 759.654 859.229 112.840 166.886 190.897 106.867 88.852 241.860 349.951 403.997 375.747 159.688 186.847 907.348 250.811 252.778 399.881 562.018 248.110 352.665 83.80 121.80 138.906 203.772
blk cub cry grn-wh hyg needles gray-blue monocl cry; hyg blk hex cry brn orth cry wh orth cry; hyg wh-yel monocl cry blue-grn monocl cry col hex or tetr cry; hyg brn tetr cry wh cry tetr cry grn monocl cry blk rhomb cry monocl cry blk cub cry or amorp powder brn-red amorp powder red-oran cry grn-brn powder dark red hex cry; hyg grn hex cry; hyg yel-oran monocl cry; hyg yel powder red-brn cry red-brn solid dark blue powder grn hex cry yel-brn tetr cry red-yel cry pow yel monocl cry red-brn orth cry cry viol cub cry viol-gray hyg cry yel amorp powder red-brn hex cry gray-wh orth cry yel powder wh-gray powder wh pow gray-wh rhomb cry; hyg yel hex cry red hyg cry gray-brn powder col gas col tetr cry silv metal; hex blk cub cry; refrac
1377 >100 dec
300 dec ≈60 dec 1188
6.0
i H2O, alk; s acid 21025
dec
2.58 6.7 4.30 3.65 3.0 1.895 4.7 7.33
i H2O; s acid i H2O 29.525 29.525 29.525
0.88 914
6.8
≈1470 1597
4.72 7.51 5.17
179 dec dec 304 37 dec
5.24 3.18 4.5 2.90 1.82
45525 91.225 91.225
1.80 3.87 2.3
5.9225 5.9225
i EtOH i H2O; reac acid vs acid; s NH4OH s H2O, EtOH, eth
≈316
>1000
i H2O; s acid i H2O; s EtOH, acid sl H 2O; s os i H2O; s dil acid s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O, EtOH; s acid s H2O; i EtOH s H2O, acid i H2O, dil acid, os i EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH
3.12 4.26 35 dec 47 dec 100 dec 1565
1.68 5.25 2.87
1.5 3.10 2.1
400 dec dec -157.38 pt (73.2 kPa) ≈25 dec 918 2715
i H2O; s acid 82.520 82.520 82.520
-153.22 3464
3.425 g/L 3.24 6.15 4.76
44020 44020
vs EtOH, ace s H2O, acid; i alk i H2O; s acid i H2O; s HCl i H2O; s acid i H2O i H2O; s HCl sl EtOH; i ace s H2O, EtOH, ace; i tol, chl i H2O, EtOH; s acid sl H 2O reac H2O s dil acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-63
1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157
Formula
1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202
LaBr3 LaC2 La2(CO3)3 ⋅ 8H2O LaCl 3 LaCl 3 ⋅ 7H2O LaF3 LaH3 La(OH)3 La(IO3)3 LaI3 La(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O LaN La2O3 LaSi2 La2(SO4)3 ⋅ 9H2O La2S3 LaS Lr Pb Pb(C2H3O2)2 Pb(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 3H2O Pb(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 2Pb(OH)2 Pb3(SbO4)2 Pb3(AsO4)2 Pb(AsO2)2 Pb(N3)2 Pb(BO2)2 ⋅ H2O Pb(BrO3)2 ⋅ H2O PbBr2 Pb(C4H7O2)2 PbCO3 Pb(OH)2 ⋅ 2PbCO3 Pb(ClO 3)2 PbCl 2 PbClF PbCrO4 PbCrO4 ⋅ PbO Pb3(C6H5O7)2 ⋅ 3H2O Pb(CN)2 Pb(C7H15CO2)2 PbF2 Pb(BF4)2 Pb(CHO2)2 Pb(CF3COCHCOCF3)2 PbHAsO4
Lanthanum bromide Lanthanum carbide Lanthanum carbonate octahydrate Lanthanum chloride Lanthanum chloride heptahydrate Lanthanum fluoride Lanthanum hydride Lanthanum hydroxide Lanthanum iodate Lanthanum iodide Lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate Lanthanum nitride Lanthanum oxide Lanthanum silicide Lanthanum sulfate nonahydrate Lanthanum sulfide Lanthanum sulfide Lawrencium Lead Lead(II) acetaet Lead(II) acetaet trihydrate Lead(II) acetaet , basic Lead(II) antimonate Lead(II) arsenate Lead(II) arsenite Lead(II) azide Lead(II) borate monohydrate Lead(II) bromate monohydrate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) butanoate Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) carbonate, basic Lead(II) chlorate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) chloride fluoride Lead(II) chromate Lead(II) chromate(VI) oxide Lead(II) citrate trihydrate Lead(II) cyanide Lead(II) 2-ethylhexanoate Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) fluoroborate Lead(II) formate Lead(II) hexafluoro-2,4-pentanedioate Lead(II) hydrogen arsenate
CAS Reg No. 13536-79-3 12071-15-7 6487-39-4 10099-58-8 20211-76-1 13709-38-1 13864-01-2 14507-19-8 13870-19-4 13813-22-4 10277-43-7 25764-10-7 1312-81-8 12056-90-5 10294-62-9 12031-49-1 12031-30-0 22537-19-5 7439-92-1 301-04-2 6080-56-4 1335-32-6 13510-89-9 3687-31-8 10031-13-7 13424-46-9 10214-39-8 10031-21-7 10031-22-8 819-73-8 598-63-0 1319-46-6 10294-47-0 7758-95-4 13847-57-9 7758-97-6 18454-12-1 512-26-5 592-05-2 301-08-6 7783-46-2 13814-96-5 811-54-1 19648-88-5 7784-40-9
Mol. Physical Weight Form 378.618 162.927 601.960 245.264 371.371 195.901 141.930 189.928 663.614 519.619 433.012 152.913 325.809 195.077 728.139 374.009 170.972 262 207.2 325.3 427.3 807.7 993.1 899.4 421.0 291.2 310.8 481.0 367.0 381.4 267.2 775.6 374.1 278.1 261.7 323.2 546.4 1053.8 259.2 493.6 245.2 380.8 297.2 621.3 347.1
wh hex cry; hyg tetr cry wh cry powder wh hex cry; hyg wh rt icl cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg blk cub cry wh amorp solid col cry wh orth cry; hyg wh hyg tricl cry cub cry wh amorp powder gray tetr cry hex cry red cub cry yel cub cry metal soft silv-gray metal; cub wh cry col cry wh pow oran-yel powder wh cry wh powder col orth needles; exp wh powder col cry wh orth cry col solid col orth cry wh hex cry col hyg cry wh orth needles or powder tetr cry yel-oran monocl cry red powder wh cry powder wh-yel powder visc liq wh orth cry stable only in aq soln wh prisms or needles cry wh monocl cry
mp/°C
bp/°C
788 2360
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 5.1 5.29 2.6 3.84
859 91 dec 1493
5.6 20025 3620
1749 dec
892
951
844
830 190 dec 155 280 dec
6.73 6.51 5.0 2.82 4.9 5.61 11.3 3.25 2.55
s H2O vs EtOH; s ace i H2O; s dil acid
2.720
i EtOH
s conc acid 44.320 vs H2O; sl EtOH 6.30
1042 dec exp ≈350 500 dec ≈180 dec 371 ≈90 ≈315 dec 400 dec 230 dec 501
s EtOH i H2O, acid
0.00002020 1.7
778 ≈40 dec
2110 2300 1627 327.46 280 75 dec dec
i H2O; s dil acid 95.725 95.725
5.9 5.36
dec
2304
s H2O
1293
6.58 5.8 5.85 4.7 5.6 5.53 6.69
0.02318 1.3320 0.97525
6.6 ≈6.5 3.9 5.98 7.05 6.12
14418 1.0825 0.03520 0.00001720
1.56 8.44
0.067025
4.63
1.616
i H2O, dil acid i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O; s dil HNO 3 vs HOAc i H2O; s dil HNO 3 i EtOH i H2O; s dil HNO 3 i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s acid vs EtOH s alk s alk, dil acid i H2O s H2O; sl EtOH sl H 2O; reac acid
s H2O i EtOH
210 5.943
i H2O; s HNO3, alk
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-64
No. Name
Lead(II) hydrogen phosphate Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) lactate Lead(II) molybdate Lead(II) niobate Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oleate Lead(II) oxalate Lead(II) oxide (litharge) Lead(II) oxide (massicot) Lead(II) oxide hydrate Lead(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Lead(II) perchlorate Lead(II) perchlorate trihydrate Lead(II) phosphate Lead(II) hypophosphite Lead(II) metasilicate Lead(II) orthosilicate Lead(II) hexafluorosilicate dihydrate Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) selenide Lead(II) selenite Lead(II) sodium thiosulfate Lead(II) stearate Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfide Lead(II) sulfite Lead(II) tantalate Lead(II) teluride Lead(II) thiocyanate Lead(II) thiosulfate Lead(II) titanate Lead(II) tungstate (stolzite) Lead(II) tungstate (raspite) Lead(II) metavanadate Lead(II) zirconate Lead(II,IV) oxide
PbHPO4 Pb(OH)2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 Pb(C3H5O3)2 PbMoO4 Pb(NbO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 Pb(C18H33O2)2 PbC2O4 PbO PbO 3PbO ⋅ H2O Pb(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Pb(ClO 4)2 Pb(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 3H2O Pb3(PO4)2 Pb(H2PO2)2 PbSiO3 Pb2SiO4 PbSiF6 ⋅ 2H2O PbSeO4 PbSe PbSeO3 Na4Pb(S2O3)3 Pb(C18H35O2)2 PbSO4 PbS PbSO3 Pb(TaO3)2 PbTe Pb(SCN)2 PbS2O3 PbTiO3 PbWO4 PbWO4 Pb(VO3)2 PbZrO3 Pb2O3
15845-52-0 19783-14-3 25659-31-8 10101-63-0 18917-82-3 10190-55-3 12034-88-7 10099-74-8 1120-46-3 814-93-7 1317-36-8 1317-36-8 1311-11-1 15282-88-9 13453-62-8 13637-76-8 7446-27-7 10294-58-3 10099-76-0 13566-17-1 1310-03-8 7446-15-3 12069-00-0 7488-51-9 10101-94-7 1072-35-1 7446-14-2 1314-87-0 7446-10-8 12065-68-8 1314-91-6 592-87-0 13478-50-7 12060-00-3 7759-01-5 7759-01-5 10099-79-3 12060-01-4 1314-27-8
303.2 241.2 557.0 461.0 385.3 367.1 489.0 331.2 770.1 295.2 223.2 223.2 687.6 405.4 406.1 460.1 811.5 337.2 283.3 506.5 385.3 350.2 286.2 334.2 635.6 774.1 303.3 239.3 287.3 665.1 334.8 323.4 319.3 303.1 455.0 455.0 405.1 346.4 462.4
1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249
Lead(II,II,IV) oxide Lead(IV) acetate Lead(IV) bromide Lead(IV) chloride Lead(IV) fluoride Lead(IV) oxide Lithium Lithium acetate
Pb3O4 Pb(C2H3O2)4 PbBr4 PbCl 4 PbF4 PbO2 Li LiC2H3O2
1314-41-6 546-67-8 13701-91-2 13463-30-4 7783-59-7 1309-60-0 7439-93-2 546-89-4
685.6 443.4 526.8 349.0 283.2 239.2 6.941 65.985
wh monocl cry wh powder wh orth cry yel hex cry or powder wh cry powder yel et tr cry rhomb or tetr cry col cub cry wax-like solid wh powder red tetr cry yel orth cry wh powder cry wh cry wh cry wh hex cry hyg cry powder wh monocl cry powder monocl cry col cry orth cry gray cub cry wh monocl cry wh cry wh powder orth cry blk powder or silv cub cry wh powder orth cry gray cub cry wh-yel powder wh cry yel et tr cry yel et tr cry monocl cry yel powder col orth cry blk monocl cry or red amorp powder red tetr cry col monocl cry unstable liq yel oily liq wh et tr cry; hyg red tetr cry or brn powder soft silv-wh metal cry
dec 145 dec 410
872 dec
≈1060 1343 470 300 dec trans to massicot 489 897
5.66 7.59 6.50 6.16
0.0001220 0.002525 0.07625
6.7 6.6 4.53
59.725
5.28 9.35 9.64 7.41
0.0002520
s acid i EtOH s H2O, hot EtOH i H2O; s HNO3, NaOH i H2O sl EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth s dil HNO 3 i H2O, EtOH; s dil HNO i H2O, EtOH; s dil HNO i H2O; s dil acid
3 3
143 100 dec 1014 dec 764 743 dec
2.6 7.01
44125 44125
6.49 7.60 6.37 8.1 7.0
1078 ≈500 ≈100 1087 1113 dec
1.4 6.29 7.60
0.01325
0.004425
s EtOH i H2O, EtOH sl H 2O; i EtOH i H2O, os vs H2O s conc acid i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O sl H 2O i H2O; s hot EtOH i acid; sl alk i H2O; s acid i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O i H2O, acid
1130 trans 400
7.9 8.164 3.82 5.18 7.9 8.24 8.46
530 dec
≈8 10.05
i H2O; s acid i H2O; reac HCl s alk s alk i H2O; reac HNO3 i H2O, alk; s acid i H2O; s alk; reac conc HCl
830 ≈175
8.92 2.23
i H2O, EtOH; s hot HCl reac H2O, EtOH; s bz, chl
924 dec
-15 ≈600 290 dec 180.50 286
0.0520
0.0320 0.0320
≈50 dec
1342
6.7 9.64 0.534 45.025
reac H2O vs EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-65
1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241
Formula
1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294
LiC2H3O2 ⋅ 2H2O LiAlH 4 LiNH2 Li3AsO4 LiN3 LiBO2 LiBH4 LiBr Li2CO3 LiClO 3 LiCl Li2CrO4 ⋅ 2H2O Li2Cr2O7 ⋅ 2H2O LiH2PO4 LiFeSi LiF Li(CHO2) ⋅ H2O LiH LiOH LiOH ⋅ H2O LiIO3 LiI LiI ⋅ 3H2O LiNbO3 LiNO3 Li3N LiNO2 ⋅ H2O Li3PO4 Li2O LiClO 4 Li2O2 Li2SeO4 ⋅ H2O Li2SiO3 Li2SO4 Li2SO4 ⋅ H2O Li2S LiSCN Lu LuB4 LuBr3 LuCl 3 LuF3 LuI3 LuN Lu2O3
Lithium acetate dihydrate Lithium aluminum hydride Lithium amide Lithium arsenate Lithium azide Lithium metaborate Lithium borohydride Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chlorate Lithium chloride Lithium chromate dihydrate Lithium dichromate dihydrate Lithium dihydrogen phosphate Lithium ferrosilicon Lithium fluoride Lithium formate monohydrate Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Lithium hydroxide monohydrate Lithium iodate Lithium iodide Lithium iodide trihydrate Lithium niobate Lithium nitrate Lithium nitride Lithium nitrite monohydrate Lithium phosphate Lithium oxide Lithium perchlorate Lithium peroxide Lithium selenate monohydrate Lithium metasilicate Lithium sulfate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Lithium sulfide Lithium ht iocyanate Lutetium Lutetium boride Lutetium bromide Lutetium chloride Lutetium fluoride Lutetium iodide Lutetium nitride Lutetium oxide
CAS Reg No. 6108-17-4 16853-85-3 7782-89-0 13478-14-3 19597-69-4 13453-69-5 16949-15-8 7550-35-8 554-13-2 13453-71-9 7447-41-8 7789-01-7 10022-48-7 13453-80-0 64082-35-5 7789-24-4 6108-23-2 7580-67-8 1310-65-2 1310-66-3 13765-03-2 10377-51-2 7790-22-9 12031-63-9 7790-69-4 26134-62-3 13568-33-7* 10377-52-3 12057-24-8 7791-03-9 12031-80-0 7790-71-8 10102-24-6 10377-48-7 10102-25-7 12136-58-2 556-65-0 7439-94-3 12688-52-7 14456-53-2 10099-66-8 13760-81-1 13813-45-1 12125-25-6 12032-20-1
Mol. Physical Weight Form 102.016 37.955 22.964 159.743 48.961 49.751 21.784 86.845 73.891 90.392 42.394 165.906 265.901 103.928 90.872 25.939 69.974 7.949 23.948 41.964 181.843 133.845 187.891 147.845 68.946 34.830 70.962 115.794 29.881 106.392 45.881 174.86 89.966 109.946 127.961 45.948 65.025 174.967 218.211 414.679 281.325 231.962 555.680 188.974 397.932
wh rhomb cry gray-wh monocl cry tetr cry col orth cry hyg monocl cry; exp wh monocl cry; hyg wh-gray orth cry or powder wh cub cry; hyg wh monocl cry col hyg rhom needles wh cub cry or powder; hyg yel orth cry; hyg yel-red hyg cry col hyg cry dark brittle cry wh cub cry or powder col-wh cry gray cub cry or powder; hyg col tetr cry wh monocl cry or powder wh hyg hex cry wh cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh hex cry col hex cry; hyg red hex cry col needles wh orth cry wh cub cry wh orth cry or powder wh hex cry monocl cry wh orth needles wh monocl cry; hyg col cry wh cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry silv metal; hex tetr cry wh hyg cry wh monocl cry; hyg orth cry brn hex cry; hyg cub cry wh cub cry or powder
mp/°C
bp/°C
58 dec >125 dec 380
849 268 552 723 127.6 610 75 dec 130 dec >100
380 dec ≈1300 1300 dec 300 dec 1383
848.2
1673
688.7 471.1
1626
469 73 ≈1240 253 813 >100 1205 1570 236
1171
430 dec
1201 859 130 dec 1372
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 1.3 0.917 1.18 3.07 1.83 2.18 0.66 3.464 2.11 1.119 2.07 2.15 2.34 2.461
45.025
2.640 1.46 0.78 1.45 1.51 4.502 4.06 2.38 4.30 2.38 1.27 1.615 2.46 2.013 2.428 2.31 2.56 2.52 2.21 2.06 1.64
0.13425
18125 1.3025 45925 84.525
s EtOH reac H2O, EtOH; s eth, thf reac H2O sl H 2O; s HOAc vs H2O vs H2O; s EtOH s alk, eth, thf s EtOH, eth s acid; i EtOH vs EtOH; sl ace s EtOH, ace, py vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O
1260
12.525 12.525 77.925 16525 16525 10225 139.525 0.02725 58.725
34.225 34.225
reac H2O s acid s H2O reac H2O, EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH vs EtOH, ace s EtOH reac H2O vs EtOH
s EtOH, ace, eth s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O i cold H 2O; reac dil acid sl EtOH
12025 1663 2600 1025 925 1182 1050
3402
2427
3980
2200
9.84 ≈7.0 3.98 8.3 ≈5.6 11.6 9.41
s dil acid vs H2O s H2O i H2O vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-66
No. Name
Lutetium sulfate octahydrate Lutetium sulfide Lutetium teluride Magnesium Magnesium acetate Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate Magnesium amide Magnesium antimonide Magnesium boride Magnesium bromate hexahydrate Magnesium bromide Magnesium bromide hexahydrate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chlorate hexahydrate Magnesium chloride Magnesium chloride hexahydrate Magnesium chromate heptahydrate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium formate dihydrate Magnesium germanide Magnesium hydride Magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium iodate tetrahydrate Magnesium iodide Magnesium iodide octahydrate Magnesium nitrate Magnesium nitrate dihydrate Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate Magnesium nitride Magnesium nitrite trihydrate Magnesium oxalate Magnesium oxalate dihydrate Magnesium oxide Magnesium perchlorate Magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate Magnesium permanganate hexahydrate Magnesium peroxide Magnesium phosphate pentahydrate Magnesium phosphate octahydrate Magnesium pyrophosphate trihydrate Magnesium phosphide Magnesium selenate hexahydrate Magnesium selenide Magnesium selenite hexahydrate Magnesium metasilicate Magnesium orthosilicate Magnesium trisilicate
Lu2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Lu2S3 Lu2Te3 Mg Mg(C2H3O2)2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 4H2O Mg(NH2)2 Mg3Sb2 MgB2 Mg(BrO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O MgBr2 MgBr2 ⋅ 6H2O MgCO3 Mg(ClO 3)2 ⋅ 6H2O MgCl 2 MgCl 2 ⋅ 6H2O MgCrO4 ⋅ 7H2O MgF2 Mg(CHO2)2 ⋅ 2H2O Mg2Ge MgH2 MgHPO4 ⋅ 3H2O Mg(OH)2 Mg(IO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O MgI2 MgI2 ⋅ 8H2O Mg(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O Mg(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O Mg3N2 Mg(NO2)2 ⋅ 3H2O MgC2O4 MgC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O MgO Mg(ClO 4)2 Mg(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Mg(MnO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O MgO2 Mg3(PO4)2 ⋅ 5H2O Mg3(PO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O Mg2P2O7 ⋅ 3H2O Mg3P2 MgSeO4 ⋅ 6H2O MgSe MgSeO3 ⋅ 6H2O MgSiO3 Mg2SiO4 Mg2Si3O8
13473-77-3 12163-20-1 12163-22-3 7439-95-4 142-72-3 16674-78-5 7803-54-5 12057-75-9 12007-25-9 7789-36-8 7789-48-2 13446-53-2 546-93-0 13446-19-0 7786-30-3 7791-18-6 13423-61-5* 7783-40-6 6150-82-9 1310-52-7 7693-27-8 7757-86-0 1309-42-8 7790-32-1* 10377-58-9 7790-31-0 10377-60-3 15750-45-5 13446-18-9 12057-71-5 15070-34-5 547-66-0 6150-88-5 1309-48-4 10034-81-8 13446-19-0 10377-62-5 1335-26-8 7757-87-1* 13446-23-6 10102-34-8 12057-74-8 13446-28-1 1313-04-8 15593-61-0 13776-74-4 26686-77-1 14987-04-3
782.247 446.132 732.73 24.305 142.394 214.454 56.350 316.435 45.927 388.201 184.113 292.204 84.314 299.298 95.210 203.301 266.405 62.302 150.370 121.22 26.321 174.331 58.320 446.172 278.114 422.236 148.314 184.345 256.406 100.928 170.362 112.324 148.354 40.304 223.205 331.297 370.268 56.304 352.934 406.980 276.600 134.863 275.35 103.27 259.36 100.389 140.694 260.862
wh cry gray rhomb cry orth cry silv-wh metal wh orth/mcl cry col monocl cry; hyg wh powder; flam hex cry hex cry col cub cry wh hex cry; hyg col monocl cry wh hex cry wh hyg cry wh hex leaflets; hyg wh hyg cry yel rhom cry wh et rt cry wh cry cub cry wh et rt cry wh powder wh hex cry col mono cry wh hex cry; hyg wh orth cry; hyg wh cub cry wh cry col monocl cry; hyg yel cub cry wh hyg prisms wh pdw wh powder wh cub cry wh hyg powder wh hyg cry blue-blk cry wh cub cry wh cry wh monocl cry wh powder yel cub cry wh monocl cry brn cub cry col hex cry wh monocl cry wh orth cry wh pow
vs H2O 1750 dec 650 323 dec 80 dec dec 1245 800 dec 200 dec 711 165 dec 990 ≈35 dec 714 ≈100 dec
1090
1263 dec 1117 327 550 dec 350 210 dec 634 41 dec
2227
1412
100 dec
≈1550 dec 1897
s dil acid 65.625 65.625
9825 10225 10225 0.1820 14225 56.025 56.025 54.825 0.01325
vs EtOH reac H2O
s EtOH i EtOH; s acid sl EtOH s EtOH
s H2O; i EtOH 3.09 1.45 2.13 2.37 3.3 4.43 2.10 ≈2.3 1.45 1.46 2.71
≈100 dec ≈95 dec ≈1500 dec 100 dec
2825 250 dec 190 dec dec 100 dec 400 dec
6.26 7.8 1.74 1.50 1.45 1.39 3.99 2.57 2.29 3.72 2.0 3.05 1.80 2.325 1.56 1.695 3.148
0.0006920 11.125 14625 14625 71.225 71.225 71.225 129.925 0.03825 0.03825
3600
3.6 2.2 1.98 2.18 ≈3.0 2.17 2.56 2.06 1.928 4.2 2.09 3.19 3.21
10025 10025
0.0000920 0.0000920
reac H2O sl H 2O; s dil acid s dil acid
s EtOH s EtOH s EtOH s EtOH i EtOH; s dil acid sl H 2O; i EtOH s EtOH s H2O i H2O; s dil acid s dil acid s acid i H2O; s acid reac H2O
55.525 reac H2O i H2O; s dil acid i H2O; sl HF i H2O i H2O, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-67
1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342
CAS Reg No.
Mol. Physical Weight Form
Formula
1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372
MgSiF6 ⋅ 6H2O Mg2Si Mg2Sn MgSO4 MgSO4 ⋅ H2O MgSO4 ⋅ 7H2O MgS MgSO3 ⋅ 3H2O MgSO3 ⋅ 6H2O MgS2O3 ⋅ 6H2O MgTiO3 MgWO4 Mn MnSb Mn2Sb MnB MnB2 Mn2B Mn3C Mn2(CO)10 MnP Mn2P Mn(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 4H2O MnB4O7 ⋅ 8H2O MnBr2 MnBr2 ⋅ 4H2O MnCO3 MnCl 2 MnCl 2 ⋅ 4H2O Mn(H2PO4)2 ⋅ 2H2O
60950-56-3 22831-39-6 1313-08-2 7487-88-9 14168-73-1 10034-99-8 12032-36-9 19086-20-5 13446-29-2 13446-30-5 1312-99-8 13573-11-0 7439-96-5 12032-82-5 12032-97-2 12045-15-7 12228-50-1 12045-16-8 12266-65-8 10170-69-1 12032-78-9 12333-54-9 6156-78-1 12228-91-0 13446-03-2 10031-20-6 598-62-9 7773-01-5 13446-34-9 18718-07-5
274.472 76.696 167.320 120.369 138.384 246.475 56.371 158.415 212.461 244.527 120.170 272.14 54.938 176.698 231.636 65.749 76.560 120.687 176.825 389.977 85.912 140.850 245.087 354.300 214.746 286.808 114.947 125.843 197.905 284.944
wh cry gray cub cry blue cub cry col orth cry col monocl cry col orth cry red-brn cub cry col orth cry wh hex cry col cry col hex cry wh monocl cry hard gray metal hex cry tetr cry orth cry hex cry red-brn et tr cry refrac solid yel monocl cry orth cry hex cry red monocl cry red solid pink hex cry red hyg cry pink hex cry pink trig cry; hyg red monocl cry; hyg col hyg cry
MnF2 Mn(OH)2 MnI2 MnI2 ⋅ 4H2O MnMoO4 Mn(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O Mn(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O MnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O MnO Mn(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Mn2P2O7 MnSiO3 Mn2SiO4 MnSe
7782-64-1 18933-05-6 7790-33-2 7790-33-2* 14013-15-1 10377-93-2 10377-66-9 20694-39-7 6556-16-7 1344-43-0 15364-94-0 53731-35-4 7759-00-4 13568-32-6 1313-22-0
92.935 88.953 308.747 380.809 214.88 178.948 287.040 251.010 178.987 70.937 361.930 283.819 131.022 201.960 133.90
red tetr cry pink hex cry wh hex cry; hyg red cry yel monocl cry col orth cry; hyg rose monocl cry pink hyg cry wh cry powder gr cub cry or powder pink hex cry wh monocl cry red orth cry orth cry gray cub cry
1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387
Magnesium hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate Magnesium silicide Magnesium stannide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate monohydrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Magnesium sulfide Magnesium sulfite trihydrate Magnesium sulfite hexahydrate Magnesium thiosulfate hexahydrate Magnesium titanate Magnesium tungstate Manganese Manganese antimonide Manganese antimonide Manganese boride Manganese boride Manganese boride Manganese carbide Manganese carbonyl Manganese phosphide Manganese phosphide Manganese(II) acetate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) tetraborate octahydrate Manganese(II) bromide Manganese(II) bromide tetrahydrate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate Manganese(II) dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Manganese(II) fluoride Manganese(II) hydroxide Manganese(II) iodide Manganese(II) iodide tetrahydrate Manganese(II) molybdate Manganese(II) nitrate Manganese(II) nitrate hexahydrate Manganese(II) nitrate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Manganese(II) pyrophosphate Manganese(II) metasilicate Manganese(II) orthosilicate Manganese(II) selenide
mp/°C
bp/°C
120 dec 1102 771 1127 150 dec 150 dec 2226 200 dec 170 dec 1565 1246 840 948 1890 1827 1580 1520 154 1147 1327 80 698 64 dec >200 dec 650 87.5
930 dec 638
28 dec 37.1 dec 150 dec 1839 1196 1291 1460
2061
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 1.79 1.99 3.60 2.66 2.57 1.67 2.68 2.12 1.72 1.82 3.85 6.89 7.3 6.9 7.0 6.45 5.3 7.20 6.89 1.75 5.49 6.0 1.59 4.385
1190
3.70 2.977 1.913
3.98 3.26 5.04 4.05 2.2 1.8 2.13 2.45 5.37 2.10 3.71 3.48 4.11 5.45
39.318
35.725 35.725 35.725 0.7925 0.7925 9325 0.01620
i EtOH reac H2O s H2O, dil HCl
sl EtOH reac H2O i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH s dil acids
i H2O; s os
s H2O, EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid 15125 15125 0.0000820 77.325 77.325
1.0225 0.0003420
s dil acid s py, EtOH; i eth s EtOH; i eth s H2O; i EtOH i EtOH s H2O, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH
16125 16125 16125 0.03220
s diox, thf vs EtOH s EtOH s acid i H2O; s acid i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-68
No. Name
Manganese(II) sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) sulfide (α form) Manganese(II) sulfide (β form) Manganese(II) sulfide (γ form) Manganese(II) teluride Manganese(II) titanate Manganese(II) tungstate Manganese(II,III) oxide Manganese(III) fluoride Manganese(III) hydroxide Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Manganese(VII) oxide Mendelevium Mercury Mercury(I) acetate Mercury(I) bromate Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chlorate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) nitrate Mercury(I) nitrate dihydrate Mercury(I) nitrite Mercury(I) oxalate Mercury(I) oxide Mercury(I) perchlorate tetrahydrate Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(I) thiocyanate Mercury(I) tungstate Mercury(II) acetate Mercury(II) amide chloride Mercury(II) bromate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chlorate Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) chromate Mercury(II) cyanide Mercury(II) dichromate Mercury(II) fluoride Mercury(II) fulminate Mercury(II) hydrogen arsenate Mercury(II) iodate Mercury(II) iodide
MnSO4 MnSO4 ⋅ H2O MnSO4 ⋅ 4H2O MnS MnS MnS MnTe MnTiO3 MnWO4 Mn3O4 MnF3 MnO(OH) Mn2O3 MnO2 Mn2O7 Md Hg Hg2(C2H3O2)2 Hg2(BrO3)2 Hg2Br2 Hg2CO3 Hg2(ClO 3)2 Hg2Cl 2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2(NO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O Hg2(NO2)2 Hg2C2O4 Hg2O Hg2(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 4H2O Hg2SO4 Hg2(SCN)2 Hg2WO4 Hg(C2H3O2)2 Hg(NH2)Cl Hg(BrO3)2 HgBr2 Hg(ClO 3)2 HgCl 2 HgCrO4 Hg(CN)2 HgCr2O7 HgF2 Hg(CNO)2 HgHAsO4 Hg(IO3)2 HgI2
7785-87-7 10034-96-5 10101-68-5 18820-29-6 18820-29-6 18820-29-6 12032-88-1 12032-74-5 13918-22-4 1317-35-7 7783-53-1 1332-63-4 1317-34-6 1313-13-9 12057-92-0 7440-11-1 7439-97-6 631-60-7 13465-33-3 15385-58-7 6824-78-8 10294-44-7 10112-91-1 13967-25-4 15385-57-6 10415-75-5 7782-86-7 13492-25-6 2949-11-3 15829-53-5 65202-12-2 7783-36-0 38705-19-0 1600-27-7 10124-48-8 26522-91-8 7789-47-1 7487-94-7 13444-75-2 592-04-1 7789-10-8 7783-39-3 628-86-4 7784-37-4 7783-32-6 7774-29-0
151.002 169.017 223.063 87.004 87.004 87.004 182.54 150.803 302.78 228.812 111.933 87.945 157.874 86.937 221.872 258 200.59 519.27 656.98 560.99 461.19 568.08 472.09 439.18 654.99 525.19 561.22 493.19 489.20 417.18 672.14 497.24 517.35 649.02 318.68 252.07 456.39 360.40 367.49 271.50 316.58 252.62 416.58 238.59 284.62 340.52 550.40 454.40
wh orth cry red monocl cry red monocl cry grn cub cry red cub cry red hex cry hex cry red hex cry wh monocl cry brn tetr cry red monocl cry; hyg blk monocl cry blk cub cry blk tetr cry grn oil; exp Metal heavy silv il q col scales col cry wh et tr cry or powder yel-brn cry wh rhom cry wh et rt cry yel cub cry yel amorp powder cry col cry yel cry cry prob mixture of HgO+Hg cry wh-yel cry powder col pow yel amorp solid wh-yel cry or powder wh solid cry wh rhomb cry or powder wh needles wh orth cry red monocl cry col tetr cry red cry powder wh cub cry; hyg gray cry yel powder wh powder red tetr cry or powder
700
850 dec
95 exp
3.25 2.95 2.26 4.0 3.3 ≈3.3 6.0 4.55 7.2 4.84 3.54 ≈4.3 ≈5.0 5.08 2.40
356.73
13.5336
38 dec 1610
≈1150 1360 1567 >600 dec 250 dec 1080 dec 535 dec 5.9 827 -38.837 tp dec dec 407 130 dec ≈250 dec 525 tp 570 dec 290
383 sp subl
4.8 7.3
100 dec 64
9.8 7.56
dec dec 179 dec subl 322
3.28 5.38
320 dec
6.05 4.998 5.6 6.06 4.00
645 dec exp
8.95 4.42
175 dec 259
i H2O; s HCl reac H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O, HNO3 vs H2O
0.0000045 6.409 7.16 8.73 7.70
304
354
6.28
i EtOH i EtOH i H2O; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid
0.005420
7.307
70 dec 100 dec
130 dec 236 dec 276
63.725 63.725 63.725
0.000425
44225 0.05125 0.0325 2510 0.15 0.6125 25 7.3125 11.425
0.005525
i H2O sl H 2O; i EtOH, eth i H2O; sl acid i H2O, EtOH, eth i EtOH sl H 2O; s EtOH i EtOH, eth reac H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth sl H 2O sl H 2O reac H2O i H2O; sl HNO 3 i H2O; s HNO3 s dil HNO 3 s HCl, KCNS i H2O, EtOH s EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s warm acid s acid sl chl; s EtOH, MeOH sl bz; s EtOH, MeOH, ace, eth sl H 2O s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; s acid reac H2O sl H 2O; s EtOH, NH 4OH i H2O; s acid i H2O sl EtOH, ace, eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-69
1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435
Formula
1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480
Hg(NO3)2 Hg(NO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O Hg(NO3)2 ⋅ H2O HgC2O4 HgO (Hg3O2)SO4 Hg(CN)2 ⋅ HgO Hg(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 3H2O Hg3(PO4)2 HgSe HgSO4 HgS HgS HgTe Hg(SCN)2 HgWO4 Mo Mo2B Mo2B5 MoC Mo2C Mo(CO)6 MoN Mo2N MoP MoSi2 MoBr2 MoCl 2 MoI2 MoBr3 MoCl 3 MoF3 MoI3 Mo2O3 MoBr4 MoCl 4 MoF4 MoO2 MoSe2 MoS2 MoTe2 MoCl 5 MoF5 MoOCl 3 H2MoO4 ⋅ H2O
Mercury(II) nitrate Mercury(II) nitrate dihydrate Mercury(II) nitrate monohydrate Mercury(II) oxalate Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) oxide sulfate Mercury(II) oxycyanide Mercury(II) perchlorate trihydrate Mercury(II) phosphate Mercury(II) selenide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide (black) Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) teluride Mercury(II) thiocyanate Mercury(II) tungstate Molybdenum Molybdenum boride Molybdenum boride Molybdenum carbide Molybdenum carbide Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Molybdenum nitride Molybdenum nitride Molybdenum phosphide Molybdenum silicide Molybdenum(II) bromide Molybdenum(II) chloride Molybdenum(II) iodide Molybdenum(III) bromide Molybdenum(III) chloride Molybdenum(III) fluoride Molybdenum(III) iodide Molybdenum(III) oxide Molybdenum(IV) bromide Molybdenum(IV) chloride Molybdenum(IV) fluoride Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(IV) selenide Molybdenum(IV) sulfide Molybdenum(IV) teluride Molybdenum(V) chloride Molybdenum(V) fluoride Molybdenum(V) oxytrichloride Molybdenum(VI) acid monohydrate
CAS Reg No. 10045-94-0 10045-94-0* 7783-34-8 3444-13-1 21908-53-2 1312-03-4 1335-31-5 7616-83-3 7782-66-3 20601-83-6 7783-35-9 1344-48-5 1344-48-5 12068-90-5 592-85-8 37913-38-5 7439-98-7 12006-99-4 12007-97-5 12011-97-1 12069-89-5 13939-06-5 12033-19-1 12033-31-7 12163-69-8 12136-78-6 13446-56-5 13478-17-6 14055-74-4 13446-57-6 13478-18-7 20193-58-2 14055-75-5 1313-29-7 13520-59-7 13320-71-3 23412-45-5 18868-43-4 12058-18-3 1317-33-5 12058-20-7 10241-05-1 13819-84-6 13814-74-9 7782-91-4
Mol. Physical Weight Form 324.60 360.63 342.62 288.61 216.59 729.83 469.21 453.54 791.71 279.55 296.65 232.66 232.66 328.19 316.76 448.43 95.94 202.69 245.94 107.95 203.89 264.00 109.95 205.89 126.91 152.11 255.75 166.85 349.75 335.65 202.30 152.94 476.65 239.88 415.56 237.75 171.93 127.94 253.86 160.07 351.14 273.20 190.93 218.30 179.97
col hyg cry monocl cry wh-yel hyg cry pwd red or yel orth cry yel pow wh orth cry cry wh-yel powder gray cub cry wh monocl cry blk cub cry or powder red hex cry gray cub cry monocl cry yel cry gray-blk metal; cub refrac tetr cry refrac hex cry refrac solid; cub gray orth cry wh orth cry hex cry gray cub cry blk hex cry gray tetr cry yel-red cry yel cry blk hyg cry grn hex cry dark red monocl cry brn hex cry blk solid gray-blk powder blk cry blk cry grn cry brn-viol tetr cry gray hex cry blk powder or hex cry gray hex cry gr-blk monocl cry; hyg yel monocl cry blk monocl cry wh powder
mp/°C
bp/°C
79
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 4.3 4.78 4.3
165 dec 500 dec
11.14
exp
4.44
subl 850 trans to blk HgS 344 673 ≈165 dec dec 2623 2000 1600 2577 2687 148 1750 790 dec
4639
155 dec
≈1900 900 dec 530 dec
10.2 9.2 ≈7.2 9.18 1.96 9.20 9.46 7.34 6.2
5.278 4.89 3.74 4.64
977 1027 >600 927 dec >170 dec dec ≈1100 dec >1200 1750 194 67 297
8.21 6.47 7.70 8.17 8.63 3.71
268 213.6 subl
6.47 6.90 5.06 7.7 2.93 3.5 3.1
s H2O; i EtOH s H2O s H2O, dil acid i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s acid 11.425 i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O reac H2O i H2O; s acid, EtOH i H2O, acid; s aqua regia 0.07025
s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH i H2O, dil acid, alk
i H2O; s bz; sl eth
i H2O; s HF
i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O; sl acid reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O sl H 2O i H2O; s conc acid s EtOH, eth reac H2O sl H 2O; s alk
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-70
No. Name
Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrachloride Molybdenum(VI) dioxydichloride Molybdenum(VI) oxide Molybdenum(VI) metaphosphate Neodymium Neodymium boride Neodymium bromide Neodymium chloride Neodymium chloride hexahydrate Neodymium fluoride Neodymium iodide Neodymium nitrate Neodymium nitrate hexahydrate Neodymium nitride Neodymium oxide Neodymium sulfate Nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate Neodymium sulfide Nickel(II) phosphate octahydrate Nickel(II) selenate hexahydrate Neodymium teluride Neon Neptunium Neptunium(IV) oxide Nickel Nickel antimonide Nickel arsenide Nickel boride Nickel boride Nickel boride Nickel carbonyl Nickel phosphide Nickel silicide Nickel silicide Nickel(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate Nickel(II) arsenate octahydrate Nickel(II) bromide Nickel(II) bromide trihydrate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate Nickel(II) cyanide tert ahydrate Nickel(II) fluoride Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) hydroxide monohydrate Nickel(II) iodate
MoF6 MoOF4 MoOCl 4 MoO2Cl 2 MoO3 Mo(PO3)6 Nd NdB6 NdBr3 NdCl 3 NdCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O NdF3 NdI3 Nd(NO3)3 Nd(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O NdN Nd2O3 Nd2(SO4)3 Ni(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Nd2S3 Ni3(PO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O NiSeO4 ⋅ 6H2O Nd2Te3 Ne Np NpO2 Ni NiSb NiAs Ni3B NiB Ni2B Ni(CO)4 Ni2P Ni2Si NiSi2 Ni(NH4)2(SO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Ni3(AsO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O NiBr2 NiBr2 ⋅ 3H2O NiCO3 NiCl 2 NiCl 2 ⋅ 6H2O Ni(CN)2 ⋅ 4H2O NiF2 Ni(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 ⋅ H2O Ni(IO3)2
7783-77-9 14459-59-7 13814-75-0 13637-68-8 1313-27-5 133863-98-6 7440-00-8 12008-23-0 13536-80-6 10024-93-8 13477-89-9 13709-42-7 13813-24-6 10045-95-1 14517-29-4 25764-11-8 1313-97-9 13477-91-3 13637-71-3* 12035-32-4 10381-36-9* 15060-62-5* 12035-35-7 7440-01-9 7439-99-8 12035-79-9 7440-02-0 12035-52-8 27016-75-7 12007-02-2 12007-00-0 12007-01-1 13463-39-3 12035-64-2 12059-14-2 12201-89-7 15699-18-0 7784-48-7 13462-88-9 13462-88-9* 3333-67-3 7718-54-9 7791-20-0 13477-95-7 10028-18-9 12054-48-7 36897-37-7 13477-98-0
209.93 187.93 253.75 198.84 143.94 569.77 144.24 209.11 383.95 250.60 358.69 201.24 524.95 330.26 438.35 158.25 336.48 576.67 365.685 384.68 510.145 309.74 671.28 20.180 237 269 58.693 180.453 133.615 186.891 69.504 128.198 170.734 148.361 145.473 114.864 394.989 598.040 218.501 272.547 118.702 129.598 237.689 182.789 96.690 92.708 110.723 408.498
wh cub cry or col liq; hyg volatile solid grn hyg powder yel-oran solid wh-yel rhomb cry yel powder silv metal; hex blk cub cry viol orth cry; hyg viol hex cry purp cry viol hex cry; hyg grn orth cry; hyg viol hyg. cry purp hyg cry blk cub cry blue hex cry; hyg pink needles grn hex needles orth cry grn plates grn tetr cry gray orth cry col gas silv metal grn cub cry wh metal; cub hex cry hex cry refrac solid grn refrac solid refrac solid col liq hex cry orth cry cub cry blue-grn cry yel-grn powder yel hex cry; hyg yel-grn hyg cry grn rhomb cry yel hex cry; hyg grn monocl cry grn plates yel et tr cry grn hex cry grn powder yel needles
17.5 98 101 ≈175 801
34.0 186.0
1021 2610 682 758 124 dec 1377 784
3074
1155
1540 1600 2300
2.54
3.31 4.70 3.28 7.01 4.93 5.3 4.13 2.3 6.51 5.85
reac H2O
0.1420
10025 10025
15225 15225 2233 ≈700 dec 140 2207
3760
7.69 7.24
reac H2O s conc acid i H2O, acid
s H2O vs EtOH; i eth, chl s EtOH i H2O s H2O s EtOH s EtOH, ace i H2O; s dil acid
7.120 158.825
s EtOH, ace
5.46 s acid
1377 -248.61 tp (43 kPa) 644 2547 1455 1147 967 1156 1035 1125 -19.3 1100 1255 993 dec 963 200 dec 1009 tp 200 dec 1474 230 dec
35.520
subl
2.314 7.0 0.825 g/L 20.2 11.1 8.90 8.74 7.77 8.17 7.13 7.90 1.31 7.33 7.40 4.83 1.923 4.98 5.10
985 sp
4.39 3.51
0.004320 67.525 67.525
4.7 4.1
2.5625 0.0001520 0.0001520 1.130
-246.08
2913
43 (exp ≈60)
5.07
sl H 2O s HCl i H2O; sl dil acid
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc
6.520
i EtOH i H2O; s acid
13120 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth s dil acid s EtOH s EtOH i H2O; sl dil acid; s NH 4OH i EtOH, eth s dil acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-71
1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528
Formula
1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573
NiI2 NiI2 ⋅ 6H2O Ni(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O NiO NiSe NiSO4 NiSO4 ⋅ 7H2O NiSO4 ⋅ 6H2O NiS Ni(SCN)2 NiTiO3 Ni3S4 Ni2O3 Ni3S2 Nb NbB NbB2 NbC Nb2C NbN NbP NbSi2 NbO NbBr3 NbCl 3 NbF3 NbCl 4 NbF4 NbI4 NbO2 NbSe2 NbS2 NbTe2 NbBr5 NbCl 5 NbF5 NbI5 Nb2O5 NbOBr3 NbOCl 3 NbO2F N2 NO2NH2 HNO3
Nickel(II) iodide Nickel(II) iodide hexahydrate Nickel(II) nitrate Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) selenide Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfate heptahydrate Nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(II) thiocyanate Nickel(II) titanate Nickel(II,III) sulfide Nickel(III) oxide Nickel(III) sulfide Niobium Niobium boride Niobium boride Niobium carbide Niobium carbide Niobium nitride Niobium phosphide Niobium silicide Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(III) bromide Niobium(III) chloride Niobium(III) fluoride Niobium(IV) chloride Niobium(IV) fluoride Niobium(IV) iodide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(IV) selenide Niobium(IV) sulfide Niobium(IV) teluride Niobium(V) bromide Niobium(V) chloride Niobium(V) fluoride Niobium(V) iodide Niobium(V) oxide Niobium(V) oxybromide Niobium(V) oxychloride Niobium(V) dioxyfluoride Nitrogen Nitramide Nitric acid
CAS Reg No. 13462-90-3 7790-34-3 13138-45-9 13478-00-7 1313-99-1 1314-05-2 7786-81-4 10101-98-1 10101-97-0 16812-54-7 13689-92-4 12035-39-1 12137-12-1 1314-06-3 12035-72-2 7440-03-1 12045-19-1 12007-29-3 12069-94-2 12011-99-3 24621-21-4 12034-66-1 12034-80-9 12034-57-0 15752-41-7 13569-59-0 15195-53-6 13569-70-5 13842-88-1 13870-21-8 12034-59-2 12034-77-4 12136-97-9 12034-83-2 13478-45-0 10026-12-7 7783-68-8 13779-92-5 1313-96-8 14459-75-7 13597-20-1 15195-33-2 7727-37-9 7782-94-7 7697-37-2
Mol. Physical Weight Form 312.502 420.593 182.702 290.794 74.692 137.65 154.757 280.863 262.848 90.759 174.859 154.558 304.344 165.385 240.212 92.906 103.717 114.528 104.917 197.824 106.913 123.880 149.077 108.905 332.618 199.264 149.901 234.717 168.900 600.524 124.905 250.83 157.038 348.11 492.426 270.170 187.898 727.428 265.810 348.617 215.263 143.903 28.013 62.028 63.013
blk hex cry; hyg grn monocl cry; hyg grn cry grn monocl cry; hyg grn cub cry yel-grn hex cry grn-yel orth cry grn orth cry blue-grn tetr cry yel hex cry grn pwd brn hex cry cub cry gray-blk cub cry hex cry gray metal; cub gray orth cry gray hex cry gray cub cry refrac hex cry gray cry; cub tetr cry gray hex cry gray cub cry dark brn solid blk solid blue cub cry viol-blk monocl cry blk tetr cry; hyg gray orth cry wh et tr cry or powder gray hex cry blk rhomb cry hex cry oran orth cry yel monocl cry; hyg col monocl cry; hyg yel-blk monocl cry wh orth cry yel-brn cry wh et rt cry wh cub cry col gas unstable wh cry col liq; hyg
mp/°C
bp/°C
780
subl
56 dec 1955 980 840 dec
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 5.22
2.05 6.72 7.2 4.01 1.98 2.07 5.5
≈100 dec 976
15425 15425 99.225 99.225
40.425 40.425 40.425
vs EtOH s EtOH s EtOH i H2O; s acid
s EtOH sl EtOH i H2O
55.025 995 ≈600 dec 787 2477 2270 3050 3608 3080 2300
5.0 4.77 i H2O; s hot acid 4744
4300
1950 1936
5.87 8.57 7.5 6.97 7.82 7.8 8.47 6.5 5.7 7.30
i acid
i H2O, acid i H2O i HCl, acid
subl
275 subl >350 dec 503 1901 >1300
254 204.7 80 ≈200 dec 1512 ≈320 dec
-210.00 72 dec -41.6
360 254.0 229
subl subl
4.2 3.2 4.01 5.6 5.9 6.3 4.4 7.6 4.36 2.78 2.70 5.32 4.6
-195.79
3.72 4.0 1.145 g/L
83
1.55
s H2O, EtOH reac H2O; s HCl, ctc reac H2O; sl CS 2, chl i H2O; s HF
sl H 2O; i EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace, eth; i chl vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-72
No. Name
Nitrous acid Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Nitrogen tribromide Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen triiodide Nitrogen chloride difluoride Chloramine Fluoramine Difluoramine cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Tetrafluorohydrazine Nitrosyl bromide Nitrosyl chloride Nitrosyl fluoride Trifluoramine oxide Nitryl chloride Nitryl fluoride Nitrogen selenide Nobelium Osmium Osmium carbonyl Osmium(III) bromide Osmium(III) chloride Osmium(IV) chloride Osmium(IV) fluoride Osmium(IV) oxide Osmium(V) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Osmium(VIII) oxide Oxygen Ozone Palladium Palladium(II) sulfide Palladium(II) bromide Palladium(II) chloride Palladium(II) fluoride Palladium(II) iodide Palladium(II) nitrate Palladium(II) oxide Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red)
HNO2 N2O NO NO2 N2O3 N2O4 N2O5 NBr3 NCl 3 NF3 NI3 NClF 2 NH2Cl NH2F NHF2 N2F2 N2F2 N2F4 NOBr NOCl NOF NOF3 NO2Cl NO2F N4Se4 No Os Os3(CO)12 OsBr3 OsCl 3 OsCl 4 OsF4 OsO2 OsF5 OsF6 OsO4 O2 O3 Pd PdS PdBr2 PdCl 2 PdF2 PdI2 Pd(NO3)2 PdO P P
7782-77-6 10024-97-2 10102-43-9 10102-44-0 10544-73-7 10544-72-6 10102-03-1 15162-90-0 10025-85-1 7783-54-2 13444-85-4 13637-87-1 10599-90-3 15861-05-9 10405-27-3 13812-43-6 13776-62-0 10036-47-2 13444-87-6 2696-92-6 7789-25-5 13847-65-9 13444-90-1 10022-50-1 12033-88-4 10028-14-5 7440-04-2 15696-40-9 59201-51-3 13444-93-4 10026-01-4 54120-05-7 12036-02-1 31576-40-6 13768-38-2 20816-12-0 7782-44-7 10028-15-6 7440-05-3 12125-22-3 13444-94-5 7647-10-1 13444-96-7 7790-38-7 10102-05-3 1314-08-5 7723-14-0 7723-14-0
47.014 44.012 30.006 46.006 76.011 92.011 108.010 253.719 120.365 71.002 394.720 87.457 51.476 35.021 53.012 66.010 66.010 104.007 109.910 65.459 49.004 87.001 81.459 65.004 371.87 259 190.23 906.81 429.94 296.59 332.04 266.22 222.23 285.22 304.22 254.23 31.999 47.998 106.42 138.49 266.23 177.33 144.42 360.23 230.43 122.42 30.974 30.974
stable only in soln col gas col gas brn gas; equil with N 2O4 blue solid or liq (low temp) col liq; equil with NO 2 col hex cry unstable solid yel oily liq; exp col gas unstable blk cry; exp col gas yel il q unstable gas col gas col gas col gas col gas red gas yel gas col gas col gas col gas col gas red monocl cry; hyg metal blue-wh metal; hex yel cry dark gray cry gray cub cry red-blk orth cry yel cry yel-brn tetr cry blue cry yel cub cry yel monocl cry col gas blue gas silv-wh metal; cub gray tetr cry red-blk monocl cry; hyg red rhomb cry; hyg viol tetr cry; hyg blk cry brn hyg cry grn-blk tetr cry col waxlike cub cry red-viol amorp powder
-90.8 -163.6 -101.1 -9.3 exp -100 -40 -206.79 -195 -66 -116 <-195 -172 -164.5 -56 -59.6 -132.5 -161 -145 -166 exp 827 3033
-88.48 -151.74 see N2O4 ≈3 dec 21.15 33 sp
1.799 g/L 1.226 g/L 1.880 g/L 1.42 1.4520 2.0
sl H 2O; s EtOH, eth sl H 2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O s chl; sl ctc
71 -128.75
1.653 2.902 g/L
i H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc i H2O
-67
3.575 g/L
-23 -105.75 -111.45 -74 ≈0 -5.5 -59.9 -87.5 -15 -72.4
1.431 g/L 2.167 g/L 2.698 g/L 2.698 g/L 4.251 g/L 4.492 g/L 2.676 g/L 2.003 g/L 3.556 g/L 3.330 g/L 2.657 g/L 4.2
s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, CCl
5012
22.59 3.48
450 sp
4.38
4
reac H2O reac H2O
reac H2O i H2O, eth, EtOH; sl bz, CS
2
s aqua regia
340 dec >450 dec
i H2O; s HNO3 reac H2O
230 11.4 70 33.2 41 -218.79 -193 1554.9 250 dec 679 952 360 dec dec 750 dec 44.15 590 tp
225.9 47.5 135 -182.95 -111.35 2963
280.5 431 sp
4.1 5.1 1.308 g/L 1.962 g/L 12.0 6.7 ≈5.2 4.0 5.76 6.0 8.3 1.823 2.16
i H2O, acid reac H2O reac H2O 6.4420 sl H 2O, EtOH, os sl H 2O s aqua regia i H2O s H2O, EtOH, ace reac H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth sl H 2O; s dil HNO 3 i H2O, acid; sl aqua regia i H2O; sl bz, EtOH, chl; s CS i H2O, os
2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-73
1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621
Formula
1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666
P PH3 P2H4 P2Cl 4 P2F4 P2I4 PH4Cl PH4I H3PO4 H3PO3 HPH2O2 HPO3 H4P2O6 H4P2O7 HPO2F2 HPF6 H2PFO3 P3N5 P4S3 P4S7 (PNCl 2)3 PBr3 PBr2F PBrF2 PCl 3 PCl 2F PClF 2 PF3 PI3 P2O3 P4O6 P2Se3 P2S3 PBr5 PBr4F PBr2F3 PCl 5 PCl 4F PCl 3F2 PCl 2F3 PClF 4 PF5 P2O5 P2Se5 P2S5
Phosphorus (black) Phosphine Diphosphine Diphosphorus et trachloride Diphosphorus et trafluoride Diphosphorus et traiodide Phosphonium chloride Phosphonium iodide Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid) Phosphonic acid (phosphorous acid) Phosphinic acid (hypophosphorous acid) Metaphosphoric acid Hypophosphoric acid Diphosphoric acid (pyrophosphoric acid) Difluorophosphoric acid Hexafluorophosphoric acid Fluorophosphonic acid Phosphorus nitride Phosphorus sesquisulfide Phosphorus heptasulfide Phosphonitrilic chloride trimer Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) dibromide fluoride Phosphorus(III) bromide difluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(III) iodide Phosphorus(III) oxide Tetraphosphorus(III) hexoxide Phosphorus(III) selenide Phosphorus(III) sulfide Phosphorus(V) bromide Phosphorus(V) tetrabromide fluoride Phosphorus(V) dibromide trifluoride Phosphorus(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) tetrachloride fluoride Phosphorus(V) trichloride difluoride Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Phosphorus(V) chloride tetrafluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) oxide Phosphorus(V) selenide Phosphorus(V) sulfide
CAS Reg No. 7723-14-0 7803-51-2 13445-50-6 13497-91-1 13824-74-3 13455-00-0 24567-53-1 12125-09-6 7664-38-2 13598-36-2 6303-21-5 37267-86-0 7803-60-3 2466-09-3 13779-41-4 16940-81-1 13537-32-1 12136-91-3 1314-85-8 12037-82-0 940-71-6 7789-60-8 15597-39-4 15597-40-7 7719-12-2 15597-63-4 14335-40-1 7783-55-3 13455-01-1 1314-24-5 12440-00-5 1314-86-9 12165-69-4 7789-69-7 13445-58-4 10026-13-8 13498-11-8 158704-27-9 13454-99-4 7647-19-0 1314-56-3 1314-82-5 1314-80-3
Mol. Physical Weight Form 30.974 33.998 65.980 203.759 137.942 569.566 70.459 161.910 97.995 81.996 65.997 79.980 161.976 177.975 101.978 145.972 99.986 162.955 220.093 348.357 347.657 270.686 209.780 148.875 137.332 120.877 104.424 87.969 411.687 109.946 219.891 298.83 158.146 430.494 369.588 247.777 208.238 191.783 175.329 158.874 142.421 125.966 141.945 456.75 222.278
blk orth cry or amorp solid col gas; flam col liq col oily liq col gas red tricl needles gas col tetr cry col visc liq wh hyg cry hyg cry or col oily liq gl solid; hyg col orth cry wh cry col liq col oily liq col visc liq yel-brn solid yel-grn orth cry pale yel monocl cry wh hyg cry col liq col liq col gas col liq col gas col gas col gas red-oran hex cry; hyg col monocl cry or liq soft wh cry oran-red cry yel solid yel orth cry, Donnay pale yel cry yel-red liq wh-yel tetr cry; hyg col liq col liq col gas col gas col gas wh orth cry; hyg blk-purp amorp solid grn-yel hyg cry
mp/°C 610 -133.8 -99 -28 -86.5 125.5 18.5 42.4 74.4 26.5 73 dec 71.5 ≈-94 25 dec <-70 800 dec 172.5 312 128.8 -41.5 -115 -133.8 -93.6 -144 -164.8 -151.5 61.2 23.8 23.8 245 290 ≈100 dec 87 dec -20 167 tp -59 -63 -125 -132 -93.8 562 285
bp/°C -87.75 63.5 dec ≈180 dec -6.2 dec -27 sp 62.5 407 200 130
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 2.69 1.390 g/L
i os i H2O; sl EtOH, eth reac H2O
5.638 g/L 3.89 2.880 g/L 2.86 1.65 1.49
54820 3090
reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH s EtOH vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth sl H 2O; s EtOH vs H2O
70923 110 dec
1.583 1.82
407 523 173.2 78.5 -16.1 76.1 13.85 -47.3 -101.8 227 dec 173 175.4 ≈380 490
2.03 2.19 1.98 2.8 6.085 g/L 1.574 4.941 g/L 4.268 g/L 3.596 g/L 4.18 2.13 1.31
reac H2O reac H2O vs H2O i H2O; s os i H2O; s bz; vs CS2 sl CS 2 reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH; s ace, CS 2
reac H2O, EtOH; s bz, chl, eth
reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH reac H2O
3.61
reac H2O; s bz, ctc, CS 2, ace reac H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS 2 reac H2O, EtOH; s CS 2, ctc
15 dec 160 sp 30 dec
2.1
reac H2O; s CS2, ctc
7.1 -43.4 -84.6 605
6.494 g/L 5.821 g/L 5.149 g/L 2.30
515
2.03
reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH reac hot H 2O, ctc; i CS 2 reac H2O; s CS2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-74
No. Name
1667 1668
4-75
1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712
POF2H POBr3
14939-34-5 7789-59-5
85.978 286.685
volatile liq faint oran plates
>-120 55
≈60 (gas unstab) 191.7
POBr2Cl POBr2F POBrCl 2 POBrF2 POBrClF POCl 3
13550-31-7 14014-19-8 13455-03-3 14014-18-7 14518-81-1 10025-87-3
242.234 225.779 197.782 164.874 181.328 153.331
yel solid col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq
31 -117.2 11 -84.8
165 110.1 136.5 31.6 79 105.5
POCl 2F POClF 2 POF3 POI3 PSBr3 PSBr2F PSBrF2 PSCl 3 PSCl 2F PSClF 2 PSF3 PSI3 Pt PtBr 2 PtCl 2 PtI 2 PtO PtS PtBr 3 PtCl 3 PtBr 4 PtCl 4 PtCl 4 ⋅ 5H2O PtF 4 PtI 4 PtO 2 PtS 2 PtF 6 Pt(NH 3)2Cl 2 Pt(NH 3)2Cl 2 H2PtCl 6 ⋅ 6H2O PtSi Pu PuN PuO PuBr3 PuCl 3 PuF3
13769-76-1 13769-75-0 13478-20-1 13455-04-4 3931-89-3 13706-10-0 13706-09-7 3982-91-0 155698-29-6 2524-02-9 2404-52-6 63972-04-3 7440-06-4 13455-12-4 10025-65-7 7790-39-8 12035-82-4 12038-20-9 25985-07-3 25909-39-1 68938-92-1 37773-49-2 13454-96-1 13455-15-7 7790-46-7 1314-15-4 12038-21-0 13693-05-5 15663-27-1 14913-33-8 16941-12-1 12137-83-6 7440-07-5 12033-54-4 12035-83-5 15752-46-2 13569-62-5 13842-83-6
136.876 120.423 103.968 427.686 302.752 241.846 180.941 169.398 152.943 136.490 120.035 443.753 195.08 354.89 265.98 448.89 211.08 227.14 434.79 301.44 514.69 336.89 426.97 271.07 702.70 227.08 259.21 309.07 300.04 300.04 517.90 223.16 244 258 260 484 350 301
col liq col gas col gas viol cry yel cry yel il q yel il q fuming liq col liq col gas col gas yel cry silv-gray metal; cub red-brn powder grn hex cry blk powder blk tetr cry tetr cry grn-blk cry grn-blk cry brn-blk cry red-brn cub cry red cry red cry brn-blk powder blk hex cry hex cry red cub cry yel solid pale yel solid brn-yel hyg cry orth cry silv-wh metal; monocl gray cub cry cub cry grn orth cry grn hex cry purp hex cry
-80.1 -96.4 -39.1 tp 53 37.8 -75.2 -136.9 -36.2 -96.0 -155.2 -148.8 48 1768.4 250 dec 581 dec 325 dec 325 dec
1.18
52.9 3.1 -39.7 sp 212 dec 125.3 35.5 125 64.7 6.3 -52.25 dec 3825
200 dec 435 dec 180 dec 327 dec
681 760 1396
reac H2O; s bz, eth, chl
2.10414
1.645
reac H2O, EtOH
4.922 g/L 4.250 g/L
reac H2O
2.85
1.635
reac H2O; s bz, ctc, chl, CS
5.579 g/L 4.906 g/L 21.5 6.65 6.0 6.4 14.1 10.25
i acid; s aqua regia i H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth; s HCl i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s aqua regia
5.26 4.30 2.43
600 130 dec 450 61.3 270 dec 270 dec 60 1229 640 2550
2.822
69.1
3228
0.4120 14225
s H2O, EtOH s H2O i H2O; s conc acid, dil alk
11.8 7.85 ≈4.0
2.43 12.4 19.7 14.4 14.0 6.75 5.71 9.33
sl EtOH, eth
0.25325 0.03625 14018
s DMF, DMSO vs EtOH
s H2O s H2O i H2O; sl acid
2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674
Phosphonic difluoride Phosphoric tribromide (phosphoryl bromide) Phosphoric dibromide chloride Phosphoric dibromide fluoride Phosphoric bromide dichloride Phosphoric bromide difluoride Phosphoric bromide chloride fluoride Phosphoric trichloride (phosphoryl chloride) Phosphoric dichloride fluoride Phosphoric chloride difluoride Phosphoric trifluoride (phosphoryl fluoride) Phosphoric triodide (phosphoryl iodide) Phosphorothioc tribromide Phosphorothioc dibromide fluoride Phosphorothioc bromide difluoride Phosphorothioc trichloride Phosphorothioc dichloride fluoride Phosphorothioc chloride difluoride Phosphorothioc trifluoride Phosphorothioc triiodide Platinum Platinum(II) bromide Platinum(II) chloride Platinum(II) iodide Platinum(II) oxide Platinum(II) sulfide Platinum(III) bromide Platinum(III) chloride Platinum(IV) bromide Platinum(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride pentahydrate Platinum(IV) fluoride Platinum(IV) iodide Platinum(IV) oxide Platinum(IV) sulfide Platinum(VI) fluoride cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum trans-Diamminedichloroplatinum Hexachloroplatinic acid hexahydrate Platinum silicide Plutonium Plutonium nitride Plutonium(II) oxide Plutonium(III) bromide Plutonium(III) chloride Plutonium(III) fluoride
Formula
1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757
PuI3 Pu2O3 PuF4 PuO2 PuF6 Po PoCl 4 PoO2 K KC2H3O2 K2Al 2O4 ⋅ 3H2O KAlSi 3O8 KAl(SO 4)2 KAl(SO 4)2 ⋅ 12H2O KNH2 K3AsO4 KAsO2 KN3 KBH4 KBrO3 KBr K2CO3 K2CO3 ⋅ 1.5H2O KClO 3 KCl K2CrO4 KCNO KCN K2Cr2O7 KH2AsO4 KH2PO4 K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 3H2O KF KF ⋅ 2H2O KBF4 K2TaF7 KCHO2 K2OsCl 6 K2PtCl 6 K3Co(CN)6 K2MnF6 K2SiF6 K2ZrF6 KH
Plutonium(III) iodide Plutonium(III) oxide Plutonium(IV) fluoride Plutonium(IV) oxide Plutonium(VI) fluoride Polonium Polonium(IV) chloride Polonium(IV) oxide Potassium Potassium acetate Potassium aluminate trihydrate Potassium aluminum silicate Potassium aluminum sulfate Potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Potassium amide Potassium arsenate Potassium arsenite Potassium azide Potassium borohydride Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium carbonate sesquihydrate Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium ferricyanide Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate Potassium fluoride Potassium fluoride dihydrate Potassium fluoroborate Potassium fluorotantalate Potassium formate Potassium hexachloroosmate(IV) Potassium hexachloroplatinate Potassium hexacyanocobaltate Potassium hexafluoromanganate(IV) Potassium hexafluorosilicate Potassium hexafluorozirconate(IV) Potassium hydride
CAS Reg No. 13813-46-2 12036-34-9 13709-56-3 12059-95-9 13693-06-6 7440-08-6 10026-02-5 7446-06-2 7440-09-7 127-08-2 12003-63-3* 1327-44-2 10043-67-1 7784-24-9 17242-52-3 13464-36-3 13464-35-2 20762-60-1 13762-51-1 7758-01-2 7758-02-3 584-08-7 6381-79-9 3811-04-9 7447-40-7 7789-00-6 590-28-3 151-50-8 7778-50-9 7784-41-0 7778-77-0 13746-66-2 14459-95-1 7789-23-3 13455-21-5 14075-53-7 16924-00-8 590-29-4 16871-60-6 16921-30-5 13963-58-1 16962-31-5 16871-90-2 16923-95-8 7693-26-7
Mol. Physical Weight Form 625 536 320 276 358 209 351 241 39.098 98.142 250.204 278.332 258.207 474.391 55.121 256.215 146.019 81.118 53.941 167.000 119.002 138.206 165.229 122.549 74.551 194.191 81.115 65.116 294.185 180.034 136.085 329.244 422.388 58.096 94.127 125.903 392.134 84.116 481.14 485.99 332.332 247.125 220.273 283.411 40.106
grn orth cry; hyg blk cub cry red-brn monocl cry yel-brn cub cry red-brn orth cry silv metal; cub yel hyg cry yel cub cry soft silv-wh metal; cub wh hyg cry wh orth cry col monocl cry wh hyg powder col cry wh/yel-grn hyg cry col cry wh hyg pow tetr cry; exp wh cub cry wh hex cry col cub cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg granular cry wh monocl cry wh cub cry yel orth cry wh et rt cry wh cub cry; hyg oran-red tricl cry col cry wh et rt cry red cry yel monocl cry wh cub cry monocl cry col orth cry col cry col hyg cry red cub cry yel-oran cub cry yel monocl cry yel hex cry wh cry col mono cry cub cry
mp/°C
bp/°C
777 1027 2400 52 254 ≈300 500 dec 63.5 309
962 390 759
≈100 dec 335
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 6.92 10.5 7.1 11.5 5.08 9.20
s H2O
s H2O, EtOH, ace 8.9 0.89 1.57 2.13 2.56
26925
1.72
5.920 5.920
2.8
12525
2.04 1.11 3.27 2.74 2.29
49.717
reac H2O s EtOH; i eth vs H2O; i EtOH i H2O
reac H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH
≈500 dec 434 dec 734 898 368 771 975 ≈700 dec 634 398 288 253 dec 60 dec 858 41 dec 530 730 167
1435 dec dec
≈500 dec
1502
2.32 1.988 2.73 2.05 1.55 2.68 2.87 2.34 1.89 1.85 2.48 2.5 2.505 5.24 1.91
8.1725 67.825 11125 11120 8.6125 35.525 65.025 7525 69.920 15.125 196 25.025 48.825 36.025 10225 10225 0.5525 0.50 33118
250 dec dec
3.50 1.91
0.7720
dec
2.27 3.48 1.43
0.08420 0.782
s H2O i EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH
i eth, ace sl EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH, eth
sl EtOH
vs H2O; sl EtOH i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH reac H2O i EtOH reac H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-76
No. Name
Potassium hydrogen arsenate Potassium hydrogen arsenite Potassium hydrogen carbonate Potassium hydrogen fluoride Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium hydrogen phosphite Potassium hydrogen selenite Potassium hydrogen sulfate Potassium hydrogen sulfide Potassium hydrogen sulfide hemihydrate Potassium hydrogen sulfite Potassium hydrogen at rtrate Potassium hydroxide Potassium hypophosphite Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Potassium iron(III) oxalate trihydrate Potassium manganate Potassium metaarsenate Potassium metabisulfite Potassium metaborate Potassium molybdate Potassium niobate Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium oxalate Potassium oxalate monohydrate Potassium oxide Potassium perbromate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Potassium permanganate Potassium peroxide Potassium persulfate Potassium phosphate Potassium pyrophosphate trihydrate Potassium pyrosulfate Potassium selenate Potassium selenide Potassium selenite Potassium silver cyanide Potassium stannate trihydrate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium sulfide pentahydrate Potassium sulfite Potassium sulfite dihydrate Potassium superoxide
K2HAsO4 KAsO2 ⋅ HAsO2 KHCO3 KHF2 K2HPO4 K2HPO3 KHSeO3 KHSO4 KHS KHS ⋅ 0.5H2O KHSO3 KHC4H4O6 KOH KH2PO2 KIO3 KI K3Fe(C2O4)3 ⋅ 3H2O K2MnO4 KAsO3 K2S2O5 KBO2 K2MoO4 KNbO3 KNO3 KNO2 K2C2O4 K2C2O4 ⋅ H2O K2O KBrO4 KClO 4 KIO4 KMnO4 K2O2 K2S2O8 K3PO4 K4P2O7 ⋅ 3H2O K2S2O7 K2SeO4 K2Se K2SeO3 KAg(CN)2 K2SnO3 ⋅ 3H2O K2SO4 K2S K2S ⋅ 5H2O K2SO3 K2SO3 ⋅ 2H2O KO2
21093-83-4 10124-50-2 298-14-6 7789-29-9 7758-11-4 13492-26-7 7782-70-9 7646-93-7 1310-61-8 1310-61-8* 7773-03-7 868-14-4 1310-58-3 7782-87-8 7758-05-6 7681-11-0 10294-64-1 19197-73-0 16731-55-8 13709-94-9 13446-49-6 12030-85-2 7757-79-1 7758-09-0 583-52-8 6487-48-5 12136-45-7 22207-96-1 7778-74-7 7790-21-8 7722-64-7 17014-71-0 7727-21-1 7778-53-2 7320-34-5* 7790-62-7 7790-59-2 1312-74-9 10431-47-7 506-61-6 12142-33-5* 7778-80-5 1312-73-8 37248-34-3 10117-38-1 7790-56-9 12030-88-5
218.125 253.947 100.115 78.103 174.176 158.177 167.06 136.170 72.172 81.179 120.170 188.177 56.105 104.087 214.001 166.003 491.243 197.133 162.018 222.326 81.908 238.14 180.002 101.103 85.104 166.216 184.231 94.196 183.000 138.549 230.001 158.034 110.196 270.324 212.266 384.383 254.325 221.16 157.16 205.16 199.000 298.951 174.261 110.263 200.339 158.261 194.292 71.097
col mono prisms wh hyg powder col monocl cry col tetr cry wh hyg cry wh hyg powder hyg orth cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh hex cry; hyg wh-yel hyg cry wh cry powder wh cry wh rhomb cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh monocl cry col cub cry grn mono cry grn cry wh solid wh powder wh hex cry wh hyg cry wh rhomb cry col rhomb cry or powder wh hyg cry wh pwd col cry gray cub cry wh cry col orth cry; hyg col tetr cry purp orth cry yel amorp solid col cry wh orth cry; hyg col hyg cry col needles wh powder red cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh cry col cry wh orth cry red-yel cub cry; hyg col rhomb cry col hex cry wh monocl cry yel et tr cry; hyg
18.76
300 dec ≈100 dec 238.9 dec dec >100 dec ≈200 ≈450 ≈175 190 dec 406 dec 560 dec 681 100 190 dec 660 ≈150 dec 919 ≈1100 337 441 160 dec 350 dec 275 dec 525 582 dec 490 ≈100 dec 1340 1090 ≈325 800 875 dec
1069 948 60 dec 380
2.17 2.37
36.225 39.220 16825 17020
2.32 1.69 1.7
50.625
i EtOH s H2O i EtOH i EtOH s EtOH i EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH i EtOH s acid, alk; i EtOH s EtOH; s MeOH vs H2O; s EtOH
1327
1.98 2.044
4920 0.5720 12125
1323 230 dec
3.89 3.12 2.133
9.2225 14825 4.70
49.525
reac acid; i EtOH
18325
400 dec 537 exp
2.3 ≈2.3 2.3 4.64 2.11 1.915
i EtOH i H2O i EtOH sl EtOH sl H 2O
2.13 2.35
36.420
exp
2.52 3.618 2.7 2.48 2.564 2.33 2.28 3.07 2.29
38.325 31225
s H2O, EtOH, eth 4.2125 2.0825 0.5125 7.6025 4.720 10625
12.025
10625 10720 2.16
reac EtOH reac H2O i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH s H2O
11425 21725
3.20 2.66 1.74
sl EtOH i EtOH s H2O; reac HCl
s H2O sl EtOH s H2O vs H2O; i EtOH i EtOH s H2O, EtOH; i eth vs H2O, EtOH; i eth sl EtOH sl EtOH; dec dil acid reac H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-77
1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805
Formula
1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850
K2TeO4 ⋅ 3H2O K2TeO3 K2B4O7 ⋅ 5H2O KAuCl 4 ⋅ 2H2O K2PtCl 4 K2Pt(CN) 4 ⋅ 3H2O K2HgI4 KSCN K2S2O3 K2TiO3 KI3 ⋅ H2O K2CS3 K2WO4 K2U2O7 Pr PrB6 PrBr3 PrCl 3 PrCl 3 ⋅ 7H2O PrF3 PrI3 Pr(NO3)3 Pr(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O PrN Pr2O3 PrSi2 Pr2S3 Pr2Te3 Pm Pa PaCl 5 Ra RaBr2 RaCl 2 RaF2 Ra(NO3)2 RaSO4 Rn Re HReO4 Re2(CO)10 ReBr3 ReCl 3 ReI3 ReCl 4
Potassium telurate(VI) trihydrate Potassium telurite Potassium tetraborate pentahydrate Potassium tetrachloroaurate dihydrate Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Potassium tetracyanoplatinate(II) trihydrate Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) Potassium thiocyanate Potassium thiosulfate Potassium titanate Potassium triiodide monohydrate Potassium thiocarbonate Potassium tungstate Potassium uranate Praseodymium Praseodymium boride Praseodymium bromide Praseodymium chloride Praseodymium chloride heptahydrate Praseodymium fluoride Praseodymium iodide Praseodymium nitrate Praseodymium nitrate hexahydrate Praseodymium nitride Praseodymium oxide Praseodymium silicide Praseodymium sulfide Praseodymium teluride Promethium Protactinium Protactinium(V) chloride Radium Radium bromide Radium chloride Radium fluoride Radium nitrate Radium sulfate Radon Rhenium Perrhenic acid Rhenium carbonyl Rhenium(III) bromide Rhenium(III) chloride Rhenium(III) iodide Rhenium(IV) chloride
CAS Reg No. 15571-91-2* 7790-58-1 1332-77-0 13682-61-6 10025-99-7 562-76-5* 7783-33-7 333-20-0 10294-66-3 12030-97-6 7790-42-3 26750-66-3 7790-60-5 7790-63-8 7440-10-0 12008-27-4 13536-53-3 10361-79-2 10025-90-8 13709-46-1 13813-23-5 10361-80-5 15878-77-0 25764-09-4 12036-32-7 12066-83-0 12038-13-0 12038-12-9 7440-12-2 7440-13-3 13760-41-3 7440-14-4 10031-23-9 10025-66-8 20610-49-5 10213-12-4 7446-16-4 10043-92-2 7440-15-5 13768-11-1 14285-68-8 13569-49-8 13569-63-6 15622-42-1 13569-71-6
Mol. Physical Weight Form 323.84 253.80 323.513 413.907 415.09 431.39 786.40 97.182 190.327 174.062 437.827 186.406 326.04 666.251 140.908 205.774 380.620 247.266 373.373 197.903 521.621 326.923 435.014 154.915 329.813 197.079 378.013 664.62 145 231.036 408.300 226 386 297 264 350 322 222 186.207 251.213 652.515 425.919 292.565 566.920 328.018
wh cry powder wh hyg cry wh cry powder yel monocl cry pink-red tetr cry col rhomb prisms yel hyg cry col tetr cry; hyg col hyg cry wh orth cry brn monocl cry; hyg yel-red hyg cry hyg cry oran cub cry silv metal; hex blk cub cry grn hex cry; hyg grn hex needles; hyg grn cry grn hex cry orth hyg cry pale grn hyg cry grn needles cub cry wh hex cry tetr cry cub cry cub cry silv metal; hex shiny metal; tert or cub yel monocl cry wh metal; cub wh orth cry wh orth cry wh cub cry cry wh cry col gas silv-gray metal exists only in soln yel-wh cry red-brn monocl cry red-blk hyg cry blk solid purp-blk cry; hyg
mp/°C
bp/°C
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility
≈460 dec 16.530 500 dec
173
3.38
500 dec
4.29 1.88
1515 225 dec
3.1 3.5
921
3.12 6.12 6.77 4.84 5.28 4.0
931 2610 693 786 110 dec 1395 737
2183 1712 1765 1500 1042 1572 306 700 728 1000
3520
23825 16525
96.125 96.125
s H2O s EtOH s EtOH
16525 16525
s H2O s EtOH s EtOH, ace
70.620 24.520
s EtOH s EtOH
6.3 ≈5.8
3760
3000
7.46 6.9 5.46 5.1 ≈7.0 7.26 15.4 3.74 5 5.79 4.9 6.7
s H2O vs H2O sl EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O; i EtOH s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH i EtOH reac H2O s H2O; reac EtOH, eth vs H2O vs H2O; i EtOH i H2O; s acid
13.9 -71 3186
-61.7 5596
9.074 g/L 20.8
500 subl
2.87 6.10 4.81
170 dec 500 dec dec 300 dec
4.9
i H2O, acid sl H 2O i HCl vs H2O, os s os s ace, MeOH, EtOH s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-78
No. Name
Rhenium(IV) fluoride Rhenium(IV) oxide Rhenium(IV) sulfide Rhenium(IV) teluride Rhenium(V) bromide Rhenium(V) chloride Rhenium(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) oxide Rhenium(VI) chloride Rhenium(VI) dioxydifluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) oxide Rhenium(VI) oxytetrachloride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Rhenium(VII) fluoride Rhenium(VII) oxide Rhenium(VII) trioxychloride Rhenium(VII) trioxyfluoride Rhenium(VII) dioxytrifluoride Rhenium(VII) oxypentafluoride Rhenium(VII) sulfide Rhodium Rhodium carbonyl chloride Rhodium dodecacarbonyl Rhodium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) fluoride Rhodium(III) iodide Rhodium(III) oxide Rhodium(III) sulfate Rhodium(IV) oxide Rhodium(VI) fluoride Rubidium Rubidium acetate Rubidium aluminum sulfate Rubidium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Rubidium azide Rubidium bromate Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chlorate Rubidium chloride Rubidium chromate Rubidium cyanide Rubidium fluoride Rubidium hydrogen fluoride Rubidium formate Rubidium hydride Rubidium hydrogen carbonate
ReF4 ReO2 ReS2 ReTe2 ReBr5 ReCl 5 ReF5 Re2O5 ReCl 6 ReO2F2 ReF6 ReO3 ReOCl 4 ReOF4 ReF7 Re2O7 ReO3Cl ReO3F ReO2F3 ReOF5 Re2S7 Rh [Rh(CO)2Cl] 2 Rh4(CO)12 RhCl 3 RhF3 RhI3 Rh2O3 Rh2(SO4)3 RhO2 RhF6 Rb RbC2H3O2 RbAl(SO 4)2 RbAl(SO 4)2 ⋅ 12H2O RbN3 RbBrO3 RbBr Rb2CO3 RbClO 3 RbCl Rb2CrO4 RbCN RbF RbHF2 RbCHO2 RbH RbHCO3
15192-42-4 12036-09-8 12038-63-0 12067-00-4 30937-53-2 39368-69-9 30937-52-1 12165-05-8 31234-26-1 81155-18-2 10049-17-9 1314-28-9 13814-76-1 17026-29-8 17029-21-9 1314-68-7 7791-09-5 42246-24-2 57246-89-6 23377-53-9 12038-67-4 7440-16-6 14523-22-9 19584-30-6 10049-07-7 60804-25-3 15492-38-3 12036-35-0 10489-46-0 12137-27-8 13693-07-7 7440-17-7 563-67-7 13530-57-9 7784-29-4 22756-36-1 13446-70-3 7789-39-1 584-09-8 13446-71-4 7791-11-9 13446-72-5 19073-56-4 13446-74-7 12280-64-7 3495-35-0 13446-75-8 19088-74-5
262.201 218.206 250.339 441.41 585.727 363.471 281.199 452.411 398.923 256.203 300.197 234.205 344.017 278.200 319.196 484.410 269.658 253.203 275.201 297.198 596.876 102.906 388.757 747.743 209.264 159.901 483.619 253.809 494.002 134.905 216.896 85.468 144.512 304.577 520.761 127.488 213.370 165.372 230.945 168.919 120.921 286.930 111.486 104.466 124.473 130.486 86.476 146.485
blue tetr cry gray orth cry tricl cry orth cry brn solid brn-blk solid yel-grn solid blue-blk tetr cry red-grn solid col cry yel il q or cub cry redcub cry brn cry blue solid yel cub cry yel hyg cry col liq yel solid yel solid cream solid brn-blk tetr cry silv-wh metal; cub red-oran cry red hyg cry red monocl cry red hex cry blk monocl cry; hyg gray hex cry red-yel solid blk tetr cry blk cub cry soft silv metal; cub wh hyg cry hex cry col cub cry tetr cry; exp cub cry wh cub cry; hyg col monocl cry; hyg col cry wh cub cry; hyg yel rhom cry wh cub cry wh cub cry; hyg tetr cry wh hyg cry wh cub cry; flam wh rhomb cry
>300 subl 900 dec
110 dec 220 48
7.49 11.4 7.6 8.50 4.9
reac H2O
221.3 ≈7
29 156 18.5 400 dec 29.3 108 48.3 297 4.5 147 90 43.8 1964 124
33.8 223 171.7 73.7 360 128 164 185.4 73.0 3695
717
1100 dec >500 dec ≈70 39.30 246 ≈100 dec 317 430 682 837
4.06(cry) 6.9
4.32 6.10 3.87
4.87 12.4
1340
≈3.1 ≈1.9 2.79 3.68 3.35
833 188 dec ≈170 dec 175 dec
1410
i H2O i acid, sl aqua regia s os reac H2O i H2O; s alk
2.52 5.38 5.4 6.4 8.2
688
1390
s H2O, EtOH, eth, diox, py reac H2O reac H2O
7.2 3.1 1.53
715
s HNO3 i H2O, acid, alk reac H2O
3.19 2.76 3.518 2.3 3.2 3.3
1.6020 10716 2.9525 11625 22320 6.6325 93.925 76.225 30020
2.60
reac H2O vs H2O i EtOH s H2O; i EtOH
sl EtOH s H2O; i EtOH, eth i EtOH
reac H2O 11620
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-79
1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898
Formula
1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943
RbHSO4 RbOH RbIO3 RbI RbNO3 Rb2O RbClO 4 Rb2O2 Rb2Se Rb2SO4 Rb2S RbO2 Ru Ru3(CO)12 Ru(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 RuBr3 RuCl 3 RuF3 RuI3 RuF4 RuO2 RuF5 RuF6 RuO4 Sm SmB6 SmSi2 SmBr2 SmCl 2 SmF2 SmI2 SmBr3 SmCl 3 SmCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O SmF3 SmI3 Sm(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Sm2O3 Sm2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Sm2S3 Sm2Te3 Sc ScB2 ScBr3
Rubidium hydrogen sulfate Rubidium hydroxide Rubidium iodate Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium oxide Rubidium perchlorate Rubidium peroxide Rubidium selenide Rubidium sulfate Rubidium sulfide Rubidium superoxide Ruthenium Ruthenium dodecacarbonyl Ruthenium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Ruthenium(III) bromide Ruthenium(III) chloride Ruthenium(III) fluoride Ruthenium(III) iodide Ruthenium(IV) fluoride Ruthenium(IV) oxide Ruthenium(V) fluoride Ruthenium(VI) fluoride Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Samarium Samarium boride Samarium silicide Samarium(II) bromide Samarium(II) chloride Samarium(II) fluoride Samarium(II) iodide Samarium(III) bromide Samarium(III) chloride Samarium(III) chloride hexahydrate Samarium(III) fluoride Samarium(III) iodide Samarium(III) nitrate Samarium(III) nitrate hexahydrate Samarium(III) oxide Samarium(III) sulfate octahydrate Samarium(III) sulfide Samarium(III) teluride Scandium Scandium boride Scandium bromide
CAS Reg No. 15587-72-1 1310-82-3 13446-76-9 7790-29-6 13126-12-0 18088-11-4 13510-42-4 23611-30-5 31052-43-4 7488-54-2 31083-74-6 12137-25-6 7440-18-8 15243-33-1 14284-93-6 14014-88-1 10049-08-8 51621-05-7 13896-65-6 71500-16-8 12036-10-1 14521-18-7 13693-08-8 20427-56-9 7440-19-9 12008-29-6 12300-22-0 50801-97-3 13874-75-4 15192-17-3 32248-43-4 13759-87-0 10361-82-7 13465-55-9 13765-24-7 13813-25-7 10361-83-8 13759-83-6 12060-58-1 13465-58-2 12067-22-0 12040-00-5 7440-20-2 12007-34-0 13465-59-3
Mol. Physical Weight Form 182.540 102.475 260.370 212.372 147.473 186.935 184.919 202.935 249.90 267.000 203.002 117.467 101.07 639.33 398.39 340.78 207.43 158.07 481.78 177.06 133.07 196.06 215.06 165.07 150.36 215.23 206.53 310.17 221.27 188.36 404.17 390.07 256.72 364.81 207.36 531.07 336.38 444.47 348.72 733.03 396.92 683.52 44.956 66.578 284.668
col monocl cry gray-wh orth cry; hyg mono or cub cry wh cub cry wh hex cry; hyg yel-brn cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh orth cry wh cub cry wh orth cry wh cub cry tetr cry silv-wh metal; hex oran cry red-brn cry brn hex cry brn hex cry brn rhomb cry blk hex cry yel cry gray-blk tetr cry grn monocl cry dark brn orth cry yel monocl prisms silv metal; rhomb refrac solid orth cry brn cry brn cry purp cry grn cry yel cry yel cry yel cry wh cry oran cry yel-wh hyg solid pale yel cry yel-wh cub cry yel cry gray-brn cub cry orth cry silv metal; hex refrac solid wh hyg cry
mp/°C 208 382 dec 642 305 400 dec 281 733 1050 425 412 2334 150 dec 230 >400 dec >500 dec >600 dec
86.5 54 25.4 1074 2580
bp/°C
1300
600 dec
4150
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 2.9 3.2 4.33 3.55 3.11 4.0 2.8 3.8 3.22 3.6 2.91 ≈3.0 12.1
17330 2.4425 16525 65.025
reac H2O 1.525 reac H2O reac H2O 50.825 s H2O i acid, aqua regia
5.3 3.1 5.36 6.0
227 40 1794
669 855
7.05 3.90 3.54 3.29 7.52 5.07 5.14
i H2O; s EtOH
reac H2O i H2O, acid
1710
4.46 2.38
93.825 93.825
14425 78 2269
3780
1720 1541 2250 969
2836
7.6 2.93 5.87 7.31 2.99 3.17 9.33
reac H2O vs ctc; reac EtOH
reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O
3.69
520 640 682 dec 1306 850
s H2O s EtOH vs HCl s EtOH
reac H2O reac H2O s EtOH s H2O, MeOH, ace
2.6720
s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-80
No. Name
Scandium chloride Scandium fluoride Scandium hydroxide Scandium nitrate Scandium oxide Scandium sulfide Scandium teluride Selenium ( α form) Selenium (gray) Selenium (vitreous) Selenic acid Selenous acid Selenium dioxide Selenium trioxide Selenium bromide Selenium chloride Selenium tetrabromide Selenium tetrachloride Selenium tetrafluoride Selenium hexafluoride Selenium oxybromide Selenium oxychloride Selenium oxyfluoride Selenium dioxydifluoride Selenium sulfide Selenium sulfide Selenium sulfide Selenium sulfide Silicon Silane Disilane Trisilane Tetrasilane 2-Silyltrisilane Pentasilane 2-Silyltetrasilane 2,2-Disilyltrisilane Hexasilane 2-Silylpentasilane 3-Silylpentasilane Heptasilane Cyclopentasilane Cyclohexasilane Bromosilane Bromotrichlorosilane Chlorosilane Chlorotrifluorosilane Dibromodichlorosilane
ScCl 3 ScF3 Sc(OH)3 Sc(NO3)3 Sc2O3 Sc2S3 Sc2Te3 Se Se Se H2SeO4 H2SeO3 SeO2 SeO3 Se2Br2 Se2Cl 2 SeBr4 SeCl 4 SeF4 SeF6 SeOBr2 SeOCl 2 SeOF2 SeO2F2 SeS2 Se2S6 Se4S4 Se6S2 Si SiH4 Si2H6 Si3H8 Si4H10 Si4H10 Si5H12 Si5H12 Si5H12 Si6H14 Si6H14 Si6H14 Si7H16 Si5H10 Si6H12 SiH3Br SiCl 3Br SiH3Cl SiClF 3 SiBr2Cl 2
10361-84-9 13709-47-2 17674-34-9 13465-60-6 12060-08-1 12166-29-9 12166-44-8 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7783-08-6 7783-00-8 7446-08-4 13768-86-0 7789-52-8 10025-68-0 7789-65-3 10026-03-6 13465-66-2 7783-79-1 7789-51-7 7791-23-3 7783-43-9 14984-81-7 7488-56-4 75926-26-0 75926-28-2 75926-30-6 7440-21-3 7803-62-5 1590-87-0 7783-26-8 7783-29-1 13597-87-0 14868-53-2 14868-54-3 15947-57-6 14693-61-9 14868-55-4 14868-55-4 14693-65-3 289-22-5 291-59-8 13465-73-1 13465-74-2 13465-78-6 14049-36-6 13465-75-3
151.314 101.951 95.978 230.971 137.910 186.110 472.71 78.96 78.96 78.96 144.97 128.97 110.96 126.96 317.73 228.83 398.58 220.77 154.95 192.95 254.77 165.86 132.96 148.96 143.09 350.32 444.10 537.89 28.086 32.118 62.219 92.321 122.421 122.421 152.523 152.523 152.523 182.624 182.624 182.624 212.726 150.507 180.608 111.014 214.348 66.563 120.534 258.799
wh hyg cry wh powder col amorp sol wh cry wh cub cry yel orth cry blk hex cry red monocl cry gray metalic cry; hex blk amorp solid wh hyg solid wh hyg cry wh et tr needles or powder wh et tr cry; hyg red liq yel-brn oily liq oran-red cry wh-yel cry col liq col gas red-yel solid col or yel liq col liq col gas red-yel cry oran needles red cry oran cry gray cry or brn amorp solid col gas; flam col gas; flam flam liq col liq; flam col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col liq col gas col liq col gas col gas col liq
967 1515
2.4
2485 1775
315 sp subl 225 dec 130 dec
3.864 2.91 5.29 4.39 4.81 4.28 2.95 3.0 3.95 3.44 3.60 2.774
191.4 sp 106 -46.6 sp 220 dec 177 125 -8.4
2.6 2.75 7.887 g/L 3.38 2.44 2.8 6.089 g/L
16925
221 220.5 trans to gray Se 180 58 70 dec 340 tp 118 -85 123 305 tp -10 -34.6 tp 41.6 8.5 15 -99.5 100 121.5 113 dec 121.5 1414 -185 -132.5 -117.4 -89.9 -99.4 -72.8 -109.9 -57.8 -44.7 -78.4 -69 -30.1 -10.5 16.5 -94 -62 -118 -138 -45.5
685 685 685 260 dec
2.44 3.29 3265 -111.9 -14.3 52.9 108.1 101.7 153.2 146.2 134.3 193.6 185.2 179.5 226.8 194.3 226 1.9 80.3 -30.4 -70.0 104
2.3290 1.313 g/L 2.543 g/L 0.739 0.792 0.792 0.827 0.820 0.815 0.847 0.840 0.843 0.859 0.963 4.538 g/L 1.826 2.721 g/L 4.927 g/L 2.172
26422
s H2O; i EtOH sl H 2O i H2O; s dil acid s EtOH s conc acid
i H2O, EtOH; sl eth i H2O, CS2 i H2O; sl CS 2 vs H2O; reac EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH s EtOH, MeOH; sl ace s H2O, os reac H2O; s CS2, chl reac H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc, chl reac H2O; s CS2, chl reac H2O reac H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O reac H2O; s CS2, bz, ctc reac H2O; s ctc, chl, bz, tol reac H2O reac H2O i H2O; s acid s CS2; sl bz s bz; sl CS 2 s CS2 i H2O, acid; s alk reac H2O; i EtOH, bz reac H2O, ctc, chl; s EtOH, bz reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-81
1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Formula
CAS Reg No.
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036
SiH2Br2 SiH2Cl 2 SiCl 2F2 SiH2F2 SiH2I2 SiH3F SiH3I SiBr4 SiCl 4 SiF4 SiI4 SiHBr3 SiBr3Cl SiHCl 3 SiCl 3F SiCl 3I SiHF3 SiHI3 (SiH3)2O H2SiO3 H4SiO4 H2SiF6 SiC Si3N4 SiO SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiS SiS2 Ag AgN3 Ag2F AgC2H3O2 Ag2C2 Ag3AsO4 AgC2H AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgClO 3 AgCl AgClO 2
13768-94-0 4109-96-0 18356-71-3 13824-36-7 13760-02-6 13537-33-2 13598-42-0 7789-66-4 10026-04-7 7783-61-1 13465-84-4 7789-57-3 13465-76-4 10025-78-2 14965-52-7 13465-85-5 13465-71-9 13465-72-0 13597-73-4 7699-41-4 10193-36-9 16961-83-4 409-21-2 12033-89-5 10097-28-6 14808-60-7 14808-60-7 15468-32-3 14464-46-1 60676-86-0 12504-41-5 13759-10-9 7440-22-4 13863-88-2 1302-01-8 563-63-3 7659-31-6 13510-44-6 13092-75-6 7783-89-3 7785-23-1 534-16-7 7783-92-8 7783-90-6 7783-91-7
Dibromosilane Dichlorosilane Dichlorodifluorosilane Difluorosilane Diiodosilane Fluorosilane Iodosilane Tetrabromosilane Tetrachlorosilane Tetrafluorosilane Tetraiodosilane Tribromosilane Tribromochlorosilane Trichlorosilane Trichlorofluorosilane Trichloroiodosilane Trifluorosilane Triiodosilane Disiloxane Metasilicic acid Orthosilicic acid Fluorosilicic acid Silicon carbide (hexagonal) Silicon nitride Silicon monoxide Silicon dioxide ( α-quartz) Silicon dioxide ( β-quartz) Silicon dioxide (tridymite) Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Silicon dioxide (vitreous) Silicon monosulfide Silicon disulfide Silver Silver azide Silver subfluoride Silver(I) acetate Silver(I) acetylide Silver(I) arsenate Silver(I) acetylide Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chlorate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chlorite
Mol. Physical Weight Form 189.910 101.007 136.988 68.099 283.911 50.108 158.014 347.702 169.897 104.080 535.704 268.806 303.251 135.452 153.442 261.348 86.089 409.807 78.218 78.100 96.116 144.092 40.097 140.284 44.085 60.085 60.085 60.085 60.085 60.085 60.152 92.218 107.868 149.888 234.734 166.912 239.757 462.524 132.897 235.770 187.772 275.745 191.319 143.321 175.320
liq col gas; flam col gas col gas col liq col gas col liq col fuming il q col fuming il q col gas wh powder flam liq col liq fuming liq col gas col liq col gas liq gas wh amorp powder exists only in soln stable only in aq soln hard grn-black hex cry gray refrac solid; hex blk cub cry, stable >1200 col hex cry col hex cry col hex cry col hex cry col amorp solid yel-red hyg powder wh rhomb cry silv metal; cub orth cry; exp yel hex cry wh needles or powder wh powder; exp red cub cry wh powder; exp wh et rt cry yel cub cry yel monocl cry wh et rt cry wh cub cry yel cry
mp/°C
bp/°C
-70.1 -122 -44 -122 -1
66 8.3 -32 -77.8 150 -98.6 45.6 154 57.65 -86 287.35 109 127 33 12.25 113.5 -95 220 dec -15.2
-57 5.39 -68.74 -90.2 120.5 -73 -20.8 -128.2 -60 -131 8 -144
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 4.129 g/L 5.599 g/L 2.783 g/L
reac H2O reac H2O
2.048 g/L 2.8 1.5 4.254 g/L 4.1 2.7 2.497 1.331 6.272 g/L
reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O
3.519 g/L 3.197 g/L i H2O; s HF
2830 1900 trans ot beta quartz 573 trans to tridymite 867 trans cristobalite 1470 1722 ≈1700 ≈900 1090 961.78 exp ≈250 100 dec dec
2950 2950 2950 2950 2950 940 subl 2162
dec 360 dec 432 218 230 455 105 exp
1502 270 dec 1547
3.16 3.17 2.18 2.648 2.533600 2.265 2.334 2.196 1.85 2.04 10.5 4.9 8.6 3.26
s H2O i H2O, EtOH
i H2O, acid; s HF i H2O, acid; s HF i H2O, acid; s HF i H2O, acid; s HF i H2O, acid; s HF reac H2O reac H2O, EtOH; i bz 0.0008120 reac H2O 1.0420
6.657
0.00085
5.21 6.47 6.077 4.430 5.56
0.19325 0.00001425 0.003620 17.625 0.0001925 0.5525
s NH4OH
i acid s acid sl EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-82
No. Name
Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) citrate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) dichromate Silver(I) diethyldithiocarbamate Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) hexafluoroantimonate Silver(I) hexafluoroarsenate Silver(I) hexafluorophosphate Silver(I) hydrogen fluoride Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) lactate monohydrate Silver(I) metaphosphate Silver(I) molybdate Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) nitrite Silver(I) oxalaet Silver(I) oxide Silver(I) perchlorate Silver(I) perchlorate monohydrate Silver(I) permanganate Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) picrate monohydrate Silver(I) selenate Silver(I) selenide Silver(I) selenite Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfide Silver(I) sulfite Silver(I) teluride Silver(I) tetraiodomercurate(II) Silver(I) thiocyanate Silver(I) thiosulfate Silver(II) oxide Silver(I) tungstate Silver(II) fluoride Silver(II) oxide (Ag2O2) Sodium Sodium acetate Sodium acetate trihydrate Sodium aluminate Sodium aluminum hydride Sodium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate Sodium amide Sodium ammonium phosphate tetrahydrate Sodium arsenite Sodium azide
Ag2CrO4 Ag3C6H5O7 AgCN Ag2Cr2O7 Ag(C2H5)2NCS2 AgF AgSbF6 AgAsF6 AgPF6 AgHF2 AgIO3 AgI AgC3H5O3 ⋅ H2O AgPO3 Ag2MoO4 AgNO3 AgNO2 Ag2C2O4 Ag2O AgClO 4 AgClO 4 ⋅ H2O AgMnO4 Ag3PO4 AgC6H2N3O7 ⋅ H2O Ag2SeO4 Ag2Se Ag2SeO3 Ag2SO4 Ag2S Ag2SO3 Ag2Te Ag2HgI4 AgSCN Ag2S2O3 AgO Ag2WO4 AgF2 Ag2O2 Na NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2 ⋅ 3H2O NaAlO 2 NaAlH 4 NaAl(SO 4)2 ⋅ 12H2O NaNH2 NaNH4HPO4 ⋅ 4H2O NaAsO2 NaN3
7784-01-2 126-45-4 506-64-9 7784-02-3 1470-61-7 7775-41-9 26042-64-8 12005-82-2 26042-63-7 12249-52-4 7783-97-3 7783-96-2 128-00-7 13465-96-8 13765-74-7 7761-88-8 7783-99-5 533-51-7 20667-12-3 7783-93-9 14242-05-8 7783-98-4 7784-09-0 146-84-9 7784-07-8 1302-09-6 7784-05-6 10294-26-5 21548-73-2 13465-98-0 12002-99-2 7784-03-4 1701-93-5 23149-52-2 1301-96-8 13465-93-5 7783-95-1 25455-73-6 7440-23-5 127-09-3 6131-90-4 1302-42-7 13770-96-2 10102-71-3 7782-92-5 13011-54-6 7784-46-5 26628-22-8
331.730 512.705 133.886 431.724 256.140 126.866 343.618 296.780 252.832 146.873 282.770 234.772 214.954 186.840 375.67 169.873 153.874 303.755 231.735 207.319 225.334 226.804 418.576 353.979 358.69 294.70 342.69 311.800 247.802 295.800 343.34 923.94 165.952 327.866 123.867 463.57 145.865 247.735 22.990 82.034 136.079 81.971 54.004 458.283 39.013 209.069 129.911 65.010
brn-red monocl cry wh cry powder wh-gray hex cry red cry pow yel-brn cub cry; hyg pow pow pow hyg cry wh orth cry yel powder; hex gray cry powder grn glass yel cub cry col rhomb cry yel needles wh cry powder brn-blk cub cry col cub cry; hyg hyg wh cry viol monocl cry yel powder yel cry orth cry gray hex needles needles col cry or powder gray-blk orth powder wh cry blk orth cry yel et tr cry wh powder wh cry gray powder; monocl or cub yel cry wh or gray hyg cry gray-blk cub cry soft silv met; cub col cry col cry wh orth cry; hyg wh hyg solid col cry wh-grn orth cry monocl cry wh-gray hyg powder col hex cry
320 dec
5.625
0.0000140
3.95 4.770
0.0000011
173 435
1159
5.852
17220
102 dec dec >200 558
1506
5.53 5.68
0.05325 0.000003
490 483 212 140 dec exp 140 ≈200 dec 486 dec 43 dec dec 849
880 530 652 825 100 dec 955 trans to red cub ≈40 dec dec >100 dec 620 690 >100 97.80 328.2 58 dec 1650 174 dec ≈60 210 ≈80 dec 300 dec
440 dec
6.37 6.18 4.35 4.453 5.03 7.2 2.806 4.49 6.37
>550 dec
5.72 8.216 5.930 5.45 7.23
23425 0.41525 0.004320 0.0025 55825 55825 0.9118 0.0064
883
500 dec
i EtOH; s acid, alk s bz, py, os reac EtOH sl dil acid sl H 2O, EtOH; i chl, eth i H2O sl H 2O; s acid
0.8425
8.4 6.1
4.58 7.44 0.97 1.528 1.45 4.63 1.24 1.61 1.39 1.54 1.87 1.846
i acid sl H 2O, EtOH i H2O; s HNO3, NH4OH sl H 2O sl EtOH, ace i EtOH; reac acid
0.11820
0.0004620
7.5
i H2O; s HNO3 i EtOH, dil acid sl H 2O s py
0.002725 0.015
50.425 50.425
39.720
40.820
i H2O; s acid s acid, NH4OH i H2O, dil acid i H2O sl H 2O; s NH4OH s alk; reac acid s HNO3, NH4OH reac H2O i H2O; s acid, NH4OH reac H2O sl EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH i eth; s thf i EtOH reac H2O s H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH sl EtOH; i eth
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-83
2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084
CAS Reg No.
Mol. Physical Weight Form
Formula
2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105
NaBH4 NaBrO3 NaBr NaBr ⋅ 2H2O Na2CO3 Na2CO3 ⋅ 10H2O Na2CO3 ⋅ H2O NaClO 3 NaCl NaClO 2 Na2CrO4 Na2CrO4 ⋅ 4H2O Na3C6H5O7 ⋅ 2H2O NaCNO NaCN NaBH3(CN) Na2Cr2O7 NaH2PO4 NaH2PO4 ⋅ H2O NaH2PO4 ⋅ 2H2O Na2H2P2O6 ⋅ 6H2O
16940-66-2 7789-38-0 7647-15-6 13466-08-5 497-19-8 6132-02-1 5968-11-6 7775-09-9 7647-14-5 7758-19-2 7775-11-3 10034-82-9 6132-04-3 917-61-3 143-33-9 25895-60-7 10588-01-9 7558-80-7 10049-21-5 13472-35-0 7782-95-8*
37.833 150.892 102.894 138.925 105.989 286.142 124.005 106.441 58.443 90.442 161.974 234.035 294.099 65.007 49.008 62.843 261.968 119.977 137.993 156.008 314.031
wh cub cry; hyg col cub cry wh cub cry wh cry wh hyg powder col cry col orth cry col cub cry col cub cry wh hyg cry yel orth cry yel hyg cry wh cry col needles wh cub cry; hyg wh hyg powder red hyg cry col mono cry wh hyg cry col orth cry mono plates
≈400 dec 381 747 36 dec 858.1 34 dec 100 dec 248 800.7 ≈180 dec 792 dec 150 dec 550 563 240 dec 357 200 dec 100 dec 60 dec 110 dec
Na2H2P2O7 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O6 ⋅ 2H2O NaC2H5O Na3Fe(CN)6 ⋅ H2O Na4Fe(CN)6 ⋅ 10H2O NaF NaBF4 Na2PO3F NaCHO2 Na2GeO3 Na2PtBr 6 ⋅ 6H2O Na2IrCl 6 ⋅ 6H2O Na2PtCl 6 Na2PtCl 6 ⋅ 6H2O Na3AlF 6 NaSbF6 NaPF6 ⋅ H2O Na2SiF6 Na3Co(NO2)6 NaH Na2HAsO4 Na2HAsO4 ⋅ 7H2O NaHCO3
7758-16-9 7775-14-6 7631-94-9* 141-52-6 14217-21-1* 13601-19-9 7681-49-4 13755-29-8 10163-15-2 141-53-7 12025-19-3 39277-13-9 19567-78-3 16923-58-3 16923-58-3 13775-53-6 16925-25-0 20644-15-9 16893-85-9 14649-73-1 7646-69-7 7778-43-0 10048-95-0 144-55-8
221.939 174.110 242.139 68.050 298.933 484.061 41.988 109.795 143.950 68.008 166.59 828.57 559.004 453.77 561.87 209.941 258.740 185.969 188.056 403.935 23.998 185.908 312.014 84.007
wh powder gray-wh pow col orth cry wh-yel hyg pow red hyg cry yel monocl cry col cub or tetr cry wh orth prisms pow wh hyg cry wh mono hyg cry cry cry yel hyg cry yel cry col monocl cry; trans cub 560 wh cub cry col orth cry wh hex cry yel-brn cry pow silv cub cry; flam wh pow wh monocl cry wh monocl cry
220 dec 52 dec 110 dec
2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129
Sodium borohydride Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium bromide dihydrate Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate decahydrate Sodium carbonate monohydrate Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium chlorite Sodium chromate Sodium chromate tetrahydrate Sodium citrate dihydrate Sodium cyanate Sodium cyanide Sodium cyanoborohydride Sodium dichromate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate Sodium dihydrogen hypophosphate hexahydrate Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate Sodium dithionate Sodium dithionate dihydrate Sodium ethanolate Sodium ferricyanide monohydrate Sodium ferrocyanide decahydrate Sodium fluoride Sodium tert afluoroborate Sodium fluorophosphate Sodium formate Sodium germanate Sodium hexabromoplatinate(IV) hexahydrate Sodium hexachloroiridate(IV) hexahydrate Sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) Sodium hexachloroplatinate(IV) hexahydrate Sodium hexafluoroaluminate Sodium hexafluoroantimonate Sodium hexafluorophosphate monohydrate Sodium hexafluorosilicate Sodium hexanitrocobaltate(III) Sodium hydride Sodium hydrogen arsenate Sodium hydrogen arsenate heptahydrate Sodium hydrogen carbonate
mp/°C
≈50 dec 996 384 257.3 1083
bp/°C
1390
>300 dec 1465
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 1.07 3.34 3.200 2.18 2.54 1.46 2.25 2.5 2.17 2.72
1.89 1.6 1.12 400 dec
1.91 1.849
5520 39.425 94.625 94.625 30.725 30.725 30.725 10025 36.025 6417 87.625 87.625
58.220 18725 94.925 94.925 94.925 2.025
≈1.9
1704
dec
reac EtOH i EtOH s EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth sl EtOH vs H2O; s thf; sl EtOH; i bz, eth
i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH
2.19
24.120 15.120
1.46 2.78 2.47
2020 4.1325 10820
s H2O sl EtOH i EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH s H2O; i EtOH i os i EtOH sl EtOH
1.92 3.31
94.925
sl EtOH
600 dec 110 dec 1009
dec 425 dec ≈195 dec ≈50 dec ≈50 dec
2.50 2.97 3.375 2.369 2.7
5316 5316 12920 1030 0.6720
1.39 1.87 2.20
5120 5120 10.325
s EtOH s EtOH; i eth i H2O s EtOH, ace s EtOH, MeOH, ace i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O, EtOH sl EtOH sl EtOH i EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-84
No. Name
Sodium hydrogen fluoride Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate Sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate Sodium hydrogen sulfate Sodium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate Sodium hydrogen sulfide Sodium hydrogen sulfide dihydrate Sodium hydrogen sulfite Sodium hydroxide Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium bismuthate Sodium metabisulfite Sodium metaborate Sodium metasilicate Sodium molybdate Sodium molybdate dihydrate Sodium niobate Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium nitroprusside dihydrate Sodium orthovanadate Sodium oxalate Sodium oxide Sodium perborate tetrahydrate Sodium perchlorate Sodium perchlorate monohydrate Sodium periodate Sodium periodate trihydrate Sodium permanganate trihydrate Sodium peroxide Sodium perrhenate Sodium persulfate Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate Chlorinated trisodium phosphate Sodium phosphinate Sodium phosphinate monohydrate Sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate Sodium pyrophosphate Sodium selenate Sodium selenate decahydrate Sodium selenide Sodium selenite
NaHF2 Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 ⋅ 12H2O Na2HPO4 ⋅ 7H2O NaHSO4 NaHSO4 ⋅ H2O NaHS NaHS ⋅ 2H2O NaHSO3 NaOH NaClO NaOCl ⋅ 5H2O NaIO3 NaI NaBiO3 Na2S2O5 NaBO2 Na2SiO3 Na2MoO4 Na2MoO4 ⋅ 2H2O NaNbO3 NaNO3 NaNO2 Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] ⋅ 2H2O Na3VO4 Na2C2O4 Na2O NaBO3 ⋅ 4H2O NaClO 4 NaClO 4 ⋅ H2O NaIO4 NaIO4 ⋅ 3H2O NaMnO4 ⋅ 3H2O Na2O2 NaReO4 Na2S2O8 Na3PO4 ⋅ 12H2O Na3PO4 ⋅ NaOCl NaH2PO2 NaH2PO2 ⋅ H2O NaKC4H4O6 ⋅ 4H2O Na4P2O7 Na2SeO4 Na2SeO4 ⋅ 10H2O Na2Se Na2SeO3
1333-83-1 7558-79-4 10039-32-4 7782-85-6 7681-38-1 10034-88-5 16721-80-5 16721-80-5 7631-90-5 1310-73-2 7681-52-9 10022-70-5 7681-55-2 7681-82-5 12232-99-4 7681-57-4 7775-19-1 6834-92-0 7631-95-0 10102-40-6 12034-09-2 7631-99-4 7632-00-0 13755-38-9 13721-39-6 62-76-0 1313-59-3 7632-04-4 7601-89-0 7791-07-3 7790-28-5 13472-31-6 10101-50-5* 1313-60-6 13472-33-8 7775-27-1 10101-89-0 56802-99-4 7681-53-0 10039-56-2 304-59-6 7722-88-5 13410-01-0 10102-23-5 1313-85-5 10102-18-8
61.995 141.959 358.143 268.066 120.062 138.077 56.064 92.095 104.062 39.997 74.442 164.518 197.892 149.894 279.968 190.109 65.800 122.064 205.92 241.95 163.894 84.995 68.996 297.949 183.909 133.999 61.979 153.861 122.441 140.456 213.892 267.938 195.972 77.979 273.195 238.107 380.124 238.383 87.979 105.994 282.220 265.902 188.94 369.09 124.94 172.94
wh hex cry wh hyg powder col cry col cry wh hyg cry wh monocl cry col rhomb cry yel hyg needles wh cry wh orth cry; hyg stable in aq soln pale grn orth cry wh orth cry wh cub cry; hyg yel-brn hyg cry wh cry wh hex cry wh amorp solid; hyg col cub cry cry powder rhomb cry col hex cry; hyg wh orth cry; hyg red cry col hex prisms wh powder wh amorp powder wh cry wh orth cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh et rt cry wh hex cry red-blk hyg cry yel hyg powder cry wh hyg cry col hex cry wh cry wh cry col hyg cry wh cry col cry col orth cry wh cry amorp solid wh et rt cry
>160 dec
2.08 1.7 ≈1.5 ≈1.7 2.43 2.10 1.79
≈35 dec ≈315 350 55 dec 323 anh form exp 18 dec 660
1388
1.48 2.13
1304
1.6 4.28 3.67
966 1089 687 100 dec 1422 307 271
1434
3.2520 11.825 11.825 11.825 28.525 28.525
10025 79.925 9.4725 18425 66.725
>320 dec
2.46 2.61 ≈3.5 ≈3.5 4.55 2.26 2.17 1.72
91.225 84.825 4016
2.34 2.27
3.6125
2.52 2.02 3.86 3.22 2.47 2.805 5.39
20525 20525 14.425 14.425 14420
≈75
1.62
14.425 2525 10025 10025
>875
anh at 130
1.79 2.53 1.61 2.62
reac EtOH s H2O, EtOh, eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O; sl EtOH s EtOH, MeOH s H2O i EtOH s EtOH, ace i cold H 2O, reac acid sl EtOH s H2O s cold H 2O; reac hot H 2O
65.025 65.025
860 ≈250 dec 1132 dec 60 dec 480 dec ≈130 dec ≈300 dec 175 dec 170 dec 675 300
310 dec ≈70 dec 988
i EtOH i EtOH
i H2O sl EtOH, MeOH sl EtOH; reac acid sl EtOH s H2O; i EtOH i EtOH reac H2O reac H2O
s acid reac EtOH reac H2O vs H2O; reac EtOH i EtOH
s EtOH vs H2O; i EtOH
7.0925 58.525 58.525 89.825
reac H2O i EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-85
2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175
Formula
2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220
NaC18H35O2 Na2C4H4O4 ⋅ 6H2O Na2SO4 Na2SO4 ⋅ 10H2O Na2S Na2S ⋅ 9H2O Na2S ⋅ 5H2O Na2SO3 Na2SO3 ⋅ 7H2O NaO2 Na2TeO4 Na2TeO3 Na2B4O7 Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O Na2B4O7 ⋅ 5H2O Na2B4O7 ⋅ 4H2O NaAlCl 4 NaAuCl 4 ⋅ 2H2O Na2PdCl 4 ⋅ 3H2O Na2PtCl 4 ⋅ 4H2O Na2BeF4 NaSCN Na3PO3S ⋅ 12H2O Na2S2O3 Na2S2O3 ⋅ 5H2O Na3(PO3)3 Na3(PO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Na5P3O10 Na2WO4 Na2WO4 ⋅ 2H2O Na2U2O7 ⋅ H2O NaVO3 NaVO3 ⋅ 4H2O Sr Sr(AsO2)2 ⋅ 4H2O Sr(BrO3)2 ⋅ H2O SrBr2 SrBr2 ⋅ 6H2O SrC2 SrCO3 Sr(ClO 3)2 SrCl 2 SrCl 2 ⋅ 6H2O SrCrO4 Sr(CN)2 ⋅ 4H2O
Sodium stearate Sodium succinate hexahydrate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfide Sodium sulfide nonahydrate Sodium sulfide pentahydrate Sodium sulfite Sodium sulfite heptahydrate Sodium superoxide Sodium telurate Sodium telurite Sodium tert aborate Sodium tert aborate decahydrate Sodium tert aborate pentahydrate Sodium tert aborate tetrahydrate Sodium tert achloroaluminate Sodium tert achloroaurate(III) dihydrate Sodium tert achloropalladate(II) trihydrate Sodium tert achloroplatinate(II) tetrahydrate Sodium tert afluoroberyllate Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiophosphate dodecahydrate Sodium thiosulfate Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Sodium trimetaphosphate Sodium trimetaphosphate hexahydrate Sodium tripolyphosphate Sodium tungstate Sodium tungstate dihydrate Sodium uranate(VI) monohydrate Sodium vanadate(V) Sodium vanadate(V) tetrahydrate Strontium Strontium arsenite tetrahydrate Strontium bromate monohydrate Strontium bromide Strontium bromide hexahydrate Strontium carbide Strontium carbonate Strontium chlorate Strontium chloride Strontium chloride hexahydrate Strontium chromate Strontium cyanide dihydrate
CAS Reg No. 822-16-2 150-90-3 7757-82-6 7727-73-3 1313-82-2 1313-84-4 1313-83-3 7757-83-7 10102-15-5 12034-12-7 10101-83-4 10102-20-2 1330-43-4 1303-96-4 12045-88-4 12045-87-3 7784-16-9 13874-02-7 13820-53-6 10026-00-3 13871-27-7 540-72-7 10101-88-9 7772-98-7 10102-17-7 7785-84-4 7785-84-4 7758-29-4 13472-45-2 10213-10-2 13721-34-1 13718-26-8 13718-26-8 7440-24-6 10378-48-0 14519-18-7 10476-81-0 7789-53-9 12071-29-3 1633-05-2 7791-10-8 10476-85-4 10025-70-4 7789-06-2
Mol. Physical Weight Form 306.460 270.144 142.044 322.197 78.046 240.184 168.122 126.044 252.151 54.989 237.58 221.58 201.220 381.373 291.296 273.281 191.783 397.799 348.26 454.93 130.986 81.074 396.191 158.110 248.186 305.885 413.976 367.864 293.82 329.85 652.049 121.930 193.992 87.62 373.52 361.44 247.43 355.52 111.64 147.63 254.52 158.53 266.62 203.61 211.72
wh pow cry pow wh orth cry or powder col monocl cry wh cub cry; hyg wh-yel hyg cry col orth cry wh hex cry wh monocl cry; unstable yel cub cry wh powder wh rhomb prisms col gl solid; hyg wh monocl cry hex cry wh monocl cry orth cry oran-yel rhom cry brn-red hyg cry red prisms orth cry col hyg cry hex hyg leaflets col mono cry col cry wh cry tricl-rhom hyg prisms wh hyg pow wh rhom cry wh orth cry yel pow col mono prisms yel-wh cry pow silv-wh metal; cub wh pow yel hyg mono cry wh et rt cry col hyg cry blk tetr cry wh orth cry; hyg col cry wh cub cry; hyg col hyg cry yel monocl cry wh hyg cry
mp/°C
bp/°C
120 dec 884 32 dec 1172 ≈50 dec 120 dec dec
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility
2.7 1.46 1.856 1.43 1.58 2.63 1.56 2.2
552
20 28.125 28.125 20.625 20.625 20.625 30.725 30.725
sl H 2O, EtOH; vs hot H 2O i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH sl EtOH; i eth sl EtOH; i eth s EtOH; i eth i EtOH sl EtOH reac H2O
0.8 743 75 dec dec
1575
2.4 1.73 1.88 1.95 2.01
15010
100 dec 100 575 287 60 100 dec ≈50 dec
2.47
1.69 1.69 2.49 1.786 4.18 3.25
s H2O s EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O, EtOH sl H 2O
76.425 76.425 22 22 2025 74.225 74.225
vs hot H 2O i EtOH i EtOH i EtOH
i EtOH i H2O; s acid
2125 2125
630
120 dec 657 88 dec >1700 1494 120 dec 874 100 dec dec dec
sl H 2O sl MeOH i EtOH
15125
53 622 695 100 dec
777
3.1725 3.1725 3.1725 3.1725
1382
2.64 3.773 4.216
1250
3.19 3.5 3.15 3.052 1.96 3.9
reac H2O; s EtOH sl H 2O, EtOH; sol dil acid 39.025 10725 10725 0.0003420 17625 54.725 54.725 0.10620
s EtOH; i eth i H2O s dil acid sl EtOH s EtOH s dil acid vs H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-86
No. Name
Strontium ferrocyanide pentadecahydrate Strontium fluoride Strontium formate Strontium formate dihydrate Strontium hexaboride Strontium hydride Strontium hydroxide Strontium iodate Strontium iodide Strontium iodide hexahydrate Strontium niobate Strontium nitrate Strontium nitride Strontium nitrite Strontium oxide Strontium perchlorate Strontium permanganate trihydrate Strontium peroxide Strontium phosphate Strontium selenate Strontium selenide Strontium orthosilicate Strontium silicide Strontium sulfate Strontium sulfide Strontium sulfite Strontium teluride Strontium thiosulfate pentahydrate Strontium titanate Strontium tungstate Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic)
SrFe(CN)6 ⋅ 15H2O SrF2 Sr(CHO2)2 Sr(CHO2)2 ⋅ 2H2O SrB6 SrH2 Sr(OH)2 Sr(IO3)2 SrI2 SrI2 ⋅ 6H2O SrNb2O6 Sr(NO3)2 Sr3N2 Sr(NO2)2 SrO Sr(ClO 4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 ⋅ 3H2O SrO2 Sr3(PO4)2 SrSeO4 SrSe Sr2SiO4 SrSi2 SrSO4 SrS SrSO3 SrTe SrS2O3 ⋅ 5H2O SrTiO3 SrWO4 S S
2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267
Sulfuric acid Peroxysulfuric acid Nitrosylsulfuric acid Chlorosulfonic acid Fluorosulfonic acid Sulfurous acid Sulfamic acid Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Sulfur bromide Sulfur chloride Sulfur fluoride Sulfur fluoride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur tetrafluoride
H2SO4 H2SO5 HNOSO4 SO2(OH)Cl SO2(OH)F H2SO3 H2NSO3H SO2 SO3 SSBr2 SSCl 2 SSF2 FSSF SCl 2 SF4
1314-18-7 7446-28-8 7446-21-1 1315-07-7 13597-55-2 12138-28-2 7759-02-6 1314-96-1 13451-02-0 12040-08-3 15123-90-7 12060-59-2 13451-05-3 7704-34-9 7704-34-9
569.80 125.62 177.66 213.69 152.49 89.64 121.64 437.43 341.43 449.52 369.43 211.63 290.87 179.63 103.62 286.52 379.54 119.62 452.80 230.58 166.58 267.32 143.79 183.68 119.69 167.68 215.22 289.83 183.49 335.46 32.066 32.066
7664-93-9 7722-86-3 7782-78-7 7790-94-5 7789-21-1 7782-99-2 5329-14-6 7446-09-5 7446-11-9 13172-31-1 10025-67-9 16860-99-4 13709-35-8 10545-99-0 7783-60-0
98.080 114.079 127.078 116.525 100.070 82.080 97.095 64.065 80.064 223.940 135.037 102.129 102.129 102.971 108.060
7783-48-4 592-89-2 6160-34-5 12046-54-7 13598-33-9 18480-07-4 13470-01-4 10476-86-5 73796-25-5 12034-89-8 10042-76-9 12033-82-8 13470-06-9 1314-11-0 13450-97-0
yel mono cry wh cub cry or powder wh cry col rhom cry blk cub cry orth cry col orth cry; hyg tricl cry wh hyg cry wh-yel hex cry; hyg monocl cry wh cub cry refrac solid wh-yel hyg needles col cub cry col hyg cry pur cub cry wh et tr cry; unstable wh powder orth cry wh cub cry orth cry silv-gray cub cry wh orth cry gray cub cry col cry wh cub cry mono needles wh cub cry col tetr cry yel orth cry yel monocl needles, stable 95.3-120 col oily liq wh cry; unstable prisms col-yel liq col liq exists only in soln orth cry col gas col liq red oily liq yel-red oily liq col gas col gas red visc liq col gas
1477 71.9 100 dec 2235 1050 535 538 120 dec 1225 570 1200 240 dec 2531
2460
710 dec 1773 dec
645
2.8 5.1
175 dec 215 dec
2.75 4.78 4.25 4.54 4.5 3.35 3.96 3.70
1600 1100 1606 2226 dec 100 dec 2080 dec 95.3 (trans to monocl) 115.21 10.31 45 dec 73 dec -80 -89 ≈205 dec -75.5 16.8 -46 -77 -164.6 -133 -122 -125
4.24 2.693 2.25 3.39 3.26 3.625 5.045 4.55 4.4 5.11 2.99
50 0.02125 9.10 9.137
2.2525 0.16525 17725 17725 80.225
444.60 444.60 337
1.8
152 163
1.75 1.726
-10.05 45 >25 dec 137 -10.6 15 59.6 -40.45
2.15 2.619 g/L 1.92 2.63 1.69 4.174 g/L 4.174 g/L 1.62 4.417 g/L
i EtOH, eth i H2O; s HNO3 reac H2O
s EtOH i H2O sl EtOH, ace reac H2O; s HCl
72.130 30625 25018 0.00001120 0.11520
0.013525 0.001525
4.83 2.17 5.1 6.187 2.07 2.07
s dil acid
36.325 0.1415
14.70
reac H2O s EtOH, MeOH reac H2O s acid s hot HCl
i EtOH; sl acid sl H 2O; s acid s H2SO4, HCl i EtOH i H2O i EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth; s CS i H2O; sl EtOH, bz, eth; s CS vs H2O vs H2O reac H2O; s H2SO4 reac H2O; s py reac H2O soln of SO2 in H2O sl ace; i eth s H2O, EtOh, eth, chl reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, eth, ctc reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O
2 2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-87
2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252
Formula
CAS Reg No.
2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312
SF6 SF5Br SF5Cl S2F10 (NH2)2SO2 SO2Cl 2 SO2F2 S2O5Cl 2 SOBr2 SOCl 2 SOF2 F5SOF Ta TaAl 3 TaB TaB2 TaC Ta2C TaN TaSi2 TaO2 TaSe2 TaS2 TaTe2 TaBr5 TaCl 5 TaF5 TaI5 Ta2O5 Tc TcF5 TcF6 Te H6TeO6 H2TeO3 TeO2 TeO3 TeBr2 TeCl 2 TeBr4 TeCl 4 TeF4 TeI4 TeF6 Tb
2551-62-4 15607-89-3 13780-57-9 5714-22-7 7803-58-9 7791-25-5 2699-79-8 7791-27-7 507-16-4 7719-09-7 7783-42-8 15179-32-5 7440-25-7 12004-76-1 12007-07-7 12007-35-1 12070-06-3 12070-07-4 12033-62-4 12039-79-1 12036-14-5 12039-55-3 12143-72-5 12067-66-2 13451-11-1 7721-01-9 7783-71-3 14693-81-3 1314-61-0 7440-26-8 31052-14-9 13842-93-8 13494-80-9 7803-68-1 10049-23-7 7446-07-3 13451-18-8 7789-54-0 10025-71-5 10031-27-3 10026-07-0 15192-26-4 7790-48-9 7783-80-4 7440-27-9
Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur bromide pentafluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Sulfur decafluoride Sulfuryl amide Sulfuryl chloride Sulfuryl fluoride Pyrosulfuryl chloride Thionyl bromide Thionyl chloride Thionyl fluoride Sulfur fluoride hypofluorite Tantalum Tantalum aluminide Tantalum boride Tantalum boride Tantalum carbide Tantalum carbide Tantalum nitride Tantalum silicide Tantalum(IV) oxide Tantalum(IV) selenide Tantalum(IV) sulfide Tantalum(IV) teluride Tantalum(V) bromide Tantalum(V) chloride Tantalum(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) iodide Tantalum(V) oxide Technetium Technetium(V) fluoride Technetium(VI) fluoride Tellurium Telluric(VI) acid Tellurous acid Tellurium dioxide Tellurium trioxide Tellurium dibromide Tellurium dichloride Tellurium tetrabromide Tellurium tetrachloride Tellurium tetrafluoride Tellurium tetraiodide Tellurium hexafluoride Terbium
Mol. Physical Weight Form 146.056 206.962 162.511 254.116 96.110 134.970 102.062 215.034 207.873 118.970 86.062 162.055 180.948 261.893 191.759 202.570 192.959 373.907 194.955 237.119 212.947 338.87 245.080 436.15 580.468 358.212 275.940 815.470 441.893 98 193 212 127.60 229.64 177.61 159.60 175.60 287.41 198.51 447.22 269.41 203.59 635.22 241.59 158.925
col gas col gas col gas liq orth plates col liq col gas col fuming il q yel il q yel fuming liq col gas col gas gray metal; cub gray refrac powder refrac orth cry blk hex cry gold-brown powder; cub refrac hex cry blk hex cry gray powder tetr cry hex cry blk hex cry monocl cry yel cry powder yel monocl cry; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg blk hex cry; hyg wh rhomb cry or powder hex cry yel solid yel cub cry gray-wh rhomb cry wh monocl cry wh cry wh orth cry yel-oran cry grn-brn hyg cry blk amorp solid; hyg yel-oran monocl cry wh monocl cry; hyg col cry blk orth cry col gas silv metal; hex
mp/°C
bp/°C
-50.7 tp -79 -64 -52.7 93 -51 -135.8 -37 -50 -101 -129.5 -86 3017 ≈1400 2040 3140 3880 3327 3090 2200
-63.8 sp 3.1 -19.05 30; dec 150 250 dec 69.4 -55.4 151 140 75.6 -43.8 -35.1 5458
4780
>3000 265 216 95.1 496 1784 2157 50 37.4 449.51 136 40 dec 733 430 210 208 388 224 129 280 -37.6 tp 1356
349 239.35 229.2 543 4265 dec 55.3 988
1245 339 328 ≈420 dec 387 195 dec -38.9 sp 3230
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 5.970 g/L 8.459 g/L 6.642 g/L 2.08
sl H 2O; s EtOH
i H2O vs H2O; sl EtOH reac H2O; s bz, tol, eth sl H 2O, EtOH; s tol, ctc reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s bz, ctc, chl reac H2O; s bz, eth
1.680 4.172 g/L 1.837 1.631 3.518 g/L 6.624 g/L 16.4 7.02 14.2 11.2 14.3 15.1 13.7 9.14 10.0 6.7 6.86 9.4 4.99 3.68 5.0 5.80 8.2 11 3.0 6.24 3.07 3.0 5.9 5.07 6.9 4.3 3.0 5.05 9.875 g/L 8.23
reac HF i H2O, acid, alk i H2O, acid, alk s HF-HNO3 mixture i H2O; sl aqua regia; reac alk
i H2O
reac H2O; s EtOH s H2O, eth; sl CS 2, ctc i H2O, EtOH, acid; s HF
i H2O, bz, CS2 50.130 sl H 2O; s dil acid, alk i H2O; s alk, acid i H2O reac H2O; s eth; sl chl reac H2O; i ctc reac H2O; s eth reac H2O; s EtOH, tol reac H2O reac H2O; sl ace reac H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-88
No. Name
Terbium chloride Terbium chloride hexahydrate Terbium iodide Terbium nitrate Terbium nitrate hexahydrate Terbium nitride Terbium oxide Terbium silicide Terbium sulfide Thallium Thallium(I) acetate Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) carbonate Thallium(I) chlorate Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) cyanide Thallium(I) ethanolate Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) formate Thallium(I) hexafluorophosphate Thallium(I) hydroxide Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) molybdate Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) nitrite Thallium(I) oxalate Thallium(I) oxide Thallium(I) perchlorate Thallium(I) selenate Thallium(I) selenide Thallium(I) sulfate Thallium(I) sulfide Thallium(III) bromide tetrahydrate Thallium(III) chloride Thallium(III) chloride tetrahydrate Thallium(III) fluoride Thallium(III) nitrate Thallium(III) oxide Thallium(III) sulfate Thallium selenide Thorium Thorium hydride Thorium boride Thorium(IV) bromide Thorium carbide
TbCl 3 TbCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O TbI3 Tb(NO3)3 Tb(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O TbN Tb2O3 TbSi2 Tb2S3 Tl TlC 2H3O2 TlBrO 3 TlBr Tl 2CO3 TlClO 3 TlCl Tl 2CrO4 TlCN TlC 2H5O TlF TlCHO 2 TlPF 6 TlOH TlIO 3 TlI Tl 2MoO4 TlNO 3 TlNO 2 Tl 2C2O4 Tl 2O TlClO 4 Tl 2SeO4 Tl 2Se Tl 2SO4 Tl 2S TlBr 3 ⋅ 4H2O TlCl 3 TlCl 3 ⋅ 4H2O TlF 3 Tl(NO 3)3 Tl 2O3 Tl 2(SO4)3 TlSe Th ThH2 ThB6 ThBr4 ThC
10042-88-3 13798-24-8 13813-40-6 10043-27-3 13451-19-9 12033-64-6 12036-41-8 12039-80-4 12138-11-3 7440-28-0 563-68-8 14550-84-6 7789-40-4 6533-73-9 13453-30-0 7791-12-0 13453-34-4 20398-06-5 7789-27-7 992-98-3 60969-19-9 12026-06-1 14767-09-0 7790-30-9 34128-09-1 10102-45-1 13826-63-6 30737-24-7 1314-12-1 13453-40-2 7446-22-2 15572-25-5 7446-18-6 1314-97-2 13701-90-1 13453-32-2 13453-32-2* 7783-57-5 13746-98-0 1314-32-5 16222-66-5 12039-52-0 7440-29-1 16689-88-6 12229-63-9 13453-49-1 12012-16-7
265.283 373.374 539.638 344.940 453.031 172.932 365.849 215.096 414.049 204.383 263.427 332.285 284.287 468.776 287.834 239.836 524.761 230.401 249.443 223.381 249.401 349.347 221.390 379.285 331.287 568.71 266.388 250.389 496.786 424.766 303.834 551.73 487.73 504.831 440.833 516.157 310.741 382.803 261.378 390.398 456.765 696.958 283.34 232.038 234.054 296.904 551.654 244.049
wh orth cry; hyg hyg cry hex cry; hyg pink hyg solid col needles cub cry wh cub cry orth cry cub cry soft blue-wh metal hyg wh cry col needles yel cub cry wh monocl cry col hex cry wh cub cry yel cry wh hex plates cloudy liq wh orth cry hyg col needles wh cub cry yel needles wh needles yel cry powder yel-wh cub cry wh cry cub cry wh powder blk rhomb cry; hyg col orth cry orth cry gray plates wh rhomb prisms blue-blk cry yel orth cry monocl cry orth cry wh orth cry; hyg col cry brn cub cry col leaflets blk solid soft gray-wh metal; cub tetr cry refrac solid wh hyg cry cub cry
588
4.35 4.35 ≈5.2
957
15725 89 2303
304 131 120 dec 460 272
1473
430
720
-3 326 101
130 dec 826
819
139 dec
9.55 7.91 6.66 6.35 11.8 3.68 7.5 7.11 5.5 7.0 6.523 3.49 8.36 4.97 4.6 7.44
0.4930 0.05920 4.6920 3.9220 0.3320 0.00320
34.318 0.058 0.008520
7.1
206
450 dec
9.5520 32.125 1.8320
579
≈1080
5.55 5.7 6.31 9.52 4.8 6.875
5.4725 0.0220
550 dec
6.77 8.39 3.65 4.7 3.00 8.65
834
10.2
155
330 1750 2450 679 2500
4788
i EtOH i EtOH sl acid, alk s H2O, acid, EtOH reac H2O vs H2O; s MeOH
824
1367
i H2O; reac acid s H2O, EtOH s EtOH
24525
441.7
>400 340 632 448
s H2O vs H2O s H2O s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace
sl HNO 3 i EtOH i H2O i EtOH
s H2O, EtOH 19.730 2.820
11.7 9.5 6.99
i EtOH, eth i H2O, acid sl alk; s acid s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O reac H2O reac H2O i H2O; reac acid reac H2O i H2O, acid s acid
6520 10.6
reac H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-89
2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360
Formula
2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405
ThC2 ThCl 4 ThF4 ThI4 Th(NO3)4 ⋅ 4H2O ThN ThO2 ThSe2 ThSiO4 ThSi2 Th(SO4)2 ⋅ 9H2O ThS2 Tm TmBr3 TmCl 3 TmCl 3 ⋅ 7H2O TmF3 TmI3 Tm(NO3)3 Tm(NO3)3 ⋅ 5H2O Tm2O3 Sn Sn SnH4 SnH3CH3 Sn(C2H3O2)2 SnBr2 SnCl 2 SnCl 2 ⋅ 2H2O SnF2 SnZrF6 Sn(OH)2 SnI2 SnC2O4 SnO Sn2P2O7 SnSe SnSO4 SnS SnC4H4O6 SnTe SnBr4 SnCl 4 SnCl 4 ⋅ 5H2O Sn(CrO4)2
Thorium dicarbide Thorium(IV) chloride Thorium(IV) fluoride Thorium(IV) iodide Thorium(IV) nitrate tetrahydrate Thorium nitride Thorium(IV) oxide Thorium(IV) selenide Thorium orthosilicate Thorium silicide Thorium(IV) sulfate nonahydrate Thorium(IV) sulfide Thulium Thulium bromide Thulium chloride Thulium chloride heptahydrate Thulium fluoride Thulium iodide Thulium nitrate Thulium nitrate pentahydrate Thulium oxide Tin (gray) Tin (white) Stannane Methylstannane Tin(II) acetate Tin(II) bromide Tin(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride dihydrate Tin(II) fluoride Tin(II) hexafluorozirconate Tin(II) hydroxide Tin(II) iodide Tin(II) oxalate Tin(II) oxide Tin(II) pyrophosphate Tin(II) selenide Tin(II) sulfate Tin(II) sulfide Tin(II) tartrate Tin(II) teluride Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate Tin(IV) chromate
CAS Reg No. 12071-31-7 10026-08-1 13709-59-6 7790-49-0 33088-16-3 12033-65-7 1314-20-1 60763-24-8 14553-44-7 12067-54-8 10381-37-0 12138-07-7 7440-30-4 14456-51-0 13537-18-3 13778-39-7 13760-79-7 13813-43-9 14985-19-4 36548-87-5 12036-44-1 7440-31-5 7440-31-5 2406-52-2 1631-78-3 638-39-1 10031-24-0 7772-99-8 10025-69-1 7783-47-3 12419-43-1 12026-24-3 10294-70-9 814-94-8 21651-19-4 15578-26-4 1315-06-6 7488-55-3 1314-95-0 815-85-0 12040-02-7 7789-67-5 7646-78-8 10026-06-9 38455-77-5
Mol. Physical Weight Form 256.059 373.849 308.032 739.656 552.119 246.045 264.037 389.96 324.122 288.209 586.303 296.170 168.934 408.646 275.292 401.399 225.929 549.647 354.949 445.025 385.866 118.710 118.710 122.742 136.769 236.799 278.518 189.615 225.646 156.707 323.924 152.725 372.519 206.729 134.709 411.363 197.67 214.774 150.776 266.781 246.31 438.326 260.521 350.597 350.697
yel monocl cry gray-wh tetr needles; hyg wh monocl cry; hyg wh-yel monocl cry wh hyg cry refrac cub cry wh cub cry orth cry brn tetr cry tetr cry wh monocl cry dark brn cry silv metal; hex wh hyg cry yel hyg cry hyg cry wh cry yel hyg cry grn hyg solid grn hyg cry grn-wh cub cry cub cry silv tetr cry unstable col gas col gas wh orth cry yel powder wh orth cry wh monocl cry wh monocl cry; hyg cry wh amorp solid red-oran powder wh powder blue-blk tetr cry wh amorp powder gray orth cry wh orth cry gray orth cry wh cry powder gray cub cry wh cry col fuming il q wh-yel cry brn-yel cry powder
mp/°C ≈2650 770 1110 570 500 dec 2820 3390
1850 dec 1905 1545 954 824
bp/°C 921 1680 837
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 9.0 4.59 6.1
reac H2O s H2O, EtOH
19120 4400
1950
11.6 10.0 8.5 6.7 7.9 2.8 7.30 9.32
4.220 i H2O; s acid s dil acid s H2O s H2O s H2O, EtOH s H2O
1158 1021 21225 2341 trans to wh Sn 13.2 231.93 -146 183 215 247.1 37 dec 213
320 280 dec 1080 dec 400 dec 861 378 dec 880 790 29.1 -34.07 56 dec dec
3945 2602 2602 -51.8 0 subl 639 623 850
714
1210
205 114.15
8.6 5.769 7.265 5.017 g/L 5.590 g/L 2.31 5.12 3.90 2.71 4.57 4.21 5.28 3.56 6.45 4.009 6.18 4.15 5.08 6.5 3.34 2.234 2.04
s EtOH reac H2O i H2O, alk; sl acid
850 17810 17810
0.9820
s EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace sl acid
reac H2O s dil HCl s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, ace, eth; i xyl s EtOH, NaOH; vs HCl s H2O; i EtOH, eth, chl s H2O s bz, chl, CS 2 i H2O; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH; s acid i H2O; s conc acid i H2O; s aqua regia
18.819 i H2O; s conc acid s H2O, dil HCl vs H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH, ctc, bz, ace vs H2O; s EtOH s H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-90
No. Name
Tin(IV) fluoride Tin(IV) iodide Tin(IV) oxide Tin(IV) selenide Tin(IV) selenite Tin(IV) sulfide Titanium Titanium hydride Titanium boride Titanium carbide Titanium nitride Titanium phosphide Titanium silicide Titanium(II) bromide Titanium(II) chloride Titanium(II) iodide Titanium(II) oxide Titanium(II) sulfide Titanium(III) bromide Titanium(III) chloride Titanium(III) fluoride Titanium(III) oxide Titanium(III) sulfate Titanium(III) sulfide Titanium(III,IV) oxide Titanium(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) fluoride Titanium(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxysulfate monohydrate Titanium(IV) sulfate Titanium(IV) sulfide Tungsten Tungstic acid Tungsten boride Tungsten boride Tungsten boride Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbonyl Tungsten nitride Tungsten nitride Tungsten silicide Tungsten silicide Tungsten(II) bromide Tungsten(II) chloride Tungsten(II) iodide
SnF4 SnI4 SnO2 SnSe2 Sn(SeO3)2 SnS2 Ti TiH2 TiB2 TiC TiN TiP TiSi2 TiBr2 TiCl 2 TiI2 TiO TiS TiBr3 TiCl 3 TiF3 Ti2O3 Ti2(SO4)3 Ti2S3 Ti3O5 TiBr4 TiCl 4 TiF4 TiI4 TiO2 TiOSO4 ⋅ H2O Ti(SO4)2 TiS2 W H2WO4 W2 B WB W2B5 W2 C WC W(CO)6 WN2 W2 N WSi2 W5Si3 WBr2 WCl 2 WI2
7783-62-2 7790-47-8 18282-10-5 20770-09-6 7446-25-5 1315-01-1 7440-32-6 7704-98-5 12045-63-5 12070-08-5 25583-20-4 12037-65-9 12039-83-7 13783-04-5 10049-06-6 13783-07-8 12137-20-1 12039-07-5 13135-31-4 7705-07-9 13470-08-1 1344-54-3 10343-61-0 12039-16-6 12065-65-5 7789-68-6 7550-45-0 7783-63-3 7720-83-4 13463-67-7 13825-74-6* 13693-11-3 12039-13-3 7440-33-7 7783-03-1 12007-10-2 12007-09-9 12007-98-6 12070-13-2 12070-12-1 14040-11-0 60922-26-1 12033-72-6 12039-88-2 12039-95-1 13470-10-5 13470-12-7 13470-17-2
194.704 626.328 150.709 276.63 372.63 182.842 47.867 49.883 69.489 59.878 61.874 78.841 104.038 207.675 118.772 301.676 63.866 79.933 287.579 154.225 104.862 143.732 383.925 191.932 223.598 367.483 189.678 123.861 555.485 79.866 177.945 239.994 111.999 183.84 249.85 378.49 194.65 421.74 379.69 195.85 351.90 211.85 381.69 240.01 1003.46 343.65 254.75 437.65
wh et rt cry yel-brn cub cry gray tetr cry red-brn cry cry powder gold-yel hex cry gray metal; hex gray-blk powder gray refrac solid; hex cub cry yel-brn cub cry gray hex cry blk orth cry blk powder blk hex cryc blk hex cry cub cry brn hex cry blue-blk hex cry red-viol hex cry; hyg viol hex cry viol hex cry grn cry blk hex cry blk monocl cry yel-oran cub cry; hyg col or yel liq wh hyg powder red hyg powder wh et rt cry col orth cry wh-yel hyg cry yel-brn hex cry; hyg gray-wh metal; cub yel amorp powder refrac blk powder blk refrac powder refrac solid refrac hex cry gray hex cry wh cry hex cry gray cub cry blue-gray tetr cry blue-gray refrac solid yel powder yel solid oran cry
143 1630 650 600 dec 1668 ≈450 dec 3225 3067 2950 1990 1500 1035
705 subl 364.35
3287
1500
1750 1780 425 dec 1200 1842
1777 39 -24.12 284 150 1843
960 1400
230 136.45 subl 377
4.78 4.46 6.85 ≈5.0 4.5 4.506 3.75 4.38 4.93 5.21 4.08 4.0 4.0 3.13 5.02 4.95 3.85 2.64 2.98 4.486 3.56 4.24 3.37 1.73 2.798 4.3 4.23 2.71
150 dec 3422 100 dec 2670 2665 2365 ≈2800 2785 170 dec 600 dec dec 2160 2320 400 dec >500 dec
5555
subl
3.37 19.3 5.5 16.0 15.2 11.0 14.8 15.6 2.65 7.7 17.8 9.3 14.4
reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, eth i H2O, EtOH; s hot conc alk i H2O; s alk, conc acid i H2O; s hot HCl i H2O; s alk, aqua regia i H2O i H2O; s HNO3 i H2O; s aqua regia i H2O, acid, alk; s HF reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH; i chl, eth reac H2O s conc acid s H2O reac H2O i H2O, dil acid, alk s hot HF i H2O, EtOH; s dil HCl
reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH, py reac H2O i H2O, dil acid; s conc acid reac H2O s H2O s H2SO4 i H2O, acid; s alk i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O i H2O; s HNO3/HF i H2O; s os
i H2O
s H2O 6.79
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-91
2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453
Formula
CAS Reg No.
2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498
WBr3 WCl 3 WBr4 WCl 4 WF4 WI4 WO2 WSe2 WS2 WTe2 WBr5 WCl 5 W(C2H5O)5 WF5 WOBr3 WOCl 3 WBr6 WCl 6 WO2Br2 WO2Cl 2 WO2I2 WF6 WO3 WOBr4 WOCl 4 WOF4 WS3 U UB2 UB4 UC UC2 U2C3 UN U2N3 UBr3 UCl 3 UF3 UH3 UI3 UBr4 UCl 4 UF4 UI4 UO2
15163-24-3 20193-56-0 14055-81-3 13470-13-8 13766-47-7 14055-84-6 12036-22-5 12067-46-8 12138-09-9 12067-76-4 13470-11-6 13470-14-9 62571-53-3 19357-83-6 20213-56-3 14249-98-0 13701-86-5 13283-01-7 13520-75-7 13520-76-8 14447-89-3 7783-82-6 1314-35-8 13520-77-9 13520-78-0 13520-79-1 12125-19-8 7440-61-1 12007-36-2 12007-84-0 12070-09-6 12071-33-9 12076-62-9 25658-43-9 12033-83-9 13470-19-4 10025-93-1 13775-06-9 13598-56-6 13775-18-3 13470-20-7 10026-10-5 10049-14-6 13470-22-9 1344-57-6
Tungsten(III) bromide Tungsten(III) chloride Tungsten(IV) bromide Tungsten(IV) chloride Tungsten(IV) fluoride Tungsten(IV) iodide Tungsten(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) selenide Tungsten(IV) sulfide Tungsten(IV) teluride Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) chloride Tungsten(V) ethanolate Tungsten(V) fluoride Tungsten(V) oxytribromide Tungsten(V) oxytrichloride Tungsten(VI) bromide Tungsten(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) dioxydibromide Tungsten(VI) dioxydichloride Tungsten(VI) dioxydiiodide Tungsten(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxytetrabromide Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) sulfide Uranium Uranium boride Uranium boride Uranium carbide Uranium carbide Uranium carbide Uranium nitride Uranium nitride Uranium(III) bromide Uranium(III) chloride Uranium(III) fluoride Uranium(III) hydride Uranium(III) iodide Uranium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) iodide Uranium(IV) oxide
Mol. Physical Weight Form 423.55 290.20 503.46 325.65 259.83 691.46 215.84 341.76 247.97 439.04 583.36 361.10 409.14 278.83 439.55 306.20 663.26 396.56 375.65 286.74 469.65 297.83 231.84 519.46 341.65 275.83 280.04 238.029 259.651 281.273 250.040 262.050 512.090 252.036 518.078 477.741 344.387 295.024 241.053 618.742 557.645 379.840 314.023 745.647 270.028
blk hex cry red solid blk orth cry blk hyg powder red-brn cry blk powder blue monocl cry gray hex cry gray hex cry gray orth cry brn-blk hyg solid blk hyg cry pow yel solid dark brn tetr cry grn tetr cry blue-blk cry purp hex cry; hyg red cry yel orth cry grn monocl cry col gas yel powder red tetr cry red hyg cry wh monocl cry brn powder silv-wh orth cry refrac solid refrac solid gray cub cry gray tetr cry gray cub cry gray cub cry cub cry red hyg cry grn hyg cry blk hex cry gray-blk cub cry blk hyg cry brn hyg cry grn octahed cry grn monocl cry blk hyg cry brn cub cry
mp/°C >80 dec 550 dec
bp/°C
i H2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O
subl 240 subl
450 dec >800 dec dec ≈1500 dec 1250 dec 1020 286 242
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility
4.62
reac H2O; s EtOH; i eth chl i H2O, os
10.8 9.2 7.6 9.43
i H2O, HCl, alk
333 286 105(0.05 mmHg)
reac H2O s EtAc
>80 dec ≈5.9 ≈4.6 309 275 265 400 dec 2.3 1472 277 211 106 1135 2430 2530 2790 2350 ≈1700 dec 2805 dec 727 837 dec 766 519 590 1036 506 2827
346.75 440 subl
17.1 327 227.55 185.9 4131
4370
3.52
s EtOH, os
4.67 6.39 12.17 g/L 7.2 ≈5.5 11.92 5.07
i H2O reac H2O i H2O; sl acid; s alk reac H2O reac H2O; s bz, CS2 reac H2O sl H 2O; s alk
19.1 12.7 9.32
i H2O
11.3 12.7 14.3 11.3
reac H2O; sl EtOH i H2O s H2O vs H2O; i bz, ctc i H2O; s acid
5.51 8.9 11.1
791 1417
4.72 6.7 10.97
0.0125
s H2O s H2O, EtOH reac H2O; s EtOH s conc acid, alk s H2O, EtOH i H2O, dil acid; s conc acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-92
No. Name
Uranium(IV,V) oxide Uranium(V) bromide Uranium(V) chloride Uranium(V) fluoride Uranium(V,VI) oxide Uranium(VI) chloride Uranium(VI) fluoride Uranium(VI) oxide Uranium(VI) oxide monohydrate Uranium peroxide dihydrate Uranyl chloride Uranyl fluoride Uranyl nitrate Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate Uranyl sulfate Uranyl sulfate trihydrate Vanadium Vanadium boride Vanadium boride Vanadium carbide Vanadium carbide Vanadium carbonyl Vanadium nitride Vanadium silicide Vanadium silicide Vanadium(II) bromide Vanadium(II) chloride Vanadium(II) fluoride Vanadium(II) iodide Vanadium(II) oxide Vanadium(II) sulfate heptahydrate Vanadium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Vanadium(III) bromide Vanadium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) fluoride Vanadium(III) fluoride trihydrate Vanadium(III) iodide Vanadium(III) oxide Vanadium(III) sulfate Vanadium(III) sulfide Vanadium(IV) bromide Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) fluoride Vanadium(IV) oxide Vanadium(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) oxide Vanadyl bromide Vanadyl chloride
U4O9 UBr5 UCl 5 UF5 U3O8 UCl 6 UF6 UO3 UO3 ⋅ H2O UO4 ⋅ 2H2O UO2Cl 2 UO2F2 UO2(NO3)2 UO2(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O UO2SO4 UO2SO4 ⋅ 3H2O V VB VB2 VC V2C V(CO)6 VN VSi2 V3Si VBr2 VCl 2 VF2 VI2 VO VSO4 ⋅ 7H2O V(CH3COCHCOCH3)3 VBr3 VCl 3 VF3 VF3 ⋅ 3H2O VI3 V2O3 V2(SO4)3 V2S3 VBr4 VCl 4 VF4 VO2 VF5 V2O5 VOBr VOCl
12037-15-9 13775-16-1 13470-21-8 13775-07-0 1344-59-8 13763-23-0 7783-81-5 1344-58-7 12326-21-5 19525-15-6 7791-26-6 13536-84-0 10102-06-4 13520-83-7 1314-64-3 20910-28-5 7440-62-2 12045-27-1 12007-37-3 12070-10-9 12012-17-8 20644-87-5 24646-85-3 12039-87-1 12039-76-8 14890-41-6 10580-52-6 13842-80-3 15513-84-5 12035-98-2 36907-42-3 13476-99-8 13470-26-3 7718-98-1 10049-12-4 10049-12-4* 15513-94-7 1314-34-7 13701-70-7 1315-03-3 13595-30-7 7632-51-1 10049-16-8 12036-21-4 7783-72-4 1314-62-1 13520-88-2 13520-87-1
1096.111 637.549 415.293 333.021 842.082 450.745 352.019 286.027 304.043 338.057 340.933 308.025 394.037 502.129 366.091 420.138 50.942 61.753 72.564 62.953 113.894 219.002 64.949 107.113 180.911 210.750 121.847 88.939 304.751 66.941 273.112 348.266 290.654 157.300 107.937 161.983 431.655 149.881 390.074 198.081 370.558 192.753 126.936 82.941 145.934 181.880 146.845 102.394
cub cry brn hyg cry brn hyg cry pale blue tetr cry; hyg grn-blk orth cry green hex cry wh monocl solid oran-yel cry yel orth cry yel hyg cry yel orth cry; hyg yel hyg solid yel cry yel orth cry; hyg yel cry yel cry gray-wh metal; cub refrac solid refrac solid refrac blk cry; cub hex cry blue-grn cry; flam blk powder; cub metalic prisms cub cry oran-brn hex cry grn hex plates blue hyg cry red-viol hex cry grn cry viol cry brn cry gray-brn hyg cry red-viol hex cry; hyg yel-grn hex cry grn rhomb cry brn-blk rhomb cry; hyg blk powder yel powder grn-blk powder unstable magenta cry unstable red liq grn hyg powder blue-blk powder col liq yel-brn orth cry viol cry brn orth cry
11.2 287 348 1300 dec 177 64.0 pt
56.5 sp
570 dec 115 dec 577
5.81 8.38 3.6 5.09 ≈7.3 7.05
60
118 dec
2.81
1910 2250 2450 2810 2167 60 dec 2050
3407
3.28 6.0
800 subl 910 subl
64.420 12725 12725 15216
i H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, ace; i bz i bz s eth s EtOH, eth sl EtOH i H2O; s acid i H2O
5.77
i H2O
6.13 4.42 5.70 4.58 3.23
i H2O; s aqua regia s HF
800 subl
5.44 5.758
≈185
subl
500 dec ≈1400 ≈100 dec
subl
≈1.0 4.00 3.00 3.363
1789
2067 ≈400 dec dec -23 dec -25.7 325 dec 1967 19.5 670 480 dec
reac H2O; s ctc, chl i H2O; s acid
subl
1935 ≈1350
reac H2O reac H2O s H2O
reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth reac H2O reac H2O s acid s MeOH, ace, bz chl reac H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH sl H 2O reac H2O i H2O sl H 2O i H2O; s hot HCl
5.21 4.87 4.7 148 subl 48.3 1800 dec
1.816 3.15 4.339 2.50 3.35
127
1.72
0.0725
reac H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O i H2O; s acid, alk reac H2O s conc acid, alk; i EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-93
2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546
Formula
2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591
VOBr2 VOCl 2 VOF2 VOSeO3 ⋅ H2O VOSO4 ⋅ 2H2O VOBr3 VOCl 3 VOF3 H2O Xe XeO3 XeO4 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO2F2 XeOF4 XeFRuF6 XeFSb2F11 Xe2F3AsF6 XeF3SbF6 XeF3Sb2F11 XeF5AsF6 XeF5RuF6 Yb YbSi2 YbBr2 YbCl 2 YbI2 YbCl 3 YbCl 3 ⋅ 6H2O YbF3 Yb(NO3)3 Yb2O3 Yb2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Y Y3Al 5O12 YSb YAs YB6 YBr3 YC2 Y2(CO3)3 ⋅ 3H2O YCl 3 YF3
Vanadyl dibromide Vanadyl dichloride Vanadyl difluoride Vanadyl selenite hydrate Vanadyl sulfate dihydrate Vanadyl tribromide Vanadyl trichloride Vanadyl trifluoride Water Xenon Xenon trioxide Xenon tetroxide Xenon difluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Xenon hexafluoride Xenon dioxydifluoride Xenon oxytetrafluoride Xenon fluoride hexafluororuthenate Xenon fluoride undecafluoroantimonate Xenon fluoride hexafluoroarsenate Xenon fluoride hexafluoroantimonate Xenon trifluoride undecafluoroantimonate Xenon pentafluoride hexafluoroarsenate Xenon pentafluoride hexafluororuthenate Ytterbium Ytterbium silicide Ytterbium(II) bromide Ytterbium(II) chloride Ytterbium(II) iodide Ytterbium(III) chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride hexahydrate Ytterbium(III) fluoride Ytterbium(III) nitrate Ytterbium(III) oxide Ytterbium(III) sulfate octahydrate Yttrium Yttrium aluminum oxide Yttrium antimonide Yttrium arsenide Yttrium boride Yttrium bromide Yttrium carbide Yttrium carbonate trihydrate Yttrium chloride Yttrium fluoride
CAS Reg No. 13520-89-3 10213-09-9 13814-83-0 133578-89-9 27774-13-6 13520-90-6 7727-18-6 13709-31-4 7732-18-5 7440-63-3 13776-58-4 12340-14-6 13709-36-9 13709-61-0 13693-09-9 13875-06-4 13774-85-1 22527-13-5 15364-10-0 50432-32-1 39797-63-2 35718-37-7 20328-94-3 39796-98-0 7440-64-4 12039-89-3 25502-05-0 13874-77-6 19357-86-9 10361-91-8 19423-87-1 13760-80-0 13768-67-7 1314-37-0 10034-98-7 7440-65-5 12005-21-9 12186-97-9 12255-48-0 12008-32-1 13469-98-2 12071-35-1 5970-44-5 10361-92-9 13709-49-4
Mol. Physical Weight Form 226.749 137.846 104.938 211.92 199.036 306.653 173.299 123.936 18.015 131.29 179.29 195.29 169.29 207.28 245.28 201.29 223.28 365.35 602.79 508.49 424.04 640.79 415.19 441.34 173.04 229.21 332.85 243.95 426.85 279.40 387.49 230.04 359.06 394.08 778.39 88.906 593.619 210.666 163.828 153.772 328.618 112.927 411.885 195.264 145.901
yel-brn cry grn hyg cry yel cry grn tricl plates blue cry powder deep red liq fuming red liq yel hyg powder col liq col gas col orth cry yel solid; exp col tetr cry col monocl cry col monocl cry col orth cry col liq yel-grn monocl cry yel monocl cry yel-grn monocl cry yel-grn monocl cry yel-grn tricl cry wh monocl cry grn orth cry silv metal; cub hex cry yel cry grn cry blk cry wh hyg powder grn hyg cry wh cry col hyg solid col cub cry col cry silv metal; hex grn cub cry cub cry cub cry refrac solid col hyg cry refrac solid red-brn powder wh monocl cry; hyg wh hyg powder
mp/°C
bp/°C
180 dec 380 dec
Density Solubility Qualitative g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 2.88
reac H2O; s EtOH
3.506
-79 300 0.00 -111.79 pt (81.6 kPa) exp ≈25 -35.9 129.03 tp 117.10 tp 49.5 30.8 exp -46.2 110 63 99 ≈110 82 130.5 152 819
180 dec 127 480 100.0 -108.12 ≈0 dec 114.35 sp 115.75 sp 75.6
1196
673 721 772 875 150 dec 1157
s H2O reac H2O reac H2O; s MeOH, eth, ace reac H2O s EtOH, MeOH, ace sl H 2O s H2O
1.829 2.459 0.9970 5.366 g/L 4.55 4.32 4.04 3.56 4.10 3.170 3.78 3.69 3.62 3.92 3.98 3.51 3.79 6.90 7.54
sl H 2O reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O
reac H2O
s dil acid
5.27
2.57 8.2 23925
2355
4070
1522
3345
2310 2600 904 ≈2400
9.2 3.3 4.47 ≈4.5 5.97 5.59 3.72
reac H2O reac H2O reac H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O s EtOH s dil acid
38.420 reac H2O; s dil acid
83.330 4.13 i H2O; s dil acid
721 ≈1150
2.61 4.0
75.120 i H2O
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-94
No. Name
Yttrium nitrate Yttrium nitrate tert ahydrate Yttrium nitrate hexahydrate Yttrium oxide Yttrium phosphide Yttrium sulfate octahydrate Yttrium sulfide Zinc Zinc acetate dihydrate Zinc ammonium sulfate Zinc antimonide Zinc arsenate Zinc arsenate octahydrate Zinc arsenide Zinc arsenite Zinc borate Zinc borate hemiheptahydrate Zinc borate pentahydrate Zinc bromate hexahydrate Zinc bromide Zinc caprylaet Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate hydroxide Zinc chlorate Zinc chloride Zinc chromate Zinc chromite Zinc citrate dihydrate Zinc cyanide Zinc dithionate Zinc fluoride Zinc fluoride tetrahydrate Zinc fluoroborate hexahydrate Zinc formate dihydrate Zinc hexafluorosilicate hexahydrate Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodate Zinc iodide Zinc laurate Zinc molybdate Zinc nitrate Zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zinc nitride Zinc nitrite Zinc oleate Zinc oxalaet Zinc oxalaet dihydrate Zinc oxide
Y(NO3)3 Y(NO3)3 ⋅ 4H2O Y(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O Y2O3 YP Y2(SO4)3 ⋅ 8H2O Y2S3 Zn Zn(C2H3O2)2 ⋅ 2H2O Zn(NH4)2(SO4)2 ZnSb Zn3(AsO4)2 Zn3(AsO4)2 ⋅ 8H2O Zn3As2 Zn(AsO2)2 3ZnO ⋅ 2B2O3 2ZnO ⋅ 3B2O3 ⋅ 3.5H2O 2ZnO ⋅ 3B2O3 ⋅ 5H2O Zn(BrO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O ZnBr2 Zn(C8H15O2)2 ZnCO3 3Zn(OH)2 ⋅ 2ZnCO3 Zn(ClO 3)2 ZnCl 2 ZnCrO4 ZnCr2O4 Zn3(C6H5O7)2 ⋅ 2H2O Zn(CN)2 ZnS2O4 ZnF2 ZnF2 ⋅ 4H2O Zn(BF4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Zn(CHO2)2 ⋅ 2H2O ZnSiF6 ⋅ 6H2O Zn(OH)2 Zn(IO3)2 ZnI2 Zn(C12H23O2)2 ZnMoO4 Zn(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O Zn3N2 Zn(NO2)2 Zn(C18H33O2)2 ZnC2O4 ZnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O ZnO
10361-93-0 13773-69-8 13494-98-9 1314-36-9 12294-01-8 7446-33-5 12039-19-9 7440-66-6 5970-45-6 7783-24-6 12039-35-9 13464-44-3 13464-45-4 12006-40-5 10326-24-6 27043-84-1 12513-27-8 12536-65-1 13517-27-6 7699-45-8 557-09-5 3486-35-9 12070-69-8 10361-95-2 7646-85-7 13530-65-9 12018-19-8 546-46-3 557-21-1 7779-86-4 7783-49-5 13986-18-0 27860-83-9 5970-62-7 16871-71-9 20427-58-1 7790-37-6 10139-47-6 2452-01-9 13767-32-3 7779-88-6 10196-18-6 1313-49-1 10102-02-0 557-07-3 547-68-2 4255-07-6 1314-13-2
274.921 346.982 383.012 225.810 119.880 610.125 274.010 65.39 219.51 293.59 187.15 474.01 618.13 346.01 279.23 383.41 434.69 461.72 429.29 225.20 351.80 125.40 549.01 232.29 136.29 181.38 233.38 610.40 117.42 193.52 103.39 175.45 347.09 191.46 315.56 99.41 415.20 319.20 464.01 225.33 189.40 297.49 224.18 157.40 628.30 153.41 189.44 81.39
wh hyg solid red-wh prisms hyg cry wh cry; cub cub cry red monocl cry yel cub cry blue-wh metal; hex wh powder wh cry silv-wh orth cry wh powder wh monocl cry pow col powder wh amorp powder wh cry wh pow wh hyg solid wh hex cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh rhomb cry wh pow yel hyg cry wh hyg cry yel prisms grn cub cry col powder wh powder wh amorp solid wh et tr needles; hyg wh orth cry hex cry wh cry wh cry col orth cry wh cry powder wh hyg cry wh powder wh et rt cry wh powder col orth cry blue-gray cub cry hyg solid wh powder wh pwd wh powder wh powder; hex
2.68 2438
1925 419.53 237 dec
907
565
3.33 5.528
980
60 dec 290 316
200 dec 872
697
732
1500
125 dec 446 128 >700 36 dec 700 dec
7.4716
30.020 9.220
0.00725
4.4
0.00009120
2.15 2.907 3.40 5.29
20020 40825 3.08
1.852
0.0004720 4020 1.5525 1.5525
3.05 625
0.00007820 0.00007820
3.64 4.22 3.64 2.57 4.5
4.9 2.30 2.12 2.207
4.74
48825
5.220 0.00004220 0.6425 43825
4.3 2.067 6.22
12025 12025
70 dec 100 dec 1974
2.56 5.6
s EtOH
s dil acid
6.33
1015
100 394 136 140 dec
5.03 ≈4.4 2.6 3.87 7.14 1.735
14925 14925 14925
0.002625 0.002625
s acid, alk s EtOH reac H2O s acid, alk s acid, alk i H2O; s acid sl H 2O; s dil acid i H2O sl HCl vs H2O vs EtOH; s eth sl H 2O s dil acid, alk
s EtOH, ace s acid; i ace sl H 2O; s dil acid, alk reac acid
vs H2O; s EtOH i EtOH s H2O
s EtOH, eth sl H 2O i H2O vs EtOH i H2O reac H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-95
2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639
Formula
2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681
Zn(CH3COCHCOCH3)2 Zn(ClO 4)2 ⋅ 6H2O Zn(MnO4)2 ⋅ 6H2O ZnO2 Zn3(PO4)2 Zn3(PO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O Zn3P2 Zn2P2O7 ZnSeO4 ⋅ 5H2O ZnSe Zn2SiO4 ZnSeO3 Zn(C18H35O2)2 ZnSO4 ZnSO4 ⋅ H2O ZnSO4 ⋅ 7H2O ZnS ZnS ZnSO3 ⋅ 2H2O ZnTe Zn(SCN)2 Zr ZrB2 ZrC ZrCl 2 ZrH2 ZrBr4 ZrCl 4 ZrF4 Zr(OH)4 ZrI4 Zr(NO3)4 ⋅ 5H2O ZrO2 ZrSiO4 Zr(SO4)2 Zr(SO4)2 ⋅ 4H2O ZrS2 ZrN ZrP2 ZrSi2 ZrOCl 2 ZrOCl 2 ⋅ 8H2O
Zinc 2,4-pentanedioate Zinc perchlorate hexahydrate Zinc permanganate hexahydrate Zinc peroxide Zinc phosphate Zinc phosphate tetrahydrate Zinc phosphide Zinc pyrophosphate Zinc selenate pentahydrate Zinc selenide Zinc orthosilicate Zinc selenite Zinc stearate Zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate monohydrate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) Zinc sulfite dihydrate Zinc teluride Zinc thiocyanate Zirconium Zirconium boride Zirconium carbide Zirconium(II) chloride Zirconium(II) hydride Zirconium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Zirconium(IV) hydroxide Zirconium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) nitrate pentahydrate Zirconium(IV) oxide Zirconium(IV) orthosilicate Zirconium(IV) sulfate Zirconium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate Zirconium(IV) sulfide Zirconium nitride Zirconium phosphide Zirconium silicide Zirconyl chloride Zirconyl chloride octahydrate
CAS Reg No. 14024-63-6 10025-64-6 23414-72-4 1314-22-3 7779-90-0 7543-51-3 1314-84-7 7446-26-6 13597-54-1 1315-09-9 13597-65-4 13597-46-1 557-05-1 7733-02-0 7446-19-7 7446-20-0 1314-98-3 1314-98-3 7488-52-0 1315-11-3 557-42-6 7440-67-7 12045-64-6 12020-14-3 13762-26-0 7704-99-6 13777-25-8 10026-11-6 7783-64-4 14475-63-9 13986-26-0 13746-89-9 1314-23-4 10101-52-7 14644-61-2 7446-31-3 12039-15-5 25658-42-8 12037-80-8 12039-90-6 7699-43-6 13520-92-8
Mol. Physical Weight Form 263.61 372.38 411.35 97.39 386.11 458.17 258.12 304.72 298.42 144.35 222.86 192.35 632.33 161.45 179.47 287.56 97.46 97.46 181.49 192.99 181.56 91.224 112.846 103.235 162.129 93.240 410.840 233.035 167.218 159.254 598.842 429.320 123.223 183.308 283.351 355.413 155.356 105.231 153.172 147.395 178.128 322.251
cry wh cub cry; hyg blk orth cry; hyg yel-wh powder wh monocl cry col orth cry gray tetr cry wh cry powder tricl cry yel-red cub cry wh hex cry wh pow wh powder col orth cry wh monocl cry col orth cry gray-wh cub cry wh hex cry wh powder red cub cry wh hyg cry gray-wh metal; hex gray refrac solid; hex gray refrac solid; cub blk cry gray tetr cry wh cub cry wh monocl cry; hyg wh monocl cry wh amorp powder oran cub cry; hyg wh hyg cry wh amorp powder wh et rt cry wh hyg cry wh et rt cry red-brn hex cry yel cub cry orth cry gray powder wh solid tetr cry
mp/°C
bp/°C
137 dec 106 dec >150 dec 900
212 exp
1160 50 dec >1100 1509
subl
130 680 dec 238 dec 100 dec 1700 1700 200 dec 1239 1855 3245 3532 772 dec 800 dec 450 tp 437 tp 932 tp dec 499 tp 100 dec 2709 1540 dec 410 dec 100 dec 1480 2960 1620 250 dec 400 dec
Density Solubility Qualitative /g cm–3 g/100 g H2O Solubility 2.2 2.45 1.57 4.0 3.04 4.55 3.75 2.59 5.65 4.1 1.095 3.8 3.20 1.97 4.04 4.09
121.325
63.425 i H2O; s dil acid i H2O, dil acid i H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz 57.725 57.725 57.725
0.22425 5.9 4409
360 sp 331 sp 912 sp 431 sp
6.52 6.17 6.73 3.16 5.6 3.98 2.80 4.43 3.25 4.85 5.68 4.6 3.22 2.80 3.82 7.09 ≈5.1 4.88 1.91
sl H 2O; s EtOH s EtOH s H2O; reac EtOH i H2O; reac acid, EtOH, ace i H2O i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid, alk i H2O, EtOH; reac acid; s bz i H2O; s dil acid
i EtOH i EtOH i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s dil acid i EtOH i H2O sl H 2O; s EtOH s hot conc acid s HF reac H2O i H2O reac H2O; s EtOH, eth
1.525 i H2O; s acid vs H2O vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O; sl acid i H2O, acid s H2O; sl EtOH vs H2O i H2O s conc HF; sl dil acid i H2O, aqua regia; s HF s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (CONTINUED)
4-96
No. Name
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS K.A. Gschneidner, Jr. Table 1 Data for the Trivalent Ions of the Rare Earth Elements Electronic configuration for R3+ Rare earth
Symbol
Scandium Yttrium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Atomic no. 21 39 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Atomic wt.a
No. 4f electrons
44.955910 88.90585 138.9055 140.115 140.90765 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.965 157.25 158.92534 162.50 164.93032 167.26 168.93421 173.04 174.967
0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
S
L
J
Spectroscopic ground state symbol
— — — 1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 3 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2 —
— — — 3 5 6 6 5 3 0 3 5 6 6 5 3 —
— — — 5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2 0 7/2 6 15/2 8 15/2 6 7/2 —
— — — 2F 5/2 3H 4 4I 9/2 5I 4 6H 5/2 7F 0 8S 7/2 7F 6 6H 15/2 5I 8 4I 15/2 3H 6 2F 7/2 —
Note: For additional information, see Goldschmidt, Z.B., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978; DeLaeter, J.R., and Heumann, K.G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1313 , 1991; Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2423, 1994.
a
1993 standard atomic weights.
Table 2 Crystallographic Data for the Rare Earth Metals at 24°C (297 K) or Below Rare earth metal αSc αY αLa αCeb βCe γCec αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd α′Tbe αTb α′Dyf αDy Ho
Crystal structurea hcp hcp dhcp fcc dhcp fcc dhcp dhcp dhcp rhombd bcc hcp ortho hcp ortho hcp hcp
ao 3.3088 3.6482 3.7740 4.85b 3.6810 5.1610 3.6721 3.6582 3.65 3.6290d 4.5827 3.6336 3.605e 3.6055 3.595f 3.5915 3.5778
Lattice constants(Å) bo — — — — — — — — — — — — 6.244e — 6.184f — —
co 5.2680 5.7318 12.171 — 11.857 — 11.8326 11.7966 11.65 26.207 — 5.7810 5.706e 5.6966 5.678f 5.6501 5.6178
4-112
Metallic radius CN = 12 (Å)
Atomic volume (cm3/mol)
Density (g/cm3)
1.6406 1.8012 1.8791 1.72b 1.8321 1.8247 1.8279 1.8214 1.811 1.8041 2.0418 1.8013 1.784e 1.7833 1.774f 1.7740 1.7661
15.039 19.893 22.602 17.2b 20.947 20.696 20.803 20.583 20.24 20.000 28.979 19.903 19.34e 19.310 19.00f 19.004 18.752
2.989 4.469 6.146 8.16b 6.689 6.770 6.773 7.008 7.264 7.520 5.244 7.901 8.219e 8.230 8.551f 8.551 8.795
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 2 Crystallographic Data for the Rare Earth Metals at 24°C (297 K) or Below (continued) Rare earth metal Er Tm αYbg βYb Lu
Crystal structurea
Lattice constants(Å) bo
ao
hcp hcp hcp fcc hcp
3.5592 3.5375 3.8799g 5.4848 3.5052
— — — — —
co 5.5850 5.5540 6.3859g — 5.5494
Metallic radius CN = 12 (Å)
Atomic volume (cm3/mol)
Density (g/cm3)
1.7566 1.7462 1.9451g 1.9392 1.7349
18.449 18.124 25.067g 24.841 17.779
9.066 9.321 6.903g 6.966 9.841
Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 1996, to be published. a
b c d d f g
hcp = hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP2, A3, Mg-type; dhcp = double-c hexagonal close-packed; P63/mmc, hP4, A3′, αLa-type; fcc = facecentered cubic; Fm3m, cF4, A1, Cu-type; rhomb = rhombohedral; R3m, hR3, αSm-type; bcc = body-centered cubic; Im3m, cI2, A2, W-type; ortho = orthorhombic; Cmcm, oC4, α′ Dy-type. At 77 K (–196°C). Equilibrium room temperature (standard state) phase. Rhombohedral is the primitive cell. Lattice parameters given are for the nonprimitive hexagonal cell. At 220 K (–53°C). At 86 K (–187°C). At 23°C.
Table 3 Crystallographic Data for Rare Earth Metals at High Temperature Rare earth metal
Structure
βSc βY βLa γLa δCe βPr βNd βPm βSm
bcc bcc fcc bcc bcc bcc bcc bcc hcp
γSm βGd βTb βDy γYb
bcc bcc bcc bcc bcc
Lattice parameter (Å) 3.73 (est.) 4.10a 5.303 4.26 4.12 4.13 4.13 4.10 (est.) a = 3.6630 c = 5.8448 4.10 (est.) 4.06 4.07a 4.03a 4.44
Metallic radius CN = 8 CN = 12 (Å) (Å)
Temp. (°C)
Atomic volume (cm3/mol)
Density (g/cm3)
1337 1478 325 887 757 821 883 890 450b
1.62 1.78 — 1.84 1.78 1.79 1.79 1.78 —
1.66 1.83 1.875 1.90 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.83 1.8176
15.6 20.8 22.45 23.3 21.1 21.2 21.2 20.8 20.450
2.88 4.28 6.187 5.97 6.65 6.64 6.80 6.99 7.353
922 1265 1289 1381 763c
1.77 1.76 1.76 1.75 1.92
1.82 1.81 1.81 1.80 1.98
20.8 20.2 20.3 19.7 26.4
7.25 7.80 7.82 8.23 6.57
Note: The rare earths Eu, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu are monomorphic. For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986, 1. a
b c
Determined by extrapolation to 0% solute of a vs. composition data for R-Mg alloys at 24°C and corrected for thermal expansion to temperature given. The hcp phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperature (see Table 4). The bcc phase was stabilized by impurities and the temperature of measurement was below the equilibrium transition temperature (see Table 4).
4-113
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 4 High Temperature Transition Temperatures and Melting Point of Rare Earth Metals
Transition I (α – β)a
Rare earth metal
Temp. (°C)
Sc Y Lab Cec,d Pr Nd Pm Sme Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Transition II (β – γ)a Temp. (C°)
Phases
1337 1478 310 139 795 863 890 734 — 1235 1289 1381 — — — 795 —
hcp 1 bcc hcp 1 bcc dhcp → fcc dhcp → fcc (β - γ) dhcp 1 bcc dhcp 1 bcc dhcp 1 bcc rhom → hcp — hcp 1 bcc hcp 1 bcc hcp 1 bcc — — — fcc 1 bcc (β - γ) —
— — 865 726 — — — 922 — — — — — — — — —
Melting point (C°)
Phases — — fcc 1 bcc fcc 1 bcc (γ - δ) — — — hcp 1 bcc — — — — — — — — —
1541 1522 918 798 931 1021 1042 1074 822 1313 1356 1412 1474 1529 1545 819 1663
Note: For additional information, see Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Calderwood, F.W., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 8, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1986; Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 34, 1717, 1996. a b c d e
For all the transformations listed, unless otherwise noted. On cooling, fcc → dhcp (β → α), 260°C. The β 1 γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C. On cooling, fcc → dhcp (γ → β), –16°C. On cooling, hcp → rhomb (β → α), 727°C.
Table 5 Low Temperature Transition Temperatures of the Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal Ce
Tb Dy Yb
Cooling Transformation
°C
K
γ → βa γ→α β→α α → α′ α→ α′ β→α
–16 –172 –228 –53 –187 –13
257 101 45 220 86 260
Rare earth metal Ce
Yb
Heating Transformation α→β α→β+γ β → γa α→β
°C
K
–148 –104 139 7
125 169 412 280
Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. Koskenmaki, D.C. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., 1978, in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 337. Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Pecharsky, V.K., Cho, Jaephil and Martin, S.W., Scripta Mater., 34, 1717, 1996. a
The β 1 γ equilibrium transition temperature is 10 ± 5°C (283 ± 5K).
4-114
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 6 Heat Capacity, Standard Entropy, Heats of Transformation, and Fusion of the Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal
Heat capacity at 298 K (J/mol K)
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
25.5 26.5 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.5 27.3a 29.5 27.7 37.0 28.9 27.7 27.2 28.1 27.0 26.7 26.9
Standard entropy S°298 (J/mol K)
trans. 1 α 1 α 1 α 1 β 1 α 1 α 1 α 1 α 1 — α 1 α 1 α 1 — — — β 1 —
34.6 44.4 56.9 72.0 73.2 71.5 71.6a 69.6 77.8 68.1 73.2 75.6 75.3 73.2 74.0 59.9 51.0
Heat of transformation (kJ/mol) ∆Htr1 trans. 2
β β β γ β β β β
4.00 4.99 0.36 0.05 3.17 3.03 3.0a 0.2a — 3.91 5.02 4.16 — — — 1.75 —
β β β
γ
Heat of fusion (kJ/mol)
∆Htr2
— — β 1 γ γ 1 δ — — — β 1 γ — — — — — — — — —
— — 3.12 2.99 — — — 3.11 — — — — — — — — —
14.1 11.4 6.20 5.46 6.89 7.14 7.7a 8.62 9.21 10.0 10.79 11.06 17.0a 19.9 16.8 7.66 22a
Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973; Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R.L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl 2, 1982; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 15, 181, 1983; Amitin, E.B., Bessergenev, W.G., Kovalevskaya, Yu. A., and Paukov, I.E., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 15, 181, 1983. a
Estimated.
Table 7 Vapor Pressures, Boiling Points, and Heats of Sublimation of Rare Earth Metals Rare earth metal
10–8 atm (0.001 Pa)
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
1036 1222 1301 1290 1083 955 — 508 399 1167 1124 804 845 908 599 301 1241
Temperature in °Ca for a vapor pressure of 10–6 atm 10–4 atm (0.101 Pa) (10.1Pa) 1243 1460 1566 1554 1333 1175 — 642 515 1408 1354 988 1036 1113 748 400 1483
1533 1812 1938 1926 1701 1500 — 835 685 1760 1698 1252 1313 1405 964 541 1832
10–2 atm (1013 Pa) 1999 2360 2506 2487 2305 2029 — 1150 964 2306 2237 1685 1771 1896 1300 776 2387
Boiling pointa (°C) 2836 3345 3464 3443 3520 3074 3000b 1794 1529 3273 3230 2567 2700 2868 1950 1196 3402
Heat of sublimation at 25°C (kJ/mol) 377.8 424.7 431.0 422.6 355.6 327.6 348b 206.7 175.3 397.5 388.7 290.4 300.8 317.1 232.2 152.1 427.6
Note: For additional information, see Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of the Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1973 and Beaudry, B.J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173. a b
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) values. Estimated.
4-115
Table 8 Magnetic Properties of the Rare Earth Metals χA × 106 at 298 K (emu/mol)
αSc αY αLa βLa γCe βCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb α′Tb αDy α′Dy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu
295.2 187.7 95.9 105 2,270 2,500 5,530 5,930 — 1,278d 30,900 185,000e 170,000 — 98,000 — 72,900 48,000 24,700 67d 182.9
Effective magnetic moment Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic at ~298 K at ~0 K Obs. Theoryb Obs. Theorya — — — — 2.54 2.54 3.58 3.62 2.68 0.85 7.94 7.94 9.72 — 10.64 — 10.60 9.58 7.56 — —
— — — — 2.52 2.61 3.56 3.45 — 1.74 8.48 7.98 9.77 — 10.83 — 11.2 9.9 7.61 — —
— — — — 2.14 2.14 3.20 3.27 2.40 0.71 7.0 7.0 — 9.0 — 10.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 — —
— — — — — — 2.7c 2.2c — 0.5c 5.9 7.63 — 9.34 — 10.33 10.34 9.1 7.14 — —
Easy axis — — — — — — a b — a <110> 30° to c — b — a b 30° to c c — —
Néel temp. TN (K) Hex Cubic sites sites
Curie temp. TC (K)
— — — — — 13.7 0.03 19.9 — 109 — — 230.0 — 180.2 — 132 85 58 — —
— — — — — — — — — — — 293.4 — 219.5 — 90.5g 19.5 18.7 32.0 — —
— — — — 14.4 12.5 — 7.5 — 14.0 90.4 — — — — — — — — — —
θp (K) |c — — — — — — — 0 — — — 317 195 — 121 — 73.0 61.7 41.0 — —
⊥c — — — — — — — 5 — — — 317 239 — 169 — 88.0 32.5 –17.0 — —
Polycryst. or avg. — — — – –50 –41 0 3.3 — — 100 317 224 — 153 — 83.0 42.2 2.3 — —
Note: For additional information, see McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411 and Legvold, S., in Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 1, Wohlfarth, E.P., Ed., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1980, 183; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993; Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., 1996, to be published; Steward, A.M. and Collocott, S.J., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 1, 677, 1988. a b c d e g
g[J(J + 1)]1/2. gJ. At 38 T and 4.2 K. At 290 K. At 350 K. On cooling TC = 89.6 K and on warming TC = 91.5 K.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)
4-116
Rare earth metal
Table 9 Room Temperature Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Resistance, and Hall Coefficient
αa
αSc αY aLa bCe γCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb αDy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu
7.6 6.0 4.5 — 6.3 4.5 7.6 9b 9.6 35.0 9.1c 9.3 7.1 7.0 7.9 8.8 26.3 4.8
Expansion αi × 106) (°C–1) αc αpoly 15.3 19.7 27.2 — — 11.2 13.5 16b 19.0 — 10.0c 12.4 15.6 19.5 20.9 22.2 — 20.0
10.2 10.6 12.1 — 6.3 6.7 9.6 11b 12.7 35.0 9.4c 10.3 9.9 11.2 12.2 13.3 26.3 9.9
Thermal conductivity (W/cm-K) 0.158 0.172 0.134 — 0.113 0.125 0.165 0.15b 0.133 0.139b 0.105 0.111 0.107 0.162 0.145 0.169 0.385 0.164
ρa
Electrical resistance (µΩ⋅cm) ρc
70.9 72.5 — — — — — — — — 135.1 123.5 111.0 101.5 94.5 88.0 — 76.6
26.9 35.5 — — — — — — — — 121.7 101.5 76.6 60.5 60.3 47.2 — 34.7
ρpoly 56.2a 59.6 61.5 82.8 74.4 70.0 64.3 75b 94.0 90.0 131.0 115.0 92.6 81.4 86.0 67.6 25.0 58.2
Ra
Hall coefficient (Ri × 1012) (V⋅cm/A⋅Oe) Rc
Rpoly
— –0.27 — — — — — — — — –10 –1.0 –0.3 +0.2 +0.3 — — +0.45
— –1.6 — — — — — — — — –54 –3.7 –3.7 –3.2 –3.6 — — –2.6
–0.13 — –0.35 — +1.81 +0.709 +0.971 — –0.21 +24.4 –4.48d — — — — –1.8 +3.77 –0.535
Note: For additional information, see Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173 and McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411. a b c d
Calculated from single crystal values. Estimated. At 100°C. At 77°C.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)
4-117
Rare earth metal
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 10 Electronic Specific Heat Constant (γ), Electron-Electron (Coulomb) Coupling Constant (µ*), ElectronPhonon Coupling Constant (λ), Debye Temperature at 0 K(θD), and Superconducting Transition Temperature Rare earth metal
γ (mJ/mol⋅K2)
µ*
λ
αSc αY αLa βLa αCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd α′Tb α′Dy Ho Er Tm αYb βYb Lu
10.334 7.878 9.45 11.5 12.8 20 f — 8.1 ± 1.5g f 4.48 3.71 4.9 2.1 8.7 f 3.30 8.36 8.194
0.16 0.15 0.08 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.14
0.30 0.30 0.76 — — 1.07d 0.86d — 0.81d — 0.30 0.34d 0.32d 0.30d 0.33d 0.36d — — 0.31
θD (K) from Heat Elastic capacity constants 345.3 244.4 150 140 179 155e 157e 159e 162e,f f 169 169.6 192 175e 176.9 179e 117.6 109 183.2
— 258 154 — — 153 163 — 169 118 182 177 183 190 188 200 118 — 185
Superconducting temperature (K) 0.050a 1.3b 5.10 6.00 0.022c — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.022h
Note: For additional information, see Sundström, L.J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 379, Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591, Probst, C. and Wittig, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 749, and Tsang, T.-W.E., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., Schmidt, F.A., and Thome, D.K., Phys. Rev., B, 31, 235, 1985. Collocott, S.J., Hill, R.W. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys. F, 18, L223, 1988. Hill, R.W. and Gschneidner, K.A., Jr., J. Phys. F, 18, 2545, 1988. Skriver, H.L. and Mertig, I., Phys. Rev. B, 41, 6553, 1990. Collocott, S.J. and Stewart, A.M., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 4, 6743, 1992. Pecharsky, V.K., Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Fort, D., Phys. Rev. B, 47, 5063, 1993. a b c d e f
g h
At 18.6 GPa. At 11 GPa. At 2.2 GPa. Calculated value. Estimated. Heat capacity results have been reported, but the resultant γ and θD values are unreliable because of the presence of impurities and/or there was no reliable procedure or model to correct for the magnetic contribution to the heat capacity. Based on the values reported for the purer Sm sample (IV). At 4.5 GPa.
4-118
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 11 Room Temperature Elastic Moduli and Mechanical Properties Mechanical properties (MPa) Elastic moduli (GPa) Rare earth metal
Young’s (elastic) modulus
Shear modulus
Bulk modulus
Poisson’s ratio
Sc Y αLa βCe γCe αPr αNd αPm αSm Eu αGd αTb αDy Ho Er Tm βYb Lu
74.4 63.5 36.6 — 33.6 37.3 41.4 46b 49.7 18.2 54.8 55.7 61.4 64.8 69.9 74.0 23.9 68.6
29.1 25.6 14.3 — 13.5 14.8 16.3 18b 19.5 7.9 21.8 22.1 24.7 26.3 28.3 30.5 9.9 27.2
56.6 41.2 27.9 — 21.5 28.8 31.8 33b 37.8 8.3 37.9 38.7 40.5 40.2 44.4 44.5 30.5 47.6
0.279 0.243 0.280 — 0.24 0.281 0.281 0.28b 0.274 0.152 0.259 0.261 0.247 0.231 0.237 0.213 0.207 0.261
Yield strength 0.2% offset 173a 42 126a 86 28 73 71 — 68 — 15 — 43 — 60 — 7 —
Ultimate tensile strength 255a 129 130 138 117 147 164 — 156 — 118 — 139 — 136 — 58 —
Uniform elongation (%) 5.0a 34.0 7.9a — 22.0 15.4 25.0 — 17.0 — 37.0 — 30.0 — 11.5 — 43.0 —
Reduction in area (%) 8.0a — — 24.0 30.0 67.0 72.0 — 29.5 — 56.0 — 30.0 — 11.9 — 92.0 —
Recryst. temp. (°C) 550 550 300 — 325 400 400 400b 440 300 500 500 550 520 520 600 300 600
Note: For additional information, see Scott, T., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 591. a b
Value is questionable. Estimated.
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Table 12 Liquid Metal Properties Near the Melting Point
4-120
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Density (g/cm3) 2.80 4.24 5.96 6.68 6.59 6.72 6.9b 7.16 4.87 7.4 7.65 8.2 8.34 8.6 9.0b 6.21 9.3
Surface tension (N/m) 0.954 0.871 0.718 0.706 0.707 0.687 0.680b 0.431 0.264 0.664 0.669 0.648 0.650 0.637 — 0.320 0.940
Viscosity (centipoise) — — 2.65 3.20 2.85 — — — — — — — — — — 2.67 —
Heat capacity (J/mol K)
Thermal conductivity (W/cm K)
44.2b 43.1 34.3 37.7 43.0 48.8 50b 50.2b 38.1 37.2 46.5 49.9 43.9 38.7 41.4 36.8 47.9b
— — 0.238 0.210 0.251 0.195 — — — 0.149 — 0.187 — — — — —
Magnetic susceptibility χ × 104 (emu/mol) — — 1.20 9.37 17.3 18.7 — 18.3 97 67 82 95 88 69 41 — —
Electrical resistivity (µΩ⋅cm) — — 133 130 139 151 160b 182 242 195 193 210 221 226 235b 113 224
∆VL→sa (%) — — –0.6 +1.1 –0.02 –0.9 — –3.6 –4.8 –2.0 –3.1 –4.5 –7.4 –9.0 –6.9 –5.1 –3.6
Spectral emittance at λ = 645 nm ε Temp. range (%) (°C) — 36.8 25.4 32.2 28.4 39.4 — 43.7 — 34.2 — 29.7 — 37.2 — — —
— 1522–1647 920–1287 877–1547 931–1537 1021–1567 — 1075 — 1313–1600 — 1412–1437 — 1529–1587 — — —
Note: For additional information, see Van Zytveld, J., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 12, Gschneidner, K.A., Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1989, 357. Stretz, L.A. and Bautista, R.G., in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, part I, H.H. Plumb, Ed., Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, 1972, 489. King, T.S., Baria, D.N., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 411, 1976. Baria, D.N., King, T.S., and Bautista, R.G., Met. Trans. B, 7, 577, 1976. a b
Volume change on freezing. Estimated.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued)
Rare earth metal
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RARE EARTH METALS (continued) Table 13 Ionization Potentials (Electronvolts)
Rare earth
I Neutral atom
II Singly ionized
III Doubly ionized
IV Triply ionized
V Quadruply ionized
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
6.56144 6.217 5.5770 5.5387 5.464 5.5250 5.554 5.6437 5.6704 6.1500 5.8639 5.9389 6.0216 6.1078 6.18431 6.25416 5.42585
12.79967 12.24 11.060 10.85 10.55 10.73 10.90 11.07 11.241 12.09 11.52 11.67 11.80 11.93 12.05 12.1761 13.9
24.75666 20.52 19.1773 20.198 21.624 22.1 22.3 23.4 24.92 20.63 21.91 22.8 22.84 22.74 23.68 25.05 20.9594
73.4894 60.597 49.95 36.758 38.98 40.41 41.1 41.4 42.7 44.0 39.79 41.47 42.5 42.7 42.7 43.56 45.25
91.65 77.0 61.6 65.55 57.53 — — — — — — — — — — — 66.8
Note: For references, see the table “Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10.
Table 14 Effective Ionic Radii (Å)a Rare earth ion
CN = 6
CN = 8
CN = 6
R3+ CN = 8
CN = 12
CN = 6
CN = 8
Sc Y La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
— — — — — — — 1.19 1.17 — — — — — — 1.00 —
— — — — — — — 1.27 1.25 — — — — — — 1.07 —
0.745 0.900 1.045 1.010 0.997 0.983 0.97 0.958 0.947 0.938 0.923 0.912 0.901 0.890 0.880 0.868 0.861
0.87 1.015 1.18 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97
1.116 1.220 1.320 1.290 1.286 1.276 1.267 1.260 1.252 1.246 1.236 1.228 1.221 1.214 1.207 1.199 1.194
— — — 0.80 0.78 — — — — — 0.76 — — — — — —
— — — 0.97 0.96 — — — — — 0.88 — — — — — —
R2+
R4+
Note: For additional information, see Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 25, 925, 1969 and Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T., Acta Cryst., 26, 1046, 1970. a
Radius of O2– is 1.40 Å for a coordination number (CN) of 6.
4-121
MELTING, BOILING, AND CRITICAL TEMPERATURES OF THE ELEMENTS This table summarizes the melting point tm, normal boiling point tb, and critical temperature tc (on the ITS-90 scale) for the elements for which data are available. A “tp” after a value indicates a solid-liquid-gas triple point, and “sp” indicates a sublimation point, where the vapor pressure of the solid phase reaches 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Transition temperatures between allotropic forms are included for several elements. References may be found in the tables Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds and Critical Constants. Name
tm/°C
tb/°C
Actinium 1051 3198 Aluminum 660.32 2519 Americium 1176 2011 Antimony 630.63 1587 Argon -189.35 -185.85 Arsenic (gray) 817 tp (3.70 MPa) 603 sp Astatine 302 Barium 727 1897 Berkelium (α form) 1050 Berkelium (β form) 986 Beryllium 1287 2471 Bismuth 271.40 1564 Boron 2075 4000 Bromine -7.2 58.8 Cadmium 321.07 767 Calcium 842 1484 Californium 900 Carbon (graphite) 4489 tp (10.3 MPa) 3825 sp Carbon (diamond) 4440 (12.4 GPa) Cerium 798 3443 Cesium 28.5 671 Chlorine -101.5 -34.04 Chromium 1907 2671 Cobalt 1495 2927 Copper 1084.62 2562 Curium 1345 ≈3100 Dysprosium 1412 2567 Einsteinium 860 Erbium 1529 2868 Europium 822 1529 Fermium 1527 Fluorine -219.67 tp -188.12 Francium 27 Gadolinium 1313 3273 Gallium 29.771 tp 2204 Germanium 938.25 2833 Gold 1064.18 2856 Hafnium 2233 4603 Helium -268.93 Holmium 1474 2700 Hydrogen -259.34 -252.87 Indium 156.60 2072 Iodine 113.7 184.4 Iridium 2446 4428 Iron 1538 2861 Krypton -157.38 tp (73.2 kPa) -153.22 Lanthanum 918 3464 Lawrencium 1627 Lead 327.46 1749 Lithium 180.50 1342 Lutetium 1663 3402 Magnesium 650 1090 Manganese 1246 2061 Mendelevium 827 Mercury -38.837 tp 356.73
tc/°C
Name
-122.28 1400
315
1665 143.8
-129.02
-267.96 -240.18 546
-63.74
2950
1477
4-132
tm/°C
Molybdenum 2623 Neodymium 1021 Neon -248.59 Neptunium 644 Nickel 1455 Niobium 2477 Nitrogen -210.00 Nobelium 827 Osmium 3033 Oxygen -218.79 Palladium 1554.9 Phosphorus (white) 44.15 Phosphorus (red) 590 tp Phosphorus (black) 610 Platinum 1768.4 Plutonium 640 Polonium 254 Potassium 63.5 Praseodymium 931 Promethium 1042 Protactinium 1572 Radium 700 Radon -71 Rhenium 3186 Rhodium 1964 Rubidium 39.30 Ruthenium 2334 Samarium 1074 Scandium 1541 Selenium(vitreous) 180 (trans to gray) Selenium (gray) 220.5 Silicon 1414 Silver 961.78 Sodium 97.80 Strontium 777 Sulfur (rhombic) 95.3 (trans to mono) Sulfur (monoclinic) 119.6 Tantalum 3017 Technetium 2157 Tellurium 449.51 Terbium 1356 Thallium 304 Thorium 1750 Thulium 1545 Tin (gray) 13.2 (trans to white) Tin (white) 231.93 Titanium 1668 Tungsten 3422 Uranium 1135 Vanadium 1910 Xenon -111.79 tp (81.6 kPa) Ytterbium 819 Yttrium 1522 Zinc 419.53 Zirconium 1855
tb/°C
tc/°C
4639 3074 -246.08
-228.7
2913 4744 -195.79
-146.94
5012 -182.95 2963 280.5 431 sp 3825 3228 962 759 3520 3000
-61.7 5596 3695 688 4150 1794 2836 685 685 3265 2162 883 1382 444.60 444.60 5458 4265 988 3230 1473 4788 1950 2602 2602 3287 5555 4131 3407 -108.12 1196 3345 907 4409
-118.56 721 721
1950
104
1820
1493
2300 1041 1041
16.62
HEAT CAPACITY OF THE ELEMENTS AT 25°C This table gives the specific heat capacity (cp) in J/g K and the molar heat capacity (Cp) in J/mol K at a temperature of 25°C and a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar or 0.987 standard atmospheres) for all the elements for which reliable data are available.
Name Actinium Aluminum Antimony Argon Arsenic Barium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine (Br2) Cadmium Calcium Carbon (graphite) Cerium Cesium Chlorine (Cl2) Chromium Cobalt Copper Dysprosium Erbium Europium Fluorine (F2) Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen (H2) Indium Iodine (I2) Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mercury
cp J/g K
Cp J/mol K
0.120 0.897 0.207 0.520 0.329 0.204 1.825 0.122 1.026 0.226 0.232 0.647 0.709 0.192 0.242 0.479 0.449 0.421 0.385 0.170 0.168 0.182 0.824 0.236 0.371 0.320 0.129 0.144 5.193 0.165 14.304 0.233 0.145 0.131 0.449 0.248 0.195 0.129 3.582 0.154 1.023 0.479 0.140
27.2 24.200 25.23 20.786 24.64 28.07 16.443 25.52 11.087 36.057 26.020 25.929 8.517 26.94 32.210 33.949 23.35 24.81 24.440 27.7 28.12 27.66 31.304 37.03 25.86 23.222 25.418 25.73 20.786 27.15 28.836 26.74 36.888 25.10 25.10 20.786 27.11 26.650 24.860 26.86 24.869 26.32 27.983
Name Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Nickel Niobium Nitrogen (N2) Osmium Oxygen (O2) Palladium Phosphorus (white) Platinum Potassium Praseodymium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur (rhombic) Tantalum Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin (white) Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium
4-133
cp J/g K
Cp J/mol K
0.251 0.190 1.030 0.444 0.265 1.040 0.130 0.918 0.246 0.769 0.133 0.757 0.193 0.094 0.137 0.243 0.363 0.238 0.197 0.568 0.321 0.705 0.235 1.228 0.301 0.710 0.140 0.202 0.182 0.129 0.113 0.160 0.228 0.523 0.132 0.116 0.489 0.158 0.155 0.298 0.388 0.278
24.06 27.45 20.786 26.07 24.60 29.124 24.7 29.378 25.98 23.824 25.86 29.600 27.20 20.786 25.48 24.98 31.060 24.06 29.54 25.52 25.363 19.789 25.350 28.230 26.4 22.75 25.36 25.73 28.91 26.32 26.230 27.03 27.112 25.060 24.27 27.665 24.89 20.786 26.74 26.53 25.390 25.36
VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS C. B. Alcock This table gives coefficients in an equation for the vapor pressure of 65 metallic elements in both the solid and liquid state. Vapor pressures in the range 10-10 to 102 Pa (10-15 to 10-3 atm) are covered. The equation is: for p in pascals: log (p/Pa) = 5.006 + A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3 for p in atmospheres: log(p/atm) = A + BT-1 + ClogT + DT-3, where T is the temperature in K This equation reproduces the observed vapor pressures to an accuracy of ±5% or better. Reprinted with permission of the publisher, Pergamon Press. REFERENCE Alcock, C. B., Itkin, V. P., and Horrigan, M. K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984. Element, state Li sol Li liq Na sol Na liq K sol K liq Rb sol Rb liq Cs sol Cs liq Be sol Be liq Mg sol Ca sol Sr sol Ba sol Ba liq Al sol Al liq Ga sol Ga liq In sol In liq Tl sol Tl liq Sn sol Sn liq Pb sol Pb liq Sc sol Sc liq Y sol Y liq La sol La liq Ti sol Ti liq Zr sol Zr liq Hf sol V sol
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A 5.667 5.055 5.298 4.704 4.961 4.402 4.857 4.312 4.711 4.165 8.042 5.786 8.489 10.127 9.226 12.405 4.007 9.459 5.911 6.657 6.754 5.991 5.374 5.971 5.259 6.036 5.262 5.643 4.911 6.650 5.795 9.735 5.795 7.463 5.911 11.925 6.358 10.008 6.806 9.445 9.744
B -8310 -8023 -5603 -5377 -4646 -4453 -4215 -4040 -3999 -3830 -17020 -15731 -7813 -9517 -8572 -9690 -8163 -17342 -16211 -14208 -13984 -12548 -12276 -9447 -9037 -15710 -15332 -10143 -9701 -19721 -17681 -22306 -20341 -22551 -21855 -24991 -22747 -31512 -30295 -32482 -27132
C
D
-0.4440 -0.8253 -1.4030 -1.1926 -2.2890 -0.7927
-0.3413
0.2885 -0.8705 -0.3142 -1.3376 -0.7890 -0.6735 -0.5501
-0.3663
Temperature range 298-m.p. m.p.-1000 298-m.p. m.p.-700 298-m.p. m.p.-600 298-m.p. m.p.-550 298-m.p. m.p.-550 298-m.p. m.p.-1800 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-1200 298-m.p. m.p.-1800 298-m.p. m.p.-1600 298-m.p. m.p.-1500 298-m.p. m.p.-1100 298-m.p. m.p.-1850 298-m.p. m.p.-1200 298-m.p. m.p.-2000 298-m.p. m.p.-2300 298-m.p. m.p.-2450 298-m.p. m.p.-2400 298-m.p m.p.-2500 298-m.p. 298-m.p.
VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS (continued) Element, state V liq Nb sol Ta sol Cr sol Mo sol W sol W sol Mn sol Re sol Fe sol Fe liq Ru sol Os sol Co sol Co liq Rh sol Rh liq Ir sol Ni sol Ni liq Pd sol Pd liq Pt sol Pt liq Cu sol Cu liq Ag sol Ag liq Au sol Au liq Zn sol Zn liq Cd sol Cd liq Hg liq Ce sol Ce liq Pr sol Pr liq Nd sol Nd liq Sm sol Eu sol Gd sol Gd liq Tb sol Tb liq Dy sol Ho sol Er sol Er liq Tm sol Yb sol Lu sol Lu liq Th sol Th liq Pa sol
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A 6.929 8.822 16.807 6.800 11.529 2.945 -54.527 12.805 11.543 7.100 6.347 9.755 9.419 10.976 6.488 10.168 6.802 10.506 10.557 6.666 9.502 5.426 4.882 6.386 9.123 5.849 9.127 5.752 9.152 5.832 6.102 5.378 5.939 5.242 5.116 6.139 5.611 8.859 4.772 8.996 4.912 9.988 9.240 8.344 5.557 9.510 5.411 9.579 9.785 9.916 4.668 8.882 9.111 8.793 5.648 8.668 -18.453 10.552
B -25011 -37818 -41346 -20733 -34626 -44094 -57687 -15097 -40726 -21723 -19574 -34154 -41198 -22576 -20578 -29010 -26792 -35099 -22606 -20765 -19813 -17899 -29387 -26856 -17748 -16415 -14999 -13827 -19343 -18024 -6776 -6286 -5799 -5392 -3190 -21752 -21200 -18720 -17315 -17264 -15824 -11034 -9459 -20861 -19389 -20457 -18639 -15336 -15899 -16642 -14380 -12270 -8111 -22423 -20302 -31483 -24569 -34869
C
-0.2575 -3.2152 0.4391 -1.1331 1.3677 -12.2231 -1.7896 -1.1629 0.4536
D
0.7437 -0.4094
-0.5846
-0.4723 -0.3896 -1.0280 -0.7068 -0.7500 -0.8717 -0.9258 1.1039 -0.7317 -0.7845 -0.7479
-0.9512 -0.9519 -1.3287 -1.1661 -0.5775 -0.9247 -1.1114 -1.1753 -1.2154 -0.9564 -1.0849 -0.6200 -0.5288 6.6473 -1.0075
-0.4527
Temperature range m.p.-2500 298-2500 248-2500 298-2000 298-2500 298-2350 2200-2500 298-m.p. 298-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2100 298-m.p. 298-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2150 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2150 298-m.p. m.p.-2100 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-1850 298-m.p. m.p.-1600 298-m.p. m.p.-2050 298-m.p. m.p.-750 298-m.p. m.p.-650 298-400 298-m.p. m.p.-2450 298-m.p. m.p.-2200 298-m.p. m.p.-2000 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-2250 298-m.p. m.p.-2200 298-m.p. 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-1900 298-1400 298-900 298-m.p. m.p.-2350 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-m.p.
VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE METALLIC ELEMENTS (continued) Element, state Pa liq U sol U liq Np sol Np liq Pu sol Pu sol Pu liq Am sol Cm sol Cm liq
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A 6.177 0.770 20.735 19.643 10.076 26.160 18.858 3.666 11.311 8.369 5.223
B -32874 -27729 -28776 -24886 -23378 -19162 -18460 -16658 -15059 -20364 -18292
C
2.6982 -4.0962 -3.9991 -1.3250 -6.6675 -4.4720 -1.3449 -0.5770
D
-1.5471
Temperature range m.p.-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-m.p. m.p.-2500 298-600 500-m.p. m.p.-2450 298-m.p. 298-m.p. m.p.-2200
DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS This table lists the liquid density at the melting point, ρm , for elements that are solid at room temperature, as well as for some representative salts of these elements. Densities at higher temperatures (up to the tmax given in the last column) may be estimated from the equation ρ(t) = ρm - k(t-tm) where tm is the melting point and k is given in the fifth column of the table. If a value of tmax is not given, the equation should not be used to extrapolate more than about 20°C beyond the melting point. Data for the elements were selected from the primary literature; the assistance of Gernot Lang in compiling these data is gratefully acknowledged. The molten salt data were derived from Reference 1. REFERENCE 1. Janz, G. J., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Molten Salts: Correlation Equations for Critically Evaluated Density, Surface Tension, Electrical Conductance, and Viscosity Data, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 2, 1988. 2. Nasch, P. M., and Steinemann, S. G., Phys. Chem. Liq., 29, 43, 1995. Formula Ag AgBr AgCl AgI AgNO3 Ag2SO4 Al AlBr3 AlCl3 AlI3 As Au B Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaI2 Be BeCl2 BeF2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 Ca CaBr2 CaCl2 CaF2 CaI2 Cd CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 Ce CeCl3 CeF3 Co Cr Cs CsBr CsCl CsF CsI
Name Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) sulfate Aluminum Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum iodide Arsenic Gold Boron Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium iodide Beryllium Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Bismuth Bismuth bromide Bismuth chloride Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium iodide Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium chloride Cadmium iodide Cerium Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) fluoride Cobalt Chromium Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide
tm/°C
ρm/g cm–3
961.78 432 455 558 212 652 660.32 97.5 192.6 188.32 817 1064.18 2075 727 857 962 1368 711 1287 415 552 271.40 218 230 842 742 775 1418 783 321.07 568 564 387 799 817 1430 1495 1907 28.44 636 645 703 621
9.320 5.577 4.83 5.58 3.970 4.84 2.375 2.647 1.302 3.223 5.22 17.31 2.08 3.338 3.991 3.174 4.14 4.26 1.690 1.54 1.96 10.05 4.76 3.916 1.378 3.111 2.085 2.52 3.443 7.996 4.075 3.392 4.396 6.55 3.25 4.659 7.75 6.3 1.843 3.133 2.79 3.649 3.197
4-126
k/g cm–3 °C–1
tmax
0.0009 0.001035 0.00094 0.00101 0.001098 0.001089 0.000233 0.002435 0.002711 0.0025 0.000544 0.001343
1500 667 627 802 360 770 1340 267 296 240
0.000299 0.000924 0.000681 0.000999 0.000977 0.00011 0.0011 0.000015 0.00135 0.002637 0.0023 0.000230 0.0005 0.000422 0.000391 0.000751 0.001218 0.00108 0.00082 0.001117 0.000710 0.00092 0.000936 0.00165 0.0011 0.000556 0.001223 0.001065 0.001282 0.001183
1200 1550 900 1081 1727 975 473 850 800 927 350 1484 791 950 2027 1028 500 720 807 700 1460 950 1927 1580 2100 510 860 906 912 907
DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula CsNO3 Cs2SO4 Cu CuCl Dy DyCl3 Er Eu Fe FeCl2 Ga GaBr3 GaCl3 GaI3 Gd GdCl3 GdI3 Ge Hf HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 Ho In InBr3 InCl3 InI3 Ir K KBr KCl KF KI KNO3 La LaBr3 LaCl3 LaF3 LaI3 Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiNO3 Li2SO4 Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCl2 MgI2 Mn MnCl2 Mo Na NaBr Na2CO3 NaCl NaF NaI
Name Cesium nitrate Cesium sulfate Copper Copper(I) chloride Dysprosium Dysprosium(III) chloride Erbium Europium Iron Iron(II) chloride Gallium Gallium(III) bromide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) iodide Gadolinium Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) iodide Germanium Hafnium Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Indium Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) iodide Iridium Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Lanthanum Lanthanum bromide Lanthanum chloride Lanthanum fluoride Lanthanum iodide Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Lithium nitrate Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium chloride Magnesium iodide Manganese Manganese(II) chloride Molybdenum Sodium Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide
tm/°C
ρm/g cm–3
414 1005 1084.62 430 1411 680 1529 822 1538 677 29.76 121.5 77.9 212 1314 609 925 938.25 2233 236 276 259 1472 156.60 420 583 207 2446 63.38 734 771 858 681 337 920 788 859 1493 778 180.5 552 610 848.2 469 253 859 1663 650 711 714 634 1246 650 2623 97.80 747 858.1 800.7 996 660
2.820 3.1 8.02 3.692 8.37 3.62 8.86 5.13 6.98 2.348 6.08 3.116 2.053 3.630 7.4 3.56 4.12 5.60 12 5.126 4.368 5.222 8.34 7.02 3.121 2.140 3.820 19 0.828 2.127 1.527 1.910 2.448 1.865 5.94 4.933 3.209 4.589 4.29 0.512 2.528 1.502 1.81 3.109 1.781 2.003 9.3 1.584 2.62 1.68 3.05 5.95 2.353 9.33 0.927 2.342 1.972 1.556 1.948 2.742
4-127
k/g cm–3 °C–1
tmax
0.001166 0.00095 0.000609 0.00076 0.00143 0.00068 0.00157 0.0028 0.000572 0.000555 0.00062 0.00246 0.002083 0.002377
491 1530 1630 585 1540 987 1700 980 1680 877 400 135 141 252
0.000671 0.000908 0.00055
1007 1032 1600
0.003233 0.002862 0.003235
319 304 354
0.000836 0.0015 0.0021 0.0015
500 528 666 360
0.000232 0.000825 0.000583 0.000651 0.000956 0.000723 0.00061 0.000096 0.000777 0.000682 0.001110 0.00052 0.000652 0.000432 0.000490 0.000917 0.000546 0.000407
500 930 939 1037 904 457 1600 912 973 2177 907 285 739 781 1047 667 441 1214
0.000234 0.000478 0.000271 0.000651 0.00105 0.000437
900 935 826 888 1590 850
0.00023 0.000816 0.000448 0.000543 0.000636 0.000949
600 945 1004 1027 1097 912
DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula NaNO3 Na2SO4 Nd Ni NiCl2 Os Pb PbBr2 PbCl2 PbI2 Pd Pr PrCl3 Pt Pu Rb RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Rb2SO4 Re Rh Ru S Sb SbCl3 SbCl5 SbI3 Sc Se Si Sm Sn SnCl2 SnCl4 Sr SrBr2 SrCl2 SrF2 SrI2 Ta TaCl5 Tb Te ThCl4 ThF4 Ti TiCl4 Tl TlBr TlCl TlI TlNO3 Tl2SO4 Tm U UCl3
Name Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate Neodymium Nickel Nickel(II) chloride Osmium Lead Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) iodide Palladium Praseodymium Praseodymium chloride Platinum Plutonium Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium sulfate Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Sulfur Antimony Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(V) chloride Antimony(III) iodide Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Tin(II) chloride Tin(IV) chloride Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium chloride Strontium fluoride Strontium iodide Tantalum Tantalum(V) chloride Terbium Tellurium Thorium chloride Thorium fluoride Titanium Titanium(IV) chloride Thallium Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) sulfate Thulium Uranium Uranium(III) chloride
tm/°C
ρm/g cm–3
307 884 1016 1455 1009 3033 327.46 371 501 410 1554.9 931 786 1768.4 640 39.31 682 837 715 833 642 305 1050 3186 1964 2334 115.21 630.63 73.4 4 168 1541 221 1414 1072 231.93 247 -33 777 657 874 1477 538 3017 216 1359 449.51 770 1110 1668 -25 304 460 430 441.8 206 632 1545 1135 837
1.90 2.069 6.89 7.81 2.653 20 10.66 5.73 4.951 5.691 10.38 6.50 3.23 19.77 16.63 1.46 2.715 2.84 2.248 2.87 2.904 2.519 2.56 18.9 10.7 10.65 1.819 6.53 2.681 2.37 4.171 2.80 3.99 2.57 7.16 6.99 3.36 2.37 6.980 3.70 2.727 3.470 4.085 15 2.700 7.65 5.70 3.363 6.058 4.11 1.807 11.22 5.98 5.628 6.15 4.91 5.62 8.56 17.3 4.84
4-128
k/g cm–3 °C–1
tmax
0.000715 0.000483 0.00076 0.000726 0.00066
370 1077 1350 1700 1057
0.00122 0.00165 0.0015 0.001594 0.001169 0.00093 0.00074 0.0024 0.001419 0.000451 0.001072 0.000640 0.000883 0.00102 0.001143 0.001068 0.000665
700 600 710 697 1700 1460 977 2200 950 800 907 1007 923 1067 902 417 1545
0.000895
2200
0.00080 0.00067 0.002293 0.001869 0.002483
160 745 77 77 322
0.000936
1500
0.000601 0.001253 0.002687
1200 480 138
0.000745 0.000578 0.000751 0.000885
1004 1037 1927 1026
0.004316
457
0.00035 0.0014 0.000759
600 847 1378
0.001735 0.00144 0.001755 0.0018 0.001761 0.001873 0.00130 0.00050
137 600 647 642 737 279 927 1675
0.007943
1057
DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS (continued) Formula UCl4 UF4 V W Y YCl3 Yb Zn ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnI2 ZnSO4 Zr ZrCl4
Name Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Vanadium Tungsten Yttrium Yttrium chloride Ytterbium Zinc Zinc bromide Zinc chloride Zinc iodide Zinc sulfate Zirconium Zirconium chloride
tm/°C
ρm/g cm–3
590 1036 1910 3422 1526 721 824 419.53 394 290 446 680 1855 437
3.572 6.485 5.5 17.6 4.24 2.510 6.21 6.57 3.47 2.54 3.878 3.14 5.8 1.643
4-129
k/g cm–3 °C–1
tmax
0.001945 0.000992
667 1341
0.0005
845
0.0011 0.000959 0.00053 0.00136 0.00047
700 602 557 588 987
0.007464
492
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS When a material is placed in a magnetic field H, a magnetization (magnetic moment per unit volume) M is induced in the material which is related to H by M = κH, where κ is called the volume susceptibility. Since H and M have the same dimensions, κ is dimensionless. A more useful parameter is the molar susceptibility χm , defined by χm = κVm = κ M/ρ where Vm is the molar volume of the substance, M the molar mass, and ρ the mass density. When the cgs system is used, the customary units for χm are cm3 mol-1; the corresponding SI units are m3 mol-1. Substances that have no unpaired electron orbital or spin angular momentum generally have negative values of χm and are called diamagnetic. Their molar susceptibility varies only slightly with temperature. Substances with unpaired electrons, which are termed paramagnetic, have positive χm and show a much stronger temperature dependence, varying roughly as 1/T. The net susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is the sum of the paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions, but the former almost always dominates. This table gives values of χm for the elements and selected inorganic compounds. All values refer to nominal room temperature (285 to 300 K) unless otherwise indicated. When the physical state (s = solid, l = liquid, g = gas, aq = aqueous solution) is not given, the most common crystalline form is understood. An entry of “Ferro.” indicates a ferromagnetic substance. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by the most common name, except that compounds such as hydrides, oxides, and acids are grouped with the parent element (the same ordering used in the table “Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds”). In keeping with customary practice, the molar susceptibility is given here in units appropriate to the cgs system. These values should be multiplied by 4π to obtain values for use in SI equations (where the magnetic field strength H has units of A m-1).
REFERENCES 1. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/16, Diamagnetic Susceptibility, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, III/19, Subvolumes a to i2, Magnetic Properties of Metals, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986-1992. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/2, II/8, II/10, II/11,and II/12a, Coordination and Organometallic Transition Metal Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1966-1984. 4. Tables de Constantes et Données Numérique, Volume 7, Relaxation Paramagnetique, Masson, Paris, 1957.
Name Aluminum Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum oxide Aluminum sulfate Ammonia (g) Ammonia (aq) Ammonium acetate Ammonium bromide Ammonium carbonate Ammonium chlorate Ammonium chloride Ammonium fluoride Ammonium iodate Ammonium iodide Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Antimony Stibine (g) Antimony(III) bromide Antimony(III) chloride Antimony(III) fluoride Antimony(III) iodide Antimony(III) oxide Antimony(III) sulfide Antimony(V) chloride Argon (g) Arsenic (gray)
Formula Al AlF3 Al2O3 Al2(SO4)3 NH3 NH3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4Br (NH4)2CO3 NH4ClO3 NH4Cl NH4F NH4IO3 NH4I NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4SCN Sb SbH3 SbBr3 SbCl3 SbF3 SbI3 Sb2O3 Sb2S3 SbCl5 Ar As
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 +16.5 -13.9 -37 -93 -16.3 -18.3 -41.1 -47 -42.5 -42.1 -36.7 -23 -62.3 -66 -33 -67 -48.1 -99 -34.6 -111.4 -86.7 -46 -147.2 -69.4 -86 -120.5 -19.32 -5.6
Name Arsenic (yellow) Arsine (g) Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsenic(III) oxide Arsenic(III) sulfide Barium Barium bromide Barium bromide dihydrate Barium carbonate Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide Barium iodate Barium iodide Barium iodide dihydrate Barium nitrate Barium oxide Barium peroxide Barium sulfate Beryllium Beryllium chloride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Bismuth
4-130
Formula As AsH3 AsBr3 AsCl3 AsI3 As2O3 As2S3 Ba BaBr2 BaBr2·2H2O BaCO3 BaCl2 BaCl2·2H2O BaF2 Ba(OH)2 Ba(IO3)2 BaI2 BaI2·2H2O Ba(NO3)2 BaO BaO2 BaSO4 Be BeCl2 Be(OH)2 BeO BeSO4 Bi
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 -23.2 -35.2 -106 -72.5 -142.2 -30.34 -70 +20.6 -92 -119.3 -58.9 -72.6 -100 -51 -53.2 -122.5 -124.4 -163 -66.5 -29.1 -40.6 -65.8 -9.0 -26.5 -23.1 -11.9 -37 -280.1
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bismuth fluoride Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth triiodide Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bismuth oxide Bismuth phosphate Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Boron Diborane (g) Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Boron trichloride Boron oxide Bromine (l) Bromine (g) Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Cadmium Cadmium bromide Cadmium bromide tetrahydrate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium chloride Cadmium chromate Cadmium cyanide Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium iodide Cadmium nitrate Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodate Calcium iodide Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Carbon (diamond) Carbon (graphite) Carbon monoxide (g) Carbon dioxide (g) Cerium (β) Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) fluoride Cerium(III) sulfide Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
BiBr3 BiCl3 BiF3 Bi(OH)3 BiI3 Bi(NO3)3·5H2O Bi2O3 BiPO4 Bi2(SO4)3 Bi2S3 B B2H6 H3BO3 BCl3 B2O3 Br2 Br2 BrF3 BrF5 Cd CdBr2 CdBr2·4H2O
-147 -26.5 -61.2 -65.8 -200.5 -159 -83 -77 -199 -123 -6.7 -21.0 -34.1 -59.9 -38.7 -56.4 -73.5 -33.9 -45.1 -19.7 -87.3 -131.5
CdCO3 CdCl2 CdCrO4 Cd(CN)2 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdI2 Cd(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2·4H2O CdO CdSO4 CdS Ca CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(IO3)2 CaI2 CaO CaSO4 CaSO4·2H2O C C CO CO2 Ce CeS CeCl3 CeF3 Ce2S3 CeO2 Ce(SO4)2·4H2O
-46.7 -68.7 -16.8 -54 -40.6 -41 -108.4 -117.2 -55.1 -140 -30 -59.2 -50 +40 -73.8 -38.2 -54.7 -28 -22 -101.4 -109 -15.0 -49.7 -74 -5.9 -6.0 -9.8 -21.0 +2500 +2110 +2490 +2190 +5080 +26 -97
Name Cesium Cesium bromate Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate Cesium chlorate Cesium chloride Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide Cesium superoxide Cesium sulfate Chlorine (l) Chlorine trifluoride (g) Chromium Chromium(II) chloride Chromium(III) chloride Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(III) sulfate Chromium(VI) oxide Cobalt Cobalt(II) bromide Cobalt(II) chloride Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate Cobalt(II) cyanide Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(II,III) oxide Cobalt(III) fluoride Cobalt(III) oxide Copper Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) oxide Copper(II) bromide Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) chloride dihydrate Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) fluoride dihydrate Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate Copper(II) nitrate hexahydrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate Copper(II) sulfide Dysprosium (α) Dysprosium(III) oxide Dysprosium(III) sulfide Erbium Erbium oxide Erbium sulfate octahydrate Erbium sulfide
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Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
Cs CsBrO3 CsBr Cs2CO3 CsClO3 CsCl CsF CsI CsO2 Cs2SO4 Cl2 ClF3 Cr CrCl2 CrCl3 CrF3 Cr2O3 Cr2(SO4)3 CrO3 Co CoBr2 CoCl2 CoCl2·6H2O
+29 -75.1 -67.2 -103.6 -65 -56.7 -44.5 -82.6 +1534 -116 -40.4 -26.5 +167 +7230 +6350 +4370 +1960 +11800 +40 Ferro. +13000 +12660 +9710
Co(CN)2 CoF2 CoI2 CoSO4 CoS Co3O4 CoF3 Co2O3 Cu CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI Cu2O CuBr2 CuCl2 CuCl2·2H2O CuF2 CuF2·2H2O Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2·3H2O Cu(NO3)2·6H2O
+3825 +9490 +10760 +10000 +225 +7380 +1900 +4560 -5.46 -49 -40 -24 -63 -20 +685 +1080 +1420 +1050 +1600 +1170 +1570 +1625
CuO CuSO4 CuSO4·5H2O CuS Dy Dy2O3 Dy2S3 Er Er2O3 Er2(SO4)3·8H2O Er2S3
+238 +1330 +1460 -2.0 +98000 +89600 +95200 +48000 +73920 +74600 +77200
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Europium Europium(II) bromide Europium(II) chloride Europium(II) fluoride Europium(II) iodide Europium(II) sulfide Europium(III) oxide Europium(III) sulfate Gadolinium (350 K) Gadolinium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) oxide Gadolinium(III) sulfate octahydrate Gadolinium(III) sulfide Gallium Gallium suboxide Gallium(II) sulfide Gallium(III) chloride Gallium(III) sulfide Germanium Germane (g) Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(IV) chloride Germanium(IV) fluoride Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium(IV) sulfide Gold Gold(I) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(I) iodide Gold(III) chloride Hafnium Hafnium oxide Helium (g) Holmium Holmium oxide Hydrazine (l) Hydrogen (l, 20.3 K) Hydrogen (g) Hydrogen chloride (l) Hydrogen chloride (aq) Hydrogen fluoride (l) Hydrogen fluoride (aq) Hydrogen iodide (s, 195 K) Hydrogen iodide (l, 233 K) Hydrogen iodide (aq) Hydrogen peroxide (l) Hydrogen sulfide (g) Indium Indium(I) chloride Indium(II) chloride Indium(II) sulfide Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) chloride Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) sulfide Iodine
Formula Eu EuBr2 EuCl2 EuF2 EuI2 EuS Eu2O3 Eu2(SO4)3 Gd GdCl3 Gd2O3 Gd2(SO4)3·8H2O Gd2S3 Ga Ga2O GaS GaCl3 Ga2S3 Ge GeH4 GeO GeS GeCl4 GeF4 GeI4 GeO2 GeS2 Au AuBr AuCl AuI AuCl3 Hf HfO2 He Ho Ho2O3 N2H4 H2 H2 HCl HCl HF HF HI HI HI H2O2 H2S In InCl InCl2 InS InBr3 InCl3 In2O3 In2S3 I2
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 +30900 +26800 +26500 +23750 +26000 +23800 +10100 +10400 +185000 +27930 +53200 +53280 +55500 -21.6 -34 -23 -63 -80 -11.6 -29.7 -28.8 -40.9 -72 -50 -171 -34.3 -53.9 -28 -61 -67 -91 -112 +71 -23 -2.02 +72900 +88100 -201 -5.44 -3.99 -22.6 -22 -8.6 -9.3 -47.3 -48.3 -50.2 -17.3 -25.5 -10.2 -30 -56 -28 -107 -86 -56 -98 -90
Name Iodic acid Iodine pentoxide Iodine chloride Iodine trichloride Iodine pentafluoride Iridium Iridium(III) chloride Iridium(IV) oxide Iron Iron(II) bromide Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) sulfate monohydrate Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate Iron(II) sulfide Iron(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate Iron(III) fluoride Iron(III) fluoride trihydrate Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate Krypton (g) Lanthanum (α) Lanthanum oxide Lanthanum sulfate nonahydrate Lanthanum sulfide Lead Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) chromate Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) nitrate Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) phosphate Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfide Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium carbonate Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide (aq) Lithium iodide Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium bromide Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride
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Formula HIO3 I2O5 ICl ICl3 IF5 Ir IrCl3 IrO2 Fe FeBr2 FeCO3 FeCl2 FeCl2·4H2O FeF2 FeI2 FeO FeSO4 FeSO4·H2O FeSO4·7H2O FeS FeCl3 FeCl3·6H2O FeF3 FeF3·3H2O Fe(NO3)3·9H2O Kr La La2O3 La2(SO4)3·9H2O La2S3 Pb Pb(C2H3O2)2 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbF2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PbO Pb3(PO4)2 PbSO4 PbS Li LiBr Li2CO3 LiCl LiF LiH LiOH LiI Li2SO4 Lu Mg MgBr2 MgCO3 MgCl2
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 -48 -79.4 -54.6 -90.2 -58.1 +25 -14.4 +224 Ferro. +13600 +11300 +14750 +12900 +9500 +13600 +7200 +12400 +10500 +11200 +1074 +13450 +15250 +13760 +7870 +15200 -29.0 +95.9 -78 -262 -37 -23 -89.1 -90.6 -61.2 -73.8 -18 -58.1 -131 -126.5 -74 -42 -182 -69.7 -83.6 +14.2 -34.3 -27 -24.3 -10.1 -4.6 -12.3 -50 -41.6 +182.9 +13.1 -72 -32.4 -47.4
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate monohydrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Manganese Manganese(II) bromide Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) chloride Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate Manganese(II) fluoride Manganese(II) hydroxide Manganese(II) iodide Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(II) sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate monohydrate Manganese(II) sulfate tetrahydrate Manganese(II) sulfide (α form) Manganese(II) sulfide (β form) Manganese(II,III) oxide Manganese(III) fluoride Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Mercury (s, 234 K) Mercury (l) Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) nitrate Mercury(I) oxide Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(II) cyanide Mercury(II) fluoride Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(II) nitrate Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide Mercury(II) thiocyanate Molybdenum Molybdenum(III) bromide Molybdenum(III) chloride Molybdenum(III) oxide Molybdenum(IV) bromide Molybdenum(IV) chloride Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(V) chloride
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgI2 MgO MgSO4 MgSO4·H2O
-22.7 -22.1 -111 -10.2 -42 -61
MgSO4·7H2O
-135.7
Mn MnBr2 MnCO3 MnCl2 MnCl2·4H2O
+511 +13900 +11400 +14350 +14600
MnF2 Mn(OH)2 MnI2 MnO MnSO4 MnSO4·H2O
+10700 +13500 +14400 +4850 +13660 +14200
MnSO4·4H2O
+14600
MnS
+5630
MnS
+3850
Mn3O4 MnF3 Mn2O3 MnO2 Hg Hg Hg2Br2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2O Hg2SO4 HgBr2 HgCl2 Hg(CN)2 HgF2 HgI2 Hg(NO3)2 HgO HgSO4 HgS Hg(SCN)2 Mo MoBr3 MoCl3 Mo2O3 MoBr4 MoCl4 MoO2 MoCl5
+12400 +10500 +14100 +2280 -24.1 -33.5 -105 -120 -106 -166 -121 -76.3 -123 -94.2 -82 -67 -57.3 -165 -74 -46 -78.1 -55.4 -96.5 +72 +525 +43 -42.0 +520 +1750 +41 +990
Name Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxide Neodymium (α) Neodymium fluoride Neodymium oxide Neodymium sulfate Neodymium sulfide Neon (g) Neptunium Nickel Nickel(II) bromide Nickel(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate Nickel(II) fluoride Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodide Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate Nickel(II) oxide Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(III) sulfide Niobium Niobium(V) oxide Nitrogen (g) Nitric acid (l) Nitrous oxide (g) Nitric oxide (s, 90 K) Nitric oxide (l, 118 K) Nitric oxide (g) Nitrogen dioxide (g, 408 K) Nitrogen trioxide (g) Nitrogen tetroxide (g) Osmium Oxygen (s, 54 K) Oxygen (l, 90 K) Oxygen (g) Ozone (l) Palladium Palladium(II) chloride Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphine (g) Phosphoric acid (aq) Phosphorous acid (aq) Phosphorus(III) chloride (l) Platinum Platinum(II) chloride Platinum(III) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) fluoride Plutonium Plutonium(IV) fluoride Plutonium(IV) oxide Plutonium(VI) fluoride Potassium Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate
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Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
MoF6 MoO3 Nd NdF3 Nd2O3 Nd2(SO4)3 Nd2S3 Ne Np Ni NiBr2 NiCl2 NiCl2·6H2O
-26.0 +3 +5930 +4980 +10200 +9990 +5550 -6.96 +575 Ferro. +5600 +6145 +4240
NiF2 Ni(OH)2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2·6H2O NiO NiSO4 NiS Ni3S2 Nb Nb2O5 N2 HNO3 N2O NO NO NO NO2 N2O3 N2O4 Os O2 O2 O2 O3 Pd PdCl2 P P PH3 H3PO4 H3PO3 PCl3 Pt PtCl2 PtCl3 PtCl4 PtF4 Pu PuF4 PuO2 PuF6 K KBrO3 KBr K2CO3
+2410 +4500 +3875 +4300 +660 +4005 +190 +1030 +208 -10 -12.0 -19.9 -18.9 +19.8 +114.2 +1461 +150 -16 -23.0 +11 +10200 +7699 +3449 +6.7 +540 -38 -26.66 -20.77 -26.2 -43.8 -42.5 -63.4 +193 -54 -66.7 -93 +445 +525 +1760 +730 +173 +20.8 -52.6 -49.1 -59
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium cyanide Potassium ferricyanide Potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate Potassium fluoride Potassium hydrogen sulfate Potassium hydroxide (aq) Potassium iodate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium permanganate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium superoxide Potassium thiocyanate Praseodymium (α) Praseodymium chloride Praseodymium oxide Praseodymium sulfide Protactinium Rhenium Rhenium(IV) oxide Rhenium(IV) sulfide Rhenium(V) chloride Rhenium(VI) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Rhodium Rhodium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) oxide Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium carbonate Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium nitrate Rubidium sulfate Rubidium superoxide Ruthenium Ruthenium(III) chloride Ruthenium(IV) oxide Samarium (α) Samarium(II) bromide Samarium(III) bromide Samarium(III) oxide Samarium(III) sulfate octahydrate Samarium(III) sulfide Scandium (α) Selenium Selenium dioxide Selenium bromide Selenium chloride (l) Selenium hexafluoride (g) Silicon
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
KClO3 KCl K2CrO4 KCN K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O
-42.8 -38.8 -3.9 -37 +2290 -172.3
KF KHSO4 KOH KIO3 KI KNO3 KNO2 KMnO4 K2SO4 K2S KO2 KSCN Pr PrCl3 Pr2O3 Pr2S3 Pa Re ReO2 ReS2 ReCl5 ReO3 Re2O7 Rh RhCl3 Rh2O3 Rb RbBr Rb2CO3 RbCl RbF RbI RbNO3 Rb2SO4 RbO2 Ru RuCl3 RuO2 Sm SmBr2 SmBr3 Sm2O3 Sm2(SO4)3·8H2O
-23.6 -49.8 -22 -63.1 -63.8 -33.7 -23.3 +20 -67 -60 +3230 -48 +5530 +44.5 +8994 +10770 +277 +67 +44 +38 +1225 +16 -16 +102 -7.5 +104 +17 -56.4 -75.4 -46 -31.9 -72.2 -41 -88.4 +1527 +39 +1998 +162 +1278 +5337 +972 +1988 +1710
Sm2S3 Sc Se SeO2 Se2Br2 Se2Cl2 SeF6 Si
+3300 +295.2 -25 -27.2 -113 -94.8 -51 -3.12
Name Silane (g) Disilane (g) Tetramethylsilane (l) Tetraethylsilane (l) Tetrabromosilane (l) Tetrachlorosilane (l) Silicon carbide Silicon dioxide Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) nitrite Silver(I) oxide Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) thiocyanate Silver(II) oxide Sodium Sodium acetate Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium dichromate Sodium fluoride Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydroxide (aq) Sodium iodate Sodium iodide Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite Sodium oxide Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate decahydrate Sodium sulfide Sodium tetraborate Strontium Strontium bromide Strontium bromide hexahydrate Strontium carbonate Strontium chlorate Strontium chloride Strontium chloride hexahydrate Strontium chromate Strontium fluoride Strontium hydroxide Strontium iodate Strontium iodide Strontium nitrate
4-134
Formula
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1
SiH4 Si2H6 (CH3)4Si (C2H5)4Si SiBr4 SiCl4 SiC SiO2 Ag AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgF AgI AgNO3 AgNO2 Ag2O Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 AgSCN AgO Na NaC2H3O2 NaBrO3 NaBr Na2CO3 NaClO3 NaCl Na2Cr2O7 NaF Na2HPO4 NaOH NaIO3 NaI NaNO3 NaNO2 Na2O Na2O2 Na2SO4 Na2SO4·10H2O Na2S Na2B4O7 Sr SrBr2 SrBr2·6H2O
-20.4 -37.3 -74.80 -120.2 -126 -87.5 -12.8 -29.6 -19.5 -61 -80.90 -49 -40 -43.2 -36.5 -80 -45.7 -42 -134 -120 -92.90 -61.8 -19.6 +16 -37.6 -44.2 -41 -41 -34.7 -30.2 +55 -15.6 -56.6 -15.8 -53 -57 -25.6 -14.5 -19.8 -28.10 -52 -184 -39 -85 +92 -86.6 -160
SrCO3 Sr(ClO3)2 SrCl2 SrCl2·6H2O
-47 -73 -61.5 -145
SrCrO4 SrF2 Sr(OH)2 Sr(IO3)2 SrI2 Sr(NO3)2
-5.1 -37.2 -40 -108 -112 -57.2
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Name Strontium oxide Strontium peroxide Strontium sulfate Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Sulfuric acid (l) Sulfur dioxide (g) Sulfur trioxide (l) Sulfur chloride (l) Sulfur dichloride (l) Sulfur hexafluoride (g) Thionyl chloride (l) Tantalum Tantalum(V) chloride Tantalum(V) oxide Technetium Tellurium Tellurium dibromide Tellurium dichloride Tellurium hexafluoride (g) Terbium (α) Terbium oxide Thallium Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) carbonate Thallium(I) chlorate Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) cyanide Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) nitrate Thallium(I) nitrite Thallium(I) sulfate Thallium(I) sulfide Thorium Thorium(IV) oxide Thulium Thulium oxide Tin (gray) Tin(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride dihydrate Tin(II) oxide Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride (l) Tin(IV) oxide Titanium Titanium(II) bromide Titanium(II) chloride Titanium(II) iodide Titanium(II) sulfide Titanium(III) bromide Titanium(III) chloride Titanium(III) fluoride Titanium(III) oxide Titanium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) oxide
Formula SrO SrO2 SrSO4 S S H2SO4 SO2 SO3 SSCl2 SCl2 SF6 SOCl2 Ta TaCl5 Ta2O5 Tc Te TeBr2 TeCl2 TeF6 Tb Tb2O3 Tl TlBrO3 TlBr Tl2CO3 TlClO3 TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlCN TlF TlIO3 TlI TlNO3 TlNO2 Tl2SO4 Tl2S Th ThO2 Tm Tm2O3 Sn SnCl2 SnCl2·2H2O SnO SnBr4 SnCl4 SnO2 Ti TiBr2 TiCl2 TiI2 TiS TiBr3 TiCl3 TiF3 Ti2O3 TiCl4 TiO2
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 -35 -32.3 -57.9 -15.5 -14.9 -39 -18.2 -28.54 -62.2 -49.4 -44 -44.3 +154 +140 -32 +115 -38 -106 -94 -66 +170000 +78340 -50 -75.9 -63.9 -101.6 -65.5 -57.8 -39.3 -49 -44.4 -86.8 -82.2 -56.5 -50.8 -112.6 -88.8 +97 -16 +24700 +51444 -37.4 -69 -91.4 -19 -149 -115 -41 +151 +720 +484 +1790 +432 +660 +1110 +1300 +132 -54 +5.9
Name Tungsten Tungsten carbide Tungsten(II) chloride Tungsten(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) sulfide Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) fluoride (g) Tungsten(VI) oxide Uranium Uranium(III) bromide Uranium(III) chloride Uranium(III) hydride Uranium(III) iodide Uranium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) oxide Uranium(VI) fluoride Uranium(VI) oxide Vanadium Vanadium(II) bromide Vanadium(II) chloride Vanadium(III) bromide Vanadium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) fluoride Vanadium(III) oxide Vanadium(III) sulfide Vanadium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Water (s, 273 K) Water (l, 293 K) Water (l, 373 K) Water (g, 373 K)) Xenon (g) Ytterbium (β) Yttrium (α) Yttrium oxide Yttrium sulfide Zinc Zinc carbonate Zinc chloride Zinc cyanide Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodide Zinc oxide Zinc phosphate Zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate monohydrate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate Zinc sulfide Zirconium Zirconium carbide Zirconium nitrate pentahydrate Zirconium(IV) oxide
4-135
Formula W WC WCl2 WO2 WS2 WBr5 WCl5 WCl6 WF6 WO3 U UBr3 UCl3 UH3 UI3 UBr4 UCl4 UF4 UO2 UF6 UO3 V VBr2 VCl2 VBr3 VCl3 VF3 V2O3 V2S3 VCl4 VO2 V2O5 H2O H2O H2O H2O Xe Yb Y Y2O3 Y2S3 Zn ZnCO3 ZnCl2 Zn(CN)2 ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 ZnI2 ZnO Zn3(PO4)2 ZnSO4 ZnSO4·H2O ZnSO4·7H2O ZnS Zr ZrC Zr(NO3)4·5H2O ZrO2
χm/10-6 cm3 mol-1 +53 +10 -25 +57 +5850 +270 +387 -71 -53 -15.8 +409 +4740 +3460 +6244 +4460 +3530 +3680 +3530 +2360 +43 +128 +285 +3230 +2410 +2910 +3030 +2757 +1976 +1560 +1215 +99 +128 -12.63 -12.96 -13.09 -13.1 -45.5 +67 +187.7 +44.4 +100 -9.15 -34 -55.33 -46 -34.3 -67 -108 -27.2 -141 -47.8 -63 -138 -25 +120 -26 -77 -13.8
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC LIQUIDS This table gives the index of refraction n of several inorganic substances in the liquid state at specified temperatures. The measurements refer to ambient atmospheric pressure except for substances whose normal boiling points are greater than the indicated temperature; in this case the pressure is the saturated vapor pressure of the substance. All values refer to a wavelength of 589 nm unless otherwise indicated. Entries are arranged in alphabetical order by chemical formula as normally written. Data on the index of refraction at other temperatures and wavelengths may be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Wohlfarth, C., and Wohlfarth, B., Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, III/38A, Martienssen, W., Editor, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1996. 2. Francis, A.W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 5, 534, 1960. Formula
Name
Ar AsCl3 BBr3 BrF3 BrF5 Br2 COS CO2 CS2 C3O2 Cl2 CrO2Cl2 Fe(CO)5 GeBr4 GeCl4 HBr HCN HCl HClO4 HF HI HNO3 H2 H2O H2O2 H2S
Argon Arsenic(III) chloride Boron tribromide Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Bromine Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon suboxide Chlorine Chromyl chloride Iron pentacarbonyl Germanium(IV) bromide Germanium(IV) chloride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen chloride Perchloric acid Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Nitric acid Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide
H2SO4 H2S2 He Kr NH3
Sulfuric acid Hydrogen disulfide Helium Krypton Ammonia
NO N2 N2H4 N2O O2 PBr3 PCl3 PH3 P2O3 S SCl2 SF6 SOCl2 SO2 SO2Cl2
Nitric oxide Nitrogen Hydrazine Nitrous oxide Oxygen Phosphorus(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphine Phosphorus(III) oxide Sulfur Sulfur dichloride Sulfur hexafluoride Thionyl chloride Sulfur dioxide Sulfuryl chloride
4-136
t/°C
n
-188 16 16 25 25 15 25 24 20 0 20 23 14 26 25 10 20 18 50 25 16 25 -253 20 28 -80 20 20 20 -269 -157 -77 20 -90 -196 22 25 -183 25 21 17 27 125 14 25 10 25 12
1.2312 1.604 1.312 1.4536 1.3529 1.659 1.3506 1.6630 1.62774 1.453 1.3834 1.524 1.523 1.6269 1.4614 1.325 1.26136 1.3287 a 1.3819 1.1574 1.466 1.393 1.1096 1.33336 1.4061 1.460 1.3682 1.4183 1.630 1.02451 c 1.3032 c 1.3944 b 1.3327 1.330 1.19876 b 1.470 1.238 1.2243 c 1.687 1.5122 1.317 1.540 1.9170 1.557 1.167 1.527 1.3396 1.444
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF INORGANIC LIQUIDS (continued)
a b c
Formula
Name
t/°C
n
SO3 SSCl2 SbCl5 SiBr4 SiCl4 SnBr4 SnCl4 TiCl4 Xe
Sulfur trioxide Sulfur chloride Antimony(V) chloride Tetrabromosilane Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) bromide Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Xenon
20 20 22 31 25 31 25 18 -112
1.40965 1.671 1.5925 1.5685 1.41156 1.6628 1.5086 1.6076 1.3918 c
At 581 nm At 578 nm At 546 nm
4-137
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS The chemical formula, crystal system, density, hardness, and index of refraction of some common minerals are given in this table. Entries are arranged alphabetically by mineral name. The columns are: • • • • •
Formula: Chemical formula for a typical sample of the mineral. Composition often varies considerably with the origin of the sample. Crystal system: tricl = triclinic; monocl = monoclinic; orth = orthorhombic; tetr = tetragonal; hex = hexagonal; rhomb = rhombohedral; cub = cubic. Density: Typical density in g/cm3. Individual samples may vary by a few percent. Hardness: On the Mohs’ scale (range of 1 to 10, with talc = 1 and diamond = 10). Index of refraction: Values are given for the three coordinate axes in the order of least, intermediate, and greatest index. For cubic crystals there is only a single value. See Reference 1 for details on the axis systems. Variations of several percent, depending on the origin and exact composition of the sample, are common. REFERENCES 1. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, 1992. 2. Carmichael, R.S., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Donnay, J.D.H., and Ondik, H.M., Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973.
Name Acanthite Actinolite Aegirine Akermanite Alabandite Albite Allanite Allemontite Almandine Altaite Aluminite Alunite Alunogen Amblygonite Analcite Anatase Andalusite Andesine Andorite Andradite Anglesite Anhydrite Ankerite Anorthite Anorthoclase Anthophyllite Apatite Apophyllite Aragonite Arcanite Argentite Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Atacamite Augelite Augite Autunite Axinite
Formula Ag2S Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH,F)2 NaFe(SiO3)2 Ca2MgSi2O7 MnS NaAlSi3O8 (Ca,Mn,Ce,La,Y,Th)2(Fe,Ti)(Al,Fe) O⋅OH(Si2O7)(SiO4) SbAs Fe3Al2Si3O12 PbTe Al2(SO4)(OH)4⋅7H2O (K,Na)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 Al2(SO4)3⋅18H2O (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH) NaAlSi2O6⋅H20 TiO2 Al2OSiO4 NaAlSi3O8·CaAl 2Si2O8 PbAgSb3S6 Ca3(Fe,Ti)2Si3O12 PbSO4 CaSO4 Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2 CaAl2Si2O8 (Na,K)AlSi3O8 (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH,F)2 Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) KFCa4Si8O20⋅8H2O CaCO3 K2SO4 Ag2S As2O3 FeAsS Cu2(OH)3Cl Al2(PO4)(OH)3 (Ca,Mg,Fe,Ti,Al)2(Si,Al)2O6 Ca(UO22)(PO4)2⋅10H20 (Ca,Mn,Fe)3Al2BO3Si4O12(OH)
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
orth monocl monocl tetr cub tricl
7.2 3.23 3.58 2.94 4.0 2.63
2.3 5.5 6 5.5 3.8 6.3
monocl hex cub cub monocl rhomb monocl tricl cub tetr orth tricl rhomb cub orth orth rhomb tricl tricl rhomb hex tetr orth orth orth cub monocl rhomb monocl monocl tetr tricl
3.8 6.0 4.32 8.16 1.74 2.8 1.69 3.1 2.27 4.23 3.15 2.67 5.35 3.86 6.29 2.96 3.0 2.76 2.58 3.21 3.2 2.35 2.83 2.66 7.2 3.86 6.1 3.76 2.70 3.38 3.2 3.31
5.8 3.5 6.8 3 1.5 3.8 1.8 5.8 5.5 5.8 7.5 6.3 3.3 6.8 2.8 3.5 3.8 6.3 6 5.8 5 4.8 3.5
4-149
2.3 1.5 5.8 3.3 4.8 6 2.3 6.8
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
1.624 1.763 1.632
1.655 1.800 1.640
1.664 1.815
1.527
1.531
1.538
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.464 1.592 1.47 1.604
1.470
1.830 1.459 1.572 1.467 1.591 1.486 2.488 1.635 1.550
2.561 1.639 1.553
1.887 1.877 1.570 1.529 1.577 1.523 1.645 1.645 1.535 1.531 1.494
1.883 1.575 1.720 1.585 1.528 1.658 1.648 1.536 1.680 1.494
1.478 1.613
1.644 1.557
1.894 1.614 1.590 1.529 1.668
1.686 1.497
1.755 1.831 1.574 1.703 1.553 1.684
1.861 1.576 1.707 1.577 1.691
1.880 1.588 1.738 1.694
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Azurite Baddeleyite Barite Benitoite Bertrandite Beryl Beryllonite Biotite Bismuthinite Bixbyite Bloedite Boehmite Boracite Borax Bornite Boulangerite Bournonite Braggite Braunite Bravoite Breithauptite Brochantite Bromyrite Brookite Brucite Bunsenite Cacoxenite Calcite Caledonite Calomel Cancrinite Carnalite Carnotite Cassiterite Celestite Celsian Cerargyrite Cerussite Cervantite Chabazite Chalcanthite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Chiolite Chlorite Chloritoid Chondrodite Chromite Chrysoberyl Chrysocolla Cinnabar Claudetite Clinohumite Clinozoisite Cobaltite Colemanite Columbite Connellite
Formula Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 ZrO2 BaSO4 BaTi(SiO3)3 Be4Si2O7(OH)2 Be3Al2(SiO3)6 NaBe(PO)4 K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Bi2S3 (Mn,Fe)2O3 Na2Mg(SO4)2⋅4H2O AlO(OH) Mg3B7O13Cl Na2B4O7⋅10H2O Cu5FeS4 Pb5Sb4S11 PbCuSbS3 PtS (Mn,Si)2O3 (Ni,Fe)S2 NiSb Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 AgBr TiO2 Mg(OH)2 NiO Fe4(PO4)3(OH)3⋅12H20 CaCO3 Cu2Pb5(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 Hg2Cl2 (Na,Ca,K)7[Al6Si6O24] (CO3,SO4,Cl,OH)2⋅H20 KMgCl3⋅6H20 K2(UO2)2(VO4)2⋅3H2O SnO2 SrSO4 BaAl2Si2O8 AgCl PbCO3 Sb2O4 Ca[Al2Si4O12]⋅6H2O CuSO4⋅5H2O Cu2S CuFeS2 Na5Al3F14 (Mg,Al,Fe)12(Si,Al)8O20(OH)16 FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 Mg(OH,F)2⋅2Mg2SiO4 FeCr2O4 BeAl2O4 CuSiO3⋅2H2O HgS As2O3 Mg(OH,F)2⋅4Mg2SiO4 Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH) CoAsS Ca2B6O11⋅5H2O (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 Cu19(SO4)Cl4(OH)32⋅3H2O
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
monocl monocl orth rhomb rhomb hex monocl monocl orth cub monocl orth rhomb monocl cub monocl rhomb tetr tetr cub hex monocl cub orth hex cub hex hex rhomb tetr
3.77 5.7 4.49 3.65 2.6 2.64 2.81 3.0 6.78 4.95 2.25 3.44 2.94 1.73 5.07 6.1 5.83 10.2 4.78 4.62 ≈8.7 3.79 6.47 4.23 2.37 6.72 2.3 2.71 5.76 7.16
hex rhomb rhomb tetr orth monocl cub orth orth trig tricl orth tetr tetr monocl monocl monocl cub orth rhomb hex monocl monocl monocl cub monocl rhomb hex
2.42 1.60
4-150
6.85 3.96 3.25 5.56 6.6 6.64 2.08 2.29 5.6 4.2 3.00 3.0 3.66 3.21 5.0 3.65 2.4 8.17 3.74 3.21 3.30 ≈6.1 2.42 5.20 3.36
Hardness 3.8 6.5 3.3 6.3 6 7.8 5.8 2.8 2 6.3 2.8 3.8 7.3 2.3 3 2.8 2.8 6.3 5.8 5.5 3.8 2.5 5.8 2.5 5.5 3.5 3 2.8 1.5 5.5 2.5 1.5 6.5 3.3 6.3 2.5 3.3 4.5 4.5 2.5 2.8 3.8 3.8 2.5 6.5 6.5 5.5 8.5 2 2.3 2.5 6 6.5 5.5 4.5 6 3
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
1.730 2.13 1.636 1.757 1.589 1.582 1.552 1.595
1.758 2.19 1.637 1.804 1.602 1.589 1.558 1.651
1.838 2.20 1.648
1.483 1.64 1.66 1.447
1.486 1.65 1.66 1.469
1.487 1.66 1.67 1.472
1.728 2.253 2.583 1.575
1.771
1.800
2.584 1.59
2.700
1.580 1.486 1.818 1.973
1.646 1.658 1.866 2.656
1.495 1.466 1.75 2.006 1.622 1.583 2.071 1.804
1.509 1.475 1.92 2.097 1.624 1.588
1.631 1.594
2.076
2.079
1.537
1.543
1.349 1.62 1.721 1.615
1.62 1.726 1.634
1.482 1.514
1.613 1.561 1.651
1.909
1.494 1.95
1.342 1.61 1.717 1.604 2.16 1.746 1.575 2.814 1.87 1.633 1.693
1.748 1.597 3.143 1.92 1.647 1.700
2.01 1.668 1.712
1.586
1.592
1.614
1.731
1.752
1.756 1.598
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Copiapite Coquimbite Cordierite Corundum Cotunnite Covellite Cristobalite Crocoite Cryolite Cryolithionite Cubanite Cummingtonite Cuprite Danburite Datolite Daubreelite Derbylite Diamond Diaspore Digenite Diopside Dioptase Dolomite Douglasite Dyscrasite Eddingtonite Eglestonite Emplectite Enargite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Erythrite Eucairite Euclasite Eudialite Eulytite Euxenite Fayalite Ferberite Fergussonite Fluorite Forsterite Franklinite Gahnite Galaxite Galena Galenabismuthite Ganomalite Gaylussite Gehlenite Geikielite Gibbsite Glauberite Glauconite Glaucophane Gmelinite
Formula (Fe,Mg)Fe4(SO4)6(OH)2⋅20H2O Fe2(SO4)3⋅9H2O Al3(Mg,Fe)2Si5AlO18 Al2O3 PbCl2 CuS SiO2 PbCrO4 Na3AlF6 Na3Li3Al2F12 CuFe2S3 (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 Cu2O CaSi2B2O8 CaBSiO4(OH) Cr2FeS4 Fe6Ti6Sb2O23 C AlO(OH) Cu2–xS CaMgSi2O6 CuSiO2(ΟH)2 CaMg(CO3)2 K2FeCl4⋅2H2O Ag3Sb BaAl2Si3O10⋅4H2O Hg4OCl2 CuBiS2 Cu3AsS4 MgSiO3 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO4)3 MgSO4⋅7H2O (Co,Ni)3(AsO4)2⋅8H2O CuAgSe BeAlSiO4(OH) (Na,Ca,Ce)5(Fe,Mn)(Zr,Ti)(Si3O9)2 (OH,Cl) Bi4Si3O12 (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 Fe2SiO4 FeWO4 (Y,Er,Ce,Fe)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 CaF2 Mg2SiO4 ZnFe2O4 ZnAl2O4 MnAl2O4 PbS PbBi2S4 (Ca,Pb)10(OH,Cl)2(Si2O7)3 Na2Ca(CO3)2⋅5H2O Ca2Al2SiO7 MgTiO3 Al(OH)3 Na2Ca(SO4)2 (K,Na,Ca)1.6(Fe,Al,Mg)4.0Si7.3Al0.7 O20(OH)4 Na2Mg3Al2Si8O22(OH)2 (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12]⋅6H2O
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
tricl hex rhomb hex orth hex hex monocl monocl cub rhomb monocl cub rhomb monocl cub rhomb cub orth cub monocl rhomb rhomb orth rhomb rhomb cub rhomb rhomb monocl monocl orth monocl orth monocl
2.13 2.1 2.66 3.97 5.98 4.8 2.33 6.12 2.97 2.77 4.11 3.4 6.0 3.0 2.98 3.81 4.53 3.51 3.4 5.55 3.30 3.5 2.86 2.16 9.74 2.8 8.4 6.38 4.5 3.19 3.44 1.67 3.06 7.7 3.1
2.8 2.5 7 9 2.5 1.8 6.5 2.8 2.5 2.8 3.5 5.5 3.8 7 5.3
1.52 1.54 1.540 1.761 2.199
1.54 1.56 1.549 1.769 2.217
1.484 2.29 1.338 1.340
1.487 2.36 1.338
2.66 1.339
1.650
1.660
1.676
1.63 1.624
1.63 1.652
1.63 1.668
5 10 6.8 2.8 6 5 3.5
2.45 2.418 1.694
2.45
2.51
1.715
1.741
1.680 1.65 1.500 1.488
1.687 1.70 1.679 1.500
1.708
1.541 2.49
1.553
1.557
1.656 1.733 1.433 1.626
1.662 1.755 1.455 1.661
1.669 1.765 1.461 1.699
1.651
1.655
1.671
hex cub rhomb orth monocl tetr cub orth cub cub cub cub rhomb hex monocl tetr hex monocl monocl
3.0 6.6 5.5 4.30 7.51 5.7 3.18 3.21 5.21 4.62 4.04 7.60 7.04 5.6 1.99 3.04 3.85 2.42 2.80
5.5 4.5 6 6.5 4.3 6 4 7 6 7.8 7.8 2.5 3 3.5 2.8 5.5 5.5 3 2.8
1.623 2.05 2.2 1.827
1.600
1.615
1.869
1.879
1.651
1.670
monocl monocl hex
2.7 3.19 2.10
2 6 4.5
4-151
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ 1.59 1.553 2.260
3.8 2.5 2 3 5.5 6 2.3 2 2.5 7.5
2.1 1.434 1.635 2.36 1.805 1.92 3.91 1.910 1.444 1.658 1.95 1.57 1.515
1.945 1.516 1.669 2.31 1.57 1.535
1.60 1.634 1.477
1.63 1.645 1.485
1.523
1.59 1.536 1.63 1.648
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Goethite Goslarite Greenockite Grossularite Gummite Gypsum Halite Hambergite Hanksite Harmotome Hausmannite Haüyne Hedenbergite Helvite Hematite Hemimorphite Hercynite Herderite Hessite Heulandite Hopeite Hornblende Huebnerite Humite Huntite Hydrogrossularite Hydromagnesite Illite Ilmenite Iodyrite Jacobsite Jadeite Jamesonite Jarosite Kainite Kaliophylite Kaolinite Kernite Kieserite Kyanite Lanarkite Lanthanite Laumontite Laurionite Lawsonite Lazulite Lazurite Leadhillite Lepidocrocite Lepidolite Leucite Levyne Litharge Loellingite Maghemite Magnesite Magnetite Malachite Manganite
Formula FeO(OH) ZnSO4⋅7H2O CdS Ca3Al2Si3O12 UO3⋅H2O CaSO4⋅2H2O NaCl Be2(OH)(BO3) Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl Ba[Al2Si6O16]⋅6H2O Mn3O4 (Na,Ca)4-8Al6Si6O24(SO4,S)1-2 CaFeSi2O6 Mn4Be3Si3O12S Fe2O3 Zn4Si2O7(OH)2⋅H2O Fe(AlO2)2 CaBe(PO4)(Fe,OH) Ag2Te (Ca,Na2,K2)[Al2Si7O18]⋅6H2O Zn3(PO4)2⋅4H2O Ca2(Mg,Fe)4Al(Si7AlO22)(OH)2 MnWO4 Mg(OH,F)2⋅3Mg2SiO4 Mg3Ca(CO3)4 Ca3Al2Si2O8(SiO4)1-m(OH)4m 3MgCO3⋅Mg(OH)2⋅3H2O KAl4[Si7AlO20](OH)4 FeTiO3 AgI MnFe2O4 NaAlSi2O6 Pb4FeSb6S14 KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 KMg(SO4)Cl⋅3H2O KAlSiO4 Al4Si4O10(OH)8 Na2B4O7⋅4H2O MgSO4⋅H2O Al2OSiO4 Pb2(SO4)O (La,Ce)2(CO3)3⋅8H2O Ca4[Al8Si16O48]⋅16H2O Pb(OH)Cl CaAl2(OH)2Si2O7⋅H2O (Mg,Fe)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 Na4SSi3Al3O12 Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 FeO(OH) K2(Li,Al)5-6[Si6-7Al2-1O20](OH,F)4 KAlSi2O6 (Ca,Na2)Al2Si4O12⋅6H2O PbO FeAs2 Fe2O3 MgCO3 Fe3O4 Cu2(OH)2(CO3) MnO(OH)
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
orth orth cub cub orth monocl cub rhomb hex monocl tetr cub monocl cub hex rhomb cub monocl orth monocl orth monocl monocl orth trig cub monocl monocl rhomb hex cub monocl monocl rhomb monocl hex tricl monocl monocl tricl monocl rhomb monocl rhomb rhomb monocl cub monocl orth monocl tetr rhomb tetr rhomb cub hex cub monocl monocl
4.3 1.97 4.8 3.59 7.05 2.32 2.17 2.36 2.56 2.44 4.84 2.47 3.53 3.32 5.25 3.45 4.3 2.98 8.4 2.2 3.0 3.24 7.2 3.3 2.70 3.4 2.24 2.8 4.72 5.68 4.87 3.34 5.63 3.09 2.15 2.61 2.65 1.95 2.57 3.59 6.92 2.72 2.3 6.24 3.08 3.23 2.42 6.55 4.26 2.85 2.49 2.10 9.35 7.40 4.88 3.05 5.17 4.05 ≈4.3
4-152
Hardness 5.3 2.3 3.3 6.8 3.8 2 2 7.5 3.3 4.5 5.5 5.8 6 6 6 5 7.8 5.3 2.5 3.8 3.2 5.5 4.3 6 6.8 3.5 1.5 5.5 1.5 7.8 6 2.5 3 2.8 6 2.3 2.5 3.5 6.3 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.3 6 5.8 5.3 2.8 5 3.3 5.8 4.5 2 5.3 7.8 4 6 3.8 4
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
2.268 1.457 2.506 1.734
2.401 1.480 2.529
2.457 1.484
1.520 1.544 1.56 1.461 1.506 2.15 1.502 1.721 1.739 2.91 1.614 1.835 1.592
1.525
1.530
1.59 1.481 1.507 2.46
1.63 1.511
1.727
1.746
3.19 1.617
1.636
1.612
1.621
1.498 1.58 1.67 2.17 1.625
1.498 1.59 1.67 2.22 1.636
1.506 1.59 1.69 2.32 1.657
1.70 1.523 1.56
1.527 1.59
1.545 1.59
2.21 2.3 1.649 1.715 1.494 1.532 1.549 1.454 1.520 1.715 1.928 1.52 1.508 2.08 1.655 1.615 1.500 1.87 1.94 1.536 1.510 1.496 2.535 2.63 1.536 2.42 1.655 2.25
2.22 1.654
1.663
1.820 1.505 1.537 1.564 1.472 1.533 1.722 2.007 1.587 1.517 2.12 1.675 1.64
1.565 1.488 1.584 1.731 2.036 1.613 1.519 2.16 1.685 1.650
2.00 2.20 1.565
2.01 2.51 1.566
1.516
1.501 2.665
1.741 1.875 2.25
1.909 2.53
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name Manganosite Marcasite Marialite Marshite Mascagnite Matlockite Meionite Melanterite Melilite Mellite Mendipite Mesolite Metacinnabar Microcline Miersite Millerite Mimetite Minium Mirabilite Moissanite Molybdenite Monazite Monetite Monticellite Montmorillonite Montroydite Mordenite Muscovite Nantokite Natrolite Nepheline Newberyite Niccolite Norbergite Nosean Oldhamite Oligoclase Olivenite Olivine Opal Orpiment Orthoclase Orthopyroxene Paragonite Parisite Pectolite Penfieldite Pentlandite Percylite Periclase Perovskite Petalite Pharmacosiderite Phenakite Phillipsite Phlogopite Phosgenite Piemontite
Formula MnO FeS2 Na4Al3Si9O24Cl CuI (NH4)2SO4 PbClF Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 FeSO4⋅7H2O (Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Al,Si)3O7 Al2C12O12⋅18H2O Pb3O2Cl2 Na2Ca2(Al2Si3O10)3⋅8H2O HgS KAlSi3O8 AgI NiS Pb5(AsO4,PO4)3Cl Pb3O4 Na2SO4⋅10H2O SiC MoS2 (Ce,La,Th)PO4 CaHPO4 Ca(Mg,Fe)SiO4 (0.5Ca,Na)0.7(Al,Mg,Fe)4 [(Si,Al)8O20](OH)4⋅nH2O HgO (Na,K,Ca)[Al2Si10O24]⋅7H2O KAl2Si3AlO10(OH,F)2 CuCl Na2Al2Si3O10⋅2H2O Na3KAl4Si4O16 MgHPO4⋅3H2O NiAs Mg(OH,F)2⋅Mg2SiO4 Na8Al6Si6O24SO4 CaS ([NaSi]0.9-0.7[CaAl]0.1-0.3)AlSi2O8 Cu2(AsO4)(OH) (Mg,Fe)SiO4 SiO2⋅nH2O As2S3 KAlSi3O8 (Mg,Fe)SiO3 NaAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 (Ce,La,Na)FCO3⋅CaCO3 Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 Pb4Cl6(OH)2 (Fe,Ni)9S8 PbCuCl2(OH)2 MgO CaTiO3 LiAlSi4O10 Fe3(AsO4)2(OH)3⋅5H2O Be2SiO4 K(Ca0.5,Na)2[Al3Si5O16]⋅6H2O KMg3AlSi3O10(OH,F)2 Pb2(CO3)Cl2 Ca2(Mn,Fe,Al)3O(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
cub cub tetr cub orth tetr tetr monocl tetr tetr rhomb orth cub monocl hex hex hex tetr monocl hex hex monocl tricl orth
5.37 5.02 2.56 5.67 1.77 7.05 2.78 1.89 3.00 1.64 7.24 2.26 7.70 2.56 5.68 5.5 7.24 8.9 1.46 3.16 5.06 5.2 2.92 3.18
5.5 6.3 5.5 2.5 2.3 2.8 5.5 2 5.5 2.3 2.5 5 3 6.3 2.5 3.3 3.8 2.5 1.8 9.5 1.3 5 3.5 5.5
monocl orth orth monocl cub orth hex orth hex orth cub cub tricl rhomb rhomb amorp monocl monocl rhomb monocl hex tricl hex cub cub cub cub monocl cub rhomb monocl monocl tetr monocl
2.5 11.14 2.13 2.83 4.14 2.23 2.61 2.13 7.77 3.21 2.35 2.59 2.64 4.2 3.81 1.9 3.46 2.56 3.6 2.85 4.42 2.88 6.6 4.8
1.5 2.5 3.5 2.8 2.5 5 5.8 3.3 5.3 6.5 5.5 4 6.3 3 6.8 5 1.8 6 5.5 2.5 4.5 4.8
4-153
3.6 3.98 2.42 2.80 2.98 2.2 2.83 6.13 3.49
3.8 2.5 5.5 5.5 6.5 2.5 7.5 4.3 2.3 2.5 6
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
1.541 2.346 1.520 2.006 1.559 1.47 1.639 1.511 2.24 1.506
1.548 1.523 2.145 1.595 1.48 1.645 1.539 2.27
1.533
1.522 2.20
1.526
1.530
2.128
2.147
1.394 2.648
1.396 2.691
1.398
1.787 1.587 1.647
1.789 1.61 1.655
1.840 1.640 1.664
1.55 2.37 1.478 1.563 1.930 1.478 1.534 1.514
1.57 2.50 1.480 1.596
1.57 2.65 1.482 1.602
1.481 1.538 1.517
1.491
1.565 1.495 2.137 1.539 1.77 1.73 1.44 2.40 1.523 1.709 1.572 1.672 1.603 2.13
1.573
1.592
1.543 1.80 1.76
1.547 1.85 1.78
2.81 1.527 1.712 1.602 1.771 1.610 2.21
3.02 1.531 1.723 1.605
1.511
1.519
2.05 1.735 2.34 1.506 1.690 1.654 1.494 1.560 2.118 1.762
1.670 1.497 1.597 2.145 1.773
1.49
2.31
1.533
1.639
1.505 1.598 1.796
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name
Formula
Pigeonite Pollucite Polybasite Powellite Prehnite Proustite Pseudobrookite Psilomelane Pumpellyite
(Mg,Fe,Ca)(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 CsAlSi2O6 (Ag,Cu)16Sb2S11 Ca(Mo,W)O4 Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 Ag3AsS3 Fe2TiO5 BaMn9O16(OH)4 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe,Mg)[Si2(O,OH)7] (SiO4)(OH,O)3 Ag3SbS3 FeS2 NaCaNb2O6F Mn(OH)2 MnO2 Pb5(PO4,AsO4)3Cl Mg3Al2Si3O12 Al2Si4O10(OH)2 Fe7S8 SiO2 NiAs2 PbWO4 As4S4 MnCO3 (Mn,Fe,Ca)SiO3 Na2Fe5(Si8O22)(OH)2 TiO2 (Co,Fe)As2 (Y,Er,Ce,U,Ca,Fe,Pb,Th) (Nb,Ta,Ti,Sn)2O6 (Mg,Fe)2Al4O6SiO4 (Na,Ca)4Al3(Al,Si)3Si6O24 (Cl,F,OH,CO3,SO4) CaWO4 CaAl2Si3O10⋅3H2O Fe(AsO4)⋅2H2O MgF2 Sb2O3 Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 FeCO3 Al2OSiO4 (Co,Ni)As3 ZnCO3 Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2 PtAs2 Mn3Al2Si3O12 ZnS CaTiSiO4(O,OH,F) MgAl2O4 LiAlSi2O6 Cu2FeSn4 (Fe,Mg,Zn)2(Al,Fe,Ti)9O6 [(Si,Al)O4]4(O,OH)2 Na(NH4)H(PO4)⋅4H2O Sb(Ta,Nb)O4 Sb2S3 NaCa2[Al5Si13O36]⋅14H2O
Pyrargyrite Pyrite Pyrochlore Pyrochroite Pyrolusite Pyromorphite Pyrope Pyrophyllite Pyrrhotite Quartz Rammelsbergite Raspite Realgar Rhodochrosite Rhodonite Riebeckite Rutile Safflorite Samarskite Sapphirine Scapolite Scheelite Scolecite Scorodite Sellaite Senarmontite Serpentine Siderite Sillimanite Skutterudite Smithsonite Sodalite Sperrylite Spessartite Sphalerite Sphene Spinel Spodumene Stannite Staurolite Stercorite Stibiotantalite Stibnite Stilbite
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
monocl tetr monocl tetr rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb
3.38 2.9 6.1 4.35 2.93 5.57 4.36 4.71
6 6.5 2.5 3.8 6.3 2.3 6 5.5
monocl rhomb cub cub hex tetr hex cub monocl hex hex orth monocl monocl hex orth monocl tetr rhomb
3.21 5.85 5.02 5.3 3.26 5.08 7.04 3.58 2.78 4.62 2.65 7.1 8.46 3.5 3.70 3.48 3.3 4.23 7.3
5.5 2.5 6.3 5.3 2.5 6.3 3.8 6.8 1.5 4 7 5.8 2.8 1.8 3.8 6 5 6.2 4.8
rhomb monocl
5.69 3.49
tetr tetr monocl rhomb tetr cub monocl hex rhomb cub rhomb cub cub cub cub monocl cub monocl tetr monocl tricl rhomb orth monocl
4-154
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
1.702 1.517
1.703
1.971 1.622 2.792 2.38
1.980 1.628 3.088 2.39
1.688 2.88
1.695 3.08
1.68
1.72
2.048 1.714 1.545
2.058 1.579
1.544
1.553
1.27 2.538 1.597 1.725 1.675 2.609
1.27 2.684 1.816 1.729 1.683 2.900
1.30 2.704
5.5 7.5
2.200 1.709
1.712
1.715
2.64 6.06 2.27 3.28 3.15 5.58 2.55 3.9 3.25 6.8 4.4 2.30 10.58 4.19 4.0 3.50 3.55 3.13 4.4
5.5 4.8 5 3.8 5 2.3 3 4.3 7 5.8 4.3 5.8 6.5 6.8 3.8 5 7.8 6.8 4
1.551 1.920 1.510 1.784 1.378 2.087 1.55 1.635 1.658
1.800 2.369 1.90 1.719 1.656
1.95
2.03
1.662
1.671
3.79 1.62 6.6 4.56 2.2
7.5 2 5.5 2 3.8
1.743 1.439 2.38
1.747 1.442 2.41
1.755 1.469 2.46
1.492
1.499
1.503
1.621 1.485
1.573 1.936 1.518 1.795 1.390 1.56 1.875 1.660
1.728
1.648 2.42
1.705
1.599
1.737 1.694
1.519 1.814
1.56 1.660
1.848
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS (continued) Name
Formula
(K,Na,Ca)0.6(Fe,Mg)6Si8Al (O,OH)27⋅2H2O Stolzite PbWO4 Strengite FePO4⋅2H2O Strontianite SrCO3 Struvite Mg(NH4)(PO4)⋅6H2O Sulfur S Sylvanite (Ag,Au)Te2 Sylvite KCl Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Tantalite (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 Tapiolite FeTa2O6 Tellurobismuthite Bi2Te3 Terlinguaite Hg2OCl Tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13 Thenardite Na2SO4 Thermonatrite Na2CO3⋅H2O Thomsenolite NaCaAlF6⋅H2O Thorianite ThO2 Thorite ThSiO4 Topaz Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Torbernite Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2⋅8H2O Tourmaline Na(Mg,Fe,Mn,Li,Al)3Al6Si6O18 (BO3)3 Tremolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH,F)2 Trevorite NiFe2O4 Tridymite SiO2 Triphyllite-Lithiophyllite Li(Fe,Mn)PO4 Troegerite (UO2)3(AsO4)2⋅12H2O Troilite FeS Trona Na3H(CO3)2⋅2H2O Turquois Cu(Al,Fe)6(PO4)4(OH)8⋅4H2O Ullmannite NiSbS Uraninite UO2 Uvarovite Ca3Cr2Si3O12 Valentinite Sb2O3 Vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl Variseite-Strengite (Al,Fe)(PO4)⋅2H2O Vaterite CaCO3 Vermiculite (Mg,Ca)0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6[(Al,Si)8O20] (OH)4⋅8H2O Vesuvianite Ca10(Mg,Fe)2Al4(Si2O7)2(SiO4)5 (OH,F)4 Villiaumite NaF Vivianite Fe3(PO4)2⋅8H2O Wagnerite Mg2(PO4)F Wavellite Al3(OH)3(PO4)2⋅5H2O Whewellite CaC2O4⋅H2O Willemite Zn2SiO4 Witherite BaCO3 Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO4 Wollastonite CaSiO3 Wulfenite PbMoO4 Wurtzite ZnS Xenotime YPO4 Zeunerite Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2⋅10H2O Zincite ZnO Zircon ZrSiO4 Zoisite Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)
Crystal system
Density g/cm3
Hardness
monocl tetr orth orth rhomb orth monocl cub monocl rhomb tetr hex monocl cub orth orth monocl cub tetr rhomb tetr
2.8 8.2 2.87 3.5 1.71 2.07 8.16 1.99 2.71 7.95 7.9 7.74 8.73 4.9 2.7 2.25 2.98 10.0 6.7 3.53 3.22
3.5 2.8 4 3.5 2 2 1.8 2 1 6.5 6.3 1.8 2.5 3.8 2.8 1.3 2 6.5 4.8 8 2.3
rhomb monocl cub hex rhomb tetr hex monocl tricl cub cub cub orth hex rhomb hex
3.14 3.0 5.33 2.27 3.46 4.7 2.14 2.9 6.65 11.0 3.83 5.7 6.8 2.72 2.71
7 5.5 7.8 7 4.5 2.5 4 2.8 5.3 5.3 5.5 6.8 2.8 2.9 4
monocl
2.3
tetr cub monocl monocl rhomb cub hex orth monocl monocl tetr hex tetr tetr hex tetr rhomb
nα
Index of refraction nβ nγ
Stilpnomelane
4-155
1.585 2.19 1.707 1.518 1.495 1.958
1.665 2.27 1.719 1.666 1.496 2.038
1.665
1.490 1.545 2.26 2.27
1.592 2.32 2.42
1.595 2.43
2.35
2.64
2.66
1.468 1.420 1.407 2.200 1.8 1.618 1.582
1.475 1.506 1.414
1.483 1.524 1.415
1.620 1.592
1.627
1.741 1.668 1.504 2.245
1.62 1.599 2.3 1.475 1.68 1.59
1.65 1.612 1.476 1.68 1.630
1.479 1.69
1.412 1.70
1.492 1.73
1.540 1.75
1.865 2.18 2.350 1.635 1.550
2.35 2.416 1.654 1.645
2.35
1.5
1.542
1.556
3.33 2.78 2.58 3.15 2.36 2.2 4.1 4.29 7.3 2.92 6.7 4.09 4.8
6.5 2.3 1.8 5.3 3.6 2.8 5.5 3.5 4.3 4.8 2.9 3.8 4.5
1.73
5.6 4.6 3.26
4 7.5 6
1.72 1.327 1.598 1.568 1.527 1.491 1.691 1.529 2.26 1.628 2.283 2.356 1.721 1.606 2.013 1.94 1.695
1.629 1.572 1.535 1.554 1.719 1.676 2.32 1.639 2.403 2.378 1.816 2.029 1.99 1.699
1.622
1.668
1.556
1.652 1.582 1.553 1.650 1.677 2.42 1.642
1.711
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS This table contains x-ray crystallographic data on about 400 common minerals, as well as selected crystalline elements. Entries alphabeticallybymineralname.Thecolumnsare: Name:Commonnameofthemineral. Formula:Chemicalformulaforatypicalsampleofthemineral.Compositionoftenvariesconsiderablywiththeoriginofthesam Crystalsystem:tricl=triclinic;monocl=monoclinic;orth=orthorhombic;tetr=tetragonal;hex=hexagonal;rhomb=rhombo Structuretype:Prototypeforthestructuralarrangementofthecrystallographiccell. Z:Numberofformulaunitspertheunitcell. -8cm). a, b, c:LengthsofthecelledgesinÅ(1Å=10 a, b, g :Anglesbetweencellaxes.
are arranged
ple. hedral;cubic=cubic.
REFERENCES 1. Robie,R.A.,Bethke,P.M.,andBeardsley,K.M., U.S.GeologicalSurveyBulletin1248 ,U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,Washington,D.C. 2. Donnay,J.D.H.,andOndik,H.M., CrystalDataDeterminativeTables,ThirdEdition,Volume2,InorganicCompounds ,JointCommitteeon PowderDiffractionStandards,Swarthmore,PA,1973. 3. Deer,W.A.,Howie,R.A.,andZussman,J., AnIntroductiontotheRock-FormingMinerals , 2ndEdition ,LongmanScientific&Technical, Harlow,Essex,1992.
4-156
Formula
Crystal system
Acanthite Acmite(Aegirine) Akermanite Alabandite Almandine(Almandite) Altaite Aluminum Alunite Analcite Anatase Andalusite Andradite Anglesite Anhydrite Annite Anorthite Anthophyllite Antimony Aragonite Arcanite Argentite Argentopyrite Arsenic Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Azurite Baddeleyite Banalsite Barite Berlinite Beryl Berzelianite Bismite Bismuth Bismuthinite Bixbyite Boehmite Borax Bornite(metastable) Breithauptite Brochantite Bromargyrite Bromellite Brookite Brucite
Ag2S NaFe(SiO 3)2 Ca2MgSi2O7 MnS Fe 3Al2Si3O12 PbTe Al KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 NaAlSi2O6◊H20 TiO2 Al2OSiO4 Ca3Fe2Si3O12 PbSO4 CaSO4 KFe3[AlSi3O10](OH)2 CaAl2Si2O8 Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 Sb CaCO3 K2SO4 Ag2S AgFe2S3 As As2O3 FeAsS Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2 ZrO2 BaNa2Al4Si4O16 BaSO4 AlPO4 Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Cu2Se Bi2O3 Bi Bi2S3 Mn2O3 AlO(OH) Na2B4O7◊10H2O Cu 5FeS4 NiSb Cu4SO4(OH)6 AgBr BeO TiO2 Mg(OH)2
monocl monocl tetr cubic cubic cubic cubic rhomb cubic tetr orth cubic orth orth monocl tricl orth rhomb orth orth cubic orth rhomb cubic tricl monocl monocl orth orth hex hex cubic monocl rhomb orth cubic orth monocl cubic hex monocl cubic hex orth hex
Structure type diopside melilite rocksalt garnet rocksalt copper
garnet barite anhydrite 1Mmica primitivecell arsenic aragonite arcanite
arsenic diamond
baddeleyite barite a-quartz beryl pseudo-orth arsenic stibnite thalliumtrioxide lepidocrocite
niccolite rocksalt zincite cadmiumiodide
Z
a/Å
b/Å
c/Å
4 4 2 4 8 4 4 3 16 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 16 4 2 4 4 4 3 2 4 4 6 4 16 4 4 8 2 4 4 2 8 1
4.228 9.658 7.8435 5.223 11.526 6.4606 4.049 6.982 13.733 3.785 7.7959 12.048 8.480 6.991 10.29 8.177 18.61 4.2996 5.741 5.772 4.870 6.64 3.760 11.074 5.760 5.008 5.1454 8.50 8.878 4.942 9.215 5.85 7.48 4.5367 11.150 9.411 2.868 11.858 10.94 3.942 13.066 5.7745 2.6979 5.456 3.147
6.928 8.795
7.862 5.294 5.010
a
b
g
99.58∞ 107.42∞
17.32
7.8983 5.398 6.996 9.33 12.877 18.01 7.968 10.072 11.47
9.514 5.5583 6.958 6.238 5.39 14.169 5.24 11.2516 4.959 7.483
93.17 ∞
105.1 ∞ 115.85∞
6.45 10.555
5.690 5.844 5.2075 9.97 5.450
5.785 10.336 5.3107 16.72 7.152 10.97 9.192
8.14 11.300
5.83 11.8383 3.981
12.227 10.674
3.700 12.197
106.68∞
9.85
5.155 6.022
103.27∞
9.182
91.22∞
4.3772 5.143 4.769
90.00∞
112.23∞ 92.45∞ 99.23∞
112.9∞
90.00∞
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
4-157
Name
Name
Crystal system
NiO CaMn(SiO3)2 CdTe CdSe CaCO3 Hg2Cl2 Ca10(PO4)6CO3◊H2O SnO2 CoS2 SrSO4 BaAl2Si2O8 CeO2 PbCO3 Sb2O4 CuSO4◊5H2O Cu2S CuFeS2 Ca5(PO4)3Cl AgCl FeAl4O2(SiO4)2(OH)4 MgCl2 2Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 BeAl2O4 HgS As2O3 PbSe MgSiO3 FeSiO3 4Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH Co 2SiO4 CoO CoS CoTiO 3 CoCO3 CoAsS SiO2 USiO4 Ca2B6O11◊5H2O HgTe PtS Cu Al2O3 PbCl2 CuS
cubic tricl cubic hex rhomb tetr hex tetr cubic orth monocl cubic orth orth tricl orth tetr hex cubic monocl rhomb monocl orth hex monocl cubic monocl monocl monocl monocl orth cubic cubic rhomb rhomb cubic monocl tetr monocl cubic tetr cubic rhomb orth hex
Structure type rocksalt sphalerite zincite calcite apatite rutile pyrite barite fluorite aragonite
apatite rocksalt
olivine cinnabar rocksalt
olivine rocksalt sphalerite ilmenite calcite NiSbS zircon sphalerite face-centeredcubic corundum
Z
a/Å
4 6 4 2 6 4 1 2 4 4 8 4 4 4 2 96 4 2 4 8 3 2 4 3 4 4 8 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 16 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6
4.177 7.736 6.4805 4.2977 4.9899 4.478 9.436 4.738 5.5345 8.359 8.627 5.4110 6.152 5.424 6.1045 11.881 5.2988 9.629 5.5491 9.48 3.632 7.89 5.4756 4.149 5.339 6.1255 9.620 9.7085 13.68 8.887 4.782 4.260 5.339 5.066 4.6581 5.60 7.152 6.995 8.743 6.4600 3.4699 3.6150 4.7591 4.535 3.792
b/Å
c/Å
7.157
13.824
a 90.52∞
b 94.58∞
g 103.87∞
7.0021 17.064 10.910 6.883 3.188 5.352 13.045
6.866 14.408
8.436 11.76 10.72 27.323
5.195 4.804 5.949 13.491 10.434 6.777
5.48
101.77∞
12.984
18.18 17.795 10.29 4.4267 9.495 4.5405
8.825 9.0872 4.75 5.581 10.301
5.188 5.2284 10.27 10.14 6.003
108.33∞ 108.43∞ 100.83∞ 115.93∞
4.743 9.4041
115.20∞
97.57∞
107.28∞
109.03∞
94.27∞
13.918 14.958 12.379 11.264
7.152 6.263 6.102 6.1098
7.62
12.9894 9.05 16.34
120.00∞ 110.12∞
77.43∞
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
4-158
Bunsenite Bustamite Cadmiumtelluride Cadmoselite Calcite Calomel Carbonate-apatite Cassiterite Cattierite Celestite Celsian Cerianite Cerussite Cervantite Chalcanthite Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Chlorapatite Chlorargyrite Chloritoid Chloromagnesite Chondrodite Chrysoberyl Cinnabar Claudetite Clausthalite Clinoenstatite Clinoferrosilite Clinohumite Clinozoisite Cobaltolivine Cobaltoxide Cobaltsulfide Cobalttitanate Cobalticalcite Cobaltite Coesite Coffinite Colemanite Coloradoite Cooperite Copper Corundum Cotunnite Covellite
Formula
Name
SiO2 SiO2 Na3AlF6 CuFe2S3 (Mg,Fe,Mn)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2 Cu2O CaB2Si2O8 CaBSiO4(OH) FeCr2S4 C AlO(OH) Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Cu1.79S CaMg(SiO3)2 CuSiO2(OH)2 Cu2O(SO4) CaMg(CO3)2 NaMg3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 NaLiAl7.67B3Si6O27(OH)4 Cu3AsS4 MgSiO3 Ca2Al2(Al,Fe)OH(SiO4)3 MgSO4◊7H2O Cr2O3 AgCuSe AlBeSiO4(OH) Cu3SbS4 Fe2SiO4 Fe2Al3(AlSi5O18) Ca2Fe2SiO7 Fe2Al3(AlSi5O18) KFeSi2O6 KFeSi3O8 KFeSi3O8 FeAs2.95 FeWO4 KFe3[FeSi3O10](OH)2 FeSe2 Ca2Fe5[Si8O22](OH)2 NaCa2Mg5[AlSi7O22]F2 3Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 Mg2SiO4◊MgF2 KMg3[AlSi3O10]F2 Na2CaMg5[Si8O22]F2 Ca2Mg5[Si8O22]F2
Crystal system tetr cubic monocl orth monocl cubic orth monocl cubic cubic orth monocl cubic monocl rhomb monocl rhomb rhomb rhomb orth orth monocl orth rhomb orth monocl tetr orth orth tetr hex tetr tricl monocl cubic monocl monocl orth monocl monocl orth orth monocl monocl monocl
Structure type
tremolite
spinel diamond
deformedfluorite diopside phenacite calcite tourmaline tourmaline
corundum
olivine cordierite melilite beryl
wolframite marcasite tremolite tremolite
1Mmica tremolite tremolite
Z
a/Å
4 8 2 4 2 2 4 4 8 8 4 4 4 4 18 4 3 3 3 2 16 2 4 6 10 4 2 4 4 2 2 16 4 4 8 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2
4.971 7.1382 5.40 6.46 9.522 4.2696 8.04 9.62 9.966 3.5670 4.401 5.150 5.5695 9.743 14.61 8.334 4.8079 15.942 15.842 6.426 8.829 8.89 11.86 4.9607 4.105 4.763 5.384 4.817 9.726 7.54 9.860 13.205 8.68 8.689 8.1814 4.732 5.430 4.801 9.97 9.847 10.243 8.727 5.299 9.823 9.781
b/Å
c/Å
a
b
g
6.918 5.60 11.12 18.223
7.776 6.23 5.332
101.92∞
8.77 7.60
7.74 4.84
90.15∞
9.421 8.940
2.845 14.736
103.58∞
8.923
13.10 13.12
5.251 7.80 7.628 16.010 7.224 7.009 6.144 5.192 10.19 6.858 13.599 6.31 4.618 10.770 6.105 9.287 4.855 9.285 13.970 7.340 7.319
5.708 9.404 5.778 18.34 18.00 20.72 10.271 9.188 17.96 18.01
4.965 10.341 3.587 5.30 5.282 4.735 4.709 10.135 5.268 5.267
6.312
7.422 18.22 5.63 11.99 20.35 14.29 10.477 17.065
90.18∞
105.93∞ 108.4∞
115.40∞
100.25∞
90.75∞
116.05∞ 116.10∞ 90.00∞ 100.07∞ 104.50∞ 104.83∞
99.92 ∞ 104.33∞ 104.52∞
86.23∞
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
4-159
Cristobalite( a) Cristobalite( b) Cryolite Cubanite Cummingtonite Cuprite Danburite Datolite Daubreeite Diamond Diaspore Dickite Digenite Diopside Dioptase Dolerophanite Dolomite Dravite Elbaite Enargite Enstatite Epidote Epsomite Eskolaite Eucairite Euclase Famatimite Fayalite Fe-Cordierite Fe-Gehlenite Fe-Indialite Fe-Leucite Fe-Microcline Fe-Sanidine Fe-Skutterudite Ferberite Ferriannite Ferroselite Ferrotremolite Fluor-edenite Fluor-humite Fluor-norbergite Fluor-phlogopite Fluor-richterite Fluor-tremolite
Formula
Name
Ca5(PO4)3F CaF2 Mg2SiO4 FeTe2 ZnAl2O4 MnAl2O4 PbS Ga 2O3 Ca2Al2SiO7 MgTiO3 Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 NiAsS Al(OH)3 CaMnSiO4 (Co,Fe)AsS Na 2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 Na 2Mg3Al2[Si8O22](OH)2 FeO(OH) Au Ca3V2Si3O12 ZnSO4◊7H2O C CdS Fe3S4 Ca3Al2Si3O12 Fe7[Si8O22](OH)2 FeSbS CaSO4◊2H2O HfO2 NaCl Be2(OH,F)BO3 Ca2ZnSi2O7 MnS2 Mn3O4 CdS Ni3S2 CaFe(SiO3)2 Fe2O3 Zn4(OH)2Si2O7◊H2O Fe(AlO2)2 SnS Ag2Te MgSO4◊6H2O NaAlSi 3O8 Ag 2S
Crystal system hex cubic orth orth cubic cubic cubic rhomb tetr rhomb orth cubic monocl orth orth monocl monocl orth cubic cubic orth hex hex cubic cubic monocl monocl monocl monocl cubic orth tetr cubic tetr cubic rhomb monocl rhomb orth cubic orth monocl monocl tricl cubic
Structure type apatite fluorite olivine marcasite spinel spinel rocksalt corundum melilite ilmenite
olivine tremolite tremolite face-centeredcubic garnet epsomite graphite zincite spinel garnet tremolite
baddeleyite rocksalt melilite pyrite sphalerite diopside corundum spinel germaniumsulfide
Z
a/Å
2 4 4 2 8 8 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 4 24 2 2 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 8 2 8 4 4 4 8 2 4 8 4 3 4 6 2 8 4 4 8 4 4
9.3684 5.4638 4.758 5.265 8.0848 8.258 5.9360 4.9793 7.690 5.054 6.075 5.693 9.719 4.944 6.64 9.748 9.663 4.596 4.0786 12.070 11.779 2.4612 4.1354 9.876 11.851 9.572 10.00 5.68 5.1156 5.6402 9.755 7.87 6.1014 8.136 5.833 5.746 9.854 5.025 8.370 8.150 4.328 8.13 10.110 8.160 6.269
b/Å
c/Å
a
b
g
6.8841 10.214 6.265
5.984 3.869
13.812
13.429 5.0675 13.898 5.592
5.0705 11.19 28.39 17.915 17.696 9.957
8.6412 6.529 5.64 5.273 5.277 3.021
12.050
6.822 6.7079 6.7120
18.44 5.93 15.18 5.1722
5.342 6.73 6.29 5.2948
12.201
4.426 5.01
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
4-160
Fluorapatite Fluorite Forsterite Frohbergite Gahnite Galaxite Galena Galliumoxide Gehlenite Geikielite Gerhardite Gersdorfite Gibbsite Glauchroite Glaucodot GlaucophaneI GlaucophaneII Goethite Gold Goldmanite Goslarite Graphite Greenockite Greigite Grossularite Grunerite Gudmundite Gypsum Hafnia Halite Hambergite Hardystonite Hauerite Hausmannite Hawleyite Heazelwoodite Hedenbergite Hematite Hemimorphite Hercynite Herzenbergite Hessite Hexahydrite Highalbite(Analbite) Highargentite
Formula
94.57∞
102.78∞ 103.67∞
101.77∞ 90.00∞ 113.83∞ 99.18∞
9.422
10.719
7.134 5.263 13.735 5.120
11.190 4.48 7.212 12.870
3.978 8.09 24.41 7.106
9.024
104.23∞
93.54∞
111.9∞ 98.30∞ 116.36∞
90.19∞
Name
Crystal system
Cu 5FeS4 NaAlSiO 4 Cu 2S MgSiO 3 Cu 2S GeO 2 KAlSi 2O6 Ag 2Se KAlSi 3O8 MnWO4 Mg3Ca(CO3)4 Ca5(PO4)3OH H2 O FeTiO3 Mg 2Al3(AlSi5O18) AgI Fe MnFe2O4 NaAl(SiO3)2 Ag1.55Cu0.45S CaMn(SiO3)2 KAlSiO4 KAlSiO4 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 V2 O3 SiO2 Na2B4O7◊4H2O CaFeSiO4 CuSe MnFeSiO4 Al2OSiO4 Ca2SiO4 RuS2 FeCl2 CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2◊H2O Pb MgSO4◊4H2O FeO(OH) K2Al3Li2AlSi7O20(OH)4 KAlSi2O6 CaO Ca 2SiO4 Co3S4 PbO FeAs2
cubic cubic hex tricl cubic hex cubic cubic monocl monocl rhomb hex hex rhomb hex hex cubic cubic monocl tetr monocl hex hex tricl rhomb tetr monocl orth hex orth tricl monocl cubic rhomb orth cubic monocl orth monocl tetr cubic orth cubic tetr orth
Structure type
Z
1 4 2 8 4 a-quartz 3 16 2 4 wolframite 2 calcite 3 apatite 2 4 ilmenite 6 beryl 2 zincite 2 body-centeredcubic 2 spinel 8 diopside 4 16 diopside 4 54 2 2 corundum 6 12 4 olivine 4 deformedcovellite 78 olivine 4 4 4 pyrite 4 3 4 face-centeredcubic 4 4 4 2M2mica 2 16 rocksalt 4 olivine 4 spinel 8 2 marcasite 2
a/Å 5.50 7.325 3.961 10.000 5.725 4.987 13.43 4.993 8.615 4.834 9.498 9.418 4.5212 5.093 9.7698 4.5955 2.8664 8.499 9.409 8.673 9.83 26.930 5.1597 5.155 4.952 7.456 7.022 4.886 14.206 4.854 7.123 5.48 5.60 3.593 8.787 4.9505 5.922 3.868 9.2 13.074 4.8108 5.091 9.401 3.9759 5.300
b/Å
c/Å
8.934
6.722 5.170
a
88.27∞
b
70.03∞
g
91.01∞
5.652
13.031 5.758
7.177 4.999 7.816 6.883 7.3666 14.055 9.3517 7.5005
115.98∞ 91.18∞
8.564
107.50∞
10.602 7.848 6.76
5.220 11.756 5.27 8.522 8.7032 7.407 14.002 8.604 15.676 6.434 17.25 6.162 5.564 9.28
5.836
17.58 13.123
9.04
8.959
9.151 11.146
13.604 12.525 5.3
7.905 3.066 20.0 13.738
11.371
6.782
5.981
5.023 2.882
105.00∞
91.68∞
104.87∞
89.93∞
108.83∞
89.92∞
101.25∞ 94.55∞
90.85∞ 98.00 ∞
105.97∞
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
4-161
Highbornite Highcarnegeite Highchalcocite Highclinoenstatite Highdigenite Highgermania Highleucite Highnaumanite Highsanidine Huebnerite Huntite Hydroxylapatite Ice Ilmenite Indialite(Cordierite) Iodargyrite Iron( a) Jacobsite Jadeite Jalpaite Johannsenite Kaliophilite Kalsilite Kaolinite Karelianite Keatite Kernite Kerschsteinite Klockmannite Knebelite Kyanite Larnite Laurite Lawrencite Lawsonite Lead Leonhardtite Lepidocrocite Lepidolite Leucite Lime Limeolivine Linnaeite Litharge Loellingite
Formula
Name
NaAlSi 3O8 Cu 5FeS4 Mg 2Al3(AlSi5O18) GeO 2 NaAlSiO 4 Cu3AsS4 FeS Na2Mg3Fe2[Si8O22](OH)2 MgCO3 Fe3O4 Cu2(OH)2CO3 Au2Bi MnS MnS MnO FeS2 CaAl2[AlSi2O10](OH)2 Na4Al3Si9O24Cl CuI (NH4)2SO4 PbO PbClF Ni11As8 Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 SiO2 FeSO4◊7H2O NiTe2 HgS AgSbS2 KAlSi3O8 AgI NiS Pb3O4 Fe3Si4O10(OH)2 Na2SO4◊10H2O Mn2Al3(AlSi5O18) MoS2 Mo MoO3 CdO CaMgSiO4 HgO 2Al 2O3◊SiO2 3Al 2O3◊2SiO2 KAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2
Crystal system tricl tetr orth tetr hex tetr tetr monocl rhomb cubic monocl cubic hex cubic cubic orth monocl tetr cubic orth orth tetr tetr tetr cubic monocl hex cubic monocl tricl cubic rhomb tetr monocl monocl hex hex cubic orth cubic orth orth orth orth monocl
Structure type
rutile
tremolite calcite spinel
zincite sphalerite rocksalt marcasite 2Mmica sphalerite arcanite
clathratetype cadmiumiodide sphalerite
sphalerite
beryl molybdenite
rocksalt olivine
2M2mica
Z
a/Å
4 16 4 2 8 2 2 2 6 8 4 8 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 46 4 1 4 8 4 4 9 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 3 4
8.139 10.94 9.721 4.3963 9.986 5.289 3.675 9.733 4.6330 8.3940 9.502 7.958 3.976 5.611 4.4448 4.443 5.13 12.064 6.0507 7.782 5.489 4.106 6.870 12.174 13.402 14.072 3.869 5.8517 12.862 8.582 6.4963 9.616 8.815 5.4 11.51 9.925 3.1604 3.1653 3.962 4.6953 4.827 6.608 7.5788 7.557 5.203
b/Å 12.788 17.062
17.946
11.974
c/Å 7.160 21.88 9.339 2.8626 8.330 10.440 5.030 5.299 15.016
a 94.27∞
b
g
116.57∞
87.68∞
103.30∞
3.240
98.75∞
6.432
5.423 8.92
3.3876 19.50 7.514
5.993 4.755
10.636 5.891 7.23 21.81 7.652
6.503
11.041 5.308
4.111 12.964
13.220 7.222
9.42 10.38
3.152 6.565 19.4 12.83 9.297 12.295
13.858
3.697
11.084 5.518 7.6909 7.6876 8.995
6.376 3.519 2.8883 2.8842 20.030
95.00 ∞
105.57∞
90.62∞
98.63∞ 115.92∞
100.00∞ 107.75∞
94.47 ∞
87.68∞
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
4-162
Lowalbite Lowbornite Lowcordierite Lowgermania Lownepheline Luzonite Mackinawite Magnesioriebeckite Magnesite Magnetite Malachite Maldonite Manganesesulfide( g) Manganesesulfide( b) Manganosite Marcasite Margarite Marialite Marshite Mascagnite Massicot Matlockite Maucherite Meionite Melanophlogite Melanterite Melonite Metacinnabar Miargyrite Microcline Miersite Millerite Minium Minnesotaite Mirabilite Mn-Indialite Molybdenite Molybdenum Molybdite Monteponite Monticellite Montroydite Mullite(2:1) Mullite(3:2) Muscovite
Formula
Name
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 CuCl NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 Na2Al2Si3O10◊2H2O NaMgF3 NiAs2.95 NiAs Ni NiCO 3 Ni 2SiO4 NiSe 2 KNO3 BaMg(CO3)2 CaS As2S3 KAlSi3O8 FeSiO3 CdCO3 BaAl2Si2O8 NaAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2 NiAs2 TeO2 CaSiO3 Ca2NaH(SiO3)3 Fe5.25Ni3.75S8 Fe4.75Ni5.25S8 MgO CaTiO3 LiAlSi4O10 Ag3AuTe2 Be2SiO4 KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2 MgCr2O4 Ca2Al1.5Mn1.5(SiO4)3OH Pt Ni3S4 Ca(OH)2 CaMoO4 MgSiO3 Ag3AsS3 CaSiO3 Ag3SbS3 FeS2 MnO2 Mg3Al2Si3O12
Crystal system monocl cubic rhomb orth orth cubic hex cubic rhomb orth cubic orth rhomb cubic monocl monocl orth rhomb monocl monocl orth tetr monocl tricl cubic cubic cubic orth monocl cubic rhomb monocl cubic monocl cubic cubic hex tetr orth rhomb tricl rhomb cubic tetr cubic
Structure type sphalerite
perovskite niccolite face-centeredcubic calcite olivine pyrite aragonite calcite rocksalt
enstatite calcite 2M1mica
rocksalt perovskite
phenacite 1Mmica spinel face-centeredcubic spinel cadmiumiodide scheelite
pyrite rutile garnet
Z
a/Å
b/Å
c/Å
4 4 3 8 4 8 2 4 6 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 16 6 4 4 8 4 12 2 4 4 4 4 2 8 18 2 8 2 4 8 1 4 8 6 24 6 4 2 8
8.909 5.416 6.974 18.30 5.363 8.3300 3.618 3.5238 4.5975 4.727 5.9604 6.431 5.020 5.689 11.49 8.562 9.080 4.9204 8.58 5.13 5.75 4.810 15.417 7.99 10.196 10.095 4.2117 5.3670 11.32 10.38 12.472 5.326 8.333 8.95 3.9231 9.480 3.5933 5.226 9.25 10.816 6.90 11.052 5.4175 4.388 11.459
5.146
15.697
18.63 7.676
16.69 6.60 5.503
a
b
g
113.70∞
5.034
10.121
14.723 5.915
9.164
5.414 16.75
9.59 12.996 18.431
4.25 7.193 5.238 16.298 9.08 19.32 11.428 7.613 7.066 7.02
9.583 8.89 5.82 7.321 7.04
7.6438 5.14
90.45∞ 116.02∞
90.00∞ 95.17 ∞
90.05∞
5.4439 7.62
95.40∞ 95.27∞
105.90∞
9.210
8.252 10.311
100.17 ∞
5.70
9.41
115.70∞
8.74 11.78
4.9086 11.43 5.32 8.6948 19.65 8.7177 2.865
102.47∞
90.00∞
90.80∞
90.00∞
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
4-163
Nacrite Nantokite Natroalunite Natrolite Neighborite Ni-Skutterudite Niccolite Nickel Nickelcarbonate Nickelolivine Nickelselenide Niter Norsethite Oldhamite Orpiment Orthoclase Orthoferrosilite Otavite Paracelsian Paragonite Pararammelsbergite Paratellurite Parawollastonite Pectolite Pentlandite Pentlandite Periclase Perovskite Petalite Petzite Phenacite Phlogopite Picrochromite Piemontite Platinum Polymidite Portlandite Powellite Protoenstatite Proustite Pseudowollastonite Pyrargyrite Pyrite Pyrolusite Pyrope
Formula
Name
Crystal system
MnTiO3 Al2Si4O10(OH)2 MnFe(SiO3)2 Fe0.980S Fe0.885S SiO2 SiO2 NiAs2 AsS NiSO4◊4H2O MnCO3 MnSiO3 Na2Fe5FSi8O22(OH)2 TiO2 Co0.5Fe0.5As2 ZnWO4 Mg2Al4O6SiO4 MnCl2 CaWO4 NaFe3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4 Se SeO2 MgF2 Sb2O3 Ni3Pb2S2 Na2Ca2(CO3)3 FeCO3 Si Al2OSiO4 Ag Ag 2Te Ag 2Te ZnCO3 NaNO 3 NaCaAlSi 2O7 PtAs2 Mn3Al2Si3O12 ZnS CaTiSiO5 MgAl2O4 LiAl(SiO3)2 LiAl(SiO3)2 Fe2Al9Si4O22(OH)2 AgFe2S3 Sb2S3
rhomb monocl tricl hex hex hex hex orth monocl tetr rhomb tricl monocl tetr orth monocl monocl rhomb tetr rhomb hex tetr tetr cubic rhomb orth rhomb cubic orth cubic cubic cubic rhomb rhomb tetr cubic cubic cubic monocl cubic monocl tetr monocl orth orth
Structure type ilmenite 2M1mica defectniccolite defectniccolite
marcasite
calcite tremolite marcasite wolframite
scheelite tourmaline
rutile arsenictrioxide
calcite diamond face-centeredcubic
calcite calcite melilite pyrite garnet sphalerite spinel diopside
stibnite
Z
a/Å
6 4 7 2 2 3 3 2 16 4 6 10 2 2 2 2 8 3 4 3 3 8 2 16 3 2 6 8 4 4 2 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 4
5.155 5.14 7.56 3.446 3.440 4.9136 4.999 4.757 9.29 6.782 4.7771 7.682 9.729 4.5937 5.231 4.691 9.96 3.711 5.242 16.032 4.3642 8.35 4.621 11.152 5.576 4.961 4.6887 5.4305 7.4843 4.0862 5.29 6.585 4.6528 5.0696 8.511 5.968 11.621 5.4093 7.07 8.080 9.451 7.5332 7.90 11.60 11.229
b/Å 8.90 17.45
5.797 13.53
11.818 18.065 5.953 5.720 28.60
11.03
7.6730
c/Å 14.18 18.55 6.67 5.848 5.709 5.4051 5.4592 3.542 6.57 18.28 15.664 6.707 5.334 2.9618 2.962 4.925 9.85 17.59 11.372 7.149 4.9588 5.05 3.050
a
84.00∞
b 99.92 ∞ 94.30∞
113.70∞
106.55∞
92.36∞
93.95∞ 103.31∞
89.36∞ 110.5∞
13.658 7.12 15.373 5.7711
15.025 16.829 4.809
8.72
6.56
113.95∞
8.387
5.208 9.1540 5.63 6.63 3.8389
110.07∞
16.65 12.675 11.310
g
90.00∞
105.66∞
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
4-164
Pyrophanite Pyrophyllite Pyroxmangite Pyrrhotite Pyrrhotite Quartz( a) Quartz( b) Rammelsbergite Realgar Retgersite Rhodochrosite Rhodonite Riebeckite Rutile Safflorite Sanmartinite Sapphirine Scacchite Scheelite Schorl Selenium Selenolite Sellaite Senarmontite Shandite Shortite Siderite Silicon Sillimanite Silver SilvertellurideI SilvertellurideII Smithsonite Sodaniter Sodiummelilite Sperrylite Spessartite Sphalerite Sphene Spinel Spodumene Spodumene( b) Staurolite Sternbergite Stibnite
Formula
Name
ZnSe SiO2 PbWO4 Ag0.93Cu1.07S SrCO3 S S S KCl K2Ca(SO4)2◊H2O CaAl 2Si2O8 CaAl 2Si2O8 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Ta PbSnS2 TeO2 Te Bi2Te3 Cu12As4S13 CuO Mn2SiO4 Cu12Sb4S13 Na2SO4 ThO2 ThSiO4 HgSe Sn Ti Ti 2O3 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 NiFe2O4 SiO2 CoSe2 FeS CaAl2SiO6 W WS2 CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8◊4H2O Cu3Se2 UO2 NaCr(SiO3)2 Ca3Cr2Si3O12 CaMg4Al5B3Si6O27(OH)4 NiS2
Crystal system cubic tetr tetr orth orth monocl orth rhomb cubic monocl hex orth monocl cubic orth orth hex rhomb cubic monocl orth cubic orth cubic tetr cubic tetr hex rhomb orth monocl cubic hex cubic hex monocl cubic hex tricl tetr cubic monocl cubic rhomb cubic
Structure type
Z
sphalerite rutile scheelite aragonite S8ringmolecules S8ringmolecules S6ringmolecules rocksalt
2M1mica tungsten germaniumsulfide tellurite selenium tetrahedrite olivine tetrahedrite thenardite fluorite zircon sphalerite
corundum tremolite spinel pyrite niccolite diopside molybdenite
fluorite diopside garnet tourmaline pyrite
4 2 4 4 4 48 128 18 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 8 3 3 2 4 4 2 8 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 8 4 4 2 4 2 2 1 2 4 4 8 3 4
a/Å 5.6685 4.1790 5.4616 4.066 6.029 11.04 10.4646 10.818 6.2931 9.775 5.10 8.22 5.287 3.3058 4.266 5.607 4.4570 4.3835 10.190 4.684 4.871 10.327 5.863 5.5952 7.143 6.0853 5.8315 2.953 5.149 8.394 9.840 8.339 5.0463 5.8588 3.446 9.615 3.1653 3.154 7.424 6.402 5.4682 9.550 11.999 15.86 5.6873
b/Å
6.628 8.414 10.98 12.8660
7.156 8.60 9.158
c/Å
a
2.6649 12.046 7.972 5.107 10.92 24.4860 4.280
4.090 5.463 5.9290 30.487
3.425 10.636
5.129 6.232
12.304
9.821
g
96.73 ∞
6.251 14.72 4.83 18.95
11.419 12.034
b
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
4-165
Stilleite Stishovite Stolzite Stromeyerite Strontianite Sulfur(monoclinic) Sulfur(orthorhombic) Sulfur(rhombohedral) Sylvite Syngenite Syntheticanorthite Syntheticanorthite Talc Tantalum Teallite Tellurite Tellurium Tellurobismuthite Tennantite Tenorite Tephroite Tetrahedrite Thenardite Thorianite Thorite Tiemannite Tin Titanium Titanium(III)oxide Topaz Tremolite Trevorite Tridymite( b) Trogtalite Troilite Tschermakite Tungsten Tungstenite Turquois Umangite Uraninite Ureyite Uvarovite Uvite Vaesite
Formula
104.00∞
99.50 ∞
99.47∞
6.327
8.792 18.052
3.1813 4.729 13.642 4.649 5.275
104.70∞
8.2563
8.661
5.877 5.272
7.629
12.362 9.910 4.276
8.712
5.273 7.19
106.12∞
68.61∞
69.71∞
107.44∞
65.08∞
Name
Sb2O3 MgSO4◊3Na2SO4 CaCO3 NaF FeNi2S4 Zn2SiO4 BaCO3 Fe0.5Mn0.5WO4 CaSiO3 PbMoO4 ZnS Fe0.953O YPO4 Zn ZnTe ZnO ZnSO4 ZrSiO4 Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH
Crystal system orth monocl hex cubic cubic rhomb orth monocl tricl tetr hex cubic tetr hex cubic hex orth tetr orth
Structure type antimonytrioxide
Z
4 2 6 rocksalt 4 spinel 8 phenacite 18 aragonite 4 wolframite 2 6 scheelite 4 zincite 2 defectrocksalt 4 zircon 4 hexagonalclosepack 2 sphalerite 4 zincite 2 barite 4 zircon 4 4
a/Å 4.914 9.797 7.135 4.6342 9.464 13.94 6.430 4.782 7.94 5.435 3.8230 4.3088 6.885 2.665 6.1020 3.2495 8.588 6.604 16.15
b/Å 12.468 9.217
8.904 5.731 7.32
c/Å 5.421 8.199 8.524
9.309 5.314 4.982 7.07 12.110 6.2565 5.982 4.947
6.740 5.581
a
5.2069 4.770 5.979 10.06
b
g
113.50∞
90.03∞
90.57∞ 95.37∞
103.43∞
4-166
CRYSTALLOGRAPHICDATAONMINERALS(continued)
Valentinite Vanthoffite Vaterite Villiaumite Violarite Willemite Witherite Wolframite Wollastonite Wulfenite Wurtzite Wustite Xenotime Zinc Zinctelluride Zincite Zinkosite Zircon Zoisite
Formula
CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS The Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) has conducted a project to establish internationally agreed values for the thermodynamic properties of key chemical substances. This table presents the final results of the project. Use of these recommended, internally consistent values is encouraged in the analysis of thermodynamic measurements, data reduction, and preparation of other thermodynamic tables. The table includes the standard enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K, the entropy at 298.15 K, and the quantity H° (298.15 K)–H° (0). A value of 0 in the ∆fH° column for an element indicates the reference state for that element. The standard state pressure is 100000 Pa (1 bar). See the reference for information on the dependence of gas-phase entropy on the choice of standard state pressure. Substances are listed in alphabetical order of their chemical formulas when written in the most common form. The table is reprinted with permission of CODATA. REFERENCE Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989.
Substance Ag Ag Ag+ AgCl Al Al Al+3 AlF3 Al2O3 Ar B B BF3 B2O3 Be Be BeO Br BrBr2 Br2 C C CO CO2 CO2 CO3-2 Ca Ca Ca+2 CaO Cd Cd Cd+2 CdO CdSO4⋅8/3H2O Cl ClClO4Cl2 Cs Cs Cs+
State cr g aq cr cr g aq cr cr, corundum g cr, rhombic g g cr cr g cr g aq l g cr, graphite g g g aq, undissoc. aq cr g aq cr cr g aq cr cr g aq aq g cr g aq
∆fH° (298.15 K) kJ⋅mol-1 0 284.9 ± 0.8 105.79 ± 0.08 -127.01 ± 0.05 0 330.0 ± 4.0 -538.4 ± 1.5 -1510.4 ± 1.3 -1675.7 ± 1.3 0 0 565 ± 5 -1136.0 ± 0.8 -1273.5 ± 1.4 0 324 ± 5 -609.4 ± 2.5 111.87 ± 0.12 -121.41 ± 0.15 0 30.91 ± 0.11 0 716.68 ± 0.45 -110.53 ± 0.17 -393.51 ± 0.13 -413.26 ± 0.20 -675.23 ± 0.25 0 177.8 ± 0.8 -543.0 ± 1.0 -634.92 ± 0.90 0 111.80 ± 0.20 -75.92 ± 0.60 -258.35 ± 0.40 -1729.30 ± 0.80 121.301 ± 0.008 -167.080 ± 0.10 -128.10 ± 0.40 0 0 76.5 ± 1.0 -258.00 ± 0.50
5-1
S° (298.15 K) J⋅K-1⋅mol-1
H° (298.15 K)–H° (0) kJ⋅mol-1
42.55 ± 0.20 172.997 ± 0.004 73.45 ± 0.40 96.25 ± 0.20 28.30 ± 0.10 164.554 ± 0.004 -325 ± 10 66.5 ± 0.5 50.92 ± 0.10 154.846 ± 0.003 5.90 ± 0.08 153.436 ± 0.015 254.42 ± 0.20 53.97 ± 0.30 9.50 ± 0.08 136.275 ± 0.003 13.77 ± 0.04 175.018 ± 0.004 82.55 ± 0.20 152.21 ± 0.30 245.468 ± 0.005 5.74 ± 0.10 158.100 ± 0.003 197.660 ± 0.004 213.785 ± 0.010 119.36 ± 0.60 -50.0 ± 1.0 41.59 ± 0.40 154.887 ± 0.004 -56.2 ± 1.0 38.1 ± 0.4 51.80 ± 0.15 167.749 ± 0.004 -72.8 ± 1.5 54.8 ± 1.5 229.65 ± 0.40 165.190 ± 0.004 56.60 ± 0.20 184.0 ± 1.5 223.081 ± 0.010 85.23 ± 0.40 175.601 ± 0.003 132.1 ± 0.5
5.745 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 12.033 ± 0.020 4.540 ± 0.020 6.919 ± 0.001 11.62 ± 0.04 10.016 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 1.222 ± 0.008 6.316 ± 0.002 11.650 ± 0.020 9.301 ± 0.040 1.950 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 2.837 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 24.52 ± 0.01 9.725 ± 0.001 1.050 ± 0.020 6.536 ± 0.001 8.671 ± 0.001 9.365 ± 0.003 5.736 ± 0.040 6.197 ± 0.001 6.75 ± 0.06 6.247 ± 0.015 6.197 ± 0.001 8.41 ± 0.08 35.56 ± 0.04 6.272 ± 0.001 9.181 ± 0.001 7.711 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001
CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS (continued)
Substance Cu Cu Cu+2 CuSO4 F FF2 Ge Ge GeF4 GeO2 H H+ HBr HCO3HCl HF HI HPO4-2 HSHSO4H2 H2O H2O H2PO4H2S H2S H3BO3 H3BO3 He Hg Hg Hg+2 HgO Hg2+2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2SO4 I II2 I2 K K K+ Kr Li Li Li+ Mg Mg Mg+2 MgF2 MgO N NH3 NH4+ NO3-
State cr g aq cr g aq g cr g g cr, tetragonal g aq g aq g g g aq aq aq g l g aq g aq, undissoc. cr aq, undissoc. g l g aq cr, red aq cr cr g aq cr g cr g aq g cr g aq cr g aq cr cr g g aq aq
∆fH° (298.15 K) kJ⋅mol-1 0 337.4 ± 1.2 64.9 ± 1.0 -771.4 ± 1.2 79.38 ± 0.30 -335.35 ± 0.65 0 0 372 ± 3 -1190.20 ± 0.50 -580.0 ± 1.0 217.998 ± 0.006 0 -36.29 ± 0.16 -689.93 ± 0.20 -92.31 ± 0.10 -273.30 ± 0.70 26.50 ± 0.10 -1299.0 ± 1.5 -16.3 ± 1.5 -886.9 ± 1.0 0 -285.830 ± 0.040 -241.826 ± 0.040 -1302.6 ± 1.5 -20.6 ± 0.5 -38.6 ± 1.5 -1094.8 ± 0.8 -1072.8 ± 0.8 0 0 61.38 ± 0.04 170.21 ± 0.20 -90.79 ± 0.12 166.87 ± 0.50 -265.37 ± 0.40 -743.09 ± 0.40 106.76 ± 0.04 -56.78 ± 0.05 0 62.42 ± 0.08 0 89.0 ± 0.8 -252.14 ± 0.08 0 0 159.3 ± 1.0 -278.47 ± 0.08 0 147.1 ± 0.8 -467.0 ± 0.6 -1124.2 ± 1.2 -601.60 ± 0.30 472.68 ± 0.40 -45.94 ± 0.35 -133.26 ± 0.25 -206.85 ± 0.40
5-2
S° (298.15 K) J⋅K-1⋅mol-1
H° (298.15 K)–H° (0) kJ⋅mol-1
33.15 ± 0.08 166.398 ± 0.004 -98 ± 4 109.2 ± 0.4 158.751 ± 0.004 -13.8 ± 0.8 202.791 ± 0.005 31.09 ± 0.15 167.904 ± 0.005 301.9 ± 1.0 39.71 ± 0.15 114.717 ± 0.002 0 198.700 ± 0.004 98.4 ± 0.5 186.902 ± 0.005 173.779 ± 0.003 206.590 ± 0.004 -33.5 ± 1.5 67 ± 5 131.7 ± 3.0 130.680 ± 0.003 69.95 ± 0.03 188.835 ± 0.010 92.5 ± 1.5 205.81 ± 0.05 126 ± 5 89.95 ± 0.60 162.4 ± 0.6 126.153 ± 0.002 75.90 ± 0.12 174.971 ± 0.005 -36.19 ± 0.80 70.25 ± 0.30 65.74 ± 0.80 191.6 ± 0.8 200.70 ± 0.20 180.787 ± 0.004 106.45 ± 0.30 116.14 ± 0.30 260.687 ± 0.005 64.68 ± 0.20 160.341 ± 0.003 101.20 ± 0.20 164.085 ± 0.003 29.12 ± 0.20 138.782 ± 0.010 12.24 ± 0.15 32.67 ± 0.10 148.648 ± 0.003 -137 ± 4 57.2 ± 0.5 26.95 ± 0.15 153.301 ± 0.003 192.77 ± 0.05 111.17 ± 0.40 146.70 ± 0.40
5.004 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 16.86 ± 0.08 6.518 ± 0.001 8.825 ± 0.001 4.636 ± 0.020 7.398 ± 0.001 17.29 ± 0.10 7.230 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 8.648 ± 0.001 8.640 ± 0.001 8.599 ± 0.001 8.657 ± 0.001
8.468 ± 0.001 13.273 ± 0.020 9.905 ± 0.005 9.957 ± 0.010 13.52 ± 0.04 6.197 ± 0.001 9.342 ± 0.008 6.197 ± 0.001 9.117 ± 0.025 23.35 ± 0.20 26.070 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 13.196 ± 0.040 10.116 ± 0.001 7.088 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.197 ± 0.001 4.632 ± 0.040 6.197 ± 0.001 4.998 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 9.91 ± 0.06 5.160 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 10.043 ± 0.010
CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS (continued)
Substance N2 Na Na Na+ Ne O OHO2 P P P2 P4 Pb Pb Pb+2 PbSO4 Rb Rb Rb+ S S SO2 SO4-2 S2 Si Si SiF4 SiO2 Sn Sn Sn+2 SnO SnO2 Th Th ThO2 Ti Ti TiCl4 TiO2 U U UO2 UO2+2 UO3 U3O8 Xe Zn Zn Zn+2 ZnO
State g cr g aq g g aq g cr, white g g g cr g aq cr cr g aq cr, rhombic g g aq g cr g g cr, alpha quartz cr, white g aq cr, tetragonal cr, tetragonal cr g cr cr g g cr, rutile cr g cr aq cr, gamma cr g cr g aq cr
∆fH° (298.15 K) kJ⋅mol-1 0 0 107.5 ± 0.7 -240.34 ± 0.06 0 249.18 ± 0.10 -230.015 ± 0.040 0 0 316.5 ± 1.0 144.0 ± 2.0 58.9 ± 0.3 0 195.2 ± 0.8 0.92 ± 0.25 -919.97 ± 0.40 0 80.9 ± 0.8 -251.12 ± 0.10 0 277.17 ± 0.15 -296.81 ± 0.20 -909.34 ± 0.40 128.60 ± 0.30 0 450 ± 8 -1615.0 ± 0.8 -910.7 ± 1.0 0 301.2 ± 1.5 -8.9 ± 1.0 -280.71 ± 0.20 -577.63 ± 0.20 0 602 ± 6 -1226.4 ± 3.5 0 473 ± 3 -763.2 ± 3.0 -944.0 ± 0.8 0 533 ± 8 -1085.0 ± 1.0 -1019.0 ± 1.5 -1223.8 ± 1.2 -3574.8 ± 2.5 0 0 130.40 ± 0.40 -153.39 ± 0.20 -350.46 ± 0.27
5-3
S° (298.15 K) J⋅K-1⋅mol-1
H° (298.15 K)–H° (0) kJ⋅mol-1
191.609 ± 0.004 51.30 ± 0.20 153.718 ± 0.003 58.45 ± 0.15 146.328 ± 0.003 161.059 ± 0.003 -10.90 ± 0.20 205.152 ± 0.005 41.09 ± 0.25 163.199 ± 0.003 218.123 ± 0.004 280.01 ± 0.50 64.80 ± 0.30 175.375 ± 0.005 18.5 ± 1.0 148.50 ± 0.60 76.78 ± 0.30 170.094 ± 0.003 121.75 ± 0.25 32.054 ± 0.050 167.829 ± 0.006 248.223 ± 0.050 18.50 ± 0.40 228.167 ± 0.010 18.81 ± 0.08 167.981 ± 0.004 282.76 ± 0.50 41.46 ± 0.20 51.18 ± 0.08 168.492 ± 0.004 -16.7 ± 4.0 57.17 ± 0.30 49.04 ± 0.10 51.8 ± 0.5 190.17 ± 0.05 65.23 ± 0.20 30.72 ± 0.10 180.298 ± 0.010 353.2 ± 4.0 50.62 ± 0.30 50.20 ± 0.20 199.79 ± 0.10 77.03 ± 0.20 -98.2 ± 3.0 96.11 ± 0.40 282.55 ± 0.50 169.685 ± 0.003 41.63 ± 0.15 160.990 ± 0.004 -109.8 ± 0.5 43.65 ± 0.40
8.670 ± 0.001 6.460 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.197 ± 0.001 6.725 ± 0.001 8.680 ± 0.002 5.360 ± 0.015 6.197 ± 0.001 8.904 ± 0.001 14.10 ± 0.20 6.870 ± 0.030 6.197 ± 0.001 20.050 ± 0.040 7.489 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 4.412 ± 0.006 6.657 ± 0.001 10.549 ± 0.010 9.132 ± 0.002 3.217 ± 0.008 7.550 ± 0.001 15.36 ± 0.05 6.916 ± 0.020 6.323 ± 0.008 6.215 ± 0.001 8.736 ± 0.020 8.384 ± 0.020 6.35 ± 0.05 6.197 ± 0.003 10.560 ± 0.020 4.824 ± 0.015 7.539 ± 0.002 21.5 ± 0.5 8.68 ± 0.05 6.364 ± 0.020 6.499 ± 0.020 11.280 ± 0.020 14.585 ± 0.050 42.74 ± 0.10 6.197 ± 0.001 5.657 ± 0.020 6.197 ± 0.001 6.933 ± 0.040
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES This table gives the standard state chemical thermodynamic properties of about 2500 individual substances in the crystalline, liquid, and gaseous states. Substances are listed by molecular formula in a modified Hill order; all substances not containing carbon appear first, followed by those that contain carbon. The properties tabulated are: DfH° DfG° S° Cp
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation at 298.15 K in kJ/mol Standard molar entropy at 298.15 K in J/mol K Molar heat capacity at constant pressure at 298.15 K in J/mol K
The standard state pressure is 100 kPa (1 bar). The standard states are defined for different phases by: • • •
The standard state of a pure gaseous substance is that of the substance as a (hypothetical) ideal gas at the standard state pressure. The standard state of a pure liquid substance is that of the liquid under the standard state pressure. The standard state of a pure crystalline substance is that of the crystalline substance under the standard state pressure.
An entry of 0.0 for DfH° for an element indicates the reference state of that element. See References 1 and 2 for further information on reference states. A blank means no value is available. The data are derived from the sources listed in the references, from other papers appearing in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, and from the primary research literature. We are indebted to M. V. Korobov for providing data on fullerene compounds.
References 1. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 3. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl.1, 1985. 4. Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998. 5. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 6. Pedley, J. B., Naylor, R. D., and Kirby, S. P., Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, Chapman & Hall, London, 1986. 7. Pedley, J. B., Thermochemical Data and Structures of Organic Compounds, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 1994. 8. Domalski, E. S., and Hearing, E. D., Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase, Volume III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 1-525, 1996. 9. Zabransky, M., Ruzicka , V., Majer, V., and Domalski, E. S., Heat Capacity of Liquids, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph No. 6, 1996. 10. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Vol. 1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 11. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I.V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 12. NIST Chemistry Webbook, <webbook.nist.gov>.
5-4
Crystal Molecular Formula
Name
fH ° kJ/mol
fG ° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH ° kJ/mol
fG ° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH ° kJ/mol
fG ° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
5-5
Ac Ag AgBr AgBrO3 AgCl AgClO3 AgClO4 AgF AgF2 AgI AgIO3 AgNO3 Ag2 Ag2CrO4 Ag2O Ag2O2 Ag2O3 Ag2O4S Ag2S Al AlB3H12 AlBr AlBr3 AlCl AlCl2 AlCl3 AlF AlF3 AlF4Na AlH AlH3 AlH4K AlH4Li AlH4Na AlI AlI3 AlN AlO AlO4P AlP
Actinium Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chlorate Silver(I) perchlorate Silver(I) fluoride Silver(II) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) nitrate Disilver Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) oxide Silver(II) oxide Silver(III) oxide Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfide (argentite) Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum monobromide Aluminum bromide Aluminum monochloride Aluminum dichloride Aluminum chloride Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum fluoride Sodium tetrafluoroaluminate Aluminum monohydride Aluminum hydride Potassium aluminum hydride Lithium aluminum hydride Sodium aluminum hydride Aluminum monoiodide Aluminum iodide Aluminum nitride Aluminum monoxide Aluminum phosphate Aluminum phosphide
0.0 0.0 -100.4 -10.5 -127.0 -30.3 -31.1 -204.6 -360.0 -61.8 -171.1 -124.4 -731.7 -31.1 -24.3 33.9 -715.9 -32.6 0.0
-96.9 71.3 -109.8 64.5
56.5 42.6 107.1 151.9 96.3 142.0
27.2 25.4 52.4
-66.2 -93.7 -33.4
115.5 149.4 140.9
56.8 102.9 93.1
-641.8 -11.2 27.6 121.4 -618.4 -40.7
217.6 121.3 117.0 100.0 200.4 144.0 28.3
142.3 65.9 88.0
180.2
131.4 76.5 24.4
100.6
-704.2
-628.8
109.3
91.1
-1510.4
-1431.1
66.5
75.1
30.0
40.2
-44.7
78.7
83.2
-313.8 -318.0
-300.8 -287.0
159.0 20.2
98.7 30.1
-1733.8 -166.5
-1617.9
90.8
93.2
-46.0 -183.7 -116.3 -15.5
366.0 246.0
188.1 173.0
20.8 20.8
410.0
358.8
257.1
37.0
330.0 13.0 -4.0 -425.1 -47.7 -331.0 -583.2 -258.2 -1204.6 -1869.0 259.2
289.4 147.0 -42.0
164.6 379.2 239.5
21.4
-74.1
228.1
35.0
-283.7 -1188.2 -1827.5 231.2
215.0 277.1 345.7 187.9
31.9 62.6 105.9 29.4
50.8
-16.3 -527.2
406.0 284.9
145.0
289.1
194.6
65.5 -207.5 91.2
35.6
36.0
65.3
218.4
30.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
Substances not containing carbon:
Crystal Name
AlS Al2 Al2Br6 Al2Cl6 Al2F6 Al2I6 Al2O Al2O3 Al2S3 Am Ar As As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsGa AsH3 AsH3O4 AsI3 AsIn AsO As2 As2O5 As2S3 At Au AuBr AuBr3 AuCl AuCl3 AuF3 AuH AuI Au2 B BBr BBr3 BCl BClO BCl3 BCsO2 BF
Aluminum monosulfide Dialuminum Aluminum hexabromide Aluminum hexachloride Aluminum hexafluoride Aluminum hexaiodide Aluminum oxide (Al 2O) Aluminum oxide (corundum) Aluminum sulfide Americium Argon Arsenic (gray) Arsenic (yellow) Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Gallium arsenide Arsine Arsenic acid Arsenic(III) iodide Indium arsenide Arsenic monoxide Diarsenic Arsenic(V) oxide Arsenic(III) sulfide Astatine Gold Gold(I) bromide Gold(III) bromide Gold(I) chloride Gold(III) chloride Gold(III) fluoride Gold hydride Gold(I) iodide Digold Boron (b-rhombohedral) Bromoborane(1) Boron tribromide Chloroborane(1) Chloroxyborane Boron trichloride Cesium metaborate Fluoroborane(1)
fG ° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH ° kJ/mol
fG ° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH ° kJ/mol 200.9 485.9 -970.7 -1290.8 -2628.0 -516.7 -130.0
-1675.7 -724.0 0.0
-1582.3
0.0 14.6 -197.5
50.9 116.9
79.0 105.1
35.1
24.6
-305.0 -821.3 -71.0 -906.3 -58.2 -58.6
-924.9 -169.0 0.0 0.0 -14.0 -53.3 -34.7 -117.6 -363.6
-67.8
-59.4 -53.6
-782.3 -168.6
64.2
213.1 75.7
-259.4 -774.2
216.3 181.2
126.6
fG ° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
150.1 433.3
230.6 233.2
33.4 36.4
-1220.4
490.0
-159.0
259.4
45.7
0.0 302.5
261.0
154.8 174.2
20.8 20.8
-130.0 -261.5 -785.8
-159.0 -248.9 -770.8
363.9 327.2 289.1
79.2 75.7 65.6
66.4
68.9
222.8
38.1
388.3
80.6
46.2
105.8 47.8
105.4 163.6
116.5 116.3
47.4
25.4
70.0 222.2
171.9
239.4
35.0
366.1
326.3
180.5
20.8
295.0
265.7
211.2
29.2
0.0 0.0
-972.0
5.9
-915.0
104.4
11.1 -239.7
-238.5
229.7
-427.2
-387.4
206.3
106.7
515.1 565.0 238.1 -205.6 149.5 -314.0 -403.8
521.0 195.4 -232.5 120.9
153.4 225.0 324.2 213.2
36.9 20.8 32.9 67.8 31.7
-388.7
290.1
62.7
-122.2
-149.8
200.5
29.6
80.6
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-6
Molecular Formula
fH ° kJ/mol
Fluorooxyborane Boron trifluoride Aminetrifluoroboron Trihydro(phosphorus trifluoride)boron Sodium tetrafluoroborate Borane(1) Metaboric acid (b, monoclinic) Borane(3) Boric acid Potassium borohydride Lithium borohydride Sodium borohydride Boron triiodide Potassium metaborate Lithium metaborate Boron nitride Sodium metaborate Boron monoxide Boron dioxide Rubidium metaborate Boron monosulfide Diboron Tetrachlorodiborane Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Diboron dioxide Boron oxide Boron sulfide Borazine Tetraborane(10) Sodium tetraborate Pentaborane(9) Pentaborane(11) Hexaborane(10) Nonaborane(15) Decaborane(14) Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium hydride Barium hydroxide Barium iodide Barium nitrite Barium nitrate
-607.0 -1136.0
-1119.4
254.4
442.7 -561.9 89.2 -994.1
412.7 -551.0 93.3
171.8 240.1 188.2
29.2 42.2 36.0
71.1
20.7
349.2
70.8
647.5
614.5
212.3
29.5
25.0 -300.4
-4.0 -305.9
203.5 229.6
29.2 43.0
342.0 830.5 -490.4 -1440.1 36.4 -454.8 -843.8 67.0
288.8 774.0 -460.6 -1410.4 87.6 -462.3 -832.0
216.2 201.9 357.4 317.3 232.1 242.5 279.8
30.0 30.5 95.4 79.1 56.7 57.3 66.9
66.1
184.3
280.3
93.2
73.2 103.3 94.6 158.4 47.3 180.0
173.6 230.6 211.3 357.5 232.8 146.0
280.6 321.0 296.8 364.9 350.7 170.2
99.6 130.3 125.7 187.0 186.1 20.8
-1353.9 -854.0 -1844.7
-1750.1
145.3
-794.3
-723.4
38.0
-1094.3 -227.4 -190.8 -188.6
-968.9 -160.3 -125.0 -123.9
90.0 106.3 75.9 101.3
86.1 96.1 82.6 86.8
-981.6 -1032.2 -254.4 -977.0
-923.4 -976.1 -228.4 -920.7
80.0 51.5 14.8 73.5
66.7 59.8 19.7 65.9
-971.0
-1273.5 -240.6
-3291.1
-913.0
-1194.3
-3096.0
94.3
54.0 100.0
189.5
120.3
74.1
-523.0
-464.8
262.3
-541.0
-392.7
199.6
62.8 111.7
186.8 42.7 73.2 56.3
0.0 -757.3 -855.0 -1456.9 -1207.1 -177.0 -944.7 -602.1 -768.2 -988.0
-736.8 -806.7 -1293.2 -1156.8 -138.2
62.5 146.0 123.7 203.0 96.4 63.0
-792.6
214.0
137.7
28.1 75.1 71.2 46.0
151.4
171.8
184.2
151.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-7
BFO BF3 BF3H3N BF3H3P BF4Na BH BHO2 BH3 BH3O3 BH4K BH4Li BH4Na BI3 BKO2 BLiO2 BN BNaO2 BO BO2 BO2Rb BS B2 B2Cl4 B2F4 B2H6 B2O2 B2O3 B2S3 B3H6N3 B4H10 B4Na2O7 B5H9 B5H11 B6H10 B9H15 B10H14 Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaCl2H4O2 BaF2 BaH2 BaH2O2 BaI2 BaN2O4 BaN2O6
Crystal Name
BaO BaO4S BaS Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeH2O2 BeI2 BeO BeO4S BeS Bi BiClO BiCl3 BiH3O3 BiI3 Bi2 Bi2O3 Bi2O12S3 Bi2S3 Bk Br BrCl BrCl3Si BrCs BrCu BrF BrF3 BrF5 BrGe BrGeH3 BrH BrHSi BrH3Si BrH4N BrI BrIn BrK BrKO3 BrKO4 BrLi BrNO
Barium oxide Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium hydroxide Beryllium iodide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Beryllium sulfide Bismuth Bismuth oxychloride Bismuth trichloride Bismuth hydroxide Bismuth triiodide Dibismuth Bismuth oxide Bismuth sulfate Bismuth sulfide Berkelium Bromine (atomic) Bromine chloride Bromotrichlorosilane Cesium bromide Copper(I) bromide Bromine fluoride Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Germanium monobromide Bromogermane Hydrogen bromide Bromosilylene Bromosilane Ammonium bromide Iodine bromide Indium(I) bromide Potassium bromide Potassium bromate Potassium perbromate Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide
-548.0 -1473.2 -460.0 0.0 -353.5 -490.4 -1026.8 -902.5 -192.5 -609.4 -1205.2 -234.3 0.0 -366.9 -379.1 -711.3
fG° kJ/mol -520.3 -1362.2 -456.0
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
72.1 132.2 78.2 9.5 108.0 75.8 53.4 45.5 121.0 13.8 77.9 34.0 56.7 120.5 177.0
47.3 101.8 49.4 16.4 69.4 62.4 51.8 62.1 71.1 25.6 85.7 34.0 25.5
-112.0
105.0
-493.7
151.5
113.5
-140.6
200.4
122.2
-445.6 -979.4 -815.0 -580.1 -1093.8
-322.1 -315.0
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
324.0
286.6
136.3
20.8
207.1
168.2
187.0
20.8
-265.7
-256.0
358.9
79.7
-175.3 219.7 -573.9 -2544.3 -143.1 0.0
-405.8 -104.6
-391.4 -100.8
113.1 96.1
-175.2
113.0
-175.3 -393.8 -360.2 -287.9 -351.2
-169.0 -380.7 -271.2 -174.4 -342.0
113.0 95.9 149.2 170.1 74.3
111.9 14.6
82.4 -1.0
175.0 240.1 350.1
20.8 35.0 90.9
-93.8 -255.6 -428.9 235.6
-109.2 -229.4 -350.6
229.0 292.5 320.2
-36.3 -464.4
-53.4
274.8 198.7
33.0 66.6 99.6 37.1 56.4 29.1
262.4
52.8
52.9 54.7 -300.8 -458.6
-270.8
36.9
-240.5 -351.8
178.2 225.1
124.6
96.0 40.8 -56.9
3.7 -94.3
258.8 259.5
36.4 36.7
82.2
82.4
273.7
45.5
52.3 105.2 120.2
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-8
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Sodium bromide Sodium bromate Bromine monoxide Bromine dioxide Rubidium bromide Bromosilyldyne Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Calcium bromide Cadmium bromide Cobalt(II) bromide Chromium(II) bromide Copper(II) bromide Iron(II) bromide Dibromosilane Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(I) bromide Magnesium bromide Manganese(II) bromide Nickel(II) bromide Lead(II) bromide Platinum(II) bromide Sulfur bromide Selenium dibromide Tin(II) bromide Strontium bromide Titanium(II) bromide Zinc bromide Cerium(III) bromide Tribromochlorosilane Dysprosium(III) bromide Iron(III) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Indium(III) bromide Phosphoric tribromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Platinum(III) bromide Rhenium(III) bromide Ruthenium(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Scandium bromide Titanium(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Protactinium(IV) bromide Platinum(IV) bromide
-361.1 -334.1
-349.0 -242.6
86.8 128.9
-394.6
-381.8
110.0
-173.2
-167.4
120.5
-682.8 -316.2 -220.9 -302.1 -141.8 -249.8
-663.6 -296.3
130.0 137.2
-238.1
140.6
-170.7 -206.9 -524.3 -384.9 -212.1 -278.7 -82.0
-153.1 -181.1 -503.8
172.0 218.0 117.2
-261.9
161.5
51.4
-143.1
-177.1
241.2
36.3
125.8 152.0
109.6 155.0
233.0 271.1
34.2 45.4
52.8
0.0
152.2
75.7
209.0 -37.7 30.9
38.6 3.1
245.5
36.0
309.7
65.5
377.1
95.3
76.7 79.5
80.1 -13.0 -21.0
-243.5 -717.6 -402.0 -328.7 -891.4 -836.2 -268.2 -386.6
-697.1
135.1
-312.1
138.5
-359.8
75.3
180.0 -355.6
-336.4
248.1
-317.6 -282.0
-328.5
348.6
80.8
-184.5
-175.7
240.2
-139.3
-162.8
359.8 348.1
89.9 76.0
-194.6
-223.9
372.9
80.2
-300.0
-318.0
396.2
101.8
-428.9 -458.6 -120.9 -167.0 -138.0 -259.4 -743.1 -548.5
-239.3
207.1
-523.8
176.6
-787.8
234.0
101.7 -347.7
-824.0 -156.5
-331.4
280.7
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-9
BrNa BrNaO3 BrO BrO2 BrRb BrSi BrTl Br2 Br2Ca Br2Cd Br2Co Br2Cr Br2Cu Br2Fe Br2H2Si Br2Hg Br2Hg2 Br2Mg Br2Mn Br2Ni Br2Pb Br2Pt Br2S2 Br2Se Br2Sn Br2Sr Br2Ti Br2Zn Br3Ce Br3ClSi Br3Dy Br3Fe Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3In Br3OP Br3P Br3Pt Br3Re Br3Ru Br3Sb Br3Sc Br3Ti Br4Ge Br4Pa Br4Pt
Crystal Name
Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Te Br4Ti Br4V Br4Zr Br5P Br5Ta Br6W Ca CaCl2 CaF2 CaH2 CaH2O2 CaI2 CaN2O6 CaO CaO4S CaS Ca3O8P2 Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdH2O2 CdI2 CdO CdO4S CdS CdTe Ce CeCl3 CeI3 CeO2 CeS Ce2O3 Cf Cl ClCs ClCsO4 ClCu ClF ClFO3 ClF3
Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Tellurium tetrabromide Titanium(IV) bromide Vanadium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Phosphorus(V) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Tungsten(VI) bromide Calcium Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodide Calcium nitrate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Calcium phosphate Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodide Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate Cadmium sulfide Cadmium telluride Cerium (g, fcc) Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) iodide Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(II) sulfide Cerium(III) oxide Californium Chlorine (atomic) Cesium chloride Cesium perchlorate Copper(I) chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol -457.3
-377.4 -190.4 -616.7 -760.7 -269.9 -598.3 -348.5 0.0 -795.4 -1228.0 -181.5 -985.2 -533.5 -938.2 -634.9 -1434.5 -482.4 -4120.8 0.0 -391.5 -700.4 -560.7 -203.3 -258.4 -933.3 -161.9 -92.5 0.0 -1060.5 -669.3 -1088.7 -459.4 -1796.2 0.0 -443.0 -443.1 -137.2
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K 97.1 103.4
131.5
-549.4 -336.8
-568.2
398.4
100.8
25.9 72.9 67.0 41.0 87.5
177.8
144.0
154.9
20.8
167.7
20.8
243.5
-984.8
41.6 108.4 68.5 41.4 83.4 142.0 193.2 38.1 106.5 56.5 236.0 51.8 115.3 77.4 96.0 161.1 54.8 123.0 64.9 100.0 72.0 151.0
-1024.6 -451.5 -1706.2
62.3 78.2 150.6
61.6 50.0 114.6
-414.5 -314.3 -119.9
101.2 175.1 86.2
52.5 108.3 48.5
-343.9 -647.7 -473.6 -201.4 -228.7 -822.7 -156.5 -92.0
fH° kJ/mol
377.9 411.9
-589.5
149.4 42.0 99.7 47.4 227.8 26.0 74.7
277.8
Cp J/mol K
-431.8 -331.4
264.4
-443.9
Gas
S° J/mol K
-415.5 -314.6
-350.2
-748.8 -1175.6 -142.5 -897.5 -528.9 -742.8 -603.3 -1322.0 -477.4 -3884.7
fG° kJ/mol
111.8
80.0 43.4 99.6
26.9 87.4
-189.5
423.0
385.0
191.8
23.1
121.3
105.3
165.2
21.8
-50.3 -23.8 -163.2
-51.8 48.2 -123.0
217.9 279.0 281.6
32.1 64.9 63.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-10
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Germanium monochloride Chlorogermane Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Perchloric acid Chlorosilane Ammonium chloride Ammonium perchlorate Phosphonium chloride Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Lithium chloride Lithium perchlorate Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Sodium chlorite Sodium chlorate Sodium perchlorate Chlorine oxide Vanadyl chloride Chlorine dioxide Chlorine superoxide (ClOO) Rubidium perchlorate Rubidium chloride Chlorosilylidyne Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Cobalt(II) chloride Chromium(II) chloride Chromyl chloride Copper(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Mercury(I) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Chlorine monoxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride
-1065.7 155.2
124.2
-92.3 -78.7
-95.3 -66.1
247.0 263.7 186.9 236.7
36.9 54.7 29.1 37.2
250.7
51.0
-40.6 -314.4 -295.3 -145.2
-202.9 -88.8
94.6 186.2
84.1
-23.9 -186.2 -436.5 -397.7 -432.8 -408.6 -381.0
-408.5 -296.3 -303.1 -384.4
82.6 143.1 151.0 59.3
-411.2 -307.0 -365.8 -383.3
-384.1
72.1
-262.3 -254.9
123.4 142.3
-607.0
-556.0
75.0
-13.6
135.1
51.3 100.3 112.4 48.0
17.8 -75.0 -214.6
-5.5
247.6
35.6
-233.3
239.1
36.5
51.7 12.6
66.1 54.4
261.7 272.2
44.7 53.2
101.8
98.1
226.6
31.5
102.5 89.1
120.5 105.0
256.8 263.7
42.0 46.0
50.5
-437.2 -435.4
-306.9 -407.8
161.1 95.9
52.4
-204.1
-184.9
111.3
50.9
-312.5 -395.4
-269.8 -356.0
109.2 115.3
78.5 71.2
-220.1 -341.8
-175.7 -302.3
108.1 118.0
71.9 76.7
-224.3 -265.4 -641.3 -481.3 -305.3
-178.6 -210.7 -591.8 -440.5 -259.0
146.0 191.6 89.6 118.2 97.7
189.9 -67.8 0.0
-579.5
-510.8
221.8
-538.1
36.9
-501.6
223.1
33.9
329.8
84.5
285.7
60.5
266.2 309.8 311.9
45.4 66.5 77.0
71.4 72.9 71.7 -245.6 -394.1
121.0 134.0
80.3 -212.5 -364.0
97.9 -198.3 -320.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-11
ClF5S ClGe ClGeH3 ClH ClHO ClHO4 ClH3Si ClH4N ClH4NO4 ClH4P ClI ClIn ClK ClKO3 ClKO4 ClLi ClLiO4 ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClNaO2 ClNaO3 ClNaO4 ClO ClOV ClO2 ClO2 ClO4Rb ClRb ClSi ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2Cr Cl2CrO2 Cl2Cu Cl2Fe Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2Hg2 Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S
Crystal Name
Cl2O2U Cl2Pb Cl2Pt Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl2Sn Cl2Sr Cl2Ti Cl2Zn Cl2Zr Cl3Cr Cl3Dy Cl3Er Cl3Eu Cl3Fe Cl3Ga Cl3Gd Cl3HSi Cl3Ho Cl3In Cl3Ir Cl3La Cl3Lu Cl3N Cl3Nd Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3Os Cl3P Cl3Pr Cl3Pt Cl3Re Cl3Rh Cl3Ru Cl3Sb Cl3Sc Cl3Sm Cl3Tb Cl3Ti Cl3Tl Cl3Tm Cl3U Cl3V
Uranyl chloride Lead(II) chloride Platinum(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Tin(II) chloride Strontium chloride Titanium(II) chloride Zinc chloride Zirconium(II) chloride Chromium(III) chloride Dysprosium(III) chloride Erbium chloride Europium(III) chloride Iron(III) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Gadolinium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Holmium chloride Indium(III) chloride Iridium(III) chloride Lanthanum chloride Lutetium chloride Nitrogen trichloride Neodymium chloride Phosphoric trichloride Vanadyl trichloride Osmium(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Praseodymium chloride Platinum(III) chloride Rhenium(III) chloride Rhodium(III) chloride Ruthenium(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Scandium chloride Samarium(III) chloride Terbium chloride Titanium(III) chloride Thallium(III) chloride Thulium chloride Uranium(III) chloride Vanadium(III) chloride
-1243.9 -359.4 -123.4
fG° kJ/mol -1146.4 -314.1
Liquid
S° J/mol K 150.5 136.0
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
107.9
-50.0 -59.4 -325.1 -828.9 -513.8 -415.1 -502.0 -556.5 -1000.0 -998.7 -936.0 -399.5 -524.7 -1008.0
-781.1 -464.4 -369.4
114.9 87.4 111.5
75.6 69.8 71.3
-486.1
123.0
91.8
-266.1
100.0 -334.0 -454.8
142.3 142.0
96.7 88.0 -539.3
-1005.4 -537.2 -245.6 -1072.2 -945.6
-482.5
227.6
-513.0
-482.0
313.9
75.8
-558.5 -695.6
-512.9 -659.3
325.5 344.3
84.9 89.9
-287.0
-267.8
311.8
71.8
88.0 -374.0 108.8 -649.0 230.0
-1041.0
113.0 -597.1 -734.7
-520.8 -668.5
222.5 244.3
-319.7
-272.3
217.1
138.8
-190.4 -1056.9 -182.0 -264.0 -299.2 -205.0 -382.2 -925.1 -1025.9 -997.0 -720.9 -315.1 -986.6 -866.5 -580.7
100.0 -188.0
123.8
92.4
-323.7
184.1
107.9
-653.5
139.7
97.2
-799.1 -511.2
159.0 131.0
102.5 93.2
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-12
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Yttrium chloride Ytterbium(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Protactinium(IV) chloride Lead(IV) chloride Platinum(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Protactinium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Uranium(VI) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Curium Cobalt Cobalt(II) fluoride Cobalt(II) hydroxide Cobalt(II) iodide Cobalt(II) nitrate Cobalt(II) oxide Cobalt(II) sulfate Cobalt(II) sulfide Cobalt(III) sulfide Cobalt(II,III) oxide Chromium Chromium(II) fluoride Chromium(III) fluoride Chromium(II) iodide Chromium(III) iodide Chromium(IV) oxide Chromium(VI) oxide Lead(II) chromate Chromium iron oxide Chromium(III) oxide Chromium(II,III) oxide Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium hydrogen fluoride
-1000.0 -959.8
-750.2 -531.8
-990.4 -1043.0
-901.3 -953.0
190.8 192.0
-462.7
245.6
-687.0 -511.3
-619.8 -440.1
239.7 258.6
145.3 165.3
-804.2
-737.2
252.3
145.2
-569.4
-503.7
255.0
120.5
75.0
-495.8 -884.5
-457.3
347.7
96.1
-657.0 -471.5
-617.0 -432.2
330.7 365.8
90.3 98.3
-964.4 -763.2 -809.6 -525.5
-932.0 -726.3 -786.6 -492.0
390.7 353.2 419.0 362.4
107.5 95.4
-703.7 -374.9
-646.0 -305.0
400.6 364.6
120.8 112.8
-329.3 -231.8
-326.4 -1186.2
-1094.1
190.4
138.5 120.3
-1019.2
-930.0
197.1
122.0
-980.5 -797.5 -443.5 -1145.0 -859.0 -1092.0 -602.5 0.0 0.0 -692.0 -539.7 -88.7 -420.5 -237.9 -888.3 -82.8 -147.3 -891.0 0.0 -778.0 -1159.0 -156.9 -205.0 -598.0
-889.9 -683.2
181.6 210.5
119.8 148.1
-1034.0
238.0
-962.0
285.8
175.7
-1013.0 -513.8
-928.0
431.0
30.0 82.0 79.0
24.8 68.8
424.7
380.3
179.5
23.0
-647.2 -454.3
-214.2 -782.3
53.0 118.0
55.2
-774.0
102.5 23.8
123.4 23.4
396.6
351.8
174.5
20.8
93.9
78.7
266.2
56.0
175.6
20.8
-1088.0
-292.9 -930.9 -1444.7 -1139.7 -1531.0 0.0 -553.5 -923.8
-1343.8 -1058.1
146.0 81.2
133.6 118.7
-525.5 -858.9
85.2 92.8 135.2
32.2 51.1 87.3
76.5
49.6
96.2
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-13
Cl3Y Cl3Yb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4Pa Cl4Pb Cl4Pt Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Th Cl4Ti Cl4U Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Pa Cl5Ta Cl6U Cl6W Cm Co CoF2 CoH2O2 CoI2 CoN2O6 CoO CoO4S CoS Co2S3 Co3O4 Cr CrF2 CrF3 CrI2 CrI3 CrO2 CrO3 CrO4Pb Cr2FeO4 Cr2O3 Cr3O4 Cs CsF CsF2H
Crystal Name
CsH CsHO CsHO4S CsH2N CsI CsNO3 CsO2 Cs2O Cs2O3S Cs2O4S Cs2S Cu CuF2 CuH2O2 CuI CuN2O6 CuO CuO4S CuO4W CuS CuSe Cu2 Cu2O Cu2S Dy DyI3 Dy2O3 Er ErF3 Er2O3 Es Eu Eu2O3 Eu3O4 F FGa FGe FGeH3 FH FH3Si FH4N FI FIn
Cesium hydride Cesium hydroxide Cesium hydrogen sulfate Cesium amide Cesium iodide Cesium nitrate Cesium superoxide Cesium oxide Cesium sulfite Cesium sulfate Cesium sulfide Copper Copper(II) fluoride Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(I) iodide Copper(II) nitrate Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) tungstate Copper(II) sulfide Copper(II) selenide Dicopper Copper(I) oxide Copper(I) sulfide Dysprosium Dysprosium(III) iodide Dysprosium(III) oxide Erbium Erbium fluoride Erbium oxide Einsteinium Europium Europium(III) oxide Europium(II,III) oxide Fluorine (atomic) Gallium monofluoride Germanium monofluoride Fluorogermane Hydrogen fluoride Fluorosilane Ammonium fluoride Iodine fluoride Indium(I) fluoride
-54.2 -416.2 -1158.1 -118.4 -346.6 -506.0 -286.2 -345.8 -1134.7 -1443.0 -359.8 0.0 -542.7 -449.8 -67.8 -302.9 -157.3 -771.4 -1105.0 -53.1 -39.5 -168.6 -79.5 0.0 -620.5 -1863.1 0.0 -1711.0 -1897.9 0.0 0.0 -1651.4 -2272.0
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-371.8
104.2
69.9
-340.6 -406.5
123.1 155.2
52.8
-308.1
146.9
76.0
-1323.6
211.9
134.9
33.2
24.4
-69.5
96.7
54.1
-129.7 -662.2
42.6 109.2
42.3
-53.6
66.5
47.8
-146.0 -86.2
93.1 120.9 75.6
63.6 76.3 27.7
149.8 73.2
116.3 28.1
-1808.7
155.6
108.5
-1556.8 -2142.0
77.8 146.0 205.0
27.7 122.2
-1771.5
fH° kJ/mol
-299.8 -464.0
-348.7
72.0
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Gas Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-256.0
-256.5
254.8
49.7
337.4
297.7
166.4
20.8
484.2
431.9
241.6
36.6
290.4
254.4
196.6
20.8
317.1
280.7
195.6
20.8
175.3
142.2
188.8
20.8
79.4 -251.9 -33.4
62.3
158.8
-273.3
-275.4
252.8 173.8 238.4
22.7 33.3 34.7 51.6 47.4
65.3 -95.7 -203.4
-118.5
236.2
33.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-14
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Sodium fluoride Fluorine oxide Fluorine superoxide (FOO) Rubidium fluoride Fluorosilylidyne Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Iron(II) fluoride Potassium hydrogen fluoride Difluoramine Sodium hydrogen fluoride Rubidium hydrogen fluoride Magnesium fluoride Difluoroamidogen cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Nickel(II) fluoride Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Sulfuryl fluoride Uranyl fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Difluorosilylene Strontium fluoride Zinc fluoride Gallium(III) fluoride Gadolinium(III) fluoride Trifluorosilane Holmium fluoride Nitrogen trifluoride Neodymium fluoride Phosphoric trifluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Antimony(III) fluoride Scandium fluoride Samarium(III) fluoride Thorium(III) fluoride Uranium(III) fluoride Yttrium fluoride Germanium(IV) fluoride
-567.3 -616.0
-576.6
-537.8 -587.7
-546.3
66.6 35.7
51.1
49.0 41.6 -66.5
-51.0
248.1 260.4 259.8
41.3 49.8 44.1
109.0 25.4
105.3 39.4
216.4 259.5
32.0 44.5
7.1 -182.4 0.0
-24.3
225.8
32.6
202.8
31.3
252.8
43.4
46.9
-557.7 -324.7 -711.3 -927.7
-668.6 -859.7
87.0 104.3
68.1 76.9
-920.3 -922.6 -1124.2
-852.2 -855.6 -1071.1
90.9 120.1 57.2
75.0 79.4 61.6
-651.4
-604.1
73.6
43.1 69.5 82.0
57.8
249.9
41.0
24.5
41.8
19.2
58.2
247.5 278.7 277.2 284.0
43.3 56.8 62.1 66.0
-619.0
-628.0
252.7
43.9
271.9
60.5
64.1
-1653.5 -664.0
-1557.4 -617.1
135.6 110.5
103.2
-1216.3 -764.4 -1163.0
-1164.8 -713.3 -1085.3
82.1 73.7 84.0
70.0 65.7 -1297.0
-1707.0 -132.1
-90.6
260.8
53.4
-1254.3 -958.4
-1205.8 -936.9
285.4 273.1
68.8 58.7
-1247.0
-1234.0
300.5
67.8
-1166.1 -1058.5 -1288.7 -1190.2
-1160.6 -1051.9 -1277.8 -1150.0
339.2 331.9 311.8 301.9
73.3 74.3 70.3
-1657.0
-915.5 -1629.2 -1778.0
-1555.6
92.0
-1502.1 -1718.8
-1433.4 -1644.7
123.4 100.0
95.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-15
FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNS FNa FO FO2 FRb FSi FTl F2 F2Fe F2HK F2HN F2HNa F2HRb F2Mg F2N F2N2 F2N2 F2Ni F2O F2OS F2O2 F2O2S F2O2U F2Pb F2Si F2Sr F2Zn F3Ga F3Gd F3HSi F3Ho F3N F3Nd F3OP F3P F3Sb F3Sc F3Sm F3Th F3U F3Y F4Ge
Crystal Name
F4Hf F4N2 F4Pb F4S F4Si F4Th F4U F4V F4Xe F4Zr F5I F5Nb F5P F5Ta F5V F6H8N2Si F6Ir F6K2Si F6Mo F6Na2Si F6Os F6Pt F6S F6Se F6Si2 F6Te F6U F6W Fe FeI2 FeI3 FeMoO4 FeO FeO4S FeO4W FeS FeS2 Fe2O3 Fe2O4Si Fe3O4 Fm Fr Ga
Hafnium fluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Lead(IV) fluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Thorium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) fluoride Vanadium(IV) fluoride Xenon tetrafluoride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Iodine pentafluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Ammonium hexafluorosilicate Iridium(VI) fluoride Potassium hexafluorosilicate Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sodium hexafluorosilicate Osmium(VI) fluoride Platinum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Selenium hexafluoride Hexafluorodisilane Tellurium hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Iron Iron(II) iodide Iron(III) iodide Iron(II) molybdate Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfate Iron(II) tungstate Iron(II) sulfide Iron disulfide Iron(III) oxide Iron(II) orthosilicate Iron(II,III) oxide Fermium Francium Gallium
-1930.5
fG° kJ/mol -1830.4
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
113.0
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-1669.8 -8.4
79.9
301.2
79.2
-763.2 -1615.0 -1759.0 -1598.7
-722.0 -1572.8 -1724.0 -1572.7
299.6 282.8 341.7 368.0
77.6 73.6 93.0 91.2
-822.5 -1739.7 -1594.4
-751.7 -1673.6 -1520.7
327.7 321.9 300.8
99.2 97.1 84.8
-1433.9
-1369.8
320.9
98.6
-544.0
-460.0
357.8
121.1
-1557.7
-1472.2
350.5
120.6
-1116.5 -1017.0 -2307.3
358.1 348.3 291.5 313.9 391.0
120.8 122.8 97.0 110.5 129.9
-2063.7 -1632.1 370.7
377.9 341.1 180.5
129.6 119.0 25.7
233.7
169.0
25.3
-941.8
-2097.8 -1914.2 -1403.3 -261.5 -1911.3
-2003.4 -1823.3
142.0 151.7
110.7 116.0
-1809.9
104.6
103.7
-1813.8
-1699.0
160.2
134.7
-2681.7 -579.7 -2956.0
-2365.3 -461.6 -2798.6
280.2 247.7 226.0
228.1
-2909.6
-2754.2
207.1 246.0 235.6
187.1
-864.8
-1903.6 -1480.3
-1585.5
-2427.0
-2299.7
219.1
129.5
-2197.0
-2068.5
227.6
166.8 -1747.7
0.0 -113.0
27.3
25.1
-975.0
129.3
118.5
-820.8 -1054.0 -100.4 -166.9 -742.2 -1379.0 -1015.4
107.5 131.8 60.3 52.9 87.4 145.2 146.4
100.6 114.6 50.5 62.2 103.9 132.9 143.4
0.0
95.4 40.8
26.1
-1373.1
-1473.0
-1631.4
175.7
259.7
251.5
169.8
-1220.5 -1117.0 -2383.3 -1318.0 -2147.4 -1721.7 416.3 71.0
-1075.0 -272.0 -928.4 -1155.0 -100.0 -178.2 -824.2 -1479.9 -1118.4 0.0 0.0 0.0
5.6
272.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-16
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Gallium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) iodide Gallium nitride Gallium monoxide Gallium phosphide Gallium antimonide Digallium Gallium suboxide Gallium(III) oxide Gadolinium Gadolinium(III) oxide Germanium Iodogermane Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(IV) oxide Germanium phosphide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) telluride Digermanium Digermane Trigermane Hydrogen (atomic) Hydrogen iodide Iodic acid Potassium hydride Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydrogen sulfate Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Imidogen Nitrous acid Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydride Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydrogen sulfate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Hydroxyl Rubidium hydroxide Thallium(I) hydroxide Hydroperoxy Metaphosphoric acid Rubidium hydrogen sulfate Perrhenic acid
-964.4 -238.9 -110.5
-831.3
100.0 205.0
100.0 279.5
-88.0 -41.8
-38.9
76.1
253.5
231.1
32.1
397.5
359.8
194.3
27.5
372.0
331.2
90.8 -56.9 -46.2
113.4 -106.3 -73.2
167.9 283.2 217.1 428.9 224.3
30.7 57.5 45.0 104.1 30.9
92.0
42.0
234.0
33.7
473.1 162.3 226.8 218.0 26.5
416.3
252.8
35.6
203.3 1.7
114.7 206.6
20.8 29.2
-232.0
-229.7
238.3
49.2
-229.0 351.5 -79.5 -133.9 294.1
-234.2 345.6 -46.0 -73.5 328.1
214.4 181.2 254.1 266.9 239.0
46.0 29.2 45.6 54.1 43.7
-191.0
-193.9
229.0
48.0
39.0 -238.0
34.2 -239.1
183.7 248.5
29.9 49.5
10.5
22.6
229.0
34.9
48.5 438.5
-356.0 -1089.1 0.0 -1819.6 0.0
-141.8 -261.9 -580.0 -21.0 -69.0 20.0
-998.3
85.0 68.1 31.1
-144.3 -237.2 -521.4 -17.0 -71.5
271.1 50.0 39.7 63.0 71.0
92.1 37.0 106.7 23.3
52.1
137.3 193.7
-230.1 -57.7 -424.6 -1160.6 -90.5 -487.5
-379.4 -1031.3 -68.3 -441.5
81.2 138.1 20.0 42.8
68.9 27.9 49.6
-174.1 264.0 -56.3 -425.8 -1125.5 -1748.1
-33.5 -379.7 -992.8 -1608.2
40.0 64.4 113.0 150.5
-418.8 -238.9
-373.9 -195.8
94.0 88.0
-948.5 -1159.0 -762.3
-656.4
158.2
36.4 59.5
-80.7 327.3
155.6 140.6
109.9
135.3 69.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-17
GaH3O3 GaI3 GaN GaO GaP GaSb Ga2 Ga2O Ga2O3 Gd Gd2O3 Ge GeH3I GeH4 GeI4 GeO GeO2 GeP GeS GeTe Ge2 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 H HI HIO3 HK HKO HKO4S HLi HLiO HN HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HNa HNaO HNaO4S HNa2O4P HO HORb HOTl HO2 HO3P HO4RbS HO4Re
Crystal Name
HRb HS HSi HTa2 H2 H2KN H2KO4P H2LiN H2Mg H2MgO2 H2N H2NNa H2NRb H2N2O2 H2NiO2 H2O H2O2 H2O2Sn H2O2Sr H2O2Zn H2O3Si H2O4S H2O4Se H2S H2S2 H2Se H2Sr H2Te H2Th H2Zr H3ISi H3N H3NO H3O2P H3O3P H3O4P H3P H3Sb H3U H4IN H4N2 H4N2O2 H4N2O3
Rubidium hydride Mercapto Silylidyne Tantalum hydride Hydrogen Potassium amide Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Lithium amide Magnesium hydride Magnesium hydroxide Amidogen Sodium amide Rubidium amide Nitramide Nickel(II) hydroxide Water Hydrogen peroxide Tin(II) hydroxide Strontium hydroxide Zinc hydroxide Metasilicic acid Sulfuric acid Selenic acid Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide Strontium hydride Hydrogen telluride Thorium hydride Zirconium(II) hydride Iodosilane Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphinic acid Phosphonic acid Phosphoric acid Phosphine Stibine Uranium(III) hydride Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Ammonium nitrite Ammonium nitrate
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-52.3 142.7 361.0 -32.6
-69.0
79.1
113.3
-123.8 -113.0 -89.5 -529.7
-561.1 -959.0 -641.9 -1188.7
-1415.9
134.9
116.6
-35.9 -833.5
31.1 63.2
35.4 77.0
-64.0
76.9
66.2
-447.2
88.0
-491.6
155.0
-553.5 -1092.4
81.2 134.0
32.3
130.7
28.8
90.8 0.0
-128.9 -1568.3 -179.5 -75.3 -924.5
195.7
-285.8 -187.8
-237.1 -120.4
70.0 109.6
75.3 89.1
-814.0
-690.0
156.9
138.9
184.9
194.6
195.0
33.9
-241.8 -136.3
-228.6 -105.6
188.8 232.7
33.6 43.1
-20.6 15.5 29.7
-33.4
205.8
15.9
219.0
34.2 51.5 34.7
-45.9
-16.4
270.9 192.8
54.4 35.1
5.4 145.1
13.5 147.8
210.2 232.8
37.1 41.1
95.4
159.4
238.5
48.4
-530.1 -18.1
84.1
-180.3 99.6 -139.7 -169.0
-114.2 -604.6 -964.4 -1284.4
-127.2 -201.4
-100.0 -128.8
50.7 35.0
36.7 31.0
-595.4 -1124.3
-72.8 -112.5
110.5
63.7 117.0
106.1
-1271.7
-183.9
151.1
150.8
145.0
49.3 50.6
-256.5 -365.6
-1123.6
139.3
149.3
121.2
98.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-18
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Ammonium azide Orthosilicic acid Diphosphoric acid Diphosphine Silane Stannane Ammonium hydroxide Ammonium hydrogen sulfite Ammonium hydrogen sulfate Disilane Ammonium sulfate Trisilane Ammonium hydrogen phosphate Ammonium phosphate Helium Hafnium Hafnium oxide Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(II) oxide Mercury(II) sulfate Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) telluride Dimercury Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) sulfate Holmium Holmium oxide Iodine (atomic) Indium(I) iodide Potassium iodide Potassium iodate Potassium periodate Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Sodium iodate Sodium periodate Iodine monoxide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine (rhombic) Magnesium iodide Nickel(II) iodide Lead(II) iodide Tin(II) iodide Strontium iodide
115.5 -1481.1 -2241.0
274.2 -1332.9
112.5 192.0 -2231.7 -5.0
-361.2
-254.0
165.6
20.9 34.3 162.8
56.9 188.3
204.6 227.7
42.8 49.0
80.3
127.3
272.7
80.8
0.0 619.2
576.5
126.2 186.9
20.8 20.8
61.4
31.8
175.0
20.8
108.8
68.2
288.1
37.4
300.8
264.8
195.6
20.8
106.8 7.5
70.2 -37.7
180.8 267.3
20.8 36.8
126.0
102.5
239.6
32.9
7.1 62.4
19.3
260.7
36.9
154.9
-768.6 -1027.0 -1180.9
-901.7
220.1
187.5 92.5
-1566.9 -1671.9 0.0 -1144.7
120.9
188.0
-1088.2
43.6 59.3
25.7 60.3
-105.4 -90.8 -707.5 -58.2 -42.0
-101.7 -58.5
180.0 70.3
44.1
-50.6
82.4
48.4
-121.3 -743.1 0.0 -1880.7
-111.0 -625.8 -1791.1
233.5 200.7 75.3 158.2
-116.3 -327.9 -501.4 -467.2 -270.4 -287.8 -481.8 -429.3
-120.5 -324.9 -418.4 -361.4 -270.3 -286.1
130.0 106.3 151.5 175.7 86.8 98.5
-323.0
163.0
-333.8 -123.8 0.0 -364.0 -78.2 -175.5 -143.5 -558.1
-328.9 -125.4
53.2
-358.2
118.4 127.6 116.1 129.7
-173.6
174.9
77.4
0.0
132.0 27.2 115.0
75.9
28.0
52.9 106.5 51.0 52.1 92.0
54.4
81.6
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-19
H4N4 H4O4Si H4O7P2 H4P2 H4Si H4Sn H5NO H5NO3S H5NO4S H6Si2 H8N2O4S H8Si3 H9N2O4P H12N3O4P He Hf HfO2 Hg HgI2 HgO HgO4S HgS HgTe Hg2 Hg2I2 Hg2O4S Ho Ho2O3 I IIn IK IKO3 IKO4 ILi INa INaO3 INaO4 IO IRb ITl I2 I2Mg I2Ni I2Pb I2Sn I2Sr
Crystal Name
I2Zn I3In I3La I3Lu I3P I3Ru I3Sb I4Pt I4Si I4Sn I4Ti I4V I4Zr In InO InP InS InSb In2 In2O3 In2S3 In2Te5 Ir IrO2 IrS2 Ir2S3 K KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KNa KO2 K2 K2O K2O2 K2O4S K2S K3O4P Kr La LaS La2O3 Li
Zinc iodide Indium(III) iodide Lanthanum iodide Lutetium iodide Phosphorus(III) iodide Ruthenium(III) iodide Antimony(III) iodide Platinum(IV) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Vanadium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Indium monoxide Indium phosphide Indium(II) sulfide Indium antimonide Diindium Indium(III) oxide Indium(III) sulfide Indium(IV) telluride Iridium Iridium(IV) oxide Iridium(IV) sulfide Iridium(III) sulfide Potassium Potassium permanganate Potassium nitrite Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium Potassium superoxide Dipotassium Potassium oxide Potassium peroxide Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium phosphate Krypton Lanthanum Lanthanum monosulfide Lanthanum oxide Lithium
fG° kJ/mol
-208.0 -238.0 -668.9 -548.0 -45.6 -65.7 -100.4 -72.8 -189.5
-209.0
-375.7
-371.5
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Gas Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
161.1 -120.5
-481.6 0.0
249.4
84.9 125.7
57.8
26.7 45.4
374.4
78.4
446.1
105.4
208.7 364.4
173.8 236.5
20.8 32.6
-277.8 -122.6 243.3 387.0
-88.7 -138.1 -30.5
-77.0 -131.8 -25.5
59.8 67.0 86.2
49.5
-925.8 -427.0 -175.3 0.0 -274.1 -138.0 -234.0 0.0 -837.2 -369.8 -494.6
-830.7 -412.5
104.2 163.6
92.0 118.0
35.5
25.1 57.3
665.3
617.9
193.6
20.8
64.7 171.7 152.1 133.1
29.6 117.6 107.4 96.4
89.0
60.5
160.3
20.8
-737.6 -306.6 -394.9
-284.9
-239.4
116.7
77.5 123.7
87.5
249.7
37.9
0.0 431.0
393.6
164.1 182.4
20.8 22.8
159.3
126.6
138.8
20.8
238.0 344.3 380.9
6.3
-361.5 -494.1 -1437.8 -380.7 -1950.2 0.0 -456.0 -1793.7 0.0
-425.1 -1321.4 -364.0
102.1 175.6 105.0
131.5
-451.5 -1705.8
56.9 73.2 127.3 29.1
27.1 59.0 108.8 24.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-20
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Lithium nitrite Lithium nitrate Dilithium Lithium oxide Lithium peroxide Lithium metasilicate Lithium sulfate Lithium sulfide Lithium phosphate Lawrencium Lutetium Lutetium oxide Mendelevium Magnesium Magnesium nitrate Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium selenate Magnesium sulfide Dimagnesium Magnesium orthosilicate Manganese Manganese(II) nitrate Sodium permanganate Manganese(II) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Manganese(II) metasilicate Manganese(II) sulfide (a form) Manganese(II) selenide Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(II) orthosilicate Manganese(II,III) oxide Molybdenum Sodium molybdate Molybdenum(IV) oxide Molybdenum(VI) oxide Lead(II) molybdate Molybdenum(IV) sulfide Molybdenum silicide Nitrogen (atomic) Sodium nitrite Sodium nitrate Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Rubidium nitrite Rubidium nitrate
-372.4 -483.1
-302.0 -381.1
96.0 90.0
-597.9 -634.3 -1648.1 -1436.5 -441.4 -2095.8 0.0 0.0 -1878.2 0.0 0.0 -790.7 -601.6 -1284.9 -968.5 -346.0
-561.2
37.6
54.1
-1557.2 -1321.7
79.8 115.1
99.1 117.6
-1789.0
51.0 110.0
-589.4 -569.3 -1170.6
215.9
174.4
197.0
36.1
26.9 101.8
427.6
387.8
184.8
20.9
32.7 164.0 27.0 91.6
24.9 141.9 37.2 96.5
147.1
112.5
148.6
20.8
-341.8
50.3
45.6
-2055.1
95.1 32.0
118.5 26.3
280.7
238.5
173.7
20.8
45.4 54.1 86.4 50.0 51.0 107.7 129.9 139.7 24.1 141.7 56.0 75.0 119.7 63.6 93.1
658.1
612.5
182.0
20.8
-1354.3 -533.0 -668.0 -951.4 -225.9 -125.7
59.7 53.1 89.1 78.2 90.8 110.5 163.2 155.6 28.7 159.7 46.3 77.7 166.1 62.6 106.3
472.7
455.5
153.3
20.8
-284.6 -367.0
103.8 116.5
91.3 33.2
87.6 51.3
210.8 240.1
29.9 37.2
287.7 -2174.0 0.0 -576.3 -1156.0 -385.2 -520.0 -1320.9 -214.2 -106.7 -959.0 -1730.5 -1387.8 0.0 -1468.1 -588.9 -745.1 -1051.9 -235.1 -125.2 -358.7 -467.9
-367.4 -495.1
-362.9 -465.1 -1240.5 -218.4 -111.7 -881.1 -1632.1 -1283.2
-306.2 -395.8
172.0 147.3
92.9
102.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-21
LiNO2 LiNO3 Li2 Li2O Li2O2 Li2O3Si Li2O4S Li2S Li3O4P Lr Lu Lu2O3 Md Mg MgN2O6 MgO MgO4S MgO4Se MgS Mg2 Mg2O4Si Mn MnN2O6 MnNaO4 MnO MnO2 MnO3Si MnS MnSe Mn2O3 Mn2O4Si Mn3O4 Mo MoNa2O4 MoO2 MoO3 MoO4Pb MoS2 Mo3Si N NNaO2 NNaO3 NO NO2 NO2Rb NO3Rb
Crystal Name
NO3Tl NP N2 N2O N2O3 N2O4 N2O4Sr N2O5 N2O6Pb N2O6Ra N2O6Sr N2O6Zn N3Na N4Si3 Na NaO2 Na2 Na2O Na2O2 Na2O3S Na2O3Si Na2O4S Na2S Nb NbO NbO2 Nb2O5 Nd Nd2O3 Ne Ni NiO4S NiS Ni2O3 No O OP OPb OPb OPd ORa ORb2 ORh
Thallium(I) nitrate Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Strontium nitrite Nitrogen pentoxide Lead(II) nitrate Radium nitrate Strontium nitrate Zinc nitrate Sodium azide Silicon nitride Sodium Sodium superoxide Disodium Sodium oxide Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfite Sodium metasilicate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Niobium Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(V) oxide Neodymium Neodymium oxide Neon Nickel Nickel(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfide Nickel(III) oxide Nobelium Oxygen (atomic) Phosphorus monoxide Lead(II) oxide (massicot) Lead(II) oxide (litharge) Palladium(II) oxide Radium oxide Rubidium oxide Rhodium monoxide
-243.9 -63.0
fG° kJ/mol -152.4
Liquid
S° J/mol K 160.7
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
-414.2 -510.9 -1100.8 -1554.9 -1387.1 -364.8 0.0 -405.8 -796.2 -1899.5 0.0 -1807.9 0.0 -872.9 -82.0 -489.5 0.0
-217.3 -219.0 -85.4 -523.0 -339.0
113.9
178.2
143.1
-796.1 -780.0
222.0 194.6
149.9
93.8 -642.6
96.9 101.3 51.3 115.9
-218.4 -375.5 -447.7 -1012.5 -1462.8 -1270.2 -349.8
28.2 72.1
-1720.8
24.6 41.3 57.5 132.1 27.5 111.3
-759.7 -79.5
29.9 92.0 53.0
26.1 138.0 47.1
-187.9 -188.9
68.7 66.5
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
97.5
209.2
142.7
171.5 0.0 81.6 86.6 11.1
149.4 103.7 142.4 99.8
211.1 191.6 220.0 314.7 304.4
29.7 29.1 38.6 72.7 79.2
13.3
117.1
355.7
95.3
107.5
77.0
153.7
20.8
142.1
103.9
230.2
37.6
725.9
681.1
186.3
30.2
327.6
292.4
189.4
22.1
0.0 429.7
384.5
146.3 182.2
20.8 23.4
249.2 -28.5
231.7 -51.9
161.1 222.8
21.9 31.8
348.9
325.9
218.0
76.6
75.1 95.0 145.9 113.9 149.6 83.7 36.4 48.1 54.5 137.2 71.5 158.6
-378.6 -740.5 -1766.0
Gas
S° J/mol K
99.5
50.3 -19.5 -762.3 -43.1 -451.9 -992.0 -978.2 -483.7 21.7 -743.5 0.0 -260.2
fG° kJ/mol
69.1 89.2 120.3 128.2
45.8 45.8 31.4
385.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-22
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Sulfur monoxide Selenium monoxide Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Titanium(II) oxide Thallium(I) oxide Uranium(II) oxide Vanadium(II) oxide Zinc oxide Oxygen Phosphorus dioxide Lead(IV) oxide Rubidium superoxide Rubidium peroxide Ruthenium(IV) oxide Sulfur dioxide Selenium dioxide Silicon dioxide (a-quartz) Tin(IV) oxide Tellurium dioxide Thorium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide Uranium(IV) oxide Tungsten(IV) oxide Zirconium(IV) oxide Ozone Lead(II) sulfite Lead(II) metasilicate Praseodymium oxide Rhodium(III) oxide Sulfur trioxide Scandium oxide Strontium metasilicate Samarium(III) oxide Terbium oxide Titanium(III) oxide Thulium oxide Uranium(VI) oxide Vanadium(III) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxide Yttrium oxide Ytterbium(III) oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) selenate
-280.7 -592.0 -519.7 -178.7
-251.9 -561.9 -495.0 -147.3
57.2 54.4 50.0 126.0
44.3 45.0 40.0
-431.8 -350.5
-404.2 -320.5
38.9 43.7
45.4 40.3
6.3 53.4 -99.6 15.1 1.5
-19.9 26.8 -126.4 -8.4
222.0 234.0 211.6 232.1
30.2 31.3 29.9 31.6
0.0 -279.9
-281.6
205.2 252.1
29.4 39.5
-296.8
-300.1
248.2
39.9
-465.7
-471.5
274.6
51.4
142.7
163.2
238.9
39.2
-395.7
-371.1
256.8
50.7
-337.2
-292.8
293.8
74.1
21.0
-277.4 -278.7 -472.0 -305.0
-217.3
68.6
64.6
-320.5 -225.4 -910.7 -577.6 -322.6 -1226.4 -944.0 -1085.0 -589.7 -1100.6 -669.9 -1145.7 -1809.6 -343.0 -454.5 -1908.8 -1633.9 -1823.0 -1865.2 -1520.9 -1888.7 -1223.8 -1218.8 -842.9 -1905.3 -1814.6 -394.1 -920.0 -609.2
-856.3 -515.8 -270.3 -1169.2 -888.8 -1031.8 -533.9 -1042.8
41.5 49.0 79.5 65.2 50.6 77.0 50.5 50.4
-1062.1
109.6
-374.2 -1819.4 -1549.7 -1734.6
70.7 77.0 96.7 151.0
-1434.2 -1794.5 -1145.7 -1139.3 -764.0 -1816.6 -1726.7 -304.9 -813.0 -504.9
78.8 139.7 96.1 98.3 75.9 99.1 133.1 143.9 148.5 167.8
44.4 52.6
-322.0
61.8 55.0 63.6 56.1 56.2
90.0 117.4 103.8 -441.0
-373.8
113.8
94.2 88.5 114.5 115.9 97.4 116.7 81.7 103.2 73.8 102.5 115.4 103.2
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-23
OS OSe OSi OSn OSr OTi OTl2 OU OV OZn O2 O2P O2Pb O2Rb O2Rb2 O2Ru O2S O2Se O2Si O2Sn O2Te O2Th O2Ti O2U O2W O2Zr O3 O3PbS O3PbSi O3Pr2 O3Rh2 O3S O3Sc2 O3SiSr O3Sm2 O3Tb2 O3Ti2 O3Tm2 O3U O3V2 O3W O3Y2 O3Yb2 O4Os O4PbS O4PbSe
Crystal Name
O4Pb2Si O4Pb3 O4RaS O4Rb2S O4Ru O4SSr O4STl2 O4SZn O4SiSr2 O4SiZn2 O4SiZr O4TiZr O5Sb2 O5Ta2 O5Ti3 O5V2 O5V3 O7Re2 O7U3 O8S2Zr O8U3 O9U4 Os P P P P2 P4 Pa Pb PbS PbSe PbTe Pd PdS Pm Po Pr Pt PtS PtS2 Pu Ra
Lead(II) orthosilicate Lead(II,II,IV) oxide Radium sulfate Rubidium sulfate Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) sulfate Zinc sulfate Strontium orthosilicate Zinc orthosilicate Zirconium(IV) orthosilicate Zirconium titanate Antimony(V) oxide Tantalum(V) oxide Titanium(III,IV) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Vanadium(III,IV) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Uranium(IV,VI) oxide Zirconium(IV) sulfate Uranium(V,VI) oxide Uranium(IV,V) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Phosphorus (black) Diphosphorus Tetraphosphorus Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Lead(II) selenide Lead(II) telluride Palladium Palladium(II) sulfide Promethium Polonium Praseodymium Platinum Platinum(II) sulfide Platinum(IV) sulfide Plutonium Radium
-1363.1 -718.4 -1471.1 -1435.6 -239.3 -1453.1 -931.8 -982.8 -2304.5 -1636.7 -2033.4 -2024.1 -971.9 -2046.0 -2459.4 -1550.6 -1933.0 -1240.1 -3427.1 -2217.1 -3574.8 -4510.4 0.0 0.0 -17.6 -39.3
0.0 0.0 -100.4 -102.9 -70.7 0.0 -75.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -81.6 -108.8 0.0 0.0
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
-1252.6 -601.2 -1365.6 -1316.9 -152.2 -1340.9 -830.4 -871.5 -2191.1 -1523.2 -1919.1 -1915.8 -829.2 -1911.2 -2317.4 -1419.5 -1803.0 -1066.0 -3242.9
186.6 211.3 138.0 197.4 146.4 117.0 230.5 110.5 153.1 131.4 84.1 116.7 125.1 143.1 129.3 131.0 163.0 207.1 250.5
-3369.5 -4275.1
282.6 334.1 32.6 41.1 22.8
-98.7 -101.7 -69.5 -67.0
-76.1 -99.6
51.9 64.8 91.2 102.5 110.0 37.6 46.0
73.2 41.6 55.1 74.7 71.0
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Gas Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
137.2 146.9 134.1
99.2 134.3 123.3 98.7 114.0 135.1 154.8 127.7 166.1 215.5 172.0 238.4 293.3 24.7 23.8 21.2
26.4 49.5 50.2 50.5 26.0
27.2 25.9 43.4 65.9
-1100.0
-994.0
452.0
791.0 316.5
745.0 280.1
192.6 163.2
20.8 20.8
144.0 58.9 607.0 195.2
103.5 24.4 563.0 162.2
218.1 280.0 198.1 175.4
32.1 67.2 22.9 20.8
378.2
339.7
167.1
20.8
187.1
24.3
355.6 565.3
320.9 520.5
189.8 192.4
21.4 25.5
159.0
130.0
176.5
20.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-24
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulfur (rhombic) Sulfur (monoclinic) Silicon monosulfide Tin(II) sulfide Strontium sulfide Thallium(I) sulfide Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Disulfur Antimony Diantimony Scandium Selenium (gray) Selenium (a form) Selenium (vitreous) Strontium selenide Thallium(I) selenide Zinc selenide Diselenium Silicon Disilicon Samarium Tin (white) Tin (gray) Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Ditellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium
0.0 0.0 0.0
76.8 36.9 31.5
31.1 25.5 25.0
0.0 0.0 0.3
28.5 32.1
24.1 22.6
-98.3 -467.8 -93.7
77.0 68.2 151.0
49.3 48.7
-201.3
57.7
46.0
0.0
45.7
25.2
0.0 0.0 6.7 5.0 -385.8 -59.0 -163.0
34.6 42.4
25.5 25.4
-100.0 -472.4 -97.1 -192.6 -206.0
-59.0 -163.0
53.1 724.6 510.8 595.8 236.7
170.1 188.9 185.8 176.2 186.5 167.8
20.8 20.8 21.0 20.8 21.5 23.7
112.5
60.9
223.7
32.3
128.6 262.3 235.6 377.8 227.1 227.1 227.1
79.7 222.1 187.0 336.0 187.0
228.2 180.3 254.9 174.8 176.7
32.5 20.8 36.4 22.1 20.8
146.0 450.0 594.0 206.7 301.2
96.2 405.5 536.0 172.8 266.2
252.0 168.0 229.9 183.0 168.5
35.4 22.3 34.4 30.4 21.3
164.4 782.0 388.7 678.0 196.7 168.2 602.0 473.0 182.2 232.2 533.0 514.2 849.4 0.0 421.3 152.3 130.4 608.8
130.9 739.3 349.7
164.6 185.2 203.6 181.1 182.7 268.1 190.2 180.3 181.0 190.1 199.8 182.3 174.0 169.7 179.5 173.1 161.0 181.4
20.8 20.9 24.6 20.8 20.8 36.7 20.8 24.4 20.8 20.8 23.7 26.0 21.3 20.8 25.9 20.8 20.8 26.7
172.0 84.0
0.0
18.8
20.0
0.0 0.0 -2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
69.6 51.2 44.1 55.0 41.5 73.2
29.5 27.0 25.8 26.8 25.4 28.9
49.7
25.7
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
51.8 30.7 64.2 74.0 50.2 28.9 32.6
27.3 25.0 26.3 27.0 27.7 24.9 24.3
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
44.4 59.9 41.6 39.0
26.5 26.7 25.4 25.4
0.1
80.9 769.9 556.9 0.0 642.7 277.2
157.1 118.0 560.7 428.4 147.4 197.5 488.4 754.4 807.1 381.1 118.4 94.8 566.5
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-25
Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S S SSi SSn SSr STl2 SZn SZn S2 Sb Sb2 Sc Se Se Se SeSr SeTl2 SeZn Se2 Si Si2 Sm Sn Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Te2 Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr
Crystal Molecular Formula
Name
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
5-26
C C CAgN CAg2O3 CBaO3 CBeO3 CBrClF2 CBrCl2F CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBrN CBrN3O6 CBr2ClF CBr2Cl2 CBr2F2 CBr2O CBr3Cl CBr3F CBr4 CCaO3 CCaO3 CCdO3 CClFO CClF3 CClN CClN3O6 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3 CCl3F CCl4 CCoO3 CCs2O3 CCuN CFN CF2O CF3 CF3I CF4 CFeO3
Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) carbonate Barium carbonate Beryllium carbonate Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromodichlorofluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Cyanogen bromide Bromotrinitromethane Dibromochlorofluoromethane Dibromodichloromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Carbonyl bromide Tribromochloromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium carbonate (aragonite) Cadmium carbonate Carbonyl chloride fluoride Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Chlorotrinitromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichloromethyl Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Cobalt(II) carbonate Cesium carbonate Copper(I) cyanide Cyanogen fluoride Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoromethyl Trifluoroiodomethane Tetrafluoromethane Iron(II) carbonate
0.0 1.9 146.0 -505.8 -1213.0 -1025.0
2.9 156.9 -436.8 -1134.4
5.7 2.4 107.2 167.4 112.1 52.0
8.5 6.1 66.7 112.3 86.0 65.0
716.7
32.5
-127.2
29.4 -1207.6 -1207.8 -750.6
47.7 -1129.1 -1128.2 -669.4
212.5 91.7 88.0 92.5
144.3 83.5 82.3
112.1 -27.1
-301.3 -128.2 -713.0 -1139.7 96.2
-1054.3 111.3
204.5 84.5
-236.8
225.4
121.6 130.7
158.1
20.8
318.5 330.6
165.3
248.3
74.6 80.0 85.3 69.3 46.9
-96.2
-110.9
83.9
67.0
342.8 347.8 325.3 309.1 357.8 345.9 358.1
82.4 87.1 77.0 61.8 89.4 84.4 91.2
276.7
-41.1 -648.3 186.2 80.3
140.5
671.3
-706.3 138.0 18.4 -477.4 -219.1 59.0 -268.3 -95.7
131.0
236.2
52.4 66.9 45.0
-439.4 -204.9
300.8 283.5
72.3 57.7 78.1 83.3
123.9 224.7 -639.8 -477.0 -587.8 -933.6
-740.6
-666.7
92.9
82.1
-464.0
264.5 307.4 261.6
41.8 46.8 49.6 70.9 61.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
Substances containing carbon:
Iron carbide Methylidyne Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromodichloromethane Bromodifluoromethane Chlorodibromomethane Dibromofluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Cesium hydrogen carbonate Formyl fluoride Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Potassium formate Potassium hydrogen carbonate Hydrogen cyanide Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Isothiocyanic acid Trinitromethane Sodium formate Sodium hydrogen carbonate Oxomethyl (HCO) Methylene Bromochloromethane Bromofluoromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide Dinitromethane Formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde Formic acid Trithiocarbonic acid Methyl Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane
25.1
20.1
104.6
105.9 595.8
-424.9
-22.3
-5.0
220.9
130.7
23.8 -482.6
8.0
-134.1
-73.7
201.7
114.2
-102.7
6.0
304.3 316.4 295.1 327.7 316.8 330.9 280.9 293.1 295.7
63.2 67.4 58.7 69.2 65.1 71.2 55.9 60.9 65.7
246.6 259.7 356.2
39.9 51.0 75.0
201.8 238.0 247.8 435.6
35.9 44.9 46.9 134.1
224.7 194.9 287.6 276.3 293.2 264.4 270.2 246.7 309.7 242.9
34.6 33.8 52.7 49.2 54.7 47.0 51.0 42.9 57.7 52.5
358.1 218.8
86.4 35.4
194.2 249.4 246.4 234.6 351.1 222.9 254.1
38.7 59.5 42.4 40.8 102.4 37.5 44.1
-966.1
-181.1 -679.7 -963.2
-695.4 251.0 -863.5
115.5 108.9
125.0
112.8
70.6
-32.8 -666.5 -950.8
-599.9 -851.0
103.8 101.7
135.1
124.7
127.6 -13.4
113.0
43.1 390.4
28.0 372.9
-95.4 -452.3 119.5
95.8
-61.5 -108.6
-102.5
82.7 87.6
-124.2 68.5
90.4
177.8
101.2
174.1
134.0
58.8 -104.9 -177.6 -425.0 24.0
-361.4
129.0
99.0
-378.7
262.8
163.1
145.7 -111.2 -35.4 -81.9 -528.9
163.2
126.0
14.4
-59.8
-13.6
147.9 -92.9 -26.3
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-27
CFe3 CH CHBrClF CHBrCl2 CHBrF2 CHBr2Cl CHBr2F CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHCsO3 CHFO CHF3 CHI3 CHKO2 CHKO3 CHN CHNO CHNS CHN3O6 CHNaO2 CHNaO3 CHO CH2 CH2BrCl CH2BrF CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2N2O4 CH2O (CH2O)x CH2O2 CH2S3 CH3 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I
Crystal Name
CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4N2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4N4O2 CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO3 CH5N3 CH5N3S CH5N5O2 CH6ClN CH6N2 CH6Si CHg2O3 CIN CI4 CKN CKNS CK2O3 CLi2O3 CMgO3 CMnO3 CN CNNa CNNaO CN4O8 CNa2O3 CO COS CO2 CO3Pb CO3Rb2 CO3Sr CO3Tl2 CO3Zn CS CS2
Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrite Methyl nitrate Methane Ammonium cyanide Urea Thiourea Nitroguanidine Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Ammonium hydrogen carbonate Guanidine Hydrazinecarbothioamide 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine Methylamine hydrochloride Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Mercury(I) carbonate Cyanogen iodide Tetraiodomethane Potassium cyanide Potassium thiocyanate Potassium carbonate Lithium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Manganese(II) carbonate Cyanide Sodium cyanide Sodium cyanate Tetranitromethane Sodium carbonate Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Lead(II) carbonate Rubidium carbonate Strontium carbonate Thallium(I) carbonate Zinc carbonate Carbon monosulfide Carbon disulfide
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
0.4 -333.1 -89.1 -92.4
-849.4 -56.0 24.7 22.1 -298.1
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-254.0 -112.6
-14.4
171.8
106.6
-156.3
-43.4
217.1
157.3
-193.9 -80.8 -66.1 -122.0 -74.6
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
282.9
55.5
-50.5
305.8 186.3
76.6 35.7
134.0 -245.8 22.9
-665.9
-239.2 -46.7 -47.3
-166.6 -7.7 35.7
126.8 169.2 150.2
81.1 90.5 102.1
-201.0 -22.9 -22.5
-162.3 -9.3 32.7
239.9 255.2 242.9
44.1 50.3 50.1
54.2
180.0
165.9
134.9
94.7
187.0
278.8 256.5
71.1 65.9
225.5 474.0
196.6
256.8 391.9
48.3 95.9
437.6
407.5
202.6
29.2
503.7
176.1
120.9
-553.5 166.2 -392.9 -113.0 -200.2 -1151.0 -1215.9 -1095.8 -894.1
-468.1 185.0
180.0 96.2
-101.9 -178.3 -1063.5 -1132.1 -1012.1 -816.7
128.5 124.3 155.5 90.4 65.7 85.8
66.3 88.5 114.4 99.1 75.5 81.5
-87.5 -405.4
-76.4 -358.1
115.6 96.7
70.4 86.6
-1130.7
-1044.4
135.0
112.3
38.4
-699.1 -1136.0 -1220.1 -700.0 -812.8
fH° kJ/mol
-625.5 -1051.0 -1140.1 -614.6 -731.5
131.0 181.3 97.1 155.2 82.4
82.4 -110.5 -142.0 -393.5
-137.2 -169.2 -394.4
197.7 231.6 213.8
29.1 41.5 37.1
234.0 116.7
184.0 67.1
210.6 237.8
29.8 45.4
87.4 117.6 81.4 79.7 89.0
64.6
151.3
76.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-28
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Carbon diselenide Silicon carbide (cubic) Silicon carbide (hexagonal) Dicarbon Bromopentafluoroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Tetrabromoethene Hexabromoethane Calcium carbide Calcium cyanide Calcium oxalate Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Oxalyl chloride 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethene Hexafluoroethane Bromoacetylene 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chloroacetylene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoroethene 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroacetaldehyde Dichloroacetyl chloride Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethene Trifluoroacetic acid Pentafluoroethane Acetylene 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane cis-1,2-Dibromoethene trans-1,2-Dibromoethene
164.8 -65.3 -62.8
-62.8 -60.2
16.6 16.5
26.9 26.7 831.9 -1064.4 -656.6 -789.1
-691.7 -817.7
-59.8 -184.5 -1360.6
-64.9
70.0
775.9
199.4
43.2
387.1 441.9
102.7 139.3
322.1
83.9 184.2
336.6
96.1
382.9
123.4
298.1 300.1 332.3 253.7
77.9 80.5 106.7 55.7
242.0 303.0 313.9 352.8 324.8
54.3 72.1 76.5 102.5 80.3
231.7
52.4
200.9
44.0
311.3 313.5
68.8 70.3
62.7
-522.7 -960.2 -367.6 -745.0 -50.6
111.7 170.1 3.0
266.9
143.4
-505.5 -1118.8 -937.0 -335.8 -716.8 -10.9 -489.9
-523.8
-407.0
173.6 -280.8 -202.8
237.3
-239.8 -143.6 -497.9 -658.9 -1344.2
198.2
-820.5
-675.3 -720.0
-644.8 -690.4 -315.5
-43.6 -234.5 -280.4
228.4
124.4 151.0
-9.0 -196.6 -241.0
173.8
-142.0
-289.1
-503.3 -187.6
-1069.9
-490.5 -1031.4 -1100.4 227.4 -694.5
209.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-29
CSe2 CSi CSi C2 C2BrF5 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2Br4 C2Br6 C2Ca C2CaN2 C2CaO4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2HBr C2HBrClF3 C2HBrClF3 C2HCl C2HClF2 C2HCl2F C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2HF5 C2H2 C2H2BrF3 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2
Crystal Name
C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4 C2H2ClF3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl3NO C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F3I C2H2I2 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2O4 C2H2O4Sr C2H2S C2H3Br C2H3BrO C2H3BrO2 C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3I C2H3IO C2H3KO2 C2H3N C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO2 C2H3NO3
1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene Chloroacetyl chloride Dichloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroacetamide 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-iodoethane cis-1,2-Diiodoethene Ketene Glyoxal Oxalic acid Strontium formate Thiirene Bromoethene Acetyl bromide Bromoacetic acid Chloroethene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoethene Acetyl iodide Potassium acetate Acetonitrile Isocyanomethane Methyl isocyanate Nitroethene Oxamic acid
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-36.9 165.7 -23.9 -26.4 -24.3 -283.7 -496.3
24.1 27.3
201.5 198.4 195.9
111.3 116.4 116.8
2.8 4.6 5.0 -244.8
246.9
162.3
-149.2 -335.0
326.5 289.0 289.6 290.0
89.1 67.1 65.1 66.7
356.0 362.8 266.2 268.3
102.7 100.8 60.1 58.2
-48.3 -189.7 -662.7
247.6 272.5 320.6
51.8 60.6 86.2
25.4 28.6
-358.0 -195.0
-829.9 -1393.3
-94.1
109.8
-67.9 91.0
-644.5 -207.4 -47.5 -212.0 -731.8
275.8 81.8
255.3 275.8
54.7 55.5
-223.5 59.4
300.0 79.2 -190.4 -383.5 37.2
-338.3 53.6 -205.8 -368.5
337.0 264.0 307.2 295.1 325.9 320.2 323.1 337.2
80.5 53.7 82.5 67.8 78.8 88.7 93.3 89.0
279.9
78.2
285.0
57.9
243.4 246.9
52.2 52.9
300.5
73.7
14.6 -272.9
-208.0
200.8
117.0
-242.8 -427.6
227.4 232.6
144.3 150.9
-932.4
-144.4 -151.3 -138.8 -442.1 -744.6 -730.7 -888.4
-163.5
-126.4
-509.7 -177.4 -190.8 -467.2
-723.0 40.6 130.8 -92.0 -661.2
86.5 159.5
149.6 159.0
91.5
74.0 163.5 33.3 -552.3
91.9 165.7
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-30
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Methyl isothiocyanate Sodium acetate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Diiodoethane Oxamide Ethanedial dioxime 1,1-Dinitroethane 1,2-Dinitroethane Ethanedithioamide 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Acetaldehyde Oxirane Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Methyl formate Peroxyacetic acid Glycolic acid Thiirane Ethynylsilane Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Glycine 2-Nitroethanol Ethyl nitrate Thioacetamide Ethane Dimethyl cadmium Dimethyl mercury N-Methylurea 1,2-Hydrazinedicarboxamide Oxalyl dihydrazide Ethanol
79.4 -708.8
-607.2
123.0
79.9 52.4
68.4
219.3
42.9
327.7
80.8
-70.8
305.1 308.4 282.5
76.2 78.7 67.8
-133.0 -13.0
263.8 242.5
55.3 47.9
-374.2
283.5 285.3
-583.0 82.0
-504.9 96.8
63.4 64.4 82.4 87.1 53.3 72.6 64.5 62.8
130.1 -66.2 -79.2 -158.4 -166.8
-73.8
223.3
136.0
211.8
126.3 128.4
9.3 -504.4 -90.5
-37.5 -313.4 -127.7 -126.4 -497.0 75.0 -387.1
-148.2 -165.2 -20.8 76.8
83.0 -192.2 -78.0 -216.9 -484.3 -386.1
-127.6 -11.8
160.2 153.9
89.0 88.0
-389.9
159.8
123.3 119.1
-90.5 -136.8 -295.4
-25.8 -59.3
198.7 190.8
100.8 104.3
-61.9 -112.1
-23.9 -60.4
318.6 255.2 269.4 286.7 276.0
-40.0 91.9
14.7
211.7
115.1
-8.1 126.5 -238.3
19.2
264.5 306.0
58.6 66.9
320.5
79.0
52.5
51.6
-317.0
115.0
-166.2 -52.6 -175.1 -432.2 -357.4
91.3 123.8 134.4
-143.9 -528.5 -350.7 -190.4 -71.7 63.6 59.8
139.0 140.3
201.9 209.0
132.0
-277.6
-174.8
160.7
112.3
-103.8 -392.1 -154.1 11.4 -84.0 101.6 94.4
-32.0 146.9 146.1
229.2 303.0 306.0
83.3
-234.8
-167.9
281.6
65.6
-332.8 -498.7 -295.2
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-31
C2H3NS C2H3NaO2 C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4I2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O2 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2O4 C2H4N2S2 C2H4N4 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H4O3 C2H4S C2H4Si C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H5NO3 C2H5NS C2H6 C2H6Cd C2H6Hg C2H6N2O C2H6N4O2 C2H6N4O2 C2H6O
Crystal Name
C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6O3S C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H6Zn C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8ClN C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2O4 C2HgO4 C2I2 C2I4 C2K2O4 C2MgO4 C2N2 C2N4O6 C2Na2O4 C2O4Pb C3F8 C3H2N2 C3H2O2 C3H2O3 C3H3Cl3 C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl4 C3H4Cl4
Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfite Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl zinc Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine Dimethylamine hydrochloride 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Ammonium oxalate Mercury(II) oxalate Diiodoacetylene Tetraiodoethene Potassium oxalate Magnesium oxalate Cyanogen Trinitroacetonitrile Sodium oxalate Lead(II) oxalate Perfluoropropane Malononitrile 2-Propynoic acid 1,3-Dioxol-2-one 1,2,3-Trichloropropene 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene Acrylonitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Allene Propyne Cyclopropene 2,3-Dichloropropene 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloropropane 1,2,2,3-Tetrachloropropane
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol -203.3 -204.2 -460.0
-450.1
-302.4
fG° kJ/mol -99.9
Gas
S° J/mol K 188.3 163.2
Cp J/mol K 153.0 148.6
142.0 -523.6 -735.5 -73.6 -65.3 -54.3 -62.6 23.4 -74.1 -43.9
-5.5
207.0 196.4
117.9 118.1
235.4 201.6
146.1 129.2 130.0 137.7 195.5
70.0
182.3
206.4
198.0
fH° kJ/mol -184.1 -151.3 -392.2 -373.1 -483.4 -687.0 -46.1 -37.4 -9.7 -24.7 53.0 -47.5 -18.8
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-112.6
266.4
64.4
-272.7
303.8 310.6
82.7 100.0
-4.8
296.2 286.0
72.7 74.1
36.3 68.5
283.8 273.1
71.5 70.7
313.1
70.3
241.9
56.8
-289.3 -63.0 48.9 52.7 -1123.0 -678.2
172.6 164.1
-18.0 84.1 92.2
226.0
305.0 -1346.0 -1269.0 285.9 183.7
306.7 -1318.0
-851.4
-750.1
146.0
105.4 -1783.2 265.5
186.4 -193.2 -459.9 -101.8 147.1 -48.0 42.1
-73.3 -208.7 -251.8
-418.6 -614.2 180.6 -15.5 78.6 190.5 184.9 277.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-32
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole Acrolein 1,2-Propanedione Acrylic acid 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate cis-1-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene Bromoacetone 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3-Iodopropene Iodoacetone 3-Iodopropanoic acid Propanenitrile 2-Propyn-1-amine Ethyl isocyanide Acrylamide Nitroacetone Methyl nitroacetate Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±) 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 1,2-Diiodopropane 1,3-Diiodopropane Propanediamide N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide 1,1-Dinitropropane 1,3-Dinitropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine Allyl alcohol
-1114.9 105.4
-1061.3 179.4 132.9
-309.1 -383.8 -329.9 -571.5 7.9 12.2
-271.0
49.8
71.3
-148.4 -522.5
175.3
145.7 122.1 133.9
125.1 131.6
-282.9 -508.4 40.8 45.2 -181.0 -21.0 -107.8 -475.8
-549.3 -505.3 -487.0 -230.6 53.7
183.6
-462.9 -444.0 -182.9 91.5 -130.5
119.3
51.7
-460.0
-212.1
110.6
15.5 205.7 108.6 -224.0 -278.6 -464.0 -370.9 4.0 35.2 -113.6 -198.8 -199.9 -205.8 -381.5 -385.3
141.7 -130.2
149.1
-279.1 20.0 53.3 -71.6 -162.8 -159.2 -173.2 -316.3 -318.4 35.6
104.5
545.9
234.2
237.5
55.6
482.4
230.2
-9.0 -546.1 -544.2
-441.2 -100.7
-163.2 -207.1 -181.2 -171.8
138.9
192.0 -124.5
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-33
C3H4F4O C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5BrO C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5I C3H5IO C3H5IO2 C3H5N C3H5N C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO3 C3H5NO4 C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6Cl2O C3H6I2 C3H6I2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O2 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N2O4 C3H6N6O6 C3H6O
Crystal Name
C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H6S C3H6S2 C3H6S2 C3H6S3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2 C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2S C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H7NO3 C3H8
Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Thiolactic acid 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane Methylthiirane 1,2-Dithiolane 1,3-Dithiolane 1,3,5-Trithiane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol 1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide Propanamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Ethyl carbamate DL-Alanine D-Alanine L-Alanine b-Alanine Sarcosine L-Cysteine Propyl nitrate Isopropyl nitrate DL-Serine L-Serine Propane
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol -215.6 -248.4 -123.0 -110.8 -510.7
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K 199.8 196.5
126.3 120.4
191.0
152.8 149.3 141.9 118.0
-445.9 -333.5 -468.4 -522.5
133.0
Cp J/mol K
111.4 24.7 11.3
-517.1 -563.6 -561.2 -604.0 -558.0 -513.3 -534.1
156.4
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
304.5 295.3 286.9
80.7 74.5 72.6
324.4
86.0
107.1
285.0
68.3
47.7 54.7 130.4
313.5 323.3 336.4
86.5 84.7 111.3
350.0
104.1
362.6
123.2
270.3
73.6
-152.7
-413.3 -298.0
-285.9 -293.5 -30.0 -40.3 187.7
147.1 150.6
-338.2 -167.2 -180.3 -497.3
-185.6 -217.1 -94.7 -80.5 -455.7
-465.9 60.6 45.8 0.0 10.0 80.0 -87.0 -99.4 -131.9 -144.9
184.9
-121.9 -130.5 -160.5 -172.3 -525.3 -517.5
-66.0 -74.8 -10.0 45.8 -239.3
fH° kJ/mol
170.3
77.0 -192.4 -259.0 -124.3 -138.9 -446.3
-465.9 -424.0 -367.3 -214.5 -229.7
-174.1 -191.0
-120.9
-103.8
-739.0 -732.7 -23.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-34
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
N-Ethylurea N,N-Dimethylurea N,N'-Dimethylurea Oxymethurea 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethyl aluminum Trimethylborane Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Propylamine hydrochloride Trimethylamine hydrochloride 1,2-Propanediamine, (±) Trimethylsilane Trimethylamine borane Aminetrimethylboron Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane trans-2-Butenedinitrile Maleic anhydride 2-Butynedioic acid 2-Nitrofuran N-Bromosuccinimide N-Chlorosuccinimide Succinonitrile Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Furan Diketene
-357.8 -319.1 -312.1 -717.0 -302.6 -318.1
193.6 181.1
-501.0 -480.8 -377.8 -669.6 -99.9 -105.9 -91.6 -79.4 -136.4 -143.1
143.9 156.5 190.8
244.0 206.3 242.5 233.5 239.1 -9.9 -32.1
209.4 238.9
171.1 162.0 218.9 144.6 145.3 144.6 155.6
-255.1 -272.6 -216.4 -429.8 -408.0 -348.5 -577.9 -67.8 -76.2 -59.6 -29.8 -74.1 -124.3
322.6 309.2 309.2
85.6 89.3 93.3
-35.9
314.7
88.5
-243.5 39.9 32.2
369.1 325.4 312.2 287.1
91.2 97.5 91.8
331.0
117.9
267.2
65.4
189.9 -382.8 -101.5 -112.3 -45.7
-246.4
278.2 218.3 208.5
164.1 163.8 137.9
-352.8 -70.1 -83.7 -23.6
-354.7 -282.9 -97.8 -142.5 -284.1
70.7 -79.3
-53.6
187.0 218.0 -24.5 -1542.6 127.2
268.2 -469.8 -577.3 -104.1 -335.9 -357.9
340.2 -398.3 -28.8
139.7
191.6
145.6
209.7 196.1 195.7 278.3 -302.9
177.0
114.8
-34.8 -190.3
139.8 145.9 224.9 -429.4 -634.7
120.5 -62.3 -233.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-35
C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8N2O3 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9Al C3H9B C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H10ClN C3H10ClN C3H10N2 C3H10Si C3H12BN C3H12BN C4Cl6 C4F8 C4F10 C4H2N2 C4H2O3 C4H2O4 C4H3NO3 C4H4BrNO2 C4H4ClNO2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4O C4H4O2
Crystal Name
C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5N3O C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6N2O2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H7NO4 C4H7NO4
Succinic anhydride Maleic acid Fumaric acid Thiophene trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Succinimide 4-Methylthiazole Cytosine 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Cyclobutene 2,5-Piperazinedione Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal trans-2-Butenoic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate g-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid Propyl chlorocarbonate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile Acetone cyanohydrin 2-Pyrrolidone 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline Iminodiacetic acid Ethyl nitroacetate
-608.6 -789.4 -811.7
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K 160.8 168.0
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
137.0 142.0 80.2 95.1 117.8
181.2
123.8
63.1 140.8
156.4
126.3 127.7
199.0
123.6
-459.0 67.9 -221.3
fH° kJ/mol -527.9 -679.4 -675.8 114.9 134.3 159.7
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
126.1
278.8
72.8
133.5 131.6
303.5 297.1
79.8 83.3
108.2 182.8 -375.4 111.8
132.6 138.6 88.5 141.4 119.1
162.3 110.0 165.2 145.7 156.7
-446.5 -39.8 -138.7
-13.6 -100.6 161.1
-349.2 -362.2 -420.9 -624.4 -613.2 -940.5 -756.3
167.3
153.1 52.9 47.0 -208.1 -575.5 -556.3 -566.3 -533.4 -5.8 -13.8 -120.9 -286.2 -169.5
-932.6 -487.1
239.5
158.8 141.4 218.6
-314.4 -333.0 -366.5 -572.5 -582.5 -823.0 -708.9 90.7 86.9 -170.1
-492.7 33.6 23.4
-130.5
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-36
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
L-Aspartic acid Creatinine 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,3-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 1,4-Diiodobutane Succinamide Dimethylglyoxime L-Asparagine N-Glycylglycine 1,4-Dinitrobutane Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran S-Ethyl thioacetate Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane 2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1,3-Dithiane 1,4-Dithiane 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane, (±) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane
-973.3 -238.5 -20.8 -29.8 -33.3 -37.5 3.7 1.7 -142.1 -148.0 -140.3 -139.6 -156.6 -237.3 -229.8
227.0 219.9
118.0 127.0
0.1 -7.1 -11.4 -16.9 27.7 -91.6 -87.8 -102.0 -113.3 -195.0 -183.4
220.9 -30.0 -581.2 -199.7 -789.4 -747.7 -237.5 -167.4 -168.9 -239.2 -247.3 -273.3 -216.2 -268.2 -533.8 -500.3 -479.3 -379.7 -353.9 -386.9
230.9 246.6
147.0 163.7
239.1 204.3
158.7 124.0
222.2
178.6 173.0
257.7
170.7 171.2 143.9 152.1
270.2
187.9 -140.8
568.8
275.5
-204.8 -215.7 -238.5 -184.1 -228.1 -475.9
343.7
103.4
339.9 302.4
101.7 76.3
309.6 333.5 326.2
92.5 110.4 109.7
-462.7 -443.6 -340.6 -315.3 -352.0
180.0 -72.9
-143.8 -154.9 -164.4 -188.1
-34.1 -10.0 0.0 -107.1 -120.3 -132.4 -154.4
45.8 72.4 84.5
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-37
C4H7NO4 C4H7N3O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8I2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O4 C4H8N8O8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H8S2 C4H8S2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl
Crystal Name
C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9ClO C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10Hg C4H10N2 C4H10N2O C4H10N2O2 C4H10N2O4 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10OS C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2
2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloroethyl ethyl ether 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Cyclobutanamine Pyrrolidine Butanamide N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine 1-Nitrobutane 2-Nitroisobutane Propyl carbamate 4-Aminobutanoic acid 3-Nitro-2-butanol 2-Methyl-2-nitro-1-propanol DL-Threonine L-Threonine Creatine Butane Isobutane Diethyl mercury Piperazine Trimethylurea N-Nitrodiethylamine L-Asparagine, monohydrate 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether Diethyl sulfoxide 1,2-Butanediol, (±) 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Liquid Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-192.8 -191.1 -211.3 -335.6
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-161.1 -159.3 -182.2 -301.3 162.3
-107.5 5.6 -41.1 -346.9
204.1
156.6
-72.1 41.2 -3.6 -282.0
179.0 -368.6 -278.3
175.6 164.8
-192.5 -217.2
-282.6 -228.0 -143.9 -177.1 -471.4 -441.0
-552.6 -581.0
369.9
115.1
359.5
112.7
326.7 342.7
113.6 119.5
-390.0 -410.1 -758.8 -807.2 -537.2 -147.3 -154.2 30.1
140.9 182.8
-125.7 -134.2 75.3
-45.6 -330.5 -106.2
-53.0
-1086.6 -327.3 -342.6 -334.7 -359.2 -279.5 -266.0 -278.8 -268.0 -523.6 -501.0 -505.3 -541.5 -539.7
225.8 214.9 214.7 193.3 172.4 262.9 253.8
177.2 196.9 181.5 218.6 175.6 165.4 161.9
223.4
200.1 213.0 210.8
-274.9 -292.8 -283.8 -312.5 -252.1 -238.1 -252.0 -205.6 -433.2 -428.7 -482.3
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-38
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dimethylacetal tert-Butyl hydroperoxide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfite Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Diethanolamine Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Tetramethylammonium bromide Diethylamine hydrochloride Tetramethylammonium chloride Tetramethylammonium iodide 2-Methyl-1,2-propanediamine Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine 2-Butynedinitrile Nickel carbonyl Iron pentacarbonyl Hexafluoroacetylacetone 5-Nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid 1H-Purine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid Furfural 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Methyl-2,5-furandione 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione Pyridine
-376.6 -420.6 -293.6 -628.5 -600.7 -813.2 -124.7 -131.0 -132.0 -140.5 -119.4 -118.5 -124.7 -105.7 -120.1 -127.6 -137.5 -150.6 -132.6 -103.7 -253.7 -493.8 -717.8 -251.0 -358.6 -276.4 -203.9
193.3
244.8
171.2
269.3 272.5 263.1
171.4 171.6 172.4
305.0
204.0 179.2 192.1 183.2 169.2
233.5
-133.9 97.9 -264.0 -52.3
-100.0
277.3
204.1
-389.7 -245.9 -571.2 -552.2 -756.3 -88.0 -96.9 -97.3 -109.6 -83.5 -82.2 -90.5 -50.6 -79.4 -91.9 -104.6 -121.0 -98.7 -72.2 -203.6 -397.1
-90.3 135.9 -239.1 -18.8
368.1
117.0
-99.9
359.0
143.9
-587.2
410.6
145.2
254.0 500.4 -633.0 -774.0 -2286.7 -516.8 169.4 -110.8 -379.6 -618.8
145.6 161.1 173.2
-588.2 -705.3
313.4 338.1
204.6 240.6
529.2 -602.9
134.5 151.3 166.1 -201.6
163.2
-504.5 -1040.2 100.2
132.7
-498.4
-151.0 -390.0 -447.2 -993.3 140.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-39
C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10O3S C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H11NO3 C4H12BrN C4H12ClN C4H12ClN C4H12IN C4H12N2 C4H12Pb C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C4N2 C4NiO4 C5FeO5 C5H2F6O2 C5H3NO5 C5H4N4 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O3 C5H4O2 C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5F3O2 C5H5N
Crystal Name
C5H5NO C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O2 C5H6O4 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8N4O12 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9N
1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde Adenine Guanine cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Thymine Furfuryl alcohol trans-1-Propene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene trans-3-Pentenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Spiropentane Methylenecyclobutane Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Cyclopentanone 4-Pentenoic acid Allyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Methyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one Methyl acetoacetate Glutaric acid Propyl chloroacetate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine
-106.4 96.9 -183.9
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Liquid Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
147.0
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
205.7 226.5 228.2 105.9
-462.8
fH° kJ/mol
150.8 -276.2
204.0
134.3 -328.7 -211.8
-824.4 44.6 43.1 80.9 103.0 62.4 23.3 20.5
218.5
149.8
83.5 82.5 125.7 147.4 103.1 74.0 70.2
220.2 140.7 81.4 76.1 105.7 133.1 101.2 48.2 4.3 157.5 93.8
229.3 201.2 193.7
152.6 122.4 134.5
-538.6 -235.9
75.5 34.0 185.2 121.6 -387.0 -192.1
-430.6 184.1 -370.6 -382.9
-354.2 -341.9 191.2
-423.8 -461.3 -436.7 -623.2
-382.0 -406.5 -379.6
-515.5 -33.1 -39.8 33.5
-467.0 10.5 -2.3
-960.0
232.0
179.4
614.7
294.8
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-40
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
2-Piperidinone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone L-Proline D-Glutamic acid L-Glutamic acid 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Methylcyclobutane Ethylcyclopropane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitropiperidine L-Glutamine Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone 3,3-Dimethyloxetane Tetrahydropyran S-Propyl thioacetate Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate (Ethoxymethyl)oxirane 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxane cis-1,2-Cyclopentanediol trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate
-306.6 -262.2
307.8
-515.2 -1005.3 -1009.7
-366.2
-46.9 -53.7 -58.2 -61.1 -51.5 -68.6 -105.1 -44.5 -24.8 -33.3 -26.3 -30.7
262.6 258.6 256.5 254.0 253.3 251.0 204.5
154.0 151.7 157.0 157.2 156.1 152.8 128.8
-21.1 -27.6 -31.9 -35.2 -27.5 -41.7 -76.4
-8.2
-137.6 16.6 -44.5
-31.1 -93.0 -826.4 -300.1 -267.2 -297.3 -296.5 -299.5 -182.2 -258.3 -294.5 -559.4 -554.5 -561.6
204.1
182.5
266.0 268.5
184.1 190.9 179.9
259.8
210.3
-510.0 -491.3
-564.5
-518.9 -502.7
-242.5 -228.4 -258.8 -257.9 -262.6 -148.2 -223.4 -250.4 -491.9
200.2 196.2 199.4
-481.6 -463.4
198.2 -296.5 -416.1 -485.0 -490.1
-376.9
-435.7 -681.5
-369.1 -637.9 310.0 254.0
362.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-41
C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H9NO2 C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10N2O C5H10N2O2 C5H10N2O3 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10OS C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3
Crystal Name
C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H11NO4 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2O C5H12N2S C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2
Glycerol 1-acetate, (DL) D-Ribose D-Xylose a-D-Arabinopyranose Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine Pentanamide 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide 1-Nitropentane DL-Valine L-Valine 5-Aminopentanoic acid L-Methionine 2-Ethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol Pentane Isopentane Neopentane Butylurea tert-Butylurea N,N-Diethylurea Tetramethylurea Tetramethylthiourea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol, (±) 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol, (±) 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether 1,5-Pentanediol 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol Diethoxymethane
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Liquid Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-909.2 -1047.2 -1057.8 -1057.9 -106.3 -89.5 -170.2 -213.2 -216.0 -235.7 -226.6 -95.1 -86.4
218.2 256.9
163.3 165.2
241.0 210.0
181.2 179.9
-379.5 -399.7 -215.4 -628.9 -617.9 -604.1 -577.5 -606.4
-63.5 -48.1 -128.9 -174.9 -179.7 -202.2 -185.1 -54.9 -47.1 -290.2 -313.1 -164.4 -455.1 -460.0 -413.5
-173.5 -178.4 -190.2
260.4
167.2 164.8
-419.5 -417.4 -372.2 -262.2 -38.1 -351.6 -365.2 -368.9 -356.6 -356.4 -379.5 -366.6 -399.4 -290.6 -313.6 -303.6 -528.8
208.1 239.7
247.1
295.3 265.3 295.0
192.7 187.5 197.2
-146.9 -153.6 -168.0
44.9 -294.6 -311.0 -314.9 -301.4 -300.7 -329.3 -313.5 -258.1 -283.7 -272.0 -450.8
-551.2 -450.5
-414.7
53.1
323.0
109.7
390.9
137.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-42
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol Pentaerythritol Xylitol 1-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol, (+) 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylmethanediamine Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluorocyclohexane Pentachlorophenol Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3-benzenediol 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene 1,2-Dinitrobenzene 1,3-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitrophenol p-Benzoquinone
-443.6 -459.4
-429.9 271.1
-744.6 -920.6 -1118.5
-776.7 -151.3 -154.4 -154.4 -162.8 -158.8 -165.4 -142.9 -157.1 -144.8 -156.1
290.1
198.1
307.5 276.1 309.5
200.9 199.9 198.4
-110.0 -114.9 -114.9 -127.1 -121.3 -129.0 -102.4 -121.3 -104.8 -118.3
218.0 -51.1 -858.4 -127.6
260.2
201.2 -991.3 -1963.5 -2406.3
-292.5 -852.7 -1024.1
253.2
280.8
221.6
202.0 -841.8 -1007.7 -683.8
-806.5
-70.8
3.8 -8.1 -13.4
-63.1 -78.4 -37.0 -217.9 -467.5 -48.7
214.6 239.7 250.2 -17.5 -20.7
-42.3 -226.4
175.4
162.4
147.8 -330.0 -343.9 -342.3
-2.0 -27.0 -38.0 -232.7 -185.7
-18.2 -809.3 -35.5 -955.4 -1932.7 -2370.4
200.4 197.5 200.0 129.0
222.6 223.8
159.0 159.1 157.5
30.2 25.7 22.5 -156.3 -293.8 -309.2 -306.7
-36.0 -128.1 -122.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-43
C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12O3 C5H12O4 C5H12O5 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H14N2 C6ClF5 C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F10 C6F12 C6HCl5O C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3N3O6 C6H3N3O7 C6H3N3O8 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O5 C6H4O2
Crystal Name
C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H5N3O4 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O6 C6H6O6 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2
Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 3,4-Dichloroaniline Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 2-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole 2,3-Dinitroaniline 2,4-Dinitroaniline 2,5-Dinitroaniline 2,6-Dinitroaniline 3,5-Dinitroaniline 1,5-Hexadiyne Benzene 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol 2-Vinylfuran p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 1,2,4-Benzenetriol 1,3,5-Benzenetriol 3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-furandione cis-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile Adiponitrile
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
60.9 11.1 -206.4 -197.7 -89.1
Gas
S° J/mol K 219.2
Cp J/mol K 154.3 150.1 188.7
205.9 205.4
146.4 158.7 185.8
-344.9 -202.4 236.5 -11.7 -67.8 -44.3 -50.6 -38.9
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
52.0
-115.9 164.9 68.5 -221.5
348.8
120.4
129.7
269.2
82.4
-7.0
317.9
107.9
335.5
384.2 49.1 -4.6 -20.3
144.0
147.3 166.0 158.8 167.0 127.4
124.5
173.4
136.0
-9.4 -14.4 -20.7
63.8 58.4 58.8 -96.4 27.8 -265.3 -267.5 -274.7 -434.2 -444.0 -452.9
136.0
63.7 31.6 56.7 61.9 59.2 111.5 85.1
82.9
198.7
-10.3 -364.5 -354.1 -368.0 -551.1 -563.8 -584.6 -581.4 -1224.4 -1232.7
fG° kJ/mol
-189.3 -181.3 -150.6 117.2 12.5
-33.3 -26.1 -38.3 -42.0 -165.1
fH° kJ/mol
222.8
216.3 209.1
173.2 191.9 158.6 158.7 159.0 128.7
111.3 87.5 99.2 106.4 103.8 156.5 149.5
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-44
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
1,2-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine Phenylhydrazine Bis(2-cyanoethyl) sulfide Dimethyl maleate L-Ascorbic acid Citric acid Butyl trichloroacetate Isobutyl trichloroacetate Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole Triacetamide Nitrilotriacetic acid L-Histidine 1,5-Hexadiene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene 1-Methylcyclopentene 3-Methylcyclopentene 4-Methylcyclopentene Butyl dichloroacetate Cyclohexanone 2-Methylcyclopentanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Adipic acid Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane Ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate Propyl 3-chloropropanoate Butyl chloroacetate Caprolactam 1-Methyl-2-piperidinone 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene
-0.3 -7.8 3.0
154.5
159.6 141.0 96.3
217.0
202.9
263.2 -1164.6 -1543.8 -545.8 -553.4 0.7
-492.3 -500.2 44.1
-16.7 -610.5
39.8 -550.1
54.1 78.4 -38.5 -36.4 -23.7 -17.6 -550.1 -271.2 -265.2
84.2
-422.3
-1311.9 -466.7
214.6
148.3
182.2
-5.0 -3.8 7.4 14.6 -497.8 -226.1
212.5 -420.0 -395.0
-375.6 -350.2 248.0
-679.1
-626.5
-994.3 -805.5
-742.0 310.0
-207.2 -566.5 -537.6 -538.4 -329.4
-163.7 -513.8 -485.7 -487.4 -239.6
156.8 -293.0 -74.2 -83.9 -85.5 -78.9 -86.1 -90.0 -78.2
295.2
183.3
-43.5 -52.3 -53.9 -47.6 -54.4 -59.4 -49.5
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-45
C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2S C6H8O4 C6H8O6 C6H8O7 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9N C6H9N C6H9N C6H9NO3 C6H9NO6 C6H9N3O2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10Cl2O2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11NO C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12
Crystal Name
C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12N2O4S2 C6H12N2S4 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12S C6H12S C6H12S
4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane L-Cystine Thiram Butyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclopentanol Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde b-D-Fructose D-Galactose a-D-Glucose D-Mannose L-Sorbose Thiepane Cyclohexanethiol Cyclopentyl methyl sulfide
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Liquid Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol -80.0 -98.5 -94.5 -94.6 -87.0 -91.6 -87.1 -93.2 -87.5 -101.4 -156.4 -137.9 -59.0 -96.2
-1032.7 40.2
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
270.2
Cp J/mol K
174.7 154.9
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-51.3 -66.9 -62.3 -63.1 -57.5 -61.5 -56.0 -62.4 -60.3 -68.1 -123.4 -106.2 -27.5
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-46
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
301.7 -218.8 280.3 -322.0 -320.2
305.3
-325.9 -328.6 -348.2 -345.5 -583.8 -529.2 -554.5
232.0 210.4 213.3 216.9 213.3
208.2
227.8 231.0 233.8 228.0 229.3 257.9 221.3 376.0
-514.2 -530.0
-673.1
-182.6 -278.9 -277.6 -286.0 -290.6 -286.2 -511.9 -485.3 -516.5
-471.1 -491.2
-631.7
-1265.6 -1286.3 -1273.3 -1263.0 -1271.5 -140.7 -109.8
255.6
192.6
-65.8 -96.2 -64.7
79.4
363.5
131.3
1-Bromohexane 2-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine 2-Methylpiperidine, (±) Hexanamide N-Butylacetamide DL-Leucine D-Leucine L-Leucine DL-Isoleucine L-Isoleucine L-Norleucine 6-Aminohexanoic acid Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Azopropane DL-Lysine D-Arginine 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether Dipropyl sulfoxide 1,2-Hexanediol 1,6-Hexanediol 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol Dipropyl sulfate Galactitol
-194.2 -246.1 -147.6 -124.9 -397.9 -380.9 -640.6 -637.3 -637.4 -635.3 -637.8 -639.1 -637.3
250.6
-148.3 -204.3 -104.0 -84.4 -324.2 -305.9
-486.8
290.6 292.5 272.5 287.8
195.6 193.7 190.7 191.9 189.7
-166.9 -174.6 -171.9 -185.9 -178.1 51.3
287.4
240.4
-315.9 -333.5
232.0 -377.5 -392.0 -392.4
286.2 248.0 275.9 273.0
-394.7 -396.4 -328.8 -351.5
-569.9
203.5
200.1
-198.7 -204.6 -202.4 -213.8 -207.4 11.5 -678.7 -623.5
453.0
323.9
293.4 221.6 216.8 159.0
-293.0 -319.2 -313.9 -254.9 -490.1 -461.2
-329.4 -577.1 -548.6 336.0 281.0 -491.4 -451.4
259.4 301.0 274.1
-453.5 -408.1
-750.9 -804.3 -859.0 -1317.0
-725.0 -792.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-47
C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14OS C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14O4S C6H14O6
Crystal Name
C6H14O6 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S2 C6H15B C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO C6H15NO3 C6H16N2 C6H18N3OP C6H18OSi2 C6MoO6 C6N4 C7F8 C7F14 C7F16 C7H3F5 C7H4Cl2O C7H4N2O6 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5N3O6 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2O4 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2
D-Mannitol 1-Hexanethiol 2-Methyl-2-pentanethiol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanethiol Diisopropyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Methyl pentyl sulfide Dipropyl disulfide Triethylborane Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexamethyldisiloxane Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Tetracyanoethene Perfluorotoluene Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 3-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid Benzoyl chloride 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzoxazole 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Indazole 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-(2-Furanyl)-2-propenal
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol -1314.5 -175.7 -188.3 -187.1 -181.6 -172.3 -167.1 -171.5 -194.6 -156.1 -178.5 -127.7 -305.9
-664.2 -205.0
9.4
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
313.0
232.0
336.7
241.2
219.9
389.0
-877.7
325.9
fH° kJ/mol -129.9 -148.3 -147.9 -142.0 -127.8 -121.8 -118.3 -157.7 -116.0 -143.8 -92.7
-541.5
433.8
321.0 311.4
242.3 -1311.1 -2931.1 -3420.0 -883.8 -189.7
355.5 561.8 306.4
262.3 353.1 419.0 225.8
-777.7 -912.1 705.0 -2897.2 -3383.6 -842.7
-409.8 -158.0 -404.5 -424.3 -428.9
163.2
209.1
188.4 165.2
215.7 44.8
243.3
-87.0 -385.2
-103.2 -325.0 -342.3 -341.0
163.2
-24.2 -378.8 -394.7 -392.2 -63.2 79.5 151.9 -66.4 167.6
221.2
172.0
146.8
181.7 243.0 33.2 -36.7 -294.0
222.0 -182.0
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
16.1
437.8
-534.5 -856.0
535.0 490.0
Cp J/mol K
-558.3
-815.0 -982.8 623.8
fG° kJ/mol
-105.9
238.5 205.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-48
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Bromotoluene 2-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 4-Fluorotoluene Benzamide Aniline-2-carboxylic acid Aniline-3-carboxylic acid Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene (Nitromethyl)benzene Salicylaldoxime Toluene Phenylurea o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Ethyl 2-pentynoate Methyl 2-hexynoate Isopentyl trichloroacetate Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Methylenecyclohexane Vinylcyclopentane 1-Ethylcyclopentene 2-Methylenecyclohexanol Butyl acrylate Diethyl malonate Butyl 2-chloropropanoate
-589.9
-494.8 12.0 166.8 -32.5 -186.9
171.2
-202.6 -380.4 -389.8 -391.9 -9.7 -31.5 -48.1
172.3
18.9 -147.4 -100.9 -296.0 -283.6 -296.7
31.0 30.7
-22.8 -183.7 12.4 -218.6 -204.6 -199.3
165.4 167.3
157.3
154.6 -194.0
212.6
224.9
-160.7 -114.8 34.2 -6.3 -8.1
216.7
217.9
150.2
-23.5
50.5 -128.6 -132.3 -125.4 -100.4 -67.9 94.4 56.4 54.6 55.3
207.1 48.1 19.4 16.1 18.7 12.7 18.3 22.5 -301.8 -242.7 -580.9 -47.2
243.7 248.5 248.8 244.2 240.7 241.7
189.5 184.8 184.7 185.2 191.8 184.5
101.6 67.1 63.6 66.5 58.1 68.8 72.0 -250.3 -523.1 4.8 -54.8 1.7 -25.2
-95.1 -33.2 -61.3 -34.8 -53.3
-19.8
-277.6 -422.6 -571.7
251.0 285.0
-375.3 -517.3
167.6 165.4 167.7
351.0 352.5 347.0
130.2 125.5 126.2
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-49
C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8N2O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O2 C7H10O2 C7H11Cl3O2 C7H11N C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H13ClO2
Crystal Name
C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C7H13N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14Br2 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2
Isobutyl 2-chloropropanoate Butyl 3-chloropropanoate Isobutyl 3-chloropropanoate Propyl 2-chlorobutanoate Heptanenitrile 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene 5-Methyl-1-hexene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 1,1,2,2-Tetramethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol, (±) cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol Heptanoic acid
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Liquid Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol -603.1 -557.9 -572.6 -630.7 -82.8 -97.9 -105.1 -109.5 -104.3 -109.3 -100.0 -115.9 -112.7 -117.0 -110.6 -123.1 -105.3 -121.7 -114.1 -117.7 -156.6 -190.1 -163.4 -172.1 -165.3 -171.2 -170.1 -168.1 -119.8 -212.3 -311.5
-356.1 -352.9 -390.2 -415.7 -416.1 -394.4 -413.2 -433.3 -610.2
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
327.6
Cp J/mol K
211.8
184.8 279.9 269.2
335.4
318.0
230.1 232.6
233.7
265.4
fH° kJ/mol -549.6 -502.3 -517.3 -578.4 -31.0 -62.3
-65.7 -79.4 -76.8 -83.8 -81.6 -88.7 -72.6 -88.8 -79.5 -85.5 -118.1 -154.7 -126.9 -138.2 -129.5 -136.6 -135.8 -133.6 -157.9 -263.8 -297.1 -298.3 -313.6 -311.3 -327.0 -352.5 -350.9 -329.1 -347.5 -367.2 -536.2
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-50
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl hexanoate a-Methylglucoside 1-Bromoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol tert-Butyl isopropyl ether 1,7-Heptanediol 2,2-Diethoxypropane 1-Heptanethiol Phthalic anhydride 1H-Indole-2,3-dione Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid Benzo[b]thiophene 1H-Indole Styrene Phenyl vinyl ether Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Acetanilide 1,7-Octadiyne Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol
261.0 248.5 -553.0 -571.0 -577.2 -540.2
-505.9 -527.0 -536.0 -492.2
-1233.3 -218.4 -224.2 -229.5 -226.4 -224.9 -238.3 -233.1 -234.6 -234.2 -236.5 -403.3 -392.8 -574.2 -538.9 -200.5 -460.1 -268.2 -782.0 -803.0 -816.1 100.6 86.6
-416.5 -426.1 -429.2
-209.4
180.0
160.0
207.9
188.1
314.5 300.3
219.6 221.1
303.2
224.2
292.2
213.5 272.1
-167.8 -187.6 -194.5 -191.3 -189.5 -205.7 -198.7 -201.6 -201.0 -204.4 -336.5 -358.1 -506.9 -149.9 -371.4
-696.3 -717.9 166.3 156.5 147.9 22.7 -86.7
103.8 -26.2 -142.5
182.0
-343.5
221.3 249.0
-287.9
183.2 186.1 183.0 181.5
29.9 19.1 17.3 18.0 -145.2 -146.1 -144.1
174.9 163.6 169.0
179.3 334.4 -12.3 -24.4 -25.4 -24.4 -208.8 -214.3
-224.4
323.3
224.7 222.9
206.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-51
C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O6 C7H15Br C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O2 C7H16O2 C7H16S C8H4O3 C8H5NO2 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6S C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9NO C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O
Crystal Name
C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H12 C8H12 C8H12 C8H12N4 C8H12O2 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14ClN5 C8H14O3 C8H15ClO2 C8H15ClO2 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16
2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol Ethoxybenzene 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 1-Octen-3-yne cis-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane trans-1,2-Divinylcyclobutane 2,2'-Azobis[isobutyronitrile] 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione Ethylidenecyclohexane Allylcyclopentane Atrazine Butanoic anhydride 3-Methylbutyl 2-chloropropanoate 3-Methylbutyl 3-chloropropanoate Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Liquid Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-241.1
fH° kJ/mol -157.2 -163.8 -161.6 -162.1 -157.3 -162.4
-228.7 -246.6 -237.4 -242.3 -244.4 252.6 228.5
-152.6 -290.3 8.2 46.0 -39.2 -38.9
-101.6 -223.3 56.3 100.5
238.9 140.7 124.3 101.3
166.5 143.5
-103.5 -64.5
-307.6 -59.5 -24.1
228.9 -379.9
-125.4 283.7 -627.3 -593.4 -107.3 -124.5 -135.7 -135.7 -126.4 -144.9 -137.9 -145.9 -142.4 -167.7 -212.1 -218.7 -211.8 -218.2 -222.9 -215.7 -215.6 -222.4
241.0 239.0 239.0
280.9 267.2 274.1 273.2 272.6 276.3 271.1 268.0
211.8 209.2 210.2 209.4 209.4 212.8 212.1 210.2
-575.0 -539.4 -50.5 -81.3
-89.3 -107.7 -100.3 -110.5 -104.9 -124.4 -171.5 -180.9 -172.1 -179.9 -184.6 -176.5 -176.6 -184.5
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-52
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
Propylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane trans-1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane Octanal 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Octanone 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl pentanoate Isopropyl pentanoate Methyl heptanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane Octanamide Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane, (S) 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Azobutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether tert-Butyl isobutyl ether
-188.8 -193.8 -190.8 -195.1 -194.4 -196.0
310.8
216.3
-147.7
-156.2
-291.9 -299.6
-348.5 273.3 -381.6 -636.0 -635.1
297.9
-338.3 -554.3 -559.5
282.8 -587.4 -583.0 -592.2 -567.1 -245.1 -291.3
285.1
-473.2 -250.1 -255.0 -252.3 -251.6 -250.4 -261.9 -252.6 -257.0 -260.4 -257.5 -251.8 -249.6 -252.8 -256.9 -259.2 -253.5 -255.0 -269.0
273.7
356.4 362.6
254.6 252.0 250.2 251.1
249.2 246.6
329.3
239.1 245.6 247.3
239.2 -40.1 -426.5 -432.8 -377.9 -401.5 -399.6 -409.1
347.0
305.2 330.1 317.5 278.2 276.1
-542.9 -533.6 -544.9 -515.5 -189.3 -238.9 -362.7 -208.5 -215.3 -212.5 -211.9 -210.7 -224.5 -213.8 -219.2 -222.5 -219.9 -212.8 -211.0 -214.8 -220.0 -224.0 -216.3 -217.3 -226.0 9.2 -355.6 -365.3 -332.8 -360.6 -362.0 -369.0
365.4
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-53
C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17NO C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18N2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O
Crystal Name
C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O3S C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S2 C8H18S2 C8H19N C8H19N C8H20BrN C8H20O4Si C8H20Pb C8H20Si C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO C9H7NO C9H8 C9H8O4 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10Cl2N2O C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O
1,8-Octanediol 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanediol Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Dibutyl sulfite Tetraethylene glycol Dibutyl sulfide Di-sec-butyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutyl disulfide Di-tert-butyl disulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Tetraethylammonium bromide Ethyl silicate Tetraethyl lead Tetraethylsilane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol 8-Quinolinol Indene 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Diuron 2,2'-Dipyrrolylmethane Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate L-Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2-Isopropylphenol 3-Isopropylphenol
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
-626.6 -681.7 354.9 341.4 -693.1 -981.7 -220.7 -220.7 -232.6 -229.2 -222.9 -255.2 -206.0 -218.5
405.1
428.8 284.3
292.9
-625.3 -883.0 -167.7 -167.7 -188.8 -180.5 -160.6 -201.0 -156.6 -179.2
-342.7 52.7
533.1 464.6
364.4 307.4 298.1 287.8
141.2 144.3
216.0
196.2
200.5 204.6 -25.5
110.6
215.3
186.9
163.4
100.3 11.5
234.4
190.2
150.5 60.3
-144.9 82.1
109.6
-815.6
-329.0 126.2 246.0 148.5 -466.9 -685.1
213.6 214.0
203.0 216.4
-312.9 -38.3 -41.1 -46.4 -48.7 -49.8 -58.5 -61.8 -63.4 -233.7 -252.5
287.8
214.7 210.7
267.9
216.4 215.0 209.3
7.9 4.0 1.3 -1.8 -3.2 -9.5 -13.8 -15.9 -182.2 -196.0
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-54
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
4-Isopropylphenol Isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide Ethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate Ethyl 2,4-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate Ethyl 2,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate Ethyl 4,5-dimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate Isophorone Triacetin 3-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole 1-Nonyne Nonanedioic acid 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinone Propylcyclohexane 1a,3a,5b-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid Butyl pentanoate sec-Butyl pentanoate Isobutyl pentanoate Methyl octanoate N-Butylpiperidine 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,2,3-Trimethylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane Tetraethylurea 1-Nonanol 1,9-Nonanediol Tripropylamine 2-Quinolinecarbonitrile 3-Quinolinecarbonitrile
-265.9 -148.3
-209.4 -78.4
-474.5 -463.2 -478.7 -470.3 -1330.8
458.3
253.5 384.7
-1245.0
-89.2 16.3
62.3
-1054.3 -334.2 -237.4 -397.2 -398.2 -408.5 -659.7
311.9
242.0
401.4
303.6 297.3 362.4
-613.3 -624.2 -620.0 -590.3 -171.8 -206.9 -274.7 -288.1 -282.7 -282.8 -293.3 -281.1 -284.0 -280.2 -277.5 -275.4 -272.7 -269.7 -278.3 -277.7 -280.0 -277.9
284.4
-273.4 -192.3 -212.1 -340.7 -344.9 -357.6 -577.3 -560.2 -573.2 -568.6 -533.9 -159.9 -228.2
-242.6
278.2
-233.3
271.5
-237.1 -236.9 -241.6 -236.1
266.3
-403.0 -453.4
-376.5
-207.1
-161.0
-657.6 246.5 242.3
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-55
C9H12O C9H12O2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H13NO2 C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H15N C9H16 C9H16O4 C9H17NO C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20N2O C9H20O C9H20O2 C9H21N C10H6N2 C10H6N2
Crystal Name
C10H6N2O4 C10H6N2O4 C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H7I C10H7I C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16
1,5-Dinitronaphthalene 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene 1-Iodonaphthalene 2-Iodonaphthalene 1-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene 1-Tetralone Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene, (±) tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Thymol Dipentene d-Limonene a-Pinene b-Pinene a-Terpinene
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
29.8 39.7 54.6
212.6
55.4 161.5 144.3 42.6 78.5 212.3 -121.5
201.6
167.4
165.7 166.9 -124.1
67.8 60.2
119.8 137.4 233.8 235.1 111.2 150.6 289.1 -30.4 -29.9 132.8 134.3
71.6 84.2 -209.6 303.1 -730.9 -732.6
261.1 -29.2 -63.2 -66.4 -71.9 -69.8 -73.3 -78.6 -78.0 -68.5 -73.5 -72.8 -80.5 -86.0 -80.1 -84.8 -84.1 -87.8
-119.9 -309.7
245.6
321.2
217.5 243.4
26.0 -11.8 -18.4 -23.0 -21.9
236.4
215.1 -50.8 -54.5 -16.4 -7.7
249.4 249.0
-218.5 -2.6 28.3 38.7 -20.6
224.1
333.1
131.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-56
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
b-Myrcene cis, cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Camphor, (±) 1,1'-Bicyclopentyl cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Sebacic acid Decanenitrile 1-Decene cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene Butylcyclohexane Decanoic acid Methyl nonanoate 1-Nitrodecane Decane 2-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether 1,10-Decanediol Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether 1-Decanethiol Dipentyl sulfide Diisopentyl sulfide Octyldimethylamine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene L-Tryptophan 1,1-Dimethylindan 1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene Spiro[5.5]undecane 1-Undecene Methyl decanoate Undecane 1-Undecanol Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Acenaphthylene Phenazine Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene
14.5 -24.0 -1759.5 -319.4
271.2
-267.5 -178.9 -219.4 -230.6
265.0 264.9
232.0 228.5
425.0
300.8
345.0
271.0
-213.7 -594.9 -554.2
314.4 313.3 314.4 370.6 250.0 379.0
-249.5 -260.2 -258.6 -396.6
-1082.6 -158.4 -173.8 -163.6 -263.1 -684.3 -616.2 -351.5 -300.9 -309.8 -307.9 -478.1
-713.7
420.1 423.8
-169.2 -182.1 -921.9 -91.5 -123.3
-678.9 -309.9
-276.5 -266.4 -281.8 -232.8
476.1
350.0 350.4
-333.5 -346.1
-223.1 -232.5 56.3
44.9 -415.3
-211.5 -204.9 -221.5
220.0 251.0
254.8
224.4
196.0 238.1
106.7 -53.6 -109.7 -109.7
-1.6 -57.0 -67.2 -188.3
-144.6 -244.5 344.9 -640.5 -327.2 -504.8
344.9
-573.8 -270.8
418.4 186.7 237.0 -5.3 120.0
166.4
259.7 328.8 83.4 205.1
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-57
C10H16 C10H16 C10H16N2O8 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O4 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21NO2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O2 C10H22S C10H22S C10H22S C10H23N C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12N2O2 C11H14 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H20 C11H22 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24O C12F27N C12H8 C12H8N2 C12H8O C12H8S
Crystal Name
C12H8S2 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2O C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O2 C12H10O2 C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H12N2 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H17NO4 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H22 C12H22O4 C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O12 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C13H8O2 C13H9N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10 C13H10N2 C13H10O C13H11N
Thianthrene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Diphenyl ether 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 2-Naphthaleneacetic acid Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl p-Benzidine Diethyl phthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate 3,9-Dodecadiyne 5,7-Dodecadiyne 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Dodecanedioic acid Sucrose b-D-Lactose 1-Dodecene Dodecanoic acid Methyl undecanoate a-Lactose monohydrate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Xanthone Acridine Phenanthridine Benzo[f]quinoline 9H-Fluorene 9-Acridinamine Benzophenone 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole
182.0 101.7 70.3 99.4 243.4 227.2 -32.1 -359.2 -371.9 130.2 93.8 81.0 70.7
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
188.9 209.4
190.4 198.4
233.9
216.6
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
286.0 200.7 156.0 181.4 342.0 -14.9
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-58
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
52.0
219.3 184.4
-776.6 -76.6
425.1
366.1
-688.4 -16.7
-916.7 197.8 181.5 -146.5 -162.4
306.3
245.6
-77.4 -215.7 -976.9
-273.7 -1130.0 -2226.1 -2236.7 -774.6
404.3
-226.2 -737.9 -665.2
484.8
360.7
-165.4 -642.0 -593.8
-2484.1 -344.7 -392.3 -350.9 -528.5
375.8 438.1 452.0
-269.9 -321.1 -289.4 -436.6
-281.6 379.4 -191.5 179.4 141.9 150.6 89.9 159.2 -34.5 105.5
207.3
203.1 224.8
273.9 240.5 233.7 175.0 54.9 201.0
173.1
Diphenylmethane N-Benzylaniline 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane Tridecanedioic acid 1-Tridecene Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 9,10-Anthracenedione 9,10-Phenanthrenedione 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene Benzil Benzoyl peroxide cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene 1,1-Diphenylethane 1,2-Diphenylethane 1,3-Di-tert-butylbenzene 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene Pentetic acid Tetradecanenitrile Tetradecanoic acid Methyl tridecanoate 1-Tetradecanol 2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylbenzene 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Decylcyclopentane Pentadecanoic acid Methyl tetradecanoate 1-Pentadecanol Fluoranthene Pyrene Dibutyl phthalate a-D-Glucose pentaacetate b-D-Glucose pentaacetate Decylbenzene 1-Hexadecene Hexadecanoic acid Methyl pentadecanoate 1-Bromohexadecane Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol
71.5 101.4
239.3
89.7
139.0
270.9 -1148.3 391.8 -693.0
-614.9 406.7
-599.4 -188.5 -154.7 -595.8 129.2 116.2 312.4 -153.9 -369.4
207.5 215.1
-75.7 -46.6 -471.7 230.9 207.5
210.5 220.6 225.9
-55.5 -281.7 252.3 236.1
183.3 136.9 48.7 51.5
142.9 -188.8
-212.0 -2225.2 -833.5
432.0
-629.6 -368.6 -245.8 -410.0
388.0
-174.9 -693.7 -635.3
-296.9
-861.7 -658.2 189.9 125.5
-260.2 -788.8 -717.9 -580.6
443.3
230.6 224.9
-367.3 -811.7 -743.9
-699.0 -656.9
-842.6
289.0 225.7 -750.9
230.2 229.7
-2249.4 -2232.6
-891.5
-686.5
452.4
460.7
422.0
-218.3 -328.7 -838.1 -771.0 -444.5 -456.1
587.9
488.9
501.6
-138.6 -248.4 -737.1 -680.0 -350.2 -374.8 -517.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-59
C13H12 C13H13N C13H14N2 C13H24O4 C13H26 C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H8O2 C14H8O2 C14H8O4 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H10O4 C14H12 C14H12 C14H14 C14H14 C14H22 C14H22 C14H23N3O10 C14H27N C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H30O C15H16O2 C15H24 C15H24O C15H30 C15H30O2 C15H30O2 C15H32O C16H10 C16H10 C16H22O4 C16H22O11 C16H22O11 C16H26 C16H32 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H33Br C16H34 C16H34O
Crystal Name
C16H36IN C17H34O2 C18H12 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H15N C18H15O4P C18H15P C18H30 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H37Cl C18H38 C18H39N C19H16O C19H36O2 C19H36O2 C20H12 C20H12 C20H14O4 C20H38O2 C20H38O2 C20H40O2 C21H21O4P C22H14 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C24H38O4 C24H51N C26H18 C26H54 C26H54 C28H18 C31H64 C32H66 C60 C70
Tetrabutylammonium iodide Heptadecanoic acid Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene o-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Triphenylamine Triphenyl phosphate Triphenylphosphine 1,3,5-Tri-tert-butylbenzene Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid 1-Chlorooctadecane Octadecane Trihexylamine Triphenylmethanol Methyl oleate Methyl trans-9-octadecenoate Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Diphenyl phthalate Ethyl oleate Ethyl trans-9-octadecenoate Eicosanoic acid Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Dibenz[a,h]anthracene trans-13-Docosenoic acid Butyl oleate Butyl stearate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Trioctylamine 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane 9,9'-Bianthracene 11-Decylheneicosane Dotriacontane Carbon (fullerene-C 60) Carbon (fullerene-C 70)
fG° kJ/mol
Liquid
S° J/mol K
-498.6 -924.4 170.8 145.3
Cp J/mol K 475.7
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
Gas
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
fH° kJ/mol
fG° kJ/mol
S° J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
-865.6 293.0 269.8
163.0 234.7
298.8 285.6
274.8 278.7
397.5
356.2 312.5
337.1
369.1 279.0 326.8
-320.0 577.0 619.0 -947.7
501.5
-567.4
480.2
-884.7 -544.1
-781.2 -446.0 -414.6
485.6 -433.0
-2.5 -734.5 -737.0 182.8
264.6
-649.9
274.9 254.8
-489.2
-1011.9 570.0
545.1 578.0
-775.8 -773.3 -940.0
-812.4 283.9
-960.7 -816.9 704.7 -585.0 308.7 -713.5 -716.0 326.2 -848.0 -968.3 2327.0 2555.0
2302.0 2537.0
426.0 464.0
520.0 650.0
465.6 -587.6 -593.4 454.3 -705.8 -697.2 2502.0 2755.0
2442.0 2692.0
544.0 614.0
512.0 585.0
STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
5-60
Molecular Formula
fH° kJ/mol
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE L. V. Gurvich, V. S. Iorish, V. S. Yungman, and O. V. Dorofeeva The thermodynamic properties C° p (T), S° (T), H° (T)-H° (Tr), -[G° (T)-H° (Tr)]/T and formation properties ∆f H° (T), ∆f G° (T), log Kf° (T) are tabulated as functions of temperature in the range 298.15 to 1500 K for 80 substances in the standard state.The reference temperature, Tr, is equal to 298.15 K. The standard state pressure is taken as 1 bar (100,000 Pa). The tables are presented in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables format (Reference 2). The numerical data are extracted from IVTANTHERMO databases except for C2H4O, C3H6O, C6H6, C6H6O, C10H8, and CH5N, which are based upon TRC Tables. See the references for information on standard states and other details. REFERENCES 1. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Eds., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 4th ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985.
Order of Listing of Tables No.
Formula
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ar Br Br2 BrH C C C2 C3 CO CO2 CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 C3H8 C6H6 C6H6 C10H8 C10H8 CH2O CH4O C2H4O C2H6O C2H4O2 C3H6O C6H6O CF4 CHF3 CClF3 CCl2F2 CHClF2 CH5N Cl Cl2 ClH Cu Cu CuO Cu2O
Name Argon Bromine Dibromine Hydrogen bromide Carbon (graphite) Carbon (diamond) Dicarbon Tricarbon Carbon oxide Carbon dioxide Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Cyclopropane Propane Benzene Benzene Naphthalene Naphthalene Formaldehyde Methanol Acetaldehyde Ethanol Acetic acid Acetone Phenol Carbon tetrafluoride Trifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Methylamine Chlorine Dichlorine Hydrogen chloride Copper Copper Copper oxide Dicopper oxide
State g g g g cr cr g g g g g g g g g g l g cr, l g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g cr, l g cr cr
5-61 5.030 final-473
No.
Formula
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
CuCl2 CuCl2 F F2 FH Ge Ge GeO2 GeCl4 H H2 HO H2O H2O I I2 I2 IH K K K2O KOH KOH KCl KCl N2 NO NO2 NH3 O O2 S S S2 S8 SO2 Si Si SiO2 SiCl4
Name Copper dichloride Copper dichloride Fluorine Difluorine Hydrogen fluoride Germanium Germanium Germanium dioxide Germanium tetrachloride Hydrogen Dihydrogen Hydroxyl Water Water Iodine Diiodine Diiodine Hydrogen iodide Potassium Potassium Dipotassium oxide Potassium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Potassium chloride Potassium chloride Dinitrogen Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Oxygen Dioxygen Sulfur Sulfur Disulfur Octasulfur Sulfur dioxide Silicon Silicon Silicon dioxide Silicon tetrachloride
State cr, l g g g g cr, l g cr, l g g g g l g g cr, l g g cr, l g cr, l cr, l g cr, l g g g g g g g cr, l g g g g cr g cr g
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
1. ARGON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Cp°
20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786
154.845 154.973 160.953 165.591 169.381 172.585 175.361 177.809 179.999 181.980 183.789 185.453 186.993 188.427
154.845 154.845 155.660 157.200 158.924 160.653 162.322 163.909 165.410 166.828 168.167 169.434 170.634 171.773
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.824 22.903 24.982
175.017 175.146 181.126 185.765 189.559 192.776 195.575 198.061 200.302 202.347 204.231 205.980 207.612 209.142
175.017 175.018 175.833 177.373 179.097 180.827 182.499 184.093 185.604 187.034 188.390 189.676 190.900 192.065
245.467 245.690 249.387 256.169 264.406 271.188 276.951 281.962 286.396 290.373 293.979 297.279 300.322 303.146 305.782
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.277 8.364 10.461 12.571 14.698 16.844 19.010 21.195 23.397 25.615
111.870 111.838 96.677 96.910 97.131 97.348 97.568 97.796 98.036 98.291 98.560 98.844 99.141 99.449
82.379 82.196 75.460 70.129 64.752 59.338 53.893 48.420 42.921 37.397 31.850 26.279 20.686 15.072
–14.432 –14.311 –9.854 –7.326 –5.637 –4.428 –3.519 –2.810 –2.242 –1.776 –1.386 –1.056 –0.772 –0.525
245.467 245.468 245.671 246.892 249.600 252.650 255.720 258.694 261.530 264.219 266.763 269.170 271.451 273.615 275.673
0.000 0.067 1.235 3.711 7.403 11.123 14.862 18.615 22.379 26.154 29.938 33.730 37.532 41.343 45.164
30.910 30.836
198.697 198.698 199.842 202.005 204.436 206.886 209.269
0.000 0.054 2.971 5.903 8.868 11.882 14.957
–36.290 –36.333 –52.109 –52.484 –52.844 –53.168 –53.446
Br2 (g)
36.057 36.074 36.340 36.729 37.082 37.305 37.464 37.590 37.697 37.793 37.883 37.970 38.060 38.158 38.264
4. HYDROGEN BROMIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800
H°-H° (Tr)
Br (g) 20.786 20.786 20.787 20.798 20.833 20.908 21.027 21.184 21.365 21.559 21.752 21.937 22.107 22.258
3. DIBROMINE 298.15 300 332.25 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
Ar (g)
2. BROMINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
29.141 29.141 29.220 29.454 29.872 30.431 31.063
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3.105 2.933 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
–0.544 –0.511 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
HBr (g) 198.697 198.878 207.269 213.811 219.216 223.861 227.965
5-62
–53.360 –53.466 –55.940 –56.854 –57.694 –58.476 –59.214
9.348 9.309 7.305 5.939 5.023 4.363 3.866
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
4. HYDROGEN BROMIDE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
31.709 32.335 32.919 33.454 33.938 34.374 34.766
5. CARBON (GRAPHITE) 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
8.536 8.610 11.974 14.537 16.607 18.306 19.699 20.832 21.739 22.452 23.000 23.409 23.707 23.919
6. CARBON (DIAMOND) 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
6.109 6.201 10.321 13.404 15.885 17.930 19.619 21.006 22.129 23.020 23.709 24.222 24.585 24.824
7. DICARBON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
18.095 21.298 24.561 27.880 31.250 34.666 38.123
∆fG°
Log Kf
–53.677 –53.864 –54.012 –54.129 –54.220 –54.291 –54.348
–59.921 –60.604 –61.271 –61.925 –62.571 –63.211 –63.846
3.478 3.166 2.909 2.696 2.514 2.358 2.223
0.000 0.016 1.054 2.385 3.945 5.694 7.596 9.625 11.755 13.966 16.240 18.562 20.918 23.300
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
HBr (g) (continued) 231.661 235.035 238.145 241.032 243.729 246.261 248.646
211.555 213.737 215.816 217.799 219.691 221.499 223.230
C (cr; graphite) 5.740 5.793 8.757 11.715 14.555 17.247 19.785 22.173 24.417 26.524 28.502 30.360 32.106 33.749
5.740 5.740 6.122 6.946 7.979 9.113 10.290 11.479 12.662 13.827 14.968 16.082 17.164 18.216
C (cr; diamond) 2.362 2.400 4.783 7.431 10.102 12.709 15.217 17.611 19.884 22.037 24.071 25.990 27.799 29.504
2.362 2.362 2.659 3.347 4.251 5.274 6.361 7.479 8.607 9.731 10.842 11.934 13.003 14.047
0.000 0.011 0.850 2.042 3.511 5.205 7.085 9.118 11.277 13.536 15.874 18.272 20.714 23.185
1.850 1.846 1.645 1.507 1.415 1.361 1.338 1.343 1.372 1.420 1.484 1.561 1.646 1.735
2.857 2.863 3.235 3.649 4.087 4.537 4.993 5.450 5.905 6.356 6.802 7.242 7.675 8.103
–0.501 –0.499 –0.422 –0.381 –0.356 –0.339 –0.326 –0.316 –0.308 –0.302 –0.296 –0.291 –0.286 –0.282
197.095 197.365 209.809 218.924 225.966 231.726 236.637 240.943 244.793 248.284 251.484 254.444 257.201 259.785
197.095 197.096 198.802 201.959 205.395 208.758 211.943 214.931 217.728 220.349 222.812 225.133 227.326 229.405
0.000 0.081 4.403 8.483 12.342 16.078 19.755 23.411 27.065 30.728 34.406 38.104 41.824 45.570
830.457 830.506 832.751 834.170 834.909 835.148 835.020 834.618 834.012 833.252 832.383 831.437 830.445 829.427
775.116 774.772 755.833 736.423 716.795 697.085 677.366 657.681 638.052 618.492 599.006 579.596 560.261 540.997
–135.795 –134.898 –98.700 –76.933 –62.402 –52.016 –44.227 –38.170 –33.328 –29.369 –26.074 –23.288 –20.903 –18.839
C2 (g)
43.548 43.575 42.169 39.529 37.837 36.984 36.621 36.524 36.569 36.696 36.874 37.089 37.329 37.589
5-63
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) C°p
T/K
8. TRICARBON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
37.135 37.220 41.328 44.627 47.327 49.569 51.442 53.008 54.320 55.423 56.354 57.144 57.818 58.397
11. METHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
237.611 237.872 250.164 260.003 268.322 275.582 282.045 287.876 293.189 298.069 302.578 306.768 310.679 314.346
237.611 237.611 239.280 242.471 246.104 249.807 253.440 256.948 260.310 263.524 266.593 269.524 272.326 275.006
0.000 0.078 4.354 8.766 13.331 18.042 22.884 27.835 32.879 37.999 43.182 48.417 53.695 59.010
197.658 197.659 198.803 200.973 203.419 205.895 208.309 210.631 212.851 214.969 216.990 218.920 220.763 222.527
213.783 214.013 225.305 234.895 243.278 250.747 257.492 263.644 269.299 274.529 279.393 283.936 288.196 292.205
186.369 186.590 197.501 207.202 216.246 224.821 233.008
∆fG°
Log Kf
839.958 839.989 841.149 841.570 841.453 840.919 840.053 838.919 837.572 836.059 834.420 832.690 830.899 829.068
774.249 773.841 751.592 729.141 706.659 684.230 661.901 639.698 617.633 595.711 573.933 552.295 530.793 509.421
–135.643 –134.736 –98.147 –76.172 –61.519 –51.057 –43.217 –37.127 –32.261 –28.288 –24.982 –22.191 –19.804 –17.739
0.000 0.054 2.976 5.930 8.941 12.021 15.175 18.399 21.687 25.032 28.426 31.864 35.338 38.845
–110.530 –110.519 –110.121 –110.027 –110.157 –110.453 –110.870 –111.378 –111.952 –112.573 –113.228 –113.904 –114.594 –115.291
–137.168 –137.333 –146.341 –155.412 –164.480 –173.513 –182.494 –191.417 –200.281 –209.084 –217.829 –226.518 –235.155 –243.742
24.031 23.912 19.110 16.236 14.319 12.948 11.915 11.109 10.461 9.928 9.482 9.101 8.774 8.488
213.783 213.784 215.296 218.280 221.762 225.379 228.978 232.493 235.895 239.172 242.324 245.352 248.261 251.059
0.000 0.069 4.004 8.307 12.909 17.758 22.811 28.036 33.404 38.893 44.483 50.159 55.908 61.719
–393.510 –393.511 –393.586 –393.672 –393.791 –393.946 –394.133 –394.343 –394.568 –394.801 –395.035 –395.265 –395.488 –395.702
–394.373 –394.379 –394.656 –394.914 –395.152 –395.367 –395.558 –395.724 –395.865 –395.984 –396.081 –396.159 –396.219 –396.264
69.092 68.667 51.536 41.256 34.401 29.502 25.827 22.967 20.678 18.803 17.241 15.918 14.783 13.799
186.369 186.370 187.825 190.744 194.248 198.008 201.875
0.000 0.066 3.871 8.229 13.199 18.769 24.907
–74.600 –74.656 –77.703 –80.520 –82.969 –85.023 –86.693
–50.530 –50.381 –41.827 –32.525 –22.690 –12.476 –1.993
8.853 8.772 5.462 3.398 1.975 0.931 0.130
CO (g)
29.141 29.142 29.340 29.792 30.440 31.170 31.898 32.573 33.178 33.709 34.169 34.568 34.914 35.213
10. CARBON DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
C3 (g)
42.202 42.218 43.383 44.883 46.406 47.796 48.997 50.006 50.844 51.535 52.106 52.579 52.974 53.307
9. CARBON OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
197.658 197.838 206.243 212.834 218.321 223.067 227.277 231.074 234.538 237.726 240.679 243.430 246.005 248.424
CO2 (g)
CH4 (g)
35.695 35.765 40.631 46.627 52.742 58.603 64.084
5-64
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
11. METHANE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
14. ETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
205.773 209.660 213.511 217.310 221.048 224.720 228.322
31.571 38.719 46.306 54.289 62.630 71.291 80.242
–88.006 –88.996 –89.698 –90.145 –90.367 –90.390 –90.237
8.677 19.475 30.358 41.294 52.258 63.231 74.200
–0.504 –1.017 –1.442 –1.797 –2.100 –2.359 –2.584
200.927 201.199 214.814 226.552 236.842 246.021 254.331 261.947 268.995 275.565 281.725 287.528 293.014 298.218
200.927 200.927 202.741 206.357 210.598 215.014 219.418 223.726 227.905 231.942 235.837 239.592 243.214 246.709
0.000 0.082 4.829 10.097 15.747 21.704 27.931 34.399 41.090 47.985 55.067 62.317 69.721 77.264
227.400 227.397 227.161 226.846 226.445 225.968 225.436 224.873 224.300 223.734 223.189 222.676 222.203 221.774
209.879 209.770 203.928 198.154 192.452 186.823 181.267 175.779 170.355 164.988 159.672 154.400 149.166 143.964
–36.769 –36.524 –26.630 –20.701 –16.754 –13.941 –11.835 –10.202 –8.898 –7.835 –6.950 –6.204 –5.565 –5.013
219.316 219.582 233.327 246.198 258.332 269.770 280.559 290.754 300.405 309.556 318.247 326.512 334.384 341.892
219.316 219.317 221.124 224.864 229.441 234.393 239.496 244.630 249.730 254.756 259.688 264.513 269.225 273.821
0.000 0.079 4.881 10.667 17.335 24.764 32.851 41.512 50.675 60.280 70.271 80.599 91.223 102.107
52.400 52.341 49.254 46.533 44.221 42.278 40.655 39.310 38.205 37.310 36.596 36.041 35.623 35.327
68.358 68.457 74.302 80.887 87.982 95.434 103.142 111.036 119.067 127.198 135.402 143.660 151.955 160.275
–11.976 –11.919 –9.703 –8.450 –7.659 –7.121 –6.734 –6.444 –6.219 –6.040 –5.894 –5.772 –5.669 –5.581
229.161 229.487 246.378 262.344 277.568 292.080 305.904 319.075 331.628 343.597 355.012 365.908 376.314 386.260
229.161 229.162 231.379 235.989 241.660 247.835 254.236 260.715 267.183 273.590 279.904 286.103 292.178 298.121
0.000 0.097 5.999 13.177 21.545 30.972 41.334 52.525 64.445 77.007 90.131 103.746 117.790 132.209
–84.000 –84.094 –88.988 –93.238 –96.779 –99.663 –101.963 –103.754 –105.105 –106.082 –106.741 –107.131 –107.292 –107.260
–32.015 –31.692 –13.473 5.912 26.086 46.800 67.887 89.231 110.750 132.385 154.096 175.850 197.625 219.404
5.609 5.518 1.759 –0.618 –2.271 –3.492 –4.433 –5.179 –5.785 –6.286 –6.708 –7.066 –7.373 –7.640
240.852 248.379 255.607 262.551 269.225 275.643 281.817
C2H2 (g)
44.036 44.174 50.388 54.751 58.121 60.970 63.511 65.831 67.960 69.909 71.686 73.299 74.758 76.077
13. ETHYLENE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
CH4 (g) (continued)
69.137 73.746 77.919 81.682 85.067 88.112 90.856
12. ACETYLENE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
C2H4 (g)
42.883 43.059 53.045 62.479 70.673 77.733 83.868 89.234 93.939 98.061 101.670 104.829 107.594 110.018
C2H6 (g) 52.487 52.711 65.459 77.941 89.188 99.136 107.936 115.709 122.552 128.553 133.804 138.391 142.399 145.905
5-65
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
15. CYCLOPROPANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
237.488 237.832 256.695 275.637 294.092 311.763 328.564 344.501 359.616 373.961 387.588 400.549 412.892 424.662
237.488 237.489 239.924 245.177 251.801 259.115 266.755 274.516 282.277 289.965 297.538 304.967 312.239 319.344
0.000 0.103 6.708 15.230 25.374 36.854 49.447 62.987 77.339 92.395 108.060 124.257 140.915 157.976
270.313 270.769 294.739 317.768 339.753 360.668 380.528 399.381 417.293 434.321 450.526 465.961 480.675 494.721
270.313 270.314 273.447 280.025 288.162 297.039 306.245 315.555 324.841 334.026 343.064 351.929 360.604 369.080
173.450 174.292 216.837 257.048
269.190 269.700 297.840 326.050 353.360 379.330 403.860 426.970 448.740 469.280 488.690 507.070 524.490 541.040
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
53.300 53.195 47.967 43.730 40.405 37.825 35.854 34.384 33.334 32.640 32.249 32.119 32.215 32.507
104.514 104.832 122.857 142.091 162.089 182.583 203.404 224.441 245.618 266.883 288.197 309.533 330.870 352.193
–18.310 –18.253 –16.043 –14.844 –14.111 –13.624 –13.281 –13.026 –12.830 –12.673 –12.545 –12.437 –12.345 –12.264
0.000 0.136 8.517 18.872 30.955 44.540 59.427 75.444 92.452 110.325 128.954 148.241 168.100 188.460
–103.847 –103.972 –110.33 –115.658 –119.973 –123.384 –126.016 –127.982 –129.380 –130.296 –130.802 –130.961 –130.829 –130.445
–23.458 –22.959 15.029 34.507 64.961 96.065 127.603 159.430 191.444 223.574 255.770 287.993 320.217 352.422
4.110 3.997 –0.657 –3.605 –5.655 –7.168 –8.331 –9.253 –10.000 –10.617 –11.133 –11.572 –11.947 –12.272
173.450 173.453 179.082 190.639
0.000 .252 15.102 33.204
49.080 49.077 48.978 50.330
124.521 124.989 150.320 175.559
–21.815 –21.762 –19.630 –18.340
269.190 269.190 272.823 280.658 290.517 301.360 312.658 324.084 335.473 346.710 357.743 368.534 379.056 389.302
0.000 0.153 10.007 22.696 37.706 54.579 72.962 92.597 113.267 134.827 157.137 180.097 203.607 227.607
82.880 82.780 77.780 73.740 70.490 67.910 65.910 64.410 63.340 62.620 62.200 62.000 61.990 62.110
129.750 130.040 146.570 164.260 182.680 201.590 220.820 240.280 259.890 277.640 299.320 319.090 338.870 358.640
–22.731 –22.641 –19.140 –17.160 –15.903 –15.042 –14.418 –13.945 –13.575 –13.184 –13.029 –12.821 –12.643 –12.489
C6H6 (l)
135.950 136.312 161.793 207.599
18. BENZENE
H°-H° (Tr)
C3H8 (g)
73.597 73.931 94.014 112.591 128.700 142.674 154.766 165.352 174.598 182.673 189.745 195.853 201.209 205.895
17. BENZENE
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
C3H6 (g)
55.571 55.941 76.052 93.859 108.542 120.682 130.910 139.658 147.207 153.749 159.432 164.378 168.689 172.453
16. PROPANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
C6H6 (g)
82.430 83.020 113.510 139.340 160.090 176.790 190.460 201.840 211.430 219.580 226.540 232.520 237.680 242.140
5-66
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
19. NAPHTHALENE 298.15 300 353.43
165.720 167.001 208.722
353.43 400 470
217.200 241.577 276.409
131.920 132.840 180.070 219.740 251.530 277.010 297.730 314.850 329.170 341.240 351.500 360.260 367.780 374.270
35.387 35.443 39.240 43.736 48.181 52.280 55.941 59.156 61.951 64.368 66.453 68.251 69.803 71.146
22. METHANOL 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
44.101 44.219 51.713 59.800 67.294 73.958 79.838 85.025 89.597 93.624 97.165 100.277 103.014 105.422
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
201.585 202.349 224.543
–35.316 –35.232 –33.186
224.543 241.475 266.859
–33.186 –31.533 –29.658
C10H8 (cr, l)
C10H8 (g) 333.150 333.970 378.800 423.400 466.380 507.140 545.520 581.610 615.550 647.500 677.650 706.130 733.110 758.720
21. FORMALDEHYDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
167.390 167.390 0.000 78.530 168.419 167.393 0.308 78.466 198.948 169.833 10.290 96.099 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 18.980 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 53.702 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 252.650 169.833 29.270 96.099 280.916 181.124 39.917 96.067 322.712 199.114 58.091 97.012
20. NAPHTHALENE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
333.150 333.157 338.950 351.400 367.007 384.146 401.935 419.918 437.806 455.426 472.707 489.568 506.009 522.019
0.000 0.244 15.940 36.000 59.624 86.096 114.868 145.523 177.744 211.281 245.932 281.531 317.941 355.051
150.580 150.450 144.190 139.220 135.350 132.330 130.050 128.430 127.510 127.100 126.960 127.060 127.390 127.920
224.100 224.560 250.270 277.340 305.330 333.950 362.920 392.150 421.700 450.630 480.450 509.770 539.740 568.940
–39.260 –39.098 –32.681 –28.973 –26.581 –24.919 –23.696 –22.759 –22.027 –21.398 –20.913 –20.482 –20.137 –19.812
218.760 218.761 220.192 223.028 226.381 229.924 233.517 237.088 240.603 244.042 247.396 250.660 253.833 256.915
0.000 0.066 3.789 7.936 12.534 17.560 22.975 28.734 34.792 41.111 47.655 54.392 61.297 68.346
–108.700 –108.731 –110.438 –112.073 –113.545 –114.833 –115.942 –116.889 –117.696 –118.382 –118.966 –119.463 –119.887 –120.249
–102.667 –102.630 –100.340 –97.623 –94.592 –91.328 –87.893 –84.328 –80.666 –76.929 –73.134 –69.294 –65.418 –61.514
17.987 17.869 13.103 10.198 8.235 6.815 5.739 4.894 4.213 3.653 3.183 2.784 2.441 2.142
239.865 239.866 241.685 245.374 249.830 254.616 259.526 264.455 269.343 274.158 278.879 283.497 288.007 292.405
0.000 0.082 4.864 10.442 16.803 23.873 31.569 39.817 48.553 57.718 67.262 77.137 87.304 97.729
–201.000 –201.068 –204.622 –207.750 –210.387 –212.570 –214.350 –215.782 –216.916 –217.794 –218.457 –218.936 –219.261 –219.456
–162.298 –162.057 –148.509 –134.109 –119.125 –103.737 –88.063 –72.188 –56.170 –40.050 –23.861 –7.624 8.644 24.930
28.434 28.216 19.393 14.010 10.371 7.741 5.750 4.190 2.934 1.902 1.039 0.306 –0.322 –0.868
H2CO (g) 218.760 218.979 229.665 238.900 247.270 255.011 262.236 269.014 275.395 281.416 287.108 292.500 297.616 302.479
CH3OH (g) 239.865 240.139 253.845 266.257 277.835 288.719 298.987 308.696 317.896 326.629 334.930 342.833 350.367 357.558
5-67
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
23. ACETALDEHYDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800
263.840 263.837 266.147 270.850 276.550 282.667 288.938 295.189 301.431 307.537 313.512 319.350 325.031 330.571
0.000 0.103 6.189 13.345 21.486 30.494 40.258 50.698 61.669 73.153 85.065 97.344 109.954 122.834
281.622 281.623 284.390 290.115 297.112 304.674 312.456 320.276 328.033 335.670 343.156 350.473 357.612 364.571
283.470 283.863 304.404 323.751 341.988 359.162 375.331 390.558 404.904 418.429 431.189 443.240 454.637 465.432
295.349 295.809 319.658 341.916 362.836 382.627 401.246
∆fG°
Log Kf
–166.190 –166.250 –169.530 –172.420 –174.870 –176.910 –178.570 –179.880 –180.850 –181.560 –182.070 –182.420 –182.640 –182.750
–133.010 –132.800 –121.130 –108.700 –95.720 –82.350 –68.730 –54.920 –40.930 –27.010 –12.860 1.240 15.470 29.580
23.302 23.122 15.818 11.356 8.334 6.145 4.487 3.187 2.138 1.283 0.560 –0.050 –0.577 –1.030
0.000 0.122 7.474 16.318 26.487 37.790 50.065 63.185 77.042 91.543 106.609 122.168 138.160 154.531
–234.800 –234.897 –239.826 –243.940 –247.260 –249.895 –251.951 –253.515 –254.662 –255.454 –255.947 –256.184 –256.206 –256.044
–167.874 –167.458 –144.216 –119.820 –94.672 –69.023 –43.038 –16.825 9.539 36.000 62.520 89.070 115.630 142.185
29.410 29.157 18.832 12.517 8.242 5.151 2.810 0.976 –0.498 –1.709 –2.721 –3.579 –4.314 –4.951
283.470 283.471 286.164 291.765 298.631 306.064 313.722 321.422 329.060 336.576 343.933 351.113 358.105 364.903
0.000 0.118 7.296 15.993 26.014 37.169 49.287 62.223 75.844 90.039 104.707 119.765 135.146 150.793
–432.249 –432.324 –436.006 –438.875 –440.993 –442.466 –443.395 –443.873 –443.982 –443.798 –443.385 –442.795 –442.071 –441.247
–374.254 –373.893 –353.840 –332.950 –311.554 –289.856 –267.985 –246.026 –224.034 –202.046 –180.086 –158.167 –136.299 –114.486
65.567 65.100 46.206 34.783 27.123 21.629 17.497 14.279 11.702 9.594 7.839 6.355 5.085 3.987
295.349 295.349 298.498 304.988 312.873 321.470 330.265
0.000 0.138 8.464 18.464 29.978 42.810 56.785
–217.150 –217.233 –222.212 –226.522 –230.120 –233.049 –235.350
–152.716 –152.339 –129.913 –106.315 –81.923 –56.986 –31.673
26.757 26.521 16.962 11.107 7.133 4.252 2.068
C2H5OH (g) 281.622 282.029 303.076 322.750 341.257 358.659 375.038 390.482 405.075 418.892 431.997 444.448 456.298 467.591
C2H4O2 (g)
63.438 63.739 79.665 93.926 106.181 116.627 125.501 132.989 139.257 144.462 148.760 152.302 155.220 157.631
26. ACETONE
kJ/mol ∆fH°
263.840 264.180 281.620 297.540 312.360 326.230 339.260 351.520 363.100 374.040 384.400 394.230 403.570 412.460
65.652 65.926 81.169 95.400 107.656 118.129 127.171 135.049 141.934 147.958 153.232 157.849 161.896 165.447
25. ACETIC ACID 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
C2H4O (g)
55.318 55.510 66.282 76.675 85.942 94.035 101.070 107.190 112.490 117.080 121.060 124.500 127.490 130.090
24. ETHANOL
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
C3H6O (g)
74.517 74.810 91.755 107.864 122.047 134.306 144.934
5-68
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
26. ACETONE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
27. PHENOL 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
418.860 435.513 451.286 466.265 480.491 493.963 506.850
339.141 347.950 356.617 365.155 373.513 381.596 389.533
71.747 87.563 104.136 121.332 139.072 157.314 175.975
314.810 315.450 349.820 383.040 414.450 443.860 471.310 496.950 520.960 543.500 564.720 584.740 603.680 621.650
314.810 314.810 319.278 328.736 340.430 353.134 366.211 379.327 392.302 405.033 417.468 429.568 441.331 452.767
–237.149 –238.404 –239.283 –239.827 –240.120 –240.203 –240.120
–6.109 19.707 45.396 71.463 97.362 123.470 149.369
0.353 –1.030 –2.157 –3.110 –3.912 –4.607 –5.202
0.000 0.192 12.217 27.152 44.412 63.508 84.079 105.861 128.658 152.314 176.703 201.723 227.288 253.325
–96.400 –96.490 –100.870 –104.240 –106.810 –108.800 –110.300 –111.370 –111.990 –112.280 –112.390 –112.330 –112.120 –111.780
–32.630 –32.230 –10.180 12.970 36.650 60.750 85.020 109.590 134.280 158.620 183.350 208.070 233.050 257.540
5.720 5.610 1.330 –1.360 –3.190 –4.530 –5.550 –6.360 –7.010 –7.530 –7.980 –8.360 –8.700 –8.970
261.455 261.456 264.001 269.155 275.284 281.732 288.199 294.542 300.695 306.629 312.334 317.811 323.069 328.116
0.000 0.113 6.822 14.499 22.890 31.801 41.094 50.670 60.460 70.416 80.500 90.687 100.957 111.295
–933.200 –933.219 –933.986 –934.372 –934.490 –934.431 –934.261 –934.024 –933.745 –933.442 –933.125 –932.800 –932.470 –932.137
–888.518 –888.240 –873.120 –857.852 –842.533 –827.210 –811.903 –796.622 –781.369 –766.146 –750.952 –735.784 –720.641 –705.522
155.663 154.654 114.016 89.618 73.348 61.726 53.011 46.234 40.814 36.381 32.688 29.564 26.887 24.568
259.675 259.676 261.807 266.149 271.368 276.917 282.542 288.116 293.572 298.879 304.022 308.997 313.804 318.449
0.000 0.095 5.722 12.275 19.593 27.519 35.930 44.732 53.854 63.240 72.849 82.647 92.607 102.709
–696.700 –696.735 –698.427 –699.715 –700.634 –701.253 –701.636 –701.832 –701.879 –701.805 –701.629 –701.368 –701.033 –700.635
–662.237 –662.023 –650.186 –637.969 –625.528 –612.957 –600.315 –587.636 –574.944 –562.253 –549.574 –536.913 –524.274 –511.662
116.020 115.267 84.905 66.647 54.456 45.739 39.196 34.105 30.032 26.699 23.922 21.573 19.561 17.817
C6H6O (g) 103.220 103.860 135.790 161.910 182.480 198.840 212.140 223.190 232.490 240.410 247.200 253.060 258.120 262.520
61.050 61.284 72.399 80.713 86.783 91.212 94.479 96.929 98.798 100.250 101.396 102.314 103.059 103.671
51.069 51.258 61.148 69.631 76.453 81.868 86.201 89.719 92.617 95.038 97.084 98.833 100.344 101.660
CF4 (g)
261.455 261.833 281.057 298.153 313.434 327.162 339.566 350.842 361.156 370.643 379.417 387.571 395.181 402.313
29. TRIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Log Kf
C3H6O (g) (continued)
154.097 162.046 168.908 174.891 180.079 184.556 188.447
28. CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
∆fG°
CHF3 (g)
259.675 259.991 276.113 290.700 304.022 316.230 327.455 337.818 347.426 356.370 364.730 372.571 379.952 386.921
5-69
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
C°p
J/K⋅mol S°
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
30. CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
66.886 67.111 77.528 85.013 90.329 94.132 96.899 98.951 100.507 101.708 102.651 103.404 104.012 104.512
285.419 285.834 306.646 324.797 340.794 355.020 367.780 379.317 389.827 399.465 408.357 416.604 424.290 431.484
31. DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
72.476 72.691 82.408 89.063 93.635 96.832 99.121 100.801 102.062 103.030 103.786 104.388 104.874 105.270
300.903 301.352 323.682 342.833 359.500 374.189 387.276 399.053 409.742 419.517 428.515 436.847 444.602 451.851
32. CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
55.853 56.039 65.395 73.008 78.940 83.551 87.185 90.100 92.475 94.433 96.066 97.438 98.601 99.593
33. METHYLAMINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800
50.053 50.227 60.171 70.057 78.929 86.711 93.545
280.915 281.261 298.701 314.145 328.003 340.533 351.936 362.379 371.999 380.908 389.196 396.941 404.206 411.044
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
0.000 0.124 7.383 15.532 24.314 33.547 43.106 52.903 62.880 72.993 83.213 93.517 103.889 114.316
∆fG°
Log Kf
–707.800 –707.810 –708.153 –708.170 –707.975 –707.654 –707.264 –706.837 –706.396 –705.950 –705.505 –705.064 –704.628 –704.196
–667.238 –666.986 –653.316 –639.599 –625.901 –612.246 –598.642 –585.090 –571.586 –558.126 –544.707 –531.326 –517.977 –504.660
116.896 116.131 85.313 66.818 54.489 45.686 39.087 33.957 29.856 26.503 23.710 21.349 19.326 17.574
0.000 0.134 7.919 16.514 25.663 35.196 44.999 55.000 65.146 75.402 85.745 96.154 106.618 117.126
–486.000 –486.002 –485.945 –485.618 –485.136 –484.576 –483.984 –483.388 –482.800 –482.226 –481.667 –481.121 –480.588 –480.065
–447.030 –446.788 –433.716 –420.692 –407.751 –394.897 –382.126 –369.429 –356.799 –344.227 –331.706 –319.232 –306.799 –294.404
78.317 77.792 56.637 43.949 35.497 29.467 24.950 21.441 18.637 16.346 14.439 12.827 11.447 10.252
280.915 280.916 283.231 287.898 293.448 299.294 305.172 310.956 316.586 322.033 327.289 332.352 337.228 341.923
0.000 0.104 6.188 13.123 20.733 28.867 37.411 46.280 55.413 64.761 74.289 83.966 93.769 103.681
–475.000 –475.028 –476.390 –477.398 –478.103 –478.574 –478.870 –479.031 –479.090 –479.068 –478.982 –478.843 –478.661 –478.443
–443.845 –443.652 –432.978 –422.001 –410.851 –399.603 –388.299 –376.967 –365.622 –354.276 –342.935 –331.603 –320.283 –308.978
77.759 77.246 56.540 44.086 35.767 29.818 25.353 21.878 19.098 16.823 14.927 13.324 11.950 10.759
242.881 242.893 244.975 249.244 254.431 260.008 265.749
0.000 0.091 5.604 12.121 19.579 27.873 36.893
–22.529 –22.614 –26.846 –30.431 –33.364 –35.712 –37.548
32.734 33.077 52.294 72.510 93.382 114.702 136.316
–5.735 –5.759 –6.829 –7.575 –8.129 –8.559 –8.900
CClF3 (g) 285.419 285.421 288.187 293.734 300.271 307.096 313.897 320.536 326.947 333.108 339.013 344.668 350.084 355.273
CCl2F2 (g) 300.903 300.905 303.883 309.804 316.729 323.909 331.027 337.942 344.596 350.969 357.061 362.882 368.445 373.767
CHClF2 (g)
CH5N (g) 242.881 243.196 258.986 273.486 287.063 299.826 311.865
5-70
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
33. METHYLAMINE 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
∆fG°
Log Kf
323.239 334.006 344.233 353.944 363.190 372.012 380.426
271.511 277.220 282.861 288.374 293.775 299.061 304.209
46.555 56.786 67.509 78.685 90.239 102.131 114.326
–38.949 –39.967 –40.681 –41.136 –41.376 –41.451 –41.381
158.138 180.098 201.822 224.240 246.364 268.504 290.639
–9.178 –9.407 –9.584 –9.761 –9.899 –10.018 –10.121
165.190 165.325 171.703 176.752 180.905 184.411 187.432 190.079 192.430 194.542 196.458 198.211 199.826 201.323
165.190 165.190 166.055 167.708 169.571 171.448 173.261 174.986 176.615 178.150 179.597 180.963 182.253 183.475
0.000 0.040 2.259 4.522 6.800 9.074 11.337 13.584 15.815 18.031 20.233 22.423 24.602 26.772
121.302 121.311 121.795 122.272 122.734 123.172 123.585 123.971 124.334 124.675 124.996 125.299 125.587 125.861
105.306 105.207 99.766 94.203 88.546 82.813 77.019 71.175 65.289 59.368 53.416 47.439 41.439 35.418
–18.449 –18.318 –13.028 –9.841 –7.709 –6.179 –5.029 –4.131 –3.410 –2.819 –2.325 –1.906 –1.546 –1.233
33.949 33.981 35.296 36.064 36.547 36.874 37.111 37.294 37.442 37.567 37.678 37.778 37.872 37.961
223.079 223.290 233.263 241.229 247.850 253.510 258.450 262.832 266.769 270.343 273.617 276.637 279.440 282.056
223.079 223.080 224.431 227.021 229.956 232.926 235.815 238.578 241.203 243.692 246.052 248.290 250.416 252.439
0.000 0.063 3.533 7.104 10.736 14.408 18.108 21.829 25.566 29.316 33.079 36.851 40.634 44.426
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
186.902 186.902 188.045 190.206 192.630 195.069 197.435 199.700 201.858 203.912 205.867 207.732 209.513 211.217
0.000 0.054 2.969 5.892 8.835 11.812 14.836 17.913 21.049 24.241 27.488 30.786 34.132 37.522
–92.310 –92.314 –92.587 –92.911 –93.249 –93.577 –93.879 –94.149 –94.384 –94.587 –94.760 –94.908 –95.035 –95.146
–95.298 –95.317 –96.278 –97.164 –97.983 –98.746 –99.464 –100.145 –100.798 –101.430 –102.044 –102.645 –103.235 –103.817
16.696 16.596 12.573 10.151 8.530 7.368 6.494 5.812 5.265 4.816 4.442 4.124 3.852 3.615
Cl2 (g)
36. HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
Cl (g)
21.838 21.852 22.467 22.744 22.781 22.692 22.549 22.389 22.233 22.089 21.959 21.843 21.742 21.652
35. DICHLORINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
CH5N (g) (continued)
99.573 104.886 109.576 113.708 117.341 120.542 123.353
34. CHLORINE
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
29.136 29.137 29.175 29.304 29.576 29.988 30.500 31.063 31.639 32.201 32.734 33.229 33.684 34.100
HCl (g)
186.902 187.082 195.468 201.990 207.354 211.943 215.980 219.604 222.907 225.949 228.774 231.414 233.893 236.232
5-71
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
37. COPPER
24.440 24.460 25.339 25.966 26.479 26.953 27.448 28.014 28.700 29.553 30.617 31.940 32.844
1358 1400 1500
32.800 32.800 32.800
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
42.300 42.417 46.783 49.190 50.827 52.099 53.178 54.144 55.040 55.890 56.709 57.507 58.288 59.057
40. DICOPPER OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
33.150 33.150 0.000 0.000 33.301 33.150 0.045 0.000 40.467 34.122 2.538 0.000 46.192 35.982 5.105 0.000 50.973 38.093 7.728 0.000 55.090 40.234 10.399 0.000 58.721 42.322 13.119 0.000 61.986 44.328 15.891 0.000 64.971 46.245 18.726 0.000 67.745 48.075 21.637 0.000 70.361 49.824 24.644 0.000 72.862 51.501 27.769 0.000 74.275 52.443 29.647 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 13.141 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 9.676 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 83.951 52.443 42.788 0.000 84.950 53.403 44.166 0.000 87.213 55.583 47.446 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
Cu (g) 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.788 20.793 20.803 20.823 20.856
39. COPPER OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
Cu (cr, l)
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1358
38. COPPER
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
62.600 62.721 67.587 70.784
166.397 166.525 172.505 177.143 180.933 184.137 186.913 189.361 191.551 193.532 195.341 197.006 198.548 199.986
166.397 166.397 167.213 168.752 170.476 172.205 173.874 175.461 176.963 178.380 179.719 180.986 182.186 183.325
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.826 22.907 24.991
337.600 337.594 337.179 336.691 336.147 335.554 334.913 334.219 333.463 332.631 331.703 330.657 316.342 315.146
297.873 297.626 284.364 271.215 258.170 245.221 232.359 219.581 206.883 194.265 181.726 169.270 157.305 145.987
–52.185 –51.821 –37.134 –28.333 –22.475 –18.298 –15.171 –12.744 –10.806 –9.225 –7.910 –6.801 –5.869 –5.084
42.740 42.741 44.467 47.852 51.755 55.757 59.691 63.491 67.134 70.615 73.941 77.118 80.158 83.070
0.000 0.078 4.564 9.372 14.377 19.526 24.791 30.158 35.617 41.164 46.794 52.505 58.295 64.163
–162.000 –161.994 –161.487 –160.775 –159.973 –159.124 –158.247 –157.356 –156.462 –155.582 –154.733 –153.940 –166.354 –165.589
–134.277 –134.105 –124.876 –115.803 –106.883 –98.102 –89.444 –80.897 –72.450 –64.091 –55.812 –47.601 –39.043 –29.975
23.524 23.349 16.307 12.098 9.305 7.320 5.840 4.695 3.784 3.043 2.429 1.913 1.457 1.044
92.550 92.551 95.078 99.995
0.000 0.116 6.654 13.580
–173.100 –173.102 –173.036 –172.772
–150.344 –150.203 –142.572 –134.984
26.339 26.152 18.618 14.101
CuO (cr) 42.740 43.002 55.878 66.596 75.717 83.651 90.680 97.000 102.751 108.037 112.936 117.507 121.797 125.845
Cu2O (cr) 92.550 92.938 111.712 127.155
5-72
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
40. DICOPPER OXIDE 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
73.323 75.552 77.616 79.584 81.492 83.360 85.202 87.026 88.836 90.636
71.880 71.998 76.338 78.654 80.175 81.056
675 700 800 871
82.400 82.400 82.400 82.400
871 900 1000 1100 1130.75
100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
140.291 151.764 161.989 171.245 179.729 187.584 194.917 201.808 208.324 214.515
56.814 56.869 58.992 60.111 60.761 61.168 61.439 61.630 61.776 61.900 62.022 62.159 62.325 62.531
43. FLUORINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
kJ/mol ∆fH°
105.643 111.429 117.121 122.629 127.920 132.992 137.850 142.507 146.978 151.276
20.789 28.235 35.894 43.755 51.809 60.052 68.480 77.092 85.885 94.858
–172.389 –171.914 –171.363 –170.750 –170.097 –169.431 –168.791 –168.223 –194.030 –193.438
∆fG°
Log Kf
–127.460 –120.009 –112.631 –105.325 –98.091 –90.922 –83.814 –76.756 –68.926 –60.010
11.096 8.955 7.354 6.113 5.124 4.317 3.648 3.084 2.572 2.090
–173.826 –173.552 –158.962 –144.765 –130.901 –120.693
30.453 30.218 20.758 15.123 11.396 9.340
–120.693 –117.350 –104.137 –94.893
9.340 8.757 6.799 5.691
–94.893 –91.655 –80.730 –70.144 –66.951
5.691 5.319 4.217 3.331 3.093
CuCl2 (cr, l)
108.070 108.070 0.000 –218.000 108.515 108.071 0.133 –217.975 129.899 110.957 7.577 –216.494 147.204 116.532 15.336 –214.873 161.687 122.884 23.282 –213.182 171.183 127.732 29.329 –211.185 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.037 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 172.220 127.732 30.029 –211.185 175.216 129.375 32.089 –210.719 186.219 135.808 40.329 –208.898 193.226 140.207 46.179 –192.649 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 15.001 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 17.221 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 210.447 140.207 61.180 –192.649 213.723 142.523 64.080 –191.640 224.259 150.179 74.080 –188.212 233.790 157.353 84.080 –184.873 236.547 159.470 87.155 –183.867
42. COPPER DICHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
Cu2O (cr) (continued)
41. COPPER DICHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 675
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
CuCl2 (g)
278.418 278.769 295.456 308.752 319.774 329.173 337.360 344.608 351.109 357.003 362.394 367.364 371.976 376.283
278.418 278.419 280.679 285.010 289.911 294.865 299.677 304.274 308.638 312.771 316.685 320.395 323.916 327.265
0.000 0.105 5.911 11.871 17.918 24.015 30.147 36.301 42.471 48.655 54.851 61.060 67.284 73.526
–43.268 –43.271 –43.428 –43.606 –43.814 –44.060 –44.349 –44.688 –45.088 –45.566 –46.139 –46.829 –60.784 –61.613
–49.883 –49.924 –52.119 –54.271 –56.385 –58.462 –60.500 –62.499 –64.457 –66.372 –68.239 –70.053 –71.404 –72.133
8.739 8.692 6.806 5.670 4.909 4.362 3.950 3.627 3.367 3.152 2.970 2.815 2.664 2.512
158.750 158.891 165.394 170.363 174.368 177.717 180.595 183.117
158.750 158.750 159.639 161.307 163.161 165.008 166.780 168.458
0.000 0.042 2.302 4.528 6.724 8.897 11.052 13.193
79.380 79.393 80.043 80.587 81.046 81.442 81.792 82.106
62.280 62.173 56.332 50.340 44.246 38.081 31.862 25.601
–10.911 –10.825 –7.356 –5.259 –3.852 –2.842 –2.080 –1.486
F (g)
22.746 22.742 22.432 22.100 21.832 21.629 21.475 21.357
5-73
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
43. FLUORINE 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
H°-H° (Tr)
185.362 187.386 189.227 190.917 192.479 193.930
170.039 171.525 172.925 174.245 175.492 176.673
15.324 17.447 19.563 21.675 23.782 25.886
202.790 202.984 212.233 219.739 226.070 231.545 236.365 240.669 244.557 248.103 251.363 254.381 257.191 259.820
202.790 202.790 204.040 206.453 209.208 212.017 214.765 217.409 219.932 222.334 224.619 226.794 228.866 230.843
31.304 31.337 32.995 34.258 35.171 35.839 36.343 36.740 37.065 37.342 37.588 37.811 38.019 38.214
∆fG°
Log Kf
82.391 82.654 82.897 83.123 83.335 83.533
19.308 12.986 6.642 0.278 –6.103 –12.498
–1.009 –0.617 –0.289 –0.011 0.228 0.435
0.000 0.058 3.277 6.643 10.117 13.669 17.279 20.934 24.625 28.346 32.093 35.863 39.654 43.466
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
173.776 173.776 174.919 177.078 179.496 181.923 184.269 186.505 188.626 190.636 192.543 194.355 196.081 197.729
0.000 0.054 2.968 5.884 8.804 11.732 14.676 17.645 20.644 23.680 26.756 29.875 33.037 36.241
–273.300 –273.302 –273.450 –273.679 –273.961 –274.277 –274.614 –274.961 –275.309 –275.652 –275.988 –276.315 –276.631 –276.937
–275.399 –275.412 –276.096 –276.733 –277.318 –277.852 –278.340 –278.785 –279.191 –279.563 –279.904 –280.217 –280.505 –280.771
48.248 47.953 36.054 28.910 24.142 20.733 18.174 16.180 14.583 13.275 12.184 11.259 10.466 9.777
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
F2 (g)
45. HYDROGEN FLUORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
F (g) (continued)
21.266 21.194 21.137 21.091 21.054 21.022
44. DIFLUORINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
29.137 29.137 29.149 29.172 29.230 29.350 29.549 29.827 30.169 30.558 30.974 31.403 31.831 32.250
46. GERMANIUM 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1211.4
23.222 23.249 24.310 24.962 25.452 25.867 26.240 26.591 26.926 27.252 27.571 27.608
1211.4 1300
27.600 27.600
HF (g)
173.776 173.956 182.340 188.846 194.169 198.683 202.614 206.110 209.270 212.163 214.840 217.336 219.679 221.889
Ge (cr, l) 31.090 31.090 0.000 0.000 31.234 31.090 0.043 0.000 38.083 32.017 2.426 0.000 43.582 33.798 4.892 0.000 48.178 35.822 7.414 0.000 52.133 37.876 9.980 0.000 55.612 39.880 12.586 0.000 58.723 41.804 15.227 0.000 61.542 43.639 17.903 0.000 64.124 45.386 20.612 0.000 66.509 47.048 23.353 0.000 66.770 47.232 23.668 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 37.030 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 30.568 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 97.338 47.232 60.698 0.000 99.286 50.714 63.143 0.000
5-74
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
46. GERMANIUM 1400 1500
30.733 30.757 31.071 30.360 29.265 28.102 27.029 26.108 25.349 24.741 24.264 23.898 23.624 23.426
50.166 50.475 61.281 66.273 69.089 70.974 72.449 73.764 75.049 76.378 77.796 79.332 79.460
1308 1388
80.075 81.297
1388 1400 1500
78.500 78.500 78.500
95.918 96.041 100.750 103.206 104.624 105.509 106.096 106.504 106.799 107.020 107.189 107.320 107.425 107.509
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
54.258 57.460
65.903 68.663
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
167.903 168.094 177.025 183.893 189.334 193.758 197.439 200.567 203.277 205.664 207.795 209.722 211.483 213.105
167.903 167.904 169.119 171.415 173.965 176.487 178.882 181.122 183.205 185.141 186.941 188.621 190.192 191.666
0.000 0.057 3.162 6.239 9.222 12.090 14.845 17.501 20.072 22.575 25.025 27.432 29.807 32.159
367.800 367.814 368.536 369.147 369.608 369.910 370.060 370.073 369.969 369.763 369.471 332.088 331.704 331.296
327.009 326.756 312.959 298.991 284.914 270.773 256.598 242.414 228.234 214.069 199.928 188.521 177.492 166.491
–57.290 –56.893 –40.868 –31.235 –24.804 –20.205 –16.754 –14.069 –11.922 –10.165 –8.703 –7.575 –6.622 –5.798
–521.605 –521.242 –501.610 –482.134 –462.859 –443.776 –424.866 –406.113 –387.502 –369.024 –350.671 –329.732 –328.034
91.382 90.755 65.503 50.368 40.295 33.115 27.741 23.570 20.241 17.523 15.264 13.249 13.100
–328.034 –312.415
13.100 11.757
–312.415 –310.228 –292.057
11.757 11.575 10.170
–461.582 –461.343 –448.540 –435.882 –423.347 –410.914 –398.565 –386.287 –374.068 –361.899 –349.772 –334.973 –319.857 –304.771
80.866 80.326 58.573 45.536 36.855 30.662 26.023 22.419 19.539 17.185 15.225 13.459 11.934 10.613
Ge (g)
GeO2 (cr, l)
39.710 39.710 0.000 –580.200 40.021 39.711 0.093 –580.204 56.248 41.850 5.759 –579.893 70.519 46.191 12.164 –579.013 82.872 51.299 18.943 –577.915 93.671 56.597 25.952 –576.729 103.247 61.841 33.125 –575.498 111.857 66.928 40.436 –574.235 119.696 71.819 47.877 –572.934 126.910 76.504 55.447 –571.582 133.616 80.987 63.155 –570.166 139.903 85.279 71.010 –605.685 140.390 85.615 71.646 –584.059 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 21.500 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 16.437 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 156.827 85.615 93.146 –584.059 161.617 89.858 99.601 –565.504 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 17.200 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 12.392 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 174.009 89.858 116.801 –565.504 174.685 90.582 117.743 –565.328 180.100 96.372 125.593 –563.882
49. GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
101.331 103.236
48. GERMANIUM DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1308
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
Ge (cr, l) (continued)
27.600 27.600
47. GERMANIUM 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
348.393 348.987 377.342 400.114 419.067 435.266 449.396 461.917 473.155 483.344 492.664 501.249 509.206 516.621
GeCl4 (g) 348.393 348.395 352.229 359.604 367.980 376.463 384.715 392.611 400.113 407.224 413.961 420.349 426.416 432.185
0.000 0.178 10.045 20.255 30.652 41.162 51.744 62.375 73.041 83.733 94.444 105.169 115.907 126.654
5-75
–500.000 –499.991 –499.447 –498.845 –498.234 –497.634 –497.057 –496.509 –495.993 –495.512 –495.067 –531.677 –531.265 –530.861
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
C°p
50. HYDROGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
53. WATER 298.15 300 373.21
54. WATER 298.15
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
114.716 114.845 120.824 125.463 129.252 132.457 135.232 137.680 139.870 141.852 143.660 145.324 146.864 148.298
114.716 114.716 115.532 117.071 118.795 120.524 122.193 123.780 125.282 126.700 128.039 129.305 130.505 131.644
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 16.667 18.746 20.824 22.903 24.982
130.680 130.858 139.217 145.738 151.078 155.607 159.549 163.052 166.217 169.113 171.791 174.288 176.633 178.846
130.680 130.680 131.818 133.974 136.393 138.822 141.172 143.412 145.537 147.550 149.460 151.275 153.003 154.653
183.737 183.922 192.476 199.067 204.445 209.003 212.979 216.522 219.731 222.677 225.406 227.954 230.347 232.606
∆fG°
Log Kf
217.998 218.010 218.635 219.253 219.867 220.476 221.079 221.670 222.247 222.806 223.345 223.864 224.360 224.835
203.276 203.185 198.149 192.956 187.639 182.219 176.712 171.131 165.485 159.781 154.028 148.230 142.393 136.522
–35.613 –35.377 –25.875 –20.158 –16.335 –13.597 –11.538 –9.932 –8.644 –7.587 –6.705 –5.956 –5.313 –4.754
0.000 0.053 2.960 5.882 8.811 11.749 14.702 17.676 20.680 23.719 26.797 29.918 33.082 36.290
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
183.737 183.738 184.906 187.104 189.560 192.020 194.396 196.661 198.810 200.848 202.782 204.621 206.374 208.048
0.000 0.055 3.028 5.982 8.931 11.888 14.866 17.874 20.921 24.012 27.149 30.332 33.562 36.836
39.349 39.350 39.384 39.347 39.252 39.113 38.945 38.763 38.577 38.393 38.215 38.046 37.886 37.735
34.631 34.602 33.012 31.422 29.845 28.287 26.752 25.239 23.746 22.272 20.814 19.371 17.941 16.521
–6.067 –6.025 –4.311 –3.283 –2.598 –2.111 –1.747 –1.465 –1.240 –1.058 –0.906 –0.778 –0.669 –0.575
69.950 70.416 86.896
69.950 69.951 71.715
0.000 0.139 5.666
–285.830 –285.771 –283.454
–237.141 –236.839 –225.160
41.546 41.237 31.513
188.832
188.832
0.000
–241.826
–228.582
40.046
H2 (g)
28.836 28.849 29.181 29.260 29.327 29.440 29.623 29.880 30.204 30.580 30.991 31.422 31.860 32.296
52. HYDROXYL
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
H (g)
20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786
51. DIHYDROGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
OH (g)
29.886 29.879 29.604 29.495 29.513 29.655 29.914 30.265 30.682 31.135 31.603 32.069 32.522 32.956
H2O (l) 75.300 75.281 76.079
H2O (g) 33.598
5-76
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) C°p
T/K
54. WATER 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
189.040 198.791 206.542 213.067 218.762 223.858 228.501 232.792 236.797 240.565 244.129 247.516 250.746
188.833 190.158 192.685 195.552 198.469 201.329 204.094 206.752 209.303 211.753 214.108 216.374 218.559
0.062 3.453 6.929 10.509 14.205 18.023 21.966 26.040 30.243 34.574 39.028 43.599 48.282
180.787 180.915 186.895 191.533 195.323 198.527 201.303 203.751 205.942 207.924 209.735 211.403 212.950 214.392
180.787 180.787 181.602 183.142 184.866 186.594 188.263 189.851 191.352 192.770 194.110 195.377 196.577 197.717
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.432 12.510 14.589 16.669 18.751 20.835 22.921 25.013
∆fG°
Log Kf
–241.844 –242.845 –243.822 –244.751 –245.620 –246.424 –247.158 –247.820 –248.410 –248.933 –249.392 –249.792 –250.139
–228.500 –223.900 –219.050 –214.008 –208.814 –203.501 –198.091 –192.603 –187.052 –181.450 –175.807 –170.132 –164.429
39.785 29.238 22.884 18.631 15.582 13.287 11.497 10.060 8.882 7.898 7.064 6.348 5.726
106.760 106.748 97.974 75.988 76.190 76.385 76.574 76.757 76.936 77.109 77.277 77.440 77.596 77.745
70.172 69.945 58.060 50.202 45.025 39.816 34.579 29.319 24.038 18.740 13.426 8.098 2.758 –2.592
–12.294 –12.178 –7.582 –5.244 –3.920 –2.971 –2.258 –1.702 –1.256 –0.890 –0.584 –0.325 –0.103 0.090
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
I (g) 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.787 20.789 20.795 20.806 20.824 20.851 20.889 20.936
56. DIIODINE
I2 (cr, l)
298.15 300 386.75
54.440 54.518 61.531
386.75 400 457.67
79.555 79.555 79.555
57. DIIODINE 298.15 300 400 457.67 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
H2O (g) (continued) 33.606 34.283 35.259 36.371 37.557 38.800 40.084 41.385 42.675 43.932 45.138 46.281 47.356
55. IODINE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
116.139 116.139 0.000 0.000 116.476 116.140 0.101 0.000 131.039 117.884 5.088 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 15.665 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 40.504 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 171.543 117.884 20.753 0.000 174.223 119.706 21.807 0.000 184.938 127.266 26.395 0.000
I2 (g)
36.887 36.897 37.256 37.385 37.464 37.613 37.735 37.847 37.956 38.070 38.196 38.341 38.514 38.719 38.959
260.685 260.913 271.584 276.610 279.921 286.765 292.573 297.619 302.083 306.088 309.722 313.052 316.127 318.989 321.668
260.685 260.685 262.138 263.652 264.891 267.983 271.092 274.099 276.965 279.681 282.249 284.679 286.981 289.166 291.245
0.000 0.068 3.778 5.931 7.515 11.269 15.037 18.816 22.606 26.407 30.220 34.047 37.890 41.751 45.635
5-77
62.420 62.387 44.391 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
19.324 19.056 5.447 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
–3.385 –3.318 –0.711 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
58. HYDROGEN IODIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
298.15 300 336.86
29.600 29.671 32.130
336.86 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1039.4
32.129 31.552 30.741 30.158 29.851 29.838 30.130 30.730 31.053
60. POTASSIUM 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1039.4 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
0.000 0.054 2.977 5.928 8.931 12.002 15.145 18.362 21.646 24.991 28.391 31.839 35.330 38.858
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
26.500 26.477 17.093 –5.481 –5.819 –6.101 –6.323 –6.489 –6.608 –6.689 –6.741 –6.775 –6.797 –6.814
1.700 1.546 –6.289 –9.946 –10.806 –11.614 –12.386 –13.133 –13.865 –14.586 –15.302 –16.014 –16.723 –17.432
–0.298 –0.269 0.821 1.039 0.941 0.867 0.809 0.762 0.724 0.693 0.666 0.643 0.624 0.607
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
K (cr, l) 64.680 64.680 0.000 0.000 64.863 64.681 0.055 0.000 68.422 64.896 1.188 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 2.321 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 6.891 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 75.313 64.896 3.509 0.000 80.784 66.986 5.519 0.000 87.734 70.469 8.632 0.000 93.283 73.824 11.675 0.000 97.905 76.943 14.673 0.000 101.887 79.818 17.655 0.000 105.415 82.470 20.651 0.000 108.618 84.927 23.691 0.000 109.812 85.847 24.908 0.000
K (g)
20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.789 20.793 20.801
72.000 72.130 79.154 86.178 92.500
206.589 206.589 207.734 209.904 212.348 214.820 217.230 219.548 221.763 223.878 225.896 227.823 229.666 231.430
206.589 206.769 215.176 221.760 227.233 231.965 236.162 239.950 243.409 246.597 249.555 252.314 254.901 257.336
160.340 160.468 166.448 171.086 174.876 178.080 180.856 183.304 185.494 186.297 187.475 189.284 190.948 192.489 193.923
61. DIPOTASSIUM OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 590
H°-H° (Tr)
HI (g)
29.157 29.158 29.329 29.738 30.351 31.070 31.807 32.511 33.156 33.735 34.249 34.703 35.106 35.463
59. POTASSIUM
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
160.340 160.340 161.155 162.695 164.419 166.148 167.817 169.404 170.905 171.474 172.323 173.662 174.929 176.129 177.268
0.000 0.038 2.117 4.196 6.274 8.353 10.431 12.510 14.589 15.408 16.667 18.746 20.825 22.904 24.983
89.000 88.984 85.598 84.563 83.599 82.680 81.776 80.859 79.897 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
60.479 60.302 51.332 42.887 34.643 26.557 18.601 10.759 3.021 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
–10.596 –10.499 –6.703 –4.480 –3.016 –1.982 –1.215 –0.624 –0.158 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
K2O (cr, l)
96.000 96.000 0.000 –361.700 96.446 96.001 0.133 –361.704 118.158 98.914 7.698 –366.554 136.575 104.647 15.964 –366.043 151.348 110.662 24.005 –364.204 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.700 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.186 J/K⋅mol, crIII–crII
5-78
–321.171 –320.920 –306.416 –291.423 –278.079
56.267 55.876 40.013 30.444 24.619
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
Cp°
61. DIPOTASSIUM OXIDE 590 600 645
100.000 100.000 100.000
645 700 800 900 1000 1013
100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
1013 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
64.900 65.038 72.519 80.000 81.496
520 600 678
79.000 79.000 79.000
678 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000 83.000
49.184 49.236 51.178 52.178 52.804 53.296 53.758 54.229 54.713 55.203 55.686 56.153 56.598 57.016
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
–278.079 –276.621 –270.109
24.619 24.082 21.874
–270.109 –262.592 –249.183 –236.067 –223.202 –221.546
21.874 19.595 16.270 13.701 11.659 11.424
–221.546 –203.633 –178.740 –154.185 –129.941 –105.986
11.424 9.670 7.780 6.195 4.848 3.691
–378.747 –378.463 –362.765 –347.093 –344.002
66.354 65.895 47.372 36.260 34.555
–344.002 –332.766 –321.998
34.555 28.969 24.807
–321.998 –319.297 –307.206 –295.383 –283.791 –267.780 –249.014 –230.490 –212.184 –194.080
24.807 23.826 20.058 17.143 14.824 12.716 10.839 9.261 7.917 6.758
–229.685 –229.696 –229.667 –229.129 –228.413 –227.562 –226.599 –225.538 –224.388 –218.535 –209.674 –200.826 –191.991 –183.169
40.239 39.993 29.991 23.937 19.885 16.981 14.795 13.090 11.721 10.377 9.127 8.069 7.163 6.378
K2O (cr, l) (continued)
KOH (cr, l)
78.870 78.870 0.000 –424.580 79.272 78.871 0.120 –424.569 99.007 81.512 6.998 –426.094 115.993 86.745 14.624 –424.572 119.159 87.931 16.239 –417.725 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 6.450 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 12.404 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 131.563 87.931 22.689 –417.725 142.868 94.520 29.009 –416.274 152.523 100.649 35.171 –405.464 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 9.400 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 13.865 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 166.388 100.649 44.571 –405.464 169.038 102.757 46.397 –404.981 180.121 111.750 54.697 –402.808 189.897 119.901 62.997 –400.694 198.642 127.345 71.297 –398.668 206.553 134.192 79.597 –475.618 213.775 140.527 87.897 –472.711 220.418 146.421 96.197 –469.843 226.569 151.929 104.497 –467.011 232.296 157.098 112.797 –464.217
63. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
152.534 110.662 24.705 –364.204 154.215 111.374 25.705 –363.968 161.447 114.618 30.205 –358.901 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 4.000 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 6.202 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 167.649 114.618 34.205 –358.901 175.832 119.111 39.705 –357.592 189.185 127.054 49.705 –355.224 200.963 134.625 59.705 –352.919 211.499 141.794 69.705 –350.732 212.791 142.697 71.005 –323.459 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 27.000 kJ/mol, ∆trs S =26.654 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 239.444 142.697 98.005 –323.459 247.684 150.679 106.705 –479.439 256.385 159.131 116.705 –475.371 264.389 166.924 126.705 –471.321 271.800 174.154 136.705 –467.287 278.699 180.896 146.705 –463.268
62. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 520
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
238.283 238.588 253.053 264.591 274.163 282.340 289.487 295.846 301.585 306.823 311.647 316.122 320.300 324.220
KOH (g) 238.283 238.284 240.243 243.998 248.251 252.551 256.730 260.730 264.533 268.143 271.570 274.827 277.927 280.884
0.000 0.091 5.124 10.296 15.547 20.853 26.206 31.605 37.052 42.548 48.092 53.684 59.322 65.003
5-79
–227.989 –228.007 –231.377 –232.309 –233.145 –233.934 –234.708 –235.495 –236.322 –316.077 –315.925 –315.764 –315.595 –315.420
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
J/K⋅mol S°
Cp°
64. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1044
51.300 51.333 52.977 54.448 55.885 57.425 59.205 61.361 64.032 65.405
1044 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000 72.000
36.505 36.518 37.066 37.384 37.597 37.769 37.907 38.041 38.162 38.279 38.401 38.518 38.639 38.761
66. DINITROGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
29.124 29.125 29.249 29.580 30.109 30.754 31.433 32.090 32.696 33.241 33.723 34.147 34.517 34.842
67. NITRIC OXIDE 298.15 300 400 500
29.862 29.858 29.954 30.493
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
–408.568 –408.395 –398.651 –388.749 –378.960 –369.295 –359.760 –350.360 –341.100 –336.720
71.579 71.107 52.058 40.612 32.991 27.557 23.490 20.334 17.817 16.847
–336.720 –328.790 –314.856 –301.192 –287.778 –274.594
16.847 15.613 13.705 12.102 10.737 9.562
KCl (cr, l)
82.570 82.570 0.000 –436.490 82.887 82.571 0.095 –436.481 97.886 84.605 5.312 –438.463 109.867 88.498 10.685 –437.990 119.921 92.919 16.201 –437.332 128.649 97.413 21.865 –436.502 136.430 101.812 27.694 –435.505 143.523 106.058 33.719 –434.337 150.121 110.138 39.983 –432.981 152.908 111.882 42.830 –485.450 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 26.320 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 25.210 J/K⋅mol, cr–l 178.118 111.882 69.150 –485.450 181.880 115.351 73.182 –483.633 188.145 121.160 80.382 –480.393 193.908 126.537 87.582 –477.158 199.244 131.542 94.782 –473.928 204.211 136.223 101.982 –470.704
65. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
KCl (g)
239.091 239.317 249.904 258.212 265.048 270.857 275.910 280.382 284.397 288.039 291.375 294.454 297.313 299.983
239.091 239.092 240.532 243.267 246.344 249.441 252.441 255.302 258.014 260.581 263.010 265.312 267.496 269.574
0.000 0.068 3.749 7.473 11.222 14.991 18.775 22.572 26.383 30.205 34.039 37.885 41.743 45.613
–214.575 –214.594 –218.112 –219.287 –220.396 –221.461 –222.509 –223.568 –224.667 –304.696 –304.821 –304.941 –305.053 –305.159
–233.320 –233.436 –239.107 –244.219 –249.100 –253.799 –258.347 –262.764 –267.061 –266.627 –263.161 –259.684 –256.199 –252.706
40.876 40.644 31.224 25.513 21.686 18.938 16.868 15.250 13.950 12.661 11.455 10.434 9.559 8.800
191.608 191.788 200.180 206.738 212.175 216.864 221.015 224.756 228.169 231.311 234.224 236.941 239.485 241.878
191.608 191.608 192.752 194.916 197.352 199.812 202.208 204.509 206.706 208.802 210.801 212.708 214.531 216.275
0.000 0.054 2.971 5.911 8.894 11.936 15.046 18.222 21.462 24.759 28.108 31.502 34.936 38.404
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
210.745 210.746 211.916 214.133
0.000 0.055 3.041 6.061
91.277 91.278 91.320 91.340
87.590 87.567 86.323 85.071
–15.345 –15.247 –11.272 –8.887
N2 (g)
NO (g) 210.745 210.930 219.519 226.255
5-80
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
67. NITRIC OXIDE 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
37.178 37.236 40.513 43.664 46.383 48.612 50.405 51.844 53.007 53.956 54.741 55.399 55.960 56.446
69. AMMONIA 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
70. OXYGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
NO (g) (continued)
31.243 32.031 32.770 33.425 33.990 34.473 34.883 35.234 35.533 35.792
68. NITROGEN DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
231.879 236.754 241.081 244.979 248.531 251.794 254.811 257.618 260.240 262.700
216.635 219.168 221.642 224.022 226.298 228.469 230.540 232.516 234.404 236.209
9.147 12.310 15.551 18.862 22.233 25.657 29.125 32.632 36.170 39.737
91.354 91.369 91.386 91.405 91.426 91.445 91.464 91.481 91.495 91.506
83.816 82.558 81.298 80.036 78.772 77.505 76.237 74.967 73.697 72.425
–7.297 –6.160 –5.308 –4.645 –4.115 –3.680 –3.318 –3.012 –2.750 –2.522
240.166 240.397 251.554 260.939 269.147 276.471 283.083 289.106 294.631 299.729 304.459 308.867 312.994 316.871
240.166 240.167 241.666 244.605 248.026 251.575 255.107 258.555 261.891 265.102 268.187 271.148 273.992 276.722
0.000 0.069 3.955 8.167 12.673 17.427 22.381 27.496 32.741 38.090 43.526 49.034 54.603 60.224
34.193 34.181 33.637 33.319 33.174 33.151 33.213 33.334 33.495 33.686 33.898 34.124 34.360 34.604
52.316 52.429 58.600 64.882 71.211 77.553 83.893 90.221 96.534 102.828 109.105 115.363 121.603 127.827
–9.165 –9.129 –7.652 –6.778 –6.199 –5.787 –5.478 –5.236 –5.042 –4.883 –4.749 –4.635 –4.537 –4.451
192.768 192.989 203.647 212.633 220.578 227.781 234.414 240.589 246.384 251.854 257.039 261.970 266.673 271.168
192.768 192.769 194.202 197.011 200.289 203.709 207.138 210.516 213.816 217.027 220.147 223.176 226.117 228.971
0.000 0.066 3.778 7.811 12.174 16.850 21.821 27.066 32.569 38.309 44.270 50.432 56.779 63.295
–45.940 –45.981 –48.087 –49.908 –51.430 –52.682 –53.695 –54.499 –55.122 –55.589 –55.920 –56.136 –56.251 –56.282
–16.407 –16.223 –5.980 4.764 15.846 27.161 38.639 50.231 61.903 73.629 85.392 97.177 108.975 120.779
2.874 2.825 0.781 –0.498 –1.379 –2.027 –2.523 –2.915 –3.233 –3.496 –3.717 –3.905 –4.066 –4.206
161.058 161.194 167.430 172.197 176.060 179.310 182.115 184.584 186.789 188.782 190.599 192.270
161.058 161.059 161.912 163.511 165.290 167.067 168.777 170.399 171.930 173.372 174.733 176.019
0.000 0.041 2.207 4.343 6.462 8.570 10.671 12.767 14.860 16.950 19.039 21.126
249.180 249.193 249.874 250.481 251.019 251.500 251.932 252.325 252.686 253.022 253.335 253.630
231.743 231.635 225.677 219.556 213.319 206.997 200.610 194.171 187.689 181.173 174.628 168.057
–40.600 –40.331 –29.470 –22.937 –18.571 –15.446 –13.098 –11.269 –9.804 –8.603 –7.601 –6.753
NO2 (g)
NH3 (g)
35.630 35.678 38.674 41.994 45.229 48.269 51.112 53.769 56.244 58.535 60.644 62.576 64.339 65.945
O (g) 21.911 21.901 21.482 21.257 21.124 21.040 20.984 20.944 20.915 20.893 20.877 20.864
5-81
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
70. OXYGEN 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
193.815 195.254
177.236 178.389
23.212 25.296
205.148 205.330 213.873 220.695 226.454 231.470 235.925 239.937 243.585 246.930 250.019 252.888 255.568 258.081
205.148 205.148 206.308 208.525 211.045 213.612 216.128 218.554 220.878 223.096 225.213 227.233 229.162 231.007
0.000 0.054 3.026 6.085 9.245 12.500 15.838 19.244 22.707 26.217 29.768 33.352 36.968 40.611
∆fG°
Log Kf
253.908 254.171
161.463 154.851
–6.024 –5.392
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
S (cr, l)
298.15 300 368.3
22.690 22.737 24.237
368.3 388.36
24.773 25.180
388.36 400 500 600 700 800 882.38
31.710 32.369 38.026 34.371 32.451 32.000 32.000
73. SULFUR
32.070 32.070 0.000 0.000 32.210 32.070 0.042 0.000 37.030 32.554 1.649 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.401 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.089 J/K⋅mol, crII–crI 38.119 32.553 2.050 0.000 39.444 32.875 2.551 0.000 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 1.722 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 4.431 J/K⋅mol, crI–l 43.875 32.872 4.273 0.000 44.824 33.206 4.647 0.000 53.578 36.411 8.584 0.000 60.116 39.842 12.164 0.000 65.278 43.120 15.511 0.000 69.557 46.163 18.715 0.000 72.693 48.496 21.351 0.000
S (g) 23.673 23.669 23.233 22.741 22.338 22.031 21.800 21.624 21.489 21.386 21.307 21.249 21.209 21.186
74. DISULFUR 298.15 300 400 500
H°-H° (Tr)
O2 (g)
29.378 29.387 30.109 31.094 32.095 32.987 33.741 34.365 34.881 35.314 35.683 36.006 36.297 36.567
72. SULFUR
298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
O (g) (continued) 20.853 20.845
71. DIOXYGEN 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
167.828 167.974 174.730 179.860 183.969 187.388 190.314 192.871 195.142 197.185 199.043 200.746 202.319 203.781
167.828 167.828 168.752 170.482 172.398 174.302 176.125 177.847 179.465 180.985 182.413 183.759 185.029 186.231
0.000 0.044 2.391 4.689 6.942 9.160 11.351 13.522 15.677 17.821 19.955 22.083 24.206 26.325
277.180 277.182 274.924 273.286 271.958 270.829 269.816 215.723 216.018 216.284 216.525 216.743 216.940 217.119
236.704 236.453 222.962 210.145 197.646 185.352 173.210 162.258 156.301 150.317 144.309 138.282 132.239 126.182
–41.469 –41.170 –29.115 –21.953 –17.206 –13.831 –11.309 –9.417 –8.164 –7.138 –6.282 –5.556 –4.934 –4.394
228.165 228.366 237.956 245.686
228.165 228.165 229.462 231.959
0.000 0.060 3.398 6.863
128.600 128.576 122.703 118.296
79.696 79.393 63.380 49.031
–13.962 –13.823 –8.276 –5.122
S2 (g)
32.505 32.540 34.108 35.133
5-82
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
74. DISULFUR 600 700 800 882.38 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
J/K⋅mol S°
C°p
T/K
77. SILICON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
∆fG°
252.156 257.715 262.589 266.200 266.932 270.852 274.430 277.725 280.781 283.635 286.314
234.800 237.686 240.501 242.734 243.201 245.773 248.218 250.541 252.751 254.856 256.865
10.413 14.020 17.671 20.706 21.358 25.079 28.833 32.620 36.439 40.290 44.173
114.685 111.599 108.841
432.536 433.505 480.190 518.176 550.180 577.948 602.596 624.821 645.067 663.625 680.707 696.480 711.089 724.662
432.536 432.539 438.834 451.022 464.951 479.152 493.071 506.495 519.355 531.639 543.359 554.539 565.206 575.389
0.000 0.290 16.542 33.577 51.137 69.157 87.620 106.494 125.712 145.185 164.817 184.524 204.237 223.909
101.277 101.231 80.642 66.185 55.101 46.349 39.177 –392.062 –387.728 –383.272 –378.786 –374.356 –370.048 –365.905
48.810 48.484 32.003 21.409 13.549 7.343 2.263 6.554 50.614 94.233 137.444 180.283 222.785 264.984
–8.551 –8.442 –4.179 –2.237 –1.180 –0.548 –0.148 –0.380 –2.644 –4.475 –5.983 –7.244 –8.312 –9.227
248.219 248.466 260.435 270.465 279.167 286.859 293.746 299.971 305.646 310.855 315.665 320.131 324.299 328.203
248.219 248.220 249.828 252.978 256.634 260.413 264.157 267.796 271.301 274.664 277.882 280.963 283.911 286.735
0.000 0.074 4.243 8.744 13.520 18.513 23.671 28.958 34.345 39.810 45.339 50.920 56.543 62.203
–296.810 –296.833 –300.240 –302.735 –304.699 –306.308 –307.691 –362.075 –362.012 –361.934 –361.849 –361.763 –361.680 –361.605
–300.090 –300.110 –300.935 –300.831 –300.258 –299.386 –298.302 –295.987 –288.647 –281.314 –273.989 –266.671 –259.359 –252.053
52.574 52.253 39.298 31.427 26.139 22.340 19.477 17.178 15.077 13.358 11.926 10.715 9.677 8.777
18.810 18.933 25.023 30.152 34.537 38.361 41.752 44.802 47.578 50.130 52.493
18.810 18.810 19.624 21.231 23.092 25.006 26.891 28.715 30.464 32.138 33.737
0.000 0.037 2.160 4.461 6.867 9.348 11.888 14.478 17.114 19.791 22.508
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Log Kf
39.842 39.909 43.427 46.490 48.938 50.829 52.282 53.407 54.290 54.993 55.564 56.033 56.426 56.759
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
35.530 22.588 10.060 pressure = 1 bar 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
–3.093 –1.685 –0.657 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
S8 (g)
156.500 156.768 167.125 173.181 177.936 182.441 186.764 190.595 193.618 195.684 196.825 197.195 196.988 196.396
76. SULFUR DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
H°-H° (Tr)
S2 (g) (continued)
35.815 36.305 36.697 36.985 37.045 37.377 37.704 38.030 38.353 38.669 38.976
75. OCTASULFUR 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
kJ/mol ∆fH°
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
SO2 (g)
Si (cr) 19.789 19.855 22.301 23.610 24.472 25.124 25.662 26.135 26.568 26.974 27.362
5-83
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued)
T/K
77. SILICON 1300 1400 1500
78. SILICON 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Cp°
H°-H° (Tr)
kJ/mol ∆fH°
∆fG°
Log Kf
54.698 56.767 58.719
35.265 36.728 38.130
25.263 28.055 30.883
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
167.980 168.117 174.416 179.204 183.074 186.327 189.135 191.606 193.815 195.815 197.643 199.329 200.895 202.360
167.980 167.980 168.843 170.456 172.246 174.032 175.748 177.375 178.911 180.358 181.723 183.014 184.236 185.396
0.000 0.041 2.229 4.374 6.497 8.607 10.709 12.808 14.904 17.002 19.103 21.209 23.323 25.446
450.000 450.004 450.070 449.913 449.630 449.259 448.821 448.329 447.791 447.211 446.595 445.946 445.268 444.563
405.525 405.249 390.312 375.388 360.508 345.682 330.915 316.205 301.553 286.957 272.416 257.927 243.489 229.101
–71.045 –70.559 –50.969 –39.216 –31.385 –25.795 –21.606 –18.352 –15.751 –13.626 –11.858 –10.364 –9.085 –7.978
–856.288 –855.951 –837.651 –819.369 –801.197 –783.157 –765.265 –756.747
150.016 149.032 109.385 85.598 69.749 58.439 49.966 46.613
–756.747 –747.587 –730.034 –712.557 –695.148
46.613 43.388 38.133 33.836 30.259
–695.148 –677.994 –660.903 –643.867
30.259 27.242 24.658 22.421
–622.390 –622.143 –608.841 –595.637 –582.527 –569.501 –556.548 –543.657 –530.819 –518.027 –505.274 –492.553 –479.860 –467.189
109.039 108.323 79.505 62.225 50.713 42.496 36.338 31.553 27.727 24.599 21.994 19.791 17.904 16.269
Si (g) 22.251 22.234 21.613 21.316 21.153 21.057 21.000 20.971 20.968 20.989 21.033 21.099 21.183 21.282
44.602 44.712 53.477 60.533 64.452 68.234 76.224 82.967
848 900 1000 1100 1200
67.446 67.953 68.941 69.940 70.947
1200 1300 1400 1500
71.199 71.743 72.249 72.739
SiO2 (cr) 41.460 41.460 0.000 –910.700 41.736 41.461 0.083 –910.708 55.744 43.311 4.973 –910.912 68.505 47.094 10.705 –910.540 79.919 51.633 16.971 –909.841 90.114 56.414 23.590 –908.958 99.674 61.226 30.758 –907.668 104.298 63.533 34.569 –906.310 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 0.411 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 0.484 J/K⋅mol, crII–crII′ 104.782 63.532 34.980 –906.310 108.811 66.033 38.500 –905.922 116.021 70.676 45.345 –905.176 122.639 75.104 52.289 –904.420 128.768 79.323 59.333 –901.382 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 2.261 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 1.883 J/K⋅mol, crII′–crI 130.651 79.323 61.594 –901.382 136.372 83.494 68.742 –900.574 141.707 87.463 75.941 –899.782 146.709 91.248 83.191 –899.004
80. SILICON TETRACHLORIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
-(G°-H° (Tr))/T
Si (cr) (continued) 27.737 28.103 28.462
79. SILICON DIOXIDE 298.15 300 400 500 600 700 800 848
J/K⋅mol S°
90.404 90.562 96.893 100.449 102.587 103.954 104.875 105.523 105.995 106.349 106.620 106.834 107.003 107.141
331.446 332.006 359.019 381.058 399.576 415.500 429.445 441.837 452.981 463.101 472.366 480.909 488.833 496.220
SiCl4 (g) 331.446 331.448 335.088 342.147 350.216 358.432 366.455 374.155 381.490 388.456 395.068 401.347 407.316 413.000
0.000 0.167 9.572 19.456 29.616 39.948 50.392 60.914 71.491 82.109 92.758 103.431 114.123 124.830
5-84
–662.200 –662.195 –661.853 –661.413 –660.924 –660.417 –659.912 –659.422 –658.954 –658.515 –658.107 –657.735 –657.400 –657.104
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS This table contains standard state thermodynamic properties of ions and neutral species in aqueous solution. It includes enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation, entropy, and heat capacity, and thus serves as a companion to the preceding table, “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances”. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution with molality m = 1 mol/kg (mean ionic molality m± in the case of a species which is assumed to dissociate at infinite dilution). Further details on conventions may be found in Reference 1. Cations are listed by formula in the first part of the table, followed by anions and finally neutral species. All values refer to standard conditions of 25°C and 100 kPa pressure. REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Zemaitis, J. F., Clark, D. M., Rafal, M., and Scrivner, N. C., Handbook of Aqueous Electrolyte Thermodynamics, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1986. Species
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cations Ag+ Al+3 AlOH+2 Ba+2 BaOH+ Be+2 Bi+3 BiOH+2 Ca+2 CaOH+ Cd+2 CdOH+ Ce+3 Ce+4 Co+2 Co+3 Cr+2 Cs+ Cu+ Cu+2 Dy+3 Er+3 Eu+2 Eu+3 Fe+2 Fe+3 FeOH+ FeOH+2 Fe(OH)2+ Ga+2 Ga+3 GaOH+2 Ga(OH)2+ Gd+3 H+ Hg+2 Hg2+2 HgOH+ Ho+3 In+ In+2 In+3
105.6 -531.0 -537.6 -382.8
-542.8 -75.9 -696.2 -537.2 -58.2 92.0 -143.5 -258.3 71.7 64.8 -699.0 -705.4 -527.0 -605.0 -89.1 -48.5 -324.7 -290.8
-211.7
-686.0 0 171.1 172.4 -84.5 -705.0
-105.0
77.1 -485.0 -694.1 -560.8 -730.5 -379.7 82.8 -146.4 -553.6 -718.4 -77.6 -261.1 -672.0 -503.8 -54.4 134.0 -292.0 50.0 65.5 -665.0 -669.1 -540.2 -574.1 -78.9 -4.7 -277.4 -229.4 -438.0 -88.0 -159.0 -380.3 -597.4 -661.0 0 164.4 153.5 -52.3 -673.7 -12.1 -50.7 -98.0
72.7 -321.7
21.8
9.6 -129.7
-53.1 -73.2 -205.0 -301.0 -113.0 -305.0 133.1 40.6 -99.6 -231.0 -244.3 -8.0 -222.0 -137.7 -315.9 -29.0 -142.0
-10.5
21.0 21.0 8.0
-331.0
-205.9 0 -32.2 84.5 71.0 -226.8
-151.0
Species
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1
InOH+2 In(OH)2+ K+ La+3 Li+ Lu+3 LuF+2 Mg+2 MgOH+ Mn+2 MnOH+ NH4+ N2H5+ Na+ Nd+3 Ni+2 NiOH+ PH4+ Pa+4 Pb+2 PbOH+ Pd+2 Po+2 Po+4 Pr+3 Pt+2 Ra+2 Rb+ Re+ Sc+3 ScOH+2 Sm+2 Sm+3 Sn+2 SnOH+ Sr+2 SrOH+ Tb+3 Te(OH)3+ Th+4 Th(OH)+3 Th(OH)2+2 Tl+ Tl+3
-370.3 -619.0 -252.4 -707.1 -278.5 -665.0
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
0
17.0
5-85
-466.9 -220.8 -450.6 -132.5 -7.5 -240.1 -696.2 -54.0 -287.9 -619.0 -1.7 149.0
-704.6 -527.6 -251.2 -614.2 -861.5 -691.6 -8.8 -286.2 -545.8 -682.8 -608.4 -769.0 -1030.1 -1282.4 5.4 196.6
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
-313.0 -525.0 -283.3 -683.7 -293.3 -628.0 -931.4 -454.8 -626.7 -228.1 -405.0 -79.3 82.5 -261.9 -671.6 -45.6 -227.6 92.1
-88.0 25.0 102.5 -217.6 13.4 -264.0
21.8 -13.0 68.6 25.0
-24.4 -226.3 176.5 71.0 293.0 -679.1 254.8 -561.5 -284.0 -33.0 -586.6 -801.2 -497.5 -666.6 -27.2 -254.8 -559.5 -721.3 -651.9 -496.1 -705.1 -920.5 -1140.9 -32.4 214.6
10.5
-138.1 -73.6 -17.0 113.4 151.0 59.0 -206.7 -128.9 -71.0
50.0 79.9 70.3 46.4 -21.0
-184.0
-209.0
-29.0
54.0 121.5 -255.0 -134.0 -211.7 -17.0 50.0 -32.6
-21.0
-226.0 111.7 -422.6 -343.0 -218.0 125.5 -192.0
17.0
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species TlOH+2 Tl(OH)2+ Tm+3 U+3 U+4 Y+3 Y2(OH)2+4 Yb+2 Yb+3 Y(OH)+2 Zn+2 ZnOH+
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1
-697.9 -489.1 -591.2 -723.4
-674.5 -153.9
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1 -15.9 -244.7 -662.0 -476.2 -531.9 -693.8 -1780.3 -527.0 -644.0 -879.1 -147.1 -330.1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
-243.0 -188.0 -410.0 -251.0
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
25.0
-238.0
25.0
-112.1
46.0
Anions AlO2Al(OH)4AsO2AsO4-3 BF4BH4BO2B4O7-2 BeO2-2 BrBrOBrO3BrO4CHOOCH3COOC2O4-2 C2O4HClClOClO2ClO3ClO4CNCO3-2 CrO4-2 Cr2O7-2 FFe(CN)6-3 Fe(CN)6-4 HB4O7HCO3HF2HPO3FHPO4-2 HP2O7-3 HSHSO3HSO4HS2O4HSeHSeO3HSeO4H2AsO3H2AsO4-
-930.9 -1502.5 -429.0 -888.1 -1574.9 48.2 -772.4 -790.8 -121.6 -94.1 -67.1 13.0 -425.6 -486.0 -825.1 -818.4 -167.2 -107.1 -66.5 -104.0 -129.3 150.6 -677.1 -881.2 -1490.3 -332.6 561.9 455.6 -692.0 -649.9 -1292.1 -2274.8 -17.6 -626.2 -887.3 15.9 -514.6 -581.6 -714.8 -909.6
-830.9 -1305.3 -350.0 -648.4 -1486.9 114.4 -678.9 -2604.8 -640.1 -104.0 -33.4 18.6 118.1 -351.0 -369.3 -673.9 -698.3 -131.2 -36.8 17.2 -8.0 -8.5 172.4 -527.8 -727.8 -1301.1 -278.8 729.4 695.1 -2685.1 -586.8 -578.1 -1198.2 -1089.2 -1972.2 12.1 -527.7 -755.9 -614.5 44.0 -411.5 -452.2 -587.1 -753.2
-36.8 102.9 40.6 -162.8 180.0 110.5 -37.2 -159.0 82.4 42.0 161.7 199.6 92.0 86.6 45.6 149.4 56.5 42.0 101.3 162.3 182.0 94.1 -56.9 50.2 261.9 -13.8 270.3 95.0
-141.8
-87.9 -6.3
79.0 135.1 149.4 110.5 117.0
H2PO4H2P2O7-2 IIOIO3IO4MnO4MnO4-2 MoO4-2 NO2NO3N3OCNOHPO4-3 P2O7-4 ReS-2 SCNSO3-2 SO4-2 S2-2 S2O3-2 S2O4-2 S2O8-2 Se-2 SeO3-2 SeO4-2 VO3VO4-3 WO4-2
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -1296.3 -2278.6 -55.2 -107.5 -221.3 -151.5 -541.4 -653.0 -997.9 -104.6 -207.4 275.1 -146.0 -230.0 -1277.4 -2271.1 46.0 33.1 76.4 -635.5 -909.3 30.1 -652.3 -753.5 -1344.7 -509.2 -599.1 -888.3
-106.7
-84.0
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
-1130.2 -2010.2 -51.6 -38.5 -128.0 -58.5 -447.2 -500.7 -836.3 -32.2 -111.3 348.2 -97.4 -157.2 -1018.7 -1919.0 10.1 85.8 92.7 -486.5 -744.5 79.5 -522.5 -600.3 -1114.9 129.3 -369.8 -441.3 -783.6 -899.0
90.4 163.0 111.3 -5.4 118.4 222.0 191.2 59.0 27.2 123.0 146.4 107.9 106.7 -10.8 -220.5 -117.0 230.0 -14.6 144.3 -29.0 20.1 28.5 67.0 92.0 244.3
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
-142.3
-82.0
-97.5 -86.6
-148.5
-40.2 -293.0
13.0 54.0 50.0
-1075.7
-136.4
91.2 92.5 -33.5 46.0 62.8 139.7 131.8
Species
Neutral species AgBr AgCl AgF AgI AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlBr3 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2(SO4)3 BaBr2 BaCO3 BaCl2 BaF2 Ba(HCO3)2 BaI2 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 BeSO4 CCl3COOH CHCl2COOH CHOOCs CHOOH CHOOK
5-86
-16.0 -61.6 -227.1 50.4 -101.8 -698.1 -895.0 -1033.0 -1531.0 -699.0 -3791.0 -780.7 -1214.8 -872.0 -1202.9 -1921.6 -648.0 -952.4 -1446.9 -1292.0 -516.3 -512.1 -683.8 -425.6 -677.9
-26.9 -54.1 -201.7 25.5 -34.2 -590.3 -799.0 -879.0 -1322.0 -640.0 -3205.0 -768.7 -1088.6 -823.2 -1118.4 -1734.3 -663.9 -783.3 -1305.3 -1124.3
155.2 129.3 59.0 184.1 219.2 165.7 -74.5 -152.3 -363.2 12.1 -583.2 174.5 -47.3 122.6 -18.0 192.0 232.2 302.5 29.7 -109.6
-643.0 -351.0 -634.2
226.0 92.0 192.0
-120.1 -114.6 -84.9 -120.5 -64.9 -251.0
-87.9 -66.1
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species CHOONH4 CHOONa CHOORb CH2ClCOOH CH3COOCs CH3COOH CH3COOK CH3COONH4 CH3COONa CH3COORb (COOH)2 (CH3)3N CaBr2 CaCO3 CaCl2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO4 CdBr2 CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CeCl3 CoBr2 CoCl2 CoI2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 CsBr CsCl CsF CsHCO3 CsHSO4 CsI CsNO3 Cs2CO3 Cs2S Cs2SO4 Cs2Se Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 DyCl3 ErCl3 EuCl2 EuCl3 FeBr2 FeBr3 FeCl2 FeCl3 FeF2 FeF3 FeI2 FeI3 Fe(NO3)3 FeSO4 Fe2(SO4)3
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -558.1 -665.7 -676.7 -501.3 -744.3 -486.0 -738.4 -618.5 -726.1 -737.2 -825.1 -76.0 -785.9 -1220.0 -877.1 -1208.1 -653.2 -957.6 -1452.1 -319.0 -410.2 -741.2 -186.3 -490.6 -985.2 -1197.5 -301.2 -392.5 -168.6 -472.8 -967.3 -379.8 -425.4 -590.9 -950.3 -1145.6 -313.5 -465.6 -1193.7 -483.7 -1425.8 -350.0 -844.5 -1197.0 -1207.1 -862.0 -1106.2 -332.2 -413.4 -423.4 -550.2 -754.4 -1046.4 -199.6 -214.2 -670.7 -998.3 -2825.0
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
Species
-430.4 -612.9 -635.1
205.0 151.0 213.0
-7.9 -41.4
-661.3 -369.3 -652.6 -448.6 -631.2 -653.3 -673.9 93.1 -761.5 -1081.4 -816.0 -1111.2 -656.7 -776.1 -1298.1 -285.5 -340.1 -635.2 -180.8 -300.1 -822.1 -1065.6 -262.3 -316.7 -157.7 -276.9 -799.1 -396.0 -423.2 -570.8 -878.8 -1047.9 -343.6 -403.3 -1111.9 -498.3 -1328.6 -454.8 -157.0 -679.0 -1059.0 -1062.7
219.7 86.6 189.1 200.0 145.6 207.9 45.6 133.5 111.7 -110.0 59.8 -80.8 169.5 239.7 -33.1 91.6 39.7 -100.8 149.4 219.7 -53.1 -38.0 50.0
-967.7 -286.8 -316.7 -341.3 -398.3 -636.5 -840.9 -182.1 -159.4 -338.3 -823.4 -2242.8
-54.0 27.2 -68.6 -24.7 -146.4 -165.3 -357.3 84.9 18.0 123.4 -117.6 -571.5
GdCl3 HBr HCN HCl HF HI HNO3 HSCN H2SO4 HoCl3 KBr KCl KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KI KNO3 K2CO3 K2S K2SO4 K2Se LaCl3 LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiNO3 Li2CO3 Li2SO4 LuCl3 MgBr2 MgCl2 MgI2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnI2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4BrO3 NH4CN NH4Cl NH4ClO3 NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4HS NH4HSO3 NH4HSO4 NH4HSeO4 NH4H2AsO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4H3P2O7 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2
109.0 180.0 -92.0 215.5 189.5 119.2 224.3 264.8 244.3 279.5 209.2 251.0 286.2 193.3 -79.5 -61.9 -75.3
-6.3 15.5 73.6 40.2
-146.9
-152.7 -99.0
-389.0 -389.0 -402.0
5-87
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -1188.0 -121.6 150.6 -167.2 -332.6 -55.2 -207.4 76.4 -909.3 -1206.7 -373.9 -419.5 -585.0 -944.4 -1139.7 -307.6 -459.7 -1181.9 -471.5 -1414.0 -1208.8 -400.0 -445.6 -611.1 -333.7 -485.9 -1234.1 -1466.2 -1167.0 -709.9 -801.2 -577.2 -881.6 -1376.1 -464.0 -555.1 -331.0 -635.5 -1130.1 -254.1 -199.6 18.0 -299.7 -236.5 -261.8 -465.1 -824.5 -150.2 -758.7 -1019.9 -714.2 -847.3 -1042.1 -1428.8 -2409.1 -187.7 -354.0 -237.2
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
-1059.0 -104.0 172.4 -131.2 -278.8 -51.6 -111.3 92.7 -744.5 -1067.3 -387.2 -414.5 -562.1 -870.0 -1039.2 -334.9 -394.5 -1094.4 -480.7 -1311.1 -437.2 -1077.3 -397.3 -424.6 -571.9 -344.8 -404.5 -1114.6 -1331.2 -1021.0 -662.7 -717.1 -558.1 -677.3 -1199.5
-36.8 82.4 94.1 56.5 -13.8 111.3 146.4 144.3 20.1 -57.7 184.9 159.0 88.7 193.7 234.3 213.8 248.9 148.1 190.4 225.1
-410.0 -141.8
-50.0 95.8 69.9 -0.4 124.7 160.2 -29.7 47.3 -96.0 26.8 -25.1 84.5 154.8 -118.0
-490.8
38.9
-222.0
-450.9 -972.7 -183.3 -60.7 93.0 -210.5 -87.3 -87.8 -358.1 -666.1 -67.2 -607.0 -835.2 -531.6 -666.4 -832.5 -1209.6 -2102.6 -130.9 -207.4 -111.6
218.0 -53.6 195.8 275.1 207.5 169.9 275.7 295.4 99.6 204.6 176.1 253.1 245.2 262.8 223.8 230.5 203.8 326.0 224.7 231.8 236.4
-121.0 -243.0 -61.9
-136.4 -106.7 -142.3 -86.6 -40.2 -293.0 -393.0 -120.1 -114.6 -84.9 -63.0 -120.5 -64.9
-251.0 -423.0 -73.2 -67.8 -38.1 -73.6 -18.0 -155.6 -385.0
-56.5
-26.8
-3.8
-62.3 -17.6
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS (continued) Species NH4NO3 NH4OH NH4SCN (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4)2HAsO4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4 NaBr NaCl NaF NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaI NaNO3 Na2CO3 Na2S Na2SO4 Na2Se NdCl3 NiBr2 NiCl2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2 PrCl3 RaCl2 Ra(NO3)2
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -339.9 -362.5 -56.1 -942.2 -1146.2 -1755.2 -1171.4 -1557.2 -231.8 -900.4 -1174.3 -864.0 -1674.9 -361.7 -407.3 -572.8 -932.1 -1127.5 -295.3 -447.5 -1157.4 -447.3 -1389.5 -1197.9 -297.1 -388.3 -719.2 -164.4 -468.6 -963.2 -244.8 -336.0 -666.9 -112.1 -416.3 -1206.2 -861.9 -942.2
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
Species
-190.6 -236.5 13.4 -686.4 -886.4 -1459.5 -873.2 -1247.8 -72.6 -645.0 -903.1 -599.8 -1256.6 -365.8 -393.1 -540.7 -848.7 -1017.8 -313.5 -373.2 -1051.6 -438.1 -1268.4 -394.6 -1065.6 -253.6 -307.9 -603.3 -149.0 -268.5 -790.3 -232.3 -286.9 -582.0 -127.6 -246.9 -1072.7 -823.8 -784.0
259.8 102.5 257.7 169.9 277.0 488.7 225.1 193.3 212.1 197.5 246.9 280.7 117.0 141.4 115.5 45.2 150.2 190.8 170.3 205.4 61.1 103.3 138.1
-6.7 -68.6 39.7
RaSO4 RbBr RbCl RbF RbHCO3 RbHSO4 RbI RbNO3 Rb2CO3 Rb2S Rb2SO4 SmCl3 SrBr2 SrCO3 SrCl2 SrI2 Sr(NO3)2 SrSO4 TbCl3 TlBr TlBr3 TlCl TlCl3 TlF TlI TlNO3 Tl2SO4 TmCl3 UCl4 UO2CO3 UO2(NO3)2 UO2SO4 YbCl3 ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4
-37.7 36.0 -15.1 -156.5 93.7 164.0 -108.8 175.3 123.4 -17.2 233.0 303.3 -42.0 167.0 347.0
-133.1
-95.4 -90.0 -60.2 -38.0 -95.8 -40.2
-201.0 -431.0
-439.0
5-88
∆fH°/ kJ mol–1 -1436.8 -372.7 -418.3 -583.8 -943.2 -1138.5 -306.4 -458.5 -1179.5 -469.4 -1411.6 -1193.3 -788.9 -1222.9 -880.1 -656.2 -960.5 -1455.1 -1184.1 -116.2 -168.2 -161.8 -305.0 -327.3 -49.8 -202.0 -898.6 -1199.1 -1259.8 -1696.6 -1434.3 -1928.8 -1176.1 -397.0 -488.2 -819.1 -264.3 -568.6 -1063.2
∆fG°/ kJ mol–1
S°/ J mol–1K–1
-1306.2 -387.9 -415.2 -562.8 -870.8 -1039.9 -335.6 -395.2 -1095.8 -482.0 -1312.5 -1060.2 -767.4 -1087.3 -821.9 -662.6 -782.0 -1304.0 -1045.5 -136.4 -97.1 -163.6 -179.0 -311.2 -84.0 -143.7 -809.3 -1055.6 -1056.8 -1481.5 -1176.0 -1698.2 -1037.6 -355.0 -409.5 -704.6 -250.2 -369.6 -891.6
75.0 203.9 178.0 107.5 212.7 253.1 232.6 267.8 186.2 228.4 263.2 -42.7 132.2 -89.5 80.3 190.0 260.2 -12.6 -59.0 207.9 54.0 182.0 -23.0 111.7 236.8 272.0 271.1 -75.0 -184.0 -154.4 195.4 -77.4 -71.0 52.7 0.8 -139.7 110.5 180.7 -92.0
Cp/ J mol–1K–1
-431.0
-393.0
-385.0
-385.0 -238.0 -226.0 -167.0 -238.0 -126.0 -247.0
HEAT OF COMBUSTION The heat of combustion of a substance at 25°C can be calculated from the enthalpy of formation (∆fH°) data in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances” in this Section. We can write the general combustion reaction as X + O 2 → CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) + other products For a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the reaction is simply
1 1 1 C a H b O c + a + b – c O 2 → a CO 2 (g) + b H 2 O(l) 4 2 2 and the standard heat of combustion ∆cH°, which is defined as the negative of the enthalpy change for the reaction (i.e., the heat released in the combustion process), is given by 1 ∆ c H o = − a∆ t H o (CO 2 , g) − b ∆ t H o (H 2 O, l) + ∆ t H o (C a H b , O c ) 2 = 393.51 a + 142.915 b + ∆ t H o (C a H b , O c )
This equation applies if the reactants start in their standard states (25°C and one atmosphere pressure) and the products return to the same conditions. The same equation applies to a compound containing another element if that element ends in its standard reference state (e.g., nitrogen, if the product is N2); in general, however, the exact products containing the other elements must be known in order to calculate the heat of combustion. The following table gives the standard heat of combustion calculated in this manner for a few representative substances.
Molecular formula
Name
∆cH°/kJ mol–1
Inorganic substances C CO H2 H3N H4N2 N2O
Carbon (graphite) Carbon monoxide (g) Hydrogen (g) Ammonia (g) Hydrazine (g) Nitrous oxide (g)
393.5 283.0 285.8 382.8 667.1 82.1
Hydrocarbons CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C3H6 C3H6 C3H8 C4H6 C4H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C10H8
Methane (g) Acetylene (g) Ethylene (g) Ethane (g) Propylene (g) Cyclopropane (g) Propane (g) 1,3-Butadiene (g) Butane (g) Pentane (l) Benzene (l) Cyclohexane (l) Hexane (l) Toluene (l) Heptane (l) Naphthalene (s)
890.8 1301.1 1411.2 1560.7 2058.0 2091.3 2219.2 2541.5 2877.6 3509.0 3267.6 3919.6 4163.2 3910.3 4817.0 5156.3
Alcohols and ethers CH4O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2
Methanol (l) Ethanol (l) Dimethyl ether (g) Ethylene glycol (l)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
726.1 1366.8 1460.4 1189.2
Molecular formula C3H8O C3H8O3 C4H10O C5H12O C6H6O
Name 1-Propanol (l) Glycerol (l) Diethyl ether (l) 1-Pentanol (l) Phenol (s)
∆cH°/kJ mol–1 2021.3 1655.4 2723.9 3330.9 3053.5
Carbonyl compounds CH2O C2H2O C2H4O C3H6O C3H6O C4H8O
Formaldehyde (g) Ketene (g) Acetaldehyde (l) Acetone (l) Propanal (l) 2-Butanone (l)
570.7 1025.4 1166.9 1789.9 1822.7 2444.1
Acids and esters CH2O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O2 C4H8O2 C7H6O2
Formic acid (l) Acetic acid (l) Methyl formate (l) Methyl acetate (l) Ethyl acetate (l) Benzoic acid (s)
254.6 874.2 972.6 1592.2 2238.1 3226.9
Nitrogen compounds CHN CH3NO2 CH5N C2H3N C2H5NO C3H9N C5H5N C6H7N
Hydrogen cyanide (g) Nitromethane (l) Methylamine (g) Acetonitrile (l) Acetamide (s) Trimethylamine (g) Pyridine (l) Aniline (l)
671.5 709.2 1085.6 1247.2 1184.6 2443.1 2782.3 3392.8
MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI The molar conductivity Λ of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary unit is S cm2mol-1 (i.e., Ω-1 cm2mol-1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25°C as a function of the concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of Λ for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical representations may be found in the reference. REFERENCE Hamer, W.J., and DeWane, H.J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970. c/mol L–1
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Inf. dil. 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
405.1
426.1 424.5 422.6 421.2 415.7 411.9 398.9 391.1 360.7 332.2 305.8 281.4 258.9 237.6
427.7 425.9 424.3 422.9 417.6 413.7 400.4 391.9 361.9 334.5 307.6 281.7 257.8 236.8
426.4 424.6 423.0 421.7 416.4 412.8 400.8 394.0 369.8 343.9 316.4 288.9 262.5 237.9
c/mol L–1
128.1 96.1 50.1 39.1 26.3 24.3
–20°C
–10°C
0°C
c/mol L–1
HF
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10°C
HCl
HBr
HI
218.3 200.0 183.1 167.4 152.9 139.7 127.7 116.9 107.0 98.2 90.3 83.1 76.6 70.7
217.5 199.4 182.4 166.5 151.8 138.2 125.7 114.2 103.8 94.4 85.8
215.4 195.1 176.8 160.4 145.5 131.7 118.6 105.7
20°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
336.4 312.2 287.5 262.9 239.8 219.3 201.6 185.6 170.6 156.6 143.6 131.5 120.4 110.2 100.9 92.4 84.7 77.8 71.5 65.8 60.7 56.1 51.9 48.0 44.4
386.8 359.0 331.1 303.3 277.0 253.3 232.9 214.2 196.6 180.2 165.0 151.0 138.2 126.4 115.7 106.1 97.3 89.4 82.3 75.9 70.1 64.9 60.1 55.6 51.4
436.9 402.9 371.6 342.4 315.2 289.3 263.9 242.2 222.5 204.1 187.1 171.3 156.9 143.3 131.6 120.6 110.7 101.7 93.6 86.3 79.6 73.6 68.0 62.8 57.9
482.4 445.3 410.8 378.2 347.6 319.0 292.1 268.2 246.7 226.5 207.7 190.3 174.3 159.7 146.2 134.0 123.0 112.9 103.9 95.7 88.4 81.7 75.6 70.0 64.8
HCl 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5
85.5 79.3 73.7 68.5 63.6 58.9 54.4 50.2 46.3 42.7 39.4 36.4 33.6 31.2 28.9 26.8 24.9 23.1 21.4
131.7 120.8 111.3 102.7 94.9 87.8 81.1 74.9 69.1 63.7 58.6 54.0 49.8 45.9 42.3 39.1 36.1 33.4 31.0 28.7 26.7
228.7 211.7 196.2 182.0 168.5 154.6 139.6 129.2 119.5 110.3 101.7 93.7 86.2 79.3 73.0 67.1 61.7 56.8 52.3 48.2 44.5 41.1 38.0 35.3 32.7
283.0 261.6 241.5 222.7 205.1 188.5 172.2 158.1 145.4 133.5 122.5 112.3 103.0 94.4 86.5 79.4 72.9 67.1 61.8 57.0 52.7 48.8 45.3 42.0 39.0
5-90
MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI (continued) c/mol
L–1
–20°C
–10°C
0°C
10°C
20°C
30°C
40°C
50°C
347.0 329.0 298.9 271.8 244.8 222.2 203.2 186.8 171.2 155.7 142.1 129.6 118.0 107.1
398.9 380.4 340.6 314.1 281.7 255.0 234.4 214.2 195.1 178.2 162.8 148.0 134.1 121.4
453.6 418.6 381.8 350.5 316.0 287.8 263.7 239.7 218.8 199.6 181.4 165.4 150.5 136.3
496.8 465.2 421.4 387.4 349.1 318.6 291.9 266.9 242.6 221.3 201.8 183.4 166.3 150.8
HBr 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
84.0 78.0 72.3 67.0 61.8 56.8 51.9
150.8 136.8 125.7 116.1 107.5 99.0 91.4 84.2 77.2 70.7 64.6
240.9 229.6 209.5 188.6 171.7 157.2 144.1 132.3 123.0 112.6 103.1 94.3 86.0 78.4
295.9 276.0 254.9 231.3 208.3 189.5 174.6 160.2 146.4 134.0 122.7 112.0 102.0 92.6
5-91
STANDARD KCl SOLUTIONS FOR CALIBRATING CONDUCTIVITY CELLS This table presents recommended electrolytic conductivity (k) values for aqueous potassium chloride solutions with molalities of 0.01 mol/kg, 0.1 mol/kg and 1.0 mol/kg at temperatures from 0˚C to 50˚C. The values, which are based on measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, provide primary standards for the calibration of conductivity cells. The measurements at 0.01 and 0.1 molal are described in Reference 1, while those at 1.0 molal are in Reference 2. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. The uncertainty in the conductivity is about 0.03% for the 0.01 molal values and about 0.04% for the 0.1 and 1.0 molal values. The conductivity of water saturated with atmospheric CO2 is given in the last column. These values were subtracted from the original measurements to give the values in the second, third, and fourth columns. All k values are given in units of 10-4 S/m (numerically equal to mS/cm). The assistance of Kenneth W. Pratt is appreciated.
REFERENCES 1. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., and Pratt, K.W., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 96, 191, 1991. 2. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., Feng, D., Holland, L.A., Juhasz, E., Arvay, E., and Tomek, A., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 99, 241, 1994. 3. Pratt, K.W., Koch, W.F., Wu, Y.C., and Berezansky, P.A., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1783, 2001.
104 k/S m-1 t/˚C
0.01 m KCl
0.1 m KCl
1.0 m KCl
0 5 10 15 18 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
772.92 890.96 1 013.95 1 141.45 1 219.93 1 273.03 1 408.23 1 546.63 1 687.79 1 831.27 1 976.62 2 123.43
7 116.85 8 183.70 9 291.72 10 437.1 11 140.6 11 615.9 12 824.6 14 059.2 15 316.0 16 591.0 17 880.6 19 180.9
63 488 72 030 80 844 89 900 —99 170 108 620 118 240 127 970 137 810 147 720 157 670
5-91
H2O (CO2 sat.) 0.58 0.68 0.79 0.89 0.95 0.99 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.51 1.61
EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION Petr Vany´sek This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity Λ at 25°C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/ L. The units of Λ are 10–4 m2 S mol–1. For very dilute solutions, the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the DebyeHückel-Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as Λ = Λ° – (A + BΛ°)c1/2 For a solution at 25°C and both cation and anion with charge *1*, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. Λ° can be found from the next table, “Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution”. The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases.
Concentration (mol/L) Compound
Infinite dilution
0.0005
0.001
0.005
Λ° AgNO3 1/2BaCl2 1/2CaCl2 1/2Ca(OH)2 1/2CuSO4 HCl KBr KCl KClO4 1/3K3Fe(CN)6 1/4K4Fe(CN)6 KHCO3 KI KIO4 KNO3 KMnO4 KOH KReO4 1/3LaCl3 LiCl LiClO4 1/2MgCl2 NH4Cl NaCl NaClO4 NaI NaOOCCH3 NaOH Na picrate 1/2Na2SO4 1/2SrCl2 1/2ZnSO4
133.29 139.91 135.77 258 133.6 425.95 151.9 149.79 139.97 174.5 184 117.94 150.31 127.86 144.89 134.8 271.5 128.20 145.9 114.97 105.93 129.34 149.6 126.39 117.42 126.88 91.0 247.7 80.45 129.8 135.73 132.7
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
121.35 119.03 115.59 214 72.16 407.04 140.41 138.27 127.86 — 122.76 107.17 139.38 114.08 132.34 — — 114.49 115.3 104.60 96.13 109.99 138.25 115.70 106.91 116.64 81.20 — — 106.73 115.48 74.20
115.18 111.42 108.42 — 59.02 398.89 135.61 133.30 121.56 — 107.65 — 134.90 106.67 126.25 — 219 106.40 106.2 100.06 92.15 103.03 133.22 111.01 102.35 112.73 76.88 — 66.3 97.70 108.20 61.17
109.09 105.14 102.41 — 50.55 391.13 131.32 128.90 115.14 — 97.82 — 131.05 98.2 120.34 113 213 97.40 99.1 95.81 88.52 97.05 128.69 106.69 98.38 108.73 72.76 — 61.8 89.94 102.14 52.61
Λ 131.29 135.89 131.86 — 121.6 422.53 149.8 147.74 138.69 166.4 — 116.04 148.2 125.74 142.70 132.7 — 126.03 139.6 113.09 104.13 125.55 147.5 124.44 115.58 125.30 89.2 245.5 78.7 125.68 131.84 121.3
130.45 134.27 130.30 — 115.20 421.15 148.9 146.88 137.80 163.1 167.16 115.28 143.32 124.88 141.77 131.9 234 125.12 137.0 112.34 103.39 124.15 146.7 123.68 114.82 124.19 88.5 244.6 78.6 124.09 130.27 114.47
127.14 127.96 124.19 233 94.02 415.59 146.02 143.48 134.09 150.7 146.02 112.18 144.30 121.18 138.41 — 230 121.31 127.5 109.35 100.52 118.25 134.4 120.59 111.70 121.19 85.68 240.7 75.7 117.09 124.18 95.44
5-92
124.70 123.88 120.30 226 83.08 411.80 143.36 141.20 131.39 — 134.76 110.03 142.11 118.45 132.75 126.5 228 118.49 121.8 107.27 98.56 114.49 141.21 118.45 109.54 119.18 83.72 237.9 73.7 112.38 120.23 84.87
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION Petr Vany´sek This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity λ for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25°C. It also lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to λ through the equation
(
)
D = RT / F 2 (λ / z ) where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp; for typical ions, λ and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25°C. The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D– values of the constituent ions by the relation
Dsalt =
(z+ + z– )D+ D– z + D+ + z – D–
For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity Λ°, which is the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as
Λ° = λ + + λ – where λ+ and λ– are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is Λ° = ν+λ+ + ν−λ− where ν+ and ν− refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2—226. Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959. Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952. Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963.
Ion
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
D 10-5 cm2 s-1
Ion
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
D 10-5 cm2 s-1
Inorganic Cations Ag+ 1/3Al3+ 1/2Ba2+ 1/2Be2+ 1/2Ca2+ 1/2Cd2+ 1/3Ce3+ 1/2Co2+ 1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+ 1/3[Co(en)3]3+ 1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+ 1/3Cr3+ Cs+ 1/2Cu2+ D+ 1/3Dy3+ 1/3Er3+ 1/3Eu3+ 1/2Fe2+ 1/3Fe3+ 1/3Gd3+ H+ 1/2Hg2+ 1/2Hg2+
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61.9 61 63.6 45 59.47 54 69.8 55 101.9 74.7 69 67 77.2 53.6 249.9 65.6 65.9 67.8 54 68 67.3 349.65 68.6 63.6
1.648 0.541 0.847 0.599 0.792 0.719 0.620 0.732 0.904 0.663 0.306 0.595 2.056 0.714 6.655 0.582 0.585 0.602 0.719 0.604 0.597 9.311 0.913 0.847
1/3Ho3+ K+ 1/3La3+ Li+ 1/2Mg2+ 1/2Mn2+ NH4+ N2H5+ Na+ 1/3Nd3+ 1/2Ni2+ 1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+ 1/2Pb2+ 1/3Pr3+ 1/2Ra2+ Rb+ 1/3Sc3+ 1/3Sm3+ 1/2Sr2+ Tl+ 1/3Tm3+ 1/2UO22+ 1/3Y3+ 1/3Yb3+ 1/2Zn2+
66.3 73.48 69.7 38.66 53.0 53.5 73.5 59 50.08 69.4 49.6 52 71 69.5 66.8 77.8 64.7 68.5 59.4 74.7 65.4 32 62 65.6 52.8
0.589 1.957 0.619 1.029 0.706 0.712 1.957 1.571 1.334 0.616 0.661 0.346 0.945 0.617 0.889 2.072 0.574 0.608 0.791 1.989 0.581 0.426 0.550 0.582 0.703
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued) Ion
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
D 10-5 cm2 s-1 1/2SeO421/2WO42-
Inorganic Anions Au(CN)2Au(CN)4B(C6H5)4BrBr3BrO3CNCNO1/2CO32ClClO2ClO3ClO41/3[Co(CN)6]31/2CrO42F1/4[Fe(CN)6]41/3[Fe(CN)6]3H2AsO4HCO3HF21/2HPO42H2PO4H2PO2HSHSO3HSO4H2SbO4IIO3IO4MnO41/2MoO42N(CN)2NO2NO3NH2SO3N3OCNODOHPF61/2PO3F21/3PO431/4P2O741/3P3O931/5P3O105ReO4SCN1/2SO321/2SO421/2S2O321/2S2O421/2S2O621/2S2O82Sb(OH)6SeCN-
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
50 36 21 78.1 43 55.7 78 64.6 69.3 76.31 52 64.6 67.3 98.9 85 55.4 110.4 100.9 34 44.5 75 57 36 46 65 58 52 31 76.8 40.5 54.5 61.3 74.5 54.5 71.8 71.42 48.3 69 64.6 119 198 56.9 63.3 92.8 96 83.6 109 54.9 66 72 80.0 85.0 66.5 93 86 31.9 64.7
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
Ion
1.331 0.959 0.559 2.080 1.145 1.483 2.077 1.720 0.923 2.032 1.385 1.720 1.792 0.878 1.132 1.475 0.735 0.896 0.905 1.185 1.997 0.759 0.959 1.225 1.731 1.545 1.385 0.825 2.045 1.078 1.451 1.632 1.984 1.451 1.912 1.902 1.286 1.837 1.720 3.169 5.273 1.515 0.843 0.824 0.639 0.742 0.581 1.462 1.758 0.959 1.065 1.132 0.885 1.238 1.145 0.849 1.723
75.7 69
D 10-5 cm2 s-1 1.008 0.919
Organic Cations Benzyltrimethylammonium+ Isobutylammonium+ Butyltrimethylammonium+ Decylpyridinium+ Decyltrimethylammonium+ Diethylammonium+ Dimethylammonium+ Dipropylammonium+ Dodecylammonium+ Dodecyltrimethylammonium+ Ethanolammonium+ Ethylammonium+ Ethyltrimethylammonium+ Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+ Hexyltrimethylammonium+ Histidyl+ Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+ Methylammonium+ Octadecylpyridinium+ Octadecyltributylammonium+ Octadecyltriethylammonium+ Octadecyltrimethylammonium+ Octadecyltripropylammonium+ Octyltrimethylammonium+ Pentylammonium+ Piperidinium+ Propylammonium+ Pyrilammonium+ Tetrabutylammonium+ Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+ Tetraethylammonium+ Tetramethylammonium+ Tetraisopentylammonium+ Tetrapentylammmonium+ Tetrapropylammonium+ Triethylammonium+ Triethylsulfonium+ Trimethylammonium+ Trimethylhexylammonium+ Trimethylsulfonium+ Tripropylammonium+
34.6 38 33.6 29.5 24.4 42.0 51.8 30.1 23.8 22.6 42.2 47.2 40.5 20.9 29.6 23.0 39.4 58.7 20 16.6 17.9 19.9 17.2 26.5 37 37.2 40.8 24.3 19.5 21.5 32.6 44.9 17.9 17.5 23.4 34.3 36.1 47.23 34.6 51.4 26.1
0.921 1.012 0.895 0.786 0.650 1.118 1.379 0.802 0.634 0.602 1.124 1.257 1.078 0.557 0.788 0.612 1.049 1.563 0.533 0.442 0.477 0.530 0.458 0.706 0.985 0.991 1.086 0.647 0.519 0.573 0.868 1.196 0.477 0.466 0.623 0.913 0.961 1.258 0.921 1.369 0.695
Organic Anions Acetatep-Anisate1/2Azelate2BenzoateBromoacetateBromobenzoateButyrateChloroacetatem-Chlorobenzoateo-Chlorobenzoate-
40.9 29.0 40.6 32.4 39.2 30 32.6 39.8 31 30.2
1.089 0.772 0.541 0.863 1.044 0.799 0.868 1.060 0.825 0.804
IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)
Ion 1/3Citrate3CrotonateCyanoacetateCyclohexane carboxylate1/2 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2DecylsulfateDichloroacetate1/2Diethylbarbiturate2Dihydrogencitrate1/2Dimethylmalonate23,5-DinitrobenzoateDodecylsulfateEthylmalonateEthylsulfateFluoroacetateFluorobenzoateFormate1/2Fumarate21/2Glutarate2HydrogenoxalateIsovalerate-
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1 70.2 33.2 43.4 28.7 53.4 26 38.3 26.3 30 49.4 28.3 24 49.3 39.6 44.4 33 54.6 61.8 52.6 40.2 32.7
D 10-5 cm2 s-1 0.623 0.884 1.156 0.764 0.711 0.692 1.020 0.350 0.799 0.658 0.754 0.639 1.313 1.055 1.182 0.879 1.454 0.823 0.700 1.070 0.871
Ion IodoacetateLactate1/2Malate21/2Maleate21/2Malonate2MethylsulfateNaphthylacetate1/2Oxalate2OctylsulfatePhenylacetate1/2o-Phthalate21/2m-Phthalate2PicratePivalatePropionatePropylsulfateSalicylate1/2Suberate21/2Succinate2p-Sulfonate 1/2Tartarate2Trichloroacetate-
λ 10-4 m2 S mol-1
D 10-5 cm2 s-1
40.6 38.8 58.8 61.9 63.5 48.8 28.4 74.11 29 30.6 52.3 54.7 30.37 31.9 35.8 37.1 36 36 58.8 29.3 59.6 35
1.081 1.033 0.783 0.824 0.845 1.299 0.756 0.987 0.772 0.815 0.696 0.728 0.809 0.849 0.953 0.988 0.959 0.479 0.783 0.780 0.794 0.932
ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS Petr Vany´sek This table gives mean activity coefficients at 25°C for molalities in the range 0.1 to 1.0. See the following table for definitions, references, and data over a wider concentration range.
AgNO3 AlCl3 Al2(SO4)3 BaCl2 BeSO4 CaCl2 CdCl2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CoCl2 CrCl3 Cr(NO3)3 Cr2(SO4)3 CsBr CsCl CsI CsNO3 CsOH CsOAc Cs2SO4 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeCl2 HBr HCl HClO4 HI HNO3 H2SO4 KBr KCl KClO3 K2CrO4 KF K3Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 KH2PO4 KI KNO3 KOAc KOH KSCN K2SO4 LiBr LiCl LiClO4 LiI LiNO3 LiOH LiOAc Li2SO4 MgCl2 MgSO4 MnCl2 MnSO4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.734 0.337 0.035 0.500 0.150 0.518 0.2280 0.513 0.150 0.522 0.331 0.319 0.0458 0.754 0.756 0.754 0.733 0.795 0.799 0.456 0.508 0.511 0.150 0.5185 0.805 0.796 0.803 0.818 0.791 0.2655 0.772 0.770 0.749 0.456 0.775 0.268 0.139 0.731 0.778 0.739 0.796 0.798 0.769 0.441 0.796 0.790 0.812 0.815 0.788 0.760 0.784 0.468 0.529 0.150 0.516 0.150
0.657 0.305 0.0225 0.444 0.109 0.472 0.1638 0.464 0.103 0.479 0.298 0.285 0.0300 0.694 0.694 0.692 0.655 0.761 0.771 0.382 0.455 0.460 0.104 0.473 0.782 0.767 0.778 0.807 0.754 0.2090 0.722 0.718 0.681 0.382 0.727 0.212 0.0993 0.653 0.733 0.663 0.766 0.760 0.716 0.360 0.766 0.757 0.794 0.802 0.752 0.702 0.742 0.398 0.489 0.107 0.469 0.105
0.606 0.302 0.0176 0.419 0.0885 0.455 0.1329 0.442 0.0822 0.463 0.294 0.279 0.0238 0.654 0.656 0.651 0.602 0.744 0.761 0.338 0.429 0.439 0.0829 0.454 0.777 0.756 0.768 0.811 0.735 0.1826 0.693 0.688 0.635 0.340 0.700 0.184 0.0808 0.602 0.707 0.614 0.754 0.742 0.685 0.316 0.756 0.744 0.792 0.804 0.736 0.665 0.721 0.361 0.477 0.0874 0.450 0.0848
0.567 0.313 0.0153 0.405 0.0769 0.448 0.1139 0.430 0.0699 0.459 0.300 0.281 0.0207 0.626 0.628 0.621 0.561 0.739 0.759 0.311 0.417 0.429 0.0704 0.448 0.781 0.755 0.766 0.823 0.725 — 0.673 0.666 0.599 0.313 0.682 0.167 0.0693 0.561 0.689 0.576 0.750 0.734 0.663 0.286 0.752 0.740 0.798 0.813 0.728 0.638 0.709 0.337 0.475 0.0756 0.442 0.0725
0.536 0.331 0.0143 0.397 0.0692 0.448 0.1006 0.425 0.0615 0.462 0.314 0.291 0.0190 0.603 0.606 0.599 0.528 0.739 0.762 0.291 0.411 0.426 0.0620 0.450 0.789 0.757 0.769 0.839 0.720 0.1557 0.657 0.649 0.568 0.292 0.670 0.155 0.0614 0.529 0.676 0.545 0.751 0.732 0.646 0.264 0.753 0.739 0.808 0.824 0.726 0.617 0.700 0.319 0.481 0.0675 0.440 0.0640
0.509 0.356 0.014 0.391 0.0639 0.453 0.0905 0.423 0.0553 0.470 0.335 0.304 0.0182 0.586 0.589 0.581 0.501 0.742 0.768 0.274 0.409 0.427 0.0559 0.454 0.801 0.763 0.776 0.860 0.717 — 0.646 0.637 0.541 0.276 0.661 0.146 0.0556 0.501 0.667 0.519 0.754 0.733 0.633 0.246 0.758 0.743 0.820 0.838 0.727 0.599 0.691 0.307 0.491 0.0616 0.443 0.0578
0.485 0.388 0.0142 0.391 0.0600 0.460 0.0827 0.423 0.0505 0.479 0.362 0.322 0.0181 0.571 0.575 0.567 0.478 0.748 0.776 0.262 0.409 0.431 0.0512 0.463 0.815 0.772 0.785 0.883 0.717 0.1417 0.636 0.626 0.518 0.263 0.654 0.140 0.0512 0.477 0.660 0.496 0.759 0.736 0.623 0.232 0.767 0.748 0.834 0.852 0.729 0.585 0.689 0.297 0.506 0.0571 0.448 0.0530
0.464 0.429 0.0149 0.391 0.0570 0.470 0.0765 0.425 0.0468 0.492 0.397 0.344 0.0185 0.558 0.563 0.554 0.458 0.754 0.783 0.251 0.410 0.437 0.0475 0.473 0.832 0.783 0.795 0.908 0.718 — 0.629 0.618 — 0.253 0.650 0.135 0.0479 0.456 0.654 0.476 0.766 0.742 0.614 — 0.777 0.755 0.852 0.870 0.733 0.573 0.688 0.289 0.522 0.0536 0.455 0.0493
0.446 0.479 0.0159 0.392 0.0546 0.484 0.0713 0.428 0.0438 0.511 0.436 0.371 0.0194 0.547 0.553 0.543 0.439 0.762 0.792 0.242 0.413 0.445 0.0446 0.488 0.850 0.795 0.808 0.935 0.721 — 0.622 0.610 — 0.243 0.646 0.131 0.0454 0.438 0.649 0.459 0.774 0.749 0.606 — 0.789 0.764 0.869 0.888 0.737 0.563 0.688 0.282 0.544 0.0508 0.466 0.0463
0.429 0.539 0.0175 0.395 0.0530 0.500 0.0669 0.433 0.0415 0.531 0.481 0.401 0.0208 0.538 0.544 0.533 0.422 0.771 0.802 0.235 0.417 0.455 0.0423 0.506 0.871 0.809 0.823 0.963 0.724 0.1316 0.617 0.604 — 0.235 0.645 0.128 — 0.421 0.645 0.443 0.783 0.756 0.599 — 0.803 0.774 0.887 0.910 0.743 0.554 0.689 0.277 0.570 0.0485 0.479 0.0439
ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS (continued)
NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NaClO4 Na2CrO4 NaF NaH2PO4 NaI NaNO3 NaOAc NaOH NaSCN Na2SO4 NiCl2 NiSO4 Pb(NO3)2 RbBr RbCl RbI RbNO3 RbOAc Rb2SO4 SrCl2 TlClO4 TlNO3 UO2Cl2 UO2SO4 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.770 0.740 0.439 0.782 0.778 0.772 0.775 0.464 0.765 0.744 0.787 0.762 0.791 0.766 0.787 0.445 0.522 0.150 0.395 0.763 0.764 0.762 0.734 0.796 0.451 0.511 0.730 0.702 0.544 0.150 0.515 0.531 0.150
0.718 0.677 0.356 0.741 0.735 0.720 0.729 0.394 0.710 0.675 0.751 0.703 0.757 0.727 0.750 0.365 0.479 0.105 0.308 0.706 0.709 0.705 0.658 0.767 0.374 0.462 0.652 0.606 0.510 0.102 0.462 0.489 0.140
0.687 0.636 0.311 0.719 0.710 0.688 0.701 0.353 0.676 0.629 0.735 0.666 0.744 0.708 — 0.320 0.463 0.0841 0.260 0.673 0.675 0.671 0.606 0.756 0.331 0.442 0.599 0.545 0.520 0.0807 0.432 0.474 0.0835
0.4 0.665 0.606 0.280 0.704 0.693 0.664 0.683 0.327 0.651 0.593 0.727 0.638 0.737 0.697 0.720 0.289 0.460 0.0713 0.228 0.650 0.652 0.647 0.565 0.753 0.301 0.433 0.559 0.500 0.505 0.0689 0.411 0.469 0.0714
0.5
0.6
0.649 0.582 0.257 0.697 0.681 0.645 0.668 0.307 0.632 0.563 0.723 0.617 0.735 0.690 0.715 0.266 0.464 0.0627 0.205 0.632 0.634 0.629 0.534 0.755 0.279 0.430 0.527 — 0.517 0.0611 0.394 0.473 0.0630
0.636 0.562 0.240 0.692 0.673 0.630 0.656 0.292 0.616 0.539 0.723 0.599 0.736 0.685 0.712 0.248 0.471 0.0562 0.187 0.617 0.620 0.614 0.508 0.759 0.263 0.431 — — 0.532 0.0566 0.380 0.480 0.0569
0.7 0.625 0.545 0.226 0.689 0.667 0.617 0.648 0.280 0.603 0.517 0.724 0.583 0.740 0.681 0.710 0.233 0.482 0.0515 0.172 0.605 0.608 0.602 0.485 0.766 0.249 0.434 — — 0.549 0.0515 0.369 0.489 0.0523
0.8 0.617 0.530 0.214 0.687 0.662 0.606 0.641 0.269 0.592 0.499 0.727 0.570 0.745 0.679 0.710 0.221 0.496 0.0478 0.160 0.595 0.599 0.591 0.465 0.773 0.238 0.441 — — 0.571 0.0483 0.357 0.501 0.0487
0.9
1.0
0.609 0.516 0.205 0.687 0.659 0.597 0.635 0.261 0.582 0.483 0.731 0.558 0.752 0.678 0.711 0.210 0.515 0.0448 0.150 0.586 0.590 0.583 0.446 0.782 0.228 0.449 — — 0.595 0.0458 0.348 0.518 0.0458
0.603 0.504 0.196 0.687 0.657 0.589 0.629 0.253 0.573 0.468 0.736 0.548 0.757 0.678 0.712 0.201 0.563 0.0425 0.141 0.578 0.583 0.575 0.430 0.792 0.219 0.461 — — 0.620 0.0439 0.339 0.535 0.0435
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION The mean activity coefficient γ of an electrolyte XaYb is defined as
(
γ = γ a+ γ b–
)
1 / (a+b)
where γ+ and γ– are activity coefficients of the individual ions (which cannot be directly measured). This table gives the mean activity coefficients of about 100 electrolytes in aqueous solution as a function of concentration, expressed in molality terms. All values refer to a temperature of 25°C. Substances are arranged in alphabetical order by formula. REFERENCES 1. Hamer,W. J., and Wu, Y. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1047, 1972. 2. Staples, B. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 385, 1977; 10, 767, 1981; 10, 779, 1981. 3. Goldberg, R. N. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 263, 1978; 8, 923, 1979; 8, 1005, 1979; 10, 1, 1981; 10, 671, 1981.
Mean Activity Coefficient at 25°C m/mol kg-1
AgNO3
BaBr2
BaCl2
BaI2
CaBr2
CaCl2
CaI2
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859 0.794 0.732 0.656 0.536 0.430 0.316 0.181 0.108 0.085
0.881 0.850 0.785 0.727 0.661 0.573 0.517 0.463 0.435 0.470 0.654
0.887 0.849 0.782 0.721 0.653 0.559 0.492 0.436 0.391 0.393
0.890 0.853 0.792 0.737 0.678 0.600 0.551 0.520 0.536 0.664 1.242
0.890 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.594 0.540 0.502 0.500 0.604 1.125 18.7
0.888 0.851 0.787 0.727 0.664 0.577 0.517 0.469 0.444 0.495 0.784 5.907 43.1
0.890 0.853 0.791 0.736 0.677 0.600 0.552 0.524 0.554 0.729
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000
Cd(NO2)2 0.881 0.837 0.759 0.681 0.589 0.451 0.344 0.247 0.148 0.098 0.069 0.054
Cd(NO3)2 0.888 0.851 0.787 0.728 0.664 0.576 0.515 0.465 0.428 0.437 0.517
CoBr2 0.890 0.854 0.794 0.740 0.681 0.605 0.556 0.523 0.538 0.685 1.421 13.9
m/mol kg-1
CsCl
CsF
CsI
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100
0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.864 0.805 0.751
0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.876 0.830 0.792
0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.863 0.804 0.749
CoCl2 0.889 0.852 0.789 0.732 0.670 0.586 0.528 0.483 0.465 0.532 0.864
CoI2 0.887 0.849 0.783 0.724 0.661 0.582 0.540 0.527 0.596 0.845 2.287 55.3 196
Co(NO3)2
CsBr
0.888 0.850 0.786 0.728 0.663 0.576 0.516 0.469 0.446 0.492 0.722 3.338
0.965 0.951 0.925 0.898 0.864 0.806 0.752 0.691 0.605 0.540 0.485 0.454
CsNO3
CsOH
Cs2SO4
CuBr2
0.964 0.951 0.924 0.897 0.860 0.796 0.733
0.966 0.953 0.930 0.906 0.878 0.836 0.802
0.885 0.845 0.775 0.709 0.634 0.526 0.444
0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.594 0.541
5-97
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1
CsCl
CsF
CsI
0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000
0.691 0.607 0.546 0.496 0.474 0.508
0.755 0.721 0.726 0.803
0.688 0.601 0.534 0.470
CuCl2
Cu(ClO4)2
Cu(NO3)2
0.887 0.849 0.783 0.722 0.654 0.561 0.495 0.441 0.401 0.405 0.453 0.601
0.890 0.854 0.795 0.741 0.685 0.613 0.572 0.553 0.617 0.892 2.445
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000
CsNO3
CsOH
Cs2SO4
CuBr2
0.655 0.529 0.421
0.772 0.755 0.782
0.369 0.285 0.233
0.504 0.503 0.591 0.859
FeCl2
HBr
HCl
HClO4
0.888 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.664 0.577 0.516 0.466 0.431 0.456 0.615 2.083
0.888 0.850 0.785 0.725 0.659 0.570 0.509 0.462 0.443 0.500 0.782
0.966 0.953 0.930 0.907 0.879 0.837 0.806 0.783 0.790 0.872 1.167 3.800 33.4
0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.876 0.832 0.797 0.768 0.759 0.811 1.009 2.380 10.4
0.966 0.953 0.929 0.906 0.878 0.836 0.803 0.776 0.769 0.826 1.055 3.100 30.8 323
m/mol kg-1
HF
HI
HNO3
H2SO4
KBr
KCNS
KCl
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
0.551 0.429 0.302 0.225 0.163 0.106 0.0766 0.0550 0.0352 0.0249 0.0175 0.0110 0.0085 0.0077 0.0075
0.966 0.953 0.931 0.909 0.884 0.847 0.823 0.811 0.845 0.969 1.363 4.760 49.100
0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.875 0.829 0.792 0.756 0.725 0.730 0.788 1.063 1.644 2.212 2.607
0.804 0.740 0.634 0.542 0.445 0.325 0.251 0.195 0.146 0.125 0.119 0.197 0.527 1.077 1.701
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.817 0.771 0.772 0.658 0.617 0.593 0.626
0.965 0.951 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.815 0.768 0.716 0.647 0.598 0.556 0.525
0.965 0.951 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.816 0.768 0.717 0.649 0.604 0.573 0.593
m/mol kg-1
KClO3
K2CrO4
KF
KH2PO4*
K2HPO4**
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.899 0.865 0.805 0.749 0.681 0.569
0.886 0.847 0.779 0.715 0.643 0.539 0.460 0.385 0.296 0.239
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.818 0.773 0.726 0.670 0.645
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859 0.793 0.730 0.652 0.529 0.422
5-98
0.886 0.847 0.779 0.715 0.643 0.538 0.457 0.379 0.283
KI
KNO3
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871 0.820 0.776 0.731 0.676 0.646
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.860 0.797 0.735 0.662 0.546 0.444
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1
KClO3
2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
K2CrO4
KF
0.199
0.658 0.871 1.715 3.120
KI
KNO3
0.638
0.332
K2SO4
LiBr
LiCl
LiClO4
LiI
LiNO3
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871 0.821 0.779 0.740 0.710 0.733 0.860 1.697 6.110 19.9 46.4
0.885 0.844 0.772 0.704 0.625 0.511 0.424 0.343 0.251
0.965 0.952 0.929 0.905 0.877 0.832 0.797 0.767 0.754 0.803 1.012 2.696 20.0 147 486
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.789 0.756 0.739 0.775 0.924 2.000 9.600 30.9
0.966 0.953 0.931 0.908 0.882 0.843 0.815 0.795 0.806 0.887 1.161
0.966 0.953 0.930 0.908 0.882 0.843 0.817 0.802 0.824 0.912 1.197
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.788 0.753 0.726 0.743 0.837 1.298 2.500 3.960 4.970
LiOH
Li2SO4
MgBr2
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000
0.964 0.950 0.923 0.895 0.858 0.794 0.735 0.668 0.579 0.522 0.484 0.493
0.887 0.847 0.780 0.716 0.645 0.544 0.469 0.400 0.325 0.284 0.270
0.889 0.852 0.790 0.733 0.672 0.593 0.543 0.512 0.540 0.715 1.590 36.1
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
K2HPO4**
KOH
m/mol kg-1
m/mol kg-1
KH2PO4*
MgCl2 0.889 0.852 0.790 0.734 0.672 0.590 0.535 0.493 0.485 0.577 1.065 14.40
MgI2 0.889 0.853 0.791 0.736 0.677 0.602 0.556 0.535 0.594 0.858 2.326 109.8
MnBr2
MnCl2
0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.674 0.595 0.543 0.508 0.519 0.650 1.224 6.697
0.888 0.850 0.786 0.727 0.662 0.574 0.513 0.464 0.437 0.477 0.661 1.539
Mn(ClO4)2
NH4Cl
NH4ClO4
(NH4)2HPO4**
NH4NO3
NaBr
NaBrO3
0.892 0.858 0.801 0.752 0.700 0.637 0.604 0.596 0.686 1.030 3.072
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.901 0.869 0.816 0.769 0.718 0.649 0.603 0.569 0.563
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.895 0.859 0.794 0.734 0.663 0.560 0.479 0.399
0.882 0.839 0.763 0.688 0.600 0.469 0.367 0.273 0.171 0.114 0.074
0.964 0.951 0.925 0.897 0.862 0.801 0.744 0.678 0.582 0.502 0.419 0.303 0.220 0.179 0.154
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.873 0.824 0.783 0.742 0.697 0.687 0.730 1.083
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.867 0.811 0.759 0.698 0.605 0.528 0.449
5-99
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1
Na2CO3
NaCl
NaClO3
NaClO4
Na2CrO4
NaF
Na2HPO4*
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000
0.887 0.847 0.780 0.716 0.644 0.541 0.462 0.385 0.292 0.229 0.182
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.872 0.822 0.779 0.734 0.681 0.657 0.668 0.874
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.818 0.771 0.719 0.646 0.590 0.537
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.903 0.872 0.821 0.777 0.729 0.668 0.630 0.608 0.648
0.887 0.849 0.783 0.722 0.653 0.554 0.479 0.406 0.318 0.261 0.231
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.901 0.868 0.813 0.764 0.710 0.633 0.573
0.887 0.848 0.780 0.717 0.644 0.539 0.456 0.373 0.266 0.191 0.133
NaI
NaNO3
NaOH
Na2SO3
Na2SO4
Na2WO4
NiBr2
0.965 0.952 0.928 0.904 0.874 0.827 0.789 0.753 0.722 0.734 0.823 1.402 4.011
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866 0.810 0.759 0.701 0.617 0.550 0.480 0.388 0.329
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.870 0.819 0.775 0.731 0.685 0.674 0.714 1.076 3.258 9.796 19.410
0.887 0.847 0.779 0.716 0.644 0.540 0.462 0.386 0.296 0.237 0.196
0.886 0.846 0.777 0.712 0.637 0.529 0.446 0.366 0.268 0.204 0.155
0.886 0.846 0.777 0.712 0.638 0.534 0.457 0.388 0.320 0.291 0.291
0.889 0.853 0.791 0.735 0.675 0.596 0.546 0.514 0.535 0.692 1.476
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
m/mol kg-1
NiCl2
Ni(ClO4)2
Ni(NO3)2
Pb(ClO4)2
Pb(NO3)2
RbBr
RbCl
0.889 0.852 0.789 0.732 0.669 0.584 0.527 0.482 0.465 0.538 0.915 4.785
0.891 0.855 0.797 0.745 0.690 0.621 0.582 0.567 0.639 0.946 2.812
0.889 0.851 0.787 0.730 0.666 0.581 0.524 0.481 0.467 0.528 0.797
0.889 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.666 0.580 0.522 0.476 0.458 0.516 0.799 4.043 33.8
0.882 0.840 0.764 0.690 0.604 0.476 0.379 0.291 0.195 0.136
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866 0.811 0.760 0.705 0.630 0.578 0.535 0.514
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.867 0.811 0.761 0.707 0.633 0.583 0.546 0.544
m/mol kg-1
RbF
RbI
RbNO3
Rb2SO4
SrBr2
SrCl2
SrI2
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020
0.965 0.952 0.927 0.902 0.871
0.965 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.866
0.964 0.950 0.924 0.896 0.859
0.886 0.845 0.776 0.710 0.635
0.889 0.852 0.790 0.734 0.673
0.888 0.850 0.785 0.725 0.659
0.890 0.854 0.793 0.740 0.681
0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000
5-100
MEAN ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTROLYTES AS A FUNCTION OF CONCENTRATION (continued) m/mol kg-1
RbF
RbI
RbNO3
Rb2SO4
SrBr2
SrCl2
SrI2
0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000
0.821 0.780 0.739 0.701 0.697 0.724
0.810 0.759 0.703 0.627 0.574 0.532 0.517
0.795 0.733 0.657 0.536 0.430 0.320
0.526 0.443 0.365 0.274 0.217
0.591 0.535 0.492 0.476 0.545 0.921
0.569 0.506 0.455 0.421 0.451 0.650
0.606 0.557 0.526 0.542 0.686
m/mol kg-1 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.500 1.000 2.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000
UO2Cl2
UO2(NO3)2
ZnBr2
ZnCl2
ZnI2
0.888 0.851 0.787 0.729 0.666 0.583 0.529 0.493 0.501 0.601 0.948
0.888 0.849 0.784 0.726 0.663 0.583 0.535 0.509 0.532 0.673 1.223 3.020
0.890 0.854 0.794 0.741 0.683 0.606 0.553 0.515 0.516 0.558 0.578 0.788 2.317 5.381 7.965
0.887 0.847 0.781 0.719 0.652 0.561 0.499 0.447 0.384 0.330 0.283 0.342 0.876 1.914 2.968
0.893 0.859 0.804 0.757 0.708 0.644 0.601 0.574 0.635 0.836 1.062 1.546 4.698
* The anion is H2PO4–. ** The anion is HPO4–2.
5-101
ENTHALPY OF DILUTION OF ACIDS The quantity given in this table is –∆dilH, the negative of the enthalpy (heat) of dilution to infinite dilution for aqueous solutions of several common acids; i.e., the negative of the enthalphy change when a solution of molality m at a temperature of 25°C is diluted with an infinite amount of water. The tabulated numbers thus represent the heat produced (or, if the value is negative, the heat absorbed) when the acid is diluted. The initial molality m is given in the first column. The second column gives the dilution ratio, which is the number of moles of water that must be added to one mole of the acid to produce a solution of the molality in the first column. REFERENCE Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Aqueous Uni-Univalent Electrolytes, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 2, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965. –∆dilH in kJ/mol at 25°C m 55.506 20 15 10 9 8 7 6 5.5506 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5551 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0925 0.0793 0.0694 0.0617 0.05551 0.05 0.02775 0.01850 0.01388 0.01110 0.00555 0.00278 0.00111 0.000555 0.000111 0
Dil. ratio 1.0 2.775 3.700 5.551 6.167 6.938 7.929 9.251 10 11.10 12.33 13.88 15.86 18.50 22.20 27.75 37.00 55.51 100 111.0 277.5 555.1 600 700 800 900 1000 1110 2000 3000 4000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000 500000 ∞
HF
HCl
HClO4
HBr
HI
HNO3
CH2O2
C2H4O2
14.88 14.34 13.87 13.81 13.77 13.73 13.69 13.66 13.62 13.58 13.53 13.47 13.45 13.43 13.40 13.36 13.30 13.22 13.20 13.09 12.80 12.79 12.70 12.61 12.50 12.42 12.24 11.29 10.66 10.25 9.874 8.912 7.531 5.439 3.766 1.255 0
45.61 19.87 15.40 10.24 9.213 8.201 7.217 6.268 5.841 5.318 4.899 4.402 3.958 3.506 3.063 2.623 2.167 1.695 1.234 1.172 0.761 0.556 0.540 0.502 0.473 0.448 0.427 0.406 0.310 0.251 0.226 0.197 0.142 0.105 0.067 0.042 0.021 0
13.81 7.920 2.013 1.280 0.611 0.046 -0.351 -0.490 -0.628 -0.732 -0.787 -0.820 -0.782 -0.724 -0.623 -0.431 -0.201 0.050 0.075 0.247 0.272 0.272 0.272 0.268 0.264 0.259 0.259 0.226 0.197 0.180 0.167 0.126 0.092 0.059 0.042 0.021 0
48.83 19.92 14.29 8.694 7.719 6.786 5.925 5.004 4.590 4.113 3.711 3.330 2.966 2.611 2.301 1.996 1.665 1.314 0.983 0.941 0.649 0.498 0.481 0.452 0.427 0.406 0.385 0.372 0.285 0.234 0.205 0.184 0.130 0.092 0.054 0.038 0.021 0
21.71 14.02 7.615 6.569 5.607 4.728 3.975 3.577 3.197 2.828 2.460 2.105 1.787 1.527 1.318 1.125 0.933 0.736 0.711 0.536 0.439 0.427 0.402 0.385 0.368 0.351 0.339 0.264 0.218 0.192 0.172 0.121 0.084 0.050 0.038 0.021 0
19.73 9.498 6.883 3.933 3.368 2.791 2.251 1.749 1.540 1.310 1.109 0.958 0.791 0.665 0.582 0.527 0.506 0.506 0.502 0.498 0.439 0.372 0.368 0.351 0.339 0.326 0.318 0.305 0.247 0.213 0.192 0.176 0.130 0.096 0.063 0.046 0.021 0
0.046 0.038 0.109 0.205 0.230 0.255 0.272 0.280 0.285 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.285 0.276 0.259 0.226 0.184 0.176 0.146 0.134 0.134 0.134 0.130 0.126 0.121 0.121 0.117 0.117 0.113 0.109 0.105 0.096 0.084 0.054 0.038 0
2.167 2.075 1.962 1.824 1.782 1.724 1.648 1.540 1.477 1.393 1.310 1.218 1.121 1.025 0.912 0.803 0.678 0.544 0.423 0.406 0.331 0.289 0.285 0.285 0.280 0.276 0.272 0.272 0.264 0.259 0.259 0.255 0.243 0.230 0.222 0.209 0.167 0
5-102
ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION OF ELECTROLYTES This table gives the molar enthalpy (heat) of solution at infinite dilution for some common uni-univalent electrolytes. This is the enthalpy change when 1 mol of solute in its standard state is dissolved in an infinite amount of water. Values are given in kilojoules per mole at 25°C. REFERENCE Parker, V. B., Thermal Properties of Uni-Univalent Electrolytes, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Series — Natl. Bur. Stand.(U.S.), No.2, 1965.
Solute
State
∆sol H° kJ/mol
HF HCl HClO4 HClO4 ⋅ H2O HBr HI HIO3 HNO3 HCOOH CH3COOH
g g l c g g c l l l
–61.50 –74.84 –88.76 –32.95 –85.14 –81.67 8.79 –33.28 –0.86 –1.51
NH3 NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4Br NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4C2H3O2 NH4CN NH4CNS CH3NH3Cl (CH3)3NHCl N(CH3)4Cl N(CH3)4Br N(CH3)4I
g c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
–30.50 14.78 33.47 16.78 13.72 31.80 19.25 25.69 –2.38 17.57 22.59 5.77 1.46 4.08 24.27 42.07
AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3
c c c
7.36 36.94 22.59
LiOH LiOH ⋅ H2O LiF LiCl LiCl ⋅ H2O LiClO4 LiClO4 ⋅ 3H2O LiBr LiBr ⋅ H2O
c c c c c c c c c
–23.56 –6.69 4.73 –37.03 –19.08 –26.55 32.61 –48.83 –23.26
Solute
State
∆sol H° kJ/mol
LiBr ⋅ 2H2O LiBrO3 LiI LiI ⋅ H2O LiI ⋅ 2H2O LiI ⋅ 3H2O LiNO2 LiNO2 ⋅ H2O LiNO3
c c c c c c c c c
–9.41 1.42 –63.30 –29.66 –14.77 0.59 –11.00 7.03 –2.51
NaOH NaOH ⋅ H2O NaF NaCl NaClO2 NaClO2 ⋅ 3H2O NaClO3 NaClO4 NaClO4 ⋅ H2O NaBr NaBr ⋅ 2H2O NaBrO3 NaI NaI ⋅ 2H2O NaIO3 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaC2H3O2 NaC2H3O2⋅ 3H2O NaCN NaCN ⋅ 0.5H2O NaCN ⋅ 2H2O NaCNO NaCNS
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
–44.51 –21.41 0.91 3.88 0.33 28.58 21.72 13.88 22.51 –0.60 18.64 26.90 –7.53 16.13 20.29 13.89 20.50 –17.32 19.66 1.21 3.31 18.58 19.20 6.83
KOH KOH ⋅ H2O KOH ⋅ 1.5H2O KF KF ⋅ 2H2O
c c c c c
–57.61 –14.64 –10.46 –17.73 6.97
5-103
State
∆sol H° kJ/mol
KCl KClO3 KClO4 KBr KBrO3 KI KIO3 KNO2 KNO3 KC2H3O2 KCN KCNO KCNS KMnO4
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
17.22 41.38 51.04 19.87 41.13 20.33 27.74 13.35 34.89 –15.33 11.72 20.25 24.23 43.56
RbOH RbOH ⋅ H2O RbOH ⋅ 2H2O RbF RbF ⋅ H2O RbF ⋅ 1.5H2O RbCl RbClO3 RbClO4 RbBr RbBrO3 RbI RbNO3
c c c c c c c c c c c c c
–62.34 –17.99 0.88 –26.11 –0.42 1.34 17.28 47.74 56.74 21.88 48.95 25.10 36.48
CsOH CsOH ⋅ H2O CsF CsF ⋅ H2O CsF ⋅ 1.5H2O CsCl CsClO4 CsBr CsBrO3 CsI CsNO3
c c c c c c c c c c c
–71.55 –20.50 –36.86 –10.46 –5.44 17.78 55.44 25.98 50.46 33.35 40.00
Solute
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING The present compilation of kinetic data represents the 12th evaluation prepared by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. The Panel was established in 1977 by the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program Office for the purpose of providing a critical tabulation of the latest kinetic and photochemical data for use by modelers in computer simulations of stratospheric chemistry. The recommended rate data and cross sections are based on laboratory measurements. The major use of theoretical extrapolation of data is in connection with three-body reactions, in which the required pressure or temperature dependence is sometimes unavailable from laboratory measurements, and can be estimated by use of appropriate theoretical treatment. In the case of important rate constants for which no experimental data are available, the panel may provide estimates of rate constant parameters based on analogy to similar reactions for which data are available. Rate constants are expressed in the form k(T) = A exp(-E/RT), where A is the pre-exponential factor, E the activation energy, R the gas constant, and T the absolute temperature. Uncertainties are expressed by the factor f, e.g., a value of 4.2x10-10 with f = 2 indicates that the true value is believed to lie between 2.1x10-10 and 8.4x10-10. The value of f at other temperatures may be calculated from f(298), given in the last column, by: f(T) = f(298) exp[(∆E/R)(1/T-1/298)] , where ∆E/R is the uncertainty in E/R. Table 1 covers rate constant data on second order reactions, grouped by class, while Table 2 covers association reactions. Relevant equilibrium constant data are given in Table 3. All concentrations are measured in molecules cm-3. Notes on each reaction, as well as related photochemical data, may be found in the reference. The assistance of Robert Hampson is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCE DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., Howard, C. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J., Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for use in Atmospheric Modeling. Evaluation Number 12, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication 974, Pasadena CA, 1997. The report is also available at the World Wide Web site < http://remus.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/jpl97>. Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions
Reaction
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
8.0x10-12
2060±250
8.0x10-15
1.15
3.2x10-11 1.2x10-10 1.2x10-10 1.1x10-10 2.2x10-10 1.8x10-11 4.9x10-11 6.7x10-11 2.5x10-10 7.4x10-11 1.5x10-10 1.5x10-10 1.4x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 3.6x10-10 1.9x10-10 7.4x10-11
-(70±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 -(110±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 -(120±100) 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100
4.0x10-11 1.2x10-10 1.2x10-10 1.1x10-10 2.2x10-10 2.6x10-11 4.9x10-11 6.7x10-11 2.5x10-10 1.1x10-10 1.5x10-10 1.5x10-10 1.4x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 3.6x10-10 1.9x10-10 7.4x10-11
1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
3.3x10-10 1.8x10-10 2.7x10-10 6.6x10-10
0±100 0±100 0±100 0±100
3.3x10-10 1.8x10-10 2.7x10-10 6.6x10-10
1.2 1.3 1.3 1.5
1.5x10-10
0±100
1.5x10-10
1.2
Ox Reactions O + O3 → O2 + O2 O(1D) Reactions O(1D) + O2 → O + O2 O(1D) + O3 → O2 + O2 → O2 + O + O O(1D) + H2 → OH + H O(1D) + H2O → OH + OH O(1D) + N2 → O + N2 O(1D) + N2O → N2 + O2 → NO + NO O(1D) + NH3 → OH + NH2 O(1D) + CO2 → O + CO2 O(1D) + CH4 → products O(1D) + HCl → products O(1D) + HF → OH + F O(1D) + HBr → products O(1D) + Cl2 → products O(1D) + CCl2O → products O(1D) + CClFO → products O(1D) + CF2O → products O(1D) + CCl4 → products (CFC-10) O(1D) + CH3Br → products O(1D) + CH2Br2 → products O(1D) + CHBr3 → products O(1D) + CH3F → products (HFC-41)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction O(1D) + CH2F2 → products (HFC-32) O(1D) + CHF3 → products (HFC-23) O(1D) + CHCl2F → products (HCFC-21) O(1D) + CHClF2 → products (HCFC-22) O(1D) + CCl3F → products (CFC-11) O(1D) + CCl2F2 → products (CFC-12) O(1D) + CClF3 → products (CFC-13) O(1D) + CClBrF2 → products (Halon-1211) O(1D) + CBr2F2 → products (Halon-1202) O(1D) + CBrF3 → products (Halon-1301) O(1D) + CF4 → CF4 + O (CFC-14) O(1D) + CH3CH2F → products (HFC-161) O(1D) + CH3CHF2 → products (HFC-152a) O(1D) + CH3CCl2F → products (HCFC-141b) O(1D) + CH3CClF2 → products (HCFC-142b) O(1D) + CH3CF3 → products (HFC-143a) O(1D) + CH2ClCClF2 → products (HCFC-132b) O(1D) + CH2ClCF3 → products (HCFC-133a) O(1D) + CH2FCF3 → products (HFC-134a) O(1D) + CHCl2CF3 → products (HCFC-123) O(1D) + CHClFCF3 → products (HCFC-124) O(1D) + CHF2CF3 → products (HFC-125) O(1D) + CCl3CF3 → products (CFC-113a) O(1D) + CCl2FCClF2 → products (CFC-113) O(1D) + CCl2FCF3 → products (CFC-114a) O(1D) + CClF2CClF2 → products (CFC-114) O(1D) + CClF2CF3 → products (CFC-115) O(1D) + CBrF2CBrF2 → products (Halon-2402)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
5.1x10-11
0±100
5.1x10-11
1.3
9.1x10-12
0±100
9.1x10-12
1.2
1.9x10-10
0±100
1.9x10-10
1.3
1.0x10-10
0±100
1.0x10-10
1.2
2.3x10-10
0±100
2.3x10-10
1.2
1.4x10-10
0±100
1.4x10-10
1.3
8.7x10-11
0±100
8.7x10-11
1.3
1.5x10-10
0±100
1.5x10-10
1.3
2.2x10-10
0±100
2.2x10-10
1.3
1.0x10-10
0±100
1.0x10-10
1.3
-
-
2.0x10-14
1.5
2.6x10-10
0±100
2.6x10-10
1.3
2.0x10-10
0±100
2.0x10-10
1.3
2.6x10-10
0±100
2.6x10-10
1.3
2.2x10-10
0±100
2.2x10-10
1.3
1.0x10-10
0±100
1.0x10-10
3.0
1.6x10-10
0±100
1.6x10-10
2.0
1.2x10-10
0±100
1.2x10-10
1.3
4.9x10-11
0±100
4.9x10-11
1.3
2.0x10-10
0±100
2.0x10-10
1.3
8.6x10-11
0±100
8.6x10-11
1.3
1.2x10-10
0±100
1.2x10-10
2.0
2x10-10
0±100
2x10-10
2.0
2x10-10
0±100
2x10-10
2.0
1x10-10
0±100
1x10-10
2.0
1.3x10-10
0±100
1.3x10-10
1.3
5x10-11
0±100
5x10-11
1.3
1.6x10-10
0±100
1.6x10-10
1.3
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction O(1D) + CF3CF3 → O + CF3CF3 (CFC-116) O(1D) + CHF2CF2CF2CHF2 → products (HFC-338pcc) O(1D) + c-C4F8 → products O(1D) + CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC-43-10mee) O(1D) + C5F12 → products (CFC-41-12) O(1D) + C6F14 → products (CFC-51-14) O(1D) + 1,2-(CF3)2c-C4F6 → products O(1D) + SF6 → products
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
-
-
1.5x10-13
1.5
1.8x10-11 -
0±100 -
1.8x10-11 8x10-13
1.5 1.3
2.1x10-10
0±100
2.1x10-10
4
-
-
3.9x10-13
2
-
-
1x10-12
2
-
-
2.8x10-13 1.8x10-14
2 1.5
3.6x10-18 5.2x10-11 2.2x10-11 2.1x10-15 4.2x10-13
220±100 2840±500 0±200 0±200 0±200
<2x10-16 1.7x10-18 3.8x10-15 4.8x10-18 <9x10-17 <10-20 <2x10-20 8x10-14 3.9x10-17 2.2x10-11 5.4x10-12 <10-13 2.1x10-15 4.2x10-13
1.2 1.2 1.5 5.0 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2
2.2x10-11 3.0x10-11 1.4x10-12 1.4x10-10 8.1x10-11 1.6x10-12 5.5x10-12 5.0x10-12 4.2x10-12 4.8x10-11 2.9x10-12 1.1x10-14 2.3x10-13 1.7x10-33[M]
-(120±100) -(200±100) 2000±1000 470±200 0±100 940±300 2000±100 2130±200 240±240 -(250±200) 160±100 500± -(600±200) -(1000±400)
3.3x10-11 5.9x10-11 1.7x10-15 2.9x10-11 8.1x10-11 6.8x10-14 6.7x10-15 4.0x10-15 1.9x10-12 1.1x10-10 1.7x10-12 2.0x10-15 1.7x10-12 4.9x10-32[M]
1.2 1.2 2.0 1.25 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
6.5x10-12 1.0x10-11
-(120±120) 0±150
1.1 1.5
7.8x10-11
3400±750
9.7x10-12 1.0x10-11 <3.0x10-16 <3.0x10-17 8.6x10-16
Singlet O2 Reactions O2(1∆) + O → products O2(1∆) + O2 → products O2(1∆) + O3 → O + 2O2 O2(1∆) + H2O → products O2(1∆) + N → NO + O O2(1∆) + N2 → products O2(1∆) + CO2 → products O2(1Σ) + O → products O2(1Σ) + O2 → products O2(1Σ) + O3 → products O2(1Σ) + H2O → products O2(1Σ) + N → products O2(1Σ) + N2 → products O2(1Σ) + CO2 → products HOx Reactions O + OH → O2 + H O + HO2 → OH + O2 O + H2O2 → OH + HO2 H + O3 → OH + O2 H + HO2 → products OH + O3 → HO2 + O2 OH + H2 → H2O+ H OH + HD → products OH + OH → H2O + O OH + HO2 → H2O + O2 OH + H2O2 → H2O+ HO2 HO2 + O3 → OH + 2O2 HO2 + HO2 → H2O2 + O2 H2O2 + O2 NOx Reactions O + NO2 → NO + O2 O + NO3→ O2 + NO2 O + N2O5 → products O + HNO3 → OH + NO3 O + HO2NO2 → products
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
3.0
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction H + NO2 → OH + NO OH + NO3 → products OH + HONO → H2O + NO2 OH + HNO3 → H2O + NO3 OH + HO2NO2 → products OH + NH3 → H2O + NH2 HO2 + NO → NO2 + OH HO2 + NO2 → ΗΟΝΟ + Ο2 HO2 + NO3 → products HO2 + NH2 → products N + O2 → NO + O N + O3 → NO + O2 N + NO → N2 + O N + NO2 → N2O + O NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 NO + NO3 → 2NO2 NO2 + O3 → NO3 + O2 NO2 + NO3 → NO + NO2 +O2 NO3 + NO3 → 2NO2 + O2 NH2 + O2 → products NH2 + O3 → products NH2 + NO → products NH2 + NO2 → products NH + NO → products NH + NO2 → products O3 + HNO2 → O2 + HNO3 N2O5 + H2O → 2HNO3 N2(A,v) + O2 → products N2(A,v) + O3 → products
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
4.0x10-10
340±300
1.8x10-11 See reference 1.3x10-12 1.7x10-12 3.5x10-12 See reference
390± 1.3 -(380±) 710±200 -(250±50)
1.3x10-10 2.2x10-11 4.5x10-12
1.3 1.5 1.5
4.6x10-12 1.6x10-13 8.1x10-12
1.5 1.2 1.15
3.5x10-12 3.4x10-11 8.5x10-17 <2.0x10-16 3.0x10-11 1.2x10-11 1.8x10-14 2.6x10-11 3.2x10-17
1.5 2.0 1.25
2.3x10-16 <6.0x10-21 1.9x10-13 1.8x10-11 1.9x10-11 4.9x10-11 1.6x10-11 <5.0x10-19 <2.0x10-21 2.5x10-12, v=0 4.1x10-11, v=0
1.5
1.3 10 1.3 1.25 1.25 3 1.25 1.2 1.3
1775±100
1.1x10-10 1.5x10-17 1.4x10-13 1.6x10-13 4.5x10-13 1.0x10-20 1.7x10-18 1.1x10-17 1.5x10-13 x (1+0.6Patm) 6.3x10-15
1950 ± 200 0±200 600±300 -(200±200) 0±200 400±150 1070±100 660±100 -(270±200) 235±100 -(200±400)
5.0x10-15 1.0x10-11 8.9x10-13 7.4x10-12 4.0x10-13 3.1x10-14 2.4x10-13 1.1x10-12 1.4x10-11 3.2x10-12 8.0x10-13
1.15 1.25 1.2 1.5 1.3 3 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3
1.5x10-11
3600±400
2.1x10-11 5.8x10-12 2.0x10-12 1.5x10-11 1.2x10-13 See reference 8.5x10-13
-(100±100) -(220±100) 1400±200 -(170±100) 2450±150
4.3x10-12 4.0x10-12 2.1x10-12 4.9x10-11 3.5x10-13
930±500 -(450±150) -(650±250) 0±300 -(1140±500)
2450±500
1.3 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.15
3.0 1.3 3.0 1.5 2.0
1.5 2.0
Reactions of Organic Compounds O + CH3 → products O + HCN → products O + C2H2 → products O + H2CO → products O + CH3CHO → CH3CO + OH O3 + C2H2 → products O3 + C2H4 → products O3 + C3H6 → products OH + CO → Products OH + CH4 → CH3 + H2O OH + 13CH4 → 13CH3 + H2O OH + CH3D → products OH + H2CO → H2O + HCO OH + CH3OH → products OH + CH3OOH → Products OH + HC(O)OH → products OH + HCN → products OH + C2H6 → H2O + C2H5 OH + C3H8 → H2O + C3H7 OH + CH3CHO → CH3CO + H2O OH + C2H5OH → products OH + CH3C(O)OH → products
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
1.1x10-10 1.0x10-11 3.0x10-11 3.4x10-11 1.8x10-11 1.0x10-14 1.2x10-14 6.5x10-15 1.5x10-13 x (1+0.6Patm) 2.45x10-12 See reference 3.5x10-12 1.0x10-11 6.7x10-12 3.8x10-12 4.0x10-13 1.2x10-13 8.7 x 10-12 1.0 x 10-11 5.6x10-12 7.0x10-12 4.0x10-13
0±250 4000±1000 1600±250 1600±250 1100±200 4100±500 2630±100 1900±200 0±300
1.1
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction OH + CH3C(O)CH3 → CH3C(O)CH2 + H2O OH + CH3CN → products OH+ CH3ONO2 → products OH + CH3C(O)O2NO2 (PAN)→ products OH+ C2H5ONO2 → products HO2 + CH2O → adduct HO2 + CH3O2 → CH3OOH + O2 HO2 + C2H5O2 → C2H5OOH + O2 HO2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products NO3 + CO → products NO3 + CH2O → products NO3 + CH3CHO → products CH3 + O2 → products CH3 + O3 → products HCO + O2 → CO + HO2 CH2OH + O2 → CH2O + HO2 CH3O + O2 → CH2O + HO2 CH3O + NO → CH2O + HNO CH3O+ NO2 → CH2O + HONO CH3O2 + O3 → products CH3O2 + CH3O2 → products CH3O2 + NO → CH3O + NO2 CH3O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products C2H5 + O2 → C2H4 + HO2 C2H5O + O2 → CH3CHO + HO2 C2H5O2 + C2H5O2 → products C2H5O2 + NO → products CH3C(O)O2 + CH3C(O)O2 → products CH3C(O)O2 + NO → products
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
2.2 x 10-12 7.8x10-13 5.0x10-13
685±100 1050±200 890±500
2.2x10-13 2.3x10-14 2.4x10-14
1.15 1.5 3
8.2x10-13 6.7x10-15 3.8x10-13 7.5x10-13 4.5x10-13
450±300 -(600±600) -(800±400) -(700±250) -(1000±600)
1.4x10-12
1900±300
5.4x10-12 3.5x10-12 9.1x10-12 3.9x10-14 See reference 1.1 x 10-11
220±150 -(140±140) 0±200 900±300
2.5x10-13 3.0x10-12 1.3x10-12
-(190±190) -(280±60) -(640±200)
6.3 x 10-14 6.8x10-14 2.6x10-12
<4 x 10-14 1.8x10-13 5.0x10-14 5.6x10-12 8.0x10-12 1.3x10-11 <4.0x10-19 5.8x10-16 2.4x10-15 <3.0x10-16 2.6x10-12 5.5x10-12 9.1x10-12 1.9x10-15
3 5 2 1.5 2 1.3 1.3 2 1.3 1.3 1.5 5
550±200 0±300 -(365±150)
2.0 x 10-13 <3.0x10-17 4.7x10-13 7.7x10-12 1.1x10-11 <2.0x10-14 1.0x10-14 6.8x10-14 8.7x10-12
2.9x10-12 5.3x10-12
-(500±150) -(360±150)
1.5x10-11 1.8x10-11
1.5 1.4
2.7x10-11 5.0x10-11
0±250 0±250
2.7x10-11 5.0x10-11
3.0 5.0
3.0x10-12
1500±300
2.0x10-14
1.1
1.9x10-12
1550±200
1.0x10-14
1.2
1.0x10-12
2440±200
2.8x10-16 <2x10-17
1.3
7.0x10-12
1100±300
1.7x10-13
1.4
2.4x10-12
1260±200
3.5x10-14
1.2
1.7x10-11
1500±500
1.1x10-13
2.0
1.8x10-12
2170±150
1.2x10-15
1.1
4.0x10-12
1650±300
1.6x10-14
1.5
1.5x10-12
1750±200
4.2x10-15
1.1
1200±600
1.5 1.15 1.5 1.5 2 1.2
FOx Reactions O + FO → F + O2 O + FO2 → FO + O2 OH + CH3F → CH2F + H2O (HFC-41) OH + CH2F2 → CHF2 + H2O (HFC-32) OH + CHF3 → CF3 + H2O (HFC-23) OH + CF3OH → CF3O + H2O OH + CH3CH2F → products (HFC-161) OH + CH3CHF2 → products (HFC-152a) OH + CH2FCH2F → CHFCH2F (HFC-152) + H2O OH + CH3CF3 → CH2CF3 + H2O (HFC-143a) OH + CH2FCHF2 → products (HFC-143) OH + CH2FCF3 → CHFCF3 + H2O (HFC-134a)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction OH + CHF2CHF2 → CF2CHF2 (HFC-134) + H2O OH + CHF2CF3 → CF2CF3 + H2O (HFC-125) OH + CH3OCHF2 → products (HFOC-152a) OH + CF3OCH3 → CF3OCH2 + H2O (HFOC-143a) OH + CF2HOCF2H → CF2OCF2H (HFOC-134) + H2O OH + CF3OCHF2 → CF3OCF2 + H2O (HFOC-125) OH + CF3CH2CH3 → products (HFC-263fb) OH + CH2FCF2CHF2 → products (HFC-245ca) OH + CHF2CHFCHF2 → products (HFC-245ea) OH + CF3CHFCH2F → products (HFC-245eb) OH + CHF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-245fa) OH + CF3CF2CH2F → CF3CF2CHF (HFC-236cb) +H2O OH + CF3CHFCHF2 → products (HFC-236ea) OH + CF3CH2CF3 → CF3CHCF3 (HFC-236fa) +H2O OH + CF3CHFCF3 → CF3CFCF3+H2O (HFC-227ea) OH + CHF2OCH2CF3 → products (HFOC-245fa) OH + CF3CH2CF2CH3 → products (HFC-365mfc) OH + CF3CH2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-356mff) OH + CF3CF2CH2CH2F → products (HFC-356mcf) OH + CHF2CF2CF2CF2H → products (HFC-338pcc) OH + CF3CH2CF2CH2CF3 → products (HFC-458mfcf) OH + CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 → products (HFC-43-10mee) OH + CF3CF2CH2CH2CF2CF3 → (HFC-55-10-mcff) products F + O3 → FO + O2 F + H2 → HF + H F + H2O → HF + OH F + HNO3 → HF + NO3 F + CH4 → HF + CH3 FO + O3 → products FO + NO → NO2 + F FO + FO → 2 F + O2 FO2 + O3 → products FO2 + NO → FNO + O2
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
1.6x10-12
1680±300
5.7x10-15
2.0
5.6x10-13
1700±300
1.9x10-15
1.3
6.0x10-12
1530±150
3.5x10-14
1.2
1.5x10-12
1450±150
1.2x10-14
1.1
1.9x10-12
2000±150
2.3x10-15
1.2
4.7x10-13
2100±300
4.1x10-16
1.2
-
-
4.2x10-14
1.5
2.4x10-12
1660±150
9.1x10-15
1.3
-
-
1.6x10-14
2.0
-
-
1.5x10-14
2.0
6.1x10-13
1330±150
7.0x10-15
1.2
1.5x10-12
1750±500
4.2x10-15
2.0
1.1x10-12
1590±150
5.3x10-15
1.1
1.3x10-12
2480±150
3.2x10-16
1.1
5.0x10-13
1700±300
1.7x10-15
1.1
2.6x10-12
1610±150
1.2x10-14
2.0
2.0x10-12
1750±200
5.7x10-15
1.3
3.0x10-12
1800±300
7.1x10-15
1.3
1.7x10-12
1110±200
4.2x10-14
2.0
7.8x10-13
1530±200
4.6x10-15
1.5
1.2x10-12
1830±200
2.6x10-15
2.0
5.2x10-13
1500±300
3.4x10-15
1.3
2.2x10-11 1.4x10-10 1.4x10-11 6.0x10-12 1.6x10-10
230±200 500±200 0±200 -(400±200) 260±200
1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4
8.2x10-12 1.0x10-11
-(300±200) 0±250
7.5x10-12
690±400
8.3x10-15 1.0x10-11 2.6x10-11 1.4x10-11 2.3x10-11 6.7x10-11 <1 x 10-14 2.2x10-11 1.0x10-11 <3.4x10-16 7.5x10-13
1.5 1.5 2.0
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction FO2 + NO2 → products FO2 + CO → products FO2 + CH4 → products CF3O + O2 → FO2 + CF2O CF3O + O3 → CF3O2 + O2 CF3O + H2O → OH + CF3OH CF3O + NO → CF2O + FNO CF3O + NO2 → products CF3O + CO → products CF3O + CH4 → CH3 + CF3OH CF3O + C2H6 → C2H5 + CF3OH CF3O2 + O3 → CF3O + 2O2 CF3O2 + CO → CF3O + CO2 CF3O2 + NO → CF3O + NO2
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
3.8x10-11
2040±500
<3 x 10-11 2 x 10-12 3 x 10-12 3.7 x 10-11 See reference
5000 1400±600 >3600 -(110±70)
2.6 x 10-12 4.9 x 10-12
1420±200 400±100
5.4 x 10-12
-(320±150)
<2 x 10-15 2.2 x 10-14 1.3 x 10-12 <3 x 10-15 <5 x 10-16 1.6 x 10-11
3.0x10-11 2.4x10-12 2.7x10-11 1.0x10-11 1.7x10-13 2.9x10-12 2.1x10-12 1.4x10-12 1.1x10-11 4.5x10-13 2.6x10-12 3.0x10-12 2.4x10-12 1.2x10-12 4.0x10-12 3.8x10-12 2.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12
-(70±70) 960±300 530±150 3300±350 0±300 800±200 4700±1000 900±400 -(120±150) -(800±200) 350±100 500±500 1250±300 330±200 1400±250 1050±150 900±150 >2300
3.8x10-11 1.0x10-13 4.5x10-12 1.5x10-16 1.7x10-13 2.0x10-13 3.0x10-19 <1.0x10-19 6.7x10-14 1.7x10-11 6.8x10-12 8.0x10-13 5.0x10-13 3.6x10-14 3.9x10-13 3.6x10-14 1.1x10-13 1.0x10-13 <5.0x10-16
1.2 2.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.5 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.2 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 -
~1.0x10-12
>3700
<5.0x10-18
-
~1.0x10-12
>3600
<6.0x10-18
-
2.8x10-12
1270±200
3.9x10-14
1.2
1.7x10-12
1250±150
2.6x10-14
1.2
1.0x10-12 2.4x10-12
1600±150 360±200
4.7x10-15 7.2x10-13
1.1 3.0
1.8x10-12 4.9x10-13 9.4x10-12 8.2x10-12
1550±150 -(450±200) 1200±200 600±300
1.0x10-14 2.2x10-12 1.7x10-13 1.1x10-12
1.1 1.25
1.7x10-12
1700±150
5.7x10-15
1.2
1.3x10-12
1800±150
3.1x10-15
1.2
4.0x10-14 <5.1x10-16 <2x10-16 <1.5 x 10-18 1.8 x 10-14 <2 x 10-17 5.4 x 10-11
f(298) 2.0
1.3 1.2
1.1 1.2
1.1
ClOx Reactions O + ClO → Cl + O2 O + OClO → ClO + O2 O + Cl2O → ClO + ClO O + HCl → OH + Cl O + HOCl → OH + ClO O + ClONO2 → products O3 + OClO → products O3 + Cl2O2 → products OH + Cl2 → HOCl + Cl OH + ClO → products OH + OClO → HOCl + O2 OH + HCl → H2O + Cl OH + HOCl → H2O + ClO OH + ClNO2 → HOCl + NO2 OH + ClONO2 → products OH + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + H2O OH + CH2Cl2 → CHCl2 + H2O OH + CHCl3 → CCl3 + H2O OH + CCl4 → products OH + CFCl3 → products (CFC-11) OH + CF2Cl2 → products (CFC-12) OH + CH2ClF → CHClF + H2O (HCFC-31) OH + CHFCl2 → CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC-21) OH + CHF2Cl → CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC-22) OH + CH3OCl → products OH + CH3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + H2O (HCC-140) OH + C2HCl3 → products OH + C2Cl4 → products OH + CCl3CHO → H2O + CCl3CO OH + CH3CFCl2 → CH2CFCl2 + H2O (HCFC-141b) OH + CH3CF2Cl → CH2CF2Cl + H2O (HCFC-142b)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
1.25
1.5
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction OH + CH2ClCF2Cl → CHClCF2Cl (HCFC-132b) + H2O OH + CHCl2CF2Cl → CCl2CF2Cl (HCFC-122) + H2O OH + CHFClCFCl2 → CFClCFCl2 (HCFC-122a) + H2O OH + CH2ClCF3 → CHClCF3 + H2O (HCFC-133a) OH + CHCl2CF3 → CCl2CF3 + H2O (HCFC-123) OH + CHFClCF2Cl → CFClCF2Cl (HCFC-123a) + H2O OH + CHFClCF3 → CFClCF3 + H2O (HCFC-124) OH + CH3CF2CFCl2 → products (HCFC-243cc) OH + CF3CF2CHCl2 → products (HCFC-225ca) OH + CF2ClCF2CHFCl → products (HCFC-225cb) HO2 + Cl → HCl + O2 → OH + ClO HO2 + ClO → HOCl + O2 H2O + ClONO2 → products NO + OClO → NO2 + ClO NO + Cl2O2 → products NO3 + HCl → HNO3 + Cl HO2NO2 + HCl → products Cl + O3 → ClO + O2 Cl + H2 → HCl + H Cl + H2O2 → HCl + HO2 Cl + NO3 → ClO + NO2 Cl + N2O → ClO + N2 Cl + HNO3 → products Cl + CH4 → HCl + CH3 Cl + CH3D → products Cl + H2CO → HCl + HCO Cl + CH3O2 → products Cl + CH3OH → CH2OH + HCl Cl + C2H6 → HCl + C2H5 Cl + C2H5O2 → ClO + C2H5O → HCl + C2H4O2 Cl + CH3CN → products Cl + CH3CO3NO2 → products Cl + C3H8 → HCl + C3H7 Cl + OClO → ClO + ClO Cl + ClOO → Cl2 + O2 → ClO + ClO Cl + Cl2O → Cl2 + ClO Cl + Cl2O2 → products Cl + HOCl → products Cl + ClNO → NO + Cl2 Cl + ClONO2 → products Cl + CH3Cl → CH2Cl + HCl Cl + CH2Cl2 → HCl + CHCl2 Cl + CHCl3 → HCl + CCl3
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
3.6x10-12
1600±400
1.7x10-14
2.0
1.0x10-12
900±150
4.9x10-14
1.2
1.0x10-12
1250±150
1.5x10-14
1.1
5.2x10-13
1100±300
1.3x10-14
1.3
7.0x10-13
900±150
3.4x10-14
1.2
9.2x10-13
1280±150
1.3x10-14
1.2
8.0x10-13
1350±150
8.6x10-15
1.2
7.7x10-13
1700±300
2.6x10-15
2.0
1.0x10-12
1100±200
2.5x10-14
1.3
5.5x10-13 1.8x10-11 4.1x10-11 4.8x10-13 2.5x10-12 2.9x10-11 3.7x10-11 1.1x10-11 2.4x10-11 See reference 1.1x10-11 8.1x10-11 5.4x10-11 7.7x10-11 1.6x10-11 1.2x10-10 3.4x10-11 2.3x10-10 1.2x10-11 6.2x10-11 2.5x10-12 5.8x10-11 6.5x10-12 3.2x10-11 3.1x10-11 8.2x10-12
1250±200 -(170±200) 450±200 -(700±) 600±300 260±100 2300±200 980±500 0±400
8.3x10-15 3.2x10-11 9.1x10-12 5.0x10-12 <2.0x10-21 3.4x10-13 <2.0x10-14 <5.0x10-17 <1.0x10-21 1.2x10-11 1.6x10-14 4.1x10-13 2.4x10-11
1400±150 30±100 0±250 90±90 2140±300 -(40±250) -(160±200) 0±250 0±250 -(130±130) 130±250 -(100±200) -(135±50) 1250±200 1350±500 1325±300
<2.0x10-16 1.0x10-13 7.4x10-14 7.3x10-11 1.6x10-10 5.4x10-11 5.7x10-11 7.4x10-11 7.7x10-11 1.2x10-14 <1x10-14 1.4x10-10 5.8x10-11 2.3x10-10 1.2x10-11 9.6x10-11 1.0x10-10 1.6x10-12 8.1x10-11 1.0x10-11 4.8x10-13 3.3x10-13 9.6x10-14
1.3
1.5 2.0 1.4 2.0 1.15 1.25 1.5
1.5 1.1 2.0 1.15 1.5 1.5 1.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.25 3.0 3.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.3
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction Cl + CH3F → HCl + CH2F (HFC-41) Cl + CH2F2 → HCl + CHF2 (HFC-32) Cl + CF3H → HCl + CF3 (HFC-23) Cl + CH2FCl → HCl + CHFCl (HCFC-31) Cl + CHFCl2 → HCl + CFCl2 (HCFC-21) Cl + CHF2Cl → HCl + CF2Cl (HCFC-22) Cl + CH3CCl3 → CH2CCl3 + HCl Cl + CH3CH2F → HCl + CH3CHF (HFC-161) → HCl + CH2CH2F Cl + CH3CHF2 → HCl + CH3CF2 (HFC-152a) → HCl + CH2CHF2 Cl + CH2FCH2F → HCl + CHFCH2F (HFC-152) Cl + CH3CFCl2 → HCl + CH2CFCl2 (HCFC-141b) Cl + CH3CF2Cl → HCl + CH2CF2Cl (HCFC-142b) Cl + CH3CF3 → HCl + CH2CF3 (HFC-143a) Cl + CH2FCHF2 → HCl + CH2FCF2 (HFC-143) → HCl + CHFCHF2 Cl + CH2ClCF3 → HCl + CHClCF3 (HCFC-133a) Cl + CH2FCF3 → HCl + CHFCF3 (HFC-134a) Cl + CHF2CHF2 → HCl + CF2CHF2 (HCF-134) Cl + CHCl2CF3 → HCl + CCl2CF3 (HCFC-123) Cl + CHFClCF3 → HCl + CFClCF3 (HCFC-124) Cl + CHF2CF3 → HCl + CF2CF3 (HFC-125) ClO + O3 → ClOO + O2 → OClO + O2 ClO + H2 → products ClO + NO → NO2 + Cl ClO + NO3 → ClOO + NO2 ClO + N2O → products ClO + CO → products ClO + CH4 → products ClO + H2CO → products ClO + CH3O2 → products ClO + ClO → Cl2 + O2 → ClOO + Cl → OClO + Cl HCl + ClONO2 → products
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
2.0x10-11
1200±500
3.5x10-13
1.3
1.2x10-11
1630±500
5.0x10-14
1.5
-
-
3.0x10-18
5.0
1.2x10-11
1390±500
1.1x10-13
2.0
5.5x10-12
1675±200
2.0x10-14
1.3
5.9x10-12 2.8x10-12
2430±200 1790±400
1.7x10-15 7.0x10-15
1.3 2.0
1.8x10-11 1.4x10-11
290±500 880±500
6.8x10-12 7.3x10-13
3.0 3.0
6.4x10-12 7.2x10-12
950±500 2390±500
2.6x10-13 2.4x10-15
1.3 3.0
2.6x10-11
1060±500
7.5x10-13
3.0
1.8x10-12
2000±300
2.2x10-15
1.2
1.4x10-12
2420±500
4.2x10-16
1.2
1.2x10-11
3880±500
2.6x10-17
5.0
5.5x10-12 7.7x10-12
1610±500 1720±500
2.5x10-14 2.4x10-14
3.0 3.0
1.8x10-12
1710±500
5.9x10-15
3.0
-
-
1.5x10-15
1.2
7.5x10-12
2430±500
2.2x10-15
1.5
4.4x10-12
1750±500
1.2x10-14
1.3
1.1x10-12
1800±500
2.7x10-15
1.3
1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 6.4x10-12 4.7x10-13 ~1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 ~1.0x10-12 3.3x10-12 1.0x10-12 3.0x10-11 3.5x10-13 -
>4000 >4800 -(290±100) 0±400 >4300 >3700 >3700 >2100 115±115 1590±300 2450±500 1370±300 -
2.4x10-16 <1.4x10-17 <1.0x10-18 <1.0x10-19 1.7x10-11 4.7x10-13 <6.0x10-19 <4.0x10-18 <4.0x10-18 <1.0x10-15 2.2x10-12 4.8x10-15 8.0x10-15 3.5x10-15 <1.0x10-20
1.3 1.15 1.5 -
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 -
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction CH2ClO + O2 → CHClO + HO2 CH2ClO2 + HO2 → CH2ClO2H + O2 CH2ClO2 + NO → CH2ClO + NO2 CCl3O2 + NO → CCl2O + NO2 + Cl CCl2FO2 + NO → CClFO + NO2 + Cl CClF2O2 + NO → CF2O + NO2 + Cl
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
-
-
6 x 10-14
5
3.3 x 10-13 7 x 10-12 7.3 x 10-12
-(820±200) -(300±200) -(270±200)
5.2 x 10-12 1.9 x 10-11 1.8 x 10-11
1.5 1.5 1.3
4.5 x 10-12
-(350±200)
1.5 x 10-11
1.3
3.8 x 10-12
-(400±200)
1.5 x 10-11
1.2
1.9x10-11 5.8x10-12 1.2x10-10 4.2x10-11 1.1x10-11 4.0x10-12 2.4x10-12 1.6x10-12 1.1x10-12 2.3x10-12 1.4x10-12 7.2x10-13 1.3x10-12 9.3x10-13 1.5x10-11 3.4x10-12 4.3x10-11 1.5x10-11 6.4x10-12 1.7x10-11 1.0x10-11 1.7x10-11 2.6x10-11 2.1x10-11 ~1.0x10-12 8.8x10-12 1.6x10-12 2.9x10-12 5.8x10-13 1.5x10-12
-(230±150) 1500±200 430±300 0±600 0±250 1470±150 900±300 710±200 1400±200 930±150 1340±200 1110±150 995±150 1250±150 600±600 -(540±200) 1370±500 1060±100 810±100 800±200 >3000 800±200 1300±300 470±150 >3200 -(260±130) -(430±200) -(220±200) -(170±200) -(230±150)
4.1x10-11 3.8x10-14 2.8x10-11 4.2x10-11 7.5x10-11 1.1x10-11 2.9x10-14 1.2x10-13 1.5x10-13 1.0x10-14 1.0x10-13 <1.5x10-16 <5.0x10-16 <1.2x10-16 1.6x10-14 1.8x10-14 4.5x10-14 1.4x10-14 <1.5x10-16 2.0x10-12 2.1x10-11 <1.0x10-16 4.3x10-13 4.3x10-13 4.2x10-13 1.2x10-12 <5.0x10-16 1.6x10-11 1.1x10-12 3.4x10-13 4.3x10-12 3.0x10-12 <2.0x10-17 2.1x10-11 1.0x10-12 6.8x10-12 6.1x10-12 1.0x10-12 3.2x10-12
1.5 1.3 3.0 1.3 3.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.0 1.1 1.2
4x10-12
-(300±200)
1.1 x 10-11
1.5
BrOx Reactions O + BrO → Br + O2 O + HBr → OH + Br O + HOBr → OH + BrO OH + Br2 → HOBr + Br OH + BrO → products OH + HBr → H2O + Br OH + CH3Br → CH2Br + H2O OH + CH2Br2 → CHBr2 + H2O OH + CHBr3 → CBr3 + H2O OH + CHF2Br → CF2Br + H2O OH + CH2ClBr → CHClBr + H2O OH + CF2ClBr → products OH + CF2Br2 → products OH + CF3Br → products OH + CH2BrCF3 → CHBrCF3 + H2O OH + CHFBrCF3 → CFBrCF3 OH + CHClBrCF3 → CClBrCF3 + H2O OH + CF2BrCHFCl → CF2BrCFCl + H2O OH + CF2BrCF2Br → products HO2 + Br → HBr + O2 HO2 + BrO → products NO3 + HBr → HNO3 + Br Cl + CH2ClBr → HCl + CHClBr Cl + CH3Br → HCl + CH2Br Cl + CH2Br2 → HCl + CHBr2 Br + O3 → BrO + O2 Br + H2O2 → HBr + HO2 Br + NO3 → BrO + NO2 Br + H2CO → HBr + HCO Br + OClO → BrO + ClO Br + Cl2O → BrCl + ClO Br + Cl2O2 → products BrO + O3 → products BrO + NO → NO2 + Br BrO + NO3 → products BrO + ClO → Br + OClO → Br + ClOO → BrCl + O2 BrO + BrO → products CH2BrO2 + NO → CH2O + NO2 + Br
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
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1.3
1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 3.0 1.2 1.2 1.2
2.0 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.0 1.15 3.0 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.15
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
1.4x10-10 1.2x10-10 1.8x10-10 3.0x10-11 7.2x10-14 3.1x10-14 3.8x10-13 8.4x10-11
1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 1.5
IOx Reactions O + I2 → IO + I O + IO → O2 + I OH + I2 → ΗΟΙ + Ι OH + HI → H2O + I OH + CH3I → H2O + CH2I OH + CF3I → HOI + CF3 HO2 + I → HI + O2 HO2 + IO → HOI + O2 NO3 + HI → HNO3 + I I + O3 → IO + O2 I + BrO → IO + Br IO + NO → I + NO2 IO + ClO → products IO + BrO → products IO + IO → products INO + INO → I2 + 2NO INO2 + INO2 → I2 + 2NO2
1.4x10-10
0±250
3.1x10-12
1120±500
1.5x10-11
1090±500
See reference 2.3x10-11 9.1x10-12 5.1x10-12 1.5x10-11 8.4x10-11 2.9x10-11
870±200 -(240±150) -(280±200) -(500±500) 2620±600 2600±1000
1.2x10-12 1.2x10-11 2.0x10-11 1.3x10-11 6.9x10-11 8.0x10-11 1.3x10-14 4.7x10-15
1.2 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 3.0
2.7x10-10 9.2x10-12 2.1x10-11 3.2x10-11 1.3x10-11 5.5x10-11 3.0x10-12 6.0x10-12 1.1x10-13 See reference 9.9x10-12 1.2x10-11 6.0x10-11 4.4x10-13 1.9x10-13 1.3x10-12 -
760±250 1800±550 2200±150 650±150 -(410±100) -(250±100) >7000 75±75 1200±500 -(360±100) 260±100 -(400±200) -(210±210) -(500±200) 270±270 -
1.6x10-10 2.1x10-11 2.2x10-14 1.3x10-14 3.6x10-12 5.0x10-11 1.3x10-10 <2.0x10-20 <1.0x10-18 <2.0x10-22 4.7x10-12 1.9x10-15 3.3x10-11 5.0x10-12 2.3x10-10 6.6x10-11 8.6x10-11 <3.0x10-15 <4.0x10-15 <5.0x10-15 <1.0x10-18 <2.0x10-26 <8.0x10-16 <1.0x10-16 <4.0x10-16 8.9x10-13 1.0x10-12 5.3x10-13 <7.0x10-21 <1.0x10-17 <5.0x10-17 2.4.x10-10
5.0 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.2 1.15 1.2 3.0 2.0 1.25 1.2 1.4 -
SOx Reactions O + SH → SO + H O + CS → CO + S O + H2S → OH + SH O + OCS → CO + SO O + CS2 → CS + SO O + CH3SCH3 → CH3SO + CH3 O + CH3SSCH3 → CH3SO + CH3S O3 + H2S → products O3 + CH3SCH3 → products O3 + SO2 → SO3 + O2 OH + H2S → SH + H2O OH + OCS → products OH + CS2 → products OH + CH3SH → CH3S + H2O OH + CH3SCH3 → H2O + CH2SCH3 OH + CH3SSCH3 → products OH + S → H + SO OH + SO → H + SO2 HO2 + H2S → products HO2 + CH3SH → products HO2 + CH3SCH3 → products HO2 + SO2 → products NO2 + SO2 → products NO3+ H2S → products NO3 + OCS → products NO3 + CS2 → products NO3 + CH3SH → products NO3 + CH3SCH3→ CH3SCH2 + HNO3 NO3 + CH3SSCH3 → products NO3 + SO2 → products N2O5 + CH3SCH3 → products CH3O2 + SO2 → products F + CH3SCH3 → products
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
-
2.0
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued)
Reaction Cl + H2S → HCl + SH Cl + OCS → products Cl + CS2 → products Cl + CH3SH → CH3S + HCl Cl + CH3SCH3 → products ClO + OCS → products ClO + CH3SCH3 → products ClO + SO → Cl +SO2 ClO + SO2 → Cl + SO3 Br + H2S → HBr + SH Br + CH3SH → CH3S + HBr Br + CH3SCH3 → products BrO + CH3SCH3 → products BrO + SO → Br + SO2 IO + CH3SH → products IO + CH3SCH3 → products S + O2 → SO + O S + O3 → SO + O2 SO + O2 → SO2 + O SO + O3 → SO2 + O2 SO + NO2 → SO2 + NO SO + OClO → SO2 + ClO SO3 + H2O → products SO3 + NO2 → products SH + O2 → OH + SO SH + O3 → HSO + O2 SH + H2O2 → products SH + NO2 → HSO + NO SH + Cl2 → ClSH + Cl SH + BrCl → products SH + Br2 → BrSH + Br SH + F2 → FSH + F HSO + O2 → products HSO + O3 → products HSO + NO → products HSO + NO2 → HSO2 + NO HSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO2 HOSO2 + O2 → HO2 + SO3 CS + O2 → OCS + O CS + O3 → OCS + O2 CS + NO2 → OCS + NO CH3S + O2 → products CH3S + O3 → products CH3S + NO → products CH3S + NO2 → CH3SO + NO CH2SH + O2 → products CH2SH + O3 → products CH2SH + NO → products CH2SH + NO2 → products CH3SO + O3 → products CH3SO + NO2 → CH3SO2 + NO CH3SOO + O3 → products CH3SOO + NO → products CH3SO2+ NO2 → products CH3SCH2 + NO3 → products CH3SCH2O2 + NO → CH3SCH2O + NO2
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
3.7x10-11 1.2x10-10 See reference 2.8x10-11 1.4x10-11 9.2x10-12 See reference 1.5x10-14
-(210±100) -(150±50) 0±50 2750±300 390±100
7.4x10-11 <1.0x10-16 <4.0x10-15 2.0x10-10 <2.0x10-16 9.5x10-15 2.8x10-11 <4.0x10-18 1.4x10-15 2.5x10-12
1.25 1.25 2.0 1.3 2.0 2.0
-(850±200)
2.3x10-12
0±200
2.6x10-13 3.6x10-12 1.4x10-11
2400±500 1100±200 0±50
2.6x10-13 5.7x10-11 6.6x10-16 1.2x10-14 2.3x10-12 1.2x10-11 8.4x10-17 9.0x10-14 1.4x10-11 1.9x10-12 1.0x10-19 <4.0x10-19 3.5x10-12 <5.0x10-15 6.5x10-11 1.7x10-12 7.4x10-11 1.0x10-10 4.0x10-13 <2.0x10-17 1.0x10-13 <1.0x10-15 9.6x10-12 3.0x10-13 4.4x10-13 2.9x10-19 3.0x10-16 7.6x10-17 <3.0x10-18 5.3x10-12 <1.0x10-13 6.1x10-11 6.5x10-12 3.5x10-11 1.9x10-11 5.2x10-11 6.0x10-13 1.2x10-11 <8.0x10-13 1.1x10-11 2.2x10-11 3.0 x 10-10 1.9 x 10-11
1.3 1.4 2.0 1.5 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.2 3.0 10.0 1.3 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 1.2 2.0 3.0
See reference
9.0x10-12
280±200
2.9x10-11 1.7x10-11 2.3x10-11 6.0x10-11 4.3x10-11
-(240±50) 690±200 -(350±200) -(160±160) 1390±200
1.3x10-12
330±200
2.0x10-12
-(290±100)
2.1x10-11
-(320±100)
1.1x10-11 2.2x10-11
0±100 0±100
3.0
1.15 1.15 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 1. Rate Constants for Second Order Reactions (continued) A cm3 molecule-1 s-1
Reaction
E/R K
k (298 K) cm3 molecule-1 s-1
f(298)
4.6x10-13 1.8x10-11 4.5x10-12
2.0 2.0 2.0
7.3x10-10 <4.0x10-11 1.3x10-12 7.3x10-10 3.7x10-10 1.6x10-10 6.0x10-11 2.6x10-11 2.2x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 2.2x10-11 <10-14 2.3x10-10 2.8x10-10
1.2 1.2 1.3 3.0 1.5 3.0
CH3SS + O3 → products CH3SS + NO2 → products CH3SSO + NO2 → products Metal Reactions Na + O3 → NaO + O2 → NaO2 + O Na + N2O → NaO + N2 Na + Cl2 → NaCl + Cl NaO + O → Na + O2 NaO + O3 → NaO2 + O2 → Na + 2O2 NaO + H2 → NaOH + H NaO + H2O → NaOH + OH NaO + NO → Na + NO2 NaO + HCl → products NaO2 + O→ NaO + O2 NaO2 + NO→ NaO + NO2 NaO2 + HCl→ products NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
1.0x10-9 2.8x10-10 7.3x10-10 3.7x10-10 1.1x10-9 6.0x10-11 2.6x10-11 2.2x10-10 1.5x10-10 2.8x10-10 2.2x10-11 2.3x10-10 2.8x10-10
95±50 1600±400 0±200 0±400 570±300 0±800 0±600 0±400 0±400 0±400 0±600 0±400 0±400
2.0
2.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 3.0
Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.
Reaction
Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k0(300) n
High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 k∞ (300) m
Ox Reactions O + O2→ O3
(6.0±0.5) (-34)
2.3±0.5
-
-
O(1D) Reactions O(1D) + N2→ N2O
(3.5±3.0) (-37)
0.6
-
-
HOx Reactions H + O2 → HO2 OH + OH → H2O2
(5.7±0.5) (-32) (6.2±1.2) (-31)
1.6±0.5 1.0
(7.5±4.0) (-11) (2.6±1.0) (-11)
0±1.0 0±0.5
NOx Reactions O + NO → NO2 O + NO2 → NO3 OH + NO → HONO OH + NO2 → HNO3 HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 NO3 → NO + O2
(9.0±2.0) (-32) (9.0±1.0) (-32) (7.0±1.0) (-31) (2.5±0.1) (-30) (1.8±0.3) (-31) (2.2±0.5) (-30) See reference
1.5±0.3 2.0±1.0 2.6±0.3 4.4±0.3 3.2±0.4 3.9±1.0
(3.0±1.0) (-11) (2.2±0.3) (-11) (3.6±1.0) (-11) (1.6±0.2) (-11) (4.7±1.0) (-12) (1.5±0.8) (-12)
0±1.0 0±1.0 0.1±0.5 1.7±0.2 1.4±1.4 0.7±0.4
Hydrocarbon Reactions CH3 + O2 → CH3O2 C2H5 + O2 → C2H5O2 OH + C2H2 → HOCHCH OH + C2H4 → HOCH2CH2
(4.5±1.5) (-31) (1.5±1.0) (-28) (5.5±2.0) (-30) (1.0±0.6) (-28)
3.0±1.0 3.0±1.0 0.0±0.2 0.8±2.0
(1.8±0.2) (-12) (8.0±1.0) (-12) (8.3±1.0) (-13) (8.8±0.9) (-12)
1.7±1.7 0±1.0 -2 0
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions (continued) The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.
Reaction
Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k0(300) n
CH3O + NO → CH3ONO CH3O + NO2 → CH3ONO2 C2H5O + NO → C2H5ONO C2H5O + NO2 → C2H5ONO2 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH3C(O)O2NO2
High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 k∞ (300) m
(1.4±0.5) (-29) (1.1±0.4) (-28) (2.8±1.0) (-27) (2.0±1.0) (-27) (1.5±0.8) (-30)
3.8±1.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0
(3.6±1.6) (-11) (1.6±0.5) (-11) (5.0±1.0) (-11) (2.8±0.4) (-11) (6.5±3.2) (-12)
0.6±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 2.0±2.0
(9.7±3.8) (-29)
5.6±2.8
(9.3±0.4)(-12)
1.5±0.3
FOx Reactions F + O2 → FO2 F + NO → FNO F + NO2 → FNO2 FO + NO2 → FONO2 CF3 + O2 → CF3O2 CF3O + NO2 → CF3ONO2 CF3O2 + NO2CF3O2NO2 CF3O + CO → CF3OCO CF3O → CF2O + F
(4.4±0.4) (-33) (1.8±0.3) (-31) (6.3±3.0) (-32) (2.6±2.0) (-31) (3.0±0.3) (-29) See reference (2.2±0.5) (-29) (2.5±0.2) (-31) See reference
1.2±0.5 1.0±10 2.0±2.0 1.3±1.3 4.0±2.0
(2.8±1.4) (-10) (2.6±1.3) (-10) (2.0±1.0) (-11) (4.0±1.0) (-12)
0.0±1.0 0.0±1.0 1.5±1.5 1.0±1.0
5.0±1.0 -
(6.0±1.0) (-12) (6.8±0.4) (-14)
2.5±1.0 -1.2
ClOx Reactions Cl + O2 → ClOO Cl + NO → ClNO Cl + NO2 ClONO → ClNO2 Cl + CO → ClCO Cl + C2H2 → ClC2H2 Cl + C2H4 → ClC2H4 Cl + C2Cl4 → C2Cl5 ClO + NO2 → ClONO2 OClO + NO3 → O2ClONO2 ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 OClO + O → ClO3 CH2Cl + O2 → CH2ClO2 CHCl2 + O2 → CHCl2O2 CCl3 + O2 → CCl3O2 CFCl2 + O2 → CFCl2O2 CF2Cl + O2 → CF2ClO2 CCl3O2 + NO2 → CCl3O2NO2 CFCl2O2 + NO2 → CFCl2O2NO2 CF2ClO2 + NO2 → CF2ClO2NO2
(2.7±1.0) (-33) (9.0±2.0) (-32) (1.3±0.2) (-30) (1.8±0.3) (-31) (1.3±0.5) (-33) ((5.9±1.0) (-30) (1.6±1) (-29) (1.4±0.6) (-28) (1.8±0.3) (-31) See reference (2.2±0.4) (-32) (6.2±1.0) (-32) (1.9±0.5) (-31) (1.9±0.1) (-30) (1.3±0.1) (-30) (6.9±0.2) (-31) (5.0±0.8) (-30) (3.0±1.5) (-30) (5.0±1.0) (-29) (3.5±0.5) (-29) (3.3±0.7) (-29)
1.5±0.5 1.6±0.5 2.0±1.0 2.0±1.0 3.8±0.5 2.1±1.0 3.3±1.0 8.5±1.0 3.4±1.0
(1.0±0.5) (-10) (1.0±0.5) (-10) (2.1±0.4) (-10) (3.1±2) (-10) (4.0±1.0) (-11) (1.5±0.7) (-11)
1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 1.0±0.5 1.0±0.5 1.2±0.5 1.9±1.9
3.1±0.5 4.7±0.6 1.1±1.0 3.2±0.2 4.0±0.2 6.4±0.3 4.0±2.0 4.0±2.0 5.0±1.0 5.0±1.0 6.7±1.3
(3.5±2) (-12) (2.4±1.2) (-11) (3.1±0.8) (-11) (2.9±0.2) (-12) (2.8±0.2) (-12) (2.4±0.2) (-12) (6.0±1.0) (-12) (3±2) (-12) (6.0±1.0) (-12) (6.0±1.0) (-12) (4.1±1.9) (-12)
1.0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0 1.2±0.6 1.4±0.6 2.1±0.6 1.0±1.0 1.0±1.0 2.5±1.0 2.5±1.0 2.8±0.7
BrOx Reactions Br + NO2 → BrNO2 BrO + NO2 → BrONO2
(4.2±0.8) (-31) (5.2±0.6) (-31)
2.4±0.5 3.2±0.8
(2.7±0.5) (-11) (6.9±1.0) (-12)
0±1.0 2.9±1.0
IOx Reactions I + NO → INO I + NO2 → INO2 IO + NO2 → IONO2
(1.8±0.5) (-32) (3.0±1.5) (-31) (5.9±2.0) (-31)
1.0±0.5 1.0±1.0 3.5±1.0
(1.7±1.0) (-11) (6.6±5.0) (-11) (9.0±1.0) (-12)
0±1.0 0±1.0 1.5±1.0
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CHEMICAL KINETIC DATA FOR STRATOSPHERIC MODELING (continued) Table 2. Rate Constants for Association Reactions (continued) The values quoted are suitable for air as the third body, M. The integer in parentheses is the power of ten.
Reaction
Low pressure limit k0(T) = k0(300) (T/300)-n cm6 molecule-2 s-1 k0(300) n
High pressure limit k∞ (T) = k∞ (300) (T/300)-m cm3 molecule-1 s-1 k∞ (300) m
SOx Reactions HS + NO → HSNO CH3S +NO → CH3SNO O + SO2 → SO3 OH + SO2 → HOSO2 CH3SCH2 + O2 → CH3SCH2O2 SO3 + NH3 → H3NSO3
(2.4±0.4) (-31) (3.2±0.4) (-29) (1.3±)(-33) (3.0±1.0) (-31) See reference (3.9±0.8) (-30)
3.0±1.0 4.0±1.0 -3.6±0.7 3.3±1.5
(2.7±0.5) (-11) (3.9±0.6) (-11)
0 2.7±1.0
(1.5±0.5) (-12)
0
3.0±3.0
(4.7±1.3) (-11)
0±1.0
Metal Reactions Na + O2 → NaO2 NaO + O2 → NaO3 NaO + CO2 → NaCO3 NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3
(3.2±0.3) (-30) (3.5±0.7) (-30) (8.7±2.6) (-28) (1.3±0.3) (-28)
1.4±0.3 2.0±2.0 2.0±2.0 2.0±2.0
(6.0±2.0) (-10) (5.7±3.0) (-10) (6.5±3.0) (-10) (6.8±4.0) (-10)
0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0 0±1.0
Table 3. Equilibrium Constants K(T)/cm3 molecule-1 = A exp (B/T) Reaction HO2 + NO2 → HO2NO2 NO + NO2 → N2O3 NO2 + NO2 → N2O4 NO2 + NO3 → N2O5 CH3O2 + NO2 → CH3O2NO2 CH3C(O)O2 + NO2 → CH3C(O)O2NO2 F + O2 → FOO Cl + O2 → ClOO Cl + CO → ClCO ClO + O2 → ClO.O2 ClO + ClO → Cl2O2 ClO + OClO → Cl2O3 OClO + NO3 → O2ClONO2 OH + CS2 → CS2OH CH3S + O2 → CH3SO2
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
[200 < T/K < 300] A/cm3 molecule-1
B/K
2.1x10-27 3.3x10-27 5.2x10-29 2.7x10-27 1.3x10-28
10900±1000 4667±100 6643±250 11000±500 11200±1000
1.6x10-11 2.1x10-20 2.5x10-19 2.9x10-11 2.7x10-12
5 2 2 1.3 2
9.0x10-29 3.2x10-25 5.7x10-25 1.6x10-25 2.9x10-26 1.3x10-27 1.1x10-24 1x10-28 4.5x10-25 1.8x10-27
14000±200 6100±1200 2500±750 4000±500 <3700 8744±850 5455±300 9300±1000 5140±500 5545±300
2.3x10-8 2.5x10-16 2.5x10-21 1.1x10-19 <7.2x10-21 7.2x10-15 9.8x10-17 3.6x10-15 1.4x10-17 2.2x10-19
2 1.0 2 5 1.5 3 5 1.4 1.4
K (298 K)
f (298 K)
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER This table gives the electrical conductivity of highly purified water over a range of temperature and pressure. The first column of conductivity data refers to water at its own vapor pressure. Equations for calculating the conductivity at any temperature and pressure may be found in the reference.
REFERENCE Marshall, W. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 32, 221, 1987.
Conductivity in µS/cm at the indicated pressure t/°C
Sat. vapor
50 MPa
100 MPa
200 MPa
400 MPa
600 MPa
0 25 100 200 300 400 600
0.0115 0.0550 0.765 2.99 2.41
0.0150 0.0686 0.942 4.08 4.87 1.17
0.0189 0.0836 1.13 5.22 7.80 4.91 0.134
0.0275 0.117 1.53 7.65 14.1 14.3 4.65
0.0458 0.194 2.45 13.1 28.9 39.2 33.8
0.0667 0.291 3.51 19.5 46.5 71.3 85.7
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR These tables summarize the thermodynamic properties of air in the liquid and gaseous states, as well as along the saturation line. In the table for the saturation state, P(boil) is the bubble point temperature (i.e., the pressure at which boiling begins as the temperature of the liquid is raised), and P(con) is the dew point temperature (pressure at which condensation begins as the temperature of the gas is lowered). The other properties tabulated are density (ρ), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and isobaric heat capacity (Cp). More detailed tables may be found in the references. REFERENCES 1. Vasserman, A.A., and Rabinovich, V.A., Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Air and its Components, Izdatel’stvo Komiteta, Standartov, Moscow, 1968. 2. Vasserman, A.A., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Air and Air Components, Izdatel’stvo Nauka, Moscow, 1966. Properties in the saturation state: T K 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 110 120 130 132.55
P(boil) bar
P(con) bar
0.1468 0.3234 0.6366 1.146 1.921 3.036 4.574 6.621 12.59 21.61 34.16 37.69
0.0861 0.2052 0.4321 0.8245 1.453 2.397 3.748 5.599 11.22 20.14 33.32 37.69
ρ (liq) g/cm3
ρ (gas) g/L
0.939 0.917 0.894 0.871 0.845 0.819 0.792 0.763 0.699 0.622 0.487 0.313
0.464 1.033 2.048 3.709 6.258 9.980 15.21 22.39 45.15 87.34 184.33 312.89
Properties of liquid air: P bar
T K
ρ g/cm3
1 5 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 50 50 50 50 100 100 100 100
75 75 80 85 90 95 75 80 90 100 75 100 125 150 75 100 125 150
0.8935 0.8942 0.8718 0.8482 0.8230 0.7962 0.8952 0.8729 0.8245 0.7695 0.9025 0.7859 0.6222 0.1879 0.9111 0.8033 0.6746 0.4871
H J/g –131.7 –131.4 –122.3 –112.9 –103.3 –93.5 –131.1 –122.0 –103.1 –83.2 –128.2 –81.8 –28.3 91.9 –124.5 –79.4 –31.4 32.8
S J/g K 2.918 2.916 3.031 3.143 3.250 3.356 2.913 3.028 3.246 3.452 2.892 3.415 3.889 4.764 2.867 3.376 3.805 4.271
Cp J/g K 1.843 1.840 1.868 1.901 1.941 1.991 1.836 1.863 1.932 2.041 1.806 1.939 2.614 2.721 1.774 1.852 2.062 2.832
Properties of air in the gaseous state: P bar 1 1 1
T K
ρ g/L
H J/g
S J/g K
Cp J/g K
100 200 300
3.556 1.746 1.161
98.3 199.7 300.3
5.759 6.463 6.871
1.032 1.007 1.007
6-1
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AIR (continued) P bar
T K
ρ g/L
H J/g
S J/g K
Cp J/g K
1 1 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100
500 1000 200 300 500 1000 200 300 500 1000
0.696 0.348 17.835 11.643 6.944 3.471 213.950 116.945 66.934 33.613
503.4 1046.6 195.2 298.3 502.9 1047.2 148.8 279.9 499.0 1052.4
7.389 8.138 5.766 6.204 6.727 7.477 4.949 5.486 6.048 6.812
1.030 1.141 1.049 1.021 1.034 1.142 1.650 1.158 1.073 1.151
6-2
PROPERTIES OF WATER IN THE RANGE 0 — 100 °C This table summarizes the best available values of the density, specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp), vapor pressure, viscosity, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, and surface tension for liquid water in the range 0 — 100 °C. All values (except vapor pressure) refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The temperature scale is IPTS-68.
t
Density g/cm3
Cp J/g K
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.99984 0.99970 0.99821 0.99565 0.99222 0.98803 0.98320 0.97778 0.97182 0.96535 0.95840
Ref.
1—3
°C
Vap. pres. kPa
Visc. µPa s
4.2176 4.1921 4.1818 4.1784 4.1785 4.1806 4.1843 4.1895 4.1963 4.2050 4.2159
0.6113 1.2281 2.3388 4.2455 7.3814 12.344 19.932 31.176 47.373 70.117 101.325
1793 1307 1002 797.7 653.2 547.0 466.5 404.0 354.4 314.5 281.8
2
1, 3
3
Ther. cond. mW/K m
Diel. const.
Surf. ten. mN/m
561.0 580.0 598.4 615.4 630.5 643.5 654.3 663.1 670.0 675.3 679.1
87.90 83.96 80.20 76.60 73.17 69.88 66.73 63.73 60.86 58.12 55.51
75.64 74.23 72.75 71.20 69.60 67.94 66.24 64.47 62.67 60.82 58.91
3
4
5
REFERENCES 1. L. Harr, J. S. Gallagher, and G. S. Kell, NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1984. 2. K. N. Marsh, Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 3. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 4. D. G. Archer and P. Wang, The dielectric constant of water and Debye-Hückel limiting law slopes, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 371, 1990. 5. N. B. Vargaftik, et al., International tables of the surface tension of water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 817, 1983.
6-3
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION OF WATER The enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of water is tabulated as a function of temperature on the IPTS-68 scale. REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell, Oxford, 1987. t
∆vapH kJ/mol
t
°C
°C
∆vapH kJ/mol
0 25 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
45.054 43.990 43.350 42.482 41.585 40.657 39.684 38.643 37.518 36.304
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 374
34.962 33.468 31.809 29.930 27.795 25.300 22.297 18.502 12.966 2.066
FIXED POINT PROPERTIES OF H2O AND D2O Temperatures are given on the IPTS-68 scale. REFERENCES 1. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1984. 2. Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., Straub, J., Watanabe, K., and Hill, P.G., Assessment of critical parameter values for H2O and D2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 193, 1985. 3. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid D2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 601, 1984. 4. Kestin, J. et. al., Thermophysical properties of fluid H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 175, 1984. 5. Hill, P.G., MacMillan, R.D.C., and Lee, V., A fundamental equation of state for heavy water, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, 1, 1982. Unit Molar mass Melting point(101.325 kPa) Boiling point(101.325 kPa) Triple point temperature Triple point pressure Triple point density(l) Triple point density(g) Critical temperature Critical pressure Critical density Critical specific volume Maximum density(saturated liquid) Temperature of maximum density
g/mol °C °C °C Pa g/cm3 mg/L °C MPa g/cm3 cm3/g g/cm3 °C
6-4
H2O 18.01528 0.00 100.00 0.01 611.73 0.99978 4.885 373.99 22.064 0.322 3.11 0.99995 4.0
D2O 20.02748 3.82 101.42 3.82 661 1.1055 5.75 370.74 21.671 0.356 2.81 1.1053 11.2
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SATURATED H2O AND D2O This table gives the thermal conductivity λ for water (H2O or D2O) in equilibrium with its vapor. Values for the liquid (λl) and vapor (λv) are listed, as well as the vapor pressure. REFERENCES 1. Sengers, J.V. and Watson, J.T.R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 2. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983.
t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350
P/kPa
H2O λ l /(mW/K m)
0.6 1.2 2.3 4.2 7.4 12.3 19.9 31.2 47.4 70.1 101.3 476 1555 3978 8593 16530
561.0 580.0 598.4 615.4 630.5 643.5 654.3 663.1 670.0 675.3 679.1 682.1 663.4 621.4 547.7 447.6
λ v /(mW/K m) 16.49 17.21 17.95 18.70 19.48 20.28 21.10 21.96 22.86 23.80 24.79 30.77 39.10 51.18 71.78 134.59
P/kPa
1.0 2.0 3.7 6.5 11.1 18.2 28.8 44.2 66.1 96.2 465 1546 3995 8688 16820
D2O λ l /(mW/K m)
575 589 600 610 618 625 629 633 635 636 625 592 541 473 391
λ v /(mW/K m)
17.0 17.8 18.5 19.3 20.2 21.0 21.9 22.8 23.8 24.8 30.8 39.0 52.0 75.2 143.0
STANDARD DENSITY OF WATER This table gives the density ρ of standard mean ocean water (SMOW), free from dissolved salts and gases, at a pressure of 101325 Pa. SMOW is a standard water sample of high purity and known isotopic composition. Methods of correcting for different isotopic compositions are discussed in the reference. The table below is reprinted with the permission of IUPAC. Note that the temperature scale is IPTS-68. REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
t68/°C
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
999.8426 999.9015 999.9429 999.9672 999.9750 999.9668 999.9430 999.9043 999.8509 999.7834 999.7021 999.6074 999.4996 999.3792 999.2464 999.1016 998.9450 998.7769 998.5976 998.4073 998.2063 997.9948 997.7730 997.5412 997.2994 997.0480 996.7870 996.5166 996.2371 995.9486 995.6511 995.3450 995.0302 994.7071 994.3756 994.0359 993.6883 993.3328 992.9695 992.5987 992.2204
8493 9065 9461 9687 9748 9651 9398 8996 8448 7759 6932 5972 4882 3665 2325 0864 9287 7595 5790 3877 1856 9731 7503 5174 2747 0223 7604 4891 2087 9192 6209 3139 9983* 6743 3420 0015 6531 2968 9328 5612
8558 9112 9491 9700 9746 9632 9365 8948 8385 7682 6842 5869 4766 3536 2184 0712 9123 7419 5604 3680 1649 9513 7275 4936 2499 9965* 7337 4615 1801 8898 5906 2827 9663* 6414 3083 9671* 6178 2607 8960 5236
8622 9158 9519 9712 9742 9612 9330 8898 8321 7604 6751 5764 4648 3407 2042 0558 8957 7243 5416 3481 1440 9294 7045 4697 2250 9707* 7069 4337 1515 8603 5602 2514 9342* 6085 2745 9325* 5825 2246 8591 4860
ρ/kg m-3 0.4 8683 9202 9546 9722 9736 9591 9293 8847 8256 7525 6658 5658 4530 3276 1899 0403 8791 7065 5228 3282 1230 9073 6815 4456 2000 9447* 6800 4059 1228 8306 5297 2201 9020* 5755 2407 8978* 5470 1884 8221 4483
* The leading figure decreases by 1.
6-5
0.5 8743 9244 9571 9731 9728 9568 9255 8794 8189 7444 6564 5551 4410 3143 1755 0247 8623 6886 5038 3081 1019 8852 6584 4215 1749 9186* 6530 3780 0940 8009 4991 1887 8697* 5423 2068 8631* 5115 1521 7850 4105
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
8801 9284 9595 9738 9719 9544 9216 8740 8121 7362 6468 5443 4289 3010 1609 0090 8455 6706 4847 2880 0807 8630 6351 3973 1497 8925* 6259 3500 0651 7712 4685 1572 8373* 5092 1728 8283* 4759 1157 7479 3726
8857 9323 9616 9743 9709 9518 9175 8684 8051 7279 6372 5333 4167 2875 1463 9932* 8285 6525 4655 2677 0594 8406 6118 3730 1244 8663* 5987 3219 0361 7413 4377 1255 8049* 4759 1387 7934* 4403 0793 7107 3347
8912 9360 9636 9747 9696 9490 9132 8627 7980 7194 6274 5222 4043 2740 1315 9772* 8114 6343 4462 2474 0380 8182 5883 3485 0990 8399* 5714 2938 0070 7113 4069 0939 7724* 4425 1045 7585* 4045 0428 6735 2966
8964 9395 9655 9749 9683 9461 9088 8569 7908 7108 6174 5110 3918 2602 1166 9612* 7942 6160 4268 2269 0164 7957 5648 3240 0735 8135* 5441 2655 9778* 6813 3760 0621 7397* 4091 0703 7234* 3687 0062 6361 2586
VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS This table gives the following properties of aqueous solutions of NaCl as a function of temperature and concentration: Specific volume v (reciprocal of density) in cm3/g Isothermal compressibility κT = -(1/v)(∂v/∂P)T in GPa-1 Cubic expansion coefficient αv = (1/v)(∂v/∂T)P in kK-1 All data refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The reference gives properties over a wider range of temperature and pressure. REFERENCE Rogers, P. S. Z., and Pitzer, K. S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, 15, 1982.
Molality in mol/kg T/°C
0.100
0.250
0.500
0.750
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
0.925426 0.927905 0.930909 0.932590 0.934382 0.938287 0.942603 0.9474 0.9526 0.9581 0.9640 0.9703
0.896292 0.899262 0.902565 0.904339 0.906194 0.910145 0.914411 0.9191 0.9240 0.9293 0.9348 0.9406
0.870996 0.874201 0.877643 0.879457 0.881334 0.885276 0.889473 0.8940 0.8987 0.9037 0.9089 0.9144
0.848646 0.851958 0.855469 0.857301 0.859185 0.863108 0.867241 0.8716 0.8762 0.8809 0.8858 0.8910
0.346 0.341 0.338 0.337 0.337 0.338 0.340 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39
0.315 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.313 0.315 0.317 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.37
0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.294 0.296 0.299 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34
0.313 0.349 0.384 0.401 0.418 0.451 0.484 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64
0.355 0.380 0.406 0.420 0.433 0.460 0.486 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.59 0.61
Specific volume v in cm3/g 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.995732 0.995998 0.997620 0.998834 1.000279 1.003796 1.008064 1.0130 1.0186 1.0249 1.0317 1.0391
0.989259 0.989781 0.991564 0.992832 0.994319 0.997883 1.002161 1.0071 1.0127 1.0188 1.0256 1.0329
0.978889 0.979804 0.981833 0.983185 0.984735 0.988374 0.992668 0.9976 1.0031 1.0092 1.0157 1.0228
0.968991 0.970256 0.972505 0.973932 0.975539 0.979243 0.983551 0.9885 0.9939 0.9999 1.0063 1.0133
0.959525 0.961101 0.963544 0.965038 0.966694 0.970455 0.974772 0.9797 0.9851 0.9909 0.9972 1.0040
Compressibility κT in GPa–1 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.503 0.472 0.453 0.447 0.443 0.438 0.438 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.49
0.492 0.463 0.446 0.440 0.436 0.432 0.431 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.48
0.475 0.449 0.433 0.428 0.425 0.421 0.421 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.46 0.47
0.459 0.436 0.422 0.417 0.414 0.411 0.411 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.45 0.46
0.443 0.423 0.411 0.407 0.404 0.401 0.402 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45
0.389 0.377 0.371 0.369 0.367 0.367 0.369 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.42
Cubic expansion coefficient αV in kK–1 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.058 0.102 0.218 0.267 0.311 0.389 0.458 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.74
-0.026 0.123 0.232 0.278 0.320 0.394 0.460 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.68 0.73
0.024 0.156 0.254 0.296 0.334 0.402 0.464 0.52 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.72
0.069 0.186 0.274 0.312 0.347 0.410 0.467 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.67 0.71
0.110 0.213 0.292 0.327 0.359 0.417 0.470 0.52 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.70
6-6
0.237 0.297 0.349 0.373 0.395 0.438 0.479 0.52 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.66
DENSITY OF D2O Density of liquid D2O in g/cm3 at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). REFERENCE Kirillin, V.A., Ed., Heavy Water: Thermophysical Properties, Gosudarstvennoe Energeticheskoe Izdatel’stvo, Moscow, 1963.
t/°C Density
3.8 1.1053
5 1.1055
10 1.1057
15 1.1056
20 1.105
25 1.1044
30 1.1034
t/°C Density
35 1.1019
40 1.1001
45 1.0979
50 1.0957
55 1.0931
60 1.0905
65 1.0875
t/°C Density
70 1.0847
75 1.0815
80 1.0783
85 1.0748
90 1.0712
95 1.0673
100 1.0635
6-7
VAPOR PRESSURE OF ICE The values of the vapor (sublimation) pressure of ice in this table were calculated from the equation recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS) in 1993. Temperature values correspond to the ITS-90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in the pressure is estimated to be 0.1% for t > -25°C and 0.5% for t < -25°C. The first entry in the table is the triple point of water. REFERENCE Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. t/°C
p/Pa
0.01 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 –9 –10 –11 –12 –13 –14 –15
611.657 611.15 562.67 517.72 476.06 437.47 401.76 368.73 338.19 309.98 283.94 259.90 237.74 217.32 198.52 181.22 165.30
t/°C –16 –17 –18 –19 –20 –21 –22 –23 –24 –25 –26 –27 –28 –29 –30 –31 –32
p/Pa 150.68 137.25 124.92 113.62 103.26 93.77 85.10 77.16 69.91 63.29 57.25 51.74 46.73 42.16 38.01 34.24 30.82
t/°C –33 –34 –35 –36 –37 –38 –39 –40 –45 –50 –55 –60 –65 –70 –75 –80
p/Pa 27.71 24.90 22.35 20.04 17.96 16.07 14.37 12.84 7.202 3.936 2.093 1.080 0.540 0.261 0.122 0.055
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER FROM 0 TO 370° C This table gives the vapor pressure of water at intervals of 1° C from the melting point to the critical point. REFERENCE Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. t/°C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
P/kPa 0.61129 0.65716 0.70605 0.75813 0.81359 0.87260 0.93537 1.0021 1.0730 1.1482 1.2281 1.3129 1.4027 1.4979 1.5988 1.7056 1.8185 1.9380 2.0644 2.1978 2.3388 2.4877 2.6447 2.8104 2.9850 3.1690 3.3629 3.5670 3.7818 4.0078 4.2455 4.4953 4.7578 5.0335 5.3229 5.6267 5.9453 6.2795 6.6298 6.9969 7.3814 7.7840 8.2054 8.6463 9.1075 9.5898 10.094 10.620 11.171 11.745 12.344 12.970 13.623
t/°C 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
t/°C
P/kPa 14.303 15.012 15.752 16.522 17.324 18.159 19.028 19.932 20.873 21.851 22.868 23.925 25.022 26.163 27.347 28.576 29.852 31.176 32.549 33.972 35.448 36.978 38.563 40.205 41.905 43.665 45.487 47.373 49.324 51.342 53.428 55.585 57.815 60.119 62.499 64.958 67.496 70.117 72.823 75.614 78.494 81.465 84.529 87.688 90.945 94.301 97.759 101.32 104.99 108.77 112.66 116.67 120.79
106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158
6-8
P/kPa 125.03 129.39 133.88 138.50 143.24 148.12 153.13 158.29 163.58 169.02 174.61 180.34 186.23 192.28 198.48 204.85 211.38 218.09 224.96 232.01 239.24 246.66 254.25 262.04 270.02 278.20 286.57 295.15 303.93 312.93 322.14 331.57 341.22 351.09 361.19 371.53 382.11 392.92 403.98 415.29 426.85 438.67 450.75 463.10 475.72 488.61 501.78 515.23 528.96 542.99 557.32 571.94 586.87
t/°C 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211
P/kPa 602.11 617.66 633.53 649.73 666.25 683.10 700.29 717.83 735.70 753.94 772.52 791.47 810.78 830.47 850.53 870.98 891.80 913.03 934.64 956.66 979.09 1001.9 1025.2 1048.9 1073.0 1097.5 1122.5 1147.9 1173.8 1200.1 1226.9 1254.2 1281.9 1310.1 1338.8 1368.0 1397.6 1427.8 1458.5 1489.7 1521.4 1553.6 1586.4 1619.7 1653.6 1688.0 1722.9 1758.4 1794.5 1831.1 1868.4 1906.2 1944.6
VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER FROM 0 TO 370° C (continued) t/°C 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252
P/kPa 1983.6 2023.2 2063.4 2104.2 2145.7 2187.8 2230.5 2273.8 2317.8 2362.5 2407.8 2453.8 2500.5 2547.9 2595.9 2644.6 2694.1 2744.2 2795.1 2846.7 2899.0 2952.1 3005.9 3060.4 3115.7 3171.8 3228.6 3286.3 3344.7 3403.9 3463.9 3524.7 3586.3 3648.8 3712.1 3776.2 3841.2 3907.0 3973.6 4041.2 4109.6
t/°C 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293
t/°C
P/kPa
294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334
4178.9 4249.1 4320.2 4392.2 4465.1 4539.0 4613.7 4689.4 4766.1 4843.7 4922.3 5001.8 5082.3 5163.8 5246.3 5329.8 5414.3 5499.9 5586.4 5674.0 5762.7 5852.4 5943.1 6035.0 6127.9 6221.9 6317.0 6413.2 6510.5 6608.9 6708.5 6809.2 6911.1 7014.1 7118.3 7223.7 7330.2 7438.0 7547.0 7657.2 7768.6
6-9
P/kPa
t/°C
P/kPa
7881.3 7995.2 8110.3 8226.8 8344.5 8463.5 8583.8 8705.4 8828.3 8952.6 9078.2 9205.1 9333.4 9463.1 9594.2 9726.7 9860.5 9995.8 10133 10271 10410 10551 10694 10838 10984 11131 11279 11429 11581 11734 11889 12046 12204 12364 12525 12688 12852 13019 13187 13357 13528
335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 373.98
13701 13876 14053 14232 14412 14594 14778 14964 15152 15342 15533 15727 15922 16120 16320 16521 16725 16931 17138 17348 17561 17775 17992 18211 18432 18655 18881 19110 19340 19574 19809 20048 20289 20533 20780 21030 21283 21539 21799 22055
BOILING POINT OF WATER AT VARIOUS PRESSURES Data are based on the equation of state recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam in 1984, as presented in Haar, Gallagher, and Kell, NBS-NRC Steam Tables (Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984). The temperature scale is IPTS-68. Note that: 1 mbar = 100 Pa = 0.000986923 atmos = 0.750062 mmHg. P/mbar
T/°C
P/mbar
T/°C
P/mbar
T/°C
P/mbar
T/°C
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 905 910
32.88 45.82 53.98 60.07 64.98 69.11 72.70 75.88 78.74 81.34 83.73 85.95 88.02 89.96 91.78 93.51 95.15 96.71 96.87 97.02
915 920 925 930 935 940 945 950 955 960 965 970 975 980 985 990 995 1000 1005 1010
97.17 97.32 97.47 97.62 97.76 97.91 98.06 98.21 98.35 98.50 98.64 98.78 98.93 99.07 99.21 99.35 99.49 99.63 99.77 99.91
1013.25 1015 1020 1025 1030 1035 1040 1045 1050 1055 1060 1065 1070 1075 1080 1085 1090 1095 1100 1150
100.00 100.05 100.19 100.32 100.46 100.60 100.73 100.87 101.00 101.14 101.27 101.40 101.54 101.67 101.80 101.93 102.06 102.19 102.32 103.59
1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150
104.81 105.99 107.14 108.25 109.32 110.36 111.38 112.37 113.33 114.26 115.18 116.07 116.94 117.79 118.63 119.44 120.24 121.02 121.79 122.54
6-10
MELTING POINT OF ICE AS A FUNCTION OF PRESSURE This table gives values of the melting temperature of ice at various pressures, as calculated from the equation for the ice I - liquid water phase boundary recommended by the International Association for the Properties of Steam (IAPS). Temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. See the Reference for information on forms of ice that exist at higher pressures. The transition points for transformations of the various forms of ice (in each case in equilibrium with liquid water) are: ice I - ice III ice III - ice V ice V - ice VI ice VI - ice VII
209.9 MPa 350.1 632.4 2216
–21.985°C –16.986 0.16 82
REFERENCE Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. p/MPa 0.1 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30
t/°C 0.00 -0.06 -0.14 -0.21 -0.29 -0.36 -0.74 -1.52 -2.32
p/MPa 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
t/°C -3.15 -4.02 -4.91 -5.83 -6.79 -7.78 -8.80 -9.86 -10.95
p/MPa 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
t/°C -12.07 -13.22 -14.40 -15.62 -16.85 -18.11 -19.39 -20.69 -22.00
PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE This table gives properties of compressed water and superheated steam at selected pressures and temperatures. The properties included are density ρ, enthalpy H, entropy S, heat capacity at constant pressure Cp, and static dielectric constant (relative permittivity). The table was generated from the formulation approved by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam for general and scientific use. The reference state for this table is the liquid at the triple point, at which the internal energy and entropy are taken as zero. A duplicate entry in the temperature column indicates a phase transition (liquid-vapor) at that temperature; property values are then given for both phases. In the 100 MPa section of the table, an entry is given at the critical temperature, 647.10 K. Temperatures refer to the ITS-90 scale, on which the normal boiling point of water is 373.12 K (99.97°C). REFERENCES 1. Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, September 1996; available from Executive Secretary of IAPWS, Electric Power Research Institute, 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304-1395. 2. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Mallard, W. G., and Linstrom, P. J., Eds., March 1998, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899 (http:// webbook.nist.gov). 3. Pruss, A. and Wagner, W., to be published. 4. Fernandez, D. P., Goodwin, A. R. H., Lemmon, E. W., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Williams, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 1125, 1997. [Dielectric constant] p/MPa 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
T/K
ρ/kg m-3
H/J g-1
273.16 300 325 350 372.76 372.76 375 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 453.03 453.03 500
999.84 996.56 987.19 973.73 958.63 0.59034 0.58653 0.54761 0.48458 0.43514 0.39507 0.36185 0.33384 0.30988 0.28915 0.27102 0.25504 0.24085 0.22815 0.21673 0.20640 0.19701 0.18844 0.18058 1000.3 996.96 987.58 974.13 957.43 937.87 890.39 887.13 5.1450 4.5323
0.10 112.65 217.15 321.84 417.50 2674.9 2679.6 2730.4 2829.7 2928.6 3028.1 3128.8 3230.8 3334.4 3439.5 3546.3 3654.8 3765.0 3876.9 3990.7 4106.1 4223.4 4342.3 4463.0 1.02 113.48 217.93 322.56 427.64 533.47 749.20 762.51 2777.1 2891.2
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
S/J g-1K-1 0.0000 0.3931 0.7276 1.0380 1.3028 7.3588 7.3713 7.5025 7.7365 7.9447 8.1344 8.3096 8.4730 8.6264 8.7715 8.9093 9.0408 9.1668 9.2879 9.4045 9.5172 9.6263 9.7321 9.8348 0.0000 0.3928 0.7272 1.0374 1.3274 1.6005 2.1086 2.1381 6.5850 6.8250
Cp/J g-1K-1 4.2194 4.1806 4.1819 4.1945 4.2152 2.0784 2.0686 2.0078 1.9752 1.9813 2.0010 2.0268 2.0557 2.0867 2.1191 2.1525 2.1868 2.2216 2.2568 2.2921 2.3273 2.3621 2.3965 2.4302 4.2150 4.1781 4.1798 4.1925 4.2158 4.2535 4.3924 4.4045 2.7114 2.2795
Diel. const. 87.90 77.75 69.32 61.79 55.61 1.006 1.006 1.005 1.004 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 87.93 77.78 69.36 61.82 55.09 49.06 38.81 38.23 1.042 1.034
PROPERTIES OF WATER AND STEAM AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (continued) p/MPa
T/K
ρ/kg m-3
H/J g-1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 584.15 584.15 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 273.16 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 600 647.10 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
4.0581 3.6871 3.3843 3.1305 2.9140 2.7265 2.5624 2.4174 2.2882 2.1723 2.0678 1.9729 1.8865 1.8074 1004.8 1001.0 991.46 978.09 961.62 942.42 896.16 838.02 761.82 688.42 55.463 49.773 40.479 35.355 31.810 29.107 26.933 25.123 23.580 22.241 21.063 20.017 19.078 18.230 1045.3 1037.2 1026.6 1013.6 998.59 981.82 943.51 899.21 848.78 791.49 730.24 726.21 651.77 568.52 482.23 404.66 343.61 298.61 265.45 240.32 220.62 204.71 191.53
3001.8 3109.0 3215.2 3321.7 3429.0 3537.5 3647.3 3758.5 3871.3 3985.7 4101.8 4219.5 4338.9 4460.0 10.1 121.7 225.6 329.7 434.4 539.6 753.9 977.1 1218 1408 2725 2820 3022 3177 3314 3443 3568 3691 3813 3935 4057 4180 4304 4429 95.4 201.4 301.3 401.7 502.6 603.7 807.8 1015 1228 1448 1665 1679 1925 2188 2466 2742 3000 3231 3440 3631 3809 3979 4142
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
S/J g-1K-1
Cp/J g-1K-1
7.0359 7.2224 7.3925 7.5504 7.6984 7.8384 7.9715 8.0986 8.2206 8.3380 8.4512 8.5608 8.6669 8.7699 0.000 0.390 0.723 1.031 1.320 1.592 2.096 2.566 3.027 3.360 5.616 5.775 6.100 6.330 6.520 6.686 6.838 6.978 7.110 7.235 7.354 7.469 7.579 7.685 -0.008 0.362 0.682 0.979 1.258 1.518 1.999 2.436 2.842 3.225 3.573 3.595 3.958 4.322 4.681 5.016 5.310 5.560 5.774 5.961 6.127 6.278 6.417
2.1647 2.1292 2.1254 2.1368 2.1566 2.1816 2.2098 2.2402 2.2721 2.3048 2.3380 2.3713 2.4044 2.4371 4.173 4.153 4.160 4.173 4.195 4.230 4.355 4.602 5.140 6.123 7.140 5.136 3.396 2.874 2.645 2.531 2.473 2.445 2.436 2.439 2.450 2.466 2.485 2.507 3.905 3.979 4.008 4.025 4.040 4.056 4.110 4.196 4.323 4.501 4.733 4.750 5.083 5.449 5.610 5.380 4.887 4.382 3.978 3.683 3.471 3.319 3.209
Diel. const. 1.028 1.024 1.020 1.017 1.015 1.013 1.012 1.011 1.010 1.009 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.006 88.30 78.11 69.67 62.13 55.40 49.39 39.17 30.79 23.53 18.70 1.404 1.365 1.267 1.214 1.179 1.154 1.134 1.118 1.105 1.095 1.086 1.078 1.072 1.066 91.83 81.22 72.58 64.95 58.19 52.20 42.15 34.15 27.67 22.29 17.97 17.72 13.75 10.34 7.562 5.571 4.284 3.477 2.956 2.601 2.347 2.158 2.011
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF WATER AT VARIOUS FREQUENCIES The permittivity of liquid water in the radiofrequency and microwave regions can be represented by the Debye equation (References 1 and 2):
ε′ = ε∞ + ε ′′ =
(ε
s
εs − ε∞ 1 + ω2τ2
− ε ∞ )ωτ
1 + ω2τ2
where ε = ε′ + i ε′′ is the (complex) relative permittivity (i.e., the absolute permittivity divided by the permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.854⋅10-12 F m-1 ). Here εs is the static permittivity (see Reference 3 and the table “Properties of Water in the Range 0—100°C” in this Section); ε∞ is a parameter describing the permittivity in the high frequency limit; τ is the relaxation time for molecular orientation; and ω = 2πf is the angular frequency. The values in this table have been calculated from parameters given in Reference 2:
ε∞ τ/ps
0°C
25°C
50°C
5.7 17.67
5.2 8.27
4.0 4.75
Other useful quantities that can be calculated from the values in the table are the loss tangent: tan δ = ε ′′ / ε ′
and the absorption coefficient α which describes the power attentuation per unit length (P = P0 e-αl): α=
πf ε ′′ c ε′
and c is the speed of light. The last equation is valid when ε′′/ε′ << 1. REFERENCES 1. Fernendez, D.P., Mulev, Y., Goodwin, A.R.H., and Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 24, 33, 1995. 2. Kaatze, U., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 34, 371, 1989. 3. Archer, D.G., and Wang, P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 817, 1983.
Frequency 0 1 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 500 MHz 1 GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz
ε′ 87.90 87.90 87.90 87.90 87.89 87.86 87.65 86.90 84.04 79.69 74.36 68.54 42.52 19.56 12.50 9.67 8.28
0°C
ε′′
ε′
0.00 0.00 0.01 0.09 0.91 1.82 4.55 9.01 17.39 24.64 30.49 34.88 40.88 30.78 22.64 17.62 14.34
78.36 78.36 78.36 78.36 78.36 78.35 78.31 78.16 77.58 76.62 75.33 73.73 62.81 40.37 26.53 18.95 14.64
6-13
25°C
ε′′
ε′
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.38 0.76 1.90 3.79 7.52 11.13 14.58 17.81 29.93 36.55 33.25 28.58 24.53
69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.88 69.87 69.82 69.65 69.36 68.95 68.45 64.49 52.57 40.57 31.17 24.42
50°C
ε′′ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.20 0.39 0.98 1.96 3.92 5.85 7.75 9.62 18.05 28.99 32.74 32.43 30.47
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS These tables give thermodynamic and transport properties of some important fluids, as generated from the equations of state presented in the references below. The properties tabulated are density (ρ), energy (E), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), isochoric heat capacity (Cv), isobaric heat capacity (Cp), speed of sound (vs), viscosity (η), thermal conductivity (λ), and dielectric constant (D). All extensive properties are given on a molar basis. Not all properties are included for every substance. The references should be consulted for information on the uncertainties and the reference states for E, H, and S. Values are given as a function of temperature for several isobars. The phase can be determined by noting the sharp decrease in density between two successive temperature entries; all lines above this point refer to the liquid phase, and all lines below refer to the gas phase. If there is no sharp discontinuity in density, all data in the table refer to the supercritical region (i.e., the isobar is above the critical pressure). REFERENCES 1. Younglove, B.A., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 3. McCarty, R.D., Thermodynamic Properties of Helium, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973. Nitrogen (N2) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
λ mW/m K
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 70 30.017 77.25 28.881 77.25 0.163 100 0.123 200 0.060 300 0.040 400 0.030 500 0.024 600 0.020 700 0.017 800 0.015 900 0.013 1000 0.012 1500 0.008
–3828 –3411 1546 2041 4140 6223 8308 10414 12563 14770 17044 19383 21786 34530
–3824 –3407 2161 2856 5800 8717 11635 14573 17554 20593 23698 26869 30103 47004
73.8 79.5 151.6 159.5 179.9 191.8 200.2 206.7 212.2 216.8 221.0 224.7 228.1 241.8
28.5 27.8 21.6 21.1 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.2 21.8 22.4 23.1 23.7 24.3 26.4
57.2 57.8 31.4 30.0 29.2 29.2 29.2 29.6 30.1 30.7 31.4 32.0 32.6 34.7
203.9 152.2 5.3 6.8 12.9 18.0 22.2 26.1 29.5 32.8 35.8 38.7 41.5 54.0
143.5 133.8 7.6 9.6 18.4 25.8 32.3 38.5 44.5 50.5 56.3 62.0 67.7 93.3
1.45269 1.43386 1.00215 1.00162 1.00079 1.00053 1.00040 1.00032 1.00026 1.00023 1.00020 1.00017 1.00016 1.00010
P = 1 MPa 70 80 90 100 103.75 103.75 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500
30.070 28.504 26.721 24.634 23.727 1.472 0.614 0.402 0.300 0.240 0.200 0.171 0.150 0.133 0.120 0.080
–3838 –3267 –2685 –2073 –1828 1788 4048 6171 8273 10389 12544 14756 17032 19374 21778 34527
–3805 –3232 –2648 –2032 –1786 2467 5675 8661 11609 14563 17554 20600 23709 26884 30121 47029
73.6 81.3 88.2 94.6 97.1 138.1 160.3 172.5 180.9 187.5 193.0 197.7 201.8 205.6 209.0 222.7
28.9 27.8 26.7 26.2 26.2 24.1 21.0 20.9 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.4 23.1 23.7 24.3 26.4
56.9 57.7 59.4 64.4 67.8 45.0 30.4 29.6 29.5 29.7 30.2 30.8 31.4 32.1 32.7 34.8
205.9 139.5 100.1 73.1 64.8 7.6 13.2 18.1 22.4 26.1 29.6 32.8 35.9 38.8 41.5 54.0
144.1 130.7 115.3 98.5 91.8 12.5 19.3 26.3 32.7 38.8 44.8 50.7 56.5 62.2 67.8 93.4
1.45355 1.42760 1.39824 1.36417 1.34947 1.01954 1.00812 1.00529 1.00395 1.00315 1.00262 1.00224 1.00196 1.00174 1.00157 1.00104
P = 10 MPa 65.32 31.120 100 26.201 200 7.117 300 3.989 400 2.898 500 2.302
–4176 –2328 3037 5667 7941 10148
–3855 –1946 4442 8174 11392 14492
68.6 92.0 136.4 151.7 161.0 167.9
31.8 27.4 22.7 21.4 21.3 21.5
53.8 56.3 45.5 33.4 31.3 30.8
275.7 90.2 17.6 20.1 23.7 27.1
153.8 112.3 30.4 31.9 36.7 42.0
1.47067 1.38942 1.09698 1.05347 1.03860 1.03055
6-14
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K 600 700 800 900 1000 1500
ρ mol/L 1.918 1.647 1.445 1.288 1.162 0.783
E J/mol 12361 14613 16919 19283 21705 34504
H J/mol 17575 20683 23837 27046 30308 47283
S J/mol K 173.5 178.3 182.5 186.3 189.8 203.5
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
λ mW/m K
D
21.9 22.5 23.2 23.8 24.4 26.5
30.9 31.3 31.8 32.4 32.9 34.8
30.4 33.5 36.4 39.3 42.0 54.3
47.4 53.0 58.6 64.1 69.6 94.7
1.02538 1.02175 1.01904 1.01694 1.01526 1.01020
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
λ mW/m K
D
Oxygen (O2) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 60 40.049 80 37.204 100 0.123 120 0.102 140 0.087 160 0.076 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 320 0.038 340 0.035 360 0.033 380 0.032
–5883 –4814 2029 2458 2881 3301 3720 4138 4556 4974 5393 5812 6234 6657 7082 7510 7941
–5880 –4812 2840 3442 4035 4624 5210 5796 6381 6966 7552 8138 8726 9316 9908 10503 11100
72.4 87.7 172.9 178.4 182.9 186.9 190.3 193.4 196.2 198.8 201.1 203.3 205.3 207.2 209.0 210.7 212.3
34.9 31.0 21.4 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.6
53.4 53.6 30.5 29.8 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.4 29.4 29.5 29.7 29.8 30.0
425.2 251.7 7.5 9.0 10.5 11.9 13.3 14.6 15.9 17.2 18.4 19.5 20.6 21.7 22.8 23.8 24.8
188.2 166.1 9.3 11.2 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.4 20.1 21.7 23.2 24.8 26.3 27.8 29.3 30.8 32.2
1.55619 1.51114 1.00146 1.00121 1.00103 1.00090 1.00080 1.00072 1.00065 1.00060 1.00055 1.00051 1.00048 1.00045 1.00042 1.00040 1.00038
P = 1 MPa 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
40.084 37.254 34.153 1.198 0.950 0.802 0.698 0.620 0.559 0.509 0.468 0.433 0.403 0.377 0.355 0.335 0.317
–5887 –4822 –3741 2163 2683 3151 3598 4035 4466 4894 5321 5748 6174 6602 7032 7463 7898
–5863 –4795 –3712 2997 3735 4398 5030 5647 6255 6858 7458 8056 8654 9252 9851 10452 11056
72.3 87.6 99.7 156.7 162.4 166.8 170.5 173.8 176.7 179.3 181.7 183.9 186.0 187.9 189.7 191.4 193.1
34.9 31.0 28.5 24.0 22.2 21.5 21.2 21.1 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.1 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.5 21.7
53.3 53.5 55.2 40.6 34.4 32.2 31.2 30.6 30.3 30.1 29.9 29.9 29.9 29.9 30.0 30.1 30.2
428.5 253.8 155.6 9.4 10.8 12.2 13.5 14.8 16.1 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.7 21.8 22.8 23.9 24.9
188.4 166.4 137.9 13.9 14.9 16.3 17.7 19.3 20.8 22.3 23.8 25.2 26.7 28.2 29.6 31.1 32.6
1.55674 1.51192 1.46381 1.01429 1.01133 1.00955 1.00831 1.00738 1.00665 1.00606 1.00556 1.00515 1.00479 1.00448 1.00421 1.00397 1.00376
P = 10 MPa 60 40.419 80 37.727 100 34.881 120 31.721 140 27.890 160 22.379 180 13.232 200 8.666
–5931 –4893 –3856 –2796 –1662 -322 1489 2681
–5684 –4628 –3570 –2481 –1304 125 2245 3835
71.5 86.7 98.5 108.4 117.5 127.0 139.5 147.9
35.1 31.6 29.1 27.3 26.2 26.1 26.6 24.0
53.0 52.7 53.4 55.9 62.9 84.8 105.9 60.6
461.8 274.4 171.0 113.0 76.3 48.6 26.2 21.2
189.9 168.6 141.2 115.1 91.8 71.2 46.8 34.0
1.56210 1.51936 1.47500 1.42677 1.36972 1.29037 1.16560 1.10650
6-15
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K
ρ mol/L
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
6.868 5.836 5.134 4.613 4.205 3.874 3.598 3.363 3.161
E J/mol 3424 4029 4573 5086 5581 6063 6538 7009 7477
H J/mol 4880 5742 6521 7254 7959 8645 9318 9982 10641
S J/mol K 152.9 156.6 159.7 162.5 164.9 167.1 169.1 171.0 172.8
Cv J/mol K 22.6 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 22.0
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
46.4 40.6 37.6 35.8 34.7 33.9 33.4 33.0 32.8
20.5 20.8 21.4 22.1 22.9 23.7 24.6 25.4 26.3
λ mW/m K
D
30.8 30.1 30.2 30.8 31.6 32.6 33.7 34.9 36.1
1.08380 1.07090 1.06219 1.05575 1.05073 1.04667 1.04329 1.04043 1.03796
Hydrogen (H2) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 15 37.738 20 35.278 40 0.305 60 0.201 80 0.151 100 0.120 120 0.100 140 0.086 160 0.075 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 400 0.030
–605 –524 491 748 1030 1370 1777 2237 2723 3216 3703 4179 4641 5093 5535 5970 8093
–603 –521 818 1244 1694 2202 2776 3401 4054 4714 5367 6009 6638 7256 7865 8466 11421
11.2 15.8 75.6 84.3 90.7 96.4 101.6 106.4 110.8 114.7 118.1 121.2 123.9 126.4 128.6 130.7 139.2
9.7 11.3 12.5 13.1 15.3 18.7 21.8 23.8 24.6 24.6 24.1 23.4 22.8 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.0
14.4 19.1 21.3 21.6 23.7 27.1 30.2 32.2 33.0 32.9 32.4 31.8 31.2 30.6 30.2 29.9 29.3
1319 1111 521 636 714 773 827 883 940 998 1054 1110 1163 1214 1263 1310 1518
1.24827 1.23093 1.00186 1.00122 1.00091 1.00073 1.00061 1.00052 1.00046 1.00041 1.00037 1.00033 1.00030 1.00028 1.00026 1.00024 1.00018
P = 1 MPa 15 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 400
38.109 35.852 3.608 2.098 1.523 1.204 0.999 0.854 0.747 0.663 0.597 0.543 0.498 0.460 0.427 0.399 0.299
–609 –532 399 697 994 1343 1756 2219 2709 3204 3693 4170 4634 5087 5530 5966 8091
–583 –504 676 1173 1651 2174 2758 3390 4048 4712 5368 6012 6643 7263 7873 8475 11433
10.9 15.5 54.1 64.3 71.1 77.0 82.3 87.1 91.5 95.4 98.9 102.0 104.7 107.2 109.5 111.5 120.1
10.1 11.4 12.9 13.2 15.4 18.8 21.9 23.9 24.7 24.6 24.1 23.5 22.9 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.0
14.1 18.4 28.4 23.5 24.7 27.7 30.6 32.5 33.2 33.1 32.5 31.9 31.2 30.7 30.3 30.0 29.4
1315 1155 498 635 719 779 835 891 949 1006 1063 1118 1171 1222 1271 1317 1525
1.25089 1.23496 1.02209 1.01280 1.00928 1.00733 1.00608 1.00520 1.00454 1.00404 1.00363 1.00330 1.00303 1.00279 1.00259 1.00242 1.00182
P = 10 MPa 20 40 60 80 100
39.669 31.344 21.273 14.830 11.417
–568 –209 255 686 1110
–316 110 725 1360 1986
13.0 27.3 39.7 48.8 55.8
10.9 13.2 13.8 15.9 19.3
15.0 27.0 32.5 31.1 31.9
1458 1171 931 886 904
1.26198 1.20354 1.13527 1.09303 1.07109
6-16
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 400
ρ mol/L 9.357 7.969 6.963 6.195 5.588 5.094 4.683 4.336 4.038 3.780 2.869
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
1571 2068 2583 3099 3604 4094 4569 5030 5481 5924 8073
2640 3323 4020 4713 5393 6057 6704 7336 7958 8570 11559
61.8 67.0 71.7 75.7 79.3 82.5 85.3 87.8 90.1 92.3 100.9
22.4 24.3 25.0 24.9 24.4 23.7 23.1 22.6 22.1 21.8 21.2
33.5 34.6 34.9 34.4 33.6 32.8 32.0 31.3 30.8 30.4 29.6
941 989 1042 1096 1150 1203 1254 1302 1349 1394 1592
1.05801 1.04925 1.04294 1.03814 1.03436 1.03129 1.02874 1.02659 1.02475 1.02315 1.01753
Helium (He-4) ρ mol/L
E J/mol
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 3 35.794 4 32.477 5 2.935 10 1.238 20 0.602 50 0.240 100 0.120 200 0.060 300 0.040 400 0.030 500 0.024 600 0.020 700 0.017 800 0.015 900 0.013 1000 0.012 1500 0.008
–39 –27 52 120 247 623 1247 2494 3741 4988 6236 7483 8730 9977 11224 12471 18707
–36 –24 86 201 413 1039 2079 4158 6237 8315 10394 12472 14551 16630 18708 20787 31179
P = 1 MPa 3 4 5 10 20 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500
39.703 38.210 35.818 15.378 6.067 2.353 1.186 0.597 0.399 0.300 0.240 0.200 0.172 0.150 0.133 0.120 0.080
–42 –34 –22 78 228 617 1245 2495 3742 4990 6237 7485 8732 9979 11227 12474 18710
P = 10 MPa 4 51.978 5 51.118 10 46.872
–24 –18 23
T K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
η µPa s
9.8 13.3 39.1 55.2 69.9 89.0 103.4 117.8 126.3 132.3 136.9 140.7 143.9 146.7 149.1 151.3 159.7
7.6 9.1 12.7 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
9.4 16.3 27.1 21.7 21.0 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
222 185 120 185 264 417 589 833 1020 1177 1316 1441 1557 1664 1765 1861 2279
3.85 3.33 1.39 2.26 3.58 6.36 9.78 15.14 19.93 24.29 28.36 32.22 35.89 39.43 42.85 46.16 61.55
1.05646 1.05114 1.00456 1.00192 1.00093 1.00037 1.00019 1.00009 1.00006 1.00005 1.00004 1.00003 1.00003 1.00002 1.00002 1.00002 1.00001
–16 –7 6 143 393 1042 2089 4170 6249 8327 10406 12484 14562 16641 18719 20798 31190
8.6 11.2 14.0 32.2 49.8 69.8 84.3 98.7 107.1 113.1 117.8 121.5 124.7 127.5 130.0 132.2 140.6
7.1 8.3 9.7 12.3 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
7.8 10.9 15.1 30.5 22.9 21.1 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
300 290 269 198 274 428 597 838 1024 1180 1319 1444 1559 1666 1767 1862 2280
5.63 5.01 4.38 3.07 3.94 6.53 9.89 15.21 19.96 24.32 28.38 32.23 35.91 39.44 42.86 46.17 61.55
1.06274 1.06034 1.05650 1.02402 1.00943 1.00365 1.00184 1.00093 1.00062 1.00046 1.00037 1.00031 1.00027 1.00023 1.00021 1.00019 1.00012
169 177 236
6.7 8.5 16.6
6.0 7.9 11.0
7.3 9.3 14.5
586 576 546
24.27 18.16 9.31
1.08262 1.08122 1.07432
H J/mol
S J/mol K
6-17
D
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
20 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500
37.092 19.192 10.525 5.605 3.829 2.908 2.344 1.963 1.689 1.481 1.320 1.189 0.797
154 572 1231 2500 3755 5006 6256 7505 8754 10003 11252 12500 18742
H J/mol
S J/mol K
423 1093 2181 4284 6367 8445 10522 12599 14676 16753 18830 20907 31294
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
η µPa s
12.6 12.9 12.8 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
20.7 22.4 21.3 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
498 541 674 889 1063 1212 1346 1467 1580 1685 1784 1877 2289
6.99 8.07 10.93 15.82 20.25 24.54 28.56 32.38 36.04 39.56 42.96 46.26 61.62
29.5 49.9 65.0 79.6 88.0 94.0 98.6 102.4 105.6 108.4 110.9 113.0 121.5
D 1.05854 1.03003 1.01640 1.00871 1.00595 1.00452 1.00364 1.00305 1.00262 1.00230 1.00205 1.00185 1.00124
Argon (Ar) T K
ρ mol/L
vs m/s
λ mW/m K
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 85 35.243 90 0.138 100 0.123 120 0.102 140 0.087 160 0.076 180 0.067 200 0.060 220 0.055 240 0.050 260 0.046 280 0.043 300 0.040 320 0.038 340 0.035 360 0.033 380 0.032
–4811 1077 1211 1471 1727 1980 2232 2483 2734 2984 3234 3484 3734 3984 4234 4484 4734
–4808 1802 2024 2456 2881 3302 3722 4141 4559 4976 5394 5811 6227 6644 7060 7477 7893
53.6 129.4 131.8 135.7 139.0 141.8 144.3 146.5 148.5 150.3 152.0 153.5 155.0 156.3 157.6 158.7 159.9
23.1 13.1 12.9 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
44.7 22.5 21.9 21.4 21.1 21.0 21.0 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
820 174 184 203 220 235 250 263 276 289 300 312 323 333 344 354 363
278.8 7.5 8.2 9.8 11.4 13.0 14.5 16.0 17.5 18.9 20.3 21.6 22.9 24.2 25.4 26.6 27.8
132.4 6.0 6.6 7.8 9.0 10.2 11.4 12.5 13.7 14.8 15.8 16.9 17.9 18.9 19.9 20.8 21.7
P = 1 MPa 85 35.307 90 34.542 100 32.909 120 1.181 140 0.945 160 0.799 180 0.697 200 0.619 220 0.559 240 0.509 260 0.468 280 0.433 300 0.403 320 0.377 340 0.355 360 0.335 380 0.317
–4820 –4598 –4145 1210 1544 1838 2116 2384 2648 2908 3167 3423 3679 3934 4188 4441 4694
–4792 –4569 –4115 2057 2603 3089 3551 3999 4438 4873 5304 5732 6159 6583 7007 7429 7851
53.5 56.1 60.9 114.3 118.5 121.8 124.5 126.9 128.9 130.8 132.6 134.2 135.6 137.0 138.3 139.5 140.6
23.1 21.6 19.9 14.7 13.5 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
44.6 44.7 46.2 30.1 25.4 23.6 22.7 22.2 21.8 21.6 21.5 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.2 21.1 21.1
823 808 753 189 212 231 247 262 275 288 301 312 324 334 345 355 365
281.3 242.7 185.0 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.8 16.3 17.7 19.1 20.4 21.8 23.1 24.3 25.5 26.7 27.9
133.0 124.2 109.2 9.3 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.2 14.2 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.2 20.2 21.1 22.0
P = 10 MPa 90 35.208
–4694
–4410
55.0
21.9
43.2
846
265.2
129.5
6-18
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
E J/mol
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
33.744 30.525 26.609 20.816 12.296 8.442 6.776 5.787 5.105 4.596 4.195 3.869 3.596 3.364 3.164
–4271 –3396 –2447 –1279 228 1118 1661 2087 2458 2798 3119 3427 3726 4017 4303
–3974 –3069 –2072 –799 1042 2302 3137 3815 4416 4974 5503 6012 6506 6989 7464
59.6 67.8 75.5 83.9 94.8 101.4 105.4 108.4 110.8 112.9 114.7 116.3 117.8 119.2 120.5
20.4 18.8 17.6 17.4 17.3 15.3 14.2 13.7 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.0 12.9 12.9
Cp J/mol K 44.0 46.9 54.1 78.6 83.6 48.6 36.8 31.6 28.8 27.1 25.9 25.0 24.4 23.9 23.5
vs m/s 800 672 526 357 257 268 284 300 314 327 339 350 361 372 381
η µPa s 205.0 131.2 85.9 51.3 27.8 23.3 22.8 23.2 23.9 24.8 25.7 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7
λ mW/m K 115.1 92.1 71.7 52.8 32.0 23.6 21.6 21.3 21.4 21.8 22.3 22.9 23.5 24.2 24.9
Methane (CH4) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
λ mW/m K
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 100 27.370 125 0.099 150 0.081 175 0.069 200 0.061 225 0.054 250 0.048 275 0.044 300 0.040 325 0.037 350 0.034 375 0.032 400 0.030 425 0.028 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020
–5258 3026 3667 4301 4935 5571 6216 6875 7552 8252 8979 9737 10528 11354 12215 14047 18111
–5254 4039 4896 5743 6587 7434 8288 9156 10042 10951 11887 12853 13852 14886 15956 18204 23101
73.0 156.5 162.7 168.0 172.5 176.5 180.1 183.4 186.4 189.4 192.1 194.8 197.4 199.9 202.3 207.1 216.0
33.4 25.4 25.2 25.2 25.3 25.5 26.0 26.6 27.5 28.5 29.7 30.9 32.3 33.7 35.2 38.0 42.9
54.1 34.6 34.0 33.8 33.8 34.0 34.4 35.0 35.9 36.9 38.0 39.3 40.7 42.1 43.5 46.4 51.3
156.3 5.0 5.9 6.9 7.8 8.7 9.6 10.4 11.2 12.0 12.8 13.5 14.3 15.0 15.7 17.0 19.4
208.1 13.4 16.2 19.1 21.9 24.8 27.8 30.9 34.1 37.6 41.2 45.1 49.1 53.3 57.6 66.5 84.1
1.65504 1.00193 1.00159 1.00136 1.00119 1.00105 1.00095 1.00086 1.00079 1.00073 1.00068 1.00063 1.00059 1.00056 1.00053 1.00047 1.00039
P = 1 MPa 100 27.413 125 25.137 150 0.969 175 0.765 200 0.644 225 0.560 250 0.497 275 0.448 300 0.408 325 0.375 350 0.347 375 0.323 400 0.302 425 0.284 450 0.268 500 0.241 600 0.200
–5268 –3882 3282 4041 4736 5410 6081 6758 7449 8160 8897 9662 10460 11291 12157 13997 18073
–5231 –3842 4315 5348 6289 7197 8093 8991 9901 10829 11781 12760 13770 14814 15892 18153 23070
72.9 85.3 140.9 147.3 152.3 156.6 160.4 163.8 167.0 169.9 172.8 175.5 178.1 180.6 183.1 187.8 196.8
33.4 32.4 27.9 26.4 25.9 25.9 26.2 26.8 27.6 28.6 29.7 31.0 32.4 33.8 35.2 38.1 43.0
54.0 57.4 45.2 38.9 36.8 36.0 35.8 36.1 36.7 37.6 38.6 39.8 41.1 42.4 43.8 46.6 51.4
158.1 89.2 6.2 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.7 10.6 11.4 12.1 12.9 13.6 14.4 15.1 15.7 17.0 19.5
208.9 168.2 18.4 20.6 23.1 25.8 28.7 31.7 34.9 38.3 41.9 45.7 49.6 53.8 58.1 66.9 84.5
1.65617 1.59261 1.01911 1.01507 1.01268 1.01102 1.00979 1.00882 1.00803 1.00738 1.00683 1.00636 1.00595 1.00559 1.00527 1.00474 1.00394
6-19
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) ρ mol/L
E J/mol
P = 10 MPa 100 27.815 125 25.754 150 23.441 175 20.613 200 16.602 225 10.547 250 7.013 275 5.530 300 4.685 325 4.115 350 3.695 375 3.366 400 3.101 425 2.880 450 2.692 500 2.389 600 1.963
–5362 –4036 –2655 –1175 542 2680 4289 5387 6320 7192 8047 8903 9774 10666 11584 13507 17700
T K
H J/mol –5003 –3648 –2229 –689 1144 3628 5714 7195 8454 9622 10753 11874 12999 14138 15298 17692 22795
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
η µPa s
72.0 84.1 94.4 103.9 113.6 125.3 134.1 139.8 144.2 147.9 151.3 154.4 157.3 160.0 162.7 167.7 177.0
33.8 32.7 31.4 30.3 30.1 30.8 29.3 28.7 28.9 29.6 30.5 31.7 32.9 34.3 35.7 38.5 43.3
53.2 55.3 58.6 65.5 84.7 102.2 67.4 53.4 48.0 45.8 44.9 44.8 45.2 46.0 46.9 48.9 52.9
175.4 100.4 65.7 44.9 29.4 17.6 14.3 13.8 13.9 14.3 14.7 15.2 15.8 16.3 16.9 18.0 20.2
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
λ mW/m K 217 178.8 144.6 113.4 85.8 61.0 47.6 44.1 44.6 46.6 49.2 52.3 55.7 59.4 63.3 71.6 88.3
D
1.66668 1.60895 1.54553 1.47021 1.36789 1.22352 1.14481 1.11297 1.09513 1.08322 1.07450 1.06773 1.06227 1.05775 1.05392 1.04775 1.03911
Ethane (C2H6) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
vs m/s
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 95 21.50 100 21.32 125 20.41 150 19.47 175 18.49 200 0.062 225 0.054 250 0.049 275 0.044 300 0.040 325 0.037 350 0.035 375 0.032 400 0.030 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020
–14555 –14210 –12468 –10717 –8938 5503 6401 7349 8360 9439 10592 11823 13133 14525 17548 20883 28429
–14550 –14205 –12463 –10712 -8933 7123 8238 9401 10624 11914 13278 14719 16240 17841 21282 25035 33415
80.2 83.8 99.3 112.1 123.1 210.1 215.4 220.3 224.9 229.4 233.8 238.1 242.3 246.4 254.5 262.4 277.6
47.2 47.1 45.0 43.4 42.7 34.5 36.5 38.9 41.6 44.5 47.6 50.7 54.0 57.2 63.6 69.7 80.9
68.7 69.3 69.8 70.4 72.1 43.8 45.5 47.7 50.2 53.1 56.1 59.2 62.4 65.6 72.0 78.1 89.3
1970 1943 1775 1587 1396 258 273 287 300 312 324 335 345 355 375 393 428
1.93480 1.92500 1.87634 1.82726 1.77671 1.00208 1.00183 1.00164 1.00148 1.00136 1.00125 1.00116 1.00108 1.00101 1.00090 1.00081 1.00067
P = 1 MPa 95 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
–14562 –14217 –12478 –10731 –8957 –7127 –5199 6762 7902 9063 10273 11546 12889 14306
–14515 –14170 –12429 –10679 –8903 –7070 –5137 8534 9949 11363 12815 14321 15893 17534
80.2 83.7 99.2 112.0 123.0 132.7 141.8 198.7 204.1 209.0 213.7 218.1 222.5 226.7
47.3 47.2 45.0 43.4 42.7 42.9 43.8 41.6 43.2 45.5 48.3 51.3 54.4 57.5
68.7 69.3 69.8 70.3 72.0 74.9 80.2 57.5 56.2 57.2 59.1 61.5 64.2 67.1
1972 1946 1778 1592 1402 1209 1008 260 280 297 311 325 337 349
1.93537 1.92560 1.87709 1.82823 1.77800 1.72513 1.66733 1.01909 1.01650 1.01467 1.01327 1.01214 1.01121 1.01043
21.514 21.334 20.427 19.494 18.515 17.464 16.288 0.564 0.489 0.435 0.393 0.360 0.333 0.310
6-20
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K
ρ mol/L
450 500 600
0.272 0.244 0.201
17367 20730 28313
21038 24836 33278
234.9 242.9 258.3
21.624 21.448 20.570 19.678 18.758 17.793 16.760 15.620 14.301 12.666 10.398 7.292 5.182 4.182 3.204 2.677 2.076
–14626 –14286 –12572 –10858 –9130 –7363 –5535 –3609 –1539 757 3443 6643 9419 11577 15379 19135 27160
–14163 –13819 –12086 –10350 –8596 –6801 –4938 –2969 –839 1547 4404 8015 11349 13968 18500 22870 31978
79.5 83.0 98.5 111.1 121.9 131.5 140.3 148.6 156.7 165.0 174.1 184.8 194.1 200.8 211.5 220.7 237.3
P = 10 MPa 95 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
63.8 69.9 81.0
73.0 78.9 89.8
370 390 427
1.00917 1.00819 1.00677
47.4 47.4 45.5 43.9 43.3 43.5 44.3 45.8 47.9 50.8 54.7 58.8 60.0 61.4 65.8 71.2 81.8
68.5 69.1 69.3 69.6 70.8 73.0 76.4 81.5 89.4 102.7 129.1 150.1 115.7 96.9 87.5 88.0 94.7
2000 1974 1814 1637 1459 1284 1110 935 758 577 399 290 289 310 347 378 427
1.94104 1.93146 1.88436 1.83753 1.79010 1.74134 1.69017 1.63488 1.57249 1.49740 1.39745 1.26832 1.18570 1.14797 1.11193 1.09288 1.07142
Propane (C3H8) T K
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
P = 0.1 MPa (1 bar) 90 16.526 100 16.295 125 15.726 150 15.156 175 14.577 200 13.982 225 13.339 250 0.050 275 0.045 300 0.041 325 0.037 350 0.035 375 0.032 400 0.030 450 0.027 500 0.024 600 0.020
–21486 –20639 –18495 –16319 –14096 –11806 –9395 9194 10691 12297 14019 15862 17827 19912 24441 29428 40677
–21426 –20577 –18432 –16253 –14028 –11735 –9387 11213 12930 14752 16689 18744 20921 23217 28166 33573 45658
87.3 96.2 115.4 131.3 145.0 157.3 168.5 257.6 264.1 270.5 276.7 282.8 288.8 294.7 306.4 317.7 339.7
59.2 59.6 59.2 58.9 59.5 61.0 63.4 57.2 61.6 66.2 71.1 76.0 80.9 85.7 95.2 104.1 120.4
84.5 85.2 86.5 88.0 90.3 93.5 97.9 66.8 70.7 75.1 79.8 84.6 89.5 94.3 103.6 112.6 128.8
2126 2041 1856 1685 1521 1359 1197 228 239 249 259 269 278 286 303 318 347
2.07988 2.05806 2.00674 1.95796 1.91036 1.86300 1.81487 1.00238 1.00215 1.00195 1.00179 1.00166 1.00154 1.00144 1.00128 1.00115 1.00095
P = 1 MPa 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
–21486 –20639 –18495 –16319 –14096 –11806 –9424 –6919 –4252 –1360 13278
–21426 –20577 –18432 –16253 –14028 –11735 –9349 –6840 –4169 –1270 15614
87.2 96.2 115.3 131.2 144.9 157.2 168.4 179.0 189.1 199.2 255.2
59.3 59.7 59.2 59.0 59.6 61.1 63.4 66.4 70.0 74.1 74.1
84.5 85.2 86.4 88.0 90.2 93.4 97.7 103.3 110.8 121.9 89.6
2128 2043 1859 1690 1526 1365 1205 1045 881 708 233
2.08034 2.05856 2.00736 1.95873 1.91132 1.86421 1.81642 1.76672 1.71316 1.65216 1.02067
16.526 16.295 15.726 15.156 14.577 13.982 13.361 12.696 11.962 11.102 0.428
6-21
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS (continued) T K 350 375 400 450 500 600 P = 10 MPa 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 600
ρ mol/L
E J/mol
H J/mol
S J/mol K
Cv J/mol K
Cp J/mol K
vs m/s
D
0.383 0.349 0.322 0.279 0.248 0.203
15259 17318 19472 24092 29137 40455
17869 20183 22582 27672 33172 45374
261.9 268.3 274.4 286.4 298.0 320.2
78.0 82.2 86.7 95.7 104.4 120.5
91.2 94.2 97.8 105.9 114.1 129.7
248 261 272 293 312 344
1.01846 1.01678 1.01544 1.01337 1.01184 1.00968
16.590 16.364 15.810 15.259 14.705 14.141 13.562 12.960 12.322 11.631 10.860 9.973 8.905 7.561 4.614 3.241 2.242
–21553 –20714 –18595 –16448 –14261 –12016 –9692 –7268 –4721 –2027 843 3924 7270 10957 18845 25567 38131
–20951 –20103 –17962 –15793 –13581 –11309 –8955 –6496 –3909 –1167 1764 4927 8393 12279 21013 28652 42591
86.5 95.4 114.5 130.3 144.0 156.1 167.2 177.5 187.4 196.9 206.3 215.7 225.2 235.3 255.8 272.0 297.4
59.9 60.1 59.6 59.3 59.9 61.4 63.7 66.7 70.2 74.1 78.4 82.9 87.7 93.0 101.8 107.8 121.7
84.4 85.1 86.1 87.5 89.5 92.4 96.1 100.7 106.4 113.2 121.5 132.0 146.1 165.7 167.8 142.7 140.5
2146 2068 1895 1733 1577 1425 1277 1133 991 851 715 582 455 339 249 276 332
2.08489 2.06350 2.01342 1.96617 1.92048 1.87557 1.83076 1.78529 1.73826 1.68849 1.63437 1.57361 1.50271 1.41671 1.24060 1.16439 1.11122
6-22
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES Henry V. Kehiaian This table gives second virial coefficients of about 110 inorganic and organic gases as a function of temperature. Selected data from the literature have been fitted by least squares to the equation n
[
]
B/ cm 3 mol –1 = ∑ a(i ) (To / T ) – 1 i =1
i–1
where To = 298.15 K. The table gives the coefficients a(i) and values of B at fixed temperature increments, as calculated from this smoothing equation. The equation may be used with the tabulated coefficients for interpolation within the indicated temperature range. It should not be used for extrapolation beyond this range. Compounds are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction), with carboncontaining compounds following those compounds not containing carbon. A useful compilation of virial coefficient data from the literature may be found in: J. H. Dymond and E. B. Smith, The Virial Coefficients of Pure Gases and Mixtures, A Critical Compilation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980.
Compounds Not Containing Carbon Mol. form. Ar
Name
T/K
Argon
a(1) = –16 a(2) = –60 a(3) = –10
BF3
Boron trifluoride
a(1) = –106 a(2) = –330 a(3) = –251 a(4) = –80 ClH
Hydrogen chloride
a(1) = –144 a(2) = –325 a(3) = –277 a(4) = –170
Cl2
Chlorine
6-23
B/cm3 mol–1
100 120 140 160 80 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
–184 –131 –98 –76 –60 –48 –16 –1 7 12 15 18 20 22
200 240 280 320 360 400 440
–338 –202 –129 –85 –56 –37 –23
190 230 270 310 350 390 430 470
–451 –269 –181 –132 –102 –81 –66 –54
210 220
–508 –483
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
T/K
a(1) = –303 a(2) = –555 a(3) = 9 a(4) = 329 a(5) = 68
F2
Fluorine
a(1) = –25 a(2) = 21 a(3) = –185 a(4) = 113 F4Si
Silicon tetrafluoride
a(1) = –138 a(2) = –312
F5I
Iodine pentafluoride
a(1) = –3077 a(2) = –8474 a(3) = –9116
F5P
Phosphorus pentafluoride
a(1) = –186 a(2) = –345
F6Mo
Molybdenum hexafluoride
6-24
B/cm3 mol–1
230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900
–457 –432 –407 –383 –360 –339 –318 –299 –221 –166 –126 –97 –59 –36 –22 –12
80 110 140 170 200 230 260
–386 –171 –113 –73 –47 –32 –25
210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450
–268 –213 –170 –136 –108 –84 –64 –47 –32
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410
–2540 –2344 –2172 –2021 –1890 –1775 –1674 –1587 –1510 –1443
320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
–162 –143 –127 –112 –98 –86 –75 –64
300 310 320
–896 –810 –737
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
F6S
Name
T/K
a(1) = –914 a(2) = –2922 a(3) = –4778
330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–677 –627 –586 –553 –527 –506 –491
Sulfur hexafluoride
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
–685 –416 –275 –190 –135 –96 –68
320 340 360 380 400 420 440
–1030 –905 –805 –724 –658 –604 –560
320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
–641 –578 –523 –473 –428 –387 –350 –317
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400
–230 –151 –108 –82 –64 –52 –42 –35 –24 –16 –11 –7 –3 11 15 18
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440
–1126 –850 –660 –526 –428 –356 –301 –258
a(1) = –279 a(2) = –647 a(3) = –335 a(4) = –72 F6U
Uranium hexafluoride
a(1) = –1204 a(2) = –2690 a(3) = –2144
F6W
Tungsten hexafluoride
a(1) = –719 a(2) = –1143
H2
Hydrogen
a(1) = 15.4 a(2) = –9.0 a(3) = –0.2
H2O
B/cm3 mol–1
Water
a(1) = –1158 a(2) = –5157 a(3) = –10301 a(4) =–10597 a(5) = –4415
6-25
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
H3N
Name
T/K
Ammonia
a(1) = –271 a(2) = –1022 a(3) = –2715 a(4) = –4189
H3P
Phosphine
a(1) = –146 a(2) = –733 a(3) = 1022 a(4) = –1220
He
Helium
a(1) = 12 a(2) = –1
Kr
Krypton
a(1) = –51 a(2) = –118
6-26
B/cm3 mol–1
460 480 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
–224 –197 –175 –104 –67 –44 –30 –20 –14 –11
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 400 420
–302 –265 –236 –213 –194 –179 –166 –154 –144 –135 –118 –101
190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
–457 –404 –364 –332 –305 –281 –258 –235 –213 –190 –166
2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 50 70 90 110 150 250 650 700
–172 –48 –24 –13 –7 –3 –1 1 6 8 10 10 11 12 13 13
110 120 130 140 150
–363 –307 –263 –229 –201
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
NO
Name
T/K
a(3) = –29 a(4) = –5
160 170 180 190 200 250 300 400 500 600 700
–178 –159 –143 –129 –117 –75 –51 –23 –8 2 8
Nitric oxide
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 230 250 270
–232 –176 –138 –113 –96 –83 –73 –65 –58 –52 –42 –32 –24
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 400 500 600 700
–274 –161 –104 –71 –49 –34 –24 –15 –4 9 16 21 24
240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
–219 –181 –151 –128 –110 –96 –85 –76 –68
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
–25 –13 –6 –1 2 4 6 7
a(1) = –12 a(2) = –119 a(3) = 89 a(4) = –73
N2
Nitrogen
a(1) = –4 a(2) = –56 a(3) = –12
N2O
Nitrous oxide
a(1) = –130 a(2) = –307 a(3) = –248
Ne
B/cm3 mol–1
Neon
a(1) = 10.8 a(2) = –7.5 a(3) = 0.4
6-27
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
O2
Name
Oxygen
a(1) = –16 a(2) = –62 a(3) = –8 a(4) = –3
O2S
Sulfur dioxide
a(1) = –430 a(2) = –1193 a(3) = –1029
Xe
B/cm3 mol–1
T/K
Xenon
a(1) = –130 a(2) = –262 a(3) = –87
300 400 500 600
11 13 14 15
90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350 400
–241 –161 –117 –88 –69 –55 –44 –36 –29 –23 –18 –14 –10 –7 –1
290 320 350 380 410 440 470
–465 –354 –276 –221 –181 –153 –132
160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 300 350 400 500 600 650
–421 –377 –340 –307 –280 –255 –234 –215 –199 –184 –129 –93 –69 –39 –21 –14
Compounds Containing Carbon Mol. form. CClF3
Name Chlorotrifluoromethane
a(1) = –223 a(2) = –504 a(3) = –340 a(4) = –291
6-28
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
240 290 340 390 440 490 540
–369 –237 –165 –119 –86 –60 –39
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form. CCl2F2
Name Dichlorodifluoromethane
a(1) = –486 a(2) = –1217 a(3) = –1188 a(4) = –698
CCl3F
Trichlorofluoromethane
a(1) = –786 a(2) = –1428 a(3) = –142
CCl4
Tetrachloromethane
a(1) = –1600 a(2) = –4059 a(3) = –4653 CF4
Tetrafluoromethane
a(1) = –88 a(2) = –238 a(3) = –70
CHClF2
Chlorodifluoromethane
a(1) = –347 a(2) = –575 a(3) = 187 CHCl2F
Dichlorofluoromethane
a(1) = –562 a(2) = –862
CHCl3
Trichloromethane
a(1) = –1193 a(2) = –2936 a(3) = –1751
6-29
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
250 280 310 340 370 400 430 460
–769 –570 –441 –353 –289 –241 –204 –174
240 280 320 360 400 440 480
–1140 –879 –689 –545 –431 –340 –265
320 340 360 380 400 420
–1345 –1171 –1040 –942 –868 –814
250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800
–137 –87 –55 –32 –16 –4 14 25 33
300 325 350 375 400 425
–343 –298 –257 –221 –188 –158
250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450
–728 –634 –557 –491 –434 –385 –343 –305 –271
320 330 340 350 360 370 380
–1001 –926 –858 –797 –740 –689 –642
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
CHF3
Name
Trifluoromethane
a(1) = –177 a(2) = –399 a(3) = –250
CH2Cl2
Dichloromethane
a(1) = –913 a(2) = –3371 a(3) = –5013
CH2F2
Difluoromethane
a(1) = –321 a(2) = –754 a(3) = –1300
CH3Br
Bromomethane
a(1) = –559 a(2) = –1324
CH3Cl
Chloromethane
a(1) = –407 a(2) = –887 a(3) = –385
CH3F
Fluoromethane
6-30
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
390 400
–599 –559
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
–433 –350 –288 –241 –204 –174 –151 –132 –116 –103 –91
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 400 420
–706 –634 –574 –524 –482 –447 –420 –380 –357
280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350
–375 –343 –316 –294 –275 –260 –248 –238
280 290 300 310 320 340 360 380
–645 –596 –551 –509 –469 –396 –332 –274
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 600
–466 –402 –348 –304 –266 –234 –206 –182 –161 –142 –126 –112 –58
280
–244
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
a(1) = –209 a(2) = –525 a(3) = –365
CH3I
Iodomethane
a(1) = –844 a(2) = –3353 a(3) = –6590
CH4
Methane
a(1) = –43 a(2) = –114 a(3) = –19 a(4) = –7
CH4O
Methanol
a(1) = –1752 a(2) = –4694
CH5N
Methylamine
a(1) = –459 a(2) = –1191 a(3) = –995
CO
Carbon monoxide
a(1) = –9
6-31
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
300 320 340 360 380 400 420
–205 –174 –150 –129 –112 –99 –87
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380
–725 –646 –582 –531 –492 –462 –441 –427
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 250 300 350 400 500 600
–328 –276 –237 –206 –181 –160 –143 –128 –116 –105 –66 –43 –27 –16 0 10
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1431 –1299 –1174 –1056 –945 –840 –741 –646 –557
300 325 350 375 400 425 450 500 550
–451 –367 –304 –257 –220 –192 –170 –140 –122
210 240 270 300
–36 –24 –15 –8
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name a(2) = –58 a(3) = –18
CO2
Carbon dioxide
a(1) = –127 a(2) = –288 a(3) = –118
CS2
Carbon disulfide
a(1) = –807 a(2) = –1829 a(3) = –1371 C2Cl2F4
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
a(1) = –812 a(2) = –1773 a(3) = –963
C2Cl3F3
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
a(1) = –999 a(2) = –1479
C2H2
Ethyne
a(1) = –216 a(2) = –375 a(3) = –716
6-32
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
330 360 420 480
–3 1 7 11
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
–244 –204 –172 –146 –126 –108 –94 –81 –71 –62 –30 –13 –1 7 12 16 19
280 310 340 370 400 430
–932 –740 –603 –504 –431 –375
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
–801 –695 –608 –536 –475 –423 –379 –341 –307 –279 –253
290 310 330 350 370 390 410 430 450
–1041 –943 –856 –780 –712 –651 –596 –546 –500
200 210 220 230 240 250
–573 –500 –440 –390 –349 –315
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C2H3N
Name
Ethanenitrile
a(1) = –5840 a(2) = –29175 a(3) = –47611
C2H4
Ethene
a(1) = –140 a(2) = –296 a(3) = –101
C2H4Cl2
1,2-Dichloroethane
a(1) = –1362 a(2) = –3240 a(3) = –2100
C2H4O
Ethanal
a(1) = –1217 a(2) = –4647 a(3) = –5725
C2H4O2
Methyl methanoate
a(1) = –1035 a(2) = –3425 a(3) = –4203
C2H5Cl
Chloroethane
a(1) = –777 a(2) = –2205 a(3) = –1764
6-33
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
260 270
–287 –263
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410
–3468 –2971 –2563 –2233 –1970 –1765 –1610 –1499 –1425
240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450
–218 –172 –139 –113 –92 –76 –63 –52
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550 570
–812 –716 –635 –566 –508 –458 –416 –379 –347 –319 –295
290 320 350 380 410 440 470
–1352 –927 –654 –482 –375 –314 –283
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–821 –744 –677 –620 –571 –528 –492 –461 –435
320 360 400 440 480 520
–634 –450 –330 –249 –195 –157
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C2H6
Name
Ethane
a(1) = –184 a(2) = –376 a(3) = –143 a(4) = –54
C2H6O
Ethanol
a(1) = –4475 a(2) = –29719 a(3) = –56716
C2H6O
Dimethyl ether
a(1) = –455 a(2) = –965
C2H7N
Dimethylamine
a(1) = –662 a(2) = –1504 a(3) = –667
C2H7N
Ethylamine
a(1) = –785 a(2) = –2012 a(3) = –1397
C3H6
Cyclopropane
6-34
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
560 600
–131 –114
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 500 600
–409 –337 –284 –242 –209 –181 –159 –140 –123 –109 –96 –52 –24
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–2710 –2135 –1676 –1317 –1043 –843 –705 –622
275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310
–536 –517 –499 –482 –465 –449 –433 –418
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–606 –563 –523 –487 –454 –423 –395 –369 –345 –322
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–773 –710 –654 –604 –558 –517 –480 –447 –416 –389 –363
300
–383
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
a(1) = –388 a(2) = –861 a(3) = –538
C3H6
Propene
a(1) = –347 a(2) = –727 a(3) = –325
C3H6O
2-Propanone
a(1) = –2051 a(2) = –8903 a(3) = –18056 a(4) = –16448
C3H6O
Ethyl methanoate
a(1) = –1371 a(2) = –4231 a(3) = –4312
C3H6O
Methyl ethanoate
a(1) = –1709 a(2) = –6348 a(3) = –9650
C3H7Cl
1-Chloropropane
a(1) = –1121 a(2) = –3271 a(3) = –3786 a(4) = –1974
6-35
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–356 –332 –310 –290 –272 –256 –241 –227 –215 –204
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
–395 –342 –299 –262 –232 –205 –183 –163 –146 –131 –118 –106
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480
–1996 –1522 –1198 –971 –806 –683 –586 –506 –437 –375
330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–1003 –916 –839 –771 –712 –660 –614
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–1320 –1186 –1074 –980 –903 –840 –789 –749
310 340 370 400 430 460 490
–1001 –772 –614 –501 –417 –352 –302
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C3H8
Name
Propane
a(1) = –386 a(2) = –844 a(3) = –720 a(4) = –574
C3H8O
1-Propanol
a(1) = –2690 a(2) = –12040 a(3) = –16738
C3H8O
2-Propanol
a(1) = –3165 a(2) = –16092 a(3) = –24197
C3H9N
Trimethylamine
a(1) = –737 a(2) = –1669 a(3) = –986
C4H8
1-Butene
a(1) = –633 a(2) = –1442 a(3) = –932
C4H8O
2-Butanone
a(1) = –2282
6-36
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
520 550 580
–261 –227 –198
240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 440 480 520 560
–641 –527 –444 –381 –331 –292 –259 –232 –208 –169 –138 –112 –90
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
–873 –826 –783 –744 –709 –679 –651 –627 –606
380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 420
–821 –766 –717 –674 –636 –604 –576 –552 –533
310 320 330 340 350 360 370
–675 –628 –585 –547 –512 –480 –450
300 320 340 360 380 400 420
–624 –539 –470 –413 –366 –327 –294
310 320 330 340
–2056 –1878 –1712 –1555
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C4H8O2
Name
T/K
a(2) = –5907
350 360 370
–1407 –1267 –1135
Propyl methanoate
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1496 –1354 –1231 –1126 –1035 –957 –890 –834
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1543 –1385 –1254 –1144 –1055 –982 –923 –878
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1588 –1444 –1319 –1211 –1117 –1037 –968 –908
330 370 410 450 490 530 570
–1224 –898 –691 –551 –449 –371 –309
250 280 310 340 370 400 430 460 490 520 550
–1170 –863 –668 –536 –442 –371 –315 –270 –232 –199 –171
270 300 330 360 390 420 450
–900 –697 –553 –450 –374 –317 –273
a(1) = –2118 a(2) = –7299 a(3) = –8851
C4H8O2
Ethyl ethanoate
a(1) = –2272 a(2) = –8818 a(3) = –13130
C4H8O2
Methyl propanoate
a(1) = –2216 a(2) = –7339 a(3) = –8658
C4H9Cl
1-Chlorobutane
a(1) = –1643 a(2) = –4897 a(3) = –6178 a(4) = –3718 C4H10
Butane
a(1) = –735 a(2) = –1835 a(3) = –1922 a(4) = –1330
C4H10
B/cm3 mol–1
2-Methylpropane
a(1) = –707 a(2) = –1719 a(3) = –1282
6-37
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C4H10O
Name
1-Butanol
a(1) = –2629 a(2) = –6315
C4H10O
2-Methyl-1-propanol
a(1) = –2269 a(2) = –5065
C4H10O
2-Butanol
a(1) = –2232 a(2) = –5209 C4H10O
2-Methyl-2-propanol
a(1) = –1952 a(2) = –4775 C4H10O
Diethyl ether
a(1) = –1226 a(2) = –4458 a(3) = –7746 a(4) = –10005
C4H11N
Diethylamine
a(1) = –1522 a(2) = –5204 a(3) = –15047 a(4) = –28835
C5H5N
Pyridine
a(1) = –1765 a(2) = –3431
6-38
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
480 510
–240 –215
350 360 370 380 390 400 420 440
–1693 –1544 –1402 –1268 –1141 –1021 –796 –593
390 400 410 420 430 440
–1076 –979 –887 –800 –716 –636
380 390 400 410 420
–1110 –1005 –906 –811 –721
380 390 400 410 420
–924 –827 –736 –649 –567
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420
–1550 –1199 –954 –776 –638 –525 –428 –340
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1228 –1134 –1056 –988 –926 –868 –812 –755 –697
350 360 370 380 390 400 420 440
–1257 –1176 –1099 –1026 –957 –892 –770 –659
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form. C5H10
T/K
Cyclopentane
300 305 310 315 320
–1049 –1015 –981 –949 –918
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410
–966 –898 –836 –780 –729 –681 –638 –598 –561 –527 –495
330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–2850 –2420 –2076 –1804 –1595 –1440 –1332
300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450 500 550
–1234 –1130 –1038 –957 –884 –818 –579 –436 –348 –294
280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450
–1263 –1166 –1079 –1001 –931 –867 –810 –757 –557 –424
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390
–916 –843 –780 –724 –674 –629 –590 –554 –521 –492
a(1) = –1062 a(2) = –2116 C5H10
1-Pentene
a(1) = –1055 a(2) = –2377 a(3) = –1189
C5H10O
2-Pentanone
a(1) = –4962 a(2) = –26372 a(3) = –46537
C5H12
Pentane
a(1) = –1254 a(2) = –3345 a(3) = –2726
C5H12
2-Methylbutane
a(1) = –1095 a(2) = –2503 a(3) = –1534
C5H12
B/cm3 mol–1
Name
2,2-Dimethylpropane
a(1) = –931 a(2) = –2387 a(3) = –2641 a(4) = –1810
6-39
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C6H6
Name
Benzene
a(1) = –1477 a(2) = –3851 a(3) = –3683 a(4) = –1423
C6H7N
2-Methylpyridine
a(1) = –2940 a(2) = –8813 a(3) = –7809
C6H7N
3-Methylpyridine
a(1) = –6304 a(2) = –30415 a(3) = –44549 C6H7N
4-Methylpyridine
a(1) = –6553 a(2) = –32873 a(3) = –49874 C6H12
Cyclohexane
a(1) = –1733 a(2) = –5618 a(3) = –9486 a(4) = –7936
C6H12
Methylcyclopentane
6-40
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
400 450 500 550
–464 –357 –279 –218
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 400 450 500 550 600
–1588 –1454 –1335 –1231 –1139 –1056 –983 –712 –542 –429 –349 –291
360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430
–1656 –1523 –1404 –1297 –1202 –1117 –1040 –972
380 390 400 410 420 430
–1819 –1612 –1448 –1322 –1230 –1166
380 390 400 410 420 430
–1787 –1578 –1417 –1297 –1214 –1163
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560
–1698 –1391 –1170 –1007 –883 –786 –707 –641 –584 –534 –488 –446 –406 –368
305 315
–1447 –1357
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
T/K
a(1) = –1512 a(2) = –2910 C6H14
Hexane
a(1) = –1961 a(2) = –6691 a(3) = –13167 a(4) = –15273
C6H15N
Triethylamine
a(1) = –2061 a(2) = –5735 a(3) = –5899
C7H8
Toluene
a(1) = –2620 a(2) = –7548 a(3) = –6349
C7H14
1-Heptene
a(1) = –2491 a(2) = –6230 a(3) = –3780
C7H16
Heptane
a(1) = –2834 a(2) = –8523 a(3) = –10068 a(4) = –5051
6-41
B/cm3 mol–1
325 335 345
–1272 –1192 –1117
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 430 450
–1920 –1724 –1561 –1424 –1309 –1209 –1123 –1046 –978 –916 –859 –806 –707 –616
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
–1562 –1444 –1340 –1249 –1169 –1099 –1037 –983
350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430
–1641 –1511 –1394 –1289 –1195 –1110 –1034 –965 –903
340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410
–1781 –1651 –1532 –1424 –1324 –1233 –1150 –1073
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
–2782 –2297 –1928 –1641 –1415 –1233 –1085 –963 –862 –775 –702
VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF SELECTED GASES (continued) Mol. form.
C8H10
Name
1,2-Dimethylbenzene
a(1) = –5632 a(2) = –22873 a(3) = –28900
C8H10
1,3-Dimethylbenzene
a(1) = –5808 a(2) = –23244 a(3) = –27607
C8H10
1,4-Dimethylbenzene
a(1) = –4921 a(2) = –16843 a(3) = –16159
C8H16
1-Octene
a(1) = –3273 a(2) = –6557
C8H18
Octane
a(1) = –4123 a(2) = –13120 a(3) = –16408 a(4) = –8580
6-42
T/K
B/cm3 mol–1
540 580 620 660 700
–583 –490 –416 –355 –304
380 390 400 410 420 430 440
–2046 –1848 –1681 –1543 –1428 –1335 –1261
380 390 400 410 420 430 440
–2082 –1865 –1679 –1521 –1388 –1276 –1184
380 390 400 410 420 430 440
–2043 –1851 –1680 –1529 –1395 –1276 –1171
360 370 380 390 400 410
–2147 –2000 –1861 –1729 –1604 –1485
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
–4042 –2511 –1704 –1234 –936 –732 –583 –468 –375
VAN DER WAALS CONSTANTS FOR GASES The van der Waals equation of state for a real gas is (P + n2a/V2)(V - nb) = nRT where P is the pressure, V the volume, T the temperature, n the amount of substance (in moles), and R the gas constant. The van der Waals constants a and b are characteristic of the substance and are independent of temperature. They are related to the critical temperature and pressure, Tc and Pc, by a = 27R2Tc2/64Pc
b = RTc /8Pc
This table gives values of a and b for some common gases. Most of the values have been calculated from the critical temperature and pressure values given in the table “Critical Constants” in this section. Van der Waals constants for other gases may easily be calculated from the data in that table. To convert the van der Waals constants to SI units, note that 1 bar L2/mol2 = 0.1 Pa m6/mol2 and 1 L/mol = 0.001 m3/mol. REFERENCE Reid, R.C, Prausnitz, J. M., and Poling, B.E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987.
Substance Acetic acid Acetone Acetylene Ammonia Aniline Argon Benzene Bromine Butane 1-Butanol 2-Butanone Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloromethane Cyclohexane Cyclopropane Decane 1-Decanol Diethyl ether Dimethyl ether Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Fluorine Furan Helium Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol Hydrazine Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide
a bar L2/mol2 17.71 16.02 4.516 4.225 29.14 1.355 18.82 9.75 13.89 20.94 19.97 3.658 11.25 1.472 6.343 25.80 11.66 7.566 21.92 8.34 52.74 59.51 17.46 8.690 69.38 75.70 5.580 12.56 4.612 1.171 12.74 0.0346 31.06 38.17 24.84 31.79 8.46 0.2452 4.500 3.700 11.29 9.565 6.309
b L/mol
Substance
0.1065 0.1124 0.0522 0.0371 0.1486 0.0320 0.1193 0.0591 0.1164 0.1326 0.1326 0.0429 0.0726 0.0395 0.0542 0.1454 0.0903 0.0648 0.1411 0.0747 0.3043 0.3086 0.1333 0.0774 0.3758 0.3750 0.0651 0.0871 0.0582 0.0290 0.0926 0.0238 0.2049 0.2150 0.1744 0.1856 0.0462 0.0265 0.0442 0.0406 0.0881 0.0739 0.0530
Hydrogen sulfide Isobutane Krypton Methane Methanol Methylamine Neon Neopentane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrous oxide Octane 1-Octanol Oxygen Ozone Pentane 1-Pentanol Phenol Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Propene Pyridine Pyrrole Silane Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Tetrachloromethane Tetrachlorosilane Tetrafluoroethylene Tetrafluoromethane Tetrafluorosilane Tetrahydrofuran Thiophene Toluene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Trimethylamine Water Xenon
6-43
a bar L2/mol2 4.544 13.32 5.193 2.303 9.476 7.106 0.208 17.17 1.46 1.370 5.36 3.58 3.852 37.88 44.71 1.382 3.570 19.09 25.88 22.93 9.39 16.26 15.82 8.442 19.77 18.82 4.38 6.865 7.857 20.01 20.96 6.954 4.040 5.259 16.39 17.21 24.86 20.15 15.34 5.378 13.37 5.537 4.192
b L/mol 0.0434 0.1164 0.0106 0.0431 0.0659 0.0588 0.0167 0.1411 0.0289 0.0387 0.0443 0.0545 0.0444 0.2374 0.2442 0.0319 0.0487 0.1449 0.1568 0.1177 0.0905 0.1079 0.1109 0.0824 0.1137 0.1049 0.0579 0.0568 0.0879 0.1281 0.1470 0.0809 0.0633 0.0724 0.1082 0.1058 0.1497 0.1317 0.1019 0.0640 0.1101 0.0305 0.0516
MEAN FREE PATH AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF GASES In the simplest version of the kinetic theory of gases, molecules are treated as hard spheres of diameter d which make binary collisions only. In this approximation the mean distance traveled by a molecule between successive collisions, the mean free path l , is related to the collision diameter by: l=
kT π 2 Pd 2
where P is the pressure, T the absolute temperature, and k the Boltzmann constant. At standard conditions (P = 100 000 Pa and T = 298.15 K) this relation becomes: l=
9.27 ⋅ 10 –27 d2
where l and d are in meters. Using the same model and the same standard pressure, the collision diameter can be calculated from the viscosity η by the kinetic theory relation:
2.67 ⋅ 10 –20 ( MT ) d2 where η is in units of µPa s and M is the molar mass in g/mol. Kinetic theory also gives a relation for the mean velocity v of molecules of mass m: 1/ 2
η=
v=
8kT πm
1/ 2
= 145.5(T / M )
1/ 2
m/s
Finally, the mean time τ between collisions can be calculated from the relation τv = l. The table below gives values of l , v, and τ for some common gases at 25°C and atmospheric pressure, as well as the value of d, all calculated from measured gas viscosities (see References 2 and 3 and the table “Viscosity of Gases” in this section). It is seen from the above equations that the mean free path varies directly with T and inversely with P, while the mean velocity varies as the square root of T and, in this approximation, is independent of P. A more accurate model, in which molecular interactions are described by a Lennard-Jones potential, gives mean free path values about 5% lower than this table (see Reference 4). REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Reid, R.C., Prausnitz, J.M., and Poling, B.E., The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Fourth Edition , McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Vargaftik, N.B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Second Edition, John Wiley, New York, 1975. Kaye, G.W.C., and Laby, T.H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986. Gas
d
Air Ar CO2 H2 He Kr N2 NH3 Ne O2 Xe
3.66⋅10-10 m 3.58 4.53 2.71 2.15 4.08 3.70 4.32 2.54 3.55 4.78
l 6.91⋅10-8 m 7.22 4.51 12.6 20.0 5.58 6.76 4.97 14.3 7.36 4.05
6-44
v
τ
467 m/s 397 379 1769 1256 274 475 609 559 444 219
148 ps 182 119 71 159 203 142 82 256 166 185
INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE ON FREEZING POINTS This table illustrates the variation of the freezing point of representative types of liquids with pressure. Substances are listed in alphabetical order. Note that 1 MPa = 0.01 kbar = 9.87 atm. REFERENCES 1. Isaacs, N.S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1981. 2. Merrill, L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 1205, 1977; 11, 1005, 1982. Substance
Acetic acid Acetophenone Aniline Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl alcohol Bromobenzene Bromoethane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromopropane p-Bromotoluene Butanoic acid 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene p-Chlorotoluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol 1,2-Dibromoethane p-Dichlorobenzene Dichloromethane N,N-Dimethylaniline 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Formamide Formic acid Furan Hexamethyldisiloxane Menthol Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-2-butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Naphthalene Nitrobenzene m-Nitrotoluene Pentachloroethane Potassium Potassium chloride Propanoic acid Silver chloride Sodium Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
Molecular formula
0.1 MPa
C2H4O2 C8H8O C6H7N C6H6 C7H5N C7H8O C6H5Br C2H5Br C10H7Br C3H7Br C7H7Br C4H8O2 C4H10O CS2 C6H5Cl C7H7Cl C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C6H12 C6H12O C2H4Br2 C6H4Cl2 CH2Cl2 C8H11N C4H8O2 C2H6O CH3NO CH2O2 C4H4O C6H18OSi2 C10H20O C8H8O2 C5H12O C4H10O C10H8 C6H5NO2 C7H7NO2 C2HCl5 K ClK C3H6O2 AgCl Na ClNa FNa CCl4 CHBr3 CHCl3 H2O C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
16.6 20.0 –6.0 5.5 –12.8 –15.2 –30.6 –118.6 –1.8 –110 28.0 –5.7 –89.8 –111.5 –45.2 6.9 29.8 11.8 35.8 6.6 25.5 9.9 52.7 –95.1 2.5 11 –114.1 –15.5 8.3 –85.6 –66 42 –15 –8.8 25.4 78.2 5.7 15.5 –29.0 63.7 771 –20.7 455 97.8 800.7 996 –23.0 8.1 –63.6 0.0 –25.2 –47.8 13.2
6-45
Freezing point in °C at: 100 MPa 37 41.2 13.5 33.4 7.6 0.2 –12 –108 6.1 –98 56.7 13.8 –77.2 –98 –28 33.1 47.7 25.6 56.2 32.5 62.3 34.0 79.1 –83 26.3 23 –108 10.8 20.6 –73 –37 60 31.8 13.4 58.1 115.7 13.5 40.6 –6.3 78
1000 MPa
140
108
84
170 945
–1.2 106
14.2 31.5 –45.2 –9.0 –3.5 –25.2 46.0
545 167 997 1115
CRITICAL CONSTANTS The parameters of the liquid–gas critical point are important constants in determining the behavior of fluids. This table lists the critical temperature, pressure, and molar volume, as well as the normal boiling point, for approximately 850 inorganic and organic substances. The properties and their units are: Tb: Normal boiling point in kelvins at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere); an “s” following the value indicates a sublimation point (temperature at which the solid is in equilibrium with the gas at a pressure of 101.325 kPa) Tc: Critical temperature in kelvins Pc: Critical pressure in megapascals Vc: Critical molar volume in cm3/mol The number of digits given for Tb, Tc, and Pc indicates the estimated accuracy of these quantities; however, values of Tc greater than 750 K may be in error by 10 K or more. Although most Vc values are given to three figures, they cannot be assumed accurate to better than a few percent. All values are experimentally determined except for a few values, indicated by an asterisk*, which are based on extrapolations. Methods of measurement are described and critiqued in Reference 1. Many of the critical constants in this table are taken from reviews produced by the IUPAC Commission on Thermodynamics (References 1– 8). Compounds are listed by molecular formula in modified Hill order, with compounds not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. The assistance of Douglas Ambrose is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
Ambrose, D., and Young, C. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 345, 1995. [IUPAC Part 1] Ambrose, D., and Tsonopoulos, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 531, 1995. [IUPAC Part 2] Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 547, 1995. [IUPAC Part 3] Gude, M., and Teja, A. S., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 1025, 1995. [IUPAC Part 4] Daubert, T. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 365, 1996. [IUPAC Part 5] Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 645, 1996. [IUPAC Part 6] Kudcharker, A. P., Ambrose, D., and Tsonopoulos, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46, 457, 2001. [IUPAC Part 7] Tsonopoulos, C., and Ambrose, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 480, 2001. [IUPAC Part 8] Ambrose, D., “Vapor-Liquid Constants of Fluids”, in Stevenson, R. M., and Malanowski, S., Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. Das, A., Frenkel, M., Gadalla, N. A. M., Kudchadker, S., Marsh, K. N., Rodgers, A. S., and Wilhoit, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 659, 1993. Wilson, L. C., Wilson, H. L., Wilding, W. V., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 1252, 1996. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. Morton, D. W., Lui, M. P. W., Tran, C. A., and Young, C. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 437, 2000. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, L. C., Giles, N. F., and Wilson, G. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 154, 2000. VonNiederhausern, D. M., Wilson, G. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 157, 2000. Nikitin, E. D., Popov, A. P., Bogatishcheva, N. S., and Yatluk, Y. G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 1012, 2002. Wilson, G. M., VonNiederhausern, D. M., and Giles, N. F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 761, 2002. Wang, B. H., Adcock, J. L., Mathur, S. B., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 23, 699, 1991. Chae, H. B., Schmidt, J. W., and Moldover, M. R., J. Phys. Chem. 94, 8840, 1990. Dillon, I. G., Nelson, P. A., and Swanson, B. S., J. Chem. Phys. 44, 4229, 1966. Physical Constants of Hydrocarbon and Non-Hydrocarbon Compounds, ASTM Data Series DS 4B, ASTM, Philadelphia, 1988. Nowak, P., Tielkes, T., Kleinraum, R., and Wagner, W., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 29, 885, 1997. Steele, W. V., Chirico, R. D., Nguyen, A., and Knipmeyer, S. E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 27, 311, 1995 Duan, Y. Y., Shi, L., Zhu, M. S., and Han, L. Z., J. Chem. Eng. Data 44, 501, 1999. Weber, L. A., and Defibaugh, D. R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 382, 1996. Duarte-Garza, H. A., Hwang, C. A., Kellerman, S. A., Miller, R. C., Hall, K. R., and Holste, J. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 497, 1997. Weber, L. A., and Defibaugh, D. R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 1477, 1996. Fujiwara, K., Nakamura, S., and Noguchi, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 55, 1998. Widiatmo, J. V., Morimoto, Y., and Watanabe, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 1246, 2002. Duarte-Garza, H. A., Stouffer, C. E., Hall, K. R., Holste, J. C., Marsh, K. N., and Gammon, B. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 745, 1997. Nikitin, E. D., Pavlov, P. A., Popov, A. P., and Nikitina, H. E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 27, 945, 1995. Sako, T., Sato, M., Nakazawa, N., Oowa, M., Yasumoto, M., Ito, H., and Yamashita, S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 802, 1996. Zhang, H-L, Sato, H., and Watanabe, K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 1281, 1995. Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 63, 1994. Younglove, B. A., and McLinden, M. O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 731, 1994. Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 23, 657, 1994. Xiang, H. W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 30, 1161, 2001. Goodwin, A. H. R., Defibaugh, D. R., and Weber, L. A., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 846, 1998.
6-49
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) 39. Lim, J. S., Park, K. H., Lee, B. G., and Kim, J-D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1580, 2001. 40. Linstrom, P. J., and Mallard, W. G., Eds., NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, July 2001, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, http://webbook.nist.gov. 41. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001, Chapter 19. Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2001. 42. Fialho, P. S., and Nieto de Castro, C. A., Int. J. Thermophys. 21, 385, 2000. 43. Vargaftik, N. B., Int. J. Thermophys. 11, 467, 1990 44. Vargaftik, N.B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996. 45. Schmidt, J. W., Carrillo-Nava, E., and Moldover, M. R., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 122, 187, 1996. 46. Defibaugh, D. R., Gillis, K. A., Moldover, M. R., Morrison, G., and Schmidt, J. W., Fluid Phase Equilibria 81, 285, 1992. 47. Salvi-Narkhede, M., Wang, B-H., Adcock, J. L., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 24, 1065, 1992.
Molecular formula AlBr3 AlCl3 AlI3 Ar As AsCl3 AsH3 BBr3 BCl3 BF3 BI3 B2 H 6 BiBr3 BiCl3 BrH BrI Br2 Br2Hg Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3P Br3Sb Br4Ge Br4Hf Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Ti Br4Zr Br5Ta ClFO3 ClF2N ClF2P ClF2PS ClF3Si ClF5 ClF5S ClH ClH4N ClH4P ClNO ClOV Cl2 Cl2FP Cl2F2Si
Name Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum iodide Argon Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsine Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron triiodide Diborane Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Hydrogen bromide Iodine bromide Bromine Mercury(II) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Phosphorus(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Hafnium(IV) bromide Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Perchloryl fluoride Nitrogen chloride difluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Phosphorothioc chloride difluoride Chlorotrifluorosilane Chlorine pentafluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Ammonium chloride Phosphonium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Vanadyl chloride Chlorine Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Dichlorodifluorosilane
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
528 453 s 655 87.30 876 403 210.7 364 285.80 172 482.7 180.8 726 720 206.77 389 332.0 595 552 382 446.4 553 459.50 596 s 427 478 503 633 s 622 226.40 206 225.9 279.5 203.2 260.1 254.10 188 611 s 246 s 267.7 400 239.11 287.00 241
763 620 983 150.87 1673 654 373.1 581 455 260.8 773 289.8 1220 1179 363.2 719 588 1012 806.7 610.0 711 904 718 746 663 744 795.7 805 974 368.4 337.5 362.4 439.2 307.7 416 390.9 324.7 1155 322.3 440 636 416.9 463.0 369.0
2.89 2.63
6-50
4.898
3.87 4.98
Vc/cm3 mol-1 310 257 408 75 35 252 272 239 115 356
4.05 12.0 8.55 10.34
5.37 5.15 4.52 4.14 3.46 5.27 8.31 163.5 7.37
7.991 4.96 3.5
301 261 139 127 303 305 300 300 392 415 382 417 391 424 461 161
233 81
171 123
Ref. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula Cl2Hg Cl2OSe Cl3FSi Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3P Cl3Sb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4ORe Cl4OW Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Ti Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Ta Cl6W Cs FH FNO2 F2 F2HN F2N2 F2N2 F2O F2Xe F3N F3NO F3P F3PS F4N2 F4S F4Si F4Xe F5Nb F6Mo F6S F6Se F6Te F6U F6W GaI3 GeH4 GeI4 HI H2 H2 O H2 O2 H2 S H2Se H3 N H3 P H4 N2 He HfI4
Name Mercury(II) chloride Selenium oxychloride Trichlorofluorosilane Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Phosphorus(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrachloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Titanium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Cesium Hydrogen fluoride Nitryl fluoride Fluorine Difluoramine cis-Difluorodiazine trans-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Xenon difluoride Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorothioc trifluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Xenon tetrafluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Selenium hexafluoride Tellurium hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Gallium(III) iodide Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen selenide Ammonia Phosphine Hydrazine Helium Hafnium iodide
Tb/K
Tc/K
577 450 285.40 474 306 349.3 493.5 359.70 590 s 496 500.70 330.80 387.30 660 409.60 604 s 541 527.2 433 s 512.50 619.90 944 293 200.8 85.03 250 167.40 161.70 128.40 387.50 144.40 185.7 171.4 220.90 199 232.70 187 388.90 502 307.2 209.35 226.55 234.25 329.65 290.3 613 185.1 650 237.60 20.28 373.2 423.4 213.60 231.90 239.82 185.40 386.70 4.22 667 s
973 730 438.6 694 479 563 794 553.2 725.7 781 782 508.1 591.9 1002 638 778 850 803.5 646 767 923 1938 461 349.5 144.13 403 272 260 215 631 234.0 303 271.2 346.0 309 364 259.0 612 737 473 318.69 345.5 356 505.8 444 951 312.2 973 424.0 32.97 647.14 728* 373.2 411 405.5 324.5 653 5.19 916
6-51
Pc/MPa
7.09 3.58
Vc/cm3 mol-1 174 235
4.88
263 268 264 272 330 314 362 338 326 351 310 339 319 369 397
9.4 6.48
402 422 341 69
5.172
66
3.861 5.42
3.593 3.75 8.56 4.66 5.77
7.09 5.57 9.32 4.46 6.43 4.33 3.82 3.75 3.72 7.04 6.28 4.75 3.77
4.66 4.34 4.95 8.31 1.293 22.06 22* 8.94 8.92 11.35 6.54 14.7 0.227
148 126 147
188 155 226 199
250 233 395 147 500 65 56 99 72
57 528
Ref. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 43 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 31 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula
Name
Hg HgI2 I2 I3Sb I4Si I4Sn I4Ti I4Zr K Kr Li NO N2 N2 O N2 O4 Na Ne O2 O2 S O3 O3 S O4Os O7Re2 P Rb Rn S Se Xe CBrClF2 CBrF3 CBr2F2 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF3I CF4 CHBrF2 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF3 CHN CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2O2 CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO2 CH4 CH4O CH4S CH5ClSi CH5N
Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Iodine Antimony(III) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Potassium Krypton Lithium Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Sodium Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Phosphorus Rubidium Radon Sulfur Selenium Xenon Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride [Phosgene] Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Trifluoroiodomethane Tetrafluoromethane Bromodifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Formic acid Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Nitromethane Methane Methanol Methanethiol Chloromethylsilane Methylamine
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
629.88 627 457.6 674 560.50 637.50 650 704 s 1032 119.93 1615 121.41 77.36 184.67 294.30 1156 27.07 90.20 263.10 161.80 318 408 633 553.7 961 211.5 717.75 958 165.03 269.5 215.4 295.91 191.8 243.4 281 296.9 350.0 250.7 145.2 258.6 232.5 282.1 334.32 191.1 299 264.1 313 221.6 374 249.06 338.8 194.8 315.58 374.34 111.67 337.8 279.1 280 266.83
1750 1072 819 1102 944 968 1040 960 2223* 209.41 3223* 180 126.21 309.57 431 2573* 44.4 154.59 430.8 261.1 491.0 678 942 994 2093* 377 1314 1766 289.77 426.88 340.2 471.3 302 384.95 455 471.1 556.6 396.44 227.6 411.98 369.5 451.58 536.4 298.98 456.7 427 510 351.56 588 416.25 517 317.8 528 588 190.56 512.5 470 517.8 430.7
172.00
43
6-52
155
16* 5.50 67* 6.48 3.39 7.255 10.1 35* 2.76 5.043 7.884 5.57 8.2
558 531 505 530 209* 91 66* 58 90 97 167 116* 42 73 122 89 127 334
16* 6.28 20.7 27.2 5.841 4.254 3.97 4.45 3.870 4.136 5.67 4.47 4.516 3.953 3.74 5.132 5.035 5.18 5.47 4.82 5.39 5.70 6.10 5.83
247*
118 246 196 180 217 190 247 276 226 140 275 164 196 239 133 139
123
6.679 3.28 5.88
139 348 113
5.87 4.599 8.084 7.23
173 98.60 117 147
7.614
Ref. 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 20 9 20 9 9 9 9 20 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 20 9 9 9 34 9 9 9 9 9 9 18 9 24 9 47 18 9 9 42 9 37 9 42 7 9 9 9 9 9 2 4 8 9 9
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula CH6N2 CH6Si CO COS CO2 CS2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2HClF2 C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HF3O2 C2HF5 C2HF5O
Name Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethene Hexafluoroethane 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethene Trifluoroacetic acid Pentafluoroethane Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether
Tb/K 360.7 215.7 81.7 223 194.6 s 319 366 320.50 245.4 234.1 276.6 276.7 318.7 320.9 394.5 366.0 457.85 204.4 197.3 195.1 254.7 261.5 261 302.7 300.97 360.36 346 225.1 235
Tc/K 567 352.4 132.91 375 304.13 552 560.7 487.8 379 353.2 418.6 418.78 482.9 487.3 620.2 551 695 311.11 306.5 293 400.6 399.9 395.65 461.6 456.83 544.2 491.3 339.17 354.0
C2 H 2 C2H2ClF3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H2F4O C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3N C2 H 4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br
Acetylene 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane cis-1,2-Dichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Bis(difluoromethyl) ether Chloroethene [Vinyl chloride] 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane Methyl trifluoromethyl ether Acetonitrile Ethylene [Ethene] 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Oxirane [Ethylene oxide] Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane
188.45 279.3 333.3 321.9 418.4 187.5 247.07 253.3 275 259.4 264.1 305.2 347.24 387.0 201 225.90 276.9 249.49 354.80 169.38 404.8 330.5 356.7 249.10 293.3 283.8 391.1 304.9 311.7
308.3 425.01 544.2 516.5 661.15 302.9 374.18 391.74 420.25 432 410.34 477.5 545 602* 327.9 345.86 429.8 378.02 545.6 282.34 583.0 523 561 386.7 466 469 590.7 487.2 503.9
6-53
Pc/MPa 8.24
Vc/cm3 mol-1 271
3.499 5.88 7.375 7.90 3.61 3.393 4.05 3.229 3.30 3.252
93 137 94 173 368 341 212 252 294 297
3.42
325
3.34* 3.618 3.94
412* 202 172 222 197 244 244 278 278
4.46 3.72 3.643 3.661 5.02 3.258 3.620 3.33 6.138
204 208.0 192 112.2 228
5.51 4.46 4.065 4.615 4.228 5.67 4.048 4.194 4.30 4.48* 5.24 3.764 5.241 3.588 4.884 5.041 7.2 5.07 5.4 4.50 7.2 5.78 6.00 6.23
154 198 191 223 179 225 255 281* 144 194 207 228 173 131 236 225 181 154 142 171 172 215
Ref. 9 8 9 9 22 9 9 9 9 9 9 42 40 9 9 9 12 9 9 9 9 9 42 19 35 9 9 29,30 25, 45,46 6 40 9 9 9 9 36 19,42 46 12 19,32 26,42 9 12 9 27,28 40 47 14 6 9 9 9 9,19 7 7 7 7 9
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C2H5Cl C2H5F C2 H 6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H8N2 C2 N 2 C3ClF5O C3Cl2F6 C3F6O C3F6O C3F8 C3F8O2 C3HF7 C3HF7O C3H2F6 C3H2F6 C3H2F6O C3H3F3 C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5O C3H3F5O C3H3N C3H3NO C3 H 4 C3 H 4 C3H5Cl C3H5F3O C3H5N C3 H 6 C3 H 6 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7NO C3 H 8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2
Name Chloroethane Fluoroethane Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether 1,2-Ethanediol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine 1,2-Ethanediamine Cyanogen Chloropentafluoroacetone 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Perfluoroacetone Perfluorooxetane Perfluoropropane Perfluorodimethoxymethane 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Acrylonitrile Isoxazole Allene Propyne 3-Chloropropene 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane [1,2-Propylene oxide] Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Dimethyl carbonate 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane N,N-Dimethylformamide Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
285.5 235.5 184.6 343.5 351.44 248.4 470.5 308.2 310.48 382.89 289.7 280.03 390 252.1 281 308.9 245.8 244.8 236.6 263 256.8 270 279.3 272.2 296.50 256 288.5 255.8 298.2 278.74 302.39 350.5 368 238.8 250.0 318.3 304.77 370.29 225.46 240.34 369.6 394.1 370.2 321 329.20 308 414.30 327.6 330.02 363.7 319.7 308.9 426 231.1 370.4 355.5 280.6 460.8
460.4 375.31 305.32 520.4 514.0 400.2 720 499 503 615 456 437.22 613.1 400 410.6 453 357.14 361.8 345.1 372.3 374.89 387.78 412.38 398.07 428.95 376.2 427.20 380.11 447.57 406.80 443.99 540 552.0 394 402.4 514 448.98 561.3 364.9 398.0 578.5 614.6 545.1 505 508.1 485 598.5 508.54 506.5 557 503 484 649.6 369.83 536.8 508.3 437.9 676.4
5.3 5.028 4.872 3.49 6.137 5.34 8 5.49 5.53
6-54
Vc/cm3 mol-1
145.5 350 168 168 207 203.7
5.62 5.340 6.707 5.98 2.878 2.753 2.84 3.03 2.680 2.333 2.929 2.293 3.412
182
329 272 299 363 274 337 269
3.050 3.80
315 211
3.137
273
2.887
301
4.660 5.25 5.63
163.5
3.513 4.26 4.60 5.54
277 229 185 162
5.26 4.700 5.2 4.67 4.74 4.750 4.80 4.58
204 213 190 233 229 228 252
4.248 5.169 4.764 4.38 5.941
262 200 218 222 222
Ref. 9 9 2 9 4 7 7,14 8 8 8 9 9 11,12 9 9 41 9 18,47 9 18 39,47 18,47 33 45 32 9 45 9 45 32 38 11,12 9 6 6 9 32 9 6 5 13 13 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 13 9 2 4 4 7 7,14
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4Br2F8 C4Cl2F6 C4F8 C4F10 C4F10 C4H2F8O C4H3F7O C4H3F7O C4H4O C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5F5O C4H5N C4 H 6 C4 H 6 C4 H 6 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H7N C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O
Name 1,3-Propylene glycol [Trimethylene glycol] 2-Methoxyethanol [Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether] Dimethoxymethane [Methylal] Glycerol 1-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Perfluoroisobutane Perfluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Perfluoropropyl methyl ether Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether Furan Maleic acid Thiophene Perfluoroethyl ethyl ether Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Vinyl acetate g-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone [Methyl ethyl ketone] Tetrahydrofuran S-Ethyl thioacetate Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,4-Dioxane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol
Vc/cm3 mol-1
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
487.6 397.3 315 563 341.0 339.9 340.7 333 320.37 304.91 276.02 370 332.7 267.3 271.3 273 301.04 307.38 302.49 304.7
718.2 597.6 491 850 537 533 501.7 497.8 497.0 471.8 432.79 532.5 497* 388.46 386.4 395.4 421.68 437.70 433.30 490.2 620 580 431.23 639.7 425 440 488.7 519.2 731 606 762.7 585.4 419.5 435.5 428.6 417.9 460.0 475 537 544 536.7 540.5 590.55 615.2 605.0 538.0 535 523.3 530.7 588 632 539.2 518.6 500 568 425.12 407.8 563.0
6.55 5.285 3.96 7.5 4.6 4.25 3.59 3.20 4.72 4.54 4.087 2.39 2.73* 2.784 2.323
386* 324 378
2.330 2.481 2.553 5.3
409 377 369 218
5.70 2.533 6.34 4.32 4.60
219 366 200 221 208
357.2 301.26 402.94 268.74 281.23 300.1 346.0 477 412.7 515 390.8 266.89 276.86 274.03 266.3 285.8 308.7 348.0 337.7 352.74 338 389.6 436.90 427.60 354.1 341.4 350.26 353.0 374.7 394.3 351.6 341.4 324.1 359.71 272.7 261.42 390.88
6-55
4.185 5.13 4.0 4.14 3.88 4.02 4.21 4.10 4.000 4.98 4.07 4.32 5.1 4.207 5.19 4.075 4.06 3.70 4.06 3.95 3.87 4.00 5.21 5.4
6.00 3.796 3.640 4.414
263 213 286
366 221 254
240.8 233.8 237.7 238.8 210 258 267 224 319 292 290 285 286 282 238
238 255 259 274
Ref. 14,17 7,11,12 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 12 9 9 9 32 32 32 7 7 8 32 10 6 6 9 7 7,11 7 17 9 6 6 6 6 9 7 7 7 7 7 11,12 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 13 13 13 10 2 5 4
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H12N2O C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C5F12 C5H2F6O2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H7N C5H7N C5H7N C5 H 8 C5 H 8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2
Name 2-Butanol [sec-Butyl alcohol] 2-Methyl-1-propanol [Isobutyl alcohol] 2-Methyl-2-propanol [tert-Butyl alcohol] Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol [Tetramethylene glycol] 1,2-Dimethoxyethane [Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether] 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylene glycol 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Perfluoropentane Hexafluoroacetylacetone Furfural Pyridine 2-Methylpyrazine 2-Methylfuran 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Methylpyrrole 3-Methylpyrrole 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Pentanenitrile N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol Allyl ethyl ether Pentanal 2-Pentanone [Methyl propyl ketone] 3-Pentanone [Diethyl ketone] 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Isobutyl formate
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
372.66 381.04 355.6 307.7 312.3 303.92 484.8 463.7 480.7 508 357.7 392 519.0 371.7 365.3 427.2 350.15 335.88 317.19 340.90 328.7 512 299.8 351 480 302.4 327.30 434.9 388.38 410 337.9 385.96 420.8 416.1 313.3 317.4 403.72 359 414.5 475 303.11 310.08 309.49 304.4 293.3 311.71 322.5 413.57 340.8 376 375.41 374.9 367.48 361 351 459.3 449.7 371.4
536.2 547.8 506.2 466.7 476.2 464.4 708.0 680 676 723.8 540 579.8 750 570 557.8 642 531.9 514.3 483.9 519 499.99 739.2 448.6 521.8 709.8 420.59 485.1 670* 620.0 634.3 528 596.0 654 647 493.5 506.5 624 562 610.3 721.8 464.8 475 471 470 452.7 470 511.7 619.5 518 567 561.1 561.4 553.0 572 537 637.2 629 551
4.202 4.295 3.972 3.644 3.801 3.762 5.35 5.21 4.02 5.52 3.90 4.113 4.7 4.0 3.90
6-56
4.25 4.20 3.84 4.07 3.758 4.65 2.821 2.981 4.38 2.045 2.767 5.89* 5.67 5.01 4.7 4.86 5.08 5.08 4.80 4.60 4.56 3.58 3.56 3.69 3.52 3.8 3.53 3.42 4.51 4.9 3.97 3.683 3.729 3.80 4.77 3.76 3.63 3.40 3.88
Vc/cm3 mol-1 269 274 275 281
303 305 308
324 317.6 277 278 292 278
361.6
473
243 283 247 271 266 266 245 268 311 298.4
304.9 259
313 321 331 308 263 267 346 355
Ref. 4 4 4 7 7 7 17 7,23 7,23 17 7 11,12 7 8 8,15 8 10 10 10 10 9 17 8 8 14,17 9 9 7 10 9 7 10 10 10 9 6 7 7 9 9 6 6 9 9 6 6 5 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl2F4 C6Cl3F3 C6F6 C6F10 C6F12 C6F12 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6HF11 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3ClF2 C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C6H3F3 C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF
Name Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether 2-Propoxyethanol Diethoxymethane 1,2-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexene Perfluoro-1-hexene Perfluorocyclohexane Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol Undecafluorocyclohexane 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,4-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,5-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3,4-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3,5-difluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trifluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
374.69 361.8 372.3 376.0 365.7 416 381.6 358.8 379.37 309.21 301.03 282.63 411.13 392.5 389.40 400.7 404.3 375.6 386.1 343.31 328.2 336.36 423.0 361 369 356 466 389 410 391.11 430.9 471.6 353.41 325.2 330.2 325.95 329.8 330.8 331.6 333.0 358.89 418.8 335.2 367.5 357.6 363.4 400 401 400 391.7 368 363 348.7 427 423 424.7 410.8 400.8
549.7 531.0 546.7 554.5 540.7 630.0 571.2 509.1 594 469.7 460.4 433.8 588.1 560.3 559.6 575.4 577.2 543.7 556.1 512.7 497.1 500.2 615 531.7 543.0 510 672 594 601 570.81 626 684.8 516.73 461.8 454.4 457.2 448.77 455.3 450 463 530.97 609 477.7 550.83 535.25 543.35 609.6 612.5 609.2 592.0 560.3 551.1 530.9 669.6 652.0 654.8 633.8 615.9
3.36 3.31 3.45 3.47 3.43
345 344 342 340 339
4.94 3.370 3.38 3.196 3.897 3.675
288 311 306 307 326 329 325
6-57
3.94 3.93 3.71 3.87 3.37 3.430 3.370 3.65
329 339 364
3.67 3.0 3.238 5.32 3.27 3.273
2.43 1.868 1.923 1.69 1.87 3.531 4.0 3.791 3.747 3.801
376 448 335
606 532 525 324 348 313
Ref. 7 7 7 7 7 7 13 13 10 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 11,12 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C6H4ClF C6H4Cl2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6 H 6 C6H6O C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10S C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O
Name 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Benzene Phenol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine [2-Picoline] 3-Methylpyridine [3-Picoline] 4-Methylpyridine [4-Picoline] 1,5-Hexadiene Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone 2-Methylcyclopentanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl trans-2-butenoate Diallyl sulfide Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Butyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Hexanone [Butyl methyl ketone] 3-Hexanone [Ethyl propyl ketone] 4-Methyl-2-pentanone [Isobutyl methyl ketone] 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Pentyl formate Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate 1,2-Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Paraldehyde Cyclohexanethiol 1-Chlorohexane 3-Chloro-3-methylpentane Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol
Tb/K
Tc/K
403 446 367 355.8 362 429.21 404.87 357.88 461.6 353.24 455.02 457.32 402.53 417.29 418.51 332.6 356.13 428.58 412.7 403 411 411.8 415 436.80 336.63 353.88 345.0 367 404 400.8 396.7 389.7 379.3 433.99 478.4 403.6 396.7 399.3 385 389.7 395.7 394.5 383.3 400.6 420 429.6 397.5 432.0 408.3 389 341.88 333.41 336.42 322.88 331.08 359.3 430.8 413
620.1 685.7 566.0 548.4 556.9 670 633.4 560.09 721 562.05 694.2 699 621.0 645.0 645.7 508 560.4 665 631 605 599 653 586 633.8 504.0 553.8 532.7 540 592 587.1 583.0 574.6 570.9 647.1 655 576 578 575.6 571 561 570 568.8 554 590 597.8 608.0 563 684 599 528 507.6 497.7 504.6 489.0 500.0 535 610.3 585.9
6-58
Pc/MPa
4.40 4.52 4.52 4.551 4.52 4.895 5.93 4.89 4.60 4.65 4.70
Vc/cm3 mol-1
324 308 269 351 256 287 292 288 292
4.6 4.00
3.30 3.21 4.08 3.79 3.20 3.46 3.30 3.320 3.270 3.43 4.401 3.38 3.46 3.14 3.01 2.99 3.06 3.1 3.1 3.20 3.01 3.17
353
355.1 308 318 384 378 377 378 382 413 412
401 415 415 422 432 443 401
3.025 3.04 3.12 3.10 3.15 3.20 3.417 3.31
368 368 368 358 361 374 387 384
Ref. 13 13 13 13 9,13 9 9,13 9 9 3 7 9 10 10 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 13 9 6 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 11,12 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7,23 7 8 13 13 2 5 5 5 5 7 4 4
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7F8 C7F14 C7F14 C7F16 C7HF15 C7H3F5 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H4BrF3 C7H5N C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6F2 C7H6O C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7 H 8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14
Name 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether Methyl pentyl ether 1-Propoxy-2-propanol 2-Butoxyethanol 1,1-Diethoxyethane [Acetal] 1,2-Diethoxyethane [Ethylene glycol diethyl ether] Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether [Carbitol] Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethylene glycol Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Perfluorotoluene Perfluoro-1-heptene Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile 2,4-Difluorotoluene 2,5-Difluorotoluene 2,6-Difluorotoluene 3,4-Difluorotoluene Benzaldehyde 2-Fluorotoluene 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole [Methoxybenzene] 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
408 422 425.1 394.3 404.8 399.7 395.6 363.23 341.6 345.8 372 423 441.6 375.40 394.4 469 435 558 382.5 357.1 362 377.7 354.2 349.5 355.7 369.2 390.7 440.7 424.7 433 464.3 390 391 385 385 452.0 388 388 389.8 383.78 464.19 475.42 475.13 478.46 426.9 473.5 476.5 473.6 469.4 434.27 431.53 430.13 417.16 452.25 444.99 366.79 391.6 374.08
582.4 604.4 603.5 559.5 574.4 576.0 575.6 530.6 500.3 509.4 546.5 605.1 634 540 542 670 617 780 555.8 523.1 535.6 534.47 478.2 485.91 474.8 495.8 566.52 656.5 627.1 629.8 699.4 581.4 587.8 581.8 598.5 695 591.2 591.8 592.1 591.80 697.6 705.8 704.6 715 646.5 707 707 706 701 655.4 647 645 624 684 668 537.3 604.2 572.1
3.36 3.45
6-59
3.46 3.52 3.028 2.832 2.934 3.042 3.051 3.27 3.22
Vc/cm3 mol-1 383
386 395 391 424
3.167 3.3 3.63 3.02 3.032 2.705
389 428
2.019 1.62
570 664
3.126
384
4.21
4.7
4.110 4.17 4.36 4.07 4.3 4.24 4.37 4.28 4.58 5.20 4.10 3.95 3.85 3.85 4.20 4.05 2.92 3.82 3.48
316
341
356 361 361 361 355 361 409 353 369
Ref. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 14 7 7 7 11,12 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 13 13 13 9 13 13 13 13 7 13 13 13 3,15 7 7 7 9 7,11,12 9 9 9 9 23 23 23 23 23 23 6 5 5
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O3 C7H15Cl C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O2 C7H16O2 C7H16O2 C7H16O3 C7H20Si2 C8F16O C8F18 C8H6S C8H7N C8H7N C8 H 8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O
Name Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane Heptanal 2-Heptanone [Methyl pentyl ketone] 3-Heptanone [Ethyl butyl ketone] 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone [Methyl isopentyl ketone] 2-Methyl-3-hexanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Isobutyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Propyl isobutanoate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate 1-Chloroheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 2-Ethoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol, (S) 4-Heptanol 1-Butoxy-2-propanol 1-tert-Butoxy-2-methoxyethane 2,2-Diethoxypropane Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether Bis(trimethylsilyl)methane Perfluoro-2-butyltetrahydrofuran Perfluorooctane Benzo[b]thiophene 4-Methylbenzonitrile 1H-Indole Styrene Acetophenone Phenyl acetate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2-Ethylphenol 3-Ethylphenol 4-Ethylphenol
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
376.7 360.7 372.7 365.1 364.0 364.9 426.0 424.20 420 417 417 408 495.4 422.4 415.7 420.0 410 416.2 408.6 419.3 408.2 439 433.6 371.6 363.19 365 366.7 352.4 362.93 353.64 359.21 354.01 375 449.60 432 430 429 444.7
569.5 547 565 553 551 553 617 611.4 606.6 602.0 604.1 593.3 678 599 586.1 594.5 584 593.1 579.4 593.3 582.4 621.0 614 540.2 530.4 535.2 540.6 520.5 537.3 519.8 536.4 531.1 546 632.6 608.3 605.4 602.6 624.9 574 510.7 680 573.9 500.2 502 764 723 794 635.2 709.6 685.7 709 617.15 630.3 617.0 616.2 703.0 716.4 716.4
3.40 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.16 2.97
387 486 406 375.8 379.1 494 490.2 526.8 418 475 469 496.1 409.34 417.7 412.27 411.52 477.7 491.6 491.1
6-60
3.16 2.73 2.76
Vc/cm3 mol-1 375
434 436 433 434
470
2.72
2.66
458
2.74 2.74 2.81 2.89 2.77 2.91 2.74 2.95 2.95 2.935 3.058 3.021
428 421 404 416 416 393 418 414 398 463 435 442 434 432
2.739
3.00 1.99 1.607 1.66 4.76
489 588 379
4.8 3.87 4.01 3.59
356
3.609 3.732 3.541 3.511
374 370 375 378
388
Ref. 5 21 21 21 21 21 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7,23 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 13 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 4 4 4 4 14 7 7 7 8 9 9 8 9 10 15 7,23 17 7 3,15 3 3 3 7 7 7
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O4 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18
Name 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol a-Methylbenzenemethanol Ethoxybenzene 2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline Diethyl succinate Octanenitrile 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Octanal 2-Octanone [Hexyl methyl ketone] 3-Octanone [Ethyl amyl ketone] 4-Octanone [Butyl propyl ketone] 2-Methyl-3-heptanone [Butyl isopropyl ketone] 5-Methyl-3-heptanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Isopentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate Isobutyl butanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate 2-Butoxyethyl acetate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane [Isooctane] 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
Tb/K
Tc/K
490.1 484.13 484.3 474.22 500 494.89 478 442.96 444 448.7 448.7 476.2 467.30 490.9 478.40 394.44 422 405.1 403.0 396.7 393.3 397.7 392.6 444 445.7 440.7 436 431 434 512 501 444.7 433.4 439 430.1 421.8 429.1 440 447 465 491.7 456.7 398.82 390.81 392.1 390.87 391.8 380.01 388.77 382.7 382.27 385.12 390.88 388.81 391.42 383 372.37 388.0
722.8 707.6 706.9 701.0 729.8 715.6 699 647 662.0 665.3 666 698 687 663 674.4 567.0 647.2 609 606 596 591 598 587.7 639 632.7 627.7 623.8 614.9 619.0 693 674 618.4 611 612.1 611 602 609 615.2 628 640.7 673.5 643 568.7 559.7 563.6 561.7 565.5 549.8 563.5 553.5 550.0 562.0 568.8 567.1 576.5 563.5 543.8 573.5
6-61
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1
3.77 3.4
3.63 2.85 2.68 3.56 3.04 2.95 2.94 2.94 2.94
468 410
2.96
488 497 497 497
2.87 2.78
519 528
2.694 2.59
549
2.49 2.50 2.55 2.54 2.61 2.53 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.65 2.69 2.70 2.81 2.73 2.57 2.82
492 488 464 476 455 478 468 472 482 443 466 442 455 436 468 455
Ref. 7 7 7 7 7 7 14 7 7 7 7 9 9 7 9 6 5 21 21 21 21 21 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 17 13 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H20Si C9F20 C9H7N C9H7N C9H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O
Name 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether 1-tert-Butoxy-2-ethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Tetraethylsilane Perfluorononane Quinoline Isoquinoline Indan Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene [Mesitylene] 2-Methoxy-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Methoxy-2,4-dimethylbenzene 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 1-Nonene Cyclononane 1a,3a,5b-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane Nonanal 2-Nonanone [Heptyl methyl ketone] 3-Nonanone [Ethyl hexyl ketone] 4-Nonanone [Pentyl propyl ketone] 5-Nonanone [Dibutyl ketone] Nonanoic acid Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl heptanoate Nonane 2-Methyloctane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
386.7 379.60 468.31 452.5 444 449.5 443 445 457.8 413.43 380.38 421.2 504 461 601 472.3 458 432.8 412.8 427.9 398.5 510.31 516.37 451.12 432.39 425.56 438.4 434.5 435 449.27 442.53 437.89 467 465 467.3 420.1 451.6 413.7 464 468.5 463 460.7 461.60 527.7 452 441.7 460 423.97 416.4 405.9 397.24 413.4 406.2 395.44 414.7 486.52 466.7 468
566.4 567.8 652.5 629.6 628.5 625.1 623.5 621.2 640.6 584 550 585 692 612 800 667 650 607.5 584.4 605 524 782 803 684.9 638.35 631.0 651 637 640.2 664.5 649.1 637.3 677.3 682 668 594.0 682 602.2 659 652.2 648.1 643.7 641.4 712 619 621 634 594.6 582.8 576.7 569.8 607.5 592.6 574.6 607.5 670.7 649.6 648.0
2.73 2.87 2.777 2.754
6-62
Vc/cm3 mol-1 460 461 497 519 515 515
2.8 3.0
2.79 3.2 504 2.48 3.11 3.20 2.50 1.56 4.86 5.10 3.95 3.200 3.209 3.38 3.25 3.23 3.454 3.232 3.127
587 371 374 440
3.12 526 3.34 2.68 2.48
2.32 2.35
2.29 2.31 2.35 2.74 2.60 2.49 2.72 2.528 2.53
543 560 560 560 560
555
572 575 577
Ref. 5 9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 9 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 8 9 10 10 3 3 3 21 21 3 3 3 3 7 7 9 6 21 5 7 7,11,12 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C9H20O C10F8 C10F18 C10F22 C10H8 C10H9N C10H9N C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O4 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22S C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24O C12H8 C12H8O C12H8S C12H9N C12H10 C12H10O
Name 4-Nonanol Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorodecalin Perfluorodecane Naphthalene 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene [Tetralin] Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene [p-Cymene] p-Diethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene [Durene] Thymol d-Limonene a-Pinene 3-Carene, (+) 1,3-Decadiene cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene 1-Decene Decanal 2-Decanone [Methyl octyl ketone] 3-Decanone [Ethyl heptyl ketone] 4-Decanone [Hexyl propyl ketone] 5-Decanone [Butyl pentyl ketone] 5-Methyl-2-isopropylcyclohexanol [Menthol] Decanoic acid [Capric acid] 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl octanoate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate Decane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 1-Decanol 2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol Diisopentyl sulfide 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Pentylbenzene 2-Undecanone 3-Undecanone 4-Undecanone 5-Undecanone 6-Undecanone Ethyl nonanoate Undecane 1-Undecanol Acenaphthylene Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene Carbazole Biphenyl Diphenyl ether
Tb/K
Tc/K
465.7 482 415 417.4 491.1 573.9 579.4 480.8 456.46 445.94 450.3 456.9 470.0 505.7 451 429.4 444 442 469.0 460.5 443.7 481.7 483 476 479.7 477 489 541.9 472 481.7 518 447.30 428.9 433.5 410.6 504.3 484 486 483.7 474 484 517.9 514.3 478.6 504.7 500
645.1 673.1 566 542 748.4 850 850 720 660.5 650 652 657.9 676 698 653 644 658 615 702.3 687.1 617 674 671.8 667.6 662.9 661.0 694 722 642 649 693.9 617.7 609.5 623.0 581.4 687.3 668.6 666.1 663.7 663.2 664 772 761 675 688 685 681 679 678 664 639 703.6 792 824 897 901.8 773 767
500 501 500.2 469.1 518 553 560 605.7 627.84 529.3 531.2
6-63
Pc/MPa
Vc/cm3 mol-1 575
1.52 1.45 4.05 5.0 4.9 3.65 2.89 3.05 2.8 2.803 2.9
407 438 438 408 497
470 454 487 3.20 2.22 2.60
584 599 625 628 628 628
2.10 2.09
638 681
2.15 2.11 2.32 2.51 2.19 2.315
624
649 646 643 643 646
3.60 2.58 692 692 692 692 692 1.98 2.147 3.20 3.64 3.86 3.13 3.38
689 718 495 512 454 497
Ref. 4 9 9 9 3 10 10 4 3 4 3 3 3 7 6 6 6 9 9 9 6 7 7 7 7 7 9 7 7 7 17 2 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 8 3 3 16 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 4 21 7 8 10 3 7
CRITICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Molecular formula C12H12 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O C12H24 C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O C12H24O C12H26 C12H26O C13H9N C13H9N C13H10O C13H11N C13H12 C13H20 C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H22 C14H28O C14H28O C14H28O C14H28O C14H30 C14H30O C15H32 C16H26 C16H34 C16H34 C16H34O C17H28 C17H36 C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H38 C18H38O C19H32 C19H40 C20H42 C20H42O C21H44 C22H46 C23H48 C24H50 C30H50
Name 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene Hexylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene [1,1'-Bicyclohexyl]-2-one 1-Dodecene 2-Dodecanone 3-Dodecanone 4-Dodecanone 5-Dodecanone 6-Dodecanone Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Acridine Phenanthridine Benzophenone 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole Diphenylmethane Heptylbenzene 2-Tridecanone 3-Tridecanone 4-Tridecanone 5-Tridecanone 6-Tridecanone 7-Tridecanone Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Octylbenzene 2-Tetradecanone 3-Tetradecanone 4-Tetradecanone 7-Tetradecanone Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Pentadecane Decylbenzene Hexadecane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-Heptamethylnonane 1-Hexadecanol Undecylbenzene Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Tridecylbenzene Nonadecane Eicosane 1-Eicosanol [Arachic alcohol] Heneicosane Docosane Tricosane Tetracosane Squalene
Tb/K
Tc/K
Pc/MPa
538 499.3 536.6 537 487.0 519.7
775 695 758 787 658 702 701 697 695 694 658 719.4 891.1 895 830 890 760 708 717 716 712 710 709 708 712 675 734 869.3 869 725 728 727 725 723 693 747 708 752 723 692 770 763 736 780 857 883 908 747 790 790 755 768 809 778 786 790 800 795.9
3.23 2.35
489.47 533 618.01 622.1 578.6 616.79 538.2 513 536
534 540 508.62 547 613.1 613 537
526.73 560 543.8 566 560.01 519.5 585 589 575.2 597 605 636 649 589.5 608 619 603.1 616 629 629.7 641.8 653 664.5 694.5
6-64
Vc/cm3 mol-1 601
1.93
1.82 1.994 3.21 3.6 3.35 3.38 2.71 2.14
752 752 759 759 762 754 548 548 568 572 563 820 823 823 826 826 830
1.68 1.935
823 554
1.98
1.57 1.81 1.48 1.72 1.40 1.61 1.64 1.34 1.50 2.99 2.48 2.99 1.29 1.44 1.54 1.16 1.07 1.30 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.59
896 896 900 904 894 966 1034
1103 731 724 729 1189
Ref. 3 16 3 7 6 7 7 7 7 7 2 4 10 10 7 10 3 16 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 9 9 4 16 7 7 7 7 2 9 2 16 2 5 9 16 2 9 3 3 3 2 9 16 3 3 9 2 2 2 2 15
SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS This table gives the sublimation (vapor) pressure of some representative solids as a function of temperature. Entries include simple inorganic and organic substances in their solid phase below room temperature, as well as polycyclic organic compounds which show measurable sublimation pressure only at elevated temperatures. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. Values marked by * represent the solid-liquid-gas triple point. Note that some pressure values are in pascals (Pa) and others are in kilopascals (kPa). For conversion, 1 kPa = 7.506 mmHg = 0.0098692 atm.
REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R. and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 3. Oja, V. and Suuberg, E.M., J. Chem. Eng. Data,43, 486, 1998. Ar Argon
T/K p/kPa
55 0.2
60 0.8
65 2.8
70 7.7
75 18.7
80 40.7
BrH Hydrogen bromide
T/K p/kPa
135 0.1
140 0.3
150 1.1
160 3.3
170 8.7
180 20.1
185.1* 27.4*
Br2 Bromine
T/K p/Pa
170 0.069
180 0.416
190 2.04
200 8.45
210 30.3
220 96.0
230 273
240* 710*
ClH Hydrogen chloride
T/K p/kPa
120 0.1
130 0.5
140 1.9
150 5.8
155 9.5
159.0* 13.5*
Cl2 Chlorine
T/K p/Pa
120 0.144
130 1.52
140 11.2
150 63.1
160 283
F4Si Tetrafluorosilane
T/K p/kPa
130 0.2
140 0.9
150 3.9
160 14.0
170 43.8
175 74.2
180 122.4
186.3* 220.8*
F6S Sulfur hexafluoride
T/K p/kPa
150 0.4
165 2.6
180 11.3
190 25.9
200 54.5
210 106.1
220 195.1
223.1* 232.7*
HI Hydrogen iodide
T/K p/kPa
160 0.2
170 0.8
180 2.2
190 5.3
200 11.7
210 23.6
220 44.1
222.4* 49.3*
H2O Water
T/K p/Pa
190 0.032
210 0.702
225 4.942
240 27.28
250 76.04
260 195.8
270 470.1
273.16* 611.66*
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
T/K p/kPa
140 0.2
150 0.6
160 1.9
165 3.2
170 5.2
175 8.3
180 12.7
187.6* 22.7*
H3N Ammonia
T/K p/kPa
160 0.1
170 0.4
180 1.2
190 3.5
195 5.8
195.4* 6.12*
I2 Iodine
T/K p/Pa
240 0.081
250 0.297
260 0.971
270 2.89
280 7.92
290 20.1
300 47.9
310* 107*
Kr Krypton
T/K p/kPa
80 0.4
90 2.7
95 6.0
100 12.1
105 22.8
110 40.4
115.8* 73.1*
NO Nitric oxide
T/K p/kPa
85 0.1
90 0.4
95 1.3
100 3.8
105 10.0
109.5* 21.9*
Xe Xenon
T/K p/kPa
110 0.3
120 1.5
130 4.9
140 14.0
150 34.2
155 51.1
160 74.2
161.4* 81.7*
CHN Hydrogen cyanide
T/K p/kPa
200 0.2
210 0.4
220 1.0
230 2.2
240 4.8
250 9.7
255 13.6
259.83* 18.62*
CH4 Methane
T/K p/kPa
65 0.1
70 0.3
75 0.8
80 2.1
85 4.9
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
83.81* 68.8*
170* 1054*
90.69* 11.70*
SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS (continued)
CO Carbon monoxide
T/K p/kPa
50 0.1
55 0.6
60 2.6
65 8.2
CO2 Carbon dioxide
T/K p/kPa
130 0.032
140 0.187
155 1.674
170 9.987
185 44.02
194.7 101.3
205 227.1
216.58* 518.0*
C2Cl6 Hexachloroethane
T/K p/Pa
275 0.004
300 0.056
325 0.383
350 1.62
375 5.30
400 14.8
425 36.4
459.9* 107.4*
C2H2 Acetylene
T/K p/kPa
130 0.2
140 0.7
150 2.6
160 7.8
170 20.6
180 49.0
190 106.3
192.4* 126.0*
C2H4O2 Acetic acid
T/K p/kPa
250 0.092
260 0.199
270 0.406
280 0.79
289.7* 1.29*
C5H12 Neopentane
T/K p/kPa
200 0.7
210 1.6
220 3.6
230 7.3
240 13.9
250 24.8
255 32.4
256.58* 35.8*
C6H6Cl6 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane)
T/K p/Pa
300 0.01
320 0.13
330 0.39
340 1.04
350 2.66
360 6.42
370 14.8
380 32.7
C6H6O2 Resorcinol
T/K p/Pa
330 1.03
340 2.78
350 7.09
360 17.2
370 39.6
380 87.6
C6H6O2 p-Hydroquinone
T/K p/Pa
350 1.20
360 3.18
370 7.96
380 19.0
390 43.4
400 95.1
C10H8 Naphthalene
T/K p/Pa
250 0.036
270 0.514
280 1.662
290 4.918
300 13.43
310 34.15
330 182.9
353.43* 999.6*
C12H8N2 Phenazine
T/K p/Pa
290 0.0013
300 0.0046
310 0.0150
320 0.0448
C12H8O Dibenzofuran
T/K p/Pa
300 0.408
310 1.21
320 3.35
330 8.71
340 21.4
350 50.0
C12H9N Carbazole
T/K p/Pa
350 0.086
355 0.140
360 0.245
C13H7NO2 Benz[g]isoquinoline5,10-dione
T/K p/Pa
330 0.006
340 0.018
350 0.053
360 0.148
370 0.394
380 0.994
C13H8O 1H-Phenalen-1-one
T/K p/Pa
330 0.040
340 0.113
350 0.302
C13H8O2 3-Hydroxy-1Hphenalen-1-one
T/K p/Pa
400 0.006
410 0.018
420 0.053
430 0.144
C13H9N Acridine
T/K p/Pa
290 0.0024
300 0.0085
310 0.0278
320 0.0845
C13H9N Phenanthridine
T/K p/Pa
310 0.020
320 0.066
330 0.206
340 0.603
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
68.13* 15.4*
SUBLIMATION PRESSURE OF SOLIDS (continued)
C14H10 Anthracene
T/K p/Pa
320 0.014
330 0.043
340 0.125
350 0.342
360 1.01
370 2.38
380 5.35
C14H10 Phenanthrene
T/K p/Pa
300 0.025
310 0.085
320 0.270
330 0.796
340 2.02
350 4.89
360 11.2
C16H10 Pyrene
T/K p/Pa
320 0.008
330 0.024
340 0.073
350 0.208
360 0.556
370 1.32
380 2.86
C16H10O 1-Pyrenol
T/K p/Pa
360 0.005
370 0.016
380 0.047
390 0.135
400 0.364
C16H12S Benzo[b]naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene
T/K p/Pa
330 0.001
340 0.004
350 0.012
360 0.036
370 0.098
380 0.255
390 0.631
C17H12 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene
T/K p/Pa
340 0.003
350 0.009
360 0.029
370 0.085
380 0.235
390 0.619
400 1.55
C18H10O4 6,11-Dihydroxy-5,12naphthacenedione
T/K p/Pa
420 0.008
430 0.022
440 0.055
450 0.131
C18H12 Chrysene
T/K p/Pa
390 0.087
400 0.221
410 0.539
420 1.26
C18H12 Naphthacene
T/K p/Pa
390 0.005
400 0.014
410 0.035
420 0.084
430 0.194
440 0.432
450 0.928
460 1.929
C20H12 Perylene
T/K p/Pa
390 0.006
400 0.015
410 0.040
420 0.102
430 0.246
C22H14 Pentacene
T/K p/Pa
450 0.002
460 0.006
470 0.013
480 0.031
490 0.069
C24H12 Coronene
T/K p/Pa
430 0.004
440 0.010
450 0.021
460 0.046
470 0.097
480 0.197
490 0.389
500 0.747
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
390 11.5
390 6.30
VAPOR PRESSURE This table gives vapor pressure data for about 1800 inorganic and organic substances. In order to accommodate elements and compounds ranging from refractory to highly volatile in a single table, the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches specified pressure values is listed. The pressure values run in decade steps from 1 Pa (about 7.5 µm Hg) to 100 kPa (about 750 mm Hg). All temperatures are given in °C. The data used in preparing the table came from a large number of sources; the main references used for each substance are indicated in the last column. Since the data were refit in most cases, values appearing in this table may not be identical with values in the source cited. The temperature entry in the 100 kPa column is close to, but not identical with, the normal boiling point (which is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches 101.325 kPa). Although some temperatures are quoted to 0.1°C, uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. Values followed by an “e” were obtained by extrapolating (usually with an Antoine equation) beyond the region for which experimental measurements were available and are thus subject to even greater uncertainty. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, followed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table Physical Constants of Organic Compounds in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. The indexes to Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds in Section 4 can be used in a similar way. More extensive and detailed vapor pressure data on selected important substances appear in other tables in this section of the Handbook. These substances are flagged by a symbol following the name as follows: * See Vapor Pressure of Fluids below 300 K ** See IUPAC Recommended Data for Vapor Pressure Calibration *** See Vapor Pressure of Ice and Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C The following notations appear after individual temperature entries: s — Indicates the substance is a solid at this temperature. e — Indicates an extrapolation beyond the region where experimental measurements exist. i — Indicates the value was calculated from ideal gas thermodynamic functions, such as those in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables (see Reference 8). REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 3. Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973. 4. Stull, D., Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517, 1947. 5. TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 6. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 7. Ohe, S., Computer Aided Data Book of Vapor Pressure, Data Book Publishing Co., Tokyo, 1976. 8. Chase, M.W., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R., Frurip, D.J., McDonald, R.A., and Syverud, A.N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 9. Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, VCH Publishers, New York, 1993. 10. Jacobsen, R.T., et. al, International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 10. Ethylene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 11. Wakeham, W.A., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 12. Methanol, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. 12. Janz, G.J., Molten Salts Handbook, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 13. Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994. 14. Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 4-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. 15. Leider, H.R., Krikorian, O.H., and Young, D.A., Carbon, 11, 555, 1973. 16. Ruzicka, K., and Majer, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 1, 1994. 17. Tillner-Roth, R., and Baehr, H.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 657, 1994. 18. Younglove, B.A., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 731, 1994. 19. Outcalt, S.L., and McLinden, M.O., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 605, 1996. 20. Weber, L.A., and Defibaugh, D.R., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 382, 1996. 21. Rodrigues, M.F., and Bernardo-Gil, M.G., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 581, 1996. 22. Piacente, V., Gigli, G., Scardala, P., and Giustini, A., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 9815, 1996. 23. Barton, J.L., and Bloom, H., J. Phys. Chem., 60, 1413, 1956. 24. Sense, K.A., Alexander, C.A., Bowman, R.E., and Filbert, R.B., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 337, 1957. 25. Ewing, C.T., and Stern, K.H., J. Phys. Chem. 78, 1998, 1974. 26. Cady, G.H., and Hargreaves, G.B., J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1563; 1961, 1568. 27. Skudlarski, K., Dudek, J., and Kapala, J., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 19, 857, 1987. 28. Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
6-66
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) 29. Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 30. Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984. 31. Stewart, R.B., and Jacobsen, R.T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. 32. Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 63, 1994. 33. Bah, A., and Dupont-Pavlovsky, N., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 869, 1995. 34. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 4, 175, 1972. 35. Behrens, R.G., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 5, 173, 1973. 36. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. 37. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515. 1994. 38. Behrens, R.G., Lemons, R.S., and Rosenblatt, G., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 6, 457, 1974. 39. Boublik, T., Fried, V., and Hala, E., The Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances, Second Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984. 40. Goodwin, R.D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 849, 1985. 41. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987.
Mol. Form.
Name
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
100 kPa
1010 569 i 670 594 1209
1140 656 i 769 686 1359
1302 765 i 873 803 1544
58.4 s 744 s
76.5 s 819 s
97.1 s 906 s
280 s
-226.4 s 323 s
2122 -220.3 s 373 s -8 e
1509 905 i 1052 959 1781 -46.8 120.7 s 1008 s 218 2351 -212.4 s 433 s 21.3
133.7 s 88 s 1373 2075
163.0 s 119 s 1541 2289
-173.9 s
-166.0 s
196.8 s 156 s 1748 2549 -45 e -94.0 -156.0 s
187 236.2 s 202 s 2008 2868 -15 e -70.5 -143.0 s
1782 1093 i 1264 1177 2091 -9.4 148.2 s 1130 s 285 2629 -201.7 s 508 s 63.1 8.1 261 283.0 258 s 2347 3272 27.5 -37.4 -125.9
-147.0 -34.8 1115 1750 335 s 339 s 869 333 s 1052 273 i 248.9 834 i -123.8 s -81.0 246 s
-125.8 3.8 1413 2054 397 s 402 s 999 402 s 1265 348 i 328.6 1019 i -101.5 s -47.3 310.4 s
334 2805 3799 90.4 12.3 -101.1 -34 -92.6 57.6 1897 2469 473 s 487 1172 e 487 1562 455 i 438.7 1293 e -67.0 2.2 395.1 s
868 931 903 509 -29.3 s
1049 1120 1087 635 2.5
1308 1389 1350 817 58.4
174 s 27.8
227 s 72.9
318 139.6
Ref.
Substances not containing carbon: Ag AgBr AgCl AgI Al AlB3H12 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2O3 Ar As AsCl3 AsF3 AsI3 As2O3 At Au B BBr3 BCl3 BF3 B2F4 B2H6 B5H9 Ba Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeI2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 BrCs BrH BrH3Si BrH4N BrK BrLi BrNa BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Cd Br2Hg Br2OS
Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum trichloride Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum triiodide Aluminum oxide Argon* Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsenic(III) iodide Arsenic(III) oxide (arsenolite) Astatine Gold Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride* Boron trifluoride* Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Pentaborane(9) Barium Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium iodide Bismuth Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Cesium bromide Hydrogen bromide* Bromosilane Ammonium bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Sodium bromide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine* Cadmium bromide Mercury(II) bromide Thionyl bromide
-162 e 638 s 1189 s 203 s 196 s
765 1335 240 s 237 s 686 e 229 s 768
912 1518 283 s 284 s 767 e 276 s 892 217 s
531 s
601 s -153.3 s
701 i -140.4 s
121 s 597 s
154 s 674 s 630
195 s 773 733 791 766
-71.8 s 435 s 98 s -29 e
-52.7 s 509 s 132 s -5 e
188 s 668
-87.7 s 373 s 71 s -49 e
6-67
2160 1359 i 1561 1503 2517 45.5 180.5 s 1276 s 385 2975 -186.0 601 s 129.4 56.0 367 e
2 9 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 4 1,5,31 3 1 4 7 34 2 2 2 1 4 4 1 1 4 9 2 4 4 7 4 2 4,9 1,4 9 5 4 5 25 4 4 4 4 1 27 4 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. Br2Pb Br2S2 Br3In Br3OP Br3P Br3Sb Br4Ge Br4Sn Br4Zr Br5P Ca Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 CdO Ce ClCs ClCu ClF ClF2P ClF3 ClF5 ClH ClHO3S ClH4N ClK ClLi ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClO2 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2FP Cl2F3P Cl2Fe Cl2Hg Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl2Sn Cl2Zn Cl3Fe Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3P Cl4Po Cl4Se Cl4Si Cl4Te Cl4Zr Cl5P Co Cr Cs
Name Lead(II) bromide Sulfur bromide Indium(III) bromide Phosphorus(V) oxybromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Phosphorus(V) bromide Calcium Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Cadmium oxide Cerium Cesium chloride Copper(I) chloride Chlorine fluoride* Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorine pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride* Chlorosulfonic acid Ammonium chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine dioxide* Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine* Cobalt(II) chloride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Iron(II) chloride Mercury(II) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Tin(II) chloride Zinc chloride Iron(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Polonium(IV) chloride Selenium tetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane* Tellurium tetrachloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Cobalt Chromium Cesium
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
374 -7 e
431 15 e
502 42 e 304.6 s
-23 e
5e
591 s 257 s 412 s
167 s -19 s 683 s 310 s 471 s
203 s 4s 798 s 381 541 s
296 s 770 s 1719
344 s 866 s 1921
406 983 s 2169 730 543
136 s
459
-40 e 91 s 625 s
-121 e 653 s
-20 e 121 s 704 s 649 i -116 s -113 e 733 s
5e 159 s 804 761 i -100 s -102 e 835 777
-145 s
-133.7 s
-120.2 s
726 128.1 364.8 s 115.5 94.6 196.9 105 122 295 s 65.5 s 1170 594 768 1461 622 1314 s 2886 1043 914 -122.6
191.4 172.6 286.5 188 204 356 s 110.1 1482 767 959 1742 795 1558 s 3432 1297 1477 -90.2
4 5 1 5 5 1 4 4 4 5 2 2 23, 27 4 4,27 4 14 4 4 5
-119.5 -63.7 -88 e -138.2 s 38.7 204.7 s 945 905 i -78.7 s -86.1 987
-91.1 -33.0 -59 -118.0 85.0 263.1 s 1137 1101 i -50.2 -60.9 1182 -34.3 1105 626 -76.1 818
-47.6 11.4 -14 -85.2 153.6 339.5 s 1411 1381 i -5.7 -15.7 1461 10.5 1379 806 -34.2 1048
5 5 7 1,5 5 5 23,25 8 5 5 23,25 5 4 4 1 4
-71.1
-37.4
13.5
5
-77.1 685 174.5 s 908 760 747 s -27.1 -27 e 637 -16.7 21.0 381 497 i 229 s -56 e -25 e
-44.3 821 228.5 s 1111 933 852 s 14.6 11.8 765 15.3 67.2 479 596 i 268 s -21 e 13.2 39.9 14.5 300.6 141.4 s 0e 299.4 272 s 111.4 s 2482 2257 477.1
3e 1025 304.0 1414 1189 985 s 75.2 69.0 949 58.7 137.1 622 726 i 319 31.6 70.6 105.0 75.7 389.4 191.1 s 57.3 387.8 336 s 158.9 s 2925 2669 667.0
7 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 23 5 5 4 4,9,12 4 7 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 9 5 2 2 13,30
916 504 -103.6 s
-101 e
64.4 s
94.7 s
130.8 s 762
534 s -99 e
592 s -81 e
662 s -58 e
-76 e -55 e 305 i 118 s
-61 e -36 e 253 356 i 153 s
541 e -41 e -12 e 308 419 i 190 s -81 e
-93 e
-77 e
-55 e
-26.0
23 s
45 s
71 s
117 s -2 s 1517 1383 s 144.5
146 s 19 s 1687 1534 s 195.6
181 s 44 s 1892 1718 s 260.9
102 s -39 e 237 e 222 s 74 s 2150 1950 350.0
914 200.9
Ref.
597 78.4 328.7 s 64 e 42.3 136.5 51 67 245 s 31 s 954 472 634 1257 498 1128 s 2481 864 675 -144.4
-120 e
6-68
100 kPa
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. CsF CsI Cu CuI Dy Er Eu FH FHO3S FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNO3 FNa FRb F2 F2O F2OS F2O2Re F2Pb F2Xe F2Zn F3N F3OP F3P F4MoO F4ORe F4OW F4S F4Se F4Si F5Mo F5Nb F5ORe F5Os F5P F5Re F5Ta F6Ir F6Mo F6Os F6Re F6S F6Se F6Te F6W F10S2 Fe Fr Ga Gd Ge HI HKO HNO3 HN3 HNaO H2 H2I2Si H2O H2O2 H2O4S H2S H2S2 H2Se
Name Cesium fluoride Cesium iodide Copper Copper(I) iodide Dysprosium Erbium Europium Hydrogen fluoride* Fluorosulfonic acid Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Fluorine nitrate Sodium fluoride Rubidium fluoride Fluorine* Fluorine monoxide* Thionyl fluoride Rhenium(VI) dioxydifluoride Lead(II) fluoride Xenon difluoride Zinc fluoride Nitrogen trifluoride* Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride* Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane* Molybdenum(V) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Rhenium(VII) oxypentafluoride Osmium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride* Selenium hexafluoride Tellurium hexafluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Sulfur decafluoride Iron Francium Gallium Gadolinium Germanium Hydrogen iodide* Potassium hydroxide Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen* Diiodosilane Water*** Hydrogen peroxide Sulfuric acid Hydrogen sulfide* Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
Ref.
999 1029 2131 864 2031 i 2279 i 1179 -33.7 101.3 1216 1395 -94.3 -106.0 -87.4 1426 1145 -204.3 -168.2 -81.5 131.9 1054 67.9 s 1237 i -155.5 -64.1 s -132.6
1249 1278 2563 1331 2558 i 2859 i 1523 19.2 162.2 1499 1672 -60.1 -72.6 -45.0 1702 1409 -188.3 -144.9 -44.1 185 e 1292 114 s 1503 i -129.2 -39.7 s -101.4
4 4,25 2 4 3 3 14 1,5 5 4 4,12,25 5 5 5 4,12,24 4,12 1,5 5 5 26 4 1,5 9 5 5 5
117.3 117.1 126.7 -82.1 51.6 -115.7 s 140.3 140 13.7 s 162.3 -108.6 s 152 e 119 3.8 s -13.4 s -1.7 s -11.9 s -94.4 s -77.8 s -71.8 s -24.8 s -22.0 2406 465 e 1852 2703 i 2360 -75.9 s 1035 28.4 -18.0 1080 -258.6 70.5 45.8 89.0 248 -95.9 s 12.2 -78.9 s
184.1 171.2 185.4 -40.3 104.7 -94.9 s 213 e 224 72.8 226 e -84.8 221 e 229 53.1 33.5 47.4 33.4 -64.1 s -46.5 s -39.1 s 16.9 28.5 2859 673 e 2245 3262 i 2831 -35.9 1325 82.2 35.7 1377 -252.8 149.4 99.6 149.8 330 -60.5 70.7 -41.5
26 26 26 5 5 4,7 26 4 26 26 5 26 4 26 26 26 26 5 5 5 26 5 2 2 2 3 2 5 4 5 5 4 1 4 36,37 5 4 1,5 5 5
523 s 1236
595 s 1388
692 1577
1105 s 1231 s 590 s
1250 s 1390 s 684 s
1431 i 1612 i 799 s
-14 e
4e
801 s
896
-160 e
-156 e -149 e 920 s
-235 s -211.7
-229.5 s -204.7
28 e 869 1024 -131 e -144 e -135 e 1058 910 -222.9 s -195.9 -124 e
731 s -201 e -124 s
813 s -194 e -113 s
2.9 s 911 i -185 e -100 s
-21 s 5s 2s
3s 26 s 25 s
33 s 50.7 s 52.1 s
-166 s
-157 s
-145.6 s
-103 s
-84 s
-157 s
-148 s
-59 s 74.1 -137 s 58.8
69.3 s 80.1 s 84.3 s -110.0 13.6 -132.3 s 86.6 80 -28 s 113.2 -124.5 s 99.5
-88 s -98 s -89 s -97 s -158 s -143 s -142 s -107 s
-71 s -82 s -73 s -82 s -147 s -132 s -130 s -92 s
-51 s -64 s -54 s -63 s -133.6 s -118 s -115 s -74 s
-27 s -41.2 s -30.6 s -40.2 s -116.6 s -100.7 s -96 s -52.1 s
1455 s 131 e 1037 1563 i 1371 -146 s 520 e
1617 181 e 1175 1755 i 1541 -135.2 s 601 e
513
605
1818 246 e 1347 1994 i 1750 -120.8 s 704 -37 e -79 e 722
2073 335 e 1565 2300 i 2014 -101.9 s 842 -9 e -54 e 874
-60.7 s
-42.2 s
72
103 -149 s
-20.3 s 13 e 140 -136 s
-145 s
-134 s
-120 s
6-69
100 kPa
825 854 1816 636 1681 i 1890 i 961 -71.1 59.1 1017 1188 -116.1 -128.1 -115.1 1218 1001 -214.8 -184.2 -106.5 89.2 865 31.8 s 1048 i -172.8 -83.7 s -152 e
11.8 7.0 45 e 187 -118.9 s -27 e -102.8 s
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. H2Te H3ISi H3N H3NO H3P H4IN H4N2 H4Si He Hf Hg HgI2 Ho IK ILi INa IRb ITl I2 I2Pb I2Zn I3Sb I4Sn I4Zr In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo MoO3 NO N2 N2O N2O4 N2O5 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni OPb OSr O2 O2S O2Se O2Si O3 O3P2 O3S O3Sb2 O5P2 O7Re2 Os P P Pb PbS Pd Po Pr Pt
Name Hydrogen telluride Iodosilane Ammonia* Hydroxylamine Phosphine* Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Silane* Helium* Hafnium Mercury** Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine (rhombic) Lead(II) iodide Zinc iodide Antimony(III) iodide Tin(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Iridium Potassium Krypton* Lanthanum Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Molybdenum(VI) oxide Nitric oxide* Nitrogen* Nitrous oxide* Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Sodium Niobium Neodymium Neon* Nickel Lead(II) oxide Strontium oxide Oxygen* Sulfur dioxide* Selenium dioxide Silicon dioxide Ozone* Phosphorus(III) oxide Sulfur trioxide Antimony(III) oxide (valentinite) Phosphorus(V) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus (red) Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Polonium Praseodymium Platinum
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-139 s
-127 s
-112 s
-182 s 125 s
-173 s 159 s
-161 s 201 s -181
2416 42.0 85.1 s 1159 s
2681 76.6 115.6 s 1311 s
545
619
-12.8 s
9.3 s
301 s
351 s
35.9 s 470 409 s
187 s 923 2440 s 200.2 -214.0 s 1732 i 524.3 1633 s 428 s 955 s 2469 s
220 s 1052 2684 256.5 -208.0 s 1935 i 612.3 1829.8 500 s 1074 s 2721
259 s 1212 2979 328 -199.4 s 2185 i 722.1 2072.8 588 s 1220 s 3039
-201 s -236 s -167 s -92 s -71 s 280.6 2669 1322.3 -261 s 1510 724 1789 s
-195 s -232 s -157 s -78 s -56 s 344.2 2934 1501.2 -260 s 1677 816 1903 s
-188 s -226.8 s -145.4 s -61 s -40 s 424.3 3251 1725.3 -258 s 1881 928 2047 s
124.5 s 1966 i -189 e
153.9 s 2149 i -182 e
-98 s 188 s 2368 i -172 e
426.1 s 285 s 147 s 2887 s 6s 182 s 705 656 s 1448 s
478 s 328 s 176 s 3150 34 s 216 s 815 741 s 1624
539 s 377.5 s 208 s 3478 69 256 s 956 838 s 1844
1497.7 2057
1699.4 2277 e
1954 i 2542
6-70
3004 120.0 152.4 s 1502 i 731 710 753 733
100 kPa
Ref.
3406 175.6 197.8 s 1767 i 866 824 883 866 520 68.7 s 558 488 i 214.9 167.1 305 s 1417 3341 424 -188.9 s 2499 i 871.2 2380 i 698 1418 3434 801 -179.3 s -220.2 s -131.1 s -41.1 s -19.9 s 529 3637 2023 i -255 s 2137 1065 2235 s -211.9 -80 s 228 s
-46.6 -10.1 -71.3 73.3 -122.7 318.4 s 55.6 -143.7 -270.6 3921 250.3 255.1 s 2137 i 1052 972 1058 1045 644 108 s 682 598 i 292.0 242.7 361 s 1689 3796 559 -174.6 s 2905 i 1064.3 2799 i 859 1682 3939 935 -168.1 s -211.1 s -112.9 s -16.6 s 3.9 s 673 4120 2442 i -252 s 2468 1241 2488 s -200.5 -52.2 275 s
-2.3 45.2 -33.6 109.8 -88.0 405.2 s 113 e -111.8 -268.9 4603 355.9 353.6 2691 i 1322 1170 1301 1302 821 184.0 869 750 i 401.2 347.7 430 s 2067 4386 756.2 -153.6 3453 i 1337.1 3390 i 1088 2060 4606 1151 -151.9 -195.9 -88.7 28.7 33.2 880.2 4740 3063 i -246.1 2911 1471
-158 e 47.3 -20 s
-139.7 100.3 6.6 s
-111.5 172.8 44.5
5 4 1,5,6 4 5 5 5 4 2 9 29,30 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 1,2 4 9 4 4 4 2 2 13,30 5 3 13,30 3 2 2 2 4 5 1,5 5 5 5 13,30 2 3 2 2 4 4 1,28 1,5 38 8 5 4 5
610 s 434.4 s 244 s 3875 115 303 s 1139 953 s 2122 573 e 2298 i 2870
907 500.5 s 284 s 4365 180 362 s 1387 1088 s 2480 730.2 2781 i 3283
1420 591 362 4983 276 431 s 1754 1280 2961 963.3 3506 i 3821
4,35 4 4 2 3,9 2,3 2 4 2 5 3 2
-47.7 -94.5 s 43.7 -145 s 253 s 14.7 -165.4
-183.1 -10.3 315 s
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr
Name Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon* Ruthenium Sulfur Antimony Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon* Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium
1 Pa
10 Pa
1483 546 s 160.4 3030 s 2015 -163 s 2315 s 102 s 534 s 1372 s 227 1635 728 s 1224 523 s 3024 1516.1 2454 e
1680 633 s 212.5 3341 2223 -152 s 2538 135 603 s 1531 s 279 1829 833 s 1384 609 s 3324 1706.1 2725 e
2360 1709 609 844 s 2052 1828 s 3204 s -190 s 1610.1 463 s 337 s 2366
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
100 kPa
Ref.
2634 1898 704 962 s 2291 2016 3500 -181 s 1802.3 540 s 397 s 2618
1925 764 278.9 3736 2476 -139 s 2814 176 738 1733 i 344 2066 967 s 1582 717 s 3684 1928 i 3051 e 502 e 2975 2130 e 824 1108 s 2586 2250 3864 -170 s 2047 i 637 s 477 2924
2238 936 368 4227 2790 -121.4 s 3151 235 946 1993 i 431 2363 1148 i 1834 866 4122 2232 i 3453 e 615 e 3410 2419 979 1297 s 2961 2541 4306 -155.8 s 2354 i 774 s 579 3302
2653 1173 496.1 4854 3132 -97.6 s 3572 318 1218 2340 i 540 2748 1402 i 2165 1072 4666 2640 i 3961 e 768.8 3986 2791 1188 1548 i 3454 2914 4854 -136.6 s 2763 i 993 i 717 3780
3226 1526 685.3 5681 3724 -62.3 4115 444 1585 2828 i 685 3264 1788 i 2620 1373 5361 3218 i 4621 e 992.4 4782 3285 1485 1944 i 4129 3406 5550 -108.4 3334 i 1192 i 912 e 4405
2 2 13,30 2 2 5 2 3 2,3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 5,32 3 3 2 2
2566 s
2775 s
3016 s
3299 s
3635 s
15
-136 e
-123 e
-106 e
-168 e
-156 e
-142 e
-110 e
-91 e 25.6 s -155 e -78.1 s -122 e -96 e -89 e -30 e -53.5 s -121.2 s -183.9 s -111.4 s
-83.4 -6 e -122.8 -13 s -66 e 65.8 s -139 e -57 s -101.8 -73 e -63 e 4.4 -24.4 s -104.1 s -171.6 -89.7 s 30.5 -107.1 -49 e -34 e -136 e
-51.8 38.9 -96.6 17.7 s -30 e 111.6 -116 e -29 s -73.1 -40.6 -28.5 47.8 15.8 -82.8 s -153.9 -59.7 s 78.3 -80.5 -28.7 4.3 -114.4
-52.6 s -56.8 -25 e -7 e -86.2 -48 e -113.6 55 e -91 e
-22.7 s -23.9 11.4 35.2 -55.7 -12.5 -88.6 106.1 -61.7
-4.3 104.4 -58.1 61.0 22.5 188.9 -81.7 13.0 -30.0 7.2 23.3 112.0 76.2 -46.2 -128.3 -16 s 148.8 -41.1 8.6 60.8 -82.3 218.0 25.4 23 e 67.7 96.5 -9.4 39.3 -51.9 181.6 -19.3
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 1 5 1 1 1 5 1,5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 1
Substances containing carbon: C CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBrN CBr2F2 CBr4 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CFN CF4 CHBrF2 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHNO CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O
Carbon (graphite) Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane* Cyanogen bromide Dibromodifluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane* Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane* Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane* Cyanogen fluoride Tetrafluoromethane* Bromodifluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane* Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane* Trifluoromethane* Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide* Cyanic acid Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane* Difluoromethane* Diiodomethane Formaldehyde*
-176 e -150 e -127 e
-79.4 s -199.9 s
-167 e -94.6 s -138 e -113 e -107 e -59 e -70.8 s -135 s -193 s -128 s
-152 e -76 e
-141 e -70 e
51.1 s
82.7 s
-83 e
-69 e
-156.7
-124 e -92 e -145.8
6-71
-126 e -61 e -61 e -152 e 121 e -77 s -81.1 -50 e -37 e -108 e -73 e -131.9 17 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. CH2O2 CH3AsF2 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5ClSi CH5N CH6N2 CH6OSi CH6Si CIN CNNa CN4O8 CO COS COSe CO2 CS2 CSe2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2Br4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F4N2O4 C2F6 C2HBrClF3 C2HBr3O C2HClF4 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2HF5O C2H2
Name Formic acid Methyldifluoroarsine Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane* Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane* Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrate Methane* Dichloromethylsilane Methanol* Methanethiol Chloromethylsilane Methylamine Methylhydrazine Methyl silyl ether Methylsilane Cyanogen iodide Sodium cyanide Tetranitromethane Carbon monoxide* Carbon oxysulfide* Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide* Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Tetrabromoethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro1,2-dinitroethane Hexafluoroethane** 2-Bromo-2-chloro1,1,1-trifluoroethane Tribromoacetaldehyde 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether Acetylene*
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-56 s
-40.4 s
-22.3 s
-140.2 s
-128.6 s -83 e
-114.7 s -61 e
22 e
53 e
-75 e -214.2 s
-55 e -206.8 s -77 e -47.5 -97 e -97.9
-220 s -87 e -129 e
37.0 22.1 -99 -44.3 -67.1 7e -111 e -12.4 145.0 40 e 9.8 -183.6 s -14 e 15.2 -41.7 -41.5 -48.1 32.9 -61.8 -97.5
-223 s -136 e -120 -136.7 s -76 e -24 e
961 18.0 -216.5 s -117 e -98 -121.6 s -49 e 9.4
1182 61.8 -207.2 s -90.0 -67 -103.1 s -10.9 56.2
-75 e -31.7 s -119 e
-46 e -3.5 s -99 e
-76.8
-7.2 32.2 s -71 e -80.3 -45.4 -44.9 -8.2 25.3 54.4
92.3 47.1 226.0 -28.4 -39.4 2.7 3.2 45.6 47.3 85.1 120.7
5 5 5 1 1 5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1
-16 e 10 e -7 e
31.0
91.1
5
7e 67.7 s -126.1 -132.3
32.3 51.7 116.9 s -102.5 -109.7
92.5 117.8 184.2 s -67.8 -75.8
1 1,5 5 1 1
-155.2 s
-30 e -137.5 s
6.4 -113.4 s
59.5 -78.4 s
5 1,5
15.0
-41.4 52.7
-4.8 103.0
49.8 173.5
1 5
-110 e
-87.6
-57.0
-12.1
5
-101.0 -59 e
-82.2 -39 e -41.6
-23 e
3e
-57.4 -12 e -9.8 83.8 37.4
-23.3 26.7 33.8 130.0 86.0 16.8
26.7 86.8 97.4 197.2 159.4 71.4
18 1 5 1,5 1 1,5
-136 e
-121 e -146.6 s
-102 e -130.7 s
-75.0 -110.6 s
-35.4 -84.8 s
20 5
-144 e 672 e
-146 e
-148.9 s -96 e
-97 e -54.5 s -134 e
798
-22 e
-7.6 s
-74 e
-147 e
Ref. 1,5 5 4 1 1,33 1 1 1 5 1 5 5,41 1 11 1 5 1 1 1 5 5 4 5 40 1 4 5 1 1
-31 e
-159.1 s
100 kPa 100.2 76.1 -64 3.3 -24.4 65.7 -78.6 42.1 218 e 100.8 63 e -161.7 40.5 64.2 5.7 8.3 -6.6 91 e -18 e -57.5 153.8 1497 124 e -191.7 -50.4 -22 -78.6 s 45.9 127 e
-69 e -115 e -115 e
-0.8 s -15 e -124 -77 e -96 e -33 e -130 e -49 e 93 e -2 e -27 e -197 s -51 e -20.4 -74 e -74.4 -76.7 -4.7 -90.2 -124.6
9.9 s
6-72
-25 e 33.6 s
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H2O C2H3Br C2H3BrO C2H3Br3 C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C2H3I C2H3IO C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NS C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4N2O6 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H4O3 C2H5AsF2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3OSi C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5FO C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si
Name cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Ketene Bromoethylene Acetyl bromide 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethylene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoethylene Acetyl iodide Acetonitrile Methylisocyanate Methyl thiocyanate Ethylene* 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Ethylene glycol dinitrate Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Peroxyacetic acid Glycolic acid Ethyldifluoroarsine Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloromethyl methyl ether Trichloroethoxysilane Trichloroethylsilane Fluoroethane 2-Fluoroethanol Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethyl nitrate Ethane* Dichlorodimethylsilane
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-45 e
-21 e
10 e -4 e
14 e -116 e
-11 e 38 e -101 e
22 e 69 e -82 e -62 e
-101 e
-87 e
-58 e
-40 e -22 e
-68 e -23.7 -15 e 1e
-151 e -110 e -65 e 4e -127 e -123 e -85 e
-135 e -92 e -49 e 32 e -110 e -107 e -66 e
-101 e
-83 e -50 e
64.1 109 e -57 e -34 e -44 e -42.2 5.6 17 e 32.4 -94.3 -96.0 -115 e -68 e -25 e 68 e -89 e -85.3 -40 e 78.4 -57.9 -23.8 -25.3 7e -135.2
-124 e -78 e -18 e -139 e -100 e
-23 e -153.3
-33 e
-18.4
4e
-42.8 s
-49 e
-26 e
-84 e
-64 e
25.6 -105 e -111 e -26.7 s -95 e
-115.2 51.0 -87 e -93 e -8 s -76 e
-111 e -126 e -61 e -96 e -78 e -79 e
-96 e -112 e -39 e -80 e -60 e -61 e -142 e
-94 e
-78 e -74 e 39.1 s 13 e -44 e -63 e -173.2
16.7 s -61 e -81 e -183.3 s
6-73
-36 e -77 e -94 e -12 e -59 e -36.0 -38 e -127 e -22 e -56 e -55 e 65.2 s 41 e -21 e -41 e -161.3
-113 e -8 e -41 e -0.6 -20 e -43.5 16.2 -155.6 -0.4 5e 18 e -69.9 -36.7 -16.4 -94.6 81 e -62.8 -70 e 14.2 s -51.8 14.4 -6.0 -51.3 -70 e 23 e -32 e -4.6 -8 e -106.3 8.3 -27.9 -30 e 102.8 78 e 8.3 -12 e -145.3
52.2 42.2 103.6 119 e 163.7 -21.4 3.8 -7.5 -6.8 46.1 62.2 76.9 -66.8 -66.9 -88.2 -34.5 13.9 117.1 -59.0 -55.4 -3.6 123.9 -22.7 14.1 14.2 49.9 -109.9 -64.1 -86.6 26.0 -3 e 47 e 21.4 -10.2 63.5 -135.1 41.7 46.4 62.2 -36.1 1.0 23.7 -66.1 117 e -29.4 -37.0 55.9 -18.1 55.3 35.0 -15.5 -37.0 67.1 6e 38.7 34.9 -78.7 47.5 11.9 4.1 150.8 127.9 50.1 28.2 -122.8 11.1
100 kPa 114.8 107.4 177.8 193 e 242.9 31.2 60.3 47.3 46.3 105.6 129.7 144.7 -26.4 -23.3 -50.0 15.4 84 e 188.4 -14.1 -10.5 50.4 188.9 31.4 73.4 73.7 113.4 -72.2 17.0 -47.8 74 e 55.6 107.0 81.2 38.8 132.5 -104.0 105.7 107.6 130.9 15.8 56.9 83.1 -24.3 162 e 20.0 10.2 117.5 31.4 109.7 99.9 93.1 38.0 12.0 127.3 61 e 102.0 98.7 -37.9 99 e 71.9 55 e 218.2 199.1 113.5 87 e -88.8 70.1
Ref. 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 17 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 1 5 1,10 6 5 1 5 1 1 19 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 41 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6Hg C2H6N2O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7BO2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3ClF5O C3Cl6 C3F6 C3F6O C3F8 C3HN C3H2F6O C3H3F5 C3H3N C3H3NS C3H4 C3H4 C3H4ClF3 C3H4Cl2O C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4Cl4 C3H4F4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3Si C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H5NS C3H5NS C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6BrCl C3H6Br2
Name Dimethyl mercury N-Nitrosodimethylamine Ethanol Dimethyl ether* Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethyl hydroperoxide Dimethyl sulfone Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Dimethoxyborane Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Chloropentafluoroacetone Hexachloropropene Perfluoropropene Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Cyanoacetylene 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro2-propanol 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 2-Propenenitrile Thiazole Allene* Propyne 3-Chloro-1,1,1trifluoropropane 1,1-Dichloroacetone Methyl dichloroacetate 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro1-propanol Acrolein Propenoic acid Vinyl formate 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate cis-1-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Methyl chloroacetate 1,1,3-Trichloropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichloro-2-propenylsilane 3-Iodopropene Propanenitrile Acrylamide 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Ethyl thiocyanate Ethyl isothiocyanate Trinitroglycerol Propene* Cyclopropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromopropane
1 Pa
10 Pa
-73 e
-56 e -135 e
2e -70 e
24 e -49 e
-112 e
-97 e -96 e -53 e -101.9
-71 e -116 e
11 e
-127 s -122 e -12 e -150 e
-49 e -114.1 s -109 e 11 e -138 e -139 e
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-34 e -118 e 27.4 51.1 -25 e -78 e -77 e -29 e -83.5 -71 e -88 e 35 e -52 e -33 e -98.5 s -93 e 40 e -122 e -113 e -124 e -58.7 s
-13.5 30.7 -7 e -96.8 65.0 86.1 6.8 109 e -53 e -51.2 1.7 -59.2 -53 e -66.9 66.2 17.0 -25.6 -9 e -79.2 s -71 e 79 e -101 e -94 e -105 e -35.6 s
100 kPa
Ref.
29.0 80.5 29.2 -67.6 115.9 132.5 47.0 166.8 -18 e -16.0 45.0 -25.4 -27 e -37.2 109.0 57.5 10.5 26.4 -54.9 s -39.4 132.8 -72 e -67.8 -77.5 -7 s
92.1 149.8 78.0 -25.1 188.6 196.9 101 e 248.9 34.7 37.0 109.3 25 e 16.4 6.6 170.6 116.6 63 e 88 e -21.4 7.4 213.6 -30.6 -27.6 -37.0 42.0
5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 1 1 1 1,5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5
57.1 -17.9 77.0 117.8 -34.7 -23.2
5 5 1 5 5 1
-72 e
-50 e
-22 e
-129 e
-118 e
-101.4 -94 e
12.7 -60 e 17.7 54.4 -76.7 -65.3
-102 e
-87 e
-68 e
-44 e -48 e
-25 e -28 e
0e -2 e
-43 e 1e 33 e 32 e
-8 e 47.8 77.7 79.1
45.3 118.0 142.3 149.5
5 5 5 5
-87 e
-10 e -67 e -58 e 8e
17 e -40 e 35 e -34 e 45.5
53.9 -3.0 78.0 -1.6 93.8
-64 e -75 e -58 e -81 e -77 e -87 e -72.4 -21 e -5 e -5 e 2e
-37 e -47 e -28 e -55 e -52 e -63 e -46.3 11 e 25 e 28 e 37 e
-39 e -36.0 109.6 53 e 4e
-8 e -7.9 161 e 96.1 35 e 17.4 191 e -114.9 -104 e 28 e 31 e
1.0 -9 e 12 e -20.1 -16.2 -28.7 -9.8 53.8 66.9 75.3 84.9 53.0 36 e 35.2
107.2 52.8 140.7 46.2 159.3 247 57.4 48.0 69.6 32.4 37.0 22.3 44.6 115.5 129.1 145.1 156.3 116.5 101.5 97.4
150.3 79.1 66 e 353 e -88.2 -75.7 74.1 75.3
220.8 143.4 136 e 1007 e -47.9 -33.1 142.9 139.5
5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5
-120 e -107 e
-21 e 37 e -84 e -95 e -80 e -100 e -97 e -106 e -92 e
-51 e
-28 e -31 e
-80 e -69.4
-62 e -55.3
-11 e -39 e
18 e -20 e
48.6 -160.6
75.7 -149.0
-51 e -46 e
-31 e -26 e
12.7 s -100 e -112 e -98 e -114 e
6-74
118 e -134.3 -124 e -6 e -2 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6N2O4 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9As C3H9BO3 C3H9BS C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9O4P C3H9P C3H9Sb C3H10N2 C3N2O C4Cl6 C4F6O3 C4F8 C4F10 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H2Cl2S
Name 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol 1,1-Dinitropropane Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrate Propane* 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethylarsine Trimethyl borate Methyl dimethylthioborane Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1-Amino-2-propanol Trimethyl phosphate Trimethylphosphine Trimethylstibine 1,2-Propanediamine Carbonyl dicyanide Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride 2,5-Dichlorothiophene
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-30 e
-9 e
17 e
-78 e -65 e
-61 e -46 e
-38.1 -22 e
-9 e -63 e
12 e -48 e
-95 -109 e
-81.8 -95 e
-95 e
-80 e -79 e -72 e
21.8 39 e -21.9 -114 e -69 e -62.8 -76 e 0e -61 e -59 e -50 e
-62 e -78 e -84 e -90 e -91 e
-40 e -57 e -65 e -71 e -74 e
-120 e -60 e -71 e -88 e -20 e 13 s -37 e -48 e
-103 e -37 e -47 e -65 e 5e 43 e -13 e -22 e -23.9 -130.9 -16 e -28 e -77 e 42 e 62 e
-95 e -106 e
-133 e -78 e -89 e -39 e -13.3 s -56 e
-156.9 -54 e -65 e -98 e -11 e 4e
-145.6 -38 e -49 e -89 e 13 e 30 e
-57 e -93 e 96 e -94 e -102 e -94 e -53 e
-37 e -81 e 113 e -78 e -87 e -78 e -28 e
-12 e -64 e 136 e -57 e -67 e -57 e 3e -74 e
-9 e -28 e -39.6 -44.5 -51.1 23 e -80.7 -6 e -16.3 -37 e 38.0 83.8 20 e 10.7 6.1 -111.4 10 e -1.3 -60 e 78 e 101 e
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1,5 5 1,5 1 1 1 1 5 1 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 1,41 1,5 1,5 5 5 5
63.8 -9.3 213.4 9.6 -3 e 8.8 97 e -5.4 15.6 11.4 0.4 -4.1 -17.6 -43.8 98.2 116.0 -15.0 19 e 61 e 15.3 137.0
124.3 41.7 287 e 67.4 52.2 66.3 172.4 52.0 67.9 70.7 57.3 46.9 31.5 2.6 157.9 192.0 37.1 80 e 119 e 65.2 209.7
1 5 1 1,5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 5 5
-35.4 22 e
50 e -63 e
-39 e
-7.1
-105 e
-82 e
-49.8
38.8 -6.2 -2.5
8.0 -20 e
45.6 22 e
94.3 81.4
159.8 171 e
-7 e
-122 e
6-75
Ref.
166.8 87.7 95.9 119.9 68.9 173.9 187 e 96.2 4.6 47.7 55.7 33.9 140.8 54.0 56.6 75.3 113.7 94.5 70.6 59.1 46.2 35.4 125.7 -2.8 102.0 89.2 52 e 152.6 206.3 130.8 119.8 111 e -42.3 96.9 82.0 7.0 187.2 214.0
-63 e -74 e -97 e 18 e 23.6 -81 e -56 e -12.0
-81 e -91 e -114 e
-1 e
100 kPa
98.7 27.0 33.7 54.0 10.8 107.6 120 e 44.5 -52.7 -6 e 1.3 -17.2 79.9 1e 3.3 17.0 53 e 32.5 11.6 -1.7 -8.1 -17.8 63.8 -49.4 36.9 26.5 0.4 83.9 136.1 64.8 55.6 48.1 -83.8 47 e 33.6 -34.8 125.0 149.9
21 e -42 e 168 e -29.1 -41 e -29.7 43 e -45 e -14 e -30.4 -37.8 -38.3 -50.4 -75.0 53.2 62.8 -53 e -23.8 18.8 -21.7 86.7
-62 e
-31 e
52 e -14 e -8.1 10 e -28 e 59.0 73.2 6.8 -89 e -42 e -35.6 -51.5 35.1 -35 e -33 e -22 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C4H2O3 C4H3ClS C4H3IS C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5ClO C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H5NS C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7Br3 C4H7Br3 C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O
Name Maleic anhydride 2-Chlorothiophene 2-Iodothiophene 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Fumaric acid Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Methyl-2-propenoyl chloride Ethyl trichloroacetate 3-Butenenitrile Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Methyl cyanoacetate Allyl isothiocyanate 4-Methylthiazole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene* 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Ethyl dichloroacetate Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal 3-Buten-2-one Cyclobutanone cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione gamma-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate Dimethyl oxalate trans-1-Bromo-1-butene 2-Bromo-1-butene cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 1,2,3-Tribromobutane 1,2,4-Tribromobutane 3-Chloro-1-butene cis-2-Chloro-2-butene trans-2-Chloro-2-butene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,1-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,2-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane
1 Pa
10 Pa -62 e
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa -35 e -25 e -96.1
123.9 s
150 s
180 s
-113 e
-95 e
-71 e
-57 e
-54 e 19.3 121 e
-20 e 63.3 180.8
201.7 123 e 181.0 4.9 266.0 31.0 126 e 260.8
-17 e -41 e
23.7 0.3
83.7 59.0
5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5
36.4 100.1 53.7 29.0 66.7 134.0 89 e -38.9 -51.9 -39.4 -23.9 89.1 -22.1 39.7 21 e 37.1 106.7 120.8 105.6 99.9 16.2 22 e 30.7 130.2 75.1 220 e 98.1 31.9 20.7 23.5 31.0 143.7 139.4 4e 6e 3e 13.8 79.1 52.3 -53.7 -44.8 -47.6 -54.5 -38.1 -44.2 92.1 124.0 49.3 53.1 82.4 37.8 106.9 -16.5 -5.5
98.2 166.6 118.4 89.8 129.4 204.6 198 e 67.0 10.5 -4.7 7.8 26.6 156.3 28.0 102.4 81.0 97 e 168.9 184.9 168.6 161.5 72.2 79.9 84.8 203 e 139.7 410 e 163.0 94.4 80.6 85.2 93.5 219.5 214.5 63.6 66.4 62.2 71.5 143.8 117.2 -6.6 3.4 0.6 -7.3 12.1 4.2 166.1 196.5 113.4 123.1 153.4 102.1 177.9 34.7 62.1
5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-67 e
-48 e
-35 e 15.3 -23.1
-3 e -45 e
19 e -27 e
-8 e 48 e -3 e
-5 e 51.9 9.3 -12 e 24 e 84 e 32.1
-132 e
-117 e
-125 e
-111 e -89.2 s
-98 e -106 e -94 e -73.8 s 2.6 -80 e -33 e
-72.8 -83 e -71.2 -53.5 s 40.1 -56 e -3 e
-34 e 30 e
-4 e 63 e 74 e 61 e 56 e -22 e -18 e
-74 e
-99 e -56 e
-19 e
2e
-88 e
-71 e -71 e
27 e 22 e -50 e -48 e
-44 e -40 e
-17 e -25 e -5 e
24 e -1 e 43 e
-87 e -87 e -90 e -86 e 0e -3 e
-68 e -70 e -72 e -67 e 23 e 20 e
-100 e -102 e
-83 e -86 e -75 e
-67 e -139.0 -131.2
-48 e -125.2 -117.4
-139.1
-125.5
-43.3 -48 e -49.0 -43.4 53 e 49 e -64 e -62 e -65 e -54 e -2.6 -24 e -107.8 -99.8 -102 e -108.2
-130 e -54 e -13 e
-116 e -30 e 9e
-32 e
-26 e -58 e -9 e -102 e -114 e
-135 e
6-76
-99.3 0.4 37 e -25 e -28.4 0e -35 e 19.8 -81 e -87 e
Ref.
127.9 51.8 94.9 -41.8
24.8 s -78 e
100 kPa
73.7 2e 23 e -73.4
72 e 31 e 112 e 50.5 -11.4 -20 e -18.5 -12.0 91 e 87 e -36 e -34 e -37 e -25 e 32.6 8e -85.3 -76.7 -80 e -85.5 -71.8 -76.3 39.6 74 e 6e 5.8 35 e -5 e 56.9 -53.1 -53 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl3Si C4H9F C4H9F C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2
Name Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Butyltrichlorosilane 1-Fluorobutane 2-Fluorobutane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine Isobutyl nitrate Butane* Isobutane* 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dimethylacetal Diethylperoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide
1 Pa
10 Pa
-88 e
-72 e
-85 e -94 e
-68 e -78 e
-30.1 -78 e -80 e -83 e -80 e 17 e
-8.2 -62 e -65 e -66 e -64 e 44 e
-66 e -68.4 -86 e -85 e
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa -50 e -56 e -46 e -57.3 12.9 18.1 -42 e -47 e -45 e -43 e 77 e -37 e
-22 e -29 e -18.1 -29.8 52.2 50.5 -15.1 -22.2 -18 e -15.8 117.4 -3 e
49 e -47 e -53.9 -68 e -68 e
87 e -23 e -34.1 -46 e -46 e
135 e 9.4 -5.4 -16 e -16 e
-87 e -96 e -94 e
-71 e -80 e -78 e
-49 e -59 e -56.6
-21 e -31.0 -28.7
-114 e -117 e -62 e -70 e
-99 e -103 e -43 e -51 e -47 e -58.8 s -59 e
-80 e -85 e -19 e -27 e -21.4 -39.5 s -38 e
-8 e
8e -18 e
28.0 7e
-134.3 -37 e -50 e -39 e
-121.0 -129.0 -20 e -34 e -24 e
-18 e -103.9 -113.0 0e -14 e -5 e
-55 e -60.7 14 e 5e 12.0 -5.2 -10 e 81.1 56.4 38.9 21 e 15.1 -81.1 -90.9 28 e 12.6 20.9
-111 e
-96 e
-77 e
-4 e
23 e 45 e 15 e
-49 e
100 kPa
Ref.
74.5 63.8 79.2 65.6 163.3 154.0 80.4 67.7 76.8 79.0 234.9 106.0 101.0 283.5 120.5 101.1 90.7 91.1 72.4 78.1 67.9 68.5 50.3 148.4 32.1 24.7 130.0 119.5 120.0 100.0 86.2
55 e 77 e 43 e
-52.6 -40 e -56 e 94 e 116 e 77 e
16.6 8e 21.2 9e 101.4 92.9 23.0 13.2 20.4 22.2 168.5 43.4 39.6 198.0 54.1 37.6 26.6 26.8 11.7 18.4 8.5 10.2 -4.2 77.2 -20.0 -26.7 60.5 50 e 56.8 41 e 28.5 105 e 98.2 81.9 64.5 59.2 -49.1 -59.4 64 e 48.2 56.0 34.4 -17.8 -11.3 -21.2 142.9 164.7 121.2
165.7 142.9 128.5 123.0 -0.8 -12.0 117.4 99.2 107.6 82.1 34.1 38.7 30.4 206.1 227.6 180.3
1,5 1 1 1 1,5 5 1,5 5 1 1 5 5 1 5 1 1,5 5 5 1,5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1,41 1,41 1 1,5 1,5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 5
-29 e
-3 e
30 e
73.6
135.3
1
-89 e
-74 e
-44 e -55 e
-15 e -29 e -39 e
25.2 7.7 3.6
85.2 64.1 65.0
1 5 5
35 e
58 e 3e -59 e -69 e -66 e
31 e 86 e 36 e -37 e -47 e -44 e
114.2 123 e 79 e -6 e -17 e -15 e
-62 e -61 e -68 e 5e -26 e
-40 e -38 e -46 e 32 e 0e
-10.8 -8 e -17 e 69.1 35 e
173.6 134 e 35.4 23.4 26.5 5.8 30.3 33.1 23.4 119.9 82.4
282.0 245.2 208.3 98.0 84.5 88.1 63.8 91.7 95.1 84.3 195.1 153.5
5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5
-75.1 s
-77 e -86 e
-80 e -78 e -85 e -17 e -46 e
6-77
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H12BN C4H12Cl2OSi2 C4H12O4Si C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C4NiO4 C5F12 C5FeO5 C5H4ClN C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10
Name Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine N,N-Dimethylethanolamine Diethanolamine (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane Tetramethyl silicate Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Diethylenetriamine Nickel carbonyl Perfluoropentane Iron pentacarbonyl 2-Chloropyridine Furfural Pyridine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Pentanedinitrile 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene 1-Methylpyrrole Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,2-Pentadiene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2,3-Pentadiene 3-Methyl-1,2-butadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne 2-Pentyne 3-Methyl-1-butyne Cyclopentene Spiropentane 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 4-Pentenoic acid Vinyl propanoate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Tetrahydro-2H-pyran2-one Methyl acetoacetate Glutaric acid Dimethyl malonate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Isopropyl chloroacetate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
100 kPa
Ref.
-85 e
-70 e
-52 e 53 e
-31 e 77 e
-46 e -55 e -67 e -50 e -46 e -6 e 107 e
-81 e
-60.1
-31.9
7.0
64.2
5
-33 e
-9 e
13 e
-83 e -55.0 43 e
23.8 14.4 -59 e -25.6 80 e
69.1 59.3 -25 e 16.6 129.6 -12 -20.9 44 97.3 92.4 51.0 -14 e 178 e 6e 109.3 47.9 50.6 49.9 146.7 -9.7 -10.5 -13 e -26.2 -6.3 -13.1 -19.7 -13.5 -0.5 -23.1 -11.1 -15 e 36.0
136.5 119.7 26.7 77.7 198 e 42 28.6 105 169.9 161.4 114.9 39.8 245 e 64.5 169.7 112.2 115.1 112.3 205.6 44.5 43.7 42 e 25.6 47.9 40.4 33.7 39.9 55.7 28.6 43.8 38.6 97.3
5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 1 1 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5
49 e 64 e 22.0 122.0 31.2 38.5 39.7 67.8
112 e 130.3 84.9 187.5 94 e 99.2 100.0 137.4
5 1 5 5 5 5 1 1
128.3 101.1 240.3 114.7 82.5 83.3 72.2 41.1 147.2 -23.3 -16.8 -17.5 -21.9 -32.1 -15.8
207.0 171.3 302.5 180.2 146.0 148.1 140.9 104.8 229 e 29.6 36.6 36.0 30.8 19.7 38.2
5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5
-10 e
-26 e
-8 e
24.1
52 e
-30 e
-5 e -58 e -53 e
16 e -109 e -109 e
39 e -93 e -93 e
-120 e -106 e -111 e -115 e
-105 e -90 e -95 e -100 e
-100 e
-85 e
-109 e -110 e
-94 e -95 e
7.4 16 e -23 e -77 e 85 e -66 e 25 e -32 e -28 e 67.0 -73 e -73 e -75 e -86 e -70 e -75 e -81 e -75 e -65 e -82 e -74 e -76 e -35 e
-18.1 -29.1 -42.4 -24.5 -26 e 27 e 146 e
20.0 7.5 -8.1 12.0 5e 70.9 197.3
75.9 62.3 43.7 67.3 55.2 133 e 268 e
5 5 5 5 1 5 5
-54.7 0 45.8 47 e 8e -51 e 126 e -35 e 62.6 2e 6e 8e 102.1 -46.1 -47.0 -49.0 -60.9 -42.9 -49.2 -55.4 -49.1 -37.9 -57.5 -48 e -51 e -5 e
-57 e -39 e
-31 e -14 e
19 e
44 e
3e 19 e -22 e 77 e
-55 e
-32.7 -31 e -5 e
-2.8 -1 e 24.7
5e
35.1
-22 e
121 e 1e
-54 e
-34 e
153.2 30.0 1.4 -2 e -8 e
74.4 50.1 191.9 66.7 36.4 35.0 26 e
1e -118.9 -113.8 -114.5 -117.7 -125.0 -113.4
24 e -103.4 -98.1 -98.9 -102.2 -110.1 -97.6
53.1 -84.0 -78.4 -79.1 -82.7 -91.2 -77.7
92.3 -58.8 -52.7 -53.3 -57.2 -66.7 -51.6
0e
6-78
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11F C5H11I C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO3 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O
Name Cyclopentane Ethylcyclopropane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane 1,5-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile Cyclopentanol Allyl ethyl ether Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 2-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloropentane 3-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Chloro-2,2-dimethylpropane 1-Fluoropentane 1-Iodopentane 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 3-Methylbutyl nitrate Pentane** Isopentane Neopentane* Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
100 kPa
Ref.
-118 e
-102 e
-77.0 -83 e
-45.4 -57 e
-7.1 -20 e
48.8 35.5
5 5
-118 e
-103 e
-83 e
-57 e
-20 e
36.6
5
-122 e 1e
-108 e 25 e
-89 e 54 e
-31 e
-10 e
17 e
-63 e 93 e 30 e 54 e
-27 e 145.6 77.4 104.1
27.8 221.8 147.8 178.9
5 5 5 5
-13 e
51.1 42.2 -28.7 -1 e -1 e -1 e -6.9 -15 e -20 e 76.3 69 e 64.7 2e -3 e 0e -11 e -1 e 0.9 -11 e 55 e 17 e
101.8 82.5 9.8 40.8 40.3 40 e 32.2 26.0 19.7 122.1 112.8 110.6 44.4 37.4 40.9 29.8 38.9 41.7 31 e 106 e 61.6
171.4 140.0 67.2 102.6 101.9 101.6 94.0 88 e 79.8 185.7 175.2 176.1 105.7 97.6 101.2 88.2 98.7 102.3 92.1 176.8 125.9
5 5 5 5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 5
34 e 24 e 18 e 16 e 5e 6e 8e -1 e -9 e -7 e -21 e
79.4 71.1 64 e 61.5 49.7 50.8 52.4 42.5 33.2 34.9 21.8
144.1 141.2 131.7 129.1 116.9 118.1 119.9 107.9 96.1 97.3 85.2
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
23.5 5.7 83.0 77.3 45.8 43.3 18.5 81.7 -18.1 -26 e -38.5 s 106.7 79.8 64.9 61.1 73.4 75.7 50.6 58.2 59.2 12 e -2 e 6.7
83.9 62.4 156.5 147.8 108 e 105.8 78 e 147.0 35.7 27.5 9.2 179.5 137.4 118.7 114.9 128.3 130.1 101.7 111.1 112.7 69.8 54.8 63.4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 1,5 5 5 1 5 1 5 1,5 5 5 1 1 1,5
-71 e
-53 e
11.5 -56 e -31 e
-69 e
-54 e
-31 e -34 e
-7.4 -10 e -15.8
15.3 10 e 4e
-69 e -69 e
-53 e -51 e -61 e -52 e -50 e -65 e -16 e -42 e
42.7 36 e 30.0 -29 e -31 e -29 e -40 e -30 e -28 e -41 e 15 e -17 e
-47 e
-26 e
0e
-60 e -69 e -68 e -67 e -73 e -80 e -77 e
-41 e -51 e -50 e -49 e -55 e -62 e -60 e
-16 e -27 e -26 e -25 e -32 e -39 e -37 e -52 e
-97 e -47 e
-80 e -27 e -34 e -48 e
-60 e -1 e -6.6 -26 e
-115.5 -119 e
-26 e -99.8 -105 e -107.5 s
-27 e -35 e -41 e -27 e -22 e
-10 e -19 e -25 e -11 e -7 e
1.0 -80.0 -86 e -90.8 s 20.7 12 e 1e -4 e 9e 13 e -5 e -3 e
-17 e -32 e 34 e 28.8 4e 2e -23 e 35.5 -54.0 -61 e -68.8 s 58.0 41 e 28.0 24 e 36.2 39.1 17.7 22.7
-54 e -66 e -57 e
-27 e -39 e -30.5
-69 e -68 e -83 e -40 e
-66 e
-92 e
-77 e
6-79
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl3F3 C6F6 C6F12 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3O C6H3F3 C6H4Br2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4O2 C6H5AsCl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl3Si C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O3 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8 C6H8 C6H8N2
Name 1,5-Pentanediol Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Diethoxymethane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol 2-Pentanethiol 3-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 3-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6trifluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexane Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Perfluoro-3-methylpentane Perfluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene m-Dibromobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Dichlorophenylarsine Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Trichlorophenylsilane Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene p-Nitrophenol 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Benzene** o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine cis-1,3,5-Hexatriene 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Adiponitrile
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
25 e
52 e
85 e
125 e
175.1
238.9
5
-65 e
-43 e
40 e -14 e
85.6 27.3
149.3 87.7
5 5
12 e -41 e -52 e -51 e
40 e -17 e -28 e -28 e
-43 e
-19 e
-46 e -54 e -52 e -44 e
-23 e -31 e -29 e -10 e -21 e
76 e 15 e 3e 4e 8.0 7.8 -8.0 13 e -7.8 9e 0e 1e 23 e 11 e
124.2 60 e 46.6 47.7 52.3 51.9 34.6 57 e 34.7 52.7 42.7 42.8 68 e 53.8
193.7 126.2 111.9 113.4 118.5 117.9 98.7 123.0 98.4 118.0 106.9 104.0 136.0 117.6
1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1
4e -56.9 s
32 e -36 s
-75 e
-57 e
-80 e
-60 e
70 e -11.5 s -46.2 s -32 e -33 e -34 e
121.7 22.6 -7.6 s 2.8 2.9 2.8 4.3 27 e 82 e 33.8 25.5 30.7 169.5 18.2 137.0 156.0 104.6 97.8 99.0 111.6 s 170 e 83.1 62.9 97.9 135.1 142.0 122.6 24.2 110.6 132 e
197.9 79.9 48.9 s 56.8 57.1 57.9 59.3 85.3 145.2 94.0 84.1 89.9 245.7 75.0 218.2 238 e 180.0 172.5 173.6
23.7 20.0 131.4 162 e 252.6 113.7 222.8 96.0 112.5 62.9 75.2 76.1 21 e 19 e 27.3 211.8
83.6 79.7 208.3 1069 e 331.2 181.4 308.3 168.6 183.5 129.0 143.7 144.9 78 e 79.9 85.0 297 e
1 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1,5 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 5 5
-60 e -70 e -70 e
-64 e -72 e
-19 e
-95 e
-41 e
-7 e 15.4 s
-45.5 s -4.1 s 6.9
16 e 35.8 s -13 e -22 e -21.8 s 17.8 s 35.2 -25 e -43 e
-36 e -43 e
-13 e 39 e -7 e -14 e
71.8
114.0
44 e
83 e 97 e 53.9 46.7 46.7 s 74.3 s 113 e 34.9 16.8 45.8 80.2 86.5 70.2 -16.9 58.5 78 e
16.3 8.0 8s 43.5 s 70 e 1e -17 e 39.7 45.0 33 e
-30 e 72.6 s -82 e
-7 e 10 e 97.4 s -66 e
20.9 40 e
-5 e 87.8 s -9.7 s
10 e 19.7
-44.3 -40 s 39.0 49.4
9.6 s
34.1 s
-56.5
-15 e -2.5 -37.8
-58.2 s
-43.1 s
12 e 26.7 -13.9 -5 e -3.9 s
-88 e
-71 e
-50 e
30 e
61 e
100 e
6-80
-16.0 -15.1 s 75.2 94.2 192.0 68.9 162.0 47 e 63.5 18.3 28.8 29.6 -21 e -15 e 148.6
100 kPa
245 e 155.4 131.3 173.9 213.4 219.9 201 e 84.4 187.8 210.3
Ref.
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O4 C6H8S C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10Cl2 C6H10Cl2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10S C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2 C6H12Cl2O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O
Name m-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine Dimethyl maleate 2,5-Dimethylthiophene trans-1,3-Hexadiene trans-1,4-Hexadiene 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene trans-2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Hexyne 2-Hexyne 3-Hexyne 4-Methyl-1-pentyne 4-Methyl-2-pentyne Cyclohexene 1,1-Dichlorocyclohexane cis-1,2-Dichlorocyclohexane 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-one Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Vinyl butanoate Ethyl methacrylate Allyl glycidyl ether Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl succinate Ethylene glycol diacetate Diallylsulfide Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 4-Methylpentanenitrile Caprolactam 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane Isopropylcyclopropane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopropane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dichlorohexane 2,2′-Dichlorodiisopropyl ether Butyl vinyl ether Isobutyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone
1 Pa
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-86 e -98 e -99 e
38 e 5e -43 e -70 e -81 e -84 e
94.5 69 e 36 e -16 e -51 e -60 e -64 e
140.2 109 e 76 e 20 e -24 e -33 e -37 e
-89 e
-73 e
-52 e
-92 e
-75 e
-91 e -84 e -86 e -97 e -91 e -87 e -39 e
-75 e -67 e -69 e -81 e -74 e -70 e -19 e
-59 e
-41 e -25 e -37 e
-54 e -59 e -54 e -46 e -48 e -61 e -54 e -49 e 8e 27 e -17 e 1e -13 e
-23 e -23 e -26 e -30 e -26 e -17 e -19.1 -34 e -26 e -19 e 43 e 69 e 14 e 36 e 19 e
-56 e
-25 e -32 e -5 e
-3 e -15 e 18 e
-17 e -58 e
6e -38 e -35 e -19 e -50 e 58.9 s -82.8 -80 e -78 e -79 e -79 e -82 e -88 e -89 e -78 e -79 e -77 e -86 e -84 e -81 e -87 e -95 e -75 e -68.9 s -80 e -82 e -88 e -89 e -94 e
25.7 6e 44.9 30 e 35.0 -12.4 -9 e 8e -20 e 86.6 s -61.4 -58 e -57 e -59 e -58 e -62 e -68 e -69 e -58 e -58 e -55 e -66 e -64 e -60 e -67 e -76 e -54 e -47.6 s -58 e -61 e -68 e -69 e -73 e
-1 e -67 e -68 e -37 e -21 e -40 e
27.3 -42 e -44 e -13 e 4.2 -16 e
-40 e 36.8 s -99.8 -97 e -94 e -96 e -95 e -98 e -104 e -105 e -95 e -95 e -93 e -102 e -100 e -98 e -103 e -110 e -85.6 s -97 e -99 e -104 e -105 e -109 e
-87 e -87 e -56 e -43 e
6-81
8e 40.1 62.3 36 e 79.4 70.4 71.9 21.7 25 e 43 e 20 e
200.8 163.9 127.3 67.5 14 e 7e 0.9 18 e 18 e 18 e 14 e 9.7 12.8 23.6 21.0 4.1 13.8 21 e 93.5 125.7 57.0 84 e 63.5 53 e 53.2 85.7 111.3 77.6 124.3 123.3 121.1 68.8 71.6 91.5 75.2
-33.7 -30 e -30 e -30.8 -30.0 -34.2 -41.5 -41.6 -30 e -30 e -27.4 -38.7 -36.8 -32 e -39.9 -50.8 -25 e -19.8 s -28.8 -32 e -40 e -41 e -46 e 49 e 63.4 -9.3 -13 e 19 e 34.5 15 e 8.5
5.2 9.9 9.3 7.9 8.8 4.1 -3.6 -3.6 9.0 8.9 11.7 -0.9 1.2 6.6 -1.9 -14.5 14 e 19.3 11.6 9e -1 e -3 e -7 e 98.1 112.3 33.6 26.5 62.6 61.9 58.5 52.7
100 kPa 285.0 242.5 197 e 134.8 72 e 65 e 59.2 79.6 79.6 79.6 75.6 68.1 71.0 84.1 81.0 60.7 72.7 82.6 170.5 206.2 121.0 155.2 129.3 114.5 116.8 152.8 180.2 142.9 185.2 195.4 190.0 138.1 142.1 163.2 155.2 270 63.1 68.5 67.5 66.0 66.7 61.7 53.8 53.5 66.9 67.3 70.0 56.0 58.2 64.3 55.2 40.8 72.9 80.4 71.4 70.2 57.9 56.3 52.0 171.7 182.1 93.2 80.7 127.8 127.2 123.1 117.0
Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H12S C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13F C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S
Name 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid Diethylacetic acid Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl isopentanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde Cyclohexanethiol cis-Tetrahydro-2,5dimethylthiophene Tetrahydro-3-methyl-2Hthiopyran 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 1-Fluorohexane 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether tert-Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Dipropylene glycol Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol 1-Hexanethiol 2-Hexanethiol Dipropyl sulfide
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-61 e
-43 e
-21 e
9e
36 e -9 e -60 e -63 e -63 e -62 e -49 e -65 e
33 e 49 e 16 e -41 e -43 e -45 e -42 e -34 e -47 e
-30 e 34 e 59 e 67.1 46 e -17 e -19 e -21 e -18 e -14 e -24.6
0e 61 e 93 e 92.9 83 e 15 e 14 e 10 e 14 e 14.3 5.4 19.2
-41 e
-17 e
13 e
50.1
-25 e
-8 e
14 e
-53 e
-34 e
-48 e -45 e -55 e -80 e -33 e
-27 e -25 e -36 e -62 e -11 e
-96.4 s -100 e -99 e
-28 e -43 e
-79.2 -84 e -83 e -90 e -87 e 5e -10 e -23 e
-29 e
100 kPa
Ref.
51.5 50.2 42.5 99.2 139.3 133.6 130.7 59.1 61.0 53.4 58.3 55.2 47.3 63.7 53.3 98.5
116.1 113.0 105.7 160.7 204.5 206.8 192.5 124 e 125.6 116 e 122.0 121.1 109.8 127.4 116.3 164 e
5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
44.6 17 e
88.0 62.2 84.8
155.6 124 e 158.3
5 5 5
-8 e
25 e
72.0
142.1
5
-15 e
0e 2e -11 e -40 e 16 e -9 e -57.6 -64 e -62 e -71.5 -66 e 28 e 12 e 1e 14 e 24 e 3e
-43 e
-24 e
0e
-37 e
-23 e -5 e -16 e -63 e -76 e -61 e -74 e 17 e
-4 e 17 e 9e -5 e -41 e -55 e -39 e -53 e 48 e
35 e 36 e 21 e -11 e 53 e 22 e -29.3 -36 e -34.3 -45.5 -39.0 56.8 41.4 33 e 45.9 53 e 27.1 36.5 30 e 29.8 22.9 46 e 42 e 23 e -12 e -28 e -10 e -24.6 86 e
84.1 83.7 66.7 30.4 104.0 66.6 9.8 2e 4.6 -7.7 -0.4 97.3 81.5 75.4 88.3 92.4 63.0 76.1 71.9 68.8 61.1 85.7 84.3 61.3 28.8 11 e 31.0 14.4 134.4
157.5 154.8 134.6 91.1 180.8 133.5 68.3 59.9 62.9 49.4 57.6 157.1 139.6 135.1 147.6 151.4 120.9 133.8 131.3 126.0 121.1 146.1 142.5 118.2 89.7 68.1 91.9 72.6 197.5
5 5 5 5 5 1 16 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5
-8 e -49 e -59 e 114.8
20 e -26 e -35.3 146.0
55 e 3.7 -2.8 191 e 110 e
103.2 44.2 44.4
170.2 101.9 118.8
162.6
231.4
5 5 5 5 5
40 e
80.3
132.4
201.4
5
8.3 128 e 109.0 1e -8 e -6 e
44.3 167.8 152.6 35 e 25 e 28 e
92.3 220.5 207.2 81.7 69.9 73.6
159.4 295 e 277.9 152.2 138.4 142.4
5 5 5 5 5 5
-103 e
-80 e -78 e -90 e -8 e -31 e -68 e 92 e
-42 e 73 e 44 e -45 e -50 e -50 e
-20 e 98 e 74 e -25 e -32 e -30 e
6-82
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO C6H15NO3 C6H15O4P C6H16N2 C6H16O2Si C6H18Cl2O2Si3 C6H18OSi2 C6MoO6 C7F14 C7F16 C7HF15 C7H3ClF3NO2 C7H3F5 C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C7H4ClF3 C7H4Cl2O C7H4Cl2O C7H4F3NO2 C7H4F4 C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NS C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8Cl2Si C7H8O C7H8O
Name Diisopropyl sulfide Isopropyl propyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Hexylamine Butylethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Triethanolamine Triethyl phosphate Hexamethylenediamine Diethoxydimethylsilane 1,5-Dichloro-1,1,3,3,5,5hexamethyltrisiloxane Hexamethyldisiloxane Molybdenum hexacarbonyl Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 1H-Pentadecafluoroheptane 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride m-Chlorobenzoyl chloride 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene Benzoyl bromide Benzoyl chloride (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Phenyl isothiocyanate 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Bromotoluene m-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-2-methoxybenzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene 2-Nitroanisole Toluene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5diene Dichloromethylphenylsilane o-Cresol m-Cresol
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-65 e
-47 e
-23 e
-49 e
-30 e
-5 e -10 e
-48 e
-25 e -47 e -29 e
9e 18.5 29 e 22 e 6.1 6e -17.5 -5 e
100 kPa
Ref.
196 e 76 76.0 9.1
53.1 63.8 74.8 66.0 47.7 47.5 23.5 29.9 97 e 256.7 132 128.2 51.0
119.6 131.6 143.8 130.6 107.0 108.8 84.0 88.5 160.6 334 e 211 199.0 113.0
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 4 5 5
59.7 -5 e 73.1 s -21 e -14 e -7 e
110.5 37.1 109.9 s 18 e 24.7 35.9
183.4 100.1 155.4 s 75.9 82.1 96.0
5 5 5 1 1 5
-58 e
-45 e
75 e
108 e
148 e 34
-62 e
-44 e
-21.2
-29 e
-7 e -56 e 17.4 s
22.2 -34 e 42.8 s
-62 e
-41 e
26 e
55 e -20 e
92.8 11 e
145.2 53.6
222.0 117.0
5 5
1e
34.5
81.8
151.8
5
-9 e
24.2
69.8
137.2
5
-9 e
24.2 93 e 87.8
70.4 149 e 147 e
138.1 237.0 225.0
5 5 5
39 e
76.2
127.3
202.2
5
9e
-38 e 42.6 27.5 40.6
-6 e
23.9
-13 e
6e 9e
-34 e
-9 e -1 e -10 e -11 e
33 e 38 e 31 19 e 29 e 17 e 19.4
-41 e
-24 e -21 e
25.4 3e 6e
-34 e
-11 e
17.7
-6 e 83.9 67.0 81.5 -3 e 63.1 79.4 68.3 76 e 72 54.6 68 e 54 e 58.1 57 e 66.8 38 e 41 e 40 e 55.4
38.6 139.5 120.4 136.2 39 e 115.7 105 e 119.5 129.3 130 104.6 120.7 104.8 109.9 107.8 121.7 86.3 89 e 88.9 106.3
102.3 218.0 196.7 213.0 101.6 190.0 117 e 199.1 208.4 213 178.3 196.2 181.1 183.1 183.8 198.3 158.7 161.8 161.5 178.9
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 1 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,5 5
-22 e
23 e
2e -50 e -48 e -48 e 40 e
15 e -78.1
45 e -57.1
33 e -26 e -25 e -24 e 62 e 45 e 82 e -31.3
72 e 5e 7e 7e 94 e 89.7 129 e 1.5
125.2 49.0 51.0 51 e 141.9 148.7 189.4 45.2
201 e 113.9 116.1 116.2 221.9 231.3 271.8 110.1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
12.8 s 33.6
32.4 40.2 52.4
-15 e 71.8 72.3 82.6
27.4 126.0 120.3 130.6
91 e 205.0 190.5 201.8
5 5 1,5 1,5
3e
-53 e
-34 e
11 e
-15 e
-67 e
-6.4 s 20.8
11 e
6-83
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10N2 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O3 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H13ClO C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14
Name p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 3-Methylbenzenethiol Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 3-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Toluene-2,4-diamine 1-Heptyne 2-Heptyne 3-Heptyne 5-Methyl-1-hexyne 5-Methyl-2-hexyne 2-Methyl-3-hexyne 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentyne 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Cycloheptene 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Methylenecyclohexane 1-Methylcyclohexene 4-Methylcyclohexene 1-Ethylcyclopentene 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentene 1,5-Dimethylcyclopentene Cycloheptanone Butyl acrylate Propyl methacrylate Ethyl levulinate Diethyl malonate Dimethyl glutarate Heptanoyl chloride 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene 2-Methyl-1-hexene 4-Methyl-1-hexene 2-Methyl-2-hexene cis-3-Methyl-2-hexene trans-4-Methyl-2-hexene trans-5-Methyl-2-hexene trans-2-Methyl-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-3,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Cycloheptane
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-0.2 s 8e
20.7 s 28 e -21 e 0e
1.0 3.8
18.8 22.0
52.7 54 e 4e 29 e 25.6 42.6 46.2
-16 e -46 e -38 e -35 e
6e -26 e -17 e -15 e
34 e -1 e 9e 11 e
-25 e
3.7 4e -3 e 19 e 11 e 100.4 -35 e -27 e -31 e -40 e -34 e -39 e -52 e -48 e
83.1 88 e 38 e 66 e 62.6 76.1 80.1 77.1 70.3 33 e 44 e 46 e 42 e 40.0 39 e 29.9 55 e 48 e 145.3 -5 e 4e 0e -11 e -4 e -9 e -24 e -19 e
-30.0
3.4 -5 e 1e -5 e -3 e -3 e -5.5 53.7 30.4 26 e 82.6 76.4 87.7 59.7 -10.7 -8 e -8 e -10 e -10 e -12 e -16 e -10 e -9 e -15 e -15 e -16 e -17 e -17 e -21 e -21 e -28 e -9 e -18 e -14 e -13 e -22 e -23 e -24.2 6e
-9 e
-75 e -71 e -80 e -75 e -78 e
-57 e -51 e -53 e -62 e -57 e -61 e -73 e -70 e
-76 e -72 e -76 e -75 e -75 e -77 e
-58 e -53 e -59 e -57 e -57 e -59 e
-52 e
-31 e
-35 e -30 e -36 e -34 e -34 e -36 e 18 e -4.5
-23 e -11 e -17 e -82.1 -79 e -79 e -80 e -80 e -81 e -84 e -80 e -79 e -83 e -83 e -84 e -85 e -85 e -88 e -87 e -94 e -79 e -84 e -83 e -82 e -90 e -90 e -91 e
17 e 4e 15 e 4e -63.8 -61 e -61 e -62 e -62 e -64 e -67 e -63 e -62 e -66 e -66 e -67 e -68 e -68 e -71 e -71 e -78 e -62 e -68 e -65 e -64 e -73 e -73 e -75 e
45.3 36.0 47 e 29.4 -40.6 -38 e -39 e -40 e -40 e -42 e -45 e -40 e -39 e -44 e -44 e -45 e -46 e -46 e -50 e -50 e -57 e -39 e -46 e -43 e -42 e -51 e -52 e -53 e
6-84
130.7 134.7 84 e 117.9 112.7 125.6 128.8 126.2 121.1 79.3 92.7 94.4 89.9 87.5 86.2 75.8 104.8 98 e 202.9 37.1 46.9 42.7 30.1 38.6 32.6 15.9 21.4 49.9 47.5 29.8 38 e 45 e 37.9 40.7 40.2 37.3 104.0 78.0 73.8 133.2 128.5 139.8 96.9 31.1 34.3 34.0 32.3 32.2 29.3 25.3 32.0 33.4 25.9 26.3 24.6 23.2 23.4 20.0 18.1 11.5 33.5 22.6 27.2 29.0 18.6 16.6 16.3 51.1
100 kPa 201.5 204.9 153.2 194.6 183.9 199.9 202.9 199.9 195.8 149.0 166.5 168.6 160.6 157.9 156.6 143.6 178.6 171.5 279.5 99.5 111.5 106.4 91.4 102.0 94.8 75.6 82.6 116.3 108 e 92.6 103.0 109.8 102.3 105.8 105.3 101.5 178.7 146.9 139.7 205.7 198.3 209.5 144.0 93.2 98.0 97.5 95.3 95.2 91.6 86.3 95.0 96.8 87.1 87.7 85.5 83.7 83.8 81.2 77.1 72.1 96.9 82.9 88.8 91.1 80.0 76.3 77.5 118.4
Ref. 1,5 1 1,5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15F C7H15I C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16S C7H17N C7H18N2 C8F18 C8H4O3 C8H6O C8H7Cl C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7NO4 C8H8 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
Name Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Isobutyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Propyl isobutanoate Isopropyl isobutanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Methyl hexanoate 4-Methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Fluoroheptane 1-Iodoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 1-Heptanethiol Heptylamine N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Perfluorooctane Phthalic anhydride Benzofuran o-Chlorostyrene 2-Methylbenzonitrile 4-Methylbenzonitrile Benzeneacetonitrile Indole Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate Styrene 1,3,5,7-Cyclooctatetraene Acetophenone Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-4-nitrobenzene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-79 e -76 e
-62 e -59 e -69 e
-83 e -84 e -84 e -41 e
-57 e -47 e
-66 e -66 e -67 e -21 e -22 e -28 e -6 e -27 e -42 e 46 e -39 e -30 e -19 e -19 e -28 e -44 e -36 e -26 e
-39 e -35 e -47 e -38 e -43 e -44 e -44 e 4e 3e 0e 18.8 -2 e -18 e 72 e -14 e -4 e 2e 3e -5.7 -19.7 -10 e 2e
-30 e -39 e -64 e -19 e -78.6 -82 e -81 e -81 e -90 e -87 e -89 e -88 e
-9 e -19 e -45 e 3e -60.2 -65 e -64 e -63 e -73 e -68.4 -72 e -71 e
18 e 7e -22 e 32 e -37.0 -43 e -42 e -41 e -52 e -45.3 -50 e -49 e
-9 e -8 e -16 e
17 e 7e 7e 1e
-30 e
-9 e
40 e 27 e 27 e 22 e 9e 18 e 5e
48.2 s
72.4 s -16 e -10 e 1e
-27 e -61 e 24 e -58 e -51 e -35 e -35 e
-33 e
-3 e 20.6 s 17 e
9e -1 e -30 e -27 e 10 e -56.2
23 e 44.5 s 49 e -31 e
3e -1 e 35 e 22 e -9 e -6 e 36 e -36.8 -35 e
6-85
12 e 20 e 32.1 40.1 55.3
47.9 58 e 72.2 78.7 97.4
35.5 38.4 24.8 34.9 28.4 28.2 27.4 83.7 82.2 83.2 90.3 76.6 58.5 154.6 70.1 76.2 72.0 74.9 67.5 56.0 69.5 83.3 89.8 104.4 88.6 53.3 123.8 35.4 27.8 29.2 30.5 17.6 26.8 19.2 22.9 18.1 112.5 95.2 93.9 91.9 73.1 102.7 86.7 99.9 45.0 192.7 97.7 110.8 126.6 134.3 153.7
89 e -5 e
140 e 28.6 24.3 73 e 72.2 68 e 110.8 88.8 54 e 58 e 111.6 21.1 27 e 23.4 22.4
208 e 75.4 71.0 125.3 123.9 121.2 167.9 141.8 103.7 108.7 168 e 67.1 74.2 69.8 68.9
36 e 33.1 29 e 68.1 51 e 18 e 22 e 69 e -12.0 -7 e -10 e
-7.9 -5 e -17 e -8 e -13 e -14 e -14 e 37 e 36 e 36 e 50.2 31.0 14 e 107 e 20 e 30.3 31 e 32.0 24.5 12.2 23.9 36.6 43 e 54 e 41 e 10 e 71 e -6.6 -13 e -12 e -11 e -22.9 -14.9 -21.3 -18.8 -23.2 70.1 55.0 54.5 51 e 35 e 53 e 39 e 50.1 5e
100 kPa 100.5 103.0 87.4 99.0 91.4 91.1 90.3 152.3 150.6 147.0 143.4 144.4 124.8 222.6 149 e 141.4 136.1 142.8 133.3 120.1 134.4 149 e 160 e 178.4 159.9 117.4 203.4 98.0 89.7 91.5 93.1 78.8 89.3 80.1 85.6 80.4 176 e 158.7 156.3 154.6 135.5 176.4 156.4 167.7 105.6 284.2 170.7 188 e 204.7 221.3 233.1 254.0 302 e 144.7 140.1 201.5 195.5 198.9 248.5 219.9 177.9 183.9 245 e 135.7 143.9 138.7 137.9
Ref. 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H12 C8H12 C8H12O4 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H15Br C8H15ClO C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16
Name o-Ethylphenol m-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol Phenetole 2-Phenoxyethanol 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene p-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine 5-Ethyl-2-picoline o-Phenetidine 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diethyl maleate 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 1-Ethylcyclohexene Cyclohexyl acetate Butyl methacrylate Butanoic anhydride Ethyl succinate Dipropyl oxalate Dimethyl adipate (2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane Octanoyl chloride Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2-Octene trans-2-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene 2-Methyl-1-heptene 2,2-Dimethyl-cis-3-hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,3,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Isopropylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane cis-1-Ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
5.6
16.9 29.2
14.3 s
34.3 s
13.4 s -3.1 s 19.7 s 16.5 s 2e 21 e 18 e -2 e -15 e
33.2 s 16.7 s 40.2 s 37.2 s 25 e -9 e 46 e 34 e 21 e 8e
-2 e
21 e
-33 e 0e
-9.3 27 e -37 e -43 e 20 e -26 e -40 e -33 e -35 e -36 e -35 e
44.5 57.5 60 e 57.2 s 50.2 55.9 s 39.6 s 63.7 s 61.1 s 54 e 17 e 75.9 56 e 49 e 38 e 28 e 51 e 37 e 20 e 60 e -8 e -19 e 52.2 -10 e -16 e -8 e -11 e -12 e -11 e
-79 e -68 e -73 e
-2 e 20 e 20 e 28 e 8e 22 e 8e -46.1 -41 e -41 e -46 e -43 e -44 e -46 e -48 e -56 e -47 e -53 e -61 e -49 e -56 e
30 e 51.0 49.9 61 e 36.9 46 e 37 e -21.4 -17 e -17 e -22 e -19 e -20 e -22 e -24 e -33 e -23 e -30 e -38 e -26 e -33 e
-61 e
-42 e
-68 e -68 e -62 e -66 e
-44 e -49 e -48 e -45 e -47 e
-60 e -65 e -67 e -63 e
-41 e -46 e -49 e -44 e
-17 e -27 e -20 e -25 e -23 e -23 e -23 e -27 e -16 e -21 e -24 e -19 e
-77 e
-59 e
-36 e
-62 e -6 e -38 e -59 e -52 e -55 e -56 e -55 e
-28 e -6 e -4 e -14 e 1e -15 e -65.7 -59 e -59 e -65 e -61 e -63 e -65 e -66 e -74 e -65 e
6-86
81.1 91.9 95.5 91.4 85.5 87.4 75.3 102.1 98.0 92 e 51 e 115.4 86.7 87 e 76.4 66 e 88 e 80 e
130.9 144.8 144.6 141.7 137.2 137.0 125.9 152.3 147.9 143.6 99 e 168.7 135.5 139.4 128.8 118.1 139.1 137.7
102.2 30 e 14.1 93.5 14 e 16 e 25 e 22 e 21 e 22 e
156.0 80.2 59.9 148.4 50.8 60.3 70.6 66.8 65.6 68 e 103.1 93.3 123.8 143.7 140.4 156.1 129.7 109 e 127.7 54.9 59 e 59 e 55.1 57 e 56 e 54.6 52.3 40.1 54.3 43.8 36.2 50.0 40.4 78 e 61.9 50.6 59.7 53.9 55.6 51.5 55.3 50.6 62.1 57.3 53.2 59.1 46.2 38.7
47 e 71 e 91.1 88.6 103 e 75.3 74.7 75 e 10.5 15 e 14 e 10 e 13 e 11 e 10 e 8e -3 e 10 e 1e -7 e 6e -2 e 30 e 15.8 5e 14 e 8e 10 e 8e 10 e 5e 16.5 12 e 8e 13.3 2e -5 e
100 kPa 204.0 217.9 217.5 216.4 210.5 210.6 200.6 226.4 221.3 217.7 169.3 244.8 223 e 216.7 204.2 193.6 210.9 217.7 178.0 228.1 150 e 129 e 224.8 115.1 125.8 137.8 132.8 131.4 136.5 172.9 159.0 196.5 216.1 213.0 227.3 212.5 150 e 204.4 120.9 125.2 124.5 122.4 122.8 122.1 121.8 118.7 105.0 121.3 107.9 101.0 115.8 104.5 150.7 131.3 119.1 129.2 122.9 123.1 120.9 123.8 118.9 130.5 125.9 121.0 127.6 113.2 104.4
Ref. 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O4 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H17I C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O3 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S
Name 1′,2′,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane 1′,2a,4′-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclopentane 1-Propylcyclopentanol Octanal 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Isopentyl propanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Propyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane 1-Fluorooctane 1-Iodooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethyl-2-hexanol 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Ethylene glycol monohexyl ether 1,2-Dipropoxyethane Di-tert-butyl peroxide Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-70 e
-52 e
-28 e
4e
48.9
116.2
5
-74 e 9e
-56 e 24 e
-33 e 43 e 6e 23 e 8e 11.3 85 e
-1 e 69.0 45.7 57 e 47.7 42.1 120 e 108 e 52.8 40.7 34.8 38.9 53.9 54.2
42.8 108.4 97.8 103.8 97 e 81.7 165.5 159.6 100.4 90.6 81.1 87.9 100.7 102.4
108.8 173.5 170.2 172.1 161 e 134.6 238.4 226.6 164 e 159.8 147.0 155.6 166.2 172 e
5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
86.2 72 e 59 e
141.3 123.8 108.8 100.3 74.6 142.5 58.9 51.6 52.7 51.6 52.1 41.6 49.2 43.9 43.8 45.4 50.9 48.9 50.2 43.1 34.0 46.9 46.7 48.8 s 128.2 112.5 102.8 107.3 87.6 84.8 97.2 118.3 96.3 79.8 82.6 73.0 55.4 41.7
216.6 200.3 182.9 172.4 141.8 224.5 125.3 117.2 118.5 117.2 118.1 106.4 115.1 109.0 108.6 111.5 117.3 115.2 117.8 109.4 98.8 114.3 113.1 105.8 194.8 179.4 174.1 176.0 155.0 153.0 160.7 184.2 160.3 146.1 150.4 141.2 120.6 106.8
5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 1,39 1,39 1 1,39 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1
-3 e
100 kPa
Ref.
37 e
58 e
-37 e
-13 e
-47 e
-26 e
-31 e -30 e
-9 e -9 e
16 e 3.1 0.4 1.8 18.7 19 e
-16 e -17 e -25 e
10.6 6e -4 e
43.9 34 e 23 e
-6 e -69 e -67 e -65 e
18 e -42.6 -49.1 -48.1 -47 e
48 e -17.9 -24.5 -23.6 -24 e
-73 e
-55 e
-32 e
-71 e -72 e
-53 e -54 e
-30 e -30 e
-69 e -70 e -74 e -81.9 -72 e -74 e -62.5 s 12 e
-50 e -51 e -56 e -63.4 -54 e -54.5 -44 s 30 e
12 e
24 e
-52 e -35 e -17 e
-28 e -16 e 1e
-13 e -2 e -55 e
4e -7 e 9e -35 e
-27 e -27 e -32 e -39.8 -30 e -30.0 -20.9 s 53 e 40 e 40 e 40 e 1e 8e 24 e 45 e 26 e 13 e 24 e -8 e -19 e -33 e
29 e 87 e 14.4 7.6 8.5 7.8 8e -1.5 5e 0.6 0.7 1.4 7e 5e 5e -0.8 -8.9 2.1 2.2 8.9 s 84 e 69.9 64 e 66.9 39 e 40 e 55 e 75 e 55 e 40 e 47 e 26 e 12.1 -2 e
-13 e
14 e
46 e -44.2 -26 e
86 e -2.0 4.3
137.7 63.6 46.6
206.9 179.2 110.5
5 5 5
14 e
37 e
66.8
104.9
153 e
230.4
5
-32 e 89 e -15 e -22 e
-7 e 117 e 6e 0e
25 e 151.1 34 e 27 e
64.9 192.2 71 e 63 e
117.1 242.9 122.1 113.5
189 e 307.3 198.5 188.4
5 5 5 5
6-87
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H20Si C9F20 C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11Br C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H16O4 C9H17N C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2
Name Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylsilane Perfluorononane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene cis-1-Propenylbenzene trans-1-Propenylbenzene Isopropenylbenzene Indan 2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzyl ethyl ether Phenyl propyl ether Phenyl isopropyl ether 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine Amphetamine Isophorone Triacetin Diethyl glutarate Nonanenitrile 1-Nonene 2-Methyl-1-octene Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane trans-1-Ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane 1,1,2-Trimethylcyclohexane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane 1′,2a,4a-1,2,4-Trimethylcyclohexane 1′,3′,5′-1,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclopentane cis-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane trans-1-Methyl-2-propylcyclopentane 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopentane Nonanal 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid Heptyl acetate Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl 3-methylbutanoate Propyl hexanoate Methyl octanoate
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-37 e -57 e -77 e
-16 e -36 e -52 e
10 e -9.0 -21 e -6.5
44 e 25.5 21.6 30.5
-1.3
39 e 23.7 30.2
72 e 55.4 60.7 12 e 13.3 13.3 3.2 16 e 54 e 39 e 46.6 45 e 27 e 31 e 4e -1 e 8e 5e 6e 15 e 11 e 9e 20.4 21 e 23 e 66 e 24.4 33 e 33.1 90 e 60.2 50.9 -3.3 -9 e 1e 0e -2 e
100 kPa
Ref.
113.9 96.8 101.3 53.0 51.4 51.6 41.5 52 e 93.2 80.1 86.9 84 e 64 e 69 e 38 e 33 e 43 e 40.4 41 e 52 e 47 e 43.7 59.3 61 e 56 e 104.1 60.6 70.1 75.1 124 e 103.3 90.7 30.4 25 e 36 e 35.1 33 e
90.8 72.2 80.5 80.6 40 e 169.7 153.4 157.9 106.8 103.7 103.7 92.8 102.3 144.6 135.1 139.5 138.1 114.6 120.5 86.7 80.9 92.1 88.9 89.2 101.5 95.9 92.4 111.3 113.9 103.7 154.9 110.7 118 e 132.4 165 e 159.6 145.4 77.1 72 e 84 e 83.6 81.3
159.1 139.0 164.1 152.6 114.7 247 e 236.5 242.7 181.0 178.4 178.4 164.9 177.5 214.5 212.8 211 e 218.5 190.5 197.8 158.8 152.0 164.7 160.8 161.5 175.6 168.9 164.3 184.5 189.3 176.9 226 e 184.5 202.0 215.1 214 e 236.5 225.1 146.4 144.1 156.1 156.2 154.0
5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5
25 e 23 e 18 e
71.8 71.5 65.2
141.5 145.5 136.1
5 5 5
-38 e
-15.4 -16 e
-33 e -3 e -18 e -11 e -8 e -23 e
-20 e 12 e -25 e
-12 e 23 e 8e 15 e 15 e -1 e 3e -23 e -26 e -19 e -21 e -21 e -12 e -16 e -18 e -10 e -10 e -1 e 36 e -3 e
37.6 -1 e -3 e -50.1 -53 e -45 e -46 e -48 e
1e 62 e 26 e 21 e -29.4 -34 e -24 e -26 e -28 e
-53 e
-33 e
-60 e
-41 e
-8 e -12 e -16 e
-71 e
-50 e
-22 e
15 e
65.7
140.7
5
-72 e -105 e
-50 e -88 e
-22 e -64 e
14 e -28 e
65.1 31 e
140.0 147.0
5 5
-52 e
-33 e
-7 e
28 e
77 e
152.0
5
-56 e
-36 e
-11 e
23 e
72 e
145.8
5
-72 e
-54 e -3 e 8e
-32 e 48 e -16 e
-12 e 69 e 6e
-30 e 27.4 35 e -1 e 14 e 97 e 34 e
-26 e -26 e
-2 e -9 e
11.3 28 e 13 e
2e 65.5 71 e 39.1 48 e 133 e 70 e 55 e 48.3 65.1 40 e
47 e 115.6 121.0 94 e 96.2 182.7 119.9 105.6 97.9 113.4 76 e
117.4 184.6 194.0 188 e 167.7 255.1 191.9 178.4 168.3 178 e 127.9
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
-43 e -46 e -40 e -42 e -41 e -37 e -39 e
6-88
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C9H19Cl C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20S C9H21BO3 C9H21N C9H21N C10F8 C10F22 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14
Name 1-Chlorononane Nonane 2-Methyloctane 3-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane 2,2-Dimethylheptane 2,3-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,3-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 2,4,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3,4-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-pentanol 1-Nonanethiol Triisopropyl borate Nonylamine Tripropylamine Perfluoronaphthalene Perfluorodecane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene** Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine 2-Naphthalenamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline m-Divinylbenzene Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 2-Ethylstyrene 3-Ethylstyrene 4-Ethylstyrene Estragole 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 2-Phenylethyl acetate Propyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Isoeugenol Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene o-Cymene m-Cymene p-Cymene o-Diethylbenzene
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-11 e -46.8 -49 e -49 e -50 e -58 e -53 e -55 e
11 e -26.0 -30 e -29 e -30 e -39 e -33 e -36 e
-66.1 -65.1 -58 e -60 e -62 e -53 e
-46.4 -45.8 -38 e -41 e -43 e -33 e
-58 e
-38 e
-61 e -57 e
-42 e -49 e -37 e 40 e 24 e
13 e
31 e
-17 e -25 e -12 e 64 e 47 e 45 e 54 e
-2 e
21 e
49 e
-39 e 5.2 s
9e -18 e 25.1 s
37 e 8e 48.1 s
17 e 14 e 3.2 s 24.1 s
45 e 39 e 24.1 s 46 s
80.3 70.5 49.3 s 71.5 s
36.3 s 5.3 29 e 27 e 15 e -29 e 27 e
62 e 65.9 s 31.9 54 e 51 e 40 e -4 e 56 e
56.6 s -21 e -31 e -28 e -31 e
79.4 s 3e -8 e -5.3 -8.2
9e -4 e -8 e -9 e
37 e 22 e 18 e 19 e
99.0 103 s 63.8 85 e 81 e 70 e 27.1 92.7 85 e 106.1 s 33.2 21 e 24.1 21.3 48.5 54.1 72 e 54 e 50.2 52 e
-28 e -35 e -37 e -36 e -39 e -34 e -33 e -28 e
-7 e -14 e -16 e -15 e -16 e -13 e -12 e -6 e
21 e 13 e 10 e 12 e 13 e 14 e 16 e 21 e
6-89
39 e 0.0 -5 e -5 e -6 e -15 e -9 e -12 e -9 e -21.3 -21.2 -13 e -16 e -18 e -7 e -9 e -13 e
76 e 34.0 28 e 29 e 27 e 18 e 25 e 21 e 24 e 11.8 11.2 20 e 17 e 15 e 28 e 26 e 20 e 21 e 16 e 8e 22 e 96.9 78 e 76.4 84.5 58 87 e
100 kPa
75 e 42 e
127.8 80.8 73.9 74.7 73.2 63.6 70.8 66.4 70.6 57.7 56.2 66.7 62.3 61.0 76.3 73.7 66.7 68.5 62.5 53.2 69.7 141.0 123.0 121.3 128.1 100 140.4 73.1 126.2 88.2
204.7 150.3 142.8 143.7 141.9 132.3 140.0 134.7 139.9 126.0 123.7 137.2 130.9 130.2 148.9 145.7 136.2 139.8 132.6 121.8 141.1 213.0 194.2 192.0 194.7 167 219.2 139.0 202.1 156.0
126.7 112.8 80.7 103.3 137.2 140.7 146.9 150.9 102.9 127 e 122 e 111 e 67.6 137.8 129.5 137.9 s 74.1 60 e 62.6 60.5 88.0 96.0 115.9 96 e 92.3 95 e 125 e 56.9 48 e 46 e 47.9 51 e 50 e 52 e 58 e
52 e 189.8 171.6 135.6 162.6 196.7 200.5 210.7 215.1 165.8 183.0 179.2 166.1 122.1 195.8 189.2 197.9 127.4 111.7 116 e 115 e 140.7 152.2 173.8 152.3 149.2 150.2 185.3 107.6 98.3 94.9 97.8 103.1 99.9 102.2 107.9
132.9 280.5 258.6 217.5 244.0 281.8 286.8 300.1 305.5 247.2 265.1 264.5 247.3 199 e 272.7 273 e 282 e 207.8 187 e 193 e 196 e 214.6 231.5 252.9 232.0 230.5 225 e 267.1 182.8 172.8 168.6 172.3 177.8 174.6 176.6 182.9
Ref. 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 5,39 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O4 C10H18O4 C10H18O4 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O4 C10H21Br C10H21Cl C10H21F C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22
Name m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 3-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1-Methyl-2-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-3-propylbenzene 1-Methyl-4-propylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 2-Butylphenol Butyl phenyl ether Thymol 2-Methyl-5-isopropylaniline N-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline Dipentene d-Limonene l-Limonene β-Myrcene α-Pinene β-Pinene Camphene Terpinolene β-Phellandrene (+)-Camphor Pulegone 1-Decyne cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene α-Terpineol Eucalyptol trans-Geraniol Sebacic acid Dipropyl succinate Diethyl adipate Decanenitrile 1-Decene Cyclodecane Butylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane Decanal Decanoic acid Octyl acetate 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Isopentyl isopentanoate Ethyl octanoate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 1-Bromodecane 1-Chlorodecane 1-Fluorodecane Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 4-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 2,4-Dimethyloctane 2,7-Dimethyloctane 2,2,6-Trimethylheptane 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
1 Pa
10 Pa
-28 e -28 e -22 e -24 e
-19 e
-7 e -6 e 0e -2 e -2 e -5 e -4 e -6 e -6 e -8 e -7 e 7e 3e
20 e 21 e 28 e 26 e 26 e 23 e 24 e 21 e 22 e 20 e 20 e 36 e 32 e
56 e 57 e 66 e 63 e 63 e 60 e 61 e 58 e 58.2 56.1 56.6 74 e 69 e
7e -16 e 18.9 s 19 e 11 e -11 e -42 e -45 e -33 e
31 e 8e 37.9 s 43 e 35 e 14 e -19 e -21 e -12 e
-48 e -43 e
-27 e -22 e
61 e 38 e 59.5 72 e 66 e 44.3 10.6 9.1 16 e 9.4 -1 e 5.0
101 e 77 e 101.2 107.4 106 e 84.2 48.7 48.0 52.0 47.3 33.6 40.6
26.5 16 e 41.5 s 66.4 14 e 24 e 18 e 48 10.6 63.2
-27 e -25 e -28 e -27 e -29 e -29 e
-15.8 s 37 e -34 e -26 e
10 s 49.1 -13 e -4 e -10 e
4e 125.9 s 11 e 4e 13 e -35.5
31 e
58 e -26 e -11 e
-9 e -16 e -18 e 16 e 80 e -3 e 5e
-17 e
9e
72.1 72 e 66 e 13.7 29 e 18 e 10 e 9e 47.2 108 e 27 e 26 e 22 e 41 e
6e 9e 2e -22 e -34 e -34 e -36 e -36 e
34 e 33 e 25 e 0e -10.6 -14 e -14 e -16 e -16 e
69 e 63 e 54 e 27 e 16.7 12 e 12 e 10 e 10 e
-39 e -46 e
-19 e -27 e
-46 e
-25 e
7e -2 e 0e 1e
-31 e -37 e -39 e
38 e 35 e 36 e -13.7
6-90
100 kPa
Ref.
64.9 53.2 80.8 s 92.2 51 e 62.4 55.3 89 48.5 104.3
106.2 108.1 117.2 113.6 113.7 110.6 112.2 108.3 108.9 106.5 107.4 126.6 120.9 119.9 155.2 131.3 155.0 150 e 160.9 138.4 100.2 100.4 102.3 98.3 82.2 90.5 90.7 115.4 104 e 131.4 s 135.1 100.3 115.5 107.9 142 100.3 157.7
180.6 183.3 193.4 189.2 189.5 186.4 187.9 183.2 184.3 181.3 182.8 204.5 197.5 196.3 234.4 209.7 230.4 204 e 241.0 216.3 173.9 174.5 177.0 171.0 155.1 165.5 160.1 184.6 171.0 207.6 220.2 173.5 195.3 186.8 217 175.4 229.6
115.4 116.6 105.8 49.0 68 e 54 e 46 e 45 e 86.3 145 e 66.3 57.6 62.8 81.4
172.3 171.2 160.6 97.9 121.3 104.7 95.9 95.3 137.7 195.2 120.0 107.1 116.9 133.2
250.4 239.5 241.6 170.1 201.8 180.4 170.8 171.1 208.0 269.5 198.2 197.2 193.6 203 e
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 21 5 21 21 4 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
112.6 104 e 92 e 64 e 52.3 47 e 47 e 45 e 45 e 38 e 41 e 32 e 35 e 36 e
169.2 159.2 145.7 113.3 101.1 94.8 95.1 93.1 92.6 84.9 88.4 78.5 82.7 85.6
245.4 240.0 225.3 185.7 173.7 166.5 167.3 165.2 164.6 155.4 159.4 148.4 155.2 159.8
5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H22S C10H23N C10H30O3Si4 C10H30O5Si5 C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12O2 C11H12O3 C11H14 C11H14 C11H14 C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H20 C11H20 C11H20O2 C11H20O4 C11H21N C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24O C11H24S C12F27N C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10O
Name 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 2,4-Dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane 2,2,3,3,4-Pentamethylpentane 2,2,3,4,4-Pentamethylpentane 1-Decanol 4-Decanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1-Decanethiol Diisopentylsulfide Dipentylamine Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl trans-cinnamate Myristicin 4-Isopropylstyrene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-5methylnaphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6methylnaphthalene Butyl benzoate Pentylbenzene p-tert-Butyltoluene 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene 2-Ethyl-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylbenzene 1-Undecyne 2-Undecyne 10-Undecenoic acid Ethyl diethylmalonate Undecanenitrile 1-Undecene cis-2-Undecene trans-2-Undecene cis-4-Undecene trans-4-Undecene cis-5-Undecene trans-5-Undecene Pentylcyclohexane Hexylcyclopentane 2-Undecanone 6-Undecanone Undecanoic acid Heptyl butanoate Propyl octanoate Methyl decanoate Undecane 2-Methyldecane 3-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane 1-Undecanol 1-Undecanethiol Trinonafluorobutylamine Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenyl ether
1 Pa -46 e
10 Pa
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa -10 e 0e 3e -3 e 75 e 61 e 22 e 14.0 44 e
100 kPa
Ref.
22 e 35 e 39 e 33 e 109 e 93 e 60 e 51.5 78.4
68.3 83.2 89.1 82.8 157.3 139 e 111.6 101.8 127.1
137.0 156.5 165.5 158.7 230.6 210 e 186.2 172.8 202.9
5 5 5 5 1,39 5 5 5 5
200.9 157.5 118 e 127.7 118.8 132.9 239.3 246.0 159.1 156.0 187 196.0 124.5
275.3 238.6 139 e 202.0 193.9 210.4 299.6 308.1 244.1 240.5 271 279.4 202.1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5 5
30 e 18 e -31 e
-26 e -24 e -29 e 50 e 37 e -8 e
0e
20 e
11 e
34 e
64 e 7e
-31 e -2 e
-6 e 19 e
26 e 46 e
5e
29 e
23 e -25 e
53 e -1 e
60 e 57 e 79 88.9 30.2
138 e 103 e 82 e 77 e 66.8 82 e 191.9 197.9 102 e 99 e 125 135.2 70.3
9e
31 e
60 e
99 e
153.1
233.8
5
17 e 6e -14 e -24 e -26 e
36 e 34 e 8e -2 e -1 e 6e 11 e 0e 6e 67 e
1.2 7e 7e 3e 4e 2e 3e 6e 7e 37 e 28 e 90 e 29 e 23 e 33 e 4.3 1e -10 e -12 e
62 e 67.9 37 e 27 e 29.5 36 e 40 e 29 e 35 e 105 e 74 e 78.6 29.7 34 e 33 e 30 e 31 e 30 e 31 e 34 e 36 e 64.3 57 e 118 e 62 e 55 e 62 e 32.6 28 e 22 e 20 e
80.0 47 e 3e 49.8 s
82 e 77 e 29.0 80.6 s
97 e 110.3 74 e 64.1 69.5 75.7 79.4 67 e 74 e 150.0 105 e 120.3 66.4 70.2 69.3 66.6 67.1 66.2 67.0 72 e 73 e 103.0 95 e 156 e 102.6 94.0 100.9 69.5 64 e 61.9 60.8 43 e 118 e 118 e 63.3
147.8 165 e 126.7 115.5 123.5 129.6 132.1 118.5 127.4 205.4 149.4 177.3 117.1 120.6 119.6 117.1 117.4 116.7 117.4 124.2 125.0 153.6 148.4 207.2 155.1 145.2 154.0 120.2 114.0 115.6 113.9 94 e 167.6 173.6 109.9
228.5 237 e 204.9 190.8 200.2 207.6 207.7 194.5 205.4 274.5 219 e 259.9 192.2 196 e 195 e 192 e 193 e 191 e 192 e 202.7 202.5 232.6 226.9 283.6 224.7 215 e 232 e 195.4 188.7 190.4 186.4 170.4 244.1 256.8 176.8
126.2 111.1 144.8 116 e
254.7 187 e 169.5 206.7 173 e
354.0 276 e 254.7 292.7 257.4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 1 5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 5
-13 e -22 e -17 e 35 e
-21.6 -14 e -14 e -19 e -17 e -19 e -18 e -17 e -15 e 17 e 68 e 2e -2 e 10 e -18.4 -20 e -35 e -38 e 52.2 23 e 24 s
44 e
6-91
69.0 98.1 75 e
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C12H10O C12H10O C12H10S C12H11N C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H16 C12H16O2 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O2 C12H20O4 C12H22 C12H22 C12H22O2 C12H22O4 C12H23N C12H24 C12H24 C12H24 C12H24O C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H27N C12H27N C12H27O4P C12H36O6Si6 C13H9N C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H12 C13H13N C13H14 C13H20 C13H24O2 C13H26 C13H26 C13H26 C13H26O2 C13H26O2 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12 C14H12 C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H15N C14H16
Name 1-Acetonaphthone 2-Acetonaphthone Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalene Diethyl phthalate p-Isopropenylisopropylbenzene Cyclohexylbenzene 3-Methylbutyl benzoate Hexylbenzene 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene Geranyl acetate Dibutyl maleate 1-Dodecyne Cyclohexylcyclohexane Methyl 10-undecenoate Dimethyl sebacate Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecene Hexylcyclohexane Heptylcyclopentane Dodecanal Dodecanoic acid Decyl acetate Ethyl decanoate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tributylamine Triisobutylamine Tributyl phosphate Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane Acridine Phenanthridine Fluorene Phenyl benzoate Phenyl salicylate Diphenylmethane Methyldiphenylamine 1-Isopropylnaphthalene Heptylbenzene Ethyl 10-undecenoate 1-Tridecene Heptylcyclohexane Octylcyclopentane Tridecanoic acid Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene Benzoin 1,1-Diphenylethane Dibenzylamine 1-Butylnaphthalene
1 Pa
10 Pa
37 e 48.3 s 20 e 48 s 16 e 14 e 26 e 31.5 s 12 e -11 e
69 e
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa
-2 e -14 e -14 e -6 e 46.3 s -14 e
22 e 9e 8e 18 e 72.5 s 11 e
12.3 -11 e
36 e -8.3 -3 e -1 e
50.4 13 e 20 e 38 e 53 e 60 e 15.2 20 e 22 e
78 e 12 e 8e 31 e 27 e -5.4
100 e 40 e 35 e 57 e 51 e 18.2
107.0 118.7 88.7 102.8 72 e 71 e 82 e 78.8 s 96 e 46 e 58 e 66 e 51 e 37 e 36 e 49 e 81.7 s 44 e 67.7 94.0 43 e 53.1 73 e 97 92 e 44.8 50 e 51 e 70 e 128 e 74 e 69 e 90 e 81 e 47.6
5e -26 e
34.4 1e 1e
70.2 35 e 28.9
154.6 163.0 137.5 150.5 114 e 113 e 123 e 115.9 150.5 87 e 98 e 115.0 90 e 74 e 74 e 90 e 121.8 s 87 e 110.8 144.2 82 e 96.0 116 e 150 133 e 82.9 89 e 90 e 116.2 166 e 115.1 111.8 132 e 122 e 85.8 133 e 115.3 77.7 64.9
18 e
41 e
69 e 124.4
108 e 176.2
215.2 221.1 202.2 213.7 171.8 171.2 180.5 175 e 215.9 142.4 154.7 177.7 144.5 125.9 125.5 148.8 178.3 145.0 166.9 203 e 135.8 154.1 172.2 214 190.5 135.4 143.1 143.5 175.9 219.1 168.1 166.1 190.8 178.7 138.2 185.0 174.1 134.5 112.5 205 e 162.2 246.0
137.4 151.4 166.0 119.3 143.1 123.2 107 e 125.2 98.3 105 e 106 e 176 e 130 e 101.1 140 e 165 s 170.4 175 130.4 155.6 181 125.3 158.9 135 e
205.4 217.9 224.8 177.7 201.6 180.8 162.7 179.5 152.5 160.9 160.9 230.3 184.9 155.1 192.3 238.8 238.4 246 183 e 218.1 248 181 e 218.5 186.7
10 e
51 e 41 e 39 e 51 e 53.1 s 51 e 15 e 28 e
79 s 48.4 s 102.3
35 e 27 e 12 e 32 e 4.1 11 e 13 e 87 e 38 e 7.2 71.6 89.2 s 53 s
45 e 63 e 51 e 36 e 55 e 28.5 34 e 36 e 109 e 61 e 31.5 101.0 125.9 s 83 s
26 e
54 e
77 e 98.4 82 e 66 e 86 e 59.0 65 e 66 e 138 e 90 e 61.8 103 e 151.5 s 120.8 123 88 e
19 e 48 e 67 e
47 e 77 e 82 e
82.0 113.1 103 e
6-92
100 kPa 294.9 300.3 291.8 301.4 257.7 257.3 265.7 260 e 296.2 221 e 239.5 261.4 225.5 203.2 202.6 238 e 263.7 229.8 242.9 272 e 214.4 237.2 247.1 293 275.5 212.8 224.2 223.5 256.6 298.1 238 e 238 e 275.3 262.6 215.8 264.1 253.8 213.4 178.5 288.3 244.7 345.4 295 e 313.3 312.4 263.6 281.6 267.3 246.2 258.4 232.3 244.3 243.1 311.5 269 e 234.9 273.1 340.2 337.7 346 253 e 305.8 342 254 e 299.4 288.6
Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 16 5 1,5 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 5
VAPOR PRESSURE (continued) Mol. Form. C14H16 C14H22 C14H26O4 C14H27N C14H28 C14H28 C14H28 C14H28O2 C14H30 C14H30O C14H31N C14H42O5Si6 C15H18 C15H24 C15H30 C15H30 C15H30O2 C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H32 C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C17H10O C17H34O2 C17H36 C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C18H30 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H36O C18H36O2 C18H38 C18H38O C19H16 C19H36O2 C19H40 C20H42 C20H42O C20H60O8Si9 C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H44 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C22H44O2 C22H46 C23H48 C24H38O4 C24H38O4 C24H50 C25H52 C26H54 C27H56 C28H58 C29H60 C30H62 C70
Name 2-Butylnaphthalene Octylbenzene Diethyl sebacate Tetradecanenitrile 1-Tetradecene Octylcyclohexane Nonylcyclopentane Tetradecanoic acid Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecylamine Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane 1-Pentylnaphthalene Nonylbenzene Nonylcyclohexane Decylcyclopentane Methyl tetradecanoate Pentadecane Dibutyl phthalate 1-Hexadecene Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Hexadecylamine Benzanthrone Methyl hexadecanoate Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Hexaethylbenzene Oleic acid Elaidic acid Stearaldehyde Stearic acid Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Triphenylmethane Methyl oleate Nonadecane Eicosane 1-Eicosanol Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Heneicosane Brassidic acid Erucic acid Butyl oleate Behenic acid Butyl stearate Docosane Tricosane Dioctyl phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Tetracosane Pentacosane Hexacosane Heptacosane Octacosane Nonacosane Squalane Carbon (fullerene-C70)
1 Pa
10 Pa
44 e 20.1
67 e 46.2 83 e 79 e 41.3 44.3 49 e 118 e 44.1 110.5
52 e 16.1 16.9 25 e 96 e 19.1 80.0 6e 34 e 33.0 35 e 37 e 30.5 38.4 41.1 99.5 63 e 65 e 51.5 94 e 66 e 87 e 127.1 s 94 e
36 e 62 e 58.9 60 e 61 e 75 e 56.1 104.0 65.0 136 e 67.4 130.6 91 e 184 e 93 78.5 117 e 94 e 118 e 154.7 s 126 e 124 e 153 e 89.0 130 e
61.5 106 e 81 s 85 e 71.1 80.4 119 e
114 e 99.1 108.9 143 e
119.0 147.8 140.6 82.3 134 e 126 e 95.5 145.4 99.6 83.5 102.9 130 e 122.0 115.0 119.7 125.1 136.7 136.5 148.2 66 e 598 s
156.1 177.3 174 e 113.5 166 e 160 e 124.2 176.5 128 e 115.0 135.1 163.7 153.2 148.1 152.7 158.8 168.8 169.8 182.8 84 e 662 s
6-93
Temperature in °C for the indicated pressure 100 Pa 1 kPa 10 kPa 98 e 79.1 120 114.0 72.7 77.8 80 e 147 e 75.3 149.6 104 e 72 e 96 e 92.0 92 e 93 e 110 88.1 142.7 98.1 165 e 100.3 171.9 126 e 229.3 129 112.0 146 e 129 e 156 e
165.5 166 142 e 183 e 123.1 160 e 112 e 149.7 133.8 144.2 173 e 141 e 201.0 211.4 214 e 152.2 203.6 199.4 158 e 213.7 162 e 154.0 174.8 203.8 189.2 188.5 193.2 200.1 206.5 210.9 221.2 105.8
139 e 121.9 166 159.0 113.2 120.0 120 e 186 e 115.7 152 e 147 e 117 e 141.3 135.4 134 e 134 e 155 129.6 191.5 140.5 205 e 142.7 175 e 171 e 290.3 177 155.3 185 e 176 e 206.6 217.2 144.1 214.5 216 186 e 223 e 167.3 200.5 175 e 195.6 178.8 189.8 213 e 183.1 256.3 251.3 262 e 201.6 249.8 247.4 198 e 259.3 201 e 203.6 221 e 252 e 231.3 239.1 244.4 252.1 255.8 263.1 271.5 131.9
100 kPa
197.5 178.1 225 219.7 168.7 177.6 177.2 241.3 171.1 205.3 206.1 176.0 202.2 193.7 193.4 192.5 214 186.3 254.5 198.8 261.9 200.7 229.0 232.6 377.2
287.4 263.8 305 306.3 250.6 263.2 261.5 325.6 253.0 286.7 290.9 259.1 289 e 281.4 280.9 278.8 295 270.1 339.4 284.3 350.2 286.3 311.7 320.5 511 e
214.5 240.1 241.3 275.3 284.0 206.8 277.0 280 246.9 281.6 227.6 257.3 254.6 256 e 240.1 252.1 270.0 236.7 326.3 298 e 320 e 263.8 307.6 306.5 245 e 316.2 249 e 274.8 285.3 311 e 281.1 295.4 305.0 314.3 323.3 332.0 340.2 163.7
302 e 323.3 336.3 374.6 383.0 297.5 359.7 361 336.7 374.5 316 e 343.0 360.0 340 e 330 e 344 e 355.1 307.1 418 e 355 e 392 e 355.9 382.0 381.1 304 e 390 e 307 e 368.0 379.5 385 e 341.1 390.6 401.1 411.3 421.2 430.6 439.7 203.2
Ref. 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 16 4 5 5 16 5 5 5 4 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 16 5 5 5 16 16 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 22
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K This table gives vapor pressures of 67 important fluids in the temperature range 2 to 300 K. Helium (4He), hydrogen (H2), and neon (Ne) are covered on this page. The remaining fluids are listed on subsequent pages by molecular formula in the Hill order (see Introduction). The data have been taken from evaluated sources; references are listed at the end of the table. Pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa). Note that: 1 kPa = 7.50062 Torr 100 kPa = 1 bar 101.325 kPa = 1 atmos s following an entry indicates that the compound is solid at that temperature. Helium
Hydrogen
Neon
T/K
P/kPa
T/K
P/kPa
T/K
P/kPa
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1
5.3 6.7 8.3 10.2 12.4 14.8 17.5 20.6 24.0 27.8 32.0 36.5 41.5 47.0 52.9 59.3 66.1 73.5 81.5 90.0 99.0 108.7 119.0 129.9 141.6 153.9 167.0 180.8 195.4 210.9
14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0 32.5
7.90 10.38 13.43 17.12 21.53 26.74 32.84 39.92 48.08 57.39 67.96 79.89 93.26 108.2 124.7 143.1 163.2 185.3 209.4 235.7 264.2 295.1 328.5 364.3 402.9 444.3 488.5 535.7 586.1 639.7 696.7 757.3 821.4 889.5 961.5 1038.0 1119.0 1204.0
25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0
51.3 71.8 98.5 132.1 173.5 223.8 284.0 355.2 438.6 535.2 646.2 772.8 916.4 1078 1260 1462 1688 1939 2216 2522
Ref.
17,18
1
6-94
13
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K
BCl3 Boron trichloride
Ar Argon
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300
0.1 0.2 0.8 2.8 7.7 18.7 40.7 79.0 134 213 324 473 666 910 1214 1584 2027 2553 3170 3892 4736
Ref.
8,15
BF3 Boron trifluoride
BrH Hydrogen bromide
Br2 Bromine
ClF Chlorine fluoride
ClH Hydrogen chloride
s s s s s s s
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.8 2.6 3.8 5.2 7.2 9.7 12.9 17.0 22.0 28.1 35.6 44.5 55.1 67.6 82.2 99.1 119 141 166 12
7.7 13.4 22.3 35.2 53.7 79.1 113 157 214 285 372 479 608 762 944 1160 1413 1709 2056 2460 2913 3481 4123 4874
12
0.1 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 3.3 5.4 8.7 13.4 20.1 29.5 37.9 51.8 69.5 91.8 119 153 194 242 299 366 443 532 633 748 878 1023 1185 1364 1562 1780 2018 2278 2561 12
6-95
s s s s s s s s s s s
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.6 3.8 5.5 7.3 9.5 12.3 15.6 19.7 24.6 30.5 12
s s s s s s s s s s
0.1 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.1 3.6 6.0 9.5 14.6 21.8 31.7 44.8 62.0 84.2 112 147 190 242 304 378 464 564 680 812 961 1130 1319 1529 1762 2019 2301 2608 2941 3303 3693 4111 4560 5039
0.1 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.9 3.4 5.8 9.5 14.7 22.0 31.9 45.1 62.5 84.7 113 148 190 242 304 377 463 563 678 811 961 1132 1325 1542 1784 2054 2354 2686 3053 3457 3901 4388 4921
12
12
s s s s s s s s
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K
ClO2 Chlorine dioxide
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
Cl2 Chlorine
Cl4Si Silicon tetrachloride
FH Hydrogen fluoride
F2 Fluorine
0.4 1.5 4.8 12.3 27.6 55.3 101 172 276 420 615 870 1196 1605 2108 2721 3458 4339
1.8 2.8 4.2 6.1 8.7 12.3 16.9 22.9 30.5 40.1 51.9 66.4 84.0 105 130 160 194 234 280 332 392 459 535 619 714 818
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 2.3 3.5 5.3 7.6 10.8 14.9 20.1 26.6 34.6 44.4 56.1 69.9 86.2 105 127 151 179 12
5
0.3 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.3 3.2 4.4 5.9 7.9 10.3 13.4 17.2 21.8 27.4 34.2 42.2 51.8 63.1 76.3 91.7 110 130
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.0 6.6 8.6 11.1 14.2 17.9 22.3 27.7 34.0 12
12
6-96
12
F2 O Difluorine oxide
0.1 0.2 0.5 1.2 2.6 5.3 10.1 18.0 30.5 49.3 76.7 115 168 237 328 444 588 766 981 1238 1541 1895 2303 2771 3302 3899 4567 5308
12
F3N Nitrogen trifluoride
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 2.0 4.0 7.3 12.8 21.1 33.5 51.1 75.4 108 150 205 273 357 459 581 726 896 1092 1319 1578 1871 2203 2577 2995 3464 3991
1
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
F3P Phosphorus trifluoride
0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.9 3.5 5.9 9.5 14.9 22.5 33.1 47.3 66.0 90.1 121 159 206 262 330 410 503 611 736 877 1037 1217 1418 1640 1885 2154 2448 2767 3112
12
F4Si Silicon tetrafluoride
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.9 3.8 7.5 14.0 25.2 43.8 74.2 122 197 280 376 488 618 766 932 1117 1324 1555 1816 2111 2449 2841 3301
12
s s s s s s s s s s s s s
F6S Sulfur hexafluoride
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.5 2.6 4.4 7.1 11.3 17.3 25.9 38.0 54.4 76.6 106 145 195 249 305 371 448 536 636 750 878 1021 1181 1358 1554 1768 2003 2258 2534
HI Hydrogen iodide
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.3 2.2 3.4 5.3 8.0 11.7 16.8 23.6 32.5 44.0 56.2 71.4 89.7 112 137 168 203 244 290 343 404 472 548 633 727 831
12,15
12
6-97
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 3.2 5.2 8.3 12.7 18.9 26.6 36.7 49.8 66.4 87.1 113 144 182 227 281 344 416 500 597 706 830 969 1124 1297 1488 1698 1929 2181 12,15
s s s s s s s s s s s
H3N Ammonia
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.1 3.5 5.8 8.7 12.6 17.9 24.9 34.1 45.9 60.8 79.6 103 131 165 207 256 313 381 460 552 655 774 909 1062 11
s s s s s s s s
H3P Phosphine
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.3 3.9 6.2 9.6 14.5 21.1 30.0 41.6 56.6 75.6 99.2 128 163 205 254 312 379 456 544 644 756 881 1019 1172 1341 1525 1725 1942 2176 2428 2699 2987 3295 3621 12
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
H4Si Silane
0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.9 3.5 6.1 10.0 15.8 24.1 35.3 50.3 69.8 94.6 126 164 210 265 331 408 498 602 722 859 1017 1196 1398 1628 1888 2180 2509 2880 3296 3763 4288
12
Kr Krypton
0.1 0.4 1.1 2.7 6.0 12.1 22.8 40.4 68.0 103 150 211 290 388 509 655 830 1037 1278 1557 1877 2241 2655 3120 3641 4223 4870
13, 15
s s s s s s s s s
NO Nitric oxide
0.1 0.4 1.3 3.8 10.0 23.5 46.8 86.5 151 248 391 592 867 1231 1703 2302 3050 3971 5089 6433
12, 15
N2 Nitrogen
s s s s s
0.4 1.8 6.3 17.4 38.6 76.1 137 229 361 541 779 1084 1467 1939 2513 3209
1
6-98
N2O Nitrous oxide
s s s
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.5 4.3 7.1 11.4 17.6 26.4 38.5 54.7 75.9 103 138 181 234 298 374 465 571 694 835 996 1179 1385 1615 1870 2152 2462 2802 3172 3573 4006 4473 4973 5508 12
O2 Oxygen
O2S Sulfur dioxide
0.2 0.7 2.3 6.3 14.5 30.1 56.8 99.3 163 254 379 543 756 1022 1351 1749 2225 2788 3448 4219
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.0 3.0 4.4 6.3 9.0 12.6 17.3 23.3 31.1 40.9 53.2 68.3 86.7 109 136 168 205 249 300 359 426 3
12
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
O3 Ozone
0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.0 3.8 6.8 11.5 18.7 29.1 43.7 63.6 89.9 124 168 222 289 367 468 584 721 881 1068 1285 1536 1824 2155 2534 2968 3464 4031 4678 5417
12
Rn Radon
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.4 3.8 5.8 8.6 12.5 17.7 24.5 33.2 44.4 58.2 75.3 96 121 151 185
15
CBrF3 Bromotrifluoromethane
Xe Xenon
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 1.5 2.7 4.9 8.5 14.0 22.2 34.2 51.1 74.2 101 134 173 222 280 348 428 521 628 750 889 1045 1220 1416 1633 1872 2136 2425 2742 3087 3462 3869 4310 4786 5299
12,13
s s s s s s s s s s s s s
CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluoromethane
CCl3F Trichlorofluoromethane
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.5 3.9 5.9 8.8 12.8 18.1 25.1 34.1 45.6 60.0 77.8 99.5 126 157 194 237 287 344 410 485 570 665 771 889 1021 1166 1325 1501 1692
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 2.0 3.3 5.3 8.3 12.6 18.6 26.8 37.6 51.7 69.7 92.3 120 155 196 246 304 372 451 542 646 763 896 1044 1210 1394 1598 1823 2071 2343 2641 2968 3325 3716
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 2.1 3.2 4.8 6.9 9.9 13.7 18.8 25.2 33.3 43.3 55.5 70.4 88.1 109 134 163 196 234 278 327 383 445 515 593 679
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.9 4.1 5.6 7.6 10.1 13.3 17.2 22.1 28.0 35.1 43.7 53.8 65.7 79.6 95.6 114.1
12
12
12
12
6-99
CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K
CCl4 Tetrachloromethane
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300
1.5 2.1 2.8 3.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 10.5 13.2 16.5
Ref.
12
CF4 Tetrafluoromethane
0.1 0.3 0.8 1.7 3.4 6.5 11.5 19.3 30.8 47.4 70.2 101 141 191 254 332 425 537 669 824 1005 1216 1460 1743 2073 2457 2907 3438
12
CO Carbon monoxide 0.1 0.6 2.6 8.2 21.0 44.4 83.7 147 239 371 545 771 1067 1428 1877 2400 3064
COS Carbon oxysulfide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.3 2.2 3.4 5.2 7.8 11.3 15.9 22.1 30.0 40.1 52.7 68.2 87.2 110 137 169 207 250 301 358 423 497 580 673 777 892 1019 1159 1313
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.7 3.1 5.7 9.9 16.8 27.6 44.0 68.4 104 155 227 327 465 600 735 894 1075 1283 1519 1786 2085 2419 2790 3203 3658 4160 4712 5315 5984 6710
12
6
CHClF2 Chlorodifluomethane
CHCl3 Trichloromethane
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.4 2.3 3.6 5.5 8.1 11.8 16.7 23.1 31.5 42.1 55.3 71.7 91.6 116 144 178 218 264 317 377 446 525 613 711 821 944 1080
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.7 3.7 5.0 6.6 8.7 11.3 14.4 18.3 22.9 28.5
12
12
s s s s
9
6-100
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
CHF3 Trifluoromethane
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.4 2.5 4.3 7.1 11.1 17.0 25.3 36.5 51.4 70.9 95.8 127 166 214 271 340 421 516 626 754 900 1067 1257 1472 1713 1984 2287 2624 3000 3418 3881 4393
12
CHN Hydrogen cyanide
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1 1.5 2.2 3.3 4.7 6.8 9.7 13.6 18.8 24.1 30.5 38.3 47.7 58.8 72.1 87.6 105.9 12,16
s s s s s s s s s s s s
CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane
CH2F2 Difluoro methane
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.8 3.8 5.3 7.1 9.5 12.4 16.1 20.7 26.3 33.0 41.1 50.8 62.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.8 4.4 6.8 10.2 14.8 21.2 29.5 40.5 54.5 72.1 94.1 121 154 193 240 295 360 434 521 620 732 860 1004 1165 1346 1547 1770
12
12
6-101
CH2O Formaldehyde
1.3 2.0 3.0 4.4 6.4 9.1 12.7 17.4 23.4 31.0 40.6 52.5 67.0 84.6 106 131 161 196 236 283 337 399 470 549 12
CH3Cl Chloromethane
CH3F Fluoromethane
2.1 3.1 4.6 6.7 9.5 13.1 17.9 24.0 31.8 41.4 53.3 67.7 85.1 106 131 159 193 232 277 327 385 450 524 606
0.6 1.2 2.1 3.6 5.9 9.3 14.1 20.9 29.9 42.0 57.6 77.4 102 133 171 216 270 333 408 495 595 711 843 993 1163 1355 1571 1813 2084 2387 2724 3099 3516 3978
12
12
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued)
T/K 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 Ref.
CH4 Methane
CH4O Methanol
0.1 0.3 0.8 2.1 4.9 10.6 20.0 34.5 57.0 88.4 133 192 269 368 491 642 824 1041 1297 1594 1937 2331 2779 3288 3865 4520
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 4.5 6.2 8.3 11 14.4 18.7 2,16
12
C2H2 Acetylene
0.1 0.3 0.7 1.3 2.6 4.6 7.8 12.8 20.6 32.2 49.0 72.9 106 146 190 244 309 385 475 579 699 837 993 1170 1370 1593 1843 2121 2429 2771 3150 3567 4028 4535 5093 12,16
s s s s s s s s s s s s s
C2H4 Ethylene
0.3 0.8 1.4 2.7 4.5 7.7 11.9 18.3 27.5 39.9 56.4 77.9 105 140 182 234 296 369 456 557 673 806 958 1128 1321 1535 1774 2039 2331 2652 3005 3391 3813 4275
4
6-102
C2H6 Ethane
C2H6O Dimethyl ether
C3H4 Propadiene
0.1 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.2 3.8 6.0 9.7 15.0 21.5 31.0 42.9 59.0 78.7 104 135 172 217 271 334 407 492 590 700 826 967 1125 1301 1496 1712 1949 2210 2495 2806 3146 3515 3917 4355
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.4 2.1 3.2 4.7 6.8 9.6 13.3 18.1 24.3 32.1 41.9 53.9 68.6 86.3 108 133 162 197 237 283 335 395 463 538 623
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 2.7 4.1 6.1 8.9 12.5 17.4 23.7 31.6 41.4 53.5 68.2 85.8 107 131 160 193 230 273 322 376 438 506 582 666 759
2
12
12
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) C3H6 Propylene
C3H8 Propane
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.2 2.0 3.1 4.7 7.0 10.1 14.2 19.7 26.9 35.9 47.3 61.3 78.5 99.2 124 153 188 228 274 327 387 456 533 619 715 822 940 1069 1212
0.8 1.4 2.2 3.3 5.0 7.3 10.5 15.0 20.1 27.0 36.0 47.0 60.0 77.0 97.0 120 148 180 218 261 311 367 431 502 582 671 769 878 998
Ref.
7
2
T/K
C4H6 Buta-1,3-diene
C4H10 Butane
C4H10 Isobutane
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.9 2.8 4.0 5.7 7.8 10.6 14.1 18.5 24.1 30.9 39.1 49.1 61.0 75.0 91.5 111 133 159 188 221 258
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.5 3.7 5.3 7.4 10.2 13.8 18.3 24.0 31.1 39.8 50.3 62.9 77.8 95.4 116 140 167 198 234 274 319 370
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.3 3.4 4.8 6.7 9.2 12.5 16.7 21.9 28.4 36.3 46.0 57.6 71.3 87.6 107 129 154 184 217 255 297 12
2
6-103
2
C5H12 Pentane
1.0 1.5 2.1 3.0 4.2 5.7 7.6 10.0 13.0 16.6 21.1 26.6 33.1 40.8 50.0 60.7 73.2 14
C5H12 Neopentane
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.6 2.4 3.6 5.2 7.3 10.2 13.9 18.7 24.8 32.4 41.6 51.4 63.0 76.6 92.3 111 131 155 182 12,16
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
VAPOR PRESSURE OF FLUIDS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 300 K (continued) REFERENCES 1. B. A. Younglove, Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supp. 1, 1982. 2. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 3. W. Wagner, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 4. R. T. Jacobsen, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Ethylene, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 5. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Chlorine, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976. 7. S. Angus, et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Propylene, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980. 8. R. B. Stewart and R. T. Jacobsen, Thermophysical properties of argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. 9. R. D. Goodwin, Carbon monoxide thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 849, 1985. 10. R. D. Goodwin, Methanol thermophysical properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 799, 1987. 11. L. Haar, Thermodynamic properties of ammonia, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 635, 1978. 12. DIPPR Data Compilation of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1987. 13. V. A. Rabinovich, et al., Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987. 14. K. N. Marsh, Recommended Reference Methods for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 15. TRC Thermodynamic Tables: Non-Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 1985. 16. R. M. Stevenson and S. Malanowski, Handbook of the Thermodynamics of Organic Compounds, Elsevier, New York, 1987. 17. S. Angus and K. M. de Reuck, International Tables of the Fluid State: Helium-4, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977. 18. R. D. McCarty, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973.
6-104
IUPAC RECOMMENDED DATA FOR VAPOR PRESSURE CALIBRATION These precise vapor pressure values are recommended as secondary standards. Values are given in kPa (1 kPa = 0.0098692 atm = 7.5006 Torr). Reprinted by permission of IUPAC. REFERENCE Marsh, K.N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1987).
T/K 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600
CO2(s) 27.62 68.44 155.11 327.17
H2O(s)
0.0002 0.0007 0.0026 0.0089 0.0273 0.0760 0.1958 0.4701
C10H8(s)
0.0001 0.0005 0.0017 0.0049 0.0134 0.0341 0.0814 0.1829 0.3899 0.7920
n-C5H12
7.60 12.98 21.15 33.11 50.01 73.17 104.07 144.3 195.7 260.1 339.4 435.9 551.5 688.8 850.2 1038 1256 1507 1793 2120 2490 2910
6-106
C6H6
5.148 8.606 13.816 21.389 32.054 46.656 66.152 91.609 124.192 165.2 215.9 277.7 353.2 441.0 545.5 667.6 808.8 971.1 1156 1366 1602 1868 2164 2494 2861 3267 3717 4216 4770
C6F6
4.322 7.463 12.328 19.576 30.009 44.578 64.380 90.664 124.816 168.4 223.0 290.4 372.6 471.5 589.3 728.3 890.9 1080 1297 1547 1833 2159 2530 2954
H2O
0.485 0.991 1.919 3.535 6.228 10.540 17.202 27.167 41.647 62.139 90.453 128.74 179.48 245.54 330.15 436.89 569.73 732.99 931.36 1169.9 1453.9 1789.0 2181.4 2637.3 3163.3 3766.4 4453.9 5233.5 6113.4 7102.0 8208.6 9443.0 10816 12339
Hg
0.138 0.215 0.329 0.493 0.724 1.045 1.485 2.078 2.866 3.899 5.239 6.955 9.131 11.861 15.256 19.438 25.547 30.74 38.19 47.09 57.64
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION The molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ∆vapH, which is defined as the enthalpy change in the conversion of one mole of liquid to gas at constant temperature, is tabulated here for approximately 850 inorganic and organic compounds. Values are given, when available, both at the normal boiling point tb, referred to a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg), and at 25°C. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see Preface). The values in this table were measured either by calorimetric techniques or by application of the Claperyon equation to the variation of vapor pressure with temperature. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the accuracy of different experimental techniques and for methods of estimating enthalpy of vaporization at other temperatures.
REFERENCES 1. Majer, V. and Svoboda, V., Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/4, Caloric Quantities of State, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. 4. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 5. Ruzicka, K. and Majer, V., “Simultaneous Treatment of Vapor Pressures and Related Thermal Data Between the Triple and Normal Boiling Temperatures for n-Alkanes C5 - C20”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 1, 1994. 6. Verevkin, S. P., “Thermochemistry of Amines: Experimental Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation of Some Aliphatic and Aromatic Amines”, J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 29, 891, 1997. 7. Cady, G. H. and Hargreaves, G. B., “The Vapor Pressure of Some Heavy Transition Metal Hexafluorides”, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1563; 1961, 1578. 8. Steele, W. V., Chirico, R. D., Knipmeyer, S. E., and Nguyen, A., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 41, 1255, 1996.
Mol. Form. AgBr AgCl AgI Al AlB3H12 AlBr3 AlI3 Ar AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5 AsH3 AsI3 Au B BBr3 BCl3 BF3 BI3 B2F4 B2H6 B4H10 B5H11 Ba BeCl2 BeI2 Bi BiBr3 BiCl3 BrF BrF3
Name Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Aluminum Aluminum borohydride Aluminum tribromide Aluminum triiodide Argon Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsenic(V) fluoride Arsine Arsenic(III) iodide Gold Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron triiodide Tetrafluorodiborane Diborane Tetraborane Pentaborane(11) Barium Beryllium chloride Beryllium iodide Bismuth Bismuth tribromide Bismuth trichloride Bromine fluoride Bromine trifluoride
6-107
tb/°C
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
1502 1547 1506 2519 44.5 255 382 -185.85 221 130 57.8 -52.8 -62.5 424 2856 4000 91 12.65 -101 210 -34 -92.4 18 63 1897 482 487 1564 453 447 20 125.8
198 199 143.9 294 30 23.5 32.2 6.43 41.8 35.01 29.7 20.8 16.69 59.3 324 480 30.5 23.77 19.33 40.5 28 14.28 27.1 31.8 140 105 70.5 151 75.4 72.61 25.1 47.57
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
23.1
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued)
Mol. Form. BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrIn BrTl Br2 Br2Cd Br2H2Si Br2Hg Br2Pb Br2Sn Br2Zn Br3Ga Br3HSi Br3OP Br3P Br3Sb Br4Ge Br4Si Br4Sn Br4Ti Br5Ta Cd CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 ClF ClFO3 ClF2P ClF3 ClF3Si ClH ClH3Si ClNO ClNO2 ClO2 ClTl Cl2 Cl2Cr Cl2CrO2 Cl2FP Cl2F2Si Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2Sn Cl2Ti Cl2Zn Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3Sb Cl3Ti
tb/°C
Name Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Indium(I) bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Cadmium bromide Dibromosilane Mercury(II) bromide Lead(II) bromide Tin(II) bromide Zinc bromide Gallium(III) bromide Tribromosilane Phosphorus(V) oxybromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Antimony(III) bromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tetrabromosilane Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Cadmium Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorotrifluorosilane Hydrogen chloride Chlorosilane Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Chlorine dioxide Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Chromium(II) chloride Chromyl chloride Phosphorus(III) dichloride fluoride Dichlorodifluorosilane Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Chlorine monoxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride Titanium(II) chloride Zinc chloride Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Titanium(III) chloride
40.76 -66.38 1.9 656 819 58.8 844 66 322 892 639 697 279 109 191.7 172.95 280 186.35 154 205 230 349 767 960 1748 742 -101.1 -46.75 -47.25 11.75 -70.0 -85 -30.4 -5.5 -15 11 720 -34.04 1300 117 14 -32 8.3 304 2.2 75.6 69.4 951 623 1500 732 201 33 105.5 127 75.95 220.3 960
6-108
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
30.6 12.69 24.4 92 99.56 29.96 115 31 58.89 133 102 118 38.9 34.8 38 38.8 59 41.4 37.9 43.5 44.37 62.3 99.87 124.3 214 115 24 19.33 17.6 27.53 18.7 16.15 21 25.78 25.7 30 102.2 20.41 197 35.1 24.9 21.2 25 58.9 25.9 31.7 31.4 127 86.8 232 126 23.9 34.35 36.78 30.5 45.19 124
30.91
9.08
17.65
24.2
31 30.1
25.7 38.6 32.1
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. Cl4Ge Cl4OW Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Te Cl4Th Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5Ta Cl6W FH3Si FLi FNO FNO2 FNS F2 F2H2Si F2O F2OS F2O2 F2Pb F2Zn F3HSi F3N F3O2Re F3P F3PS F4MoO F4N2 F4ORe F4OW F4S F4Se F4Th F5I F5Mo F5Nb F5Os F5P F5Re F5Ta F5V F6Ir F6Mo F6Os F6Re F6S F6W Ga GaI3 Ge GeH4 Ge2H6 Ge3H8 HI HLiO
Name Germanium(IV) chloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Tellurium tetrachloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Fluorosilane Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine Difluorosilane Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Lead(II) fluoride Zinc fluoride Trifluorosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Rhenium(VII) dioxytrifluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Molybdenum(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Rhenium(VI) oxytetrafluoride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Thorium(IV) fluoride Iodine pentafluoride Molybdenum(V) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Osmium(V) fluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Rhenium(V) fluoride Tantalum(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Osmium(VI) fluoride Rhenium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Germanium Germane Digermane Trigermane Hydrogen iodide Lithium hydroxide
tb/°C
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
86.55 227.55 57.65 114.15 387 921 136.45 148 268 254.0 239.35 346.75 -98.6 1673 -59.9 -72.4 4.8 -188.12 -77.8 -144.75 -43.8 -57 1293 1500 -95 -128.75 185.4 -101.5 -52.25 186.0 -74 171.7 185.9 -40.45 106 1680 100.5 213.6 229 225.9 -84.6 221.3 229.2 48.3 53.6 34.0 47.5 33.8
27.9 67.8 28.7 34.9 77 146.4 36.2 41.4 62.8 52.7 54.8 52.7 18.8 147 19.28 18.05 22.2 6.62 16.3 11.09 21.8 19.1 160.4 190.1 16.2 11.56 65.7 16.5 19.6 50.6 13.27 61.0 59.5 26.44 47.2 258 41.3 51.8 52.3 65.6 17.2 58.1 56.9 44.52 30.9 29.0 28.1 28.7
17.1 2204 340 2833 -88.1 30.8 110.5 -35.55 1626
26.5 254 56.5 334 14.06 25.1 32.2 19.76 188
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
29.7
42.5
8.99
6-109
17.36
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form.
HNO3 HN3 HNaO H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H2S2 H2Se H2Te H3N H3P H3Sb H4N2 H4P2 H4Si H4Sn H6Si2 H8Si3 He Hg HgI2 IIn ITl I2 I2Pb I2Sn I3P I3Sb I4Si I4Sn I4Ti Kr MoO3 NO N2 N2O N2O4 Ne O2 O2S O3S P Pb S STl2 Se Te Xe CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CH2BrCl
tb/°C
Name
Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen telluride Ammonia Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Diphosphine Silane Stannane Disilane Trisilane Helium Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Indium(I) iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Lead(II) iodide Tin(II) iodide Phosphorus(III) iodide Antimony(III) iodide Tetraiodosilane Tin(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Krypton Molybdenum(VI) oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Phosphorus Lead Sulfur Thallium(I) sulfide Selenium Tellurium Xenon Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Bromochloromethane
83 35.7 1388 -252.87 100.0 150.2 -59.55 70.7 -41.25 -2 -33.33 -87.75 -17 113.55 63.5 -111.9 -51.8 -14.3 52.9 -268.93 356.73 354 712 824 184.4 872 714 227 401 287.35 364.35 377 -153.22 1155 -151.74 -195.79 -88.48 21.15 -246.08 -182.95 -10.05 45 280.5 1749 444.60 1367 685 988 -108.11 -81.4 -29.8 23.7 76.8 149.1 -40.7 8.9 61.17 68.0
6-110
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
39.1 30.5 175 0.90 40.65 18.67 19.7 19.2 23.33 14.6 21.3 41.8 28.8 12.1 19.05 21.2 28.5 0.08 59.11 59.2 90.8 104.7 41.57 104 105 43.9 68.6 50.2 56.9 58.4 9.08 138 13.83 5.57 16.53 38.12 1.71 6.82 24.94 40.69 12.4 179.5 45 154 95.48 114.1 12.57 15.8 20.1 25.1 29.82 39.66 20.2 25.2 29.24 30.0
43.98 51.6 14.08 33.78
19.86
44.7
22.92 43.14 14.2
32.43 46.05
31.28
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4O CH5N CH6N2 CN4O8 CO CS2 C2Br2ClF3 C2Br2F4 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2F6 C2HBrClF3 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3 C2H3N C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O
tb/°C
Name Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Methanol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Tetranitromethane Carbon monoxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Hexafluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Acetonitrile Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Iodoethane N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether
97 40 182 101 3.5 -24.09 42.55 220 101.19 -161.48 64.6 -6.32 87.5 126.1 -191.5 46 93 47.35 -37.95 3.8 46.1 47.7 121.3 -78.1 50.2 87.21 159.8 73 243.5 31.6 60.1 48.7 146.5 15.8 -13.3 32.0 74.09 113.8 -47.25 81.65 -103.77 131.6 57.4 83.5 -24.95 20.1 10.6 117.9 31.7 38.5 12.3 128.6 72.5 199.51 114.0 -88.6 78.29 -24.8
6-111
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 32.92 28.06 42.5 22.69 23.91 21.40 27.34 33.99 8.19 35.21 25.60 36.12 40.74 6.04 26.74 31.17 27.03 19.41 23.3 26.85 27.04 34.68 16.15 28.08 31.40 36.9 33.3 48.7 26.14 30.2 28.9 37.64 23.4 20.8 26.06 29.86 34.82 18.99 29.75 13.53 34.77 28.85 31.98 21.56 25.76 25.54 23.70 27.92 27.04 24.65 41.4 29.44 38.0 14.69 38.56 21.51
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 36.97 28.82 20.10 22.81 18.92 27.97 60.15 38.27 37.43 23.37 40.37 49.93 27.51 35.04 28.39
28.08 28.40 39.68 29.61 34.54
26.48
45.71
26.48 32.50 40.24 32.94 41.73 30.62 35.16 19.08 25.47 24.75 23.36 28.35 28.03
31.93 56.19 5.16 42.32 18.51
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3Cl2F6 C3H3Cl3O2 C3H3N C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5N C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H9N
tb/°C
Name Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen 1,2-Dichlorohexafluoropropane Methyl trichloroacetate Acrylonitrile Methyl dichloroacetate Acrolein 2-Oxetanone 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N-Ethylformamide N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide 1,3-Propanedithiol Propylamine
189 197.3 35.1 37.33 146.1 109.8 6.88 171 117 63.9 -21.1 34.1 153.8 77.3 142.9 52.6 162 70.1 45.1 129.5 157 97.14 -47.69 -32.81 141.9 167.3 120.9 97.0 48 56.05 35 47.6 141.15 54.4 56.87 95 71.1 59.5 46.5 35.7 102.6 89.5 198 153 131.1 120.2 -42.1 97.2 82.3 187.6 214.4 124.1 290 67.8 52.6 66.7 172.9 47.22
6-112
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 43.1 50.5 26.79 27.0 37.93 33.78 26.40 49.83 37.98 32.55 23.33 26.28 32.6 39.28 28.3 30.24 29.0 39.23 37.1 31.81 18.42 20.05 35.61 35.18 40.0 28.31 29.10 27.35 28.67 29.91 30.32 32.32 29.84 28.33 27.18 26.30 32.08 30.68
38.5 36.8 19.04 41.44 39.85 52.4 57.9 37.54 61.0 29.54 27.91 29.53 29.55
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol
27.30 27.65 44.68 37.86 25.05 44.98 35.0 19.75 26.93 48.33 47.72 47.03 32.73 46.73 36.03 14.24 16.93 41.67 47.45 40.75 29.62 30.99 27.89 29.85 32.14 31.96 32.29 35.97 32.01 30.17 28.35 26.90 36.25 34.06 58.44 46.89
14.79 47.45 45.39
45.17 31.89 29.45 31.85 49.66 31.27
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued)
Mol. Form. C3H9N C3H9N C3H10N2 C4F8 C4F10 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5NS C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6Cl2O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl
tb/°C
Name Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 1,3-Propanediamine Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Thiophene Ethyl trichloroacetate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile Methyl cyanoacetate 4-Methylthiazole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne Ethyl dichloroacetate Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Cyclobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane
31.76 2.87 139.8 -5.9 -1.9 266 123.8 208 31.5 126.1 84.0 167.5 90.3 129.79 135.1 200.5 133.3 10.9 -4.41 8.08 155 72.5 80.7 204 139.5 112.1 122.4 144.3 117.6 103.9 -6.26 3.71 0.88 12.6 197 124.1 161 178.5 35.5 63.4 74.8 79.59 65 163.75 154.45 80.9 77.11 79.8 106.1 101.5 121.0 101.6 91.3 91.1 73.3 78.6 68.2 68.5
6-113
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 27.83 22.94 40.85 23.2 22.9 48.5 43.09 27.10 36.80 31.48 31.8 38.75 35.55 48.2 37.58 24.02 22.47 24.52 34.6 33.1 52.2 38.2 33.24 34.83 40.43 33.68 32.39 22.07 23.34 22.72 24.19 33.90 45.2 26.2 30.3 31.5 31.30 29.81
33.61 31.94 32.24 34.37 34.16 34.66 32.51 30.77 31.33 29.23 30.39 29.17 29.22
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 28.36 21.66 50.16
49.79 53.47 27.45 42.89 34.70 50.97 45.09 41.94 43.85 23.21 20.86 23.35 50.60
37.74 39.95 49.47 39.33 37.13 20.22 22.16 21.40 23.51 53.09 39.58 46.36
34.79 31.99 40.45 35.30 37.53 35.60 35.85 39.09 38.60 39.43 36.64 34.41 34.82 31.81 33.51 31.53 31.67
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C5H2F6O2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H9N
tb/°C
Name 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide 1,4-Butanedithiol Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Isopropylmethylamine 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol Diethanolamine Hexafluoroacetylacetone Furfural Pyridine Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene trans-3-Pentenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Spiropentane Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate Allyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanenitrile 3-Methylbutanenitrile
50.9 130.6 120.1 121.1 100.1 86.56 205 165 128 -0.5 -11.73 117.73 99.51 107.89 82.4 34.5 39.1 30.77 190.5 207.5 135 85 245.8 98.5 85 88.5 64.3 92.1 95.6 84.8 195.5 154.1 77.00 62.73 44.04 67.75 55.5 50.4 165.5 268.8 54.15 161.7 115.23 171 112.6 115.5 142.6 149.6 39 111.3 130.57 114.9 103.5 99.4 100.5 138 141.3 127.5
6-114
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 27.55 34.66 33.27 33.54 31.43 33.01
37.1 22.44 21.30 43.29 40.75 41.82 39.07 26.52 26.75 26.05 52.84 54.31 39.22 32.42 52.3 32.23 30.59 31.01 28.45 31.77 32.08 30.71 37.58 31.81 29.92 28.27 30.61 29.06 28.71 50.6 65.2 27.05 43.2 35.09 53.6 33.90 34.24 37.09 36.88 26.76 34.07 36.35 35.25 36.3 34.7 36.0 34.30 36.09 35.10
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 28.98 40.63 38.46 38.83 35.41 37.52 64.89 50.24 21.02 19.23 52.35 49.72 50.82 46.69 27.10 27.60 26.41 71.55 74.46 48.21 36.39 36.63 33.99 34.63 30.78 35.80 36.24 34.15 55.10 45.18 35.72 32.85 29.64 33.85 31.31 30.69
30.58 40.21 38.87 39.43 44.77 44.34 27.49 39.41 42.72 41.27
41.77 43.60 41.64
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C5H9N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11I C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S
tb/°C
Name 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane Cyclopentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone 3,3-Dimethyloxetane Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Thiacyclohexane Cyclopentanethiol 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Iodopentane Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether sec-Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Isobutyl methyl ether Ethyl propyl ether Ethyl isopropyl ether 1-Ethoxy-2-methoxyethane 1,5-Pentanediol Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether Diethoxymethane Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol
106.1 29.96 36.93 36.34 31.2 20.1 38.56 49.3 148.3 179 140.42 102.26 101.96 94.33 80.6 88 186.1 177 106.1 98.2 101.54 88.6 99.1 102.8 92.5 178 126 143 141.8 132.1 129.8 107.8 97.0 98.9 155 106.22 36.06 27.88 9.48 137.98 119.3 116.25 128 131.1 102.4 112.9 70.16 59.1 55.2 58.6 63.21 54.1 102.1 239 149.8 88 193 126.6
6-115
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 32.40 25.20
25.50 26.31 27.30 36.45
33.44 33.45 32.35 30.85 31.17 44.1 36.58 33.6 33.92 32.93 33.88 33.79 32.61 45.2
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 37.35 25.47 26.86 26.76 25.92 23.77 27.06 28.52 43.89 50.71 57.05 38.40 38.52 36.78 33.94 34.58 46.91 41.11 39.72 37.20 39.21 39.28 37.32 43.60
43.9 35.96 35.32 35.01 33.15 31.79 32.02
25.79 24.69 22.74 44.36 41.40
44.07 39.04 29.55 28.09 27.94 28.02 28.94 28.21 34.33 60.7 41.40 31.33 46.6 34.88
42.58 41.42 41.28 38.24 36.03 36.24 45.27 39.29 26.43 24.85 21.84 57.02 54.21 54.0 55.16 55.61 50.10 53.0 32.37 30.23 29.82 30.13 31.43 30.08 39.83 52.12 35.65 41.24
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H13N C6ClF5 C6F6 C6HF5 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H9N C6H9NO3 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12
tb/°C
Name 2-Methyl-1-butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Pentylamine Ethylisopropylamine Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Pentafluorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene o-Chloroaniline Phenol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1-Cyclopentenecarbonitrile Cyclopentanecarbonitrile Triacetamide Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Methyl cyclobutanecarboxylate Propanoic anhydride Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 3-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 3-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 3-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene
119.1 99.1 123.5 99 118.6 107.5 104.3 69.6 117.96 80.26 85.74 180 173 174 94 82.6 89 156.06 131.72 84.73 188.4 210.8 80.09 208.8 181.87 169.1 184.17 129.38 144.14 145.36
82.98 155.43 130 135.5 170 185.7 190 163.65 63.48 68.8 67.9 66.4 67.1 62.1 54.2 53.9 67.3 67.7 70.4 56.3 58.6 64.7 55.6 41.2 73.3
6-116
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 33.79 31.37 34.47 31.47 34.24 32.74 34.01 29.94 34.76 31.66 32.15 39.66 38.62 38.79 32.21 31.10 31.77 35.19 31.19 39.5 30.72 44.4 45.69 39.93 42.44 36.17 37.35 37.51
30.46 36.1 37.13 41.7 42.0
29.64
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 39.45 35.67 40.46 35.84 39.97 37.78 40.08 33.13 41.07 35.71 36.27 50.21 48.58 49.0 36.18 34.59 35.54 44.54 40.97 34.58 55.01 33.83 57.82 47.56 55.83 42.48 44.44 44.56 44.98 43.43 60.41 33.47 45.06 44.72
61.44 47.91 30.61 32.19 31.60 31.23 31.55 30.48 28.62 28.71 31.60 32.09 31.35 29.48 29.97 31.13 29.18 26.61 32.51
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N
tb/°C
Name Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,2-Dichlorohexane Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Methyl pentanoate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Cyclohexanethiol 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Azopropane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether Methyl pentyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Bis(ethoxymethyl) ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethylene glycol Dipropyl sulfide Diisopropyl sulfide Isopropyl propyl sulfide Butyl ethyl sulfide Methyl pentyl sulfide Hexylamine Butylethylamine
80.73 71.8 70.8 173 94 127.6 123.5 117.5 116.5 113.5 106.1 160.84 126.1 95.1 116.5 122.5 121.5 110.1 127.4 101.1 156.4 158.9 155.3 135 181 134 68.73 60.26 63.27 49.73 57.93 114 157.6 140 149 151.9 121.1 131.6 147 90.08 68.51 92.3 99 197.1 168.4 102.25 119.4 140.6 196 162 285 142.9 120.1 132.1 144.3 145.1 132.8 107.5
6-117
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 29.97 29.08 28.67 31.58 36.35 35.36 34.16 34.49 33.84 33.39 36.28 33.07 35.9 35.54 35.47 33.67 35.36 33.42 40.76 37.06 35.67 36.14 28.85 27.79 28.06 26.31 27.38 44.50 41.01 50.2 44.46 39.59 44.2 43.2 31.31 29.10 31.63 32.02 57.3 36.28 36.28 36.17 47.5 36.17 71.4 36.60 33.80 35.11 37.01 37.41 36.54 33.97
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 33.01 31.64 31.24 48.16 36.17 43.14 42.47 40.53 40.61 39.79 37.91 62.01 43.86 38.03 43.45 42.68 39.83 43.10 38.76 52.61 44.57 45.89 42.83 49.75 43.67 31.56 29.89 30.28 27.68 29.12 39.88 61.61 58.46 60.47 54.77
35.69 32.12 36.32 36.85 56.59 43.20 43.20 44.69 44.69 44.21 39.60 41.78 44.51 45.24 45.10 40.15
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6MoO6 C7H3F5 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O C7H11N C7H12 C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O
tb/°C
Name Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Isopropylpropylamine Triethylamine Molybdenum hexacarbonyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene o-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 1-Cyclohexenecarbonitrile 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Dicyclopropyl ketone Cyclohexanecarbonitrile 1-Methylbicyclo(3,1,0)hexane Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene cis-2-Heptene trans-2-Heptene cis-3-Heptene trans-3-Heptene cis-3-Methyl-3-hexene trans-3-Methyl-3-hexene 2,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 4,4-Dimethyl-1-pentene 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene trans-4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-butene Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclopentane 2-Heptanone 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 1-Methylcyclohexanol cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol
6-118
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
109.3 83.9 96.9 89 701 117.5 102.1 191.1 179.0 197 159.0 162.4 115 116.6 110.63 191.04 202.27 201.98 205.31 153.7 185 200.3 203.3 200.4
33.47 30.40 32.14 31.01 72.51 34.75 32.63 45.9 42.5 38.2 37.5 38.7 35.4 34.08 33.18 45.19 47.40 47.45 50.48 38.97
161.12 158.38 156.98 144.01 179.10 171.84 161
39.08 38.53 38.68 37.46 39.99 39.46
93.1 200 93.64 98.4 98 95.8 95.7 95.4 93.5 81.6 72.5 83.4 80.4 76.7 89 77.9 100.93 103.5 90.8 151.05 125.6 125.4 155 165 167.5
31.07 54.8
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 40.04 34.61 37.23 34.84 41.12 37.60
39.42 38.01 61.71
46.90 60.16
44.6 44.9 44.3
31.27 31.96 30.40 36.09 34.64 79.0 48.5 53.0
53.55 47.82 47.49 47.04 45.34 50.50 49.33 53.70 51.92 34.77 35.49 36.26 36.27 35.81 35.84 36.31 35.70 33.03 31.13 34.19 32.56 32.81 34.35 32.09 35.36 36.40 34.20 47.24 42.34 41.51
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8F18 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O3 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16
tb/°C
Name Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Ethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate Methyl hexanoate 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane Hexyl methyl ether 1-Heptanol 3-Heptanol Butyl propyl ether Ethyl pentyl ether Heptylamine Perfluorooctane Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,5-Dimethylaniline 2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne Butanoic anhydride Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,2-Dimethyl-3-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-methyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane
149.2 142.5 146.1 135.0 118.4 149.5 179 159 98.5 90.04 92 93.5 79.2 89.78 80.49 86.06 80.86 126.1 176.45 157 118.1 117.6 156 105.9 145 202 199 222.9 136.19 144.5 139.12 138.37 210.98 211.1 201.07 227 221.74 169.81 203.0 194.15 214 214 171.6 170.6 126.3 137.6 133.1 131.6 200 205.25 121.29 105.5 100.8 109.5 101.4 104.9 131.9 119.6
6-119
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 38.42 37.5 36.96 37.0 34.51 38.55
31.77 30.62 30.9 31.12 29.23 30.46 29.55 29.62 28.90 34.93 42.5 33.72 34.41 33.38 38.7 43.98 46.7 35.57 36.24 35.66 35.67
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 48.56 47.01 41.25 48.04 50.60 47.66 36.57 34.87 35.22 32.42 34.26 32.88 33.03 32.05 42.07 66.81 40.22 41.01 49.96 41.13 55.40 55.57 42.24 43.43 42.65 42.40 64.96
46.9
39.95 39.87 35.83 37.26 36.94 36.0 50.0 34.07
34.04 32.51
75.31 85.03 82.01 51.04 58.3 52.83 61.3 61.7 50.61 50.33 42.30 44.49 43.92 42.73 56.80 40.34 36.86 37.03 37.27 35.59 37.23 40.56 37.92
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18N2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12
tb/°C
Name cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Isopropylcyclopentane 1-Ethyl-1-methylcyclopentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 1-Fluorooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Azobutane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether 1,2-Dipropoxyethane Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Benzyl acetate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
129.8 123.5 120.1 124.5 124.4 119.4 131 126.5 121.6 135.1 239 228 148.6 167 174 200 181.5 142.4 125.67 117.66 118.9 117.72 118.6 106.86 115.62 109.5 109.12 111.97 117.73 115.66 118.27 110 99.22 114.8 113.5 106.45 195.16 180 184.6 140.28 121.1 107.23 188 185 149.1 171 159.6 169.2 237.16 243.22 173.6 177.97 213 159.24 152.41 176.12
6-120
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol 33.47 32.96 32.91 33.39 33.28 32.56 34.70 33.56 33.20 35.64 58.5
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 39.70 38.36 38.26 39.16 39.02 37.90 41.08 39.44 38.85 43.30 75.60
38.2
40.43 34.41 33.26 33.66 33.35 33.59 32.07 33.17 32.51 32.54 32.31 33.24 32.93 32.78 31.94 30.79 32.12 32.36
44.4 54.2 36.49 34.06 32.15
33.26 38.44 40.0 49.7 49.0 39.63 49.4
51.72 51.62 55.77 52.42 49.65 41.49 39.67 39.83 39.69 39.64 37.28 38.78 37.76 37.85 37.53 38.97 38.52 37.99 36.91 35.14 37.27 37.75 42.90 49.31 70.98
44.97 40.84 37.61 50.62 58.40 52.96 43.76 48.71 49.45 59.30 60.26 50.22 48.79 46.22 45.13 49.05
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C9H12 C9H12 C9H14O6 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H19N C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22S C11H10 C11H21N C11H22 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C12F27N C12H10O C12H16 C12H22 C12H23N C12H24
tb/°C
Name 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Triacetin Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Methyl octanoate Nonane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Nonanol 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene (+)-Camphor cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decanenitrile 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Isopentyl isopentanoate Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Methylnonane 5-Methylnonane 2,4-Dimethyloctane 1-Decanol Diisopentyl ether 1-Decanethiol 1-Methylnaphthalene Undecanenitrile Pentylcyclohexane Undecane 2-Methyldecane 4-Methyldecane 2,4,7-Trimethyloctane Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Diphenyl ether Cyclohexylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Dodecanenitrile 1-Dodecene
169.38 164.74 259 156.6 156.7 154.8 195.3 188.45 169.4 192.9 150.82 124.09 131.4 146.3 122.29 213.37 281 259 217.9 246.5 262 258.6 247.5 207.6 183.31 173.3 169.1 172.79 177.1 207.4 195.8 187.3 243 170.5 180.9 199 190.4 174.15 167.1 167.9 165.1 156 231.1 172.5 240.6 244.7 253 203.7 195.9 189.3 187 168.1 178 258.0 240.1 238 277 213.8
6-121
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
36.16
37.18 33.65 34.43 34.61 32.51
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 47.93 47.50 85.74 45.89 45.08 44.02 56.44 53.30 50.92 56.41 46.55 40.16 41.41 42.0 38.49 76.86
39.3 52.1 43.2 66.1 67.6 67.7 65.7 43.9 38.87
51.36 47.98 47.71 47.86
38.2 59.5 41.0 40.2 66.84 50.43 49.36 43.5 45.9 39.58 38.23 38.26 38.14 36.47
51.42 49.63 49.71 49.34 47.13 81.50
35.1 65.48 45.5
41.91 40.25 40.70 38.22 46.4 48.2
71.14 53.88 56.58 54.28 53.76 49.91
59.94 57.98 76.12 60.78
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION (continued) Mol. Form. C12H26 C12H26 C12H26O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C13H13N C13H26O2 C13H28 C14H10 C14H12O2 C14H27N C14H30 C14H30O C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H32 C16H34 C17H36 C18H34O2 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42
tb/°C
Name 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Tributyl borate Tributylamine N-Benzylaniline Methyl dodecanoate Tridecane Phenanthrene Benzyl benzoate Tetradecanenitrile Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Pentadecane Dibutyl phthalate 1-Hexadecene Hexadecane Heptadecane Oleic acid Octadecane Nonadecane Eicosane
177.8 216.32 259 234 216.5 306.5 267 235.47 340 323.5 253.58 289 270.6 340 284.9 286.86 302.0 360 316.3 329.9 343
6-122
∆vapH(tb) kJ/mol
44.09
∆vapH(25°C) kJ/mol 48.97 61.52 91.96
56.1 46.9
46.20
79.6 77.17 66.68 75.50
53.6 48.16 50.08 79.2 51.84 53.58 67.4 55.23 56.93 58.49
85.29 71.73 102.20 76.77 80.25 81.35 86.47 91.44 96.4 101.81
ENTHALPY OF FUSION This table lists the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion, ∆fusH, of over 800 inorganic and organic compounds. All values refer to the enthalpy change at equilibrium between the liquid phase and the most stable solid phase at the transition temperature. Most values of ∆fusH are given at the normal melting point tm. However, a “t” following the entry in the melting point column indicate a triple-point temperature, where the solid, liquid, and gas phases are in equilibrium. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order, with substances containing carbon (except graphite) following those that do not contain carbon. All temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. A * following an entry indicates that the value includes the enthalpy of transition between crystalline phases whose transformation occurs within 1˚C of the melting point. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. Gurvich, L. V., Veyts, I. V., and Alcock, C. B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition; Vol. 2, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1991; Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD, 15, 317, 1991 Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/8A, Enthalpies of Fusion and Transition of Organic Compounds, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1995. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Values and Functions for Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technology, Sixth Edition, Vol. 2, Part 4, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961. Janz, G. J., et al., Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Storage. II. Molten Salts, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 61, Part 2, 1979. TRC Thermodynamic Tables, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
Molecular formula Ag AgBr AgCl AgI AgNO3 Ag2S Al AlBr3 AlCl3 AlF3 AlI3 Al2O3 Al2S3 Am Ar As AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 Au B BCl3 BF3 BHO2 BH3O3 BN
Name Silver Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) nitrate Silver(I) sulfide Aluminum Aluminum bromide Aluminum chloride Aluminum fluoride Aluminum iodide Aluminum oxide Aluminum sulfide Americium Argon Arsenic (gray) Arsenic(III) bromide Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Gold Boron Boron trichloride Boron trifluoride Metaboric acid (γ form) Boric acid (orthoboric acid) Boron nitride
6-123
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
961.78 432 455 558 212 825 660.32 97.5 192.6 2250 t 188.28 2053 1100 1176 -189.36 t 817 t 31.1 -16 -5.9 1064.18 2075 -107 -126.8 236 170.9 2966
11.28 9.12 13.2 9.41 11.5 14.1 10.789 11.25 35.4 98 15.9 111.4 55 14.39 1.18 24.44 11.7 10.1 10.4 12.72 50.2 2.10 4.20 14.3 22.3 81
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula BNaO2 B2O3 Ba BaBr2 BaCl2 BaF2 BaH2 BaH2O2 BaI2 BaO BaO4S BaS Be BeBr2 BeCl2 BeF2 BeI2 BeO BeO4S Bi BiCl3 BrF5 BrH BrIn BrK BrLi BrNa BrNaO3 BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Ca Br2Cd Br2Fe Br2Hg Br2Mg Br2Pb Br2Sr Br2Zn Br3Ga Br3In Br3Pu Br3U Br4Sn Br4Th Br4Ti Br4U Br5Ta C Ca CaCl2 CaF2 CaH2 CaI2 CaO CaO4S CaS Cd
Name
tm/˚C
Sodium metaborate Boron oxide Barium Barium bromide Barium chloride Barium fluoride Barium hydride Barium hydroxide Barium iodide Barium oxide Barium sulfate Barium sulfide Beryllium Beryllium bromide Beryllium chloride Beryllium fluoride Beryllium iodide Beryllium oxide Beryllium sulfate Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Indium(I) bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Sodium bromide Sodium bromate Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Calcium bromide Cadmium bromide Iron(II) bromide Mercury(II) bromide Magnesium bromide Lead(II) bromide Strontium bromide Zinc bromide Gallium(III) bromide Indium(III) bromide Plutonium(III) bromide Uranium(III) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Thorium(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Uranium(IV) bromide Tantalum(V) bromide Carbon (graphite) Calcium Calcium chloride Calcium fluoride Calcium hydride Calcium iodide Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Cadmium
966 450 727 857 962 1368 1200 408 711 1972 1580 2229 1287 508 415 552 470 2577 1127 271.40 230 -60.5 -86.80 290 734 552 747 381 682 460 -7.2 742 568 691 236 711 371 657 394 121.5 420 681 727 29.1 679 39 519 265 4489 t 842 775 1418 1000 783 2898 1460 2524 321.07
6-124
∆fusH/kJ mol-1 36.2 24.56 7.12 32.2 15.85 17.8 25 16 26.5 46 40 63 7.895 18 8.66 4.77 18 86 6 11.145 10.9 5.67 2.41 15 25.5 17.6 26.11 28.11 15.5 16.4 10.57 29.1 20.9 50.2 17.9 39.3 16.44 10.1 16.7 12.1 26 55.2 43.9 12.2 66.9 12.9 55.2 45.6 117 8.54 28.05 30 6.7 41.8 80 28 70 6.21
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula CdCl2 CdF2 CdI2 Ce CeCl3 ClCs ClCu ClH ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClLiO4 ClNa ClNaO3 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2Co Cl2Cr Cl2Cu Cl2Fe Cl2Hg Cl2Mg Cl2Mn Cl2Ni Cl2Pb Cl2Sn Cl2Sr Cl3Fe Cl3Ga Cl3In Cl3La Cl3OP Cl3P Cl3Sb Cl4OW Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Th Cl4Ti Cl4U Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5Ta Cl6W Co CoF2 Cr Cr2O3 Cs CsF CsHO Cs2O4S Cu CuF2
Name
tm/˚C
Cadmium chloride Cadmium fluoride Cadmium iodide Cerium Cerium(III) chloride Cesium chloride Copper(I) chloride Hydrogen chloride Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Lithium perchlorate Sodium chloride Sodium chlorate Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Cobalt(II) chloride Chromium(II) chloride Copper(II) chloride Iron(II) chloride Mercury(II) chloride Magnesium chloride Manganese(II) chloride Nickel(II) chloride Lead(II) chloride Tin(II) chloride Strontium chloride Iron(III) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Indium(III) chloride Lanthanum chloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Antimony(III) chloride Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Thorium(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Uranium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Cobalt Cobalt(II) fluoride Chromium Chromium(III) oxide Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium hydroxide Cesium sulfate Copper Copper(II) fluoride
564 1110 387 798 817 645 430 -114.17 27.39 211 771 610 236 800.7 248 715 430 -101.5 740 814 630 677 276 714 650 1009 501 247.1 874 304 77.9 583 859 1.18 -112 73.4 211 -68.74 -34.07 770 -24.12 590 -25.7 437 t 194 204.7 216 275 1495 1127 1907 2329 28.5 703 342.3 1005 1084.62 836
6-125
∆fusH/kJ mol-1 48.58 22.6 15.3 5.46 54.4 15.9 10.2 2.00 11.6 21.3 26.53 19.9 29 28.16 22.1 18.4 15.56 6.40 45 32.2 20.4 43.01 19.41 43.1 30.7 71.2 21.75 14.52 17.5 43.1 11.13 27 43.1 13.1 7.10 12.7 45 7.60 9.20 40.2 9.97 45 2.30 50 19 38.3 41.6 6.60 16.06 59 21.0 130 2.09 21.7 7.78 35.7 12.93 55
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula CuO Dy Er Eu FH FK FLi FNa FRb FTl F2 F2Fe F2HK F2Mg F2Pb F2Sr F3In F3Pu F4Pu F4Th F4U F4Zr F5Nb F5V F6Ir F6Mo F6Pu F6S F6U F6W Fe FeI2 FeO FeS Fe3O4 Ga GaI3 GaSb Ga2O3 Gd Ge HI HKO HLi HLiO HNO3 HNaO HORb H2 H2Mg H2O H2O2 H2O2Sr H2O4S H2S H2Sr H3N H3O2P
tm/˚C
Name Copper(II) oxide Dysprosium Erbium Europium Hydrogen fluoride Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Sodium fluoride Rubidium fluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Iron(II) fluoride Potassium hydrogen fluoride Magnesium fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Strontium fluoride Indium(III) fluoride Plutonium(III) fluoride Plutonium(IV) fluoride Thorium(IV) fluoride Uranium(IV) fluoride Zirconium(IV) fluoride Niobium(V) fluoride Vanadium(V) fluoride Iridium(VI) fluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Plutonium(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride Iron Iron(II) iodide Iron(II) oxide Iron(II) sulfide Iron(II,III) oxide Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Gallium antimonide Gallium(III) oxide Gadolinium Germanium Hydrogen iodide Potassium hydroxide Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide Rubidium hydroxide Hydrogen Magnesium hydride Water Hydrogen peroxide Strontium hydroxide Sulfuric acid Hydrogen sulfide Strontium hydride Ammonia Hypophosphorous acid
1446 1412 1529 822 -83.35 858 848.2 996 833 326 -219.66 1100 238.9 1263 830 1477 1170 1396 1027 1110 1036 932 t 80 19.5 44 17.5 52 -50.7 t 64.0 t 2.3 1538 587 1377 1188 1597 29.76 212 712 1806 1313 938.25 -50.76 406 688.7 471.1 -41.6 323 382 -259.34 327 0.00 -0.43 535 10.31 -85.5 1050 -77.73 26.5
6-126
∆fusH/kJ mol-1 11.8 11.06 19.9 9.21 4.58 27.2 27.09 33.35 17.3 13.87 0.51 52 6.62 58.5 14.7 28.5 64 59.8 65.3 44.0 42.7 64.2 12.2 49.96 8.40 4.33 17.6 5.02 19.1 4.10 13.81 45 24 31.5 138 5.576 12.9 25.1 100 10.0 36.94 2.87 7.9 22.59 20.88 10.5 6.60 8.0 0.12 14 6.01 12.50 23 10.71 2.38 23 5.66 9.7
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula H3O3P H3O4P H4IN H4N2 H4N2O3 Hf Hg HgI2 Hg2I2 Ho IIn IK ILi INa IRb ITl I2 I2Mg I2Pb I2Sr I3In I4Si I4Th I4Ti I4U In InSb In2O3 Ir K KNO3 K2O4S K2S Kr La Li LiNO3 Li2O3Si Li2O4S Lu Mg MgO MgO4S MgS Mg2O4Si Mn MnO Mo MoO3 NNaO3 NO NO3Rb NO3Tl N2 N2O N2O4 Na Na2O
Name Phosphorous acid Phosphoric acid Ammonium iodide Hydrazine Ammonium nitrate Hafnium Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Mercury(I) iodide Holmium Indium(I) iodide Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Magnesium iodide Lead(II) iodide Strontium iodide Indium(III) iodide Tetraiodosilane Thorium(IV) iodide Titanium(IV) iodide Uranium(IV) iodide Indium Indium antimonide Indium(III) oxide Iridium Potassium Potassium nitrate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Krypton Lanthanum Lithium Lithium nitrate Lithium metasilicate Lithium sulfate Lutetium Magnesium Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfide Magnesium orthosilicate Manganese Manganese(II) oxide Molybdenum Molybdenum(VI) oxide Sodium nitrate Nitric oxide Rubidium nitrate Thallium(I) nitrate Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Sodium Sodium oxide
6-127
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
74.4 42.4 551 1.4 210 2233 -38.83 259 290 1474 364.4 681 469 660 642 441.7 113.7 634 410 538 207 120.5 570 150 506 156.60 525 1912 2446 63.5 337 1069 948 -157.38 t 918 180.50 253 1201 859 1663 650 2825 1127 2226 1897 1246 1839 2623 801 307 -163.6 305 206 -210.0 -90.8 -9.3 97.80 1132
12.8 13.4 21 12.6 6.40 27.2 2.29 18.9 27 17.0 17.26 24 14.6 23.6 12.5 14.73 15.52 26 23.4 19.7 18.48 19.7 61.4 19.8 70.7 3.281 25.5 105 41.12 2.33 10.1 36.4 16.15 1.64 6.20 3.00 24.9 28 7.50 22 8.48 77 14.6 63 71 12.91 54.4 37.48 48 15 2.30 5.60 9.6 0.71 6.54 14.65 2.60 48
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Na2O3Si Na2O4S Na2S Nb NbO NbO2 Nb2O5 Nd Ne Ni NiS Np OSr OTl2 OV OZn O2 O2Si O2Zr O3S O3Tl2 O3W O3Y2 O4Os O4SSr O4STl2 O5P2 O5Ta2 O5V2 O7Re2 Os P Pa Pb PbS Pd Pr Pt Pu Rb Re Rh Ru S SSr STl2 Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th
Name Sodium metasilicate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Niobium Niobium(II) oxide Niobium(IV) oxide Niobium(V) oxide Neodymium Neon Nickel Nickel(II) sulfide Neptunium Strontium oxide Thallium(I) oxide Vanadium(II) oxide Zinc oxide Oxygen Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Zirconium(IV) oxide Sulfur trioxide Thallium(III) oxide Tungsten(VI) oxide Yttrium oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) sulfate Phosphorus(V) oxide Tantalum(V) oxide Vanadium(V) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus (white) Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Sulfur (monoclinic) Strontium sulfide Thallium(I) sulfide Antimony Scandium Selenium (gray) Silicon Samarium Tin (white) Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium
6-128
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
1089 884 1172 2477 1936 1901 1512 1021 -248.61 t 1455 976 644 2531 579 1789 1974 -218.79 1722 2709 16.8 834 1472 2438 41 1606 632 562 1784 670 297 3033 44.15 1572 327.46 1113 1554.9 931 1768.4 640 39.3 3186 1964 2334 115.21 2226 448 630.63 1541 220.5 1414 1074 231.93 777 3017 1356 2157 449.51 1750
52 23.6 19 30 85 92 104.3 7.14 0.328 17.04 30.1 3.20 81 30.3 63 52.3 0.44 9.6 87 8.60 53 73 105 9.8 36 23 27.2 120 64.5 64.2 57.85 0.66 12.34 4.782 49.4 16.74 6.89 22.17 2.82 2.19 60.43 26.59 38.59 1.72 63 12 19.79 14.1 6.69 50.21 8.62 7.173 7.43 36.57 10.15 33.29 17.49 13.81
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr CBaO3 CBrCl3 CBr4 CCaO3 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF4 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHNaO2 CHO2Tl CH2Cl2 CH2N2 CH2N4 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CK2O3 CLi2O3 CMgO3 CNa2O3 CO COS CO2 CO3Sr CO3Tl2 CS2 CSe2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4
Name Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium Barium carbonate Bromotrichloromethane Tetrabromomethane Calcium carbonate (calcite) Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide Sodium formate Thallium(I) formate Dichloromethane Cyanamide Tetrazole Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrate Methane Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Potassium carbonate Lithium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon dioxide Strontium carbonate Thallium(I) carbonate Carbon disulfide Carbon diselenide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
6-129
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
1668 304 1545 1135 1910 3422 -111.79 t 1522 819 419.53 1855 1555 -5.65 92.3 1330 -127.78 -110.44 -22.62 -183.60 8.69 -157.42 -63.41 -155.2 121.2 -13.29 257.3 101 -97.2 45.56 157.3 8.3 -93.68 -97.7 2.49 -28.38 -83.0 -182.47 133.3 178 -97.53 -123 -93.5 -52.36 898 723 990 858.1 -205.02 -138.8 -56.56 t 1494 272 -112.1 -43.7 -110.32 -158.2 -99.4 -92.53
14.15 4.14 16.84 9.14 21.5 52.31 2.27 11.4 7.66 7.068 21.00 40 2.53 3.76 36 5.74 6.89 2.56 0.704 11.05 4.12 9.5 4.06 16.44 8.41 17.7 10.9 4.60 7.27 18.2 12.68 5.98 6.43 8.44 9.70 8.24 0.94 13.9 14.0 3.215 5.91 6.13 10.42 27.6 41 59 29.7 0.833 4.73 9.02 40 18.4 4.39 6.36 7.04 5.55 1.86 1.51
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl6 C2F4 C2F6 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3 C2H3KO2 C2H3N C2H3NaO2 C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6N2O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6Zn C2H7N C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3F6O C3F8 C3H3N C3H3NS C3H3N3 C3H4 C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O2 C3H5N
Name 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tetrachloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Hexachloroethane Tetrafluoroethene Hexafluoroethane Trichloroethylene Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromoethene Chloroethene Chloroacetic acid 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Potassium acetate Acetonitrile Sodium acetate Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Acetamide Nitroethane Ethane N-Methylurea Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl zinc Dimethylamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Acrylonitrile Thiazole 1,3,5-Triazine Allene 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole Acrylic acid Propanenitrile
6-130
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-36.22 -22.3 24.8 186.8 t -131.15 -100.05 -84.7 59.2 -28.78 -122.56 -80.0 -42.4 -139.54 -153.84 63 -30.01 -36.3 -111.3 309 -43.82 328.2 -169.15 9.84 -96.9 -35.7 -123.37 -112.5 16.64 -118.6 -138.4 80.16 -89.5 -182.79 104.9 -114.14 -141.5 17.89 -12.69 108.9 -147.88 -98.24 -84.67 -43.0 -92.18 11.14 -57.20 -8.9 -27.83 -125.45 -147.70 -83.48 -33.62 80.3 -136.6 70.7 89.5 12.5 -92.78
2.47 10.88 3.67 9.75 7.72 2.69 8.45 5.90 11.3 6.51 7.2 9.17 5.12 4.92 12.28 2.35 11.46 6.19 7.65 8.16 17.9 3.35 10.89 7.87 8.84 2.31 5.17 11.73 7.47 4.45 15.59 9.85 2.72* 14.0 4.931 4.94 14.37 9.96 18.30 4.98 7.99 9.19 6.83 5.94 22.58 10.07 13.64 8.11 8.38 0.477 6.23 9.57 14.56 4.40 14.0 12.82 9.51 5.03
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7N C3H7NO C3H8 C3H8N2O C3H8N2O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C4F8 C4F10 C4H2O3 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O3 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H8 C4H8
Name Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane, (±) 2,2-Dichloropropane Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane Cyclopropylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide Propane N,N-Dimethylurea N,N’-Dimethylurea 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,3-Propylene glycol Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluorobutane Maleic anhydride Succinonitrile Pyrazine Furan Succinic anhydride Thiophene Pyrrole 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Divinyl ether cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Succinic acid Dimethyl oxalate 1-Butene cis-2-Butene
6-131
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
13.5 -185.24 -127.58 -55.49 -34.5 -100.53 -33.9 -94.7 -111.9 -97 -20.5 -98.25 -97.22 60.29 -73.24 -110.3 -89.0 -122.9 -117.18 -35.39 -60.48 -187.63 182.1 106.6 -124.39 -87.9 -27.7 -105.1 18.1 -113.13 -130.5 -105.93 -84.75 -95.13 -117.1 12.4 -40.19 -129.1 52.56 57.98 51.0 -85.61 119 -38.21 -23.39 -136.2 -108.91 -125.7 -32.2 -100.6 15 71.5 -43.61 -74.1 187.9 54.8 -185.34 -138.88
21.87 3.003 5.44 8.94 14.6 6.40 2.30 5.77 6.53 6.5 10.66 7.49 6.57 15.11 8.25 6.44 6.53 5.54 7.39 13.18 7.90 3.50 23.0 13.0 5.37 5.41 7.1 8.33 18.3 5.48 5.74 9.76 10.97 7.33 7 19.7 2.77 7.66 13.60 3.70 12.9 3.80 20.4 5.07 7.91 6.96 7.98 6.03 9.23 7.9 12.6 13.0 9.57 10.5 32.4 21.1 3.96 7.31
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H12Pb C4H12Si C4H12Sn C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H8O4 C5H9N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2
Name trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid Ethyl acetate 1,4-Dioxane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane, (±) 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide tert-Butylamine Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Furfural Pyridine 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Spiropentane Methyl methacrylate 4-Oxopentanoic acid Glutaric acid Pentanenitrile 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Cyclopentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid
6-132
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-105.52 -140.7 -90.7 -177.6 -96.86 -86.64 -108.44 -5.1 -83.8 11.85 -96.2 -112.6 -112.65 -25.60 -57.79 -4.8 -138.3 -159.4 -88.6 -88.5 -101.9 25.69 -116.2 20.4 -69.20 -115.7 -103.91 -66.94 -30.2 -99.06 -55.1 -38.1 -41.70 -91.3 -14.6 -140.8 -87.4 -148.2 -145.9 -135.0 -107.0 -47.55 33 97.8 -96.2 -165.12 -151.36 -140.21 -137.53 -168.43 -133.72 -93.4 -17.5 -76.8 -39 -93.1 -49.1 -33.6
9.76 5.92 1.09 2.8 10.77 8.39 8.54 11.59 10.48 12.84 7.35 9.23 6.89 2.07 8.58 14.5 4.66 4.54 9.37 5.97 6.32 6.70 7.19 18.70 12.6 10.46 10.90 0.882 10.80 6.87 9.30 14.37 8.28 8.55 13.13 5.64 7.14 6.12 4.93 3.36 6.43 14.4 9.22 20.3 9 5.94 7.11 8.35 7.91 5.36 7.60 0.61 1.535 10.63 11.59 9.34 1.8 14.16
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C5H11Br C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O4 C5H12S C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F14 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3N3O6 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N
Name 1-Bromopentane Cyclopentylamine Piperidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Pentaerythritol 1-Pentanethiol Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorohexane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrosobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine
6-133
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-88.0 -82.7 -11.02 -129.67 -159.77 -16.4 -77.6 -9.1 -115.7 -108.6 258 -75.65 228.83 5.03 -88.2 -47.4 37.5 -46.25 3.88 51.3 16.92 62.8 122.9 32.1 44.4 82 -17.0 -24.8 53.09 -47.1 -69.12 115 -30.72 -45.31 9.4 32.6 42.8 -42.18 -31.3 67 5.7 44.8 96.8 113.6 5.49 -1.9 -10.28 70.5 71.0 113.4 147.5 40.89 172.4 104.6 109.4 -14.93 -6.02 -66.68
14.37 8.31 14.85 8.40 5.15 3.10 10.50 4.46 10.85 7.60 4.8 17.53 25.2 11.59 6.84 10.87 16.41 6.36 15.05 17.9 16.4 18.1 15.4 17.9 19.4 14.1 12.4 12.6 18.19 11.05 8.58 18.5 10.70 9.6 13.0 14.9 14.1 11.31 9.75 31.0 12.12 17.7 20.6 18.8 9.87 11.9 10.15 20.0 16.1 23.6 21.2 11.51 26.8 22.8 20.4 11.48 10.54 9.72
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O3 C6H13Br C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C7F8 C7F16 C7H3F5 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO2 C7H5N C7H5N3O6 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Cl C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O
Name 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone 2-Oxepanone Adipic acid Chlorocyclohexane 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone Cyclohexanol Paraldehyde 1-Bromohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether 1,6-Hexanediol Perfluorotoluene Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene Benzoyl chloride o-Chlorobenzoic acid Benzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Benzoic acid o-Hydroxybenzoic acid o-Chlorotoluene Benzamide p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 1-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptanal Cycloheptanol
6-134
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-18.14 3.67 102.1 66.0 141.1 20.6 -103.5 -27.9 -1.0 152.5 -43.81 -139.76 -141.11 -74.19 6.59 -142.42 -56 -55.5 -55.4 25.93 12.6 -83.7 -17.8 -95.35 -153.6 -162.90 -98.8 -128.10 -47.4 -114.8 -85.4 41.5 -65.49 -51.2 -29.78 -0.4 140.2 -13.99 80.5 122.35 159.0 -35.8 127.3 51.63 -94.95 31.03 12.24 34.77 -15.4 -37.13 -14.41 -31.3 43.6 -118.9 -8.46 -126.6 -43.4 7.2
14.18 12.58 23.1 15.57 23.8 14.05 3.29 1.328 13.83 36.3 2.043 9.35 8.88 6.45 2.68 6.93 13.3 14.9 13.49 1.78 13.5 18.1 17.5 13.08 6.27 5.30 0.58 0.79 15.38 10.8 12.04 22.2 11.54 6.95 13.1 19.2 25.6 9.1 22.9 18.02 14.2 9.6 19.5 16.81 6.64 15.82 10.71 12.71 8.97 12.9 11.66 7.9 18.9 12.41 1.88 6.75 23.2 1.60
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C8H8 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O
Name Heptanoic acid 1-Bromoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol Styrene o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,3-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Octanoic acid 1-Bromooctane Octane 2-Methylheptane 3-Methylheptane 4-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene Indan Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Propylcyclohexane Nonanal 5-Nonanone
6-135
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
-7.17 -56.1 -90.55 -118.2 -118.55 -123.7 -119.2 -134.4 -24.6 -33.2 -30.65 103.5 109.9 179.6 76.5 -12.4 -94.96 -25.2 -47.8 13.25 72.5 74.8 45.8 65.1 63.4 -101.7 14.59 -111.3 -33.3 -49.8 -88.15 -75.53 -90.07 -87.39 -36.93 16.5 -55.0 -56.82 -109.02 -120.48 -121.0 -107.3 -14.8 -14.78 26.47 -1.5 -51.38 -99.6 -96.02 -79.83 -95.6 -62.35 -25.4 -43.77 -44.72 -94.9 -19.3 -3.8
15.13 21.8 14.03 9.19 9.55 5.82 6.85 6.85 2.26 18.17 10.9 19.5 15.7 22.7 16.3 9.74 9.18 13.6 11.6 17.12 21.0 23.4 18.9 18.1 17.4 15.31 2.41 8.33 2.07 1.64 10.49 10.82 9.87 9.31 12.33 21.35 24.7 20.73 11.92 11.69 10.8 9.20 23.7 10.66 13.54 10.20 8.60 9.27 7.33 9.96 7.6 12.7 8.18 13.19 9.51 10.37 30.5 24.93
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C10H7Br C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O4 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H10 C11H10 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H11N C12H16 C12H18 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H26 C12H26O C13H10 C13H10O C13H12 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12 C14H12O2 C14H28O2 C14H30 C14H30O C15H32 C16H10 C16H10
Name Nonanoic acid Nonane 3,3-Diethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane 1-Bromonaphthalene 2-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Butylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Thymol cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Sebacic acid 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Decanal Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Undecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene trans-Azoxybenzene Diphenyl ether Diphenylamine Cyclohexylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene 1-Dodecene Dodecanoic acid Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Tridecane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil trans-Stilbene α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid Tetradecanoic acid Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Pentadecane Fluoranthene Pyrene
6-136
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
12.4 -53.46 -33.1 -9.75 -66.54 6.1 55.9 -2.5 58.0 80.26 95.0 121.5 -87.85 -67.94 79.3 49.5 -42.9 -30.4 130.9 -66.3 -74.73 -4.0 31.4 -29.6 6.9 -30.43 34.6 -25.5 91.8 246.3 93.4 68.93 67.88 34.6 26.87 53.2 7.07 165.5 -35.2 43.8 -9.57 23.9 114.77 47.9 25.4 -5.4 31.7 215.76 99.24 94.87 124.2 147.29 54.2 5.82 38.2 9.95 110.19 150.62
19.82 15.47 10.09 2.33 9.74 15.2 14.4 12.9 14.0 19.01 23.1 18.1 11.22 9.66 21 21.3 9.49 14.41 40.8 13.81 14.16 34.5 27.8 28.72 43 6.95 12.13 22.2 6.9 24.1 21.49 18.57 22.52 17.9 17.22 18.5 15.6 20.6 19.9 36.3 36.8 40.2 19.58 18.19 18.6 28.50 41.4 29.4 16.46 23.5 27.7 31.3 45.1 45.07 25.1* 34.6 18.69 17.36
ENTHALPY OF FUSION (continued) Molecular formula
Name
tm/˚C
∆fusH/kJ mol-1
C16H32O2 C16H34 C16H34O C17H36 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H15N C18H36O2 C18H38 C18H38O C19H40 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H14 C20H42 C20H42O C24H12
Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Heptadecane Benz[a]anthracene Benzo[c]phenanthrene Chrysene Triphenylene o-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Triphenylamine Stearic acid Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Nonadecane Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene 2,2'-Binaphthalene Eicosane 1-Eicosanol Coronene
62.5 18.12 49.2 22.0 160.5 68 255.5 197.8 56.20 213.9 126.5 69.3 28.2 57.9 32.0 277.76 181.1 181.4 187.9 36.6 65.4 437.4
53.7 53.36 33.6 40.16 21.4 16.3 26.2 24.74 17.19 35.3 24.9 61.2 61.7 45 45.8 31.9 17.3 16.6 38.9 69.9 42 19.2
6-137
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF LIQUID DENSITY This table gives data on the variation of the density of some common liquids with pressure and temperature. The pressure dependence is described to first order by the isothermal compressibility coefficient κ defined as κ = -(1/V) (∂V/∂P)T where V is the volume, and the temperature dependence by the cubic expansion coefficient α, α = (1/V) (∂V/∂T)P Substances are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. More precise data on the variation of density with temperature over a wide temperature range can be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Le Neindre, B., Effets des Hautes et Très Hautes Pressions, in Techniques de l’Ingénieur, Paris, 1991. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/4, High-pressure Properties of Matter, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980. 4. Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W.B., and Sakano, T.K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 5. Isaacs, N. S., Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1981. Molecular formula
Name
Cl3P H2O
Phosphorus trichloride Water
Hg CCl4
Mercury Tetrachloromethane
CHBr3 CHCl3
Tribromomethane Trichloromethane
CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH3I CH4O
Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Iodomethane Methanol
CS2
Carbon disulfide
C2Cl4 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2
Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid
C2H5Br C2H5I C2H6O
Bromoethane Iodoethane Ethanol
C2H6O2 C3H6O
Ethylene glycol Acetone
C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2
1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propanediol
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Isothermal Compressibility t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1
Cubic Thermal Expansion t/°C α × 103/°C–1
20 20 25 30 20 20 40 70 50 20 50 27 25 27 20 40 20 40 25 25 25 20 30 20 80 20 20 20 70 20 20 40 0 0 0 0 40 0
20 20 25 30 20 20 40 70 25 20 50
1.9 0.206 0.256 0.302 1.811 1.14 1.21 1.33 0.91 1.21 1.33
25 25 20 40 20 35 25 25 25 25 20 20 80 20 25 20 70 20 20 40 25 20 25 0 40 20
1.39 1.26 1.49 1.59 1.12 1.16 1.02 1.17 1.36 0.93 1.14 1.08 1.38 1.31 1.17 1.40 1.67 0.626 1.46 1.57 1.2 1.4 1.09 1.22 1.55 0.695
9.45 4.591 4.524 4.475 0.401 10.50 12.20 15.6 8.76 9.96 12.9 6.85 10.3 10.3 12.14 13.83 9.38 10.6 7.56 8.57 11.2 7.97 8.46 9.08 13.7 11.53 9.82 11.19 15.93 3.64 12.62 15.6 10.22 12.09 10.22 8.43 13.32 4.45
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF LIQUID DENSITY (continued) Molecular formula
Name
C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C4H8O2
1,3-Propanediol Glycerol Ethyl acetate
C4H9Br C4H9I C4H10O C4H10O
1-Bromobutane 1-Iodobutane 1-Butanol Diethyl ether
C4H10O3 C5H10 C5H11Br C5H11I C5H12 C5H12O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5NO2 C6H6
Diethylene glycol Cyclopentane 1-Bromopentane 1-Iodopentane Pentane 1-Pentanol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene
C6H6O C6H7N
Phenol Aniline
C6H12
Cyclohexane
C6H14
Hexane
C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H15NO3 C7H8
2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol Triethanolamine Toluene
C7H8O C7H14 C7H16 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H16 C8H18
Anisole Cycloheptane Heptane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Cyclooctane Octane
C8H18O C9H12 C9H14O6 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H22O4 C16H34
1-Octanol Mesitylene Triacetin Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane Tridecane Tetradecane Pentadecane Butyl phthalate Hexadecane
C19H36O2
Methyl oleate
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Isothermal Compressibility t/°C κ × 104/MPa–1 0 0 20 60 25 0 0 20 30 0 20 0 0 25 0 20 20 20 25 45 60 20 80 20 60 25 45 0 0 20 25 0 20 50 20 20 25 25 20 25 20 25 45 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 45 0
4.09 2.54 11.32 16.2 10.26 7.73 8.10 18.65 20.85 3.34 13.31 8.42 7.56 21.80 7.71 6.46 7.45 4.93 9.66 11.28 6.05 4.53 6.32 11.30 15.2 16.69 20.27 13.97 14.57 17.97 8.24 3.61 8.96 11.0 6.60 9.22 14.38 8.10 8.46 8.59 8.03 12.82 15.06 7.64 8.14 4.49 11.75 10.94 10.31 9.88 9.48 9.10 8.82 5.0 8.57 9.78 6.18
Cubic Thermal Expansion t/°C α × 103/°C–1 20 20 20 60 20 25 0 20 30 20 20 25
0.61 0.520 1.35 1.54 1.13 1.02 1.12 1.65 1.72 0.635 1.35 1.04
25 0 20 20 25 25 45 60 20 80 20 60 25 45 25 25 25 25 55 20 50 20
1.64 1.02 0.86 0.94 0.833 1.14 1.21 0.82 0.81 0.91 1.15 1.29 1.41 1.52 1.43 1.40 1.39 1.03 0.53 1.05 1.13 0.951
25 25 20 25
1.26 0.96 0.99 1.00
25 45 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
1.16 1.23 0.827 0.94 0.94 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87
25
0.86
60
0.85
PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS This table gives physical and thermodynamic properties of eight cryogenic fluids. The properties are: M Tt Pt ρt (1) ∆fusH @ Tt Tb ∆vapH @ Tb ρ (l) @ Tb
Molar mass in grams per mole Triple point temperature in kelvins Triple point pressure in kilopascals Liquid density at the triple point in grams per milliliter Enthalpy of fusion at the triple point in joules per gram Normal boiling point in kelvins at a pressure of 101325 pascals (760 mmHg) Enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point in joules per gram Liquid density at the normal boiling point in grams per milliliter
ρ (g) @ Tb Cp (l) @ Tb Cp (g) @ Tb Tc Pc ρc
Vapor density at the normal boiling point in grams per liter Liquid heat capacity at constant pressure at the normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin Vapor heat capacity at constant pressure at the normal boiling point in joules per gram kelvin Critical temperature in kelvins Critical pressure in megapascals Critical density in grams per milliliter
In the case of air, the value given for the triple point temperature is the incipient solidification temperature, and the normal boiling point value is the incipient boiling (bubble) point. See Reference 3 for more details. REFERENCES
6-129
1. Younglove, B. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 3. Sytchev, V. V., et al., Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1987. 4. Jacobsen, R. T., Stewart, R. B., and Jahangiri, M., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 735, 1986. [Nitrogen] 5. Stewart, R. B., Jacobsen, R. T., and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 917, 1991. [Oxygen] 6. McCarty, R. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923, 1973. [Helium] Also, Donnelly, R. J., private communication. 7. Stewart, R. B. and Jacobsen, R. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989. [Argon] 8. Setzmann, U. and Wagner, W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1061, 1991. [Methane] 9. Vargaftik, N. B., Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975. Property M Tt Pt ρt (l) ∆fusH @ Tt Tb ∆vapH @ Tb ρ (l) @ Tb ρ (g) @ Tb Cp (l) @ Tb Cp (g) @ Tb Tc Pc ρc
Units g/mol K kPa g/mL J/g K J/g g/mL g/L J/g K J/g K K MPa g/mL
Air
N2
O2
H2
He
Ne
Ar
28.96 59.75
28.014 63.15 12.463 0.870 25.3 77.35 198.8 0.807 4.622 2.042 1.341 126.20 3.390 0.313
31.999 54.3584 0.14633 1.306 13.7 90.188 213.1 1.141 4.467 1.699 0.980 154.581 5.043 0.436
2.0159 13.8 7.042 0.0770 59.5 20.28 445 0.0708 1.3390 9.668 12.24 32.98 1.293 0.031
4.0026
20.180 24.5561 50 1.251 16.8 27.07 84.8 1.204 9.51 1.877
39.948 83.8058 68.95 1.417 28.0 87.293 161.0 1.396 5.79 1.078 0.570 150.663 4.860 0.531
0.959 78.67 198.7 0.8754 3.199 1.865 132.5 3.766 0.316
4.2221 20.7 0.124901 16.89 4.545 9.78 5.1953 0.227460 0.06964
44.40 2.760 0.484
Kr 83.800 115.8 72.92 2.449 16.3 119.92 108.4 2.418 8.94 0.533 0.248 209.40 5.500 0.919
Xe 131.290 161.4 81.59 2.978 13.8 165.10 96.1 2.953 0.340 0.158 289.73 5.840 1.110
CH4 16.043 90.694 11.696 0.4515 58.41 111.668 510.83 0.4224 1.816 3.481 2.218 190.56 4.592 0.1627
PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS This table gives physical properties of compounds that have been used as working fluids in traditional refrigeration systems or are under consideration as replacements in newer systems. Some are also used as solvents and blowing agents. Many of the compounds listed are believed to be less harmful to the environment than the traditional halocarbons refrigerants. Compounds are listed by their ASHRAE standard refrigerant designations (Reference 1), which appear in the first column. These codes are often prefixed by symbols such as CFC- (for chlorofluorocarbon), HCFC- (for hydrochlorofluorocarbon), or simply R- (for refrigerant). The molecular formula and CAS Registry Number are also given. The properties tabulated are: tm tb tc TLV
normal melting point in ∞C normal boiling point in ∞C (at 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg) critical temperature in ∞C Threshold Limit Value, which is the maximum safe concentration in air in the workplace, expressed as the time-weighted average (TWA) in parts per million by volume over an 8-hr workday and 40-hr workweek. A value followed by C is an absolute ceiling limit. Asphyxiants that are not otherwise toxic are indicated by “asphyx”.
REFERENCES 1. ASHRAE Standard 34-1997, Number Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants. 2. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 2001, Chapter 19. Refrigerants, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2001. 3. Platzer, B., Polt, A., and Mauer, G., Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, Springer, Berlin, 1990. 4. Sako, T., Sato, M., Nakazawa, N., Oowa, M., Yasumoto, M., Ito, H., and Yamashita, S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 802, 1996. 5. Schmidt, J. W., Carrillo-Nava, E., and Moldover, M. R., Fluid Phase Equilibria, 122, 187, 1996. 6. Salvi-Narkhede, M., Wang, B-H., Adcock, J. L., and Van Hook, W. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 24, 1065, 1992. 7. Fialho, P. S., and Nieto de Castro, C. A., Int. J. Thermophys. 21, 385, 2000. 8. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 2002 (core with supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. Further references and additional data on the critical properties may be found in the table “Critical Constants” in this section.
Code
Name
10 11 12 12B1 12B2 13 13B1 14 20 21 22 22B1 23 30 31 32 40 41 50 110 111 112 112a 113 113a 114 114a 114B2
Tetrachloromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Bromochlorodifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Tetrafluoromethane Trichloromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Bromodifluoromethane Trifluoromethane Dichloromethane Chlorofluoromethane Difluoromethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Methane Hexachloroethane Pentachlorofluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane
Molecular Formula CCl4 CCl3F CCl2F2 CBrClF2 CBr2F2 CClF3 CBrF3 CF4 CHCl3 CHCl2F CHClF2 CHBrF2 CHF3 CH2Cl2 CH2ClF CH2F2 CH3Cl CH3F CH4 C2Cl6 C2Cl5F C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Br2F4
6-144
CAS Reg. No.
tm/∞C
tb/∞C
tc/∞C
TLV
56-23-5 75-69-4 75-71-8 353-59-3 75-61-6 75-72-9 75-63-8 75-73-0 67-66-3 75-43-4 75-45-6 1511-62-2 75-46-7 75-09-2 593-70-4 75-10-5 74-87-3 593-53-3 74-82-8 67-72-1 354-56-3 76-12-0 76-11-9 76-13-1 354-58-5 76-14-2 374-07-2 124-73-2
-22.62 -110.44 -158 -159.5 -110.1 -181 -172 -183.60 -63.41 -135 -157.42 -145 -155.2 -97.2 -135.1 -136.8 -97.7 -141.8 -182.47 186.8 101.3 24.8 41.0 -36.22 14.37 -92.53 -56.6 -110.32
76.8 23.7 -29.8 -3.7 22.76 -81.4 -57.8 -128.0 61.17 8.9 -40.7 -14.6 -82.1 40 -9.1 -51.6 -24.09 -78.4 -161.48 184.7 sp 138 92.8 92.8 47.7 45.5 3.5 3.4 47.35
283.4 197.9 111.80 153.73 198.1 29 67.0 -45.5 263.2 178.43 96.3 138.83 25.83 237 154 78.41 143.10 44.6 -82.59 422
5 1000C 1000
278 214.1 209.7 145.63 145.4 214.6
100 1000 10 10 1000
50
50 asphyx 1 500 500 1000 1000
PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (continued)
Code
Name
115 116 120 121 121a 122 122a 122b 123 123a 124 124a 125 E125 130 131 132 132b 133 133a 133b 134 134a E134 140 140a 141 141b 142 142b 143 143a 143m E143a 150 150a 151 151a 152 152a 160 161 170 216ca 218 227ca2 227ea 227me 236ea 236fa 236me 245ca 245cb 245fa 245mc 245mf 245qc 254pc
Chloropentafluoroethane Hexafluoroethane Pentachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2-fluoroethane 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-difluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Pentafluoroethane Trifluoromethyl difluoromethyl ether 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloro-2-fluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Bis(difluoromethyl) ether 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,2-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,2-Trifluoroethane 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Methyl trifluoromethyl ether 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methyl ether 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1-Chloro-2-fluoroethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane Chloroethane Fluoroethane Ethane 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Perfluoropropane Trifluoromethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane Trifluoromethyl 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether 1,1,2,2,3-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane Methyl pentafluoroethyl ether Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether Difluoromethyl 1,1,2-trifluoroethyl ether Methyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether
Molecular Formula C2ClF5 C2F6 C2HCl5 C2HCl4F C2HCl4F C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C2HF5 C2HF5O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2F4 C2H2F4 C2H2F4O C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl2F C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClF2 C2H3F3 C2H3F3 C2H3F3O C3H5F3O C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4ClF C2H4ClF C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H5Cl C2H5F C2 H 6 C3Cl2F6 C3F8 C3HF7O C3HF7 C3HF7O C3H2F6 C3H2F6 C3H2F6O C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5 C3H3F5O C3H3F5O C3H3F5O C3H4F4O
6-145
CAS Reg. No. 76-15-3 76-16-4 76-01-7 354-14-3 354-11-0 354-21-2 354-15-4 354-12-1 306-83-2 354-23-4 2837-89-0 354-25-6 354-33-6 3822-68-2 79-34-5 359-28-4 431-06-1 1649-08-7 431-07-2 75-88-7 421-04-5 359-35-3 811-97-2 1691-17-4 79-00-5 71-55-6 430-57-9 1717-00-6 338-65-8 75-68-3 430-66-0 420-46-2 421-14-7 460-43-5 107-06-2 75-34-3 762-50-5 1615-75-4 624-72-6 75-37-6 75-00-3 353-36-6 74-84-0 662-01-1 76-19-7 2356-61-8 431-89-0 2356-62-9 431-63-0 690-39-1 57041-67-5 679-86-7 1814-88-6 460-73-1 22410-44-2 1885-48-9 69948-24-9 425-88-7
tm/∞C
tb/∞C
tc/∞C
TLV
-99.4 -100.05 -28.78 -82.6 -95.3 -140 -174
-39.1 -78.1 162.0 116.7 117.1 71.9 72.5 73 27.82 29.5 -12 -11.7 -48.1 -38 145.2 102.4 59.6 46.2 17.3 6.1 12 -19.9 -26.08 2 113.8 74.09 73.8 32.0 35.1 -9.1 3.7 -47.25 -23.66 31.62 83.5 57.3 52.8 16.2 26 -24.05 12.3 -37.7 -88.6 35.7 -36.6 -3 -16.4 -9.6 6.1 -1.0 23.35 25.0 -17.4 15.3 5.59 29.24 43.1 37.1
80.0 20
1000
-107 -78 -117 -103 -157 -42.4 -101.2 -101.2 -105.5 -89 -103.3 -36.3 -30.01 -60 -103.5 -130.8 -84 -111.3 -149 -35.7 -96.9
-117 -138.4 -143.2 -182.79 -125.4 -147.70 -141 -131
-93.6
-107
183.68 188.4 122.50 126.7 66.02 80.8 388.00
1
151.86 118.59 101.03 147.10 329 272
10 350
204.1 137.19 156.6 72.71 104.87 175.83 288 250
113.5 187.2 102.16 32.17 180 71.9 114.63 101.74 139.23 124.92 155.80 174.42 106.96 154.05 133.65 170.84
10 100
100 asphyx
PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS (continued)
Code
Name
290 C316 C317 C318 347mcc 347mmy 600 600a 610 611 717 744 764 1112a 1113 1114 1120 1130 1132a 1140 1141 1150 1270
Propane 1,2-Dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluorocyclobutane Perfluorocyclobutane Perfluoropropyl methyl ether Perfluoroisopropyl methyl ether Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Methyl formate Ammonia Carbon dioxide Sulfur dioxide 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene Chlorotrifluoroethene Tetrafluoroethene Trichloroethene trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1-Difluoroethene Chloroethene Fluoroethene Ethylene Propene
Molecular Formula C3 H 8 C4Cl2F6 C4ClF7 C4F8 C4H3F7O C4H3F7O C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C2H4O2 H3 N CO2 O2 S C2Cl2F2 C2ClF3 C2F4 C2HCl3 C2H2Cl2 C2H2F2 C2H3Cl C2H3F C2 H 4 C3 H 6
6-146
CAS Reg. No. 74-98-6 356-18-3 377-41-3 115-25-3 375-03-1 22052-84-2 106-97-8 75-28-5 60-29-7 107-31-3 7664-41-7 124-38-9 7446-09-5 79-35-6 79-38-9 116-14-3 79-01-6 156-60-5 75-38-7 75-01-4 75-02-5 74-85-1 115-07-1
tm/∞C
tb/∞C
tc/∞C
TLV
-187.63 -24.2 -39.1 -40.19
-42.1 59.5 25 -5.9 34.23 29.34 -0.5 -11.73 34.5 31.7 -33.33 -78.5 sp -10.05 19 -27.8 -75.9 87.21 48.7 -85.7 -13.8 -72 -103.77 -47.69
96.68 224
2500
-138.3 -159.4 -116.2 -99 -77.73 -56.56 -75.5 -116 -158.2 -131.15 -84.7 -49.8 -144 -153.84 -160.5 -169.15 -185.24
115.31 164.55 160.15 151.97 134.6 193.5 214.0 132.3 30.98 157.6 106 33.3 271.0 243.3 29.7 159 54.7 9.19 91.7
800 400 100 25 5000 2
50 200 500 1 asphyx asphyx
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC VOLUME OF MERCURY The data in this table have been adjusted to the ITS-90 temperature scale. The uncertainty in density values is 0.0003 g/mL between –20 and –10°C; 0.0001 or less between –10 and 200°C; and 0.0002 between 200 and 300°C. REFERENCE Ambrose, D., Metrologia, 27, 245, 1990.
t/°C
ρ/(g/mL)
v/(mL/kg)
–20 –19 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –13 –12 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
13.64461 13.64212 13.63964 13.63716 13.63468 13.63220 13.62972 13.62724 13.62476 13.62228 13.61981 13.61733 13.61485 13.61238 13.60991 13.60743 13.60496 13.60249 13.60002 13.59755 13.59508 13.59261 13.59014 13.58768 13.58521 13.58275 13.58028 13.57782 13.57535 13.57289 13.57043 13.56797 13.56551 13.56305 13.56059 13.55813 13.55567 13.55322 13.55076 13.54831 13.54585 13.54340 13.54094 13.53849 13.53604 13.53359 13.53114
73.2890 73.3024 73.3157 73.3291 73.3424 73.3558 73.3691 73.3824 73.3958 73.4091 73.4225 73.4358 73.4492 73.4625 73.4759 73.4892 73.5026 73.5160 73.5293 73.5427 73.5560 73.5694 73.5827 73.5961 73.6095 73.6228 73.6362 73.6495 73.6629 73.6763 73.6896 73.7030 73.7164 73.7297 73.7431 73.7565 73.7698 73.7832 73.7966 73.8100 73.8233 73.8367 73.8501 73.8635 73.8769 73.8902 73.9036
t/°C
ρ/(g/mL)
v/(mL/kg)
t/°C
ρ/(g/mL)
v/(mL/kg)
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
13.52869 13.52624 13.52379 13.52134 13.51889 13.51645 13.51400 13.51156 13.50911 13.50667 13.50422 13.50178 13.49934 13.49690 13.49446 13.49202 13.48958 13.48714 13.48470 13.48226 13.47982 13.47739 13.47495 13.47251 13.47008 13.46765 13.46521 13.46278 13.46035 13.45791 13.45548 13.45305 13.45062 13.44819 13.44576 13.44333 13.44090 13.43848 13.43605 13.43362 13.43120 13.42877 13.42635 13.42392 13.42150 13.41908 13.41665
73.9170 73.9304 73.9438 73.9572 73.9705 73.9839 73.9973 74.0107 74.0241 74.0375 74.0509 74.0643 74.0777 74.0911 74.1045 74.1179 74.1313 74.1447 74.1581 74.1715 74.1850 74.1984 74.2118 74.2252 74.2386 74.2520 74.2655 74.2789 74.2923 74.3057 74.3192 74.3326 74.3460 74.3594 74.3729 74.3863 74.3998 74.4132 74.4266 74.4401 74.4535 74.4670 74.4804 74.4939 74.5073 74.5208 74.5342
74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
13.41423 13.41181 13.40939 13.40697 13.40455 13.40213 13.39971 13.39729 13.39487 13.39245 13.39003 13.38762 13.38520 13.38278 13.38037 13.37795 13.37554 13.37313 13.37071 13.36830 13.36589 13.36347 13.36106 13.35865 13.35624 13.35383 13.35142 13.3273 13.3033 13.2793 13.2553 13.2314 13.2075 13.1836 13.1597 13.1359 13.1120 13.0882 13.0644 13.0406 13.0167 12.9929 12.9691 12.9453 12.9214 12.8975 12.8736
74.5477 74.5612 74.5746 74.5881 74.6016 74.6150 74.6285 74.6420 74.6554 74.6689 74.6824 74.6959 74.7094 74.7229 74.7364 74.7498 74.7633 74.7768 74.7903 74.8038 74.8173 74.8308 74.8443 74.8579 74.8714 74.8849 74.8984 75.0337 75.1693 75.3052 75.4413 75.5778 75.7147 75.8519 75.9895 76.1274 76.2659 76.4047 76.5440 76.6838 76.8241 76.9650 77.1064 77.2484 77.3909 77.5341 77.6779
6-133
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MERCURY Lev R. Fokin The first of these tables gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of liquid and gaseous mercury as a function of temperature. To convert to specific heat in units of J/g K, divide these values by 200.59, the atomic weight of mercury. REFERENCE Douglas, T. B., Ball, A. T., and Ginnings, D. C., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stands., 46, 334, 1951. Cp/(J/mol K) t/°C
Liquid
Gas
–38.84 –20 0 20 25 40 60 80 100 120
28.2746 28.1466 28.0190 27.9002 27.8717 27.7897 27.6880 27.5952 27.5106 27.4349
20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786
Cp/(J/mol K) Liquid Gas
t/°C 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
27.3675 27.3090 27.2588 27.2169 27.1834 27.1583 27.1412 27.1320 27.1303 27.1366
t/°C
20.786 20.786 20.790 20.790 20.794 20.794 20.799 20.807 20.815 20.824
340 356.73 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
Cp/(J/mol K) Liquid Gas 27.1500 27.1677 27.1709 27.1981 27.2324 27.2738 27.3207 27.3742 27.4332 27.4985
20.836 20.849 20.853 20.870 20.891 20.916 20.941 20.974 21.008 21.046
The second table gives the molar heat capacity of solid mercury in its rhombohedral (α-mercury) form. REFERENCES 1. Busey and Giaque, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 806, 1953. 2. Amitin, Lebedeva, and Paukov, Rus. J. Phys. Chem., 2666, 1979. t/°C
Cp/J mol-1
–268.99 –268.99 –268.15 –263.15 –258.15 –253.15 * **
0.99* 0.97** 1.6 4.6 7.6 10.33
t/°C
t/°C
Cp/J mol-1
–248.15 –243.15 –233.15 –223.15 –213.15 –203.15
12.74 14.78 17.90 19.94 21.40 22.42
Cp/J mol-1
–193.15 –183.15 –173.15 –153.15 –133.15
23.16 23.76 24.24 25.00 25.61
t/°C
Cp/J mol-1
–113.15 –93.15 –73.15 –53.15 –38.87
26.15 26.69 27.28 27.96 28.5
Superconducting state Normal state
The final table gives the cubic thermal expansion coefficient α, the isothermal compressibility coefficient κT, and the speed of sound U for liquid mercury as a function of temperature. These properties are defined as follows: α=
1 ∂v v ∂T p
1 ∂v κT = – v ∂P T
∂P U2 = ∂ρ S
ρ = v –1
where v is the specific volume (given in the table on the preceding page). REFERENCE Vukalovich, M. P., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Moscow Standard Press, 1971. t/°C –20 0 20 40 60 80 100
α×
104/K-1
1.818 1.8144 1.8110 1.8083 1.8064 1.8053 1.8051
κT × 106/bar-1 At 1 bar At 1000 bar 3.83 3.918 4.013 4.109 4.207 4.308 4.410
3.78 3.87 3.96 4.14
s-1
t/°C
1470 1460.8 1451.4 1442.0 1432.7 1423.4 1414.1
120 140 160 180 200 250 300
U/m
6-134
α×
104/K-1
1.8058 1.8074 1.8100 1.8136 1.818 1.834 1.856
κT × 106/bar-1 At 1 bar At 1000 bar 4.513 4.622 4.731 4.844 4.96 5.26 5.59
4.33 4.53
U/m s-1 1404.7 1395.4 1386.1 1376.7 1367 1344 1321
SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS The surface tension γ of about 200 liquids is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Values of γ are given in units of millinewtons per meter (mN/m), which is equivalent to dyn/cm in cgs units. The values refer to a nominal pressure of one atmosphere (about 100 kPa) except in cases where the indicated temperature is above the normal boiling point of the substance; in those cases, the applicable pressure is the saturation vapor pressure at the temperature in question. The uncertainty of the values is 0.1 to 0.2 mN/m or less in most cases. Values at temperatures between the points tabulated can be obtained by linear interpolation to a good approximation. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon appearing before those that do contain carbon. A more extensive compilation of surface tension may be found in the Reference. REFERENCE Jasper, J. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 841, 1972.
Mol. form. Br2 Cl2O2S Cl3OP Cl3P Cl4Si H2O H4N2 Hg CCl4 CS2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2O2 CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5I C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N
Name Bromine Sulfuryl chloride Phosphoryl chloride Phosphorus trichloride Silicon tetrachloride Water Hydrazine Mercury Tetrachloromethane Carbon disulfide Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Formic acid Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Iodoethane Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfide Ethanethiol Dimethyl disulfide Dimethylamine Ethylamine
10°C
25°C
43.68
40.95 28.78 32.03 27.98 18.29 71.99 66.39 485.48 26.43 31.58 44.87 26.67 39.05 27.20 37.13 30.34 57.03 36.53 22.07 19.15 34.15 13.53 35.58 25.18 34.02 28.66 39.55 24.07 31.86 20.50 27.10 24.36 23.62 28.46 32.13 21.97 42.92 47.99 24.06 23.08 33.39 26.34 19.20
19.78 74.23 488.55 33.81
32.19 39.04 23.23
22.54 26.72 25.36 30.38 34.02 23.22
25.27
6-135
γ in mN/m 50°C
75°C
100°C
36.40 28.85 24.81 15.80 67.94
25.66
63.57
58.91
480.36 23.37 27.87 41.60 23.44 35.33
475.23 20.31
470.11 17.25
34.38
31.64
54.92 32.33 20.14
52.82
31.20 11.42 32.41 22.07 30.65 25.51 36.25
28.26
28.29 17.10 24.61 20.43
24.72 22.13 16.50
12.57
25.24 29.00 19.89 40.06 45.76
43.54
41.31
30.04
38.33 20.20 31.61
50.71
29.24
26.07
27.27
23.89
32.95
SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued)
Mol. form. C2H7NO C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5N C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6O3 C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9N C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H8 C5H8O C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O
Name Ethanolamine 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanenitrile 1,2-Dichloropropane Acetone Allyl alcohol Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 2-Methoxyethanol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propylamine Trimethylamine Pyridazine Pyrimidine Thiophene Pyrrole Acetic anhydride Butanenitrile 2-Butanone 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate Butanoic acid 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 2-Ethoxyethanol Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Isobutylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Furfural Pyridine Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2-Pentanone
10°C
38.40
26.63 25.16 26.66 27.08 25.03 23.16 20.49 31.02 24.48 22.11 32.32
49.51
38.71 34.08
25.13 26.32 27.58 24.85 29.79 30.58 26.28 23.74
26.22
45.08 24.45 34.45 17.10 18.61 24.07
6-136
25°C 48.32 26.31 23.14 36.36 26.75 28.32 23.46 25.28 23.18 24.73 26.20 25.26 23.25 21.30 19.16 29.29 23.32 20.93 30.84 24.20 21.33 21.75 13.41 47.96 30.33 30.68 37.06 31.93 26.92 23.97 32.75 23.39 24.44 26.05 25.90 23.18 28.24 29.23 24.93 22.54 19.96 16.65 28.35 44.77 24.57 23.44 21.75 16.87 19.85 43.09 36.56 22.20 32.80 15.45 17.15 21.88 23.25
γ in mN/m 50°C
75°C
45.53 23.17
42.73
32.96 23.87 25.22 20.66 23.02
29.56
21.51 23.72 22.21 20.30
26.39 21.38 18.96 28.38 21.02 18.39
100°C
26.16
22.12 20.77
21.23
19.43 16.98 25.92
23.46
42.78 25.28
40.19 22.75
24.75 21.73
21.16
25.80 17.58
22.32 14.68
21.45 20.27
17.45
23.09
20.51
20.44 18.57
18.20 16.58
26.11 42.57 21.80 20.63 19.02
23.86 40.37
21.62 38.17
39.78 33.29
36.46 30.03
33.14
30.05
27.30
24.55
45.37 27.80 27.36 34.31 28.34 24.33 21.16 29.28 20.49 21.29 23.75 23.08 20.39 25.67 26.98 22.69 20.56 17.71
18.22 21.62
SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued)
Mol. form. C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6O C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5N C7H6O C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O
Name 3-Pentanone Pentanal Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 1-Chloropentane Piperidine Pentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pentylamine m-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene Phenol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine Adiponitrile Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Hexanenitrile Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Paraldehyde 1-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane Diisopropyl ether 1-Hexanol 1,1-Diethoxyethane 2-Butoxyethanol Triethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol
10°C 26.95 26.05 25.48 23.37 25.55 26.34 26.01 30.64 17.15 26.67 24.96 24.94 37.15 36.98 34.78
28.47 40.40
25°C 24.74 25.44 24.52 23.80 21.76 23.80 24.62 24.40 28.91 15.49 25.36 23.45 23.71 24.69 35.43 35.24 32.99 39.70 41.18 26.66 38.71 28.22
28.01 36.43 26.43 23.47 19.44
26.48 24.58 25.51 27.22 27.28 19.42 18.37 19.20
27.36
39.63 29.71
6-137
42.12 33.00 45.45 26.17 34.57 27.37 24.65 21.72 17.90 32.92 25.45 24.88 23.06 23.94 25.63 25.73 31.22 17.89 16.88 17.61 17.27 25.81 20.89 26.14 20.22 22.31 19.14 38.79 38.00 27.93 36.90 35.69
γ in mN/m 50°C 22.13 22.91 21.95 21.00 19.08 20.88 21.76 21.71 26.03 23.17 20.94 21.66 22.14 32.57 32.34 30.02 36.89 38.66 23.65 35.91 40.56 25.00 38.20 39.41 29.90 43.02 23.12 31.46 25.11 21.68 18.82 15.33 30.50 22.72 22.21 20.53 21.33 22.97 23.13 28.25 15.33 14.39 14.96 14.65 23.81 18.31 24.10 17.74 19.75 16.45 35.90 35.27 24.96 34.38 33.38
75°C
100°C
19.39 18.20 16.40 17.96 18.89 19.02 23.14
16.82 15.40
20.99 18.43 19.61 19.58 29.70 29.44 27.04 34.09 36.13 20.64 33.10 37.66 21.77 35.53 36.69 26.79 40.58
16.03 16.33 20.26 18.80 15.92 17.56 26.83 26.54 24.06 31.28 33.61 30.29 34.77 32.86
28.36 22.84
25.25
28.09
25.67
19.54 17.99 18.71 20.32 20.54 25.28
16.87 15.46 16.10 17.66 17.94
21.80 15.74 22.06
19.80 20.02
17.20 33.00 32.55 21.98 31.85 31.07 27.89
29.82 19.01 29.32 28.76 24.44
SURFACE TENSION OF COMMON LIQUIDS (continued)
Mol. form. C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H18O C9H20 C9H20O C10H12 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H27N C13H28 C14H12O2 C14H30 C16H34 C18H38
Name Anisole N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine Benzylamine Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptene 2-Heptanone Pentyl acetate Heptanoic acid Heptane 3-Methylhexane Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N,N-Dimethylaniline N-Ethylaniline Ethylcyclohexane Octane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 1-Octanol Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Quinoline Cumene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene 5-Nonanone Nonane 1-Nonanol 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Tributylamine Tridecane Benzyl benzoate Tetradecane Hexadecane Octadecane
10°C
24.98 21.29 26.67 21.12 20.76
40.98 30.39 31.41 30.13
26.73 22.57 20.77 28.30
44.19 29.27 30.74 28.89 23.79 29.03 24.75 29.61 25.56
26.86 44.47 27.43
6-138
25°C 35.10 36.90 32.71 39.30 23.29 19.80 26.12 25.17 27.76 19.65 19.31 39.04 37.17 39.22 28.75 29.76 28.47 28.01 32.41 35.52 36.33 25.15 21.14 19.40 27.10 24.12 21.72 42.59 27.69 29.20 27.55 26.28 22.38 27.89 33.17 23.37 28.51 24.21 26.75 24.39 25.55 42.82 26.13 27.05 27.87
γ in mN/m 50°C 32.09 34.47 30.04 36.27 20.46 17.33 23.48 22.69 25.64 17.20 16.88 36.15 34.25 36.28 26.01 27.01 25.71 25.32 29.65 32.90 33.65 22.51 18.77 17.12 25.12 21.74 19.44 39.94 25.05 26.64 25.31 23.85 20.05 26.00 30.78 21.07 26.68 21.96 24.80 22.32 23.37 40.06 23.96 24.91 25.77
75°C
100°C
29.08 32.05 27.36 33.23 14.85 20.20 14.75 14.46 33.27 31.32 33.35 23.28 24.25 22.95 22.64 26.89 30.27 30.98
17.72
30.41 20.54 21.50 20.19 19.95
16.39 14.84
14.01 12.56
19.36 17.16 37.28 22.42 24.07 23.07
34.62 19.78 21.51 20.82
17.71 24.10 28.40 18.77 24.85 19.70 20.24 21.19 37.31 21.78 22.78 23.66
15.37 22.20 16.47 23.02 17.45
19.01 34.55 19.61 20.64 21.55
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS Christian Wohlfarth The permittivity of a substance (often called the dielectric constant) is the ratio of the electric displacement D to the electric field strength E when an external field is applied to the substance. The quantity tabulated here is the relative permittivity, which is the ratio of the actual permittivity to the permittivity of a vacuum; it is a dimensionless number. The table gives the static relative permittivity εr, i.e., the relative permittivity measured in static fields or at low frequencies where no relaxation effects occur. The fourth column of the table lists the value of εr at the temperature specified in the third column, usually 293.15 or 298.15 K. Otherwise, the temperature closest to 293.15 K was chosen, or (as it is the case for many of the substances included here) εr is given at the only temperature for which data are available. The static permittivity refers to nominal atmospheric pressure as long as the corresponding temperature is below the normal boiling point. Otherwise, at temperatures above the normal boiling point, the pressure is understood to be the saturated vapor pressure of the substance considered. For substances where information on the temperature dependence of the permittivity is available, the table gives the coefficients of a simple polynomial fitting of permittivity to temperature with an equation of the form εr(T) = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 where T is the absolute temperature in K. Since the parameter d was used in only a few cases where the quadratic fit was not satisfactory, only a, b, and c are listed as columns in the table, while the d values are given at the end of this introduction. For all other substances, d = 0. The temperature range of the fit is given in the last column. The coefficients of the fitting equation can be used to calculate dielectric constants within the fitted temperature range but should not be used for extrapolation outside this range. The user who needs dielectric constant data with more accuracy than can be provided by this equation is referred to Reference 1, which gives the original data together with their literature source. Substances are listed by molecular formula in modified Hill order, with substances not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. * Indicates that the isomer was not specified in the original reference. ** Indicates a compound for which the cubic term is needed: Ethanol N-Methylacetamide 1,2-Propylene glycol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol N-Butylacetamide
d = -0.15512E-05 d = -0.12998E-04 d = -0.32544E-05 d = -0.48841E-06 d = -0.89512E-06 d = -0.45229E-06 d = -0.25968E-05 d = -0.48716E-05
REFERENCES 1. Wohlfarth, Ch., “Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures”, Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Editor in Chief, O. Madelung, Group IV, Macroscopic and Technical Properties of Matter, Volume 6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1991. 2. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. Mol. Form. AlBr3 Ar AsH3 BBr3 B2H6 B5H9 BrF3 BrF5 BrH BrNO Br2 Br2OS Br3OV Br4Ge Br4Sn ClFO3 ClF3
Name Aluminum tribromide Argon Arsine Boron tribromide Diborane Pentaborane(9) Bromine trifluoride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Nitrosyl bromide Bromine Thionyl bromide Vanadyl tribromide Germanium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride
T/K 373.2 140.00 200.9 273.2 180.66 298.2 298.2 297.7 186.8 288.4 297.9 293.2 298.2 299.9 303.45 150.2 293.2
ε 3.38 1.3247 2.40 2.58 1.8725 21.1 106.8 7.91 8.23 13.4 3.1484 9.06 3.6 2.955 3.169 2.194 4.394
6-153
a
b
c
Range/K
0.12408E+01 0.37674E+01
0.68755E-02 -0.97454E-02
-0.45344E-04 0.14537E-04
87-149 157-201
0.23848E+01 0.40952E+03
-0.29501E-02 -0.24414E+01
0.64189E-06 0.38225E-02
108-181 226-298
0.11428E+02
-0.11822E-01
262-298
0.32701E+01
-0.12535E-03
273-327
0.61112E+01 0.34450E+01 0.50001E+01 0.23808E+01 0.96716E+01
-0.84211E-02 -0.16083E-02 -0.60383E-02 -0.38629E-03 -0.18000E-01
203-298 300-316 304-316 125-150 273-313
-0.57143E-05
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. ClF5 ClH ClNO Cl2 Cl2F3P Cl2OS Cl2OSe Cl2O2S Cl2S Cl2S2 Cl3F2P Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3PS Cl4FP Cl4Ge Cl4Pb Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl5P Cl5Sb FH F2 F5I F6S F6Xe F7I F10S2 HI H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H3N H4N2 He I2 Kr Mn2O7 NO N2 N2O3 N2O4 Ne O2 O2S O3 O3S P S Se Xe CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBr2Cl2
Name Chlorine pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Nitrosyl chloride Chlorine Phosphorus(V) dichloride trifluoride Thionyl chloride Selenium oxychloride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur dichloride Sulfur chloride Phosphorus(V) trichloride difluoride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride Phosphorus(V) tetrachloride fluoride Germanium(IV) chloride Lead(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Antimony(V) chloride Hydrogen fluoride Fluorine Iodine pentafluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Xenon hexafluoride Iodine heptafluoride Sulfur decafluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydrazine Helium Iodine Krypton Manganese(VII) oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen tetroxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Sulfur trioxide Phosphorus Sulfur Selenium Xenon Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodichloromethane
T/K 193.2 158.9 285.2 208.0 228.63 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 268.0 293.2 298.2 290.2 298.2 272.64 273.2 293.2 273.2 273.2 257.4 298.2 433.2 293.0 273.2 53.48 293.2 223.2 328.2 298.2 293.2 220.2 13.52 293.2 290.2 283.2 293.2 298.2 2.055 391.25 119.80 293.2 1.997 63.15 203.2 293.2 26.11 54.478 298.2 90.2 291.2 307.2 407.2 510.65 161.35 123.2 293.2 123.2 298.2
ε 4.28 14.3 18.2 2.147 2.8129 8.675 46.2 9.1 2.915 4.79 2.3752 14.1 3.4 3.498 4.94 2.6499 2.463 2.78 2.248 3.014 2.843 3.05 2.85 3.222 83.6 1.4913 37.13 1.81 4.10 1.75 2.0202 3.87 1.2792 80.100 74.6 5.93 16.61 51.7 1.0555 11.08 1.664 3.28 1.4680 31.13 2.44 1.1907 1.5684 16.3 4.75 3.11 4.096 3.4991 5.44 1.880 3.920 2.405 3.730 2.542
6-154
a
b
c
Range/K
0.78192E+01 0.47316E+02
-0.20860E-01 -0.28455E+00
0.13132E-04 0.48650E-03
193-256 159-258
0.29440E+01 0.46501E+01
-0.44649E-02 -0.80358E-02
0.30388E-05
208-240 172-229
0.28905E+01
-0.19228E-02
215-268
0.59098E+01
-0.83322E-02
290-333
0.33503E+01 -0.55078E+01
-0.29651E-02 0.64881E-01
0.58041E+01 0.43951E+01 0.33668E+01
-0.27129E-01 -0.48805E-02 -0.19675E-02
0.45413E+01 0.50352E+03 0.14144E+01 0.95184E+02
-0.45078E-02 -0.19297E+01 0.26387E-02 -0.19800E+00
0.51557E+03 0.13327E+01 0.24921E+03 0.48511E+03 0.14736E+02 0.66756E+02 0.22061E+03 0.10640E+01 0.64730E+02
-0.44552E+01 -0.51946E-02 -0.79069E+00 -0.23145E+01 -0.33675E-01 -0.24696E+00 -0.89633E+00 -0.35584E-02 -0.29266E+00
0.37655E+01
-0.16463E-02
0.12550E+01 0.92287E+02 0.28212E+01 0.12667E+01 0.15434E+01 0.52045E+02 0.86344E+01
0.67949E-02 -0.43306E+00 -0.13000E-02 -0.29064E-02 0.14615E-02 -0.16125E+00 -0.54807E-01
0.79018E+00 0.51651E+01 0.67569E+01
0.23911E-01 -0.77381E-02 -0.25829E-02
0.52442E+01 0.29249E+01 0.54154E+01 0.32330E+01
-0.11000E-01 -0.17650E-02 -0.13680E-01 -0.23162E-02
-0.13091E-03 0.51678E-04
0.14372E-02 -0.28356E-04
0.96795E-02 0.72997E-03 0.31020E-02 0.96740E-05 0.25913E-03 0.11066E-02 0.39759E-03
244-273 246-273 207-273 234-273 237-257
276-320 200-273 54-144 273-313
220-236 14-19 273-372 233-303 212-363 238-323 278-323 2-4 391-441 283-312
-0.56704E-04 0.65000E-03
-0.21964E-04 0.11042E-03 0.12596E-03 -0.42826E-04 0.89120E-05
63-126 203-243 253-293 26-29 55-154 213-449 90-185 307-358 407-479 511-575 123-223 273-333 123-173 298-333
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. CBr2F2 CBr3Cl CBr3F CBr3NO2 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3D CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4 CF4 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHF3 CHN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3ClO2S CH3DO CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3NO2 CH3NO3 CH4 CH4O CH5N CN4O8 COS COSe CO2 CS2 C2Br2F4 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl2O2 C2Cl3N C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2HBr3O C2HCl3 C2HCl3F2 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br2 C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2
Name Dibromodifluoromethane Tribromochloromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tribromonitromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichloromethane-d Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloronitromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Methanesulfonyl chloride Methan-d1-ol Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl nitrite Methyl nitrate Methane Methanol Methylamine Tetranitromethane Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Oxalyl chloride Trichloroacetonitrile Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Tribromoacetaldehyde Trichloroethylene 1,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
T/K 273.2 333.2 293.2 298.2 123.2 123.2 295.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 126.3 283.2 293.2 294.0 293.2 283.2 298.0 152.2 298.2 298.2 275.7 295.2 293.2 297.5 131.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 200.0 293.2 91.0 293.2 215.2 293.2 185.0 283.2 295.0 293.2 298.2 273.2 294.35 292.2 303.2 308.2 293.2 301.5 303.2 298.2 333.2 298.2 293.2 195.0 298.2 298.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2
ε 2.939 2.601 3.00 9.034 3.010 3.500 4.30 4.67 3.00 7.319 2.2379 1.685 4.404 4.8069 5.2 114.9 7.77 8.93 53.74 5.32 51.1 9.71 10.0 34.0 31.68 51.0 6.97 111.0 37.27 20.77 23.9 1.6761 33.0 16.7 2.317 4.47 3.47 1.4492 2.6320 2.34 2.4842 3.470 7.85 2.268 2.52 7.6 3.390 4.01 6.8 4.34 3.716 8.42 2.4841 7.08 2.88 6.72 4.60 9.20 2.14
6-155
a
b
c
Range/K
0.67296E+01
-0.22133E-01
0.30213E-04
139-273
0.53203E+01 0.16079E+02 0.43677E+01 0.46984E+01
-0.11061E-01 -0.23630E-01 -0.11020E-01 -0.97600E-02
0.10688E-04
206-323 298-328 123-173 123-223
0.53203E+01 0.14403E+02 0.28280E+01 0.20350E+01 0.71707E+01 0.15115E+02 0.11442E+03 0.37331E+04 0.18060E+02 0.40452E+02 0.19428E+03
-0.11061E-01 -0.24178E-01 -0.20339E-02 -0.27616E-02 -0.98000E-02 -0.51830E-01 -0.75600E+00 -0.23180E+02 -0.36333E-01 -0.17748E+00 -0.12939E+01
0.10688E-04
0.23942E-03 0.24280E-02
206-323 276-333 283-333 126-142 283-343 218-323 130-263 258-299 283-313 184-306 152-224
0.14040E+03 0.40580E+02 0.42775E+02 0.10384E+03 0.20839E+03 0.11338E+03 0.24264E+02 0.26076E+03 0.11227E+03 0.11071E+03
-0.24673E+00 -0.18418E+00 -0.16175E+00 -0.33838E+00 -0.10318E+01 -0.63979E+00 -0.93914E-01 -0.61145E+00 -0.35591E+00 -0.73428E+00
-0.17151E-03 0.26219E-03 0.17108E-03 0.34156E-03 0.14740E-02 0.96983E-03 0.11926E-03 0.34296E-03 0.34206E-03 0.14054E-02
287-358 195-276 190-392 293-373 176-298 150-299 223-303 278-333 288-343 110-260
0.15996E+01 0.19341E+03 0.34398E+02
0.27434E-02 -0.92211E+00 -0.73630E-01
-0.22086E-04 0.12839E-02 -0.41279E-04
91-184 177-293 198-258
0.84702E+01 0.48740E+01 0.79062E+00 0.45024E+01
-0.21488E-01 -0.49425E-02 0.10639E-01 -0.12054E-01
-0.28510E-04 0.19147E-04
143-185 219-283 220-300 154-319
0.36663E+01
-0.42271E-02
-0.36255E-06
193-273
0.58319E+01 0.75423E+01
-0.80828E-02 -0.11667E-01
0.13412E+01 0.65972E+01 0.21652E+02
0.90000E-02 -0.96800E-02 -0.68146E-01
0.16246E+02
-0.31500E-01
0.71795E-07
0.56803E-04 0.13562E-02 0.36963E-01
302-338 303-333 -0.24130E-14 0.78571E-04
333-393 298-338 263-323
303-333
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2I2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl2NO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3O C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2O C2H4N2O6 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3S C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6O2S C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C3Cl6O C3F6O C3HN C3H2F6O C3H3ClO3 C3H3N C3H3NO2 C3H4 C3H4
Name Dichloroacetic acid 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene Acetyl chloride Chloroacetic acid 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Acetonitrile Methyl isocyanate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Bis(chloromethyl) ether Ethylene glycol dinitrate Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Methyl formate Ethylene glycol sulfite Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Acetaldoxime Nitroethane Methyl carbamate Ethyl nitrate Ethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfone Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine Hexachloroacetone Perfluoroacetone Cyanoacetylene 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol 4-Chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Acrylonitrile Cyanoacetic acid Allene Propyne
T/K 293.2 207.2 293.2 345.65 295.2 338.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 288.7 270.0 283.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 288.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 363.7 293.2 298.2 288.2 328.2 293.2 95.0 293.2 258.0 293.2 293.2 383.2 298.2 298.2 294.2 293.2 298.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 291.9 202.2 291.9 293.2 313.2 293.2 277.2 269.0 246.0
ε 8.33 9.22 8.50 4.46 15.8 12.35 16.3 7.243 7.1937 27.68 36.64 21.75 1.4833 7.41 4.9612 10.10 10.42 3.51 28.26 21.0 12.42 14.30 6.20 9.20 39.6 9.01 9.45 25.80 7.82 18.3 67.6 189.0 4.70 29.11 18.48 19.7 1.9356 25.3 6.18 47.24 41.4 47.39 55.0 6.667 6.70 7.26 9.6 8.7 31.94 13.82 3.925 2.104 72.3 16.70 62.0 33.0 33.4 2.025 3.218
6-156
a
b
c
Range/K
0.49242E-05
284-363 207-233
0.11014E+02 0.19606E+02
-0.10859E-01 -0.49847E-01
0.17310E+02 0.37576E+02 0.27705E+02 0.17147E+02 0.90593E+02 0.29724E+03
-0.14674E-01 -0.70400E-01 -0.10621E+00 -0.33371E-01 -0.21421E+00 -0.15508E+01
0.13546E+01 0.19493E+02 0.67142E+01 0.24429E+02 0.24404E+02
0.62614E-02 -0.59054E-01 -0.59800E-02 -0.48000E-01 -0.47892E-01
-0.21374E-04 0.58036E-04
200-270 263-363 293-313 288-318 293-343
0.52661E+02
-0.21337E+00
0.25947E-03
293-243
-0.15731E+02 0.19699E+02 0.85483E+02 0.28473E+02 0.60693E+02 0.11155E+03 0.25598E+02 0.61405E+02 -0.20055E+03 0.10383E+04
0.12662E+00 -0.36429E-01 -0.15400E+00 -0.85495E-01 -0.31290E+00 -0.30149E+00 -0.94367E-01 -0.14474E+00 0.15515E+01 -0.43165E+01
-0.17738E-03
293-363 288-302 298-328 243-308 237-293 140-175 183-343 273-298 364-448 276-353
0.57406E+02 0.36773E+02
-0.97657E-01 -0.55700E-01
0.20185E+01 0.15145E+03 0.22389E+02 0.38478E+02 0.14355E+03 0.10830E+03
-0.51493E-03 -0.87020E+00 -0.86524E-01 0.16939E+00 -0.48573E+00 -0.15900E+00
0.11228E+02 0.19109E+02 0.30163E+02 0.14890E+03 0.48922E+02 0.76423E+01 0.34809E+01 0.91803E+03
-0.13500E-01 -0.32000E-01 -0.79000E-01 -0.62491E+00 -0.17021E+00 -0.15838E-01 -0.92883E-02 -0.49149E+01
0.77143E-03 0.17262E-03 0.10618E-04 0.12282E-04 0.69104E-02
293-333 298-323 233-273 253-293 273-333 269-303 151-238 281-314
0.11109E+03
-0.36806E+00
0.34879E-03
233-413
0.26049E+01 0.60871E+01
-0.44147E-03 -0.11730E-01
-0.63420E-05
156-269 185-246
0.12424E-03
0.22591E-02
0.67971E-04 0.47154E-03 0.11424E-03 -0.22392E-02 0.48398E-02
338-393 303-333 258-318 288-318 293-318 288-333
276-333 328-368 -0.48148E-05 0.19570E-02 0.91291E-04 -0.47423E-03 0.46703E-03
95-295 163-523 155-258 288-343 293-423 383-398
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C3H4ClF3 C3H4ClNO C3H4Cl2O C3H4F4O C3H4O C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5BrO2 C3H5Br3 C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClN2O6 C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5I C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NS C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6N2O4 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO2 C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2
Name 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate 1,1-Dichloroacetone 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propanol Propargyl alcohol Ethylene carbonate 3-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropanoic acid 1,2,3-Tribromopropane 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Epichlorohydrin Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3-Iodopropene Propanenitrile Ethyl isocyanate Ethyl isothiocyanate Trinitroglycerol Propene 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dinitropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Dimethyl carbonate 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 3-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N-Ethylformamide N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrite Isopropyl nitrite Ethyl carbamate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol
T/K 295.2 288.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 294.2 303.2 299.25 293.2 293.2 293.2 308.7 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 220.0 283.2 293.2 250.4 293.2 303.2 293.2 325.1 293.2 290.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 288.2 296.2 298.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 215.2 153.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 288.2 288.2 250.0 260.0 328.2 293.19 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2
ε 7.32 29.1 14.6 21.03 20.8 89.78 7.0 11.0 6.00 8.92 8.2 17.50 22.6 9.736 12.0 7.5 6.1 29.7 19.7 19.6 19.25 2.1365 4.60 9.482 31.90 8.37 10.27 11.37 42.4 19.7 18.5 21.01 3.44 8.57 7.07 30.0 3.087 15.55 8.09 9.46 8.588 36.0 59.0 31.0 7.07 8.19 102.7 38.25 179.0 24.70 26.74 12.35 13.92 14.14 1.6678 20.8 20.18 27.5 35.1
6-157
a
b
c
Range/K
0.22361E+02 0.64311E+02
-0.68840E-01 -0.12217E+00
0.60594E-04
275-313 288-403
0.99895E+02 0.20746E+03
-0.38911E+00 -0.37610E+00
0.40776E-03
213-293 313-343
0.11024E+02
-0.16596E-01
303-358
0.15356E+02
-0.18250E-01
309-349
0.82222E+02
-0.22937E+00
0.29623E+01 0.54973E+01 0.29193E+02
-0.37564E-02 -0.31695E-02 -0.94450E-01
0.18915E+02 0.21609E+02 0.32421E+02
-0.35907E-01 -0.37333E-01 -0.72188E-01
0.62714E+02
-0.14771E+00
0.37879E-05
213-303
0.88157E+02 0.18793E+01 0.15884E+02 0.13190E+02
-0.34300E+00 0.46841E-02 -0.25333E-01 -0.21226E-01
0.38925E-03 0.19983E-05
273-323 289-408 288-318 276-318
0.17769E+02 0.26195E+02 0.21214E+02 0.12436E+03 -0.19169E+02
-0.32599E-01 -0.72995E-01 -0.43130E-01 -0.60841E+00 0.13605E+01
0.13744E+02
-0.22745E-01
0.64764E+03 0.15364E+03 0.15975E+04 0.94999E+02 0.60138E+02 0.70552E+02 0.74578E+02 0.32431E+02 0.22883E+01 0.98045E+02 0.10416E+03 0.24546E+03 0.11365E+03
-0.28499E+01 -0.60367E+00 -0.90451E+01 -0.38358E+00 -0.11566E+00 -0.40362E+00 -0.38283E+00 -0.65097E-01 -0.23276E-02 -0.36860E+00 -0.41011E+00 -0.15738E+01 -0.36680E+00
0.17424E-03
213-473
0.92800E-04
220-250 283-333 293-368 281-323 303-333 245-293
0.55454E-04 0.92060E-03 -0.55567E-02
274-328 186-328 273-313 145-215 153-177 293-323
0.34286E-02 0.71505E-03 0.18345E-01 0.48480E-03 0.66687E-03 0.57071E-03 0.28571E-04 0.84710E-06 0.36422E-03 0.42049E-03 0.38068E-02 0.33766E-03
298-338 213-353 303-473 276-333 276-303 110-310 150-300 328-368 90-300 193-493 193-493 193-403 288-328
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S2 C3H8S2 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9O4P C4Cl6 C4Cl6O3 C4F6O3 C4H2Cl4O3 C4H2O3 C4H3F7O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5Cl3O2 C4H5N C4H5NO C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H7Br C4H7Br C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O
Name Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol 1,2-Propanedithiol 1,3-Propanedithiol Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Trichloroacetic anhydride Trifluoroacetic acid anhydride Dichloroacetic anhydride Maleic anhydride 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol Succinonitrile Pyrazine Furan Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Ethyl trichloroacetate Pyrrole Allyl isocynate 1,3-Butadiene Divinyl ether Ethoxyacetylene Cyclobutanone Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione γ-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate cis-2-Bromo-2-butene trans-2-Bromo-2-butene 2-Bromobutanoic acid Ethyl bromoacetate Methyl 3-bromopropanoate Propyl chlorocarbonate Methyl 2-chloropropanoate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene Isobutene 1,2-Dibromobutane 1,3-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 2,3-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 1,2-Dichloro-2-methylpropane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Butanal
T/K 298.2 293.2 293.2 288.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 273.2 296.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 326.2 298.2 298.2 323.2 277.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.0 288.2 265.0 288.2 298.2 298.2 303.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 220.0 296.0 288.7 293.2 293.2 303.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 308.2 296.0 293.2 298.2
ε 17.2 2.644 46.53 5.937 5.952 7.24 8.11 2.2762 10.21 5.08 5.6268 2.440 20.6 2.55 5.0 2.7 15.8 52.75 14.4 62.6 2.80 2.88 2.739 4.914 8.428 8.00 15.15 2.050 3.94 8.05 14.27 7.03 4.04 39.0 22.45 66.14 5.38 6.76 7.2 9.75 5.81 11.2 11.45 24.83 24.42 28.18 2.2195 1.960 2.1225 4.74 9.14 8.68 6.245 4.1 7.74 9.30 7.15 21.20 13.45
6-158
a
b
c
Range/K
0.11803E+03 0.25877E+01 0.77503E+02 0.11602E+02
-0.58000E+00 -0.93019E-03 -0.37984E-01 -0.19580E-01
0.81001E-03 0.38472E-05 -0.23107E-03
254-318 171-293 288-343 273-318
0.14667E+02 0.66607E+01
-0.32660E-01 0.31310E-01
0.25000E-04 -0.87500E-04
293-333 303-343
-0.19492E+02 0.17719E+02 0.40429E+02 0.39745E+01
0.29806E+00 -0.59022E-01 -0.21441E+00 -0.51331E-02
-0.69284E-03 0.54780E-04 0.32634E-03
223-273 204-296 213-298 273-298
0.17724E+03
-0.54654E+00
0.54046E-03
236-351
0.13636E+01 0.32941E+01
0.12864E-01 -0.19019E-02
-0.22701E-04
188-277 253-293
0.12672E+02 0.34299E+02 0.27674E+01
-0.14075E-01 -0.66444E-01 -0.26738E-02
-0.62671E-05
293-357 288-333 185-265
0.43974E+02 0.11968E+02 0.46907E+01
-0.15712E+00 -0.16500E-01 -0.22302E-02
0.19264E-03
220-317 303-333 278-348
0.15940E+03
-0.39530E+00
0.26284E-03
273-333
0.15627E+02 0.36001E+01
-0.19600E-01 0.72500E-02
303-333 303-343
0.22449E+02 0.53884E+02 0.52554E+02 0.11054E+03 0.29354E+01 0.28802E+01 0.33701E+01 0.11199E+03 0.34031E+02 0.20944E+02 0.23849E+02
-0.36250E-01 -0.99257E-01 -0.96000E-01 -0.47945E+00 -0.32580E-02 -0.31064E-02 -0.43295E-02 -0.63334E+00 -0.13254E+00 -0.55620E-01 -0.96300E-01
0.91250E-03 0.16250E-03 0.50000E-04 0.12500E-03
303-343 293-333 293-313 298-338 220-250 197-296 220-289 293-333 293-333 303-333 293-333
0.31925E+02 0.59766E+01 0.39429E+02
-0.13232E+00 0.49300E-01 -0.20028E+00
0.17007E-03 -0.12500E-03 0.30917E-03
293-356 308-338 165-296
0.68182E-03
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O3S C4H10O4 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2
Name 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,4-Dioxane 2-Hydroxybutanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethyl methyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monoacetate 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine tert-Butyl nitrite Propyl carbamate Ethyl-N-methyl carbamate N-Acetylethanolamine Butyl nitrate Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfite 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine
T/K 293.2 295.2 287.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 296.2 293.2 303.2 283.2 298.2 273.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 283.2 293.0 293.2 293.2 294.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 338.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 295.0 295.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 296.7 293.2 293.2 293.2 393.2 293.2 288.2 288.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 18.56 7.52 2.98 2.58 6.92 6.0814 6.200 2.2189 37.7 31.5 2.985 12.95 7.315 8.64 7.70 10.98 7.276 8.564 7.027 9.663 6.27 7.873 6.65 8.30 170.0 135.0 38.85 3.4 7.42 11.47 12.06 21.10 96.6 13.10 1.7697 1.7518 17.84 17.26 17.93 12.47 4.2666 22.4 28.8 31.9 13.38 7.30 28.61 31.82 15.6 28.2 29.2 5.204 5.645 4.961 5.475 5.723 4.71 3.680 25.75
6-159
a
b
c
Range/K
0.15457E+02 0.30739E+02 0.15010E+01
0.90152E-01 -0.12946E+00 0.50046E-02
-0.27100E-03 0.17195E-03
293-333 224-295 287-403
0.15646E+02 0.12798E+02 0.27299E+01
-0.44066E-01 -0.22540E-01 -0.17440E-02
0.39137E-04
293-433 293-333 293-313
0.22542E+02 0.18461E+02 0.37558E+02 0.35085E+02 0.13565E+02 0.30376E+02 0.14945E+02 0.35077E+02 0.16493E+02 0.10883E+02 0.76780E+01 0.38191E+02
-0.79306E-01 -0.32933E-01 -0.20571E+00 -0.14075E+00 -0.10161E-01 -0.11377E+00 -0.33747E-01 -0.12867E+00 -0.50262E-01 -0.14680E-02 0.69900E-02 -0.15462E+00
0.89867E-04 0.35496E-03 0.19960E-03 -0.38750E-04 0.13429E-03 0.23036E-04 0.14304E-03 0.52485E-04 -0.30000E-04 -0.37500E-04 0.17941E-03
183-363 274-328 112-273 258-293 273-323 273-323 273-323 273-323 293-323 293-323 283-323 274-333
0.74494E+03 0.15420E+03
-0.31400E+01 -0.57506E+00
0.36131E-02 0.61911E-03
213-353 294-433
0.24356E+02 0.11477E+03 0.37016E+03
-0.36400E-01 -0.47568E+00 -0.13113E+01
0.54127E-03 0.13214E-02
338-378 298-373 298-348
0.22379E+01 0.23295E+01 0.10578E+03 0.13850E+03 0.10762E+03 0.22541E+03 0.79725E+01 0.63702E+02 0.72883E+02 0.13079E+03
-0.13884E-02 -0.19953E-02 -0.50587E+00 -0.75146E+00 -0.51398E+00 -0.14990E+01 -0.12519E-01 -0.13807E+00 -0.14770E+00 -0.46985E+00
-0.66711E-06 0.14197E-06 0.84733E-03 0.14086E-02 0.83702E-03 0.34050E-02
0.46320E-03
135-303 115-303 193-553 172-533 173-533 298-503 283-301 278-323 278-323 288-328
0.48832E+02 0.13128E+03 0.13973E+03
-0.24218E+00 -0.52719E+00 -0.54725E+00
0.34413E-03 0.60465E-03 0.61149E-03
256-318 253-333 288-343
0.11201E+02 0.10866E+02
-0.20767E-01 -0.17993E-01
273-318 273-318
0.10597E+02
-0.17500E-01
283-313
0.13322E+02 0.26462E+02 0.73435E+02
-0.44176E-01 -0.13750E+00 -0.21377E+00
0.50250E-04 0.20373E-03 0.17500E-03
223-333 243-323 273-323
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C4H12O2Si C4H12O3Si C4H12O4Si C4H12Si C4H12Si C4H13N3 C5FeO5 C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4F8O C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H7Cl3O2 C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H9BrO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9ClO2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2
Name Dimethoxydimethylsilane Trimethoxymethylsilane Tetramethyl silicate Diethylsilane Tetramethylsilane Diethylenetriamine Iron pentacarbonyl 2-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluoro-1-pentanol Furfural Pyridine Pyridine-1-oxide 2-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol Propyl trichloroacetate Ethyl cyanoacetate 1,3-Pentadiene* 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene Cyclopentene Cyclopentanone Ethyl acrylate Methyl trans-2-butenoate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dimethyl malonate Ethyl 2-bromopropanoate Isobutyl chlorocarbonate Ethyl 2-chloropropanoate Ethyl 3-chloropropanoate Methyl 4-chlorobutanoate Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile Isobutyl isocyanate N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Ethylcyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopentane 1,4-Dibromopentane 1,5-Dibromopentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate
T/K 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 343.0 293.2 298.2 298.2 263.2 298.2 294.0 293.2 295.0 298.2 303.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 294.4 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 3.663 4.9 6.0 2.544 1.921 12.62 2.602 23.18 27.32 15.30 42.1 13.260 35.94 2.76 16.85 8.32 31.62 2.319 2.054 2.098 2.083 13.58 6.05 6.6645 6.32 26.524 9.82 9.4 9.1 11.95 10.19 9.51 20.04 21.1 11.638 32.55 2.011 2.180 1.979 1.9687 1.933 4.39 9.05 9.14 6.89 9.92 18.5 10.00 9.051 15.45 17.00 10.37 5.66 6.97 2.661 6.10 6.41 5.62 5.76
6-160
a
b
c
Range/K
0.57840E+02
-0.23873E+00
0.28841E-03
213-333
0.73391E+02 0.98702E+02
-0.23678E+00 -0.34237E+00
0.22930E-03 0.34502E-03
298-398 298-398
0.43991E+02 0.20878E+02
-0.15150E+00 0.16450E+00
0.15925E-03 -0.35269E-03
293-323 343-398
0.29994E+01 0.28170E+01 0.28177E+01 0.24083E+02 0.47827E+02
-0.34578E-02 -0.23147E-02 -0.27597E-02 -0.30286E-01 -0.24394E+00
0.85300E-06 -0.43975E-06 0.89346E-06 -0.16802E-04 0.35000E-03
178-294 198-293 171-319 219-298 303-343
0.32098E+02
-0.14568E+00
0.20000E-03
303-343
0.26470E+02
-0.76656E-01
0.67888E-04
293-433
0.25965E+02 0.21951E+02 0.17127E+02 0.55793E+02 0.58418E+02 0.38026E+02
-0.46250E-01 -0.38750E-01 -0.25000E-01 -0.15750E+00 -0.16884E+00 -0.12714E+00
0.12432E-03 0.14131E-03 0.12679E-03
303-343 303-343 303-343 183-333 293-453 293-353
-0.11438E+01
0.25420E-01
-0.50000E-04
273-293
0.26064E+01 0.24287E+01
-0.19578E-02 -0.15304E-02
-0.53908E-06 -0.13095E-06
225-296 278-313
0.26443E+02 0.38192E+02 0.19016E+02
-0.88640E-01 -0.15648E+00 -0.57954E-01
0.10000E-03 0.20000E-03 0.56801E-04
293-333 303-333 293-356
0.10565E+03
-0.44244E+00
0.48657E-03
258-323
0.18645E+02 0.40893E+02 0.12690E+02 0.30695E+02 0.19793E+02
-0.32395E-01 -0.10423E+00 0.95177E-01 -0.10962E+00 -0.76071E-01
-0.16157E-05 0.60557E-04 -0.27321E-03 0.13810E-03 0.94852E-04
280-333 204-353 233-353 293-328 234-333
0.33491E+01 0.21532E+02
-0.75156E-02 -0.84106E-01
0.17820E-04 0.10952E-03
250-344 288-323
0.17677E+02
-0.61404E-01
0.69196E-04
253-353
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
T/K
C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2S C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O4 C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11F C5H11I C5H11I C5H11I C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O4 C5H12O5 C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S4 C5H13N C5H13N3 C5H14OSi C6F6 C6F14 C6H3N3O7 C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrNO2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2
Methyl butanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 3-Methyl sulfolane Diethyl carbonate Ethyl lactate 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1-acetate 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 1-Bromopentane 3-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Fluoropentane 1-Iodopentane 3-Iodopentane 1-Iodo-3-methylbutane 2-Iodo-2-methylbutane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 2,2-Dimethylpropanamide N,N-Diethylformamide 2-Pentanone oxime Pentyl nitrite Pentane Isopentane Neopentane Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol 1,2-Pentanediol 1,4-Pentanediol 1,5-Pentanediol 2,3-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanediol Diethoxymethane Tetramethoxymethane Xylitol 1-Pentanethiol 2-Methyl-2-butanethiol Tetrakis(methylthio)methane Pentylamine 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine Ethoxytrimethylsilane Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorohexane 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene
301.2 303.2 298.2 297.2 303.2 242.2 298.2 299.2 298.2 291.5 293.2 292.0 222.75 293.2 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 296.8 295.7 293.2 296.9 294.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 294.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 328.2 293.2 293.2
ε 5.48 13.48 29.4 2.820 15.4 38.57 9.21 6.31 8.37 6.33 6.654 6.10 12.31 3.931 5.78 7.432 5.6 8.192 4.33 32.2 20.13 29.6 3.3 7.21 1.8371 1.845 1.769 23.10 15.13 13.71 13.35 15.63 15.63 5.78 12.1 8.35 17.31 26.74 26.2 17.37 24.69 2.527 2.40 40.0 4.847 5.087 2.818 4.27 11.5 3.013 2.029 1.76 4.0 4.72 4.85 2.60 20.2 7.86 4.81
6-161
a
b
c
Range/K
0.38604E+02
-0.19171E+00
0.27128E-03
301-343
0.53158E+02
-0.93730E-01
0.47275E-04
298-398
0.31225E+02 0.10653E+03
-0.43531E-01 -0.26439E+00
-0.28571E-04 -0.62371E-04
273-373 215-242
0.20954E+02
-0.78743E-01
0.98908E-04
183-328
0.27743E+02 0.18626E+02 0.22228E+02 0.55104E+02
-0.13927E+00 -0.54719E-01 -0.93189E-01 -0.29866E+00
0.22627E-03 0.47143E-04 0.12991E-03 0.47840E-03
123-292 273-323 171-297 201-223
0.15753E+02
-0.50543E-01
0.56401E-04
293-323
0.82317E+01
-0.11229E-01
-0.71429E-05
293-333
0.10400E+03
-0.46017E+00
0.60000E-03
298-328
0.22384E+01 0.10949E+02
-0.12985E-02 -0.63057E-01
-0.16182E-06 0.10835E-03
143-293 251-296
0.73397E+02 0.16437E+03 0.12838E+03 0.14020E+02 0.79733E+02 0.11662E+03
-0.28165E+00 -0.86506E+00 -0.60980E+00 0.13948E+00 -0.31272E+00 -0.69756E+00
0.28427E-03 0.11955E-02 0.75000E-03 -0.45000E-03 0.32014E-03 0.10920E-02
213-513 273-323 288-318 288-318 173-513 268-318
0.92350E+02 0.18436E+03 0.13568E+03 0.11858E+03 0.95876E+02 0.11914E+03 0.25294E+01
-0.41870E+00 -0.10682E+01 -0.59198E+00 -0.45920E+00 -0.46463E+00 -0.52569E+00 0.73988E-04
0.50000E-03 0.17037E-02 0.75398E-03 0.49341E-03 0.67434E-03 0.69607E-03 -0.28331E-06
333-373 197-297 193-318 243-343 238-297 224-294 227-293
0.71131E+01 0.15116E+02
-0.30228E-02 -0.50700E-01
-0.16414E-04 0.56250E-04
273-333 273-333
0.11274E+02
-0.34965E-01
0.37706E-04
223-353
0.24041E+01
-0.83086E-03
-0.14286E-05
298-338
0.81413E+02 -0.81849E-02 0.93214E+01
-0.27645E+00 0.62671E-01 -0.20273E-01
0.27367E-03 -0.12222E-03 0.16667E-04
328-413 293-353 293-353
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H4Br2 C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClF C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FI C6H4FI C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2O4 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO2S C6H5ClS C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NOS C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H8 C6H8 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H9Cl3O2
Name p-Dibromobenzene 1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-iodobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 1,3-Dinitrobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Benzenesulfonyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzenethiol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene N-Sulfinylaniline Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene m-Bromoaniline o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol Pyrocatechol Resorcinol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 3-Methylpyridine-1-oxide 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Phenylhydrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine 1,4-Cyclohexanedione Butyl trichloroacetate
T/K 368.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 323.2 323.2 393.2 293.2 293.2 328.2 298.2 298.2 301.2 301.2 323.2 323.2 393.2 303.2 323.2 353.2 365.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 314.2 323.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.0 323.2 373.2 393.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 353.0 398.0 428.0 303.2 388.2 393.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 303.0 293.0 323.2 318.2 184.2 296.0 293.2 293.2 308.2 351.2 293.2
ε 2.57 6.10 4.96 3.34 37.7 20.9 8.09 10.12 5.02 2.3943 8.22 3.12 13.38 5.01 5.41 4.11 2.88 93.77 20.54 5.23 22.9 5.45 5.6895 7.40 6.255 11.18 28.90 3.59 5.465 4.59 6.97 35.6 16.50 35.45 42.20 2.2825 13.0 13.40 13.3 47.3 35.6 78.5 12.40 17.57 13.55 4.26 7.06 10.18 11.10 12.2 36.4 28.26 2.68 2.211 7.15 2.436 2.653 4.40 7.480
6-162
a
b
c
Range/K
0.16800E+03 0.77193E+02
-0.59708E+00 -0.25118E+00
0.59957E-03 0.23798E-03
323-436 323-433
0.13629E+02 0.77565E+01 0.26999E+01
0.10622E-02 -0.93333E-02 -0.35325E-03
-0.44444E-04 -0.26880E-14 -0.17619E-05
293-353 293-353 328-363
0.59107E+02 0.14448E+02 0.31150E+02
-0.23611E+00 -0.46982E-01 -0.14428E+00
0.27987E-03 0.51948E-04 0.20000E-03
273-323 273-323 323-353
0.45596E+03 0.60484E+02 0.12533E+02 0.10406E+03 0.94100E+01 0.19471E+02 0.29755E+02
-0.17746E+01 -0.17280E+00 -0.30115E-01 -0.34133E+00 -0.12537E-01 -0.70786E-01 -0.11256E+00
0.19105E-02 0.15218E-03 0.26674E-04 0.32609E-03 -0.31127E-05 0.82466E-04 0.12390E-03
303-398 323-398 353-398 365-413 234-333 293-430 296-448
0.31997E+02 0.83886E+02
-0.94241E-01 -0.23405E+00
0.88392E-04 0.19713E-03
314-453 323-473
0.89442E+01
-0.20008E-01
0.17641E-04
243-323
0.11212E+03 0.33827E+02 0.18967E+03 0.22901E+03 0.26706E+01
-0.35211E+00 -0.62123E-01 -0.66144E+00 -0.74264E+00 -0.91648E-03
0.31128E-03 0.26774E-04 0.66532E-03 0.68006E-03 -0.14257E-05
279-533 323-453 373-458 393-463 293-513
0.18900E+03 0.20352E+03 0.48673E+03 0.63391E+02 0.74930E+02 0.30252E+02 0.57155E+01 0.89534E+01 0.34560E+02 0.19643E+03 0.33765E+02 0.11705E+03 0.59851E+02
-0.56977E+00 -0.66582E+00 -0.15040E+01 -0.24988E+00 -0.22142E+00 -0.56443E-01 -0.70336E-02 0.38990E-02 -0.11980E+00 -0.11167E+01 -0.10113E+00 -0.35301E+00 -0.12682E+00
0.47484E-03 0.61310E-03 0.12857E-02 0.26930E-03 0.18919E-03 0.35578E-04 0.73617E-05 -0.36310E-04 0.12500E-03 0.16667E-02 0.93860E-04 0.32000E-03 0.86622E-04
353-468 398-468 428-468 303-433 388-463 393-463 303-358 293-413 293-333 303-333 274-333 323-398 318-398
0.27459E+01
-0.16975E-02
-0.36461E-06
232-356
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H9Cl3O2 C6H9N C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Br C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H11Cl C6H11N C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2 C6H12Cl2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3
Name Isobutyl trichloroacetate Cyclopentanecarbonitrile 1,5-Hexadiene cis,cis-2,4-Hexadiene trans,trans-2,4-Hexadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene* 3-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Butoxyacetylene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl 2-butenoate Ethyl methacrylate Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Monomethyl glutarate Diethyl oxalate Dimethyl succinate Ethylene glycol diacetate Bromocyclohexane Ethyl 2-bromobutanoate Ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate Chlorocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 4-Methylpentanenitrile Cyclohexanone oxime 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene cis-3-Hexene trans-3-Hexene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 1,6-Dibromohexane 3,4-Dibromohexane 1,6-Dichlorohexane 1-Methylcyclopentanol Isobutyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 2-Ethylbutanoic acid tert-Butylacetic acid Pentyl formate Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Methyl pentanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
T/K 293.2 293.2 294.0 297.0 297.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 293.2 298.2 293.0 273.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 290.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 303.2 298.2 295.2 362.2 294.0 295.0 296.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 308.2 310.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 296.2 296.2 292.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 298.2 303.2
ε 7.667 22.68 2.125 2.163 2.123 2.422 2.426 2.599 2.102 2.621 2.2176 6.62 16.1 15.6 5.4 5.68 14.0 18.30 8.37 8.266 7.19 7.7 8.0026 8.57 8.55 7.9505 17.26 17.5 3.04 2.077 1.978 2.069 1.954 2.0243 1.9853 1.965 8.52 6.732 8.60 7.11 3.34 14.56 13.11 12.73 16.40 2.600 2.72 2.85 5.7 5.44 5.07 5.135 5.672 5.068 5.249 5.18 4.992 18.2 7.567
6-163
a
b
c
Range/K
0.69830E+02 0.30014E+01 0.27284E+01 0.26774E+01
-0.25303E+00 -0.28668E-02 -0.17178E-02 -0.16977E-02
0.31491E-03 -0.31026E-06 -0.62926E-06 -0.55637E-06
201-293 151-294 234-351 232-353
0.51328E+01 0.26258E+01 0.58591E+01 0.30598E+01
-0.12774E-01 -0.17990E-02 -0.17099E-01 -0.39841E-02
0.14215E-04 0.12035E-06 0.20856E-04 0.37554E-05
198-323 223-323 184-296 141-313
0.41577E+02
-0.11463E+00
0.92454E-04
253-423
0.40962E+02
-0.20520E+00
0.29286E-03
303-343
0.16779E+02 0.21938E+02 0.13551E+02 0.25093E+02
-0.39839E-01 -0.66226E-01 -0.23109E-01 -0.95171E-01
0.38095E-04 0.66800E-04 0.55440E-05 0.12224E-03
293-363 293-368 293-433 223-290
0.49005E+02 0.77044E+02
-0.23193E+00 -0.40784E+00
0.32500E-03 0.60000E-03
303-333 303-333
0.31476E+01 0.24338E+01 0.30691E+01
-0.50003E-02 -0.11323E-02 -0.45458E-02
0.46673E-05 -0.13720E-05 0.39898E-05
149-294 157-295 155-296
0.24293E+01 0.21587E+01
-0.12095E-02 -0.22450E-03
-0.58741E-06 -0.12500E-05
283-333 293-323
-0.55185E+01
0.11746E+00
-0.23658E-03
274-328
0.11277E+02 0.75444E+02 0.48060E+01 0.70378E+02 0.36341E+02 0.66857E+02 0.10173E+03 0.21730E+01
0.67200E-02 -0.36617E+00 -0.50000E-02 -0.29385E+00 -0.97119E-01 -0.28552E+00 -0.43072E+00 0.14840E-02
-0.50000E-04 0.47021E-03 -0.41495E-14 0.35289E-03 0.61896E-04 0.34422E-03 0.47926E-03 -0.16526E-06
308-338 310-333 293-323 243-293 204-373 243-293 293-423 298-433
0.29257E+02 0.13825E+02 0.12427E+02 0.55435E+02 0.14323E+02
-0.14028E+00 -0.43994E-01 -0.32035E-01 -0.30494E+00 -0.46048E-01
0.20000E-03 0.48214E-04 0.24286E-04 0.46107E-03 0.49286E-04
288-323 253-353 273-323 273-323 273-323
0.48698E+02
-0.25660E+00
0.37237E-03
301-343
0.23290E+02
-0.71566E-01
0.65000E-04
303-323
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12S C6H13Br C6H13Cl C6H13ClO C6H13I C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14OS C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2S C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H14O6 C6H14O6 C6H14S C6H15B C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15OP C6H15O4P C6H15PS C6H16O2Si C6H16Si C6H18N3OP C6H18N4 C6H18OSi2 C6H18O3Si3 C6H19NSi2 C7F14 C7F16 C7H3Cl5 C7H4ClNO C7H5BrO C7H5ClO C7H5FO C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H6ClNO2
Name Cyclohexanethiol 1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane 6-Chloro-1-hexanol 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine N-Propylpropanamide N-Butylacetamide N,N-Diethylacetamide Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 3-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Dipropyl sulfoxide 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Dipropyl sulfone 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triethylene glycol D-Glucitol D-Mannitol 1-Hexanethiol Triethylborane Hexylamine Dipropylamine Triethylamine Triethylphosphine oxide Triethyl phosphate Triethylphosphine sulfide Diethoxydimethylsilane Triethylsilane Hexamethylphosphoric triamide N,N’-Bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,2ethanediamine Hexamethyldisiloxane Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane Hexamethyldisilazane Perfluoromethylcyclohexane Perfluoroheptane 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate Benzoyl bromide Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl fluoride (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Phenyl isocyanate 4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene
T/K
ε
298.2 298.2 293.2 242.2 293.3 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 362.2 293.2 297.0 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 285.3 298.2 293.2 353.2 443.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 323.2 298.2 371.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
5.420 5.82 6.104 21.6 5.35 4.547 118.1 104.0 32.1 1.8865 1.886 1.886 1.869 1.889 13.03 11.06 9.66 15.2 4.322 6.19 10.5 3.38 3.805 30.37 25.86 3.90 32.62 31.5 7.23 23.69 35.5 24.6 4.436 1.974 4.08 2.923 2.418 35.5 13.20 39.0 3.216 2.323 31.3 10.76
293.2 343.2 294.2 298.2 289.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 301.2
2.179 2.139 2.273 1.82 1.847 4.8 3.177 21.33 23.0 22.7 9.22 25.9 8.940 28.07
6-164
a
b
c
Range/K
0.15233E+02 0.15994E+02 -0.73364E+01 0.16685E+02
-0.44385E-01 -0.43647E-01 0.46377E+00 -0.61309E-01
0.43039E-04 0.33393E-04 -0.14202E-02 0.77262E-04
274-328 273-323 195-242 293-323
0.58846E+03 0.70739E+03
-0.22012E+01 -0.37369E+01
0.20870E-02 0.71585E-02
298-328 253-493
0.19768E+01 0.20745E+01 0.24739E+01 0.22740E+01 0.24305E+01 0.62744E+02
0.70933E-03 0.50871E-03 -0.23190E-02 -0.96229E-03 -0.20081E-02 -0.24214E+00
-0.34470E-05 -0.39286E-05 0.10714E-05 -0.14286E-05 0.53571E-06 0.24704E-03
293-473 273-323 273-323 273-313 273-323 233-513
0.14054E+03 0.14600E+02
-0.72925E+00 -0.72670E-01
0.97821E-03 0.11742E-03
243-393 161-297
0.84868E+02 0.14531E+03 0.99099E+01 0.70195E+02 0.26127E+03 0.28291E+02 0.91845E+02
-0.23486E+00 -0.65285E+00 -0.33403E-01 -0.15008E+00 -0.14552E+01 -0.11236E+00 -0.33827E+00
0.18198E-03 0.83503E-03 0.44048E-04 0.86506E-04 0.22765E-02 0.14000E-03 0.36062E-03
303-373 203-333 223-303 303-398 261-285 298-333 253-333
0.11774E+02
-0.37298E-01
0.41875E-04
273-333
0.80244E+01 0.11376E+02 0.29205E+01
-0.16627E-01 -0.49796E-01 -0.14007E-02
0.10874E-04 0.71792E-04 -0.13469E-05
253-373 243-323 233-323
0.61230E+02
-0.26047E+00
0.33333E-03
298-333
0.95666E+02 0.50699E+02
-0.29769E+00 -0.21730E+00
0.26407E-03 0.27582E-03
283-363 213-333
0.34537E+01
-0.61530E-02
0.61544E-05
213-313
0.23358E+01
0.16127E-02
-0.62078E-05
294-333
0.40896E+01 0.84231E+02
-0.31667E-02 -0.31089E+00
0.32857E-03
288-348 283-313
0.57605E+02 0.17541E+02
-0.13354E+00 -0.29790E-01
0.87767E-04 0.15476E-05
273-453 293-353
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7BrO C7H7BrO C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO2S C7H7ClO3S C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7I C7H7N C7H7N C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2S C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2S C7H8O2S C7H8S C7H8S C7H8S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO
Name 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Bromotoluene m-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Bromoanisole p-Bromoanisole o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene p-Chloroanisole p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride 4-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene p-Iodotoluene 2-Vinylpyridine 4-Vinylpyridine Benzyl nitrite o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrothioanisole 2-Nitroanisole 3-Nitroanisole 4-Nitroanisole Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol Ethyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Methyl phenyl sulfone Benzenemethanethiol 4-Methylbenzenethiol (Methylthio)benzene Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 4-Ethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-1-oxide o-Methoxyaniline m-Methoxyaniline
T/K 301.2 301.2 301.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 314.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 308.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.0 303.2 331.2 346.0 293.2 318.2 338.2 296.35 298.2 298.2 298.2 303.2 294.2 298.2 298.2 333.7 293.2 373.2 298.2 323.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 303.2 298.2
ε 5.68 3.36 9.39 6.9 17.85 18.35 4.641 5.566 5.503 6.658 8.96 7.40 4.721 5.763 6.25 6.854 7.84 22.6 27.2 4.23 5.41 5.88 4.4 9.126 10.50 7.78 26.26 24.95 22.2 21.7 45.75 25.7 26.95 2.379 6.76 12.44 13.05 11.916 4.30 11.95 11.59 11.05 6.18 37.9 4.705 4.74 4.88 5.18 6.138 5.816 5.058 5.96 8.33 10.98 9.60 7.33 46.11 5.230 8.76
6-165
a
b
c
Range/K
0.35046E+02 0.51315E+02 0.10229E+02 0.11522E+02 0.10014E+02 0.18482E+02 0.12023E+02 0.74367E+01 0.11507E+02 0.13921E+02 0.20265E+01 0.17108E+02 0.64019E+01
-0.61271E-01 -0.15379E+00 -0.25050E-01 -0.24946E-01 -0.13918E-01 -0.57207E-01 -0.59116E-02 0.12648E-01 -0.31148E-01 -0.37186E-01 0.40060E-01 -0.45285E-01 0.30560E-01
0.16222E-04 0.14111E-03 0.20357E-04 0.15714E-04 -0.50000E-05 0.57321E-04 -0.13787E-04 -0.42128E-04 0.27143E-04 0.31786E-04 -0.87500E-04 0.35000E-04 -0.87500E-04
301-346 289-453 273-323 273-323 273-293 273-323 303-358 303-358 273-323 273-323 293-333 273-323 293-333
0.10420E+03 0.62492E+02
-0.41726E+00 -0.16235E+00
0.51607E-03 0.12844E-03
273-323 303-403
0.16684E+03 0.65402E+02 0.59811E+02 0.32584E+01 0.21633E+02 0.81716E+02 0.70253E+02 0.13661E+03 0.10887E+02 0.31751E+02 0.37279E+02 0.39483E+02
-0.58196E+00 -0.16460E+00 -0.10955E+00 -0.34410E-02 -0.71069E-01 -0.35039E+00 -0.28870E+00 -0.72127E+00 -0.32372E-01 -0.88173E-01 -0.12113E+00 -0.12142E+00
0.57382E-03 0.12560E-03 0.36042E-04 0.15937E-05 0.70590E-04 0.39878E-03 0.31979E-03 0.10225E-02 0.33629E-04 0.72953E-04 0.11698E-03 0.10841E-03
293-423 318-443 338-443 207-316 298-453 274-463 298-453 303-333 294-413 291-448 298-433 334-453
0.16628E+02 0.87052E+01 0.21841E+02
-0.68276E-01 -0.15347E-01 -0.97630E-01
0.94636E-04 0.95238E-05 0.13750E-03
298-358 323-358 303-343
0.10988E+02 0.13477E+02 0.78897E+01
-0.18976E-01 -0.35551E-01 -0.10196E-01
0.91958E-05 0.33135E-04 0.51190E-05
298-398 298-398 333-403
0.36397E+02 -0.73831E+01 0.25895E+02 0.17714E+02 0.22765E+03 0.79911E+01 0.28179E+02
-0.15070E+00 0.14326E+00 -0.73900E-01 -0.39080E-01 -0.90760E+00 -0.92183E-02 -0.97840E-01
0.18750E-03 -0.27500E-03 0.62500E-04 0.12500E-04 0.10011E-02 0.37879E-06 0.11027E-03
293-333 293-333 293-333 293-333 298-398 303-393 289-393
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C7H9NO C7H10N2 C7H11Cl3O2 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O4 C7H12O5 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C7H14Cl2 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Br C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15Cl C7H15I C7H15I C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16
Name p-Methoxyaniline 1-Methyl-1-phenylhydrazine Isopentyl trichloroacetate 1,6-Heptadiene Cycloheptene Cycloheptanone 2-Methylcyclohexanone 3-Methylcyclohexanone 4-Methylcyclohexanone Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Cyclohexyl formate Butyl acrylate Monomethyl adipate Diethyl malonate Dimethyl glutarate 1,2,3-Propanetriol-1,3-diacetate 1-Heptene 2-Methyl-2-hexene 3-Ethyl-2-pentene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane 1,2-Dibromoheptane 2,3-Dibromoheptane 3,4-Dibromoheptane 1,7-Dichloroheptane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone Cyclohexanemethanol 2-Methylcyclohexanol* 3-Methylcyclohexanol* 4-Methylcyclohexanol* Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate Methyl hexanoate 1-Bromoheptane 2-Bromoheptane 4-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 2-Chloroheptane 3-Chloroheptane 4-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane 3-Iodoheptane Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 3-Ethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane
T/K 333.2 292.2 293.2 293.0 295.0 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 304.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 304.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 295.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 295.2 295.2 293.2 295.2 295.2 295.2 298.2 295.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 291.3
ε 7.85 7.3 7.287 2.161 2.265 13.16 14.0 12.4 12.35 2.67 6.47 5.25 6.69 7.550 7.87 9.80 2.092 2.962 2.051 2.0784 2.024 3.77 5.08 4.70 8.34 9.07 11.95 12.7 12.60 13.53 9.70 9.375 13.79 13.45 3.04 4.79 4.72 4.838 4.3 4.71 4.71 4.615 5.255 6.46 6.81 5.521 6.52 6.70 6.54 4.92 6.39 1.9209 1.9221 1.920 1.942 1.915 1.929 1.902 1.9419
6-166
a
b
c
Range/K
0.30149E+02
-0.10523E+00
0.11467E-03
333-453
0.30815E+01 0.32309E+01 0.17511E+03
-0.36095E-02 -0.42373E-02 -0.11221E+01
0.16354E-05 0.32572E-05 0.19417E-02
184-293 227-363 258-298
0.38296E+02 0.11962E+02 0.14809E+02 0.20697E+02 0.28321E+02 0.21755E+01
-0.19109E+00 -0.23973E-01 -0.31207E-01 -0.57794E-01 -0.89073E-01 0.13896E-02
0.27006E-03 0.20608E-04 0.24066E-04 0.48405E-04 0.86891E-04 -0.57049E-05
301-343 293-433 304-393 293-433 258-374 273-323
0.25136E+01
-0.15089E-02
0.84915E-07
278-333
0.38348E+02
-0.12531E+00
0.12005E-03
253-413
0.41520E+02 0.52353E+02 0.10164E+03 0.17315E+03 0.65896E+02 0.65021E+02 0.36423E+01 0.12091E+02
-0.13839E+00 -0.17695E+00 -0.45839E+00 -0.98794E+00 -0.21954E+00 -0.22896E+00 -0.31996E-02 -0.36536E-01
0.13497E-03 0.15195E-03 0.54762E-03 0.14634E-02 0.14107E-03 0.17946E-03 0.39362E-05 0.39732E-04
253-393 293-333 333-368 273-323 273-323 273-323 288-423 253-353
0.15289E+02
-0.50621E-01
0.57753E-04
203-343
0.14279E+02
-0.39431E-01
0.32321E-04
273-323
0.11856E+02
-0.33493E-01
0.34368E-04
294-323
0.24740E+01 0.24759E+01 0.27089E+01 0.23771E+01 0.23414E+01 0.25637E+01 0.23979E+01 0.24007E+01
-0.22577E-02 -0.22535E-02 -0.37908E-02 -0.15140E-02 -0.14362E-02 -0.26328E-02 -0.17436E-02 -0.16802E-02
0.12428E-05 0.12500E-05 0.37500E-05 0.10093E-06 -0.51322E-07 0.16071E-05 0.17857E-06 0.36069E-06
273-373 293-323 273-323 163-363 153-353 273-323 273-323 291-322
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O3 C7H16S C7H17N C7H18O3Si C8H4F6 C8H6 C8H6Cl2 C8H6Cl4 C8H6Cl4 C8H6O C8H7N C8H7NO2 C8H7NO4 C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9BrO C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9Cl C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O
Name 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-pentanol Ethyl pentyl ether Ethyl isopentyl ether Triethoxymethane 1-Heptanethiol Heptylamine Triethoxymethylsilane 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Phenylacetylene 2,5-Dichlorostyrene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-5,6dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachloro-4,6dimethylbenzene Phenoxyacetylene Benzeneacetonitrile 4-Methoxyphenyl isocyanate Methyl 2-nitrobenzoate Styrene Acetophenone Benzeneacetic acid Benzyl formate Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate (Hydroxyacetyl)benzene 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1-Chloro-2-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-3-ethylbenzene 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-2-nitrobenzene Methyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol 1-Phenylethanol Phenetole
T/K
ε
293.2 293.2 293.7 296.1 296.2 297.0 297.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 303.2 298.2 298.2 293.2
1.930 11.75 9.72 7.07 6.18 3.257 4.990 3.248 3.158 6.020 3.6 3.955 4.779 4.194 3.81 3.845 5.98 2.98 2.58 8.0
293.2
5.4
298.2 299.2 333.2 300.1 293.2 298.2 353.2 303.2 298.2 302.7 298.2 303.2 314.4 298.2 298.2 298.2 313.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 273.4 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 343.2 303.2 338.2 313.2 333.2 323.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
4.76 17.87 10.26 27.76 2.4737 17.44 3.47 6.34 5.403 6.642 21.33 22.0 8.80 5.55 5.56 5.42 7.04 4.36 5.18 5.16 21.9 21.9 8.95 2.4463 2.562 2.359 2.2735 4.81 5.060 5.36 4.90 9.02 9.06 12.31 8.77 4.216
6-167
a
b
c
Range/K
0.60662E+02 0.10050E+03 0.19586E+03 0.28995E+03
-0.24049E+00 -0.49793E+00 -0.11465E+01 -0.18499E+01
0.25155E-03 0.64504E-03 0.17175E-02 0.30109E-02
239-513 207-365 248-349 270-301
0.59724E+02
-0.32417E+00
0.47058E-03
244-372
0.37318E+02
-0.17095E+00
0.22022E-03
283-393
0.66541E+01
-0.55450E-02
-0.12500E-04
293-323
0.71333E+01 0.87794E+01
-0.97320E-02 -0.24363E-01
-0.12500E-05 0.25325E-04
273-333 253-373
0.82175E+02 0.20780E+02
-0.37416E+00 -0.31571E-01
0.53220E-03
299-343 333-403
0.44473E+01 0.26099E+02 0.24104E+01 0.26162E+02 0.11327E+02 0.17486E+02 0.42286E+02
-0.11422E-01 0.64048E-02 0.30000E-02 -0.11026E+00 -0.26707E-01 -0.51027E-01 -0.69215E-01
0.16000E-04 -0.11905E-03 0.14787E-03 0.22938E-04 0.50222E-04 -0.35714E-05
293-313 298-333 353-393 303-358 298-404 303-393 298-368
0.20501E+02
-0.39045E-01
0.68298E-05
223-398
0.23146E+02
-0.75753E-01
0.77778E-04
313-358
0.35969E+01 0.36163E+01 0.28421E+01 0.23140E+01 0.14399E+02 0.22125E+02 0.18049E+02 0.12284E+02 0.54423E+02 0.54251E+02 0.12170E+03 0.32971E+02 -0.15043E+02
-0.53169E-02 -0.40177E-02 -0.10191E-02 0.97221E-03 -0.41438E-01 -0.85543E-01 -0.54991E-01 -0.32996E-01 -0.21153E+00 -0.21647E+00 -0.63124E+00 -0.12042E+00 0.13752E+00
0.47500E-05 0.14286E-05 -0.21429E-05 -0.37500E-05 0.39244E-04 0.96548E-04 0.51656E-04 0.29867E-04 0.22508E-03 0.23542E-03 0.87776E-03 0.12809E-03 -0.24500E-03
293-323 273-323 273-323 293-363 343-433 303-363 338-455 313-453 333-453 323-453 278-333 293-423 293-313
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
T/K
C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2 C8H10O2S C8H10S C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H12N2O2 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H14O4 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16Br2 C8H16Cl2 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H17Br C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H17F C8H17I C8H17NO2 C8H18
2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene Ethyl phenyl sulfone (Ethylthio)benzene p-Ethylaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 4-Ethoxyaniline Hexamethylene diisocyanate Diethyl maleate Diethyl fumarate 1,7-Octadiene cis-Cyclooctene 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexene 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexene Methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Cyclohexyl acetate Butanoic anhydride 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride Diisopropyl oxalate Diethyl succinate Dimethyl adipate Octanenitrile 1-Octene cis-3-Octene trans-3-Octene cis-4-Octene trans-4-Octene 3-Methyl-2-heptene* 2,5-Dimethyl-2-hexene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene Cyclooctane 1,8-Dibromooctane 1,8-Dichlorooctane 2-Octanone 3-Octanone Octanoic acid 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Isopentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate Propyl pentanoate Ethyl hexanoate Methyl heptanoate Isopentyl lactate 1-Bromooctane 2-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 2-Chlorooctane 1-Fluorooctane 1-Iodooctane 1-Nitrooctane Octane
293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 333.7 348.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 288.2 298.2 296.2 293.0 296.0 296.0 296.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 295.0 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 288.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 273.2 298.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 3.502 3.967 3.914 4.45 5.363 5.60 39.0 4.95 4.84 5.87 4.90 7.807 7.43 14.41 7.560 6.56 2.186 2.306 2.144 2.182 4.87 5.08 12.8 13.6 6.403 6.098 6.84 13.90 2.113 2.062 2.002 2.053 2.004 2.436 2.431 2.0908 2.116 7.43 7.64 9.51 10.50 2.85 2.64 4.42 4.552 5.21 4.39 4.0 4.45 4.355 11.2 5.0957 5.44 5.05 5.42 3.89 4.67 11.46 1.948
6-168
a
b
c
Range/K
0.50825E+01 0.12830E+02 0.86608E+01 0.74604E+01 0.11911E+02 0.11289E+02
-0.62297E-02 -0.49701E-01 -0.23510E-01 -0.13445E-01 -0.30804E-01 -0.20765E-01
0.28571E-05 0.66429E-04 0.25000E-04 0.10737E-04 0.29643E-04 0.11987E-04
293-333 293-333 293-333 293-443 298-358 334-463
0.84052E+01 0.20990E+02
-0.13549E-01 -0.57419E-01
0.62835E-05 0.44286E-04
289-453 298-358
0.26715E+02 0.13953E+02
-0.42696E-01 -0.21969E-01
0.17817E-05
288-403 298-343
0.28376E+01 0.31115E+01 0.26443E+01 0.29951E+01
-0.17442E-02 -0.32058E-02 -0.17973E-02 -0.34615E-02
-0.16141E-05 0.16713E-05 0.35815E-06 0.24026E-05
214-293 269-406 211-374 213-373
0.10709E+02 0.80213E+01 0.11739E+02
-0.16328E-01 0.11810E-02 -0.17281E-01
0.56000E-05 -0.26400E-04 0.11447E-05
293-368 293-343 293-433
0.24348E+01
0.34200E-03
-0.50000E-05
273-323
0.25036E+01 0.94117E+00
-0.12460E-02 0.61520E-01
-0.23175E-06 -0.13333E-03
295-411 298-328
-0.16219E+02
0.18799E+00
-0.34156E-03
293-333
0.29391E+01
-0.38721E-03
0.17665E+02 0.79684E+01
-0.71718E-01 -0.12000E-01
0.95635E-04 0.15266E-13
273-373 298-318
0.11007E+02
-0.32800E-01
0.35714E-04
253-353
0.48649E+02 0.12404E+02
-0.21253E+00 -0.35050E-01
0.27619E-03 0.34542E-04
273-373 283-353
0.11346E+02
-0.25120E-01
0.13450E-04
274-328
0.12452E+02
-0.41229E-01
0.50108E-04
233-313
0.22590E+01
-0.84212E-03
-0.75758E-06
233-393
288-423
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18OS C8H18O2 C8H18O2S C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H20Si C8H20Sn C8H23N5 C8H24O4Si4 C9H6N2O2 C9H6O2 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8O C9H8O4 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10
Name 2-Methylheptane 3-Ethylhexane 2,2-Dimethylhexane 2,5-Dimethylhexane 3,3-Dimethylhexane 3,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-3-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 3-Octanol 4-Octanol 2-Methyl-1-heptanol 3-Methyl-1-heptanol 4-Methyl-1-heptanol 5-Methyl-1-heptanol 6-Methyl-1-heptanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 3-Methyl-2-heptanol 4-Methyl-2-heptanol 5-Methyl-2-heptanol 6-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Methyl-3-heptanol 3-Methyl-3-heptanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 6-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Methyl-4-heptanol 3-Methyl-4-heptanol 4-Methyl-4-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutyl sulfoxide 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol Dibutyl sulfone Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Octylamine Dibutylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylsilane Tetraethylstannane Tetraethylenepentamine Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one Quinoline Isoquinoline Cinnamaldehyde 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 1-Propenylbenzene Allylbenzene Isopropenylbenzene
T/K 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.95 293.2 292.1 291.49 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.1 290.3 290.6 290.4 290.3 292.2 289.6 290.0 278.5 290.1 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.3 290.0 296.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 323.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.2 293.2 343.2 293.2 298.2 305.8 333.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 1.9519 1.9617 1.9498 1.9619 1.9645 1.9814 1.9869 1.960 1.943 1.9780 1.9738 10.30 8.13 5.55 4.48 5.16 2.884 4.63 7.68 10.54 3.43 7.47 3.59 7.5 6.41 3.260 3.013 3.312 3.832 4.992 3.338 7.46 2.902 7.58 4.50 3.0830 24.73 18.73 25.72 7.62 20.44 3.949 4.29 3.58 2.765 2.50 2.090 2.241 9.40 2.390 8.433 34.04 9.16 11.0 17.72 6.55 2.73 2.63 2.28
6-169
a
b
c
Range/K
0.25821E+01
-0.26804E-02
0.19404E-05
294-324
0.26849E+01 0.25983E+01
-0.33712E-02 -0.28027E-02
0.32949E-05 0.24195E-05
292-324 292-324
0.23677E+01
-0.14768E-02
0.94261E-07
173-373
0.51647E+02 0.63760E+02 0.12505E+03 0.51049E+02 0.61698E+02 0.84687E+01 0.48612E+02 0.54581E+02 0.57997E+02
-0.20371E+00 -0.27643E+00 -0.70646E+00 -0.26664E+00 -0.33647E+00 -0.33712E-01 -0.26773E+00 -0.24772E+00 -0.23517E+00
0.21320E-03 0.31075E-03 0.10245E-02 0.37280E-03 0.49066E-03 0.49793E-04 0.39972E-03 0.29734E-03 0.24663E-03
258-513 213-513 223-383 243-403 236-328 241-316 237-332 235-328 265-328
0.39178E+02 0.39715E+02 0.68568E+02 0.77520E+02 -0.59739E+01 -0.38440E+01 -0.48003E+01 0.61967E+01 0.23037E+02 0.42102E+00 0.33354E+02
-0.17976E+00 -0.23115E+00 -0.40706E+00 -0.41724E+00 0.56700E-01 0.42327E-01 0.50740E-01 -0.63750E-02 -0.98029E-01 0.10427E-01 -0.14077E+00
0.24218E-03 0.36771E-03 0.67433E-03 0.59448E-03 -0.83125E-04 -0.61250E-04 -0.75000E-04 0.12479E-03 -0.20438E-05 0.17750E-03
229-329 240-333 230-279 239-329 343-403 343-403 343-403 343-383 283-383 230-333 230-330
0.86074E+02 0.91244E+01 0.65383E+01 0.67156E+02 0.57919E+02 0.66248E+02
-0.42636E+00 -0.21785E-01 -0.16172E-01 -0.16448E+00 -0.17128E+00 -0.16417E+00
0.55078E-03 0.21018E-04 0.14969E-04 0.92275E-04 0.12949E-03 0.12001E-03
208-318 283-393 293-314 313-393 233-333 323-398
0.83547E+02 0.63667E+01
-0.31691E+00 -0.87920E-02
0.34689E-03 0.18750E-05
253-333 273-333
0.77931E+01 0.52504E+01
-0.20015E-01 -0.10538E-01
0.19347E-04 0.71485E-05
273-373 243-323
0.40553E+02 0.36286E+01 0.22174E+02 0.11311E+03 0.33432E+02 0.14412E+03 0.41837E+02 0.69994E+01
-0.16681E+00 -0.56885E-02 -0.66982E-01 -0.33804E+00 -0.13497E+00 -0.79935E+00 -0.11060E+00 -0.14553E-02
0.20659E-03 0.50874E-05 0.68571E-04 0.31324E-03 0.17788E-03 0.11839E-02 0.10401E-03
213-333 296-333 293-353 343-423 258-323 298-323 306-354 333-416
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C9H10OS C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3 C9H10O3 C9H11Br C9H11NO C9H11NO C9H11NO2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O2S C9H12S C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H13N C9H14OSi C9H14O6 C9H14Si C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H16O2 C9H16O4 C9H17N C9H18 C9H18Br2 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H19Br C9H19Cl C9H19NO C9H20
Name 4-Acetylthioanisole Ethyl benzoate Methyl 4-methylbenzoate Benzyl acetate Phenyl propanoate 4-Acetylanisole Ethyl salicylate Methyl 2-methoxybenzoate (3-Bromopropyl)benzene N-Ethylbenzamide N,N-Dimethylbenzamide Ethyl 2-aminobenzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzenepropanol α-Ethylbenzenemethanol α,α-Dimethylbenzenemethanol 1-Phenyl-2-propanol Benzyl ethyl ether 2,6-Dimethylanisole 3,5-Dimethylanisole Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Benzenepropanethiol Benzylethylamine N-Propylaniline 2-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline 4-Methyl-N,N-dimethylaniline Trimethylphenoxysilane Triacetin Trimethylphenylsilane 2-Nonenoic acid Cyclohexyl propanoate Ethyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Diethyl glutarate Nonanenitrile 1-Nonene 1,9-Dibromononane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone Di-tert-butyl ketone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid 2-Methyloctanoic acid 2-Ethylheptanoic acid Heptyl acetate Pentyl butanoate Isopentyl butanoate Isobutyl pentanoate Methyl octanoate 1-Bromononane 1-Chlorononane N,N-Dibutylformamide Nonane
T/K 355.2 293.2 306.2 303.2 293.2 313.2 308.2 294.2 302.2 352.7 318.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.6 298.2 296.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 295.2 293.2 287.65 293.2 294.9 293.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2
ε 11.34 6.20 4.3 5.34 4.77 17.3 8.48 7.7 5.41 42.6 20.77 4.14 2.370 2.381 2.595 2.365 2.265 2.656 2.377 2.279 11.97 6.68 5.61 9.35 3.90 3.780 3.711 6.40 4.36 4.3 5.48 3.4 3.9 3.3953 7.11 2.3533 2.5 4.82 4.64 6.659 12.08 2.180 7.153 9.14 10.6 10.0 9.91 2.475 2.39 1.98 4.2 4.08 4.0 3.8 4.101 4.74 4.803 18.4 1.9722
6-170
a
b
c
Range/K
0.18216E+02
-0.62361E-01
0.72884E-04
288-343
0.11727E+02
-0.30869E-01
0.32340E-04
303-358
0.18910E+02
-0.35623E-01
0.46529E-05
225-321
0.11360E+02 -0.20109E+03 0.76725E+02
-0.27471E-01 0.17866E+01 -0.26908E+00
0.25775E-04 -0.31065E-02 0.29409E-03
302-358 353-389 318-443
0.26933E+01 0.31149E+01
0.21679E-03 -0.30801E-02
-0.44643E-05 0.19643E-05
273-323 273-323
0.76006E+01 0.31517E+01 0.38998E+01 0.94482E+02 0.44520E+02 0.57072E+01 0.10762E+03
-0.29118E-01 -0.30634E-02 -0.88072E-02 -0.45540E+00 -0.21505E+00 0.86568E-02 -0.56026E+00
0.41786E-04 0.14286E-05 0.11149E-04 0.59307E-03 0.29443E-03 -0.29580E-04 0.76915E-03
273-323 273-323 288-358 213-303 233-373 303-373 233-373
0.76700E+01 0.54981E+01
-0.18298E-01 -0.56651E-02
0.17143E-04 -0.14286E-05
293-333 293-333
0.82411E+01
-0.15034E-01
0.73617E-05
303-358
0.17819E+02 0.21463E+01
-0.53656E-01 0.32711E-02
0.57759E-04 -0.86264E-05
219-304 288-323
0.22710E+01 0.18931E+02
0.15797E-02 -0.57764E-01
-0.64286E-05 0.60000E-04
273-323 293-343
0.33178E+02 0.25039E+01
-0.11290E+00 0.67274E-03
0.11454E-03 -0.24180E-05
273-393 295-365
0.59029E+01
-0.49905E-02
-0.34292E-05
301-343
0.79870E+01 0.95528E+01
-0.10488E-01 -0.16200E-01
-0.13450E-05 -0.16365E-13
274-328 293-323
0.23894E+01
-0.14830E-02
0.14881E-06
253-393
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20N2O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H21B C9H21N C9H21N C9H21O4P C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7NO2 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12 C10H12O C10H12O C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14N2 C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H16 C10H16 C10H16
Name
T/K
2-Methyloctane 4-Methyloctane 2,4-Dimethylheptane 2,5-Dimethylheptane 2,6-Dimethylheptane Tetraethylurea 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol Tripropylborane Nonylamine Tripropylamine Tripropyl phosphate 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Nitronaphthalene Naphthalene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 6-Methylquinoline 8-Methylquinoline Methyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 4-Ethylstyrene Dicyclopentadiene Tetrahydro-2-naphthol* 4-Isopropylbenzaldehyde 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol 2-Phenylethyl acetate Benzyl propanoate Phenyl butanoate Propyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene L-Nicotine 1-Phenyl-2-methyl-2-propanol Butyl phenyl ether Thymol N,N-Diethylaniline γ-Terpinene d-Limonene l-Limonene
293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.8 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 333.2 363.2 373.0 413.0 333.2 393.0 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 328.9 293.2 298.2 298.2 313.2 293.2 288.2 293.2 297.2 303.0 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 296.0 356.0 293.2 298.2 293.2 333.2 303.2 298.2 298.2 298.2
ε 1.967 1.967 1.89 1.89 1.987 14.29 8.83 6.66 4.49 3.69 3.54 2.026 3.42 2.380 10.93 4.768 5.04 19.68 2.54 5.03 4.95 5.20 5.26 7.24 9.31 8.48 6.58 5.31 8.66 2.771 3.350 2.43 11.70 10.68 9.55 4.93 5.11 4.48 5.78 5.320 2.359 2.357 2.359 2.318 2.2322 2.594 2.369 2.259 2.275 2.538 2.223 8.937 5.71 3.734 4.259 5.15 2.2738 2.3746 2.3738
6-171
a
b
c
Range/K
0.52820E+02 0.97467E+02 0.10136E+03 0.55214E+02 0.27954E+01 -0.25463E+01
-0.18790E+00 -0.51103E+00 -0.55612E+00 -0.31920E+00 0.30000E-02 0.35320E-01
0.19580E-03 0.71429E-03 0.80000E-03 0.50000E-03 -0.52375E-13 -0.50000E-04
205-411 288-343 288-308 288-308 288-308 288-308
0.53575E+01 0.33380E+01 0.33166E+02 0.10561E+02 0.84861E+01 0.36267E+02
-0.71982E-02 -0.86332E-02 -0.10514E+00 -0.27671E-01 -0.12357E-01 -0.41283E-01
0.19481E-05 0.18322E-04 0.10000E-03 0.27655E-04 0.26899E-05 -0.25595E-04
293-373 243-293 293-373 293-323 274-328 333-403
0.16489E+02 0.92865E+01 0.10577E+02 0.19722E+02 0.11688E+02 0.17788E+02 0.21696E+02 0.19356E+02 0.19579E+02
-0.46700E-01 -0.10500E-01 -0.22114E-01 -0.60679E-01 -0.78400E-02 -0.32580E-01 -0.63400E-01 -0.61900E-01 -0.69970E-01
0.42857E-04 0.42501E-15 0.17857E-04 0.60714E-04 -0.25000E-04 0.12500E-04 0.62500E-04 0.62500E-04 0.80889E-04
373-453 413-453 333-453 393-473 293-333 293-333 293-333 293-333 329-371
0.29172E+01
0.12832E-02
-0.59453E-05
298-343
0.30564E+01 0.98978E+02
-0.20000E-02 -0.48267E+00
0.82443E-15 0.63008E-03
313-373 293-363
0.52377E+02
-0.24380E+00
0.33333E-03
273-323
0.42301E+01
0.13962E-01
-0.36426E-04
303-358
0.10927E+02
-0.20535E-01
0.11745E-04
303-358
0.28348E+01 0.27924E+01 0.28055E+01 0.25266E+01
-0.68586E-03 -0.38350E-03 -0.92614E-03 -0.25121E-03
-0.32143E-05 -0.37500E-05 -0.25000E-05 -0.24867E-05
273-323 273-323 273-323 277-333
0.33822E+01 0.26834E+01 0.21347E+02 0.21922E+02
-0.33630E-02 -0.10327E-02 -0.57177E-01 -0.84231E-01
0.17475E-05 -0.73533E-06 0.50655E-04 0.99475E-04
273-412 356-430 293-363 298-423
0.50773E+01
0.15399E-01
-0.50000E-04
303-328
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H16O C10H17Cl C10H18 C10H18 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O2 C10H18O4 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20Br2 C10H20Cl2 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21Br C10H21Cl C10H21NO C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O C10H22OS C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H23N C10H30O3Si4 C10H30O5Si5 C11H10 C11H10 C11H10O C11H10O C11H12O2 C11H12O3 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2
Name Terpinolene α-Pinene β-Pinene α-Terpinene β-Myrcene Carvenone d-Fenchone 2-Chlorobornane Pinane cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Eucalyptol Cyclohexyl butanoate Diethyl adipate 1-Decene cis-5-Decene trans-5-Decene 5-Methyl-4-nonene 2,4,6-Trimethyl-3-heptene 1,10-Dibromodecane 1,10-Dichlorodecane 2-Decanone Menthol 2,2-Dimethyloctanoic acid Octyl acetate 2-Methylheptyl acetate Pentyl pentanoate Isopentyl pentanoate Isopentyl isopentanoate Methyl nonanoate 1-Bromodecane 1-Chlorodecane N,N-Dibutylacetamide Decane 2,7-Dimethyloctane 4-Propylheptane 1-Decanol 2-Decanol 3-Decanol 4-Decanol 5-Decanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-octanol Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Dipentyl sulfoxide Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipentyl sulfide Decylamine Decamethyltetrasiloxane Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 1-Methoxynaphthalene 2-Methoxynaphthalene Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl benzoylacetate Benzyl butanoate Phenyl pentanoate Butyl benzoate
T/K 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 294.2 368.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 308.2 287.2 309.3 296.2 288.2 288.2 305.6 292.2 288.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 348.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 313.2 293.2 353.2 293.2 303.2 301.2 293.2 303.2
ε 2.2918 2.1787 2.4970 2.4526 2.3 18.8 12.8 5.21 2.1456 2.219 2.184 4.57 4.58 6.109 2.136 2.071 2.030 2.175 2.293 6.56 6.68 8.3 3.90 2.8 4.18 4.27 4.076 3.6 4.39 3.943 4.44 4.581 19.1 1.9853 1.98 1.9955 7.93 5.82 4.05 3.42 3.24 7.86 2.798 2.817 18.8 7.68 3.826 3.31 2.370 2.50 2.915 2.747 4.020 3.563 5.63 13.50 4.55 4.30 5.52
6-172
a
b
c
Range/K
0.25410E+01 0.26615E+01
-0.11420E-02 -0.21241E-02
0.15092E-06 0.16864E-05
293-373 293-373
0.14824E+02 0.19091E+01
-0.40749E-01 0.33442E-02
0.37600E-04 -0.87500E-05
293-343 273-323
0.17350E+02 -0.57423E+01
-0.50328E-01 0.94220E-01
0.48633E-04 -0.17500E-03
303-368 308-338
0.68202E+01
-0.15894E-01
0.20837E-04
309-358
-0.34691E+01 0.23285E+02 0.77641E+01
0.58106E-01 -0.11538E+00 -0.14335E-01
-0.10952E-03 0.17143E-03 0.73740E-05
288-323 288-323 306-393
0.14698E+02
-0.57726E-01
0.76190E-04
288-323
0.11202E+02 0.68741E+01
-0.33491E-01 -0.12210E-02
0.36314E-04 -0.22500E-04
274-328 293-323
0.24054E+01
-0.15445E-02
0.44643E-06
253-393
0.47195E+02 0.13621E+03 0.52090E+02 -0.11260E+02 -0.25832E+01 0.69536E+02
-0.20740E+00 -0.81000E+00 -0.31020E+00 0.93960E-01 0.31456E-01 -0.34596E+00
0.24942E-03 0.12500E-02 0.50000E-03 -0.15000E-03 -0.40000E-04 0.46250E-03
293-343 288-308 288-308 288-308 288-308 293-333
0.44690E+01
-0.63710E-02
0.25000E-05
293-323
0.61497E+01
-0.12801E-01
0.10606E-04
293-373
0.45126E+01
-0.76480E-02
0.75000E-05
293-333
0.71885E+01 0.56702E+01
-0.14838E-01 -0.69754E-02
0.13750E-04 0.28571E-05
293-333 353-373
0.93644E+01
0.74280E-01
-0.20000E-03
303-323
0.77854E+01
-0.34972E-02
-0.13149E-04
303-358
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
T/K
C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H22O2 C11H23Br C11H24 C11H24O C11H25N C12F27N C12H8O C12H10 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H10O C12H10OS C12H10O2S C12H10S C12H11N C12H11NO C12H12 C12H12O C12H14O2 C12H14O4 C12H16O C12H16O C12H16O2 C12H16O3 C12H16O3 C12H17NO C12H18 C12H18 C12H18 C12H20O2 C12H22O C12H22O C12H22O6 C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H25Cl C12H25I C12H26 C12H26O C12H26O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27N C12H27O4P C12H28O4Si C12H28Sn C12H30OSi2 C13H10O C13H10O3 C13H12
Isobutyl benzoate 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 1-Undecene 2-Undecanone Nonyl acetate Pentyl hexanoate 1-Bromoundecane Undecane 1-Undecanol Undecylamine Tris(perfluorobutyl)amine Dibenzofuran Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene Diphenyl ether 2-Acetonaphthone Diphenyl sulfoxide Diphenyl sulfone Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine N-1-Naphthylenylacetamide 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 1-Ethoxynaphthalene Propyl cinnamate Diethyl phthalate 2-Cyclohexylphenol 4-Cyclohexylphenol Pentyl benzoate Pentyl salicylate Isopentyl salicylate N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide Hexylbenzene 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene l-Bornyl acetate Dicyclohexyl ether Cyclododecanone Dibutyl tartrate 1-Dodecene Decyl acetate Ethyl decanoate Methyl undecanoate 1-Bromododecane 1-Chlorododecane 1-Iodododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol 2-Butyl-1-octanol Tributyl borate Dodecylamine Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Tetrapropoxysilane Tetrapropylstannane Hexaethyldisiloxane Benzophenone Phenyl salicylate Diphenylmethane
291.2 293.2 334.0 293.2 285.3 293.2 288.2 272.6 293.2 313.2 293.2 293.2 373.2 348.2 311.2 283.2 333.2 344.7 406.2 298.2 323.2 433.2 293.2 292.2 293.2 293.2 328.2 404.2 293.2 301.2 293.12 298.2 293.2 293.2 449.0 303.2 293.2 303.2 314.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 303.2 363.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 300.2 290.2 303.2
ε 5.39 2.264 2.358 2.137 8.3 3.87 4.22 4.61 1.9972 5.98 3.25 2.15 3.00 2.53 5.2 3.726 13.03 16.6 21.1 5.43 3.73 24.3 2.7250 3.3 5.45 7.86 3.97 4.42 5.07 6.25 7.26 11.66 2.3 2.256 2.172 4.46 3.45 11.4 9.4 2.152 3.75 3.75 3.671 4.07 4.17 3.91 2.0120 5.82 3.28 2.23 3.07 2.340 8.34 3.21 2.267 2.259 12.62 6.92 2.540
6-173
a
b
c
Range/K
0.30196E+01 0.22132E+01
-0.22619E-02 0.13121E-02
0.83831E-06 -0.53571E-05
334-413 273-323
0.83503E+01
-0.18449E-01
0.14286E-04
288-323
0.23637E+01
-0.12500E-02
-0.85869E-16
283-363
0.54945E+01
-0.96161E-02
0.66017E-05
293-373
0.26869E+01
0.63072E-03
-0.30995E-05
348-428
0.14538E+03
-0.73040E+00
0.10000E-02
333-363
0.84739E+02
-0.12391E+00
-0.35714E-04
433-533
0.13129E+02
-0.19190E-01
-0.36060E-05
225-397
0.35710E+01 0.60791E+01 0.95324E+01 0.39327E+02
-0.46912E-02 0.98200E-02 -0.31740E-01 -0.13248E+00
0.35088E-05 -0.50000E-04 0.37500E-04 0.13298E-03
449-489 303-323 293-333 303-423
0.22581E+01
0.11106E-02
-0.50000E-05
273-323
0.70969E+01
-0.15080E-01
0.12500E-04
293-353
0.86103E+01 0.10002E+02 0.34641E+01 0.23697E+01 0.18518E+02
-0.20891E-01 -0.27798E-01 0.97404E-02 -0.12200E-02 -0.44859E-01
0.18994E-04 0.27559E-04 -0.27602E-04 -0.36375E-16 0.99900E-05
274-328 274-328 293-323 283-363 303-358
0.27999E+01 0.19846E+01 0.26304E+02
0.44810E-02 0.28108E-02 -0.88480E-01
-0.11905E-04 -0.54545E-05 0.92857E-04
303-373 233-293 293-373
0.36559E+01 0.34130E+02 0.26545E+02 0.30638E+01
-0.72406E-02 -0.10249E+00 -0.11180E+00 -0.17286E-02
0.85714E-05 0.10268E-03 0.15220E-03
298-333 300-420 290-358 303-333
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
T/K
C13H12O C13H18O2 C13H20 C13H20O C13H20O C13H24O4 C13H26 C13H26O C13H26O2 C13H26O2 C13H27Br C13H28 C13H28 C13H28O C14H10 C14H10 C14H10O2 C14H12O2 C14H12O3 C14H14 C14H14O C14H15N C14H16O2Si C14H18O2 C14H22 C14H26O4 C14H26O4 C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H28O2 C14H29Br C14H30 C14H30O C14H31N C15H12O4 C15H26O6 C15H30O2 C15H31Br C15H32 C15H32O C15H33N C15H33N C16H22O4 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H32O2 C16H33Br C16H33I C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C16H36Sn C17H12O3 C17H34O C17H34O2 C17H36 C17H36O C18H26O4 C18H28O2
Benzyl phenyl ether Hexyl benzoate Heptylbenzene α-Ionone* β-Ionone* Diethyl nonanedioate 1-Tridecene 7-Tridecanone Ethyl undecanoate Methyl dodecanoate 1-Bromotridecane Tridecane 5-Butylnonane 1-Tridecanol Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzil Benzyl benzoate Benzyl salicylate 1,2-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether Dibenzylamine Dimethyldiphenoxysilane Pentyl cinnamate Octylbenzene Diisobutyl adipate Diethyl sebacate Dodecyl acetate Ethyl laurate Methyl tridecanoate 1-Bromotetradecane Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Tetradecylamine Phenyl 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate Tributyrin Methyl tetradecanoate 1-Bromopentadecane Pentadecane 1-Pentadecanol Pentadecylamine Triisopentylamine Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecanoic acid Ethyl myristate Methyl pentadecanoate 1-Bromohexadecane 1-Iodohexadecane Hexadecane 1-Hexadecanol Hexadecylamine Tetrabutylstannane 2-Naphthyl salicylate 9-Heptadecanone Methyl palmitate Heptadecane 1-Heptadecanol Dipentyl phthalate Phenyl laurate
313.2 293.2 293.2 292.4 297.65 303.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 293.2 281.15 293.2 293.2 333.2 502.0 383.2 368.2 303.2 301.2 331.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 303.2 293.2 273.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 318.2 312.55 384.2 282.8 293.2 293.35 293.2 333.2 313.25 294.2 293.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 333.2 328.35 293.2 293.0 328.2 313.2 293.2 333.2 293.2 293.2
ε 3.748 4.80 2.26 10.78 11.66 5.133 2.139 7.6 3.55 3.539 4.19 2.0213 2.0319 4.02 2.649 2.72 13.04 5.26 4.12 2.47 3.821 3.446 3.500 4.89 2.26 5.19 4.995 3.6 3.94 3.442 3.84 2.0343 4.42 2.90 4.33 5.72 3.352 3.88 2.0391 3.70 2.85 2.29 6.58 2.417 3.50 3.296 3.68 3.57 2.0460 3.69 2.71 9.74 6.30 5.43 3.124 2.0578 3.41 6.00 3.28
6-174
a
b
c
Range/K
0.14154E+01
0.66514E-02
-0.14286E-04
273-323
0.23731E+01
-0.12000E-02
-0.21841E-15
283-363
0.20571E+02
-0.69169E-01
0.66667E-04
502-516
-0.23599E+02 0.76856E+01
0.22715E+00 -0.80000E-02
-0.34667E-03 -0.80361E-15
368-393 303-358
0.31178E+01 0.80154E+01
-0.21572E-02 -0.20536E-01
0.59800E-06 0.21250E-04
331-451 293-333
0.51669E+01
-0.77001E-02
0.70156E-05
283-353
0.39143E+02
-0.20965E+00
0.32000E-03
303-313
0.10058E+02 0.23832E+01 0.12272E+02
-0.33905E-01 -0.11900E-02 -0.24667E-01
0.43528E-04 -0.51229E-16 -0.13168E-13
274-328 283-363 318-358
0.13152E+02
-0.36684E-01
0.36795E-04
199-283
0.23792E+01
-0.11600E-02
-0.71069E-16
283-363
0.12444E+02
-0.20000E-01
0.52642E+01
-0.60000E-02
-0.47358E-15
293-353
0.58668E+01 0.79531E+01 0.23861E+01 0.85935E+01
-0.73333E-02 -0.22859E-01 -0.11600E-02 -0.14714E-01
-0.52666E-14 0.26955E-04 0.25555E-15 -0.45533E-13
298-328 293-323 293-363 333-363
0.56115E+02 0.11229E+02 0.44176E+02
-0.24812E+00 -0.18857E-01 -0.21183E+00
0.30682E-03 0.70332E-05 0.28571E-03
293-313 293-353 328-363
0.23627E+01
-0.10400E-02
-0.10397E-12
293-308
293-333
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF LIQUIDS (continued) Mol. Form. C18H30O2 C18H30O4 C18H32O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H36O2 C18H37Br C18H38O C18H39BO3 C18H39N C19H16 C19H18O3Si C19H32O2 C19H34O2 C19H36O2 C19H38O C19H38O2 C19H40 C20H30O4 C20H38O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C20H42O C20H42O C20H60O8Si9 C21H21O4P C21H38O6 C22H42O2 C22H44O2 C22H46 C22H46O C24H20O4Si C24H38O4 C26H50O4 C27H50O6 C30H58O4 C30H62 C30H62 C34H66O4 C34H68O2 C38H74O4 C39H74O6 C51H98O6 C57H104O6 C57H104O6 C57H110O6
Name Linolenic acid Dicyclohexyl adipate Linoleic acid Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid Hexadecyl acetate Ethyl palmitate Methyl heptadecanoate 1-Bromooctadecane 1-Octadecanol Trihexyl borate Octadecylamine Triphenylmethane Methyltriphenoxysilane Methyl linolenate Methyl linoleate Methyl oleate 10-Nonadecanone Methyl stearate Nonadecane Dihexyl phthalate Ethyl oleate Octadecyl acetate Ethyl stearate Methyl nonadecanoate 1-Eicosanol Didecyl ether Eicosamethylnonasiloxane Tricresyl phosphate* 1,2,3-Propanetriyl hexanoate Butyl oleate Butyl stearate Docosane 1-Docosanol Tetraphenoxysilane Dioctyl phthalate Dioctyl sebacate 1,2,3-Propanetriyl octanoate Ethylene glycol ditetradecanoate Triacontane 2,6,10,15,19,23Hexamethyltetracosane Ethylene glycol dipalmitate Hexadecyl stearate Ethylene glycol distearate Glycerol trilaurate Glycerol tripalmitate Glycerol trioleate Glycerol trielaidate Glycerol tristearate
T/K
ε
293.2 308.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 308.2 303.2 313.2 303.35 333.2 293.2 326.35 367.2 298.2 293.2 293.2 293.2 353.2 313.2 293.2 293.2 301.2 308.2 313.2 313.2 338.2 293.2 293.2 298.2 293.2 298.2 298.2 293.2 348.2 333.2 293.2 299.2 293.2 343.2 373.2 373.2
2.825 4.84 2.754 2.336 4.54 2.314 3.19 3.07 3.07 3.53 3.38 2.22 2.67 2.46 3.628 3.355 3.466 3.211 5.37 3.021 2.0706 5.62 3.17 3.07 2.958 2.982 3.13 2.644 2.645 6.7 4.476 4.00 3.120 2.0840 2.94 3.4915 5.22 4.01 3.931 2.98 1.9112 1.9106
348.2 333.2 353.2 313.2 328.2 293.2 313.2 353.2
2.89 2.61 2.79 3.287 2.901 3.109 2.980 2.740
6-175
a
b
c
Range/K
0.33867E+01
-0.19181E-02
274-368
0.32073E+01 0.25385E+01
-0.15477E-02 -0.69448E-03
275-368 275-368
0.27159E+01 0.47310E+01 0.57938E+01
-0.13300E-02 -0.50000E-02 -0.12294E-01
0.41338E-14 0.10919E-04
293-373 308-348 303-455
0.46790E+01 0.73784E+01
-0.30355E-02 -0.12000E-01
-0.24798E-05 -0.22871E-13
303-332 333-363
0.40201E+01
-0.66507E-02
0.65329E-05
367-448
0.57033E+01 0.44569E+01 0.70930E+01
-0.11223E-01 -0.45000E-02 -0.19081E-01
0.93447E-05 0.33923E-14 0.19555E-04
301-423 308-348 331-440
0.21700E+01 0.41465E+01 0.57840E+01
0.12497E-01 -0.62240E-02 -0.16568E-01
-0.28571E-04 0.37500E-05 0.20000E-04
338-363 293-333 293-323
0.73894E+02
-0.46261E+00
0.75500E-03
298-343
0.82062E+01
-0.25069E-01
0.28571E-04
348-373
-0.29131E+01
0.32206E-01
-0.44154E-04
328-393
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF GASES This table gives the relative permittivity ε (often called the dielectric constant) of some common gases at a temperature of 20°C and pressure of one atmosphere (101.325 kPa). Values of the permanent dipole moment µ in Debye Units (1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 C m) are also included. The density dependence of the permittivity is given by the equation 4π N α 4π N µ 2 ε –1 = ρm + ε+2 9 k T 3
where ρm is the molar density, N is Avogadro’s number, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and α is the molecular polarizability. Therefore, in regions where the gas can be considered ideal, ε – 1 is approximately proportional to the pressure at constant temperature. For nonpolar gases (µ = 0), ε –1 is inversely proportional to temperature at constant pressure. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values given. The values of ε for air, Ar, H2, He, N2, O2, and CO2 are recommended as reference values; these are accurate to 1 ppm or better. The second part of the table gives the permittivity of water vapor in equilibrium with liquid water as a function of temperature (derived from Reference 4). REFERENCE 1. A. A. Maryott and F. Buckley, Table of Dielectric Constants and Electric Dipole Moments of Substances in the Gaseous State, National Bureau of Standards Circular 537, 1953. 2. B. A. Younglove, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982; 16, 577, 1987 (for data on N2, H2, O2, and hydrocarbons over a range of pressure and temperature). 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group IV, Vol. 4, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1980 (for data at high pressures). 4. G. Birnbaum and S. K. Chatterjee, J. Appl. Phys., 23, 220, 1952 (for data on water vapor).
Mol. form.
ε
Name
µ/D
Compounds not containing carbon
Ar BF3 BrH ClH F3N F6S HI H2 H 2S H 3N He Kr NO N2 N 2O Ne O2 O 2S O3 Xe
Air (dry,CO2 free) Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Nitrogen trifluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Helium Krypton Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Neon Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Ozone Xenon
1.0005364 1.0005172 1.0011 1.00279 1.00390 1.0013 1.00200 1.00214 1.0002538 1.00344 1.00622 1.0000650 1.00078 1.00060 1.0005480 1.00104 1.00013 1.0004947 1.00825 1.0017 1.00126
0 0 0.827 1.109 0.235 0 0.448 0 0.97 1.471 0 0 0.159 0 0.161 0 0 1.633 0.534 0
1.00121 1.00065 1.000922
0 0.110 0
Compounds containing carbon CF4 CO CO2
Tetrafluoromethane Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide
6-174
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF GASES (continued) Mol. form.
Name
ε
µ/D
CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH4 C2H2 C2H3Cl C2H4 C2H5Cl C2H6 C2H6O C3H6 C3H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10
Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Methane Acetylene Chloroethylene Ethylene Chloroethane Ethane Dimethyl ether Propene Cyclopropane Propane Butane Isobutane
1.01028 1.01080 1.00973 1.00914 1.00081 1.00124 1.0075 1.00134 1.01325 1.00140 1.0062 1.00228 1.00178 1.00200 1.00258 1.00260
1.822 1.892 1.858 1.62 0 0 1.45 0 2.05 0 1.30 0.366 0 0.084 0 0.132
PERMITTIVITY OF SATURATED WATER VAPOR t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50
t/°C
ε 1.00007 1.00012 1.00022 1.00037 1.00060 1.00095
60 70 80 90 100
6-175
ε 1.00144 1.00213 1.00305 1.00428 1.00587
AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES Liquid mixtures having an extremum (maximum or minimum) vapor pressure at constant temperature, as a function of composition, are called azeotropic mixtures, or simply azeotropes. Mixtures that do not show a maximum or minimum are called zeotropic. Azeotropes in which the pressure is a maximum are often called positive azeotropes, while pressure-minimum azeotropes are called negative azeotropes. The coordinates of an azeotropic point are the azeotropic temperature taz, pressure Paz , and liquid-phase composition, usually expressed as mole fractions. At the azeotropic point, the vapor-phase composition is the same as the liquid-phase composition. This table gives azeotropic data for a number of binary mixtures at normal atmospheric pressure (Paz =101.3 kPa). Component 1 of each mixture is given in bold face. The temperature taz and mole fraction x1 of component 1 are listed for each choice of component 2. The components are arranged in a modified Hill order, with substances that do not contain carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. REFERENCES 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Horsley, L.H., Azeotropic Data, III, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1973.
Molecular formula
CHCl3 CH2O2 CH3NO2 CS2 C2H3N C2H5NO2 C2H6O C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C5H5N C5H11N C5H12 C6H5Cl C6H6 C6H6O C6H10 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H10 C8H10 C8H18 C8H18O C9H20 C12H27N CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH4O C2H3N C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O C4H10O CS2 CS2 C3H6O
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Name Water H2O Trichloromethane Formic acid Nitromethane Carbon disulfide Acetonitrile Nitroethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate 1-Butanol 2-Butanol Pyridine Piperidine Pentane Chlorobenzene Benzene Phenol Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Hexane Toluene Heptane 1,3-Dimethylbenzene Ethylbenzene Octane Dibutyl ether Nonane Tributylamine Tetrachloromethane CCl4 Formic acid Nitromethane Methanol Acetonitrile Ethanol Acetone 1-Propanol 1-Butanol Formic acid CH2O2 Carbon disulfide Nitromethane CH3NO2 Carbon disulfide Methanol CH4O Acetone
taz/°C
x1
56.1 107.2 83.6 42.6 76.5 87.2 78.2 70.4 92.7 87 93.6 92.8 34.6 90.2 69.3 99.5 70.8 69.5 61.6 84.1 79.2 92 92 89.6 92.9 94.8 99.7
0.160 0.427 0.511 0.109 0.307 0.624 0.096 0.312 0.753 0.601 0.755 0.718 0.054 0.712 0.295 0.981 0.308 0.300 0.221 0.444 0.452 0.767 0.744 0.673 0.781 0.970 0.976
66.7 71.3 55.7 65.1 65.0 56.1 73.4 76.6
0.569 0.660 0.445 0.566 0.615 0.047 0.820 0.951
42.6
0.253
41.2
0.845
55.5
0.198
AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular formula C3H6O2 C5H10 C5H12 C5H12O C6H6 C6H12 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C2H6O C3H6O C3H8O C4H8O2 C2H6O C7H8 C4H8O2 C5H5N C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C6H15N C7H8 C7H16 C8H10 C8H18 C9H20 C6H14 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C8H18 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18O C10H22 C5H12 C7H8 C6H14 C3H6O2 C5H10 C6H12 C5H12 C6H12
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Name Methyl acetate Cyclopentane Pentane tert-Butyl methyl ether Benzene Cyclohexane Toluene Heptane Octane Nonane Carbon disulfide CS2 Ethanol Acetone 1-Propanol Ethyl acetate Acetonitrile C2H3N Ethanol Toluene Acetic acid C2H4O2 1,4-Dioxane Pyridine Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Triethylamine Toluene Heptane Ethylbenzene Octane Nonane Iodoethane C2H5I Hexane Ethanol C2H6O Cyclopentane Pentane Benzene Cyclohexane Hexane Toluene Octane Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 Toluene Heptane Dibutyl ether Decane Dimethyl sulfide C2H6S Pentane 1,2-Ethanediamine C2H8N2 Toluene Propanenitrile C3H5N Hexane Acetone C3H6O Methyl acetate Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Ethyl formate C3H6O2 Pentane Methyl acetate C3H6O2 Cyclohexane
taz/°C
x1
53.5 38.8 30.9 51.3 57.5 53.9 63.5 59.1 62.8 64.1
0.352 0.263 0.145 0.315 0.610 0.601 0.883 0.769 0.881 0.953
42.6 39.3 45.7 46.1
0.860 0.608 0.931 0.974
72.5 81.4
0.469 0.900
119.5 138.1 80.1 78.8 68.3 163 100.7 91.7 114.7 105.7 112.9
0.831 0.579 0.026 0.130 0.084 0.774 0.375 0.451 0.774 0.688 0.826
64.7
0.420
44.7 34.3 67.9 64.8 58.7 76.7 77
0.110 0.076 0.440 0.430 0.332 0.810 0.898
110.1 97.9 139.5 161
0.034 0.048 0.125 0.406
31.8
0.503
104
0.406
63.5
0.134
55.8 41 53
0.544 0.404 0.751
32.5
0.294
55.5
0.801
AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular formula C6H14 C5H5N C7H16 C9H12 C3H8O C7H16 C4H8O2 C6H6 C6H12 C7H16 C4H11N C5H12 C6H12 C7H8 C6H12 C7H16 C6H12 C6H14 C6H14O C6H12 C6H14 C6H14 C4H9Cl C4H11N C6H6 C6H12 C7H16 C5H5N C6H5Cl C8H10 C4H9Br C6H14 C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H6 C6H12 C5H5N C6H5Cl C6H10 C7H8 C7H16 C8H10 C8H18O
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Name Hexane Propanoic acid C3H6O2 Pyridine Heptane Propylbenzene 1-Nitropropane C3H7NO2 1-Propanol Heptane 1-Propanol C3H8O 1,4-Dioxane Benzene Cyclohexane Heptane 2-Propanol C3H8O Butylamine Pentane Cyclohexane Toluene Ethyl methyl sulfide C3H8S Methylcyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 1-Propanethiol C3H8S Cyclohexane Hexane Diisopropyl ether Thiophene C4H4S Cyclohexane Hexane Butanal C4H8O Hexane 2-Butanone C4H8O 1-Chlorobutane Butylamine Benzene Cyclohexane Heptane Butanoic acid C4H8O2 Pyridine Chlorobenzene 1,2-Dimethylbenzene 1,4-Dioxane C4H8O2 1-Bromobutane Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 Hexane Methyl propanoate C4H8O2 1-Chlorobutane Propyl formate C4H8O2 1-Chlorobutane Benzene Cyclohexane 1-Butanol C4H10O Pyridine Chlorobenzene Cyclohexene Toluene Heptane 1,2-Dimethylbenzene Dibutyl ether
taz/°C
x1
51.8
0.642
148.6 97.8 139.5
0.686 0.027 0.830
97.0 96.6
0.061 0.149
95.3 77.1 74.7 84.6
0.642 0.209 0.241 0.470
74.7 35.5 69.4 80.6
0.646 0.071 0.397 0.773
65.6 66.4
0.664 0.908
67.8 64.4 65.9
0.978 0.557 0.714
77.9 68.5
0.412 0.114
60
0.296
77 74 78.3 71.8 77
0.440 0.353 0.460 0.438 0.764
163.2 131.8 143
0.912 0.035 0.118
98
0.580
65.2
0.394
76.8
0.392
76.1 78.5 75
0.392 0.440 0.469
118.6 115.3 82 105.5 93.9 116.8 117.7
0.704 0.659 0.055 0.324 0.229 0.811 0.892
AZEOTROPIC DATA FOR BINARY MIXTURES (continued) Molecular formula C6H6 C7H16 C5H12 C6H6 C7H16 C5H12 C7H16 C9H12 C7H16 C9H12 C7H8 C6H10 C6H12 C6H7N C7H9N C9H12 C10H22 C9H12 C10H22O C12H26 C8H18 C8H10
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Name 2-Butanol C4H10O Benzene Heptane Diethyl ether C4H10O Pentane tert-Butyl alcohol C4H10O Benzene Heptane Methyl propyl ether C4H10O Pentane 2-Ethoxyethanol C4H10O2 Heptane Propylbenzene 2-Furaldehyde C5H4O2 Heptane Propylbenzene Pyridine C5H5N Toluene Benzene C6H6 Cyclohexene Cyclohexane Phenol C6H6O 2-Methylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Decane Aniline C6H7N 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Dipentyl ether Dodecane 2-Methylpyridine C6H7N Octane Cyclohexanol C6H12O 1,2-Dimethylbenzene
taz/°C
x1
78.5 88.1
0.161 0.439
33.7
0.553
74.0 78
0.378 0.688
35.6
0.215
96.5 134.6
0.153 0.842
98.3 151.4
0.055 0.475
110.1
0.249
78.9 77.6
0.635 0.538
185.5 193.4 163.5 168
0.752 0.601 0.253 0.449
164.4 177.5 180.4
0.150 0.675 0.821
121.1
0.470
143
0.147
VISCOSITY OF GASES The following table gives the viscosity of some common gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the viscosity values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). The notation P=0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. The difference between the viscosity at 100 kPa and the limiting value is generally less than 1%. Viscosity is given in units of µPa s; note that 1 µPa s = 10–5 poise. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order (see Introduction).
Ar BF3 ClH F6S H2 D2 H2O D2O He Kr NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S Xe CO CO2 CHCl3 CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C5H12 C6H14
Air Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen chloride Sulfur hexafluoride (P=0) Hydrogen (P=0) Deuterium (P=0) Water Deuterium oxide Helium (P=0) Krypton (P=0) Nitric oxide Nitrogen (P=0) Nitrous oxide Neon (P=0) Oxygen (P=0) Sulfur dioxide Xenon (P=0) Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Chloroform Methane Methanol Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Ethanol Propane Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Pentane Hexane
100 K
200 K
7.1 8.0
13.3 15.9 12.3
4.2 5.9
6.8 9.6
9.7 8.8
15.3 17.1 13.8 12.9 10.0 24.3 14.6 8.6 15.4 12.9 10.0
14.4 7.5 8.3 6.7
Viscosity in micropascal seconds (µPa s) 300 K 400 K 500 K
600 K
Ref.
18.6 22.9 17.1 14.6
23.1 28.8 21.7 19.7
27.1 34.2 26.1 24.3
30.8 39.0 30.2
1 2,8 13 13
7.0 6.4
10.4 10.4 9.5
19.8 10.9 15.4 13.3 13.7 24.4 33.1 23.8 22.2 19.4 38.9 26.1 17.5 30.7 22.1 19.7 13.7 14.3 13.2 13.5 13.6 12.3 11.6 10.9 10.0 10.0 10.1 9.2 8.6
23.9 12.7 17.9 17.3 17.7 28.4 39.8 28.0 26.1 23.6 45.0 30.8 21.7 37.6 25.8 24.0 16.9 17.0 16.5 16.5 16.5 14.9 14.5 13.4 12.3 12.3 12.4 11.4 10.8
27.7 14.4 20.3 21.4 22.0 32.3 45.9 31.9 29.6 27.4 50.8 35.1
7.7
15.3 9.0 12.6 10.0 11.1 20.0 25.6 19.2 17.9 15.0 32.1 20.8 12.9 23.2 17.8 15.0 10.2 11.2
10 4 11 6 7 8 8 13 12 13 8 12 13 8 13 9,10 13 10 13 13 3 5 13 5 5 5 13 13 13
8.3 7.5 7.6 7.6 6.7
44.0 29.1 28.0 20.1 19.4 19.6 19.1 17.3 17.0 15.8 14.6 14.6 13.4 12.8
REFERENCES 1. K. Kadoya, N. Matsunaga, and A. Nagashima, Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 947, 1985. 2. B. A. Younglove and H. J. M. Hanley, The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986. 3. P. M. Holland, B. E. Eaton, and H. J. M. Hanley, A Correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 917, 1983. 4. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1315, 1986. 5. B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
VISCOSITY OF GASES (continued) 6. J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 7. N. Matsunaga and A. Nagashima, Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983. 8. J. Kestin, et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 299, 1984. 9. V. Vescovic, et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1990. 10. R. D. Trengove and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 175, 1987. 11. M. J. Assael, S. Mixafendi, and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of normal deuterium in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 189, 1987. 12. W. A. Cole and W. A. Wakeham, The viscosity of nitrogen, oxygen, and their binary mixtures in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 209, 1985. 13. C. Y. Ho, Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Vol. V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS The absolute viscosity of some common liquids at temperatures between –25 and 100∞C is given in this table. Values were derived by fitting experimental data to suitable expressions for the temperature dependence. The substances are arranged by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see Preface). All values are given in units of millipascal seconds (mPa s); this unit is identical to centipoise (cp). Viscosity values correspond to a nominal pressure of 1 atmosphere. If a value is given at a temperature above the normal boiling point, the applicable pressure is understood to be the vapor pressure of the liquid at that temperature. A few values are given at a temperature slightly below the normal freezing point; these refer to the supercooled liquid. The accuracy ranges from 1% in the best cases to 5 to 10% in the worst cases. Additional significant figures are included in the table to facilitate interpolation. REFERENCES 1. Viswanath, D. S. and Natarajan, G., Data Book on the Viscosity of Liquids, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989. 2. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 3. Ho, C. Y., Ed., CINDAS Data Series on Material Properties, Vol. V-1, Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988. 4. Stephan, K. and Lucas, K., Viscosity of Dense Fluids, Plenum Press, New York, 1979. 5. Vargaftik, N. B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of Liquids and Gases, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York, 1975.
Molecular formula
Name
–25∞C
0∞C
Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C
50∞C
75∞C
100∞C
0.439 96.2 0.547 0.628 1.402
0.378 0.480 1.312
0.282 0.384 1.245
0.656
0.494
1.367 0.427
1.029
0.779
0.652
1.030
0.724
0.545
1.833 0.481
0.383
0.317
0.535 0.376 1.061
0.442
0.741
0.570
Compounds not containing carbon Br2 Cl3HSi Cl3P Cl4Si H2 O H4 N2 Hg NO2
Bromine Trichlorosilane Phosphorous trichloride Tetrachlorosilane Water Hydrazine Mercury Nitrogen dioxide
0.870
1.252 0.415 0.662 1.793
0.532
0.944 0.326 0.529 99.4 0.890 0.876 1.526 0.402
0.746
Compounds containing carbon CCl3F CCl4 CS2 CHBr3 CHCl3 CHN CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2O2 CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3ClF2
Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Carbon disulfide Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Hydrogen cyanide Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Formic acid Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane Trifluoroacetic acid cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
0.740
0.988
0.539 1.321 0.429
1.948 0.727
0.706 0.235 1.320 0.533
1.311 1.258 0.319
0.594 7.114 0.875 0.793 0.231
1.465
0.945 1.114 0.703 3.761
0.786 0.522 3.660
0.575 0.398 2.200
0.477
0.376
6-186
0.421 0.908 0.352 1.857 0.537 0.183 0.980 0.413 1.607 0.469 3.343 0.630 0.544
0.656 0.844 0.545 2.254 0.808 0.445 0.317 1.437
0.481 0.663 0.444 1.491 0.571 0.261 1.006
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H7N C2H7NO C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5N C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I C3H7I C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C4H4O C4H5N C4H6O3 C4H7N C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2
Name Acetyl chloride 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfide Ethanethiol Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanenitrile Acetone Allyl alcohol Propanal Ethyl formate Methyl acetate Propanoic acid 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol Glycerol 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Propylamine Isopropylamine Furan Pyrrole Acetic anhydride Butanenitrile 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate Methyl propionate Propyl formate Butanoic acid
–25∞C
0∞C
1.847
1.161 0.400
1.125
1.354 3.262
0.424 0.477 0.319 0.723 2.549 0.940 1.786
0.300
0.356 0.364 0.232
2.492
0.620 0.408 1.570
0.540
0.395
0.635 0.416
1.851 8.645
0.506 0.477 1.499 0.645 0.612 0.436 0.401 0.970 0.883 1.176 1.160 3.815 4.619 248 0.503 0.477
0.661
0.720 0.849
0.454 0.475 2.085 1.241 0.533 0.605 0.578 0.581 0.669 2.215
6-187
Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C
50∞C
75∞C
100∞C
0.428 0.234 0.837
0.661
0.447 0.599
0.464
0.368 0.793 0.369 1.595 0.464 0.779 1.056 0.325 0.374
0.294 0.578 0.284 1.116 0.362 0.576 0.786
0.556 1.678 0.688 1.074 1.987 16.1 0.284 0.287
0.444 1.155 0.526 0.694 1.290 6.554
0.365 0.824 0.415 0.476
0.606 0.337
3.340
1.975
21.1 0.471 0.314 1.073 0.294 0.306 1.218 0.321 0.380 0.364 1.030 0.489 0.458 0.334 0.303 0.703 0.653 0.794 0.798 1.945 2.038 40.4 934 0.385 0.357 0.376 0.325 0.361 1.225 0.843 0.553 0.405 0.456 1.177 0.423 0.431 0.485 1.426
8.560 0.373
3.935
1.998
0.781 0.240 0.247 0.759 0.249 0.300 0.284 0.749 0.387 0.359
0.597 0.202
0.474
0.569
0.449
0.541 0.506 0.624 0.589 1.107 1.028 11.3 152
0.436 0.407
0.363
0.460 0.685 0.576 4.770 39.8
0.374
0.505
2.750 14.8
0.280
0.828 0.614 0.418 0.315 0.359 0.787 0.325 0.333 0.370 0.982
0.612 0.472 0.330 0.249 0.569 0.259 0.266 0.293 0.714
0.377 0.268
0.542
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6F6 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6 H 6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10O
Name 2-Methylpropanoic acid Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane Pyrrolidine N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine Furfural Pyridine 1-Pentene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane Mesityl oxide 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Butyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Methyl isobutanoate Piperidine Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pentylamine Hexafluorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene o-Chloroaniline Phenol Aniline Phenylhydrazine Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone
–25∞C
0∞C 1.857
1.914
12.19
0.815 0.556 1.071
5.185
0.283 0.558 0.830 0.770
0.313
1.291
0.351 0.376 25.4
2.501 1.361 0.241 0.255 0.555 0.838 0.641 0.592 0.937 0.768 0.691 0.759 0.672 0.274 0.277 8.512
8.627 1.030
1.703
1.958 1.492 1.560 1.058
0.749 2.354 3.036
0.882
6-188
Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C 1.226 0.973 0.606 0.422 0.704 1.927 2.021 2.544 3.096 4.312 0.224 30.200 0.422 0.574 0.571 0.319 1.587 0.879 0.195 0.203 0.413 0.602 0.470 0.444 0.644 0.544 0.501 0.541 0.488 1.573 0.224 0.214 3.619 3.470 4.149 4.453 3.692 0.702 2.789 1.324 1.044 1.074 0.753 3.589 0.550 1.554 1.863 0.604 3.316 3.847 13.0 0.625 2.017
50∞C
75∞C
100∞C
0.863 6.280 0.912 0.471 0.329 0.512
0.639 3.818
0.492 2.559
1.247 1.394 1.332 1.421
0.850 0.833 0.698 0.678
0.627 0.533 0.419
11.130 0.331 0.409 0.367 0.239 109.5 1.143 0.637
4.917 0.267 0.298
2.505
28.7 0.906 0.497
9.100 0.772 0.409
0.321 0.465 0.362 0.345 0.472 0.406 0.380 0.406 0.373 0.958
0.381 0.289 0.276 0.362 0.316 0.299 0.318 0.296 0.649
0.326 0.238 0.227 0.289 0.255 0.242 0.257
1.035 0.761 0.727 1.031 1.031 0.356 1.151 0.739 0.628 0.627 0.456 1.131
0.646 0.465 0.436 0.612 0.631
1.820 1.447 1.473 1.963 1.842 0.493 1.730 0.962 0.787 0.798 0.575 1.835 4.041 0.423 1.117 1.262 0.436 1.913 3.437 2.029 4.553 0.467 1.321
0.379 0.261
0.338 0.854 0.918 0.335 1.248 1.784 1.247 1.850 0.364 0.919
0.474
0.593 0.525 0.512 0.369 0.786
0.683 0.704 0.887 1.099 0.850 0.848 0.671
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C7H5N C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7 H 8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8 H 8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N
Name Hexanenitrile Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Diacetone alcohol Paraldehyde Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane Dipropyl ether 1-Hexanol Triethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethanolamine Benzonitrile o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole N-Methylaniline o-Methyl aniline m-Methyl aniline Benzylamine Methylcyclohexane 1-Heptene 2-Heptanone Heptanoic acid Heptane 3-Methylhexane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Heptylamine Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Phenetole N,N-Dimethylaniline N-Ethylaniline
–25∞C
0∞C
0.927 0.441
0.653 0.326
1.300
0.840 1.002
28.7
6.621
0.405 0.372 0.395 0.542 0.455 0.751
1.390 1.165 1.165
0.778
4.120 10.3 8.180 0.991 0.441
0.757
0.523
1.050
0.872 1.084 0.795
1.996 3.981
6-189
Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C 0.912 0.894 0.479 0.252 57.5 0.583 0.545 0.685 0.676 0.639 2.798 1.079 1.944 0.300 0.286 0.306 0.396 4.578 0.347 0.517 0.393 609 1.267 0.964 0.823 0.837 0.560 12.9 5.474 1.056 2.042 3.823 3.306 1.624 0.679 0.340 0.714 3.840 0.387 0.350 5.810 3.955 4.207 1.314 0.695 1.681 1.857 0.631 0.760 0.581 0.603 1.197 1.300 2.047
50∞C
75∞C
100∞C
0.650 0.615 0.364 0.202 12.3 0.429 0.406 0.500 0.493 0.453 1.829 0.692 1.169 0.240 0.226
0.488 0.447
0.382
4.274 0.329
1.982 0.262
0.383 0.370
0.305 0.286
1.648 0.485 0.782
0.362 0.565
0.304 2.271 0.273 0.377 0.300 114 0.883 0.710 0.616 0.621 0.424 3.035 4.417 2.760 0.747 1.222 1.936 1.679 1.080 0.501 0.273 0.407 2.282 0.301
0.242 1.270 0.221 0.288 0.237 31.5 0.662 0.547 0.482 0.483 0.333 1.562 2.093 1.618 0.554 0.825 1.198 1.014 0.769 0.390 0.226 0.297 1.488 0.243
2.603 1.799 1.957 1.695 0.865 0.507
1.389 0.987 0.976 0.882 0.600 0.390
0.849 0.615 0.584 0.539 0.434 0.310 0.634
0.482 0.561 0.445 0.457 0.817 0.911 1.231
1.102 0.380 0.432 0.353 0.359 0.594 0.675 0.825
0.815 0.304 0.345 0.289 0.290 0.453 0.523 0.596
0.781 0.228 11.7 0.524 0.437 0.391 0.390 0.270 0.961 1.207 1.055 0.427 0.606 0.839 0.699 0.577 0.316
1.041
VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C8H16 C8H16O2 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C9H7N C9H10 C9H12 C9H14O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20O C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H18 C10H18 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H26 C13H12 C13H28 C14H30 C16H22O4 C16H34 C18H38
Name Ethylcyclohexane Octanoic acid Octane 1-Octanol 4-Methyl-3-heptanol 5-Methyl-3-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine Quinoline Indane Cumene Isophorone 5-Nonanone Nonanoic acid Nonane 1-Nonanol Dimethyl phthalate Butylbenzene cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Dodecane Diphenylmethane Tridecane Tetradecane Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecane Octadecane
–25∞C
0∞C 1.139 0.700
1.417
1.904 2.052 20.7 0.918 1.509 1.115 2.230 1.075 4.201
0.964 63.2 12.8 6.192
5.645 3.243
2.188
1.277
483
Viscosity in mPa s 25∞C 0.784 5.020 0.508 7.288 1.085 1.178 6.271 0.637 0.918 0.723 3.337 1.357 0.737 2.329 1.199 7.011 0.665 9.123 14.4 0.950 3.042 1.948
1.707
0.838 10.9 1.098
2.277
1.383
2.909
1.724 2.128 16.6 3.032
66.4
6-190
50∞C 0.579 2.656 0.385 3.232 0.702 0.762 2.631 0.466 0.619 0.511 1.892 0.931 0.547 1.415 0.834 3.712 0.488 4.032 5.309 0.683 1.875 1.289 4.327 0.598 4.590 0.763 2.130 0.930 1.129 1.376 6.470 1.879 2.487
75∞C
100∞C
1.654 0.302 1.681 0.497 0.536 1.360 0.356 0.449 0.384 1.201 0.692
1.147 0.243 0.991 0.375 0.401 0.810 0.281 0.345 0.303 0.833 0.545
0.923 0.619 2.234 0.375
0.638 0.484 1.475 0.300
2.824 0.515 1.271 0.917 2.651 0.453
1.980 0.924 0.689
0.562 1.407 0.673 1.265 0.796 0.953 3.495 1.260 1.609
0.433 1.023 0.514 0.929 0.594 0.697 2.425 0.899 1.132
0.359
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES This table gives the thermal conductivity of several gases as a function of temperature. Unless otherwise noted, the values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) or to the saturation vapor pressure if that is less than 100 kPa. The notation P = 0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. In general, the P = 0 and P = 100 kPa values differ by less than 1%. Units are milliwatts per meter kelvin. Substances are listed in the modified Hill order.
MF
Ar BF3 ClH F6S H2 H2O H2S H3N He Kr NO N2 N2O Ne O2 O2S Xe CCl2F2 CF4 CO CO2 CHCl3 CH4 CH4O C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6 C2H6O C3H6O C3H8 C4F8 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C5H12 C6H14
Name
100 K
200 K
Air Argon Boron trifluoride Hydrogen chloride Sulfur hexafluoride (P = 0) Hydrogen (P = 0) Water Deuterium oxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Helium (P = 0) Krypton (P = 0) Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Neon (P = 0) Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Xenon (P = 0) Dichlorodifluoromethane Tetrafluoromethane (P = 0) Carbon monoxide (P = 0) Carbon dioxide Trichloromethane Methane Methanol 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Ethanol Acetone Propane Perfluorocyclobutane Butane Isobutane Diethyl ether Pentane Hexane
9.4 6.2
18.4 12.4 9.2
68.6
75.5 3.3
131.7
22.3 9.3
119.3 6.4 17.8 18.7 9.8 37.6 18.4
2.0
3.6
9.8
9.6 22.5
Thermal conductivity in mW/m K 300 K 400 K 500 K 26.2 17.9 19.0 14.5 13.0 186.9 18.7
Ref.
39.7 26.8
45.7 30.6
1 2,8 11 11 16 4 6 7 11 11 8 8 11 12 11 8 10 11 8 13 16 14 9 11 5,15 11
33.3 22.6 24.6 19.5 20.6 230.4 27.1 27.0 20.5 37.4 190.6 12.3 33.1 32.3 26.0 60.3 33.7 14.3 7.3 15.0 24.1 32.3 25.1 11.1 49.1 26.2
24.0 27.5
28.1 33.8
35.7 36.5 26.4 51.6 222.3 14.8 39.6 38.3 34.1 69.9 41.0 20.0 8.9 20.1 32.2 39.2 33.5 15.1 66.5 38.6
47.1 47.6 32.4 66.8 252.4 17.1 46.2 44.0 41.8 78.7 48.1 25.6 10.4 25.2 39.9 45.7 41.6
10.25
15.7
21.1
9.0 21.4 20.5 21.3 14.4 11.5 18.0 12.5 16.4 16.1 15.1 14.4
13.6 33.3 34.6 35.4 25.8 20.2 30.6 19.5 28.4 27.9 25.0 24.9 23.4
18.3 45.4 49.9 52.2 38.4 30.6 45.5
14.6 24.4 156.7 9.5 25.9 26.0 17.4 49.8 26.3 9.6 5.5 9.9 16.0 25.0 16.8 7.5 34.1
11.1 11.0
600 K
43.0 42.1 37.1 37.8 35.4
84.1 53.0
13
56.8 68.6 70.5 53.2 42.7 61.9 59.1 57.6 52.7 48.7
13 11 3 5 11 11 5 13 5 5 11 11 11
REFERENCES 1. Kadoya, K. Matsunaga, N., and Nagashima, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 947, 1985. 2. Younglove, B. A. and Hanley, H. J. M., The viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1323, 1986. 3. Holland, P. M., Eaton, B. E., and Hanley, H. J. M., A correlation of the viscosity and thermal conductivity data of gaseous and liquid ethylene, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 917, 1983.
6-175
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GASES (continued) 4. Assael, M. J., Mixafendi, S., and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1315, 1986. 5. Younglove, B. A. and Ely, J. F., Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. 6. Sengers, J. V. and Watson, J. T. R., Improved international formulations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of water substance, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 1291, 1986. 7. Matsunaga, N. and Nagashima, A., Transport properties of liquid and gaseous D2O over a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 933, 1983. 8. Kestin, J. et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 229, 1984. 9. Vescovic, V. et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1990. 10. Younglove, B. A., Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Argon, ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. 11. Ho, C. Y., Ed., Properties of Inorganic and Organic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Volume V-1, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988. 12. Stephen, K., Krauss, R., and Laesecke, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of nitrogen for a wide range of fluid states, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 993, 1987. 13. Krauss, R. and Stephan, K., Thermal conductivity of refrigerants in a wide range of temperature and pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 43, 1989. 14. Millat, J. and Wakeham, W. A., The thermal conductivity of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 565, 1989. 15. Friend, D. G., Ely, J. F., and Ingham, H., Thermophysical properties of methane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 583, 1989. 16. Uribe, F. J., Mason, E. A., and Kestin, J., Thermal conductivity of nine polyatomic gases at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 1123, 1990.
6-176
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS This table gives the thermal conductivity of some common liquids at temperatures between -25 and 100°C. All values are given in units of watts per meter kelvin (W/m K). Values refer to nominal atmospheric pressure (about 100 kPa); when an entry is given at a temperature above the normal boiling point of the substance, the pressure is understood to be the saturation vapor pressure at that temperature. Substances are arranged by molecular formula in the modified Hill order, with compounds not containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon. The values for water, benzene, toluene, heptane, and dimethyl phthalate are particularly well determined and can be used for calibration purposes. REFERENCES 1. Daubert, T. E., Danner, R. P., Sibul, H. M., and Stebbins, C. C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA (also available as database). 2. Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. Molecular formula Cl4Si H2O Hg CCl4 CS2 CHCl3 CH2Br2 CH4O C2Cl4 C2HCl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4O2 C2H5Cl C2H5NO C2H6O C2H6O2 C2H7NO C3H5ClO C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H7NO C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H9N C4H4O C4H4S C4H6 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C5H5N C5H8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H12 C5H12O C6H5Cl
Name Silicon tetrachloride Water Mercury Tetrachloromethane Carbon disulfide Trichloromethane Dibromomethane Methanol Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile Acetic acid Chloroethane N-Methylformamide Ethanol Ethylene glycol Ethanolamine Epichlorohydrin Acetone Methyl acetate N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propanediol Glycerol Trimethylamine Furan Thiophene 2-Butyne 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl acetate 1-Butanol Diethyl ether Pyridine Cyclopentene 1-Pentene Cyclopentane Pentane 1-Pentanol Chlorobenzene
–25°C
0°C
0.208
0.5610 7.77 0.104 0.154 0.122 0.114 0.207 0.117 0.124 0.106 0.198
0.145
0.132
7.25
0.127 0.120 0.214 0.133
0.176 0.256 0.142 0.174
0.137 0.169 0.164
0.162 0.146
0.158 0.141 0.202
0.143 0.142
0.133 0.134
0.137 0.158 0.132
0.129 0.151 0.126
0.162
0.153 0.158 0.140 0.169 0.136 0.124 0.133 0.122 0.157 0.131
0.150 0.143 0.131 0.140 0.132 0.136
6-177
Thermal conductivity in W/m K 25°C 50°C 0.099 0.6071 8.25 0.099 0.149 0.117 0.108 0.200 0.110 0.116 0.101 0.188 0.158 0.119 0.203 0.169 0.256 0.299 0.131 0.161 0.153 0.184 0.154 0.135 0.200 0.292 0.126 0.199 0.121 0.145 0.120 0.159 0.144 0.154 0.130 0.165 0.129 0.116 0.126 0.113 0.153 0.127
0.096 0.6435 8.68 0.093
75°C
100°C
0.6668 9.07 0.088
0.6791 9.43
0.107 0.097
0.102
0.097 0.100
0.091
0.112 0.103 0.193 0.104 0.108 0.096 0.178 0.153 0.106 0.201 0.162 0.256 0.286 0.125
0.256 0.274 0.119
0.256 0.261 0.114
0.143 0.178 0.149 0.129 0.199 0.295
0.133 0.171 0.145 0.124 0.198 0.297
0.122 0.165 0.141 0.118 0.197 0.300
0.195
0.191
0.186
0.139 0.114 0.147 0.135 0.149 0.120 0.161
0.133
0.103 0.149 0.122
0.168 0.149 0.093 0.199
0.144 0.196
0.135 0.126
0.123
0.110 0.158
0.100
0.095 0.145 0.117
0.087 0.112
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS (continued) Molecular formula C6H6 C6H6O C6H10 C6H10O C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H14 C6H14O C7H6O C7H8 C7H8O C7H16 C7H16O C8H8 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H18 C8H18O C9H12 C9H12 C9H20 C9H20O C10H10O4 C10H14 C10H22 C10H22O C11H24 C12H10O C12H26 C12H26O C13H28 C14H30 C14H30O C16H22O4 C16H34 C18H38
Name Benzene Phenol Cyclohexene Mesityl oxide Cyclohexane 1-Hexene Cyclohexanol 2-Hexanone Hexane 1-Hexanol Benzaldehyde Toluene Anisole Heptane 1-Heptanol Styrene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Octane 1-Octanol Cumene Mesitylene Nonane 1-Nonanol Dimethyl phthalate p-Cymene Decane 1-Decanol Undecane Diphenyl ether Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Tridecane Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecane Octadecane
–25°C
0°C
Thermal conductivity in W/m K 25°C 50°C 0.1411
0.142 0.170
0.136 0.163
0.137
0.129
0.151 0.137 0.159
0.145 0.128 0.154
0.1461 0.170 0.1378
0.1386 0.163 0.1303 0.166 0.142
0.148
0.143
0.135 0.168
0.147 0.144
0.141 0.138 0.166 0.1501 0.127 0.138
0.132 0.144
0.144
0.130 0.156 0.123 0.121 0.134 0.139 0.120 0.150 0.151 0.1311 0.156 0.1228 0.159 0.137 0.130 0.131 0.130 0.130 0.128 0.161 0.128 0.136 0.131 0.161 0.1473 0.122 0.132 0.162 0.140
0.157
0.152 0.146 0.137 0.136
0.140
0.136 0.140
6-178
0.1329 0.156 0.124 0.149 0.117 0.113 0.131 0.133 0.111 0.145 0.141 0.1236 0.150 0.1152 0.153 0.131 0.124 0.126 0.124 0.124 0.120 0.154 0.120 0.130 0.124 0.155 0.1443 0.117 0.126 0.156 0.135 0.139 0.146 0.142 0.132 0.131 0.167 0.133 0.135 0.146
75°C 0.1247 0.153 0.118 0.142 0.111
0.127 0.102 0.141 0.131 0.1161 0.143 0.1077 0.147 0.126 0.118 0.120 0.118 0.118 0.113 0.147 0.112 0.124 0.118 0.149 0.1409 0.112 0.119 0.150 0.129 0.135 0.140 0.139 0.127 0.126 0.162 0.129 0.130 0.142
100°C
0.151 0.134
0.121 0.093 0.137 0.121 0.136 0.141 0.120 0.112 0.114 0.113 0.112 0.106 0.141 0.107 0.118 0.111 0.143 0.1373 0.107 0.113 0.145 0.123 0.131 0.135 0.135 0.122 0.121 0.157 0.125 0.125 0.137
DIFFUSION IN GASES This table gives binary diffusion coefficients D12 for a number of common gases as a function of temperature. Values refer to atmospheric pressure. The diffusion coefficient is inversely proportional to pressure as long as the gas is in a regime where binary collisions dominate. See Reference 1 for a discussion of the dependence of D12 on temperature and composition. The first part of the table gives data for several gases in the presence of a large excess of air. The remainder applies to equimolar mixtures of gases. Each gas pair is ordered alphabetically according to the most common way of writing the formula. The listing of pairs then follows alphabetical order by the first constituent. REFERENCES 1. Marrero, T. R., and Mason, E. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1, 1972. 2. Kestin, J., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 229, 1984.
D12/cm2 s–1 for p = 101.325 kPa and the Specified T/K System
200
273.15
293.15
373.15
473.15
573.15
0.167
0.617
0.148 0.106 0.208 0.160 0.627 0.242 0.580
0.168 0.129 0.698 0.645 0.117 0.168 0.277 0.166
0.187 0.078 0.794 0.726 0.134 0.190 0.313 0.189
0.052
0.095
0.108 0.782 0.723 0.220 0.210
0.408 0.365 0.133
0.686 0.619 0.131 0.208
0.315
0.552
0.300
0.513
0.055 0.131
0.099 0.227
673.15
0.289 0.321 0.315 0.252 1.153 0.399 1.057 0.150
0.437 0.485 0.475 0.390 1.747 0.638 1.594 0.233
0.612 0.678 0.662 0.549 2.444 0.873 2.221 0.329
0.810 0.899 0.875 0.728 3.238 1.135 2.933 0.438
0.306 0.290 0.235 1.228 1.088 0.210 0.290 0.475 0.285 0.128 0.171 1.084 0.992 0.317 0.341 0.167 0.250 1.162 1.052 0.227 0.336 0.307 0.144 0.133 0.964 0.292 0.878 0.253 0.177 0.395
0.467 0.439 0.365 1.876 1.617 0.323 0.439 0.710 0.430 0.202 0.264 1.648 1.502 0.480 0.523 0.257 0.384 1.743 1.577 0.346 0.491 0.462 0.226 0.209 1.470 0.496 1.321 0.392 0.276 0.603
0.657 0.615 0.517 2.634 2.226 0.456 0.615 0.979 0.600 0.290 0.374 2.311 2.101 0.671 0.736 0.363
0.876 0.815 0.689 3.496 2.911 0.605 0.815 1.283 0.793 0.389 0.498 3.070 2.784 0.890 0.978 0.482
2.423 2.188 0.485 0.673 0.643 0.323
3.196 2.882 0.645 0.878 0.849 0.432
2.066 0.741
2.745 1.021
0.553
0.733
Large Excess of Air Ar-air CH4-air CO-air CO2-air H2-air H2O-air He-air SF6-air
0.668
Equimolar Mixture Ar-CH4 Ar-CO Ar-CO2 Ar-H2 Ar-He Ar-Kr Ar-N2 Ar-Ne Ar-O2 Ar-SF6 Ar-Xe CH4-H2 CH4-He CH4-N2 CH4-O2 CH4-SF6 CO-CO2 CO-H2 CO-He CO-Kr CO-N2 CO-O2 CO-SF6 CO2-C3H8 CO2-H2 CO2-H2O CO2-He CO2-N2 CO2-N2O CO2-Ne
0.381 0.064 0.160
0.162 0.772 0.698 0.581 0.231 0.202 0.084 0.412 0.162 0.400 0.160 0.113 0.199
6-179
0.847
DIFFUSION IN GASES (continued) System CO2-O2 CO2-SF6 D2-H2 H2-He H2-Kr H2-N2 H2-Ne H2-O2 H2-SF6 H2-Xe H2O-N2 H2O-O2 He-Kr He-N2 He-Ne He-O2 He-SF6 He-Xe Kr-N2 Kr-Ne Kr-Xe N2-Ne N2-O2 N2-SF6 N2-Xe Ne-Xe O2-SF6
200
0.631 0.775 0.340 0.408 0.572
273.15
1.079 1.320 0.601 0.686 0.982 0.692 0.513
0.330 0.365 0.563
0.559 0.619 0.948 0.641
0.282 0.131 0.035
0.478 0.131 0.228 0.064
0.111
0.107 0.193
293.15
373.15
0.159
0.248 0.099 1.846 2.255 1.053 1.162 1.684 1.188 0.649 0.890 0.399 0.403 0.942 1.052 1.592 1.092 0.592 0.807 0.227 0.392 0.116 0.483 0.307 0.148 0.188 0.332 0.154
1.219 1.490 0.682 0.772 0.317 0.756 0.208 0.122 0.242 0.244 0.629 0.698 1.066 0.697 1.109 0.538 0.149 0.258 0.073 0.258 0.202 0.123 0.219 0.097
6-180
473.15
573.15
673.15
0.380 0.155 2.778 3.394 1.607 1.743 2.541 1.792 0.998 1.349
0.535
0.710
3.866 4.726 2.258 2.423 3.541 2.497 1.400 1.885
5.103 6.242 2.999 3.196 4.677 3.299 1.851 2.493
0.645 1.404 1.577 2.362 1.640 0.871 1.201 0.346 0.587 0.181 0.731 0.462 0.231 0.287 0.498 0.238
0.882 1.942 2.188 3.254 2.276 1.190 1.655 0.485 0.812 0.257 1.021 0.643 0.328 0.404 0.688 0.334
1.147 2.550 2.882 4.262 2.996 1.545 2.168 0.645 1.063 0.344 1.351 0.849 0.436 0.539 0.901 0.441
DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN LIQUIDS AT INFINITE DILUTION This table lists diffusion coefficients DAB at infinite dilution for some binary liquid mixtures. Although values are given to two decimal places, measurements in the literature are often in poor agreement. Therefore most values in the table cannot be relied upon to better than 10%. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order, as are the solutes within each solvent group. REFERENCE Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, Vol. II/5a, 1969.
Solute Acetic acid Benzoic acid Formic acid Nitrobenzene Tetrachloromethane Trichloromethane Water Acetic acid Aniline Benzoic acid Bromobenzene 2-Butanone Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Ethanol Formic acid Heptane Methanol Toluene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Trichloromethane Adipic acid Benzene Biphenyl Butyric acid p-Dichlorobenzene Methanol Oleic acid Propane Water Benzene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Allyl alcohol Benzene Iodine Iodobenzene 3-Methyl-1-butanol Pyridine Tetrachloromethane Water Acetic acid Acetone 2-Butanone Ethyl benzoate Nitrobenzene Water Benzene Toluene Bromobenzene 2-Butanone Dodecane Iodine Methane Propane Tetrachloromethane Toluene
Solvent Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene Benzene 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol Cyclohexane Cyclohexane Cyclohexane Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Heptane Heptane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane Hexane
t/°C
DAB 10–5 cm2 s–1
25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 8 30 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 8 25 30 25 25 30 25 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 30 20 20 25 25 25 8 30 25 25 25 25 25 25
3.31 2.62 3.77 2.94 3.29 3.64 4.56 2.09 1.96 1.38 1.45 2.09 1.77 2.25 3.02 2.28 1.78 3.80 1.85 1.34 2.26 0.40 1.00 0.63 0.51 0.82 0.59 0.25 1.57 0.56 1.41 1.49 1.57 0.98 1.81 1.32 1.00 0.81 1.10 1.50 1.24 2.18 3.18 2.93 1.85 2.25 3.20 3.91 3.72 2.60 3.74 2.73 4.45 0.09 4.87 3.70 4.21
Solute Acetone Benzene Cyclohexane Ethanol Iodine Trichloromethane Acetic acid Benzene Benzoic acid Cyclohexane Formic acid Water Acetone Benzene 2-Butanone Butyl acetate Diethyl ether Ethanol Ethyl acetate Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Alanine Allyl alcohol Aniline Arabinose Benzene 1-Butanol Caprolactam Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Diethylamine Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethyl acetate Ethylbenzene Ethylene glycol Glucose Glycerol Glycine Lactose Maltose Mannitol Methane Methanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Methylcyclopentane Phenol 1-Propanol Propene Pyridine Raffinose Sucrose Toluene Urea Urethane
6-181
Solvent Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrachloromethane Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Toluene Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethane Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water
t/°C
DAB 10–5 cm2 s–1
25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 25 25 15 25 15 20 20 20 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 15 15 15 25 15 10 20 20 15 25 25 15 25 20 25 15
1.75 1.42 1.30 1.90 1.63 1.66 2.26 2.54 1.49 2.42 2.65 6.19 2.55 2.89 2.13 1.71 2.15 2.20 2.02 1.29 1.28 1.26 0.91 0.90 0.92 0.69 1.02 0.56 0.87 1.34 0.84 0.97 1.24 1.08 1.00 0.81 1.16 0.67 1.06 1.05 0.38 0.38 0.50 1.49 1.28 0.69 0.85 0.89 0.87 1.44 0.58 0.33 0.52 0.85 1.38 0.80
VAPOR PRESSURE OF SATURATED SALT SOLUTIONS This table gives the vapor pressure of water above saturated solutions of some common salts at ambient temperatures. Data on pure water are given on the last line for comparison. The references provide additional information on water activity, osmotic coefficient, and enthalpy of vaporization.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998.
Vapor Pressure in kPa Salt BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4 Water
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
35°C
40°C
Ref.
0.971 0.701 1.113 0.978 0.953 1.100 0.541 0.128 0.726 0.697 0.971 0.853 0.901 0.722 0.921 0.703 0.884 0.862 0.945 1.228
1.443 1.015 1.574 1.516 1.338 1.564 0.802 0.193 0.999 1.064 1.328 1.152 1.319 1.004 1.285 0.994 1.244 1.215 1.401 1.706
2.073 1.381 2.189 2.208 1.853 2.177 1.134 0.279 1.339 1.515 1.836 1.524 1.871 1.376 1.768 1.381 1.719 1.684 1.986 2.339
2.887 1.772 2.996 3.035 2.533 2.970 1.536 0.384 1.749 2.020 2.481 1.972 2.573 1.858 2.401 1.888 2.335 2.298 2.698 3.169
3.903 2.154 4.037 3.950 3.419 3.979 1.997
5.133 2.487 5.363 4.884 4.563 5.236 2.499
6.576
2.231 2.535
2.782 3.002
3.397
3.439 2.475 3.218 2.540 3.121 3.088 3.523 4.246
4.474 3.255 4.262 3.368 4.109 4.089 4.431 5.627
1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1
6-105
6.778 3.016
4.229 5.581 4.403 5.333 5.343 5.382 7.381
DIFFUSION OF GASES IN WATER This table gives values of the diffusion coefficient, D, for diffusion of several common gases in water at various temperatures. For simple one-dimensional transport, the diffusion coefficient describes the time-rate of change of concentration, dc/dt, through the equation dc/dt = D d2c/dx2 where x is, for example, the perpendicular distance from a gas-liquid interface. The values below have been selected from the references indicated; in some cases data have been refitted to permit interpolation in temperature. Gas-liquid diffusion coefficients are difficult to measure, and large differences are found between values obtained by different authors and through different experimental methods. See References 1 and 2 for a discussion of measurement techniques. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Jähne, B., Heinz, G., and Dietrich, W., J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10767, 1987. Himmelblau, D. M., Chem. Rev. 64, 527, 1964. Boerboom, A. J. H., and Kleyn, G., J. Chem. Phys., 50, 1086, 1969. O’Brien, R. N., and Hyslop, W. F., Can. J. Chem., 55, 1415, 1977. Maharajh, D. M., and Walkley, J., Can. J. Chem., 51, 944, 1973. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1969. D/10-5 cm2 s-1 10˚C
Ar CHCl2F CH3Br CH3Cl CH4 CO2 C2 H 2 Cl2 HBr HCl H2 H2S He Kr NH3 NO2 N2 N2O Ne O2 Rn SO2 Xe
15˚C
20˚C
1.24 1.26 1.43
1.43 1.45 1.59 1.13
1.62 1.67 1.78 1.5
3.62
4.08
4.58
5.67 1.20
6.18 1.39 1.3
6.71 1.60 1.5 1.23
0.81
1.62 3.27 1.67 0.96
0.93
1.08
2.93
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
2.11 3.64 2.01 1.13 1.62 1.27
25˚C 2.5 1.80 1.35 1.40 1.84 1.91 1.99 1.89 3.15 3.07 5.11 1.36 7.28 1.84 1.4 2.0 2.57 4.03 2.42 1.33 1.83 1.47
30˚C
35˚C
2.08 2.17 2.23
2.35 2.47
5.69
6.31
7.87 2.11
8.48 2.40
1.59
4.45
4.89
1.55 2.07 1.70
1.80 2.32 1.95
Ref. 3,4 5 5 5 1 1 2 2,6 6 6 1 2,6 1,3 1,3 2 2,6 2 2,6 1,3 2,6 1 2 1,3
PROPERTIES OF ICE AND SUPERCOOLED WATER The common form of ice at ambient temperature and pressure is hexagonal ice, designated as ice Ih (see phase diagram in Section 12). The data given here refer to that form. Data have been taken from the references indicated; values have been interpolated and smoothed in some cases. All properties are sensitive to the method of preparation of the sample, since air or other gases are sometimes occluded. For this reason there is often disagreement among values found in the literature. Density values (except at 0˚C) and the thermal expansion coefficient were calculated from the temperature variation in the crystal lattice constants of ice (see Ref. 1). The thermal expansion coefficient appears to become negative around -200˚C, but there is considerable scatter in the data.
Density of ice Ih and supercooled water in g cm-3 t/˚C
ρ (ice)
ρ (supercooled water)
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 Ref.
0.9167 0.9187 0.9203 0.9216 0.9228 0.9240 0.9252 0.9274 0.9292 0.9305 0.9314 0.9331 0.9340 1
0.9998 0.9982 0.9935 0.9839
8
Phase transition properties: ∆fusH(0˚C) = 333.6 J/g (Ref. 2) ∆subH(0˚C) = 2838 J/g (Ref. 2)
Other properties of ice Ih : αV: cubic thermal expansion coefficient, αV = −(1/V)(∂V/∂t)p κ : adiabatic compressibility, κ = –(1/V)( ∂V/∂p)S .ε
:relative permittivity (dielectric constant)
k : thermal conductivity cp: specific heat capacity at constant pressure
6-6
PROPERTIES OF ICE AND SUPERCOOLED WATER (continued) t/˚C 0 −10 −20 −30 −40 −50 −60 −80 −100 −120 −140 −160 −180 −200 −220 −240 −250 Ref.
αV/10−6 ˚C-1 159 155 149 143 137 130 122 105 85 77 60 45 30
1,2,3,5
κ/10−5 MPa-1 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.5 12.4 12.2 12.1 11.9 11.6 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.9 10.9 1,5
ε
k/W cm-1 ˚C-1
91.6 94.4 97.5 99.7 101.9 106.9 119.5
6
0.0214 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.037 0.042 0.049 0.057 0.070 0.087 0.118 0.20 0.32 7
cp/J g-1 ˚C-1 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.65 1.50 1.36 1.23 1.10 0.97 0.83 0.67 0.50 0.29 0.17 1
REFERENCES 1. Eisenberg, D., and Kauzmann, W., The Structure and Properties of Water, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1969. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, V/1b, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 3. LaPlaca, S., and Post, B., Acta Cryst., 13, 503, 1960. [Thermal expansion of lattice] 4. Brill, R., and Tippe, A., Acta Cryst., 23, 343, 1967. [Thermal expansion of lattice] 5. Leadbetter, A. J., Proc. Roy. Soc. A 287, 403, 1965. [Compressibility and thermal expansion] 6. Auty, R. P., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 20, 1309, 1952. [Dielectric constant] 7. Slack, G. A., Phys. Rev. B, 22, 3065, 1980. [Thermal conductivity] 8. Hare, D. E., and Sorensen, C. M., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 4840, 1987. [Supercooled water] 9. Hobbs, P. V., Ice Physics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974.
6-7
PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HELIUM The following data were obtained by a critical evaluation of all existing experimental measurements on liquid helium, using a fitting procedure described in the reference. All values refer to liquid helium at saturated vapor pressure; temperatures are on the ITS-90 scale. Several properties show a singularity at the lambda point (2.1768 K). σ : surface tension α : coefficient of linear expansion η : viscosity λ : thermal conductivity
p : vapor pressure ρ : density Cs : molar heat capacity ∆vapH : molar enthalpy of vaporization ε : relative permittivity (dielectric constant)
REFERENCE Donnelly, R. J., and Barenghi, C. F., J. Phys. Chem. Reference Data 27, 1217, 1998.
T/K 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
p/kPa
0.01558 0.4715 3.130 10.23 24.05 47.05 81.62 130.3 196.0
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
ρ/g cm-3 0.1451397 0.1451377 0.1451183 0.1451646 0.1456217 0.1448402 0.1412269 0.1360736 0.1289745 0.1188552
Cs /J mol-1K-1 0 0.010 0.415 4.468 21.28 9.083 9.944 12.37 15.96 21.8 44.7
∆vapH/J mol-1 59.83 70.24 80.33 89.35 93.07 92.50 94.11 92.84 87.00 75.86 47.67
ε 1.057255 1.057254 1.057246 1.057265 1.057449 1.057135 1.055683 1.053615 1.050770 1.046725
σ /mΝ m−1
0.3530 0.3471 0.3322 0.3021 0.2623 0.2161 0.1626 0.1095 0.0609 0.0157
103α/K-1 0.000 0.107 0.309 -2.36 -12.2 39.4 61.5 88.7 129 211
η/µPa s
λ /W cm-1K-1
3.873 1.346 1.468 3.259 3.517 3.509 3.319
0.1497 0.1717 0.1868 0.1965
SURFACE TENSION OF AQUEOUS MIXTURES The composition dependence of the surface tension of binary mixtures of several compounds with water is given in this table. The data are tabulated as a function of the mass percent of the non-aqueous component. Data for methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol are taken from Reference 1, which also gives values at other temperatures. REFERENCES 1. Vazquez, G., Alvarez, E., and Navaza, J. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 611, 1995. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/16, Surface Tension, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1997. Surface Tension in mN/m2 for the Specified Mass % Compound
t/°C
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol Butanoic acid 2-Butanone γ-Butyrolactone Chloroacetic acid Diethanolamine N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethylene glycol Formic acid Glycerol Methanol Morpholine Nitric acid Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Pyridine Sulfolane Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid
30 25 20 25 30 30 30 20 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 20 20 30 25 25 30 30 25 20 50 25 25
71.2 72.0 72.8 72.0 71.2 71.2 71.2 72.8 71.2 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.01 72.8 72.8 72.0 72.01 72.8 72.8 71.2 72.01 72.01 71.2 71.2 72.0 72.8 67.9 72.0 72.0
51.4 44.9 48.5 66.1 58.1 61.2 42.4 41.6 64 59.8 66.8 72.0 65.4
43.3 40.5 40.2 60.4 51.6 56.9 37.5 32.2 58 53.6 63.2 72.0 59.2
41.2 36.7 34.1 55.1 48.7 54.2 35.5
38.2 33.0 31.6 50.1 45.8 52.0 34.8
37.4 30.1 30.6 45.6 43.9 50.7 32.2
33.5 29.4 29.6 41.9 41.2 47.9 29.2
31.5 27.6 29.1 40.8 40.0 46.6 27.4
30.2 24.5 28.7 39.2 39.0 45.2 26.3
53 51.3 60.7 72.4 53.8
50 49.7 58.8 73.5 49.6
44
42.8
37.97 64.9 60 69.5 47.21 60.7 70.7 42.2 27.84 30.57 54.9 58.8 51.2
32.98 61.9 55.7 68.5 41.09 58.9 68.9 37.7 25.98 26.82 50.7 55.7 48.0
30.16
45 46.1 54.3 73.0 44.9 37.9 25.01
26.3 23.1 28.4 35.8 37.0 43.8 25.5 24.6 42.7
47.53 68.5 66 70.5 56.18 65.1 71.9 46.6 34.32 40.42 60.5 62.6 52.8
52.7 65.7 42.3 36.2 23.82
50.6 54.7 38.4 34.5 22.72
73.5 56.7 55.8
75.1 51.0 46.5
73.6 46.7 42.8
71.2 44.1 41.6
48 48.3 57.2 74.9 47.3 41.2 27.96 57.0 50.3 67.4 32.86 53.0 63.8 33.1 24.80 24.26 44.5 52.8 46.6 62.5 68.0 43.0 40.6
36.1 29.4 30.0 43.3 42.4 49.5 30.8 25.2 46 47.5 55.7 75.4 46.9 39.6 26.23 48.8 66.9 29.83 49.6 60.6 31.7 24.49 23.51 41.5 51.7 45.8 61.6 64.1 42.5 39.4
47.1 66.5 27.48 47.0 56.8 30.2 24.08 22.68 38.6 50.8 45.0 59.6 60.0 41.5 38.3
44.7 65.7 25.54 43.7 52.6 28.2 23.86 22.14 37.6 49.6 43.6 57.1 56.4 38.9 37.4
40.9 64.5 23.93 41.8 47.9 27.4 23.59 21.69 36.3 48.2 40.9 54.9 53.6 34.7 36.5
6-150
52.2 67.9 36.51 56.7 66.6 35.6 25.26 25.27 47.2 53.8 46.8
47.2 36.4 35.2 33.7 21.82 48.2 38.0 62.5 22.51 38.7 42.6 25.8 23.28 21.22 35.5 47.0 37.0 50.9 51.7 29.4
VISCOSITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE ALONG THE SATURATION LINE The table below gives the viscosity of gas and liquid CO2 along the liquid-vapor saturation line. REFERENCES 1. Fenghour, A., Wakeham, W. A., and Vesovic, V., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 27, 31, 1998. 2. Angus, S., et al., International Tables for the Fluid State: Carbon Dioxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1976.
T/K
P/kPa
Gas η/µPa s
Liquid η/µPa s
205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 302
227 327 465 600 735 894 1075 1283 1519 1786 2085 2419 2790 3203 3658 4160 4712 5315 5984 6710 6997
10.33 10.60 10.87 11.13 11.41 11.69 11.98 12.27 12.58 12.90 13.24 13.61 14.02 14.47 14.99 15.61 16.37 17.36 18.79 21.29 23.52
241.68 221.72 203.75 187.48 172.67 159.13 146.69 135.20 124.30 114.63 105.21 96.44 87.89 79.64 71.47 63.01 53.33 48.30
6-187
PERMITTIVITY (DIELECTRIC CONSTANT) OF WATER AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE The following table summarizes the relative permittivity (static dielectric constant) of liquid water and steam over a wide range of temperature and pressure. Values are given from slightly above the freezing point to 1000 K and at pressures from normal atmospheric to 1000 MPa (about 10000 atm). The values are generated from an equation that correlates the best experimental measurements from a large number of sources. The correlating equation and full details of the formulation may be found in Reference 1. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. Liquid–vapor boundaries are indicated by horizontal lines.
REFERENCE Fernandez, D. P., Goodwin, A. R. H., Lemmon, E. W., Levelt Sengers, J. M. H., and Williams, R. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 1125, 1997. Pressure in MPa T/K
0.1
1
2
5
10
20
50
100
200
500
1000
275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
87.16 85.19 83.27 81.39 79.55 77.75 75.99 74.27 72.58 70.93 64.70 59.00 1.006 1.005 1.005 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.003 1.003 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001
87.20 85.23 83.30 81.42 79.58 77.78 76.02 74.30 72.61 70.97 64.73 59.03 53.83 49.06 44.70 40.70 1.041 1.038 1.034 1.028 1.024 1.020 1.017 1.015 1.013 1.012 1.011 1.010 1.009 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.006
87.24 85.27 83.34 81.46 79.62 77.82 76.06 74.33 72.65 71.00 64.77 59 07 53.86 49.10 44.74 40.74 37.04 33.61 1.074 1.059 1.049 1.041 1.036 1.031 1.027 1.024 1.022 1.020 1.018 1.016 1.015 1.014 1.013
87.36 85.39 83.46 81.57 79 73 77.93 76.17 74.44 72.76 71.11 64.87 59.17 53.97 49.21 44.85 40 85 37.17 33.75 30.55 1.177 1.137 1.112 1.095 1.082 1.071 1.063 1.056 1.050 1.046 1.041 1.038 1.035 1.032
87.57 85.59 83.65 81.76 79.92 78.11 76.35 74.62 72.93 71.28 65.04 59.34 54.14 49.39 45.04 41.05 37.37 33.97 30.79 23.53 1.365 1.267 1.214 1.179 1.154 1.134 1.118 1.105 1.095 1.086 1.078 1.072 1.066
87.97 85.98 84.04 82.14 80.29 78.48 76.71 74.98 73.28 71.63 65.38 59.68 54.48 49.73 45.39 41.42 37.76 34.39 31.25 24.18 17.50 2.066 1.603 1.452 1.365 1.307 1.265 1.232 1.206 1.184 1.167 1.151 1.139
89.16 87.14 85.17 83.24 81.37 79.54 77.75 76.01 74.30 72.64 66.36 60.65 55.45 50.71 46.39 42.45 38.84 35.53 32.47 25.73 19.90 14.50 8.963 4.424 2.844 2.269 1.975 1.793 1.668 1.576 1.505 1.449 1.403
91 05 88.98 86.96 84.99 83.08 81.22 79.40 77.63 75.90 74.22 67.89 62.15 56.94 52.20 47.90 43.98 40.40 37.14 34.15 27.67 22.29 17.72 13.75 10.34 7.562 5.571 4.284 3.477 2.956 2.601 2.347 2.158 2.011
94.55 92.38 90.27 88.22 86.24 84.31 82.43 80.61 78.84 77.11 70.65 64.83 59.57 54.80 50.48 46.55 42.99 39.75 36.79 30.46 25.34 21.12 17.60 14.65 12.17 10.10 8.416 7.066 6.003 5.172 4.523 4.012 3.606
103.7 101.3 98.91 96.64 94.44 92.31 90.25 88.26 86.34 84.48 77.58 71.45 65.95 61.00 56.53 52.48 48.81 45.47 42.44 35.99 30.82 26.62 23.17 20.30 17.88 15.83 14.08 12.57 11.27 10.14 9.160 8.309 7.569
101.3 99.06 96.87 94.76 87.07 80.36 74.43 69.12 64.35 60.03 56.11 52.55 49.30 42.38 36.82 32.31 28.60 25.51 22.91 20.70 18.80 17.15 15.72 14.45 13.34 12.35 11.47
6-15
VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF AQUEOUS HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS The viscosity and density of aqueous hydroxide solutions at 25°C is tabulated here as a function of concentration. Viscosity is given in millipascal second, which is equal to the c.g.s. unit centipoise (cP). The last entry in each column refers to the saturated solution.
REFERENCE Sipos, P. M., Hefter, G., and May, P. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 613, 2000. Viscosity in mPa s c/mol L-1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 Sat.
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
CsOH
(CH3)4NOH
1.017 1.169 1.340 1.537 2.050 2.734
0.997 1.116 1.248 1.396 1.754 2.228 2.867 3.727 4.869 6.351 8.230 10.554 13.362 16.677 20.503 24.826 29.604 34.767 40.212 45.800 51.354 51.911
0.937 0.990 1.050 1.116 1.269 1.448 1.657 1.902 2.196 2.554 3.005 3.581 4.328 5.303 6.577 8.235
0.91 0.94 0.97 1.03 1.19 1.41 1.67 1.98 2.40 3.09 4.31 6.46
1.017 1.186 1.430 1.762 3.031 7.238
3.311
8.526
8.850
Density in g/cm3 c/mol L-1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 Sat.
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
CsOH
1.012 1.025 1.038 1.050 1.072 1.093
1.019 1.040 1.059 1.078 1.115 1.149 1.182 1.213 1.243 1.271 1.299 1.325 1.350 1.374 1.397 1.419 1.441 1.461 1.481 1.499 1.517 1.519
1.022 1.045 1.068 1.090 1.133 1.174 1.214 1.253 1.290 1.326 1.362 1.396 1.429 1.462 1.494 1.524
1.063 1.128 1.193 1.257 1.383 1.508 1.632 1.755 1.876 1.997 2.117 2.236 2.354 2.471 2.587 2.703
0.999 1.002 1.005 1.009 1.019 1.030
1.529
2.800
1.032
1.109
6-190
(CH3)4NOH
VAPOR PRESSURE OF MERCURY The following table gives the vapor pressure of mercury in kilopascals (100 kPa = 1 bar) from 0°C to 800°C.
REFERENCES 1. Vukalovich, M. P., and Fokin, L. R., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Standards Press (USSR), 1972. 2. Vargaftik, N. B., Vinogradov, Y. K., and Yargin, V. S., Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases, Third Edition, Begell House, New York, 1996. t/°C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
p/kPa 2.728x10-5 7.101x10-5 1.729x10-4 3.680x10-4 8.626x10-4 1.786x10-3 3.536x10-3 6.724x10-3 0.01232 0.02128 0.03745 0.06247 0.1015 0.1608 0.2491 0.3778 0.5618 0.8204 1.178 1.664 2.315 3.177 4.304 5.758 7.614 9.959 12.892
t/°C
p/kPa
t/°C
p/kPa
270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530
16.527 20.993 26.435 33.015 40.910 50.320 61.460 74.567 89.896 107.72 128.34 152.07 179.25 210.24 245.4 285.2 329.9 380.1 436.2 498.6 567.9 644.6 729.2 822.2 924.2 1035.8 1157.6
540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800
1290.1 1434.0 1589.9 1758.4 1940.3 2136 2346 2572 2814 3072 3347 3641 3953 4285 4636 5009 5403 5820 6259 6722 7210 7722 8260 8825 9417 10037 10685
6-147
VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS This table gives the viscosity of several liquid metals as a function of temperature. Experimental data from some of the references was smoothed to produce the table. Viscosity is given in millipascal second (mPa s), which equals the c.g.s. unit centipoise (cP).
REFERENCES 1. Shpil’rain, E. E., Yakimovich, K. A., Fomin, V. A., Skovorodjko, S. N., and Mozgovoi, A. G., in Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of the Alkali Metals, Ohse, R. H., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 1985. [Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs] 2. Rothwell, E., J. Inst. Metals 90, 389, 1961. [Al] 3. Culpin, M. F., Proc. Phys. Soc. 70, 1079, 1957. [Ca] 4. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Sixth Edition, II/5a, Transport Phenomena I (Viscosity and Diffusion) , Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1961 [Co, Au, Mg, Ni, Ag] 5. Spells, K. E., Proc. Phys. Soc. 48, 299, 1936. [Ga] 6. Walsdorfer, H., Arpshofen, I., and Predel, B., Z. Met. 79, 503, 1988. [In]
. Viscosity in mPa s t/°C 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
0.566 0.503 0.453 0.412 0.379 0.352 0.328 0.308 0.290 0.275 0.261 0.249 0.238 0.228 0.219 0.211 0.204 0.197 0.191 0.185 0.180 0.175 0.170 0.166 0.162 0.158 0.155 0.151 0.148 0.145 0.142 0.139 0.137 0.135 0.132 0.130 0.128
0.687 0.542 0.451 0.387 0.341 0.306 0.278 0.255 0.237 0.221 0.208 0.196 0.186 0.177 0.170 0.163 0.156 0.151 0.146 0.141 0.137 0.133 0.129 0.126 0.123 0.120 0.117 0.115 0.113 0.110 0.108 0.106 0.105 0.103 0.101 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.096
0.441 0.358 0.303 0.263 0.234 0.211 0.193 0.178 0.166 0.155 0.146 0.138 0.132 0.126 0.120 0.115 0.111 0.107 0.104 0.101 0.098 0.095 0.092 0.090 0.088 0.086 0.084 0.082 0.081 0.079 0.078 0.076 0.075 0.074
6-191
Rubidium
Cesium
Gallium
0.542 0.435 0.365 0.316 0.280 0.252 0.230 0.212 0.197 0.185 0.174 0.165 0.157 0.150 0.143 0.138 0.133 0.128 0.124 0.120 0.117 0.114 0.111 0.108 0.105 0.103 0.101 0.099 0.097 0.095 0.093 0.092 0.090
0.598 0.469 0.389 0.334 0.294 0.264 0.240 0.221 0.206 0.192 0.181 0.171 0.163 0.156 0.149 0.143 0.138 0.134 0.129 0.125 0.122 0.119 0.116 0.113 0.110 0.108 0.106 0.104 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.094 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.089 0.088 0.086
1.921 1.608 1.397 1.245 1.130 1.040 0.968 0.909 0.859 0.817 0.781 0.750 0.722 0.698 0.677 0.657 0.640 0.624 0.610 0.597 0.585 0.574
VISCOSITY OF LIQUID METALS (continued)
Viscosity in mPa s t/°C 250 300 350 400 450 700 750 800 850 900 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750
Aluminum
Calcium
Cobalt
Gold
Indium
Magnesium
Nickel
Silver
1.35 1.22 1.12 1.04 0.98 1.289 1.200 1.115 1.028
1.10 0.96 0.84 0.74 0.67
1.107 0.959
3.80 3.56 3.31 3.06 2.82 2.61 2.42 2.28 2.20 2.19
5.130 4.874 4.640 4.429 4.240
4.15 3.89 3.64 3.41 3.20 2.99
4.35 4.09 3.87 3.67 3.49 3.32
6-192
PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS This table gives selected properties of some important amino acids and closely related compounds. The first part of the table lists the 20 “standard” amino acids that are the basic constituents of proteins (structures of these amino acids may be found in the following table). The second part includes other amino acids and related compounds of biochemical importance. Within each part of the table the compounds are listed by name in alphabetical order. Symbol — Three-letter symbol for the standard amino acids Mr — Molecular weight tm — Melting point pKa , pKb , pKc , pKd — Negative of the logarithm of the acid dissociation constants for the COOH and NH2 groups (and, in some cases, other groups) in the molecule (at 25oC) pI — pH at the isoelectric point S — Solubility in water at 25oC in units of grams of compound per kilogram of water; when quantitative data are not available, the notations sl.s. (for slightly soluble) and v.s. (for very soluble) are used. Data on the enthalpy of formation of many of these compounds are included in the table “Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances” in Section 5 of this Handbook. Absorption spectra and optical rotation data can be found in Reference 3. Partial molar volume and other thermodynamic properties, including solubility as a function of temperature, are given in References 3 and 5. Most of the pK values come from Reference 7.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, 3rd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Budavari, S., Ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. Sober, H. A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry. Selected Data for Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. Voet, D. and Voet, J. G., Biochemistry, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995. Hinz, H. J., Ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1986. Fasman, G. D., Ed., Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Smith, R. M., and Martell, A. E., NIST Standard Reference Database 46: Critically Selected Stability Constants of Metal Complexes Database, Version 3.0, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1997. 8. Jin, Z. and Chao, K. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 199, 1992. The standard amino acids: Symbol Ala Arg Asn Asp Cys Glu Gln Gly His Ile Leu Lys Met Phe Pro Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val
Name
Mol. form.
Mr
tm/°C
pKa
pKb
Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine
C3H7NO2 C6H14N4O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H7NO4 C3H7NO2S C5H9NO4 C5H10N2O3 C2H5NO2 C6H9N3O2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14N2O2 C5H11NO2S C9H11NO2 C5H9NO2 C3H7NO3 C4H9NO3 C11H12N2O2 C9H11NO3 C5H11NO2
89.09 174.20 132.12 133.10 121.16 147.13 146.15 75.07 155.16 131.17 131.17 146.19 149.21 165.19 115.13 105.09 119.12 204.23 181.19 117.15
297 244 235 270 240 160 185 290 287 284 293 224 281 283 221 228 256 289 343 315
2.33 2.03 2.16 1.95 1.91 2.16 2.18 2.34 1.70 2.26 2.32 2.15 2.16 2.18 1.95 2.13 2.20 2.38 2.24 2.27
9.71 9.00 8.73 9.66 10.28 9.58 9.00 9.58 9.09 9.60 9.58 9.16 9.08 9.09 10.47 9.05 8.96 9.34 9.04 9.52
7-1
pKc 12.10 3.71 8.14 4.15
6.04
10.67
10.10
pI
S/g kg-1
6.00 10.76 5.41 2.77 5.07 3.22 5.65 5.97 7.59 6.02 5.98 9.74 5.74 5.48 6.30 5.68 5.60 5.89 5.66 5.96
165.0 182.6 25.1 4.95 v.s. 8.61 42 250.9 43.5 34.2 22.0 5.8 56 27.9 1623 50.2 98.1 13.2 0.46 88.5
PROPERTIES OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE BASES This table lists some of the important purine and pyrimidine bases that occur in nucleic acids. The pKa values (negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant) are given for each ionization stage. The last column gives the aqueous solubility S at the indicated temperature in units of grams per 100 grams of solution. The numbering system in the rings is:
Purine
Pyrimidine
REFERENCES 1. R. M. C. Dawson, et al., Data for Biochemical Research, 3rd Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. S. Budavari, Ed., The Merck Index, 11th Ed., Merk and Co., Rahway, NJ., 1989.
Common name
Systematic name
Mol form.
Mol. wt.
pKa values
S/mass % (temp.)
Pyrimidines Cytosine 5-Methylcytosine 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Uracil Thymine Orotic acid
4-Amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine 4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5methylpyrimidine
C4H5N3O
111.10
4.5
12.2
0.76 (25°C)
C5H7N3O
125.13
4.6
12.4
0.45 (25°C)
4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine 5-Methyluracil Uracil-6-carboxylic acid
C5H7N3O2 C4H4N2O2 C5H6N2O2 C5H4N2O4
141.13 112.09 126.11 156.10
4.3 0.5 9.9 2.4
13 9.5 >13 9.5
C5H5N5 C5H5N5O
135.14 151.13
<1 3.3
4.1 9.2
C6H7N5O C5H5N5O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3
165.16 151.13 152.11 136.11 168.11
3.5 4.5 0.8 2.0 5.4
9.9 9.0 7.4 8.9 11.3
>13 >13
0.36 (25°C) 0.4 (25°C) 0.18 (18°C)
Purines Adenine Guanine 7-Methylguanine Isoguanine Xanthine Hypoxanthine Uric acid
6-Aminopurine 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine 7-Methyl-2-amino-6hydroxypurine 6-Amino-2-hydroxypurine 2,6-Dioxopurine 6-Hydroxypurine 2,6,8-Trihydroxypurine
7-4
9.8 12.3
0.09 (25°C) 0.004 (40°C)
11.1 12.1
0.006 (25°C) 0.05 (20°C) 0.07 (19°C) 0.002 (20°C)
THE GENETIC CODE This table gives the correspondence between a messenger RNA codon and the amino acid which it specifies. The symbols for bases in the codon are: U: uracil C: cytosine A: adenine G: guanine The amino acid symbols are given in the table entitled “Structures of Common Amino Acids”. A chain-initiating codon is indicated by init and a chain-terminating codon by term. Example: UCA codes for Ser, UAC codes for Tyr, etc.
First position U
C
A
G
U Phe Phe Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Met (init) Val Val Val Val (init)
Second position C A Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Pro Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala
Tyr Tyr term term His His Gln Gln Asn Asn Lys Lys Asp Asp Glu Glu
7-5
G Cys Cys term Trp Arg Arg Arg Arg Ser Ser Arg Arg Gly Gly Gly Gly
Third position U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G
PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS This table gives the systematic names and selected properties of some of the more important fatty acids of five or more carbon atoms. Compounds are listed first by degree of saturation and, secondly, by number of carbon atoms. The following data are included: Mr: Molecular weight tm: Melting point in °C
S: Aqueous solubility at 20°C in units of grams of solute per 100 grams of water
REFERENCES 1. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 2. Fasman, G. D., Ed., Practical Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.
Common name
Systematic name
Mol. form.
Mr
tm/°C
S
102.13 102.13 116.16 130.19 144.21 158.24 172.27 200.32 214.35 228.38 242.40 256.43 270.46 284.48 312.54 312.54 340.59 368.64 396.70 424.75
-34 -29.3 -3 -7.5 16.3 12.3 31.9 43.2 41.5 53.9 52.3 63.1 61.3 69.6 76.5 -65 81.5 87.5 88.5 90.9
2.5 4.3 0.967 0.24 0.080 0.0284 0.015 0.0055 0.0033 0.0020 0.0012 0.00072 0.00042 0.00029
170.25 254.41 282.47 282.47 282.47 338.57 338.57 366.63
26.5 -0.1 13.4 45 44 34.7 61.9 43
Saturated Valeric acid Isovaleric acid Caproic acid Enanthic acid Caprylic acid Pelargonic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Tridecylic acid Myristic acid Pentadecylic acid Palmitic acid Margaric acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Phytanic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Cerotic acid Montanic acid
Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Hexanoic acid Heptanoic acid Octanoic acid Nonanoic acid Decanoic acid Dodecanoic acid Tridecanoic acid Tetradecanoic acid Pentadecanoic acid Hexadecanoic acid Heptadecanoic acid Octadecanoic acid Eicosanoic acid 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadecanoic acid Docosanoic acid Tetracosanoic acid Hexacosanoic acid Octacosanoic acid
C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C6H12O2 C7H14O2 C8H16O2 C9H18O2 C10H20O2 C12H24O2 C13H26O2 C14H28O2 C15H30O2 C16H32O2 C17H34O2 C18H36O2 C20H40O2 C20H40O2 C22H44O2 C24H48O2 C26H52O2 C28H56O2
Monounsaturated Caproleic acid Palmitoleic acid Oleic acid Elaidic acid Vaccenic acid Erucic acid Brassidic acid Nervonic acid
9-Decenoic acid cis-9-Hexadecenoic acid cis-9-Octadecenoic acid trans-9-Octadecenoic acid trans-11-Octadecenoic acid cis-13-Docosenoic acid trans-13-Docosenoic acid cis-15-Tetracosenoic acid
C10H18O2 C16H30O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C18H34O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O2 C24H46O2 Diunsaturated C18H32O2
Linoleic acid
cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid
cis-Eleostearic acid trans-Eleostearic acid
trans,cis,trans-9,11,13-Octadecatrienoic acid trans,trans,trans-9,11,13Octadecatrienoic acid cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid
280.45
-12
Triunsaturated
Linolenic acid
C18H30O2 C18H30O2
278.44 278.44
49 71.5
C18H30O2
278.44
-11
304.47
-49.5
Tetraunsaturated Arachidonic acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, (all-trans)
C20H32O2
7-6
CARBOHYDRATE NAMES AND SYMBOLS The following table lists the systematic names and symbols for selected carbohydrates and some of their derivatives. The symbols for monosaccharide residues and derivatives are recommended by IUPAC for use in describing the structures of oligosaccharide chains. A more complete list can be found in the reference.
REFERENCE McNaught, A. D.,Pure Appl. Chem., 68, 1919-2008, 1996. Common Name
Symbol
Abequose N-Acetyl-2-deoxyneur-2-enaminic acid N-Acetylgalactosamine N-Acetylglucosamine N-Acetylneuraminic acid Allose Altrose Apiose Arabinitol Arabinose Arcanose Ascarylose Boivinose Chalcose Cladinose Colitose Cymarose 3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid 2-Deoxyribose 2,3-Diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose Diginose Digitalose Digitoxose 3,4-Di-O-methylrhamnose Ethyl glucopyranuronate Evalose Fructose Fucitol Fucose β-D-Galactopyranose 4-sulfate Galactosamine Galactose Glucitol Glucosamine Glucose Glucuronic acid N-Glycoloylneuraminic acid Gulose Hamamelose Idose Iduronic acid Lactose Lyxose Maltose Mannose 2-C-Methylxylose Muramic acid Mycarose Mycinose Neuraminic acid
Abe Neu2en5Ac GalNAc GlcNAc Neu5Ac All Alt Api Ara-ol Ara
Kdo dRib GlcN3N
Systematic Name 3,6-Dideoxy-D-xylo-hexose
allo-Hexose altro-Hexose 3-C-(Hydroxymethyl)-glycero-tetrose Arabinitol arabino-Pentose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-xylo-hexose 3,6-Dideoxy-L-arabino-hexose 2,6-Dideoxy-D-gulose 4,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-D-xylo-hexose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-L-ribo-hexose 3,6-Dideoxy-L-xylo-hexose 6-Deoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose 2-Deoxy-erythro-pentose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-lyxo-hexose 6-Deoxy-3-O-methyl-D-galactose 2,6-Dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose
Rha3,4Me2 GlcpA6Et Fru Fuc-ol Fuc β-D-Galp4S GalN Gal Glc-ol GlcN Glc GlcA Neu5Gc Gul Ido IdoA Lac Lyx Man Xyl2CMe Mur
Neu
6-Deoxy-3-C-methyl-D-mannose arabino-Hex-2-ulose 6-Deoxy-D-galactitol 6-Deoxygalactose 2-Amino-2-deoxygalactose galacto-Hexose 2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose gluco-Hexose
gulo-Hexose 2-C-(Hydroxymethyl)-D-ribose ido-Hexose β-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose lyxo-Pentose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose manno-Hexose 2-Amino-3-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-L-ribo-hexose 6-Deoxy-2,3-di-O-methyl-D-allose 5-Amino-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid
7-7
CARBOHYDRATE NAMES AND SYMBOLS (continued) Common Name Panose Paratose Primeverose Psicose Quinovose Raffinose Rhamnose Rhodinose Ribose Ribose 5-phosphate Ribulose Rutinose Sarmentose Sedoheptulose Sorbose Streptose Sucrose Tagatose Talose Turanose Tyvelose Xylose Xylulose
Symbol
Psi Qui Rha Rib Rib5P Ribulo (Rul)
Sor
Tag Tal Tyv Xyl Xylulo (Xul)
Systematic Name α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-D-glucose 3,6-Dideoxy-D-ribo-hexose β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucose ribo-Hex-2-ulose 6-Deoxyglucose β-D-Fructofuranosyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranoside 6-Deoxymannose 2,3,6-Trideoxy-L-threo-hexose ribo-Pentose erythro-Pent-2-ulose α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-glucose 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-D-xylo-hexose D-altro-Hept-2-ulose xylo-Hex-2-ulose 5-Deoxy-3-C-formyl-L-lyxose β-D-Fructofuranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside lyxo-Hex-2-ulose talo-Hexose α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-D-fructose 3,6-Dideoxy-D-arabino-hexose xylo-Pentose threo-Pent-2-ulose
7-8
BIOLOGICAL BUFFERS This table of frequently used buffers gives the pKa value at 25°C and the useful pH range of each buffer. The buffers are listed in order of increasing pH. The table is reprinted with permission of Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo.
Acronym MES BIS TRIS ADA ACES PIPES MOPSO BIS TRIS PROPANE BES MOPS HEPES TES DIPSO TAPSO TRIZMA HEPPSO POPSO EPPS TEA TRICINE BICINE TAPS AMPSO CHES CAPSO AMP CAPS a
Name 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane N-(2-Acetamido)-2-iminodiacetic acid 2-[(2-Amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) 3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 1,3-Bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-(N-Morpholino)propanesulfonic acid N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid 3-[N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) Piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(3-propanesulfonic acid) Triethanolamine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid 3-[(1,1-Dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid 2-(N-Cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid
pKa = 9.0 for the second dissociation stage.
7-9
Mol. wt.
pKa
Useful pH range
195.2 209.2 190.2 182.2 302.4 225.3 282.3 213.2 209.3 238.3 229.2 243.3
6.1 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.8a 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.5 7.6
5.5—6.7 5.8—7.2 6.0—7.2 6.1—7.5 6.1—7.5 6.2—7.6 6.3—9.5 6.4—7.8 6.5—7.9 6.8—8.2 6.8—8.2 7.0—8.2
259.3 121.1 268.3 362.4 252.3 149.2 179.2 163.2 243.3
7.6 8.1 7.8 7.8 8.0 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.4
7.0—8.2 7.0—9.1 7.1—8.5 7.2—8.5 7.3—8.7 7.3—8.3 7.4—8.8 7.6—9.0 7.7—9.1
227.3 207.3 237.3 89.1 221.3
9.0 9.3 9.6 9.7 10.4
8.3—9.7 8.6—10.0 8.9—10.3 9.0—10.5 9.7—11.1
TYPICAL pH VALUES OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND FOODS This table gives typical pH ranges for various biological fluids and common foods. All values refer to 25°C. Grapes Hominy (lye) Jams, fruit Jellies, fruit Lemons Limes Maple syrup Milk, cows Olives Oranges Oysters Peaches Pears Peas Pickles, dill Pickles, sour Pimento Plums Potatoes Pumpkin Raspberries Rhubarb Salmon Sauerkraut Shrimp Soft drinks Spinach Squash Strawberries Sweet potatoes Tomatoes Tuna Turnips Vinegar Water, drinking Wines
Biological Materials Blood, human Blood, dog Spinal fluid, human Saliva, human Gastric contents, human Duodenal contents, human Feces, human Urine, human Milk, human Bile, human
7.35-7.45 6.9-7.2 7.3-7.5 6.5-7.5 1.0-3.0 4.8-8.2 4.6-8.4 4.8-8.4 6.6-7.6 6.8-7.0
Foods Apples Apricots Asparagus Bananas Beans Beers Beets Blackberries Bread, white Butter Cabbage Carrots Cheese Cherries Cider Corn Crackers Dates Eggs, fresh white Flour, wheat Gooseberries Grapefruit
2.9-3.3 3.6-4.0 5.4-5.8 4.5-4.7 5.0-6.0 4.0-5.0 4.9-5.5 3.2-3.6 5.0-6.0 6.1-6.4 5.2-5.4 4.9-5.3 4.8-6.4 3.2-4.0 2.9-3.3 6.0-6.5 6.5-8.5 6.2-6.4 7.6-8.0 5.5-6.5 2.8-3.0 3.0-3.3
7-10
3.5-4.5 6.8-8.0 3.5-4.0 2.8-3.4 2.2-2.4 1.8-2.0 6.5-7.0 6.3-6.6 3.6-3.8 3.0-4.0 6.1-6.6 3.4-3.6 3.6-4.0 5.8-6.4 3.2-3.6 3.0-3.4 4.6-5.2 2.8-3.0 5.6-6.0 4.8-5.2 3.2-3.6 3.1-3.2 6.1-6.3 3.4-3.6 6.8-7.0 2.0-4.0 5.1-5.7 5.0-5.4 3.0-3.5 5.3-5.6 4.0-4.4 5.9-6.1 5.2-5.6 2.4-3.4 6.5-8.0 2.8-3.8
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY The elemental composition of the “standard man” of mass 70 kg is given below. REFERENCES 1. Padikal, T.N., and Fivozinsky, S.P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. 2. Snyde, W.S., et al., Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics, Pergamon, New York, 1975.
Element Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Sulfur Potassium Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Silicon Iron Fluorine Zinc Rubidium Strontium Bromine Lead Copper Aluminum Cadmium Boron Barium Tin Manganese Iodine Nickel Gold Molybdenum Chromium Cesium Cobalt Uranium Beryllium Radium
Amount (g) 43,000 16,000 7000 1800 1000 780 140 140 100 95 19 18 4.2 2.6 2.3 0.32 0.32 0.20 0.12 0.072 0.061 0.050 <0.048 0.022 <0.017 0.012 0.013 0.010 <0.010 <0.0093 <0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.00009 0.000036 3.1⋅10-11
7-11
Percent of total body mass 61 23 10 2.6 1.4 1.1 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.027 0.026 0.006 0.0037 0.0033 0.00046 0.00046 0.00029 0.00017 0.00010 0.00009 0.00007 0.00007 0.00003 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.000003 0.000002 0.000002 0.0000001
STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES Petr Van´ysek This table lists transformed values of the standard Gibbs energy of formation for several molecules and ions of biochemical importance. Values of ∆fG‘o are given at pH 7, 298.15 K, and 100 kPa for infinite dilution and for two finite ionic strengths, I = 0.1 mol/L and I = 0.25 mol/L. The charge of the species (zi) is also given. The table can be used for calculating practical (pH 7) reduction potentials for important biological processes. Such listing is more compact than offering reduction potentials, which would require tabulating a large number of reactant-product combinations. To calculate the standard apparent reduction potential E’o for reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol at infinite dilution, for example, write first the reaction: CH3CHO + 2H+ + 2 e- 1 CH3CH2OH The change in hydrogen count can be accomplished by adding H+ , which in turn has to be compensated by adding the appropriate number of electrons (reduction). The correct count of electrons is needed in the subsequent equation for the reduction potential: E’o = [- 1/nF] · [∆fG‘o (product) - ∆fG‘o(reactant)] where n is the number of electrons to be added and F is the Faraday constant. Specifically, for the above reaction: E’o = [-1/(2·9.6485·104 C mol-1)] · [58.1·103 J mol-1 - 20.83·103 J mol-1] = -0.193 V. REFERENCE Alberty, R. A., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 353, 116-130, 1998; 358, 25-39, 1998.
∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound Acetaldehyde Acetate Acetone cis-Aconitate Adenine Adenosine Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Alanine Ammonium Arabinose L-Asparagine Aspartate 1-Butanol Butyrate Carbonate iso-Citrate Citrate CO(aq) CO(g) CO2(g) Creatine Creatinine L-Cysteine L-Cystine Cytochrome c [oxidized] Cytochrome c [reduced] Ethanol
I=0
I = 0.1 mol/L
20.83 -249.44 80.03 -797.26 512.07 519.43 -1234.36 -367.5 -2098 -91.31 80.52 -342.67 -206.28 -456.15 227.72 -72.94 -547.33 -956.82 -963.46 -119.9 -137.17 -394.36 100.41 256.55 -59.23 -187.03 0 -24.54 58.1
23.27 -248.22 83.71 -800.94 515.13 527.39 -1230.97 -361.99 -2097.55 -87.02 82.35 -336.55 -201.38 -453.09 233.84 -69.26 -547.15 -958.84 -965.49 -119.9 -137.17 -394.36 105.92 260.84 -55.01 -179.69 -5.51 -26.96 61.77
7-9
I = 0.25 mol/L 24.06 -247.82 84.89 -802.12 516.12 529.96 -1230.12 -360.29 -2097.89 -85.64 82.94 -334.57 -199.8 -452.1 235.82 -68.08 -547.1 -959.58 -966.23 -119.9 -137.17 -394.36 107.69 262.22 -53.65 -177.32 -7.29 -27.75 62.96
zi 0 -1 0 -3 0 0 -3 -2 -4 0 1 0 0 -1 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0
STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES (continued) ∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound Ethyl acetate Ferredoxin [oxidized] Ferredoxin [reduced] Flavin adenine dinucleotide [oxidized] Flavin adenine dinucleotide [reduced] Flavin mononucleotide [oxidized] Flavin mononucleotide [reduced] Formate Fructose Fructose-6-phosphate Fumarate Galactose Galactose-1-phosphate Glucose Glucose-1-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Glutamate Glutamine Glutathione [oxidized] Glutathione [reduced] Glycerol Glycerol-3-phosphate Glycine Glycolate Glycylglycine Glyoxylate H2(aq) H2(g) H 2O β-Hydroxypropionate Hydrogen peroxide Hypoxanthine Indole L-Isoleucine Lactate Lactose L-Leucine Lyxose Malate Maltose D-Mannitol Mannose Methane Methanol L-Methionine Methylamine N2(aq) N2(g) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [reduced] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) [oxidized] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) [reduced] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) [oxidized]
I=0
I = 0.1 mol/L
I = 0.25 mol/L
zi
-18 0 38.07 1238.65 1279.68 759.17 800.2 -311.04 -436.03 -1321.71 -521.96 -429.45 -1317.5 -436.42 -1318.03 -1325 -377.82 -128.46 1198.69 625.56 -177.83 -1080.22 -180.13 -411.08 -200.55 -428.64 97.51 79.91 -157.28 -318.62 -54.12 249.33 503.49 175.53 -316.94 -688.29 -167.18 -349.58 -682.83 -695.65 -383.22 -431.51 109.11 -15.45 -63.4 199.88 18.07 0
-13.1 -0.61 38.07 1255.17 1297.43 768.35 810.61 -311.04 -428.69 -1317.16 -523.18 -422.11 -1313.01 -429.08 -1313.34 -1320.37 -373.54 -122.34 1214.6 633.52 -172.93 -1077.83 -177.07 -409.86 -195.65 -428.64 98.74 81.17 -156.05 -316.17 -52.89 251.77 507.78 183.49 -314.49 -674.82 -175.14 -343.46 -682.83 -682.19 -374.65 -424.17 111.55 -13.04 -56.67 202.94 18.07 0
-11.52 -0.81 38.07 1260.51 1303.16 771.32 813.97 -311.04 -426.32 -1315.74 -523.58 -419.74 -1311.6 -426.71 -1311.89 -1318.92 -372.16 -120.36 1219.74 636.09 -171.35 -1077.14 -176.08 -409.46 -194.07 -428.64 99.13 81.53 -155.66 -315.38 -52.5 252.56 509.16 186.06 -313.7 -670.48 -177.71 -341.48 -682.83 -677.84 -371.89 -421.8 112.34 -12.25 -54.49 203.93 18.07 0
0 1 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 0 -1 -2 0 -2 0 -2 -2 -1 0 -2 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1101.47
1115.55
1120.09
-2
1038.86
1054.17
1059.11
-1
1064.85
1070.97
1072.95
-4
998.91
1008.7
1011.86
-3
7-10
STANDARD TRANSFORMED GIBBS ENERGY OF FORMATION FOR IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL SPECIES (continued) ∆fG‘o /kJ mol-1 Compound O2(aq) O2(g) Oxalate Oxaloacetate Oxalosuccinate 2-Oxoglutarate Palmitate L-Phenylalanine Phosphate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyrophosphate Pyruvate Retinal Retinol Ribose Ribose-1-phosphate Ribose-5-phosphate Ribulose L-Serine D-Sorbose Succinate Sucrose Thioredoxin [oxidized] Thioredoxin [reduced] L-Tryptophane L-Tyrosine Ubiquinone [oxidized] Ubiquinone [reduced] Urate Urea L-Valine Xylose D-Xylulose
I=0
I = 0.1 mol/L
16.4 0 -673.9 -713.37 -979.06 -633.59 979.25 232.42 -1058.56 143.84 134.43 -1937.66 -352.4 1118.78 1170.77 -339.23 -1215.87 -1223.95 -336.38 -231.18 -432.47 -530.62 -685.66 0 54.03 366.88 68.82 3596.07 3586.16 -206.1 -42.92 -80.87 -350.93 -346.59
16.4 0 -676.35 -714.6 -979.06 -633.59 997.6 239.15 -1059.17 148.74 139.32 -1941.82 -351.18 1135.91 1189.13 -333.11 -1212.24 -1220.32 -330.26 -226.89 -425.13 -530.62 -672.2 0 55.26 374.22 75.55 3651.15 3642.47 -204.85 -40.53 -87.6 -344.81 -340.47
7-11
I = 0.25 mol/L 16.4 0 -677.14 -714.99 -979.06 -633.59 1003.54 241.33 -1059.49 150.32 140.9 -1943.35 -350.78 1141.45 1195.06 -331.13 -1211.14 -1219.22 -328.28 225.81 -422.76 -530.62 -667.85 0 55.65 376.59 77.73 3668.94 3660.65 204.45 -39.73 -89.78 -342.83 -338.49
zi 0 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 0 -2 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 -2 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0
THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER Robert N. Goldberg, Nand Kishore, and Rebecca M. Lennen This table contains selected values for the pK, standard molar enthalpy of reaction ∆rH°, and standard molar heat-capacity change ∆rC°p for the ionization reactions of 64 buffers many of which are relevant to biochemistry and to biology.1 The values pertain to the temperature T = 298.15 K and the pressure p = 0.1 MPa. The standard state is the hypothetical ideal solution of unit molality. These data permit one to calculate values of the pK and of ∆rH° at temperatures in the vicinity {T ≈ (274 K to 350 K)} of the reference temperature θ = 298.15 K by using the following equations2 ∆rG°T = –RT lnKT = ln(10)·RT·pKT ,
(1)
RlnKT = –(∆rG°θ /θ) + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ ) – (1/T )} + ∆rC°pθ {(θ /T ) – 1 + ln(T/θ )},
(2)
∆rH°T = ∆rH°θ + ∆rC°pθ (T – θ ).
(3)
Here, ∆rG° is the standard molar Gibbs energy change and K is the equilibrium constant for a reaction; R is the gas constant (8.314 472 J K-1 mol-1). The subscripts T and θ denote the temperature to which a quantity pertains, the subscript p denotes constant pressure, and the subscript r denotes that the quantity refers to a reaction. Combination of equations (1) and (2) yields the following equation that gives pK as a function of temperature: pKT = –{R·ln(10)}–1[–{ln(10)·RT·pKθ /θ } + ∆rH°θ {(1/θ ) – (1/T )} + ∆rC°pθ {(θ /T ) – 1 + ln(T/θ )}].
(4)
The above equations neglect higher order terms that involve temperature derivatives of ∆rC°p. Also, it is important to recognize that the values of pK and ∆rH° effectively pertain to ionic strength I = 0. However, the values of pK and ∆rH° are almost always dependent on the ionic strength and the actual composition of the solution. These issues are discussed in Reference 1 which also gives an approximate method for making appropriate corrections.
REFERENCES 1. Goldberg, R. N., Kishore, N., and Lennen, R. M., “Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in press. 2. Clarke, E. C. W., and Glew, D. N., Trans. Faraday Soc., 62, 539-547, 1966. Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa
Buffer
Reaction
ACES Acetate ADA
HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C4H10N2O4S) HL = H+ + L-, (HL = C2H4O2) H3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C6H10N2O5) H2L± = H+ + HLHL- = H+ + L2HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO) HL = H+ + L-, (HL = C3H9NO3S) NH 4+= H+ + NH3 HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO5S) H3AsO4 = H+ + H2AsO4H2AsO4- = H+ + HAsO42+ 3HAsO24 = H + AsO 4 H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C8H12N2O3) HL- = H+ + L2HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H15NO5S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H13NO4) HL± = H+ + LH3L+ = H+ + H2L±, (H2L = C8H19NO5) H2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C11H26N2O6) HL+ = H+ + L H3BO3 = H+ + H2BO -3 H2L+ = H+ + HL, (HL = C2H6AsO2) HL = H+ + L-
2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-Amino-1-propanesulfonic acid Ammonia AMPSO Arsenate
Barbital BES Bicine Bis-tris Bis-tris propane Borate Cacodylate
pK
7-12
6.847 4.756 1.59 2.48 6.844 8.801 9.694 10.2 9.245 9.138 2.31 7.05 11.9 7.980 12.8 7.187 2.0 8.334 6.484 6.65 9.10 9.237 1.78 6.28
∆rH° kJ mol–1
∆rC°p J K–1 mol–1
30.43 -0.41
-49 -142
16.7 12.23 49.85 54.05
-144 -44 ≈-21
51.95 43.19 -7.8 1.7 15.9 24.27
-135
24.25
-2
26.34 28.4
0 27
13.8 -3.5 -3.0
8 -61
≈-240 -86
THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER (continued)
Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa
Buffer
Reaction
CAPS CAPSO Carbonate
HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C9H19NO3S) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C9H19NO4S) H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3HCO3- = H+ + CO23 HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C8H17NO3S) H3L = H+ + H2L-, (H3L = C6H8O7) H2L- = H+ + HL2HL2- = H+ + L3H3L+ = H+ + H2L, (H2L = C3H7NO2S) H2L = H+ + HLHL- = H+ + L2HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO2) H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H6O5) HL- = H+ + L2H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C7H12O4) HL- = H+ + L2HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO6S) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H7NO) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H13NO) H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C3H9NO6P) HL- = H+ + L2H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C2H5NO2) HL± = H+ + LHL+ = H+ + L, (L = C2H6N2O) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C4H8N2O3) HL± = H+ + LH2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H11N3O4) HL± = H+ + LH2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C8H18N2O4S) HL± = H+ + LHL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H20N2O4S) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C9H20N2O5S) H3L2+ = H+ + H2L+, (HL = C6H9N3O2) H2L+ = H+ + HL HL = H+ + LH2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = H4N2) HL+ = H+ + L HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C3H4N2) H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H4O4) HL- = H+ + L2HL = H+ + L-, (HL = C2H6OS) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H13NO4S) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = CH5N) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H6N2) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H15NO4S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C7H15NO5S) HL± = H+ + LH2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C2H2O4) HL- = H+ + L2H3PO4 = H+ + H2PO4H2PO4- = H+ + HPO24 HPO42-= H+ + PO43-
CHES Citrate
L-Cysteine
Diethanolamine Diglycolate 3,3-Dimethylglutarate DIPSO Ethanolamine N-Ethylmorpholine Glycerol 2-phosphate Glycine Glycine amide Glycylglycine Glycylglycylglycine HEPES HEPPS HEPPSO L-Histidine
Hydrazine Imidazole Maleate 2-Mercaptoethanol MES Methylamine 2-Methylimidazole MOPS MOPSO Oxalate Phosphate
pK
7-13
10.499 9.825 6.351 10.329 9.394 3.128 4.761 6.396 1.71 8.36 10.75 8.883 3.05 4.37 3.70 6.34 7.576 9.498 7.77 1.329 6.650 2.351 9.780 8.04 3.140 8.265 3.224 8.090 ≈3.0 7.564 7.957 8.042 1.54 6.07 9.34 -0.99 8.02 6.993 1.92 6.27 9.75 6.270 10.645 8.01 7.184 0.060 6.90 1.27 4.266 2.148 7.198 12.35
∆ r H° kJ mol–1
∆rC°p J K–1 mol–1
48.1 46.67 9.15 14.70 39.55 4.07 2.23 -3.38 ≈-0.6 36.1 34.1 42.08 -0.1 -7.2
57 21 -371 -249 9 -131 -178 -254
30.18 50.52 27.4 -12.2 -1.85 4.00 44.2 42.9 0.11 43.4 0.84 41.7
42 26
20.4 21.3 23.70 3.6 29.5 43.8 38.1 41.7 36.64 1.1 -3.6 26.2 14.8 55.34 36.8 21.1 25.0 -3.9 7.00 -8.0 3.6 16.0
≈-66 ≈-204 36 ≈-142 ≈-138
-330 -212 -139 -57 -128 -16
47 48 47 176 -233
-9 ≈-21 ≈-31 5 33 25 ≈38 ≈-231 -231 -141 -230 -242
THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITIES FOR THE IONIZATION REACTIONS OF BUFFERS IN WATER (continued)
Selected Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water at T = 298.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa
Buffer
Reaction
Phthalate
H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C8H6O4) HL- = H+ + L2H2L2+ = H+ + HL+, (L = C4H10N2) HL+ = H+ + L HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C8H18N2O6S2) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C10H22N2O8S2) H4P2O7 = H+ + H3P2O7H3P2O7- = H+ + H2P2O27 + 3H2P2O27 = H + HP2O7 HP2O73-= H+ + P2O47 H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H6O4) HL- = H+ + L2HSO4- = H+ + SO24 H2SO3 = H+ + HSO3HSO3- = H+ + SO23 HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO6S) HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C7H17NO7S) H2L = H+ + HL-, (H2L = C4H6O6) HL- = H+ + L2HL± = H+ + L-, (HL = C6H15NO6S) H2L+ = H+ + HL±, (HL = C6H13NO5) HL± = H+ + LHL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15NO3) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C6H15N) HL+ = H+ + L, (L = C4H11NO3)
Piperazine PIPES POPSO Pyrophosphate
Succinate Sulfate Sulfite TAPS TAPSO L(+)-Tartaric acid TES Tricine Triethanolamine Triethylamine Tris
pK
7-14
2.950 5.408 5.333 9.731 7.141 ≈8.0 0.83 2.26 6.72 9.46 4.207 5.636 1.987 1.857 7.172 8.44 7.635 3.036 4.366 7.550 2.023 8.135 7.762 10.72 8.072
∆rH° kJ mol–1
∆rC°p J K–1 mol–1
-2.70 -2.17 31.11 42.89 11.2
-91 -295 86 75 22
-9.2 -5.0 0.5 1.4 3.0 -0.5 -22.4 -17.80 -3.65 40.4 39.09 3.19 0.93 32.13 5.85 31.37 33.6 43.13 47.45
≈-90 ≈-130 -136 -141 -121 -217 -258 -272 -262 15 -16 -147 -218 0 -196 -53 50 151 -59
PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS Aluminon (qualitative test for aluminum). Aluminon is a trade name for the ammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid. Dissolve 1 g of the salt in 1 L of distilled water. Shake the solution well to insure thorough mixing. Bang’s reagent (for glucose estimation). Dissolve 100 g of K2CO3, 66 g of KCl and 160 g of KHCO3 in the order given in about 700 mL of water at 30°C. Add 4.4 g of CuS04 and dilute to 1 L after the CO2 is evolved. This solution should be shaken only in such a manner as not to allow entry of air. After 24 hours 300 mL are diluted to 1 L with saturated KCl solution, shaken gently and used after 24 hours; 50 mL is equivalent to 10 mg glucose. Barfoed’s reagent (test for glucose). See Cupric acetate. Baudisch’s reagent. See Cupferron. Benedict’s solution (qualitative reagent for glucose). With the aid of heat, dissolve 173 g of sodium citrate and 100 g of Na2CO3 in 800 mL of water. Filter, if necessary, and dilute to 850 mL. Dissolve 17.3 g of CuSO4⋅5H2O in 100 mL of water. Pour the latter solution, with constant stirring, into the carbonate-citrate solution, and dilute to 1 L. Benzidine hydrochloride solution (for sulfite determination). Make a paste of 8 g of benzidine hydrochloride (C12H8(NH3)2⋅2HCl) and 20 mL of water, add 20 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.12) and dilute to 1 L with water. Each mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.00357 g of H2SO4. Bertrand’s reagent (glucose estimation). Consists of the following solutions: 1. Dissolve 200 g of Rochelle salt and 150 g of NaOH in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 2. Dissolve 40 g of CuSO4 in enough water to make 1 L of solution. 3. Dissolve 50 g of Fe2(SO4)3 and 200 g of H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84) in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 4. Dissolve 5 g of KMnO4 in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Bial’s reagent (for pentose). Dissolve 1 g of orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol) in 500 mL of 30% HCl to which 30 drops of a 10% solution of FeCl3 has been added. Boutron — Boudet soap solution: 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure castile soap in about 2.5 L of 56% ethanol. 2. Dissolve 0.59 g of Ba(NO3)2 in 1 L of water. Adjust the castile soap solution so that 2.4 mL of it will give a permanent lather with 40 mL of solution (b). When adjusted, 2.4 mL of soap solution is equivalent to 220 parts per million of hardness (as CaCO3) for a 40 mL sample. See also Soap solution. Brucke’s reagent (protein precipitation). See Potassium iodide-mercuric iodide. Clarke’s soap solution (estimation of hardness in water). 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure powdered castile soap in 1 L of 80% ethanol and allow to stand over night. 2. Prepare a solution of CaCl2 by dissolving 0.5 g of CaCO3 in HCl (sp. gr. 1.19), neutralize with NH4OH and make slightly alkaline to litmus, and dilute to 500 mL. One mL is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. Titrate (1) against (2) and dilute (1) with 80% ethanol until 1 mL of the resulting solution is equivalent to 1 mL of (2) after making allowance for the lather factor (the amount of standard soap solution required to produce a permanent lather in 50 mL of distilled water). One mL of the adjusted solution after subtracting the lather factor is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. See also Soap solution. Cobalticyanide paper (Rinnmann’s test for Zn). Dissolve 4 g of K3Co(CN)6 and 1 g of KClO3 in 100 mL of water. Soak filter paper in solution and dry at 100°C. Apply drop of zinc solution and burn in an evaporating dish. A green disk is obtained if zinc is present. Cochineal. Extract 1 g of cochineal for 4 days with 20 mL of alcohol and 60 mL of distilled water. Filter. Congo red. Dissolve 0.5 g of congo red in 90 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of alcohol. Cupferron (Baudisch’s reagent for iron analysis). Dissolve 6 g of the ammonium salt of N-hydroxy-N-nitrosoaniline (cupferron) in 100 mL of H2O. Reagent good for 1 week only and must be kept in the dark. Cupric acetate (Barfoed’s reagent for reducing monosaccharides). Dissolve 66 g of cupric acetate and 10 mL of glacial acetic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Cupric oxide, ammoniacal; Schweitzer’s reagent (dissolves cotton, linen, and silk, but not wool). 1. Dissolve 5 g of cupric sulfate in 100 mL of boiling water, and add sodium hydroxide until precipitation is complete. Wash the precipitate well, and dissolve it in a minimum quantity of ammonium hydroxide. 2. Bubble a slow stream of air through 300 mL of strong ammonium hydroxide containing 50 g of fine copper turnings. Continue for 1 hour. Cupric sulfate in glycerin-potassium hydroxide (reagent for silk). Dissolve 10 g of cupric sulfate, CuSO4⋅5H2O, in 100 mL of water and add 5 g of glycerol. Add KOH solution slowly until a deep blue solution is obtained. Cupron (precipitates copper). Dissolve 5 g of benzoinoxime in 100 mL of 95% ethanol. Cuprous chloride, acidic (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. Cover the bottom of a 2-L flask with a layer of cupric oxide about 0.5 inch deep, suspend a coil of copper wire so as to reach from the bottom to the top of the solution, and fill the flask with hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.10). Shake occasionally. When the solution becomes nearly colorless, transfer to reagent bottles, which should also contain copper wire. The stock bottle may be refilled with dilute hydrochloric acid until either the cupric oxide or the copper wire is used up. Copper sulfate may be substituted for copper oxide in the above procedure. 2. Dissolve 340 g of CuCl2⋅2H2O in 600 mL of conc. HCl and reduce the cupric chloride by adding 190 mL of a saturated solution of stannous chloride or until the solution is colorless. The stannous chloride is prepared by treating 300 g of metallic tin in a 500 mL flask with conc. HCl until no more tin goes into solution. 3. (Winkler method). Add a mixture of 86 g of CuO and 17 g of finely divided metallic Cu, made by the reduction of CuO with hydrogen, to a solution of HCl, made by diluting 650 mL of conc. HCl with 325 mL of water. After the mixture has been added slowly and with frequent stirring, a spiral of copper wire is suspended in the bottle, reaching all the way to the bottom. Shake occasionally, and when the solution becomes colorless, it is ready for use.
8-1
PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Cuprous chloride, ammoniacal (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. The acid solution of cuprous chloride as prepared above is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide until an ammonia odor persists. An excess of metallic copper must be kept in the solution. 2. Pour 800 mL of acidic cuprous chloride, prepared by the Winkler method, into about 4 L of water. Transfer the precipitate to a 250 mL graduate. After several hours, siphon off the liquid above the 50 mL mark and refill with 7.5% NH4OH solution which may be prepared by diluting 50 mL of conc. NH4OH with 150 mL of water. The solution is well shaken and allowed to stand for several hours. It should have a faint odor of ammonia. Dichlorofluorescein indicator. Dissolve 1 g in 1 L of 70% alcohol or 1 g of the sodium salt in 1 L of water. Dimethyglyoxime, 0.01 N. Dissolve 0.6 g of dimethylglyoxime (2,3-butanedione oxime) in 500 mL of 95% ethanol. This is an especially sensitive test for nickel, a very definite crimson color being produced. Diphenylamine (reagent for rayon). Dissolve 0.2 g in 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Diphenylamine sulfonate (for titration of iron with K2Cr2O7). Dissolve 0.32 g of the barium salt of diphenylamine sulfonic acid in 100 mL of water, add 0.5 g of sodium sulfate and filter off the precipitate of BaSO4. Diphenylcarbazide. Dissolve 0.2 g of diphenylcarbazide in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100 mL with 95% ethanol. Esbach’s reagent (estimation of protein). To a water solution of 10 g of picric acid and 20 g of citric acid, add sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Eschka’s compound. Two parts of calcined (“light”) magnesia are thoroughly mixed with 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Fehling’s solution (reagent for reducing sugars.) 1. Copper sulfate solution. Dissolve 34.66 g of CuSO4⋅5H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL. 2. Alkaline tartrate solution. Dissolve 173 g of potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt, KNaC4H4O6⋅4H2O) and 50 g of NaOH in water and dilute when cold to 500 mL. Mix equal volumes of the two solutions at the time of using. Ferric-alum indicator. Dissolve 140 g of ferric ammonium sulfate crystals in 400 mL of hot water. When cool, filter, and make up to a volume of 500 mL with dilute nitric acid. Folin’s mixture (for uric acid). To 650 mL of water add 500 g of (NH4)2SO4, 5 g of uranium acetate, and 6 g of glacial acetic acid. Dilute to 1 L. Formaldehyde — sulfuric acid (Marquis’ reagent for alkaloids). Add 10 mL of formaldehyde solution to 50 mL of sulfuric acid. Froehde’s reagent. See Sulfomolybdic acid. Fuchsin (reagent for linen). Dissolve 1 g of fuchsin in 100 mL of alcohol. Fuchsin — sulfurous acid (Schiff’s reagent for aldehydes). Dissolve 0.5 g of fuchsin and 9 g of sodium bisulfite in 500 mL of water, and add 10 mL of HCl. Keep in well-stoppered bottles and protect from light. Gunzberg’s reagent (detection of HCl in gastric juice). Prepare as needed a solution containing 4 g of phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) and 2 g of vanillin in 100 mL of absolute ethanol. Hager’s reagent. See Picric acid. Hanus solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13.2 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Add sufficient bromine to double the halogen content, determined by titration (3 mL is about the proper amount). The iodine may be dissolved by the aid of heat, but the solution should be cold when the bromine is added. Iodine, tincture of. To 50 mL of water add 70 g of I2 and 50 g of KI. Dilute to 1 L with alcohol. Iodo-potassium iodide (Wagner’s reagent for alkaloids). Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 6 g of KI in 100 mL of water. Litmus (indicator). Extract litmus powder three times with boiling alcohol, each treatment consuming an hour. Reject the alcoholic extract. Treat residue with an equal weight of cold water and filter; then exhaust with five times its weight of boiling water, cool and filter. Combine the aqueous extracts. Magnesia mixture (reagent for phosphates and arsenates). Dissolve 55 g of magnesium chloride and 105 g of ammonium chloride in water, barely acidify with hydrochloric acid, and dilute to 1 L. The ammonium hydroxide may be omitted until just previous to use. The reagent, if completely mixed and stored for any period of time, becomes turbid Magnesium uranyl acetate. Dissolve 100 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2⋅2H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 500 mL. Dissolve 330 g of Mg(C2H3O2)2⋅4H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 200 mL. Heat solutions to the boiling point until clear, pour the magnesium solution into the uranyl solution, cool and dilute to 1 L. Let stand over night and filter if necessary. Marme’s reagent. See Potassium-cadmium iodide. Marquis’ reagent. See Formaldehyde-sulfuric acid. Mayer’s reagent (white precipitate with most alkaloids in slightly acid solutions). Dissolve 1.358 g of HgCl2 in 60 mL of water and pour into a solution of 5 g of KI in 10 mL of H2O. Add sufficient water to make 100 mL. Methyl orange indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl orange in 1 L of water. Filter, if necessary. Methyl orange, modified. Dissolve 2 g of methyl orange and 2.8 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 50% alcohol. Methyl red indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl red in 600 mL of alcohol and dilute with 400 mL of water. Methyl red, modified. Dissolve 0.50 g of methyl red and 1.25 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Or, dissolve 1.25 g of methyl red and 0.825 g of methylene blue in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Millon’s reagent (for albumins and phenols). Dissolve 1 part of mercury in 1 part of cold fuming nitric acid. Dilute with twice the volume of water and decant the clear solution after several hours. Molisch’s reagent. See 1-Naphthol. 1-Naphthol (Molisch’s reagent for wool). Dissolve 15 g of 1-naphthol in 100 mL of alcohol or chloroform. Nessler’s reagent (for ammonia). Dissolve 50 g of KI in the smallest possible quantity of cold water (50 mL). Add a saturated solution of mercuric chloride (about 22 g in 350 mL of water will be needed) until an excess is indicated by the formation of a precipitate. Then add 200 mL of 5 N NaOH and dilute to 1 L. Let settle, and draw off the clear liquid.
8-2
PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Nickel oxide, ammoniacal (reagent for silk). Dissolve 5 g of nickel sulfate in 100 mL of water, and add sodium hydroxide solution until nickel hydroxide is completely precipitated. Wash the precipitate well and dissolve in 25 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and 25 mL of water. Nitron (detection of nitrate radical). Dissolve 10 g of nitron (1,4-diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)-1,2,4-triazolium hydroxide) in 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 95 mL of water. The solution may be filtered with slight suction through an alumdum crucible and kept in a dark bottle. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol. Make a saturated solution in 50% acetic acid (1 part of glacial acetic acid with 1 part of water). Does not keep well. Nylander’s solution (carbohydrates). Dissolve 20 g of bismuth subnitrate and 40 g of Rochelle salt in 1 L of 8% NaOH solution. Cool and filter. Obermayer’s reagent (for indoxyl in urine). Dissolve 4 g of FeCl3 in 1 L of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19). Oxine. Dissolve 14 g of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 30 mL of glacial acetic acid. Warm slightly, if necessary. Dilute to 1 L. Oxygen absorbent. Dissolve 300 g of ammonium chloride in 1 L of water and add 1 L of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution. Shake the solution thoroughly. For use as an oxygen absorbent, a bottle half full of copper turnings is filled nearly full with the NH4Cl-NH4OH solution and the gas passed through. Pasteur’s salt solution. To 1 L of distilled water add 2.5 g of potassium phosphate, 0.25 g of calcium phosphate, 0.25 g of magnesium sulfate, and 12.00 g of ammonium tartrate. Pavy’s solution (glucose reagent). To 120 mL of Fehling’s solution, add 300 mL of NH4OH (sp. gr. 0.88) and dilute to 1 L with water. Phenanthroline ferrous ion indicator. Dissolve 1.485 g of 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate in 100 mL of 0.025 M ferrous sulfate solution. Phenolphthalein. Dissolve 1 g of phenolphthalein in 50 mL of alcohol and add 50 mL of water. Phenolsulfonic acid (determination of nitrogen as nitrate). Dissolve 25 g of phenol in 150 mL of conc. H2SO4, add 75 mL of fuming H2SO4 (15% SO3), stir well and heat for 2 hours at 100°C. Phloroglucinol solution (pentosans). Make a 3% phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) solution in alcohol. Keep in a dark bottle. Phosphomolybdic acid (Sonnenschein’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Prepare ammonium phosphomolybdate and after washing with water, boil with nitric acid and expel NH3; evaporate to dryness and dissolve in 2 M nitric acid. 2. Dissolve ammonium molybdate in HNO3 and treat with phosphoric acid. Filter, wash the precipitate, and boil with aqua regia until the ammonium salt is decomposed. Evaporate to dryness. The residue dissolved in 10 % HNO3 constitutes Sonnenschein’s reagent. Phosphoric acid — sulfuric acid mixture. Dilute 150 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 100 mL of conc. H3PO4 (85%) with water to a volume of 1 L. Phosphotungstic acid (Schcibicr’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Dissolve 20 g of sodium tungstate and 15 g of sodium phosphate in 100 mL of water containing a little nitric acid. 2. The reagent is a 10% solution of phosphotungstic acid in water. Thc.phosphotungstic acid is prepared by evaporating a mixture of 10 g of sodium tungstate dissolved in 5 g of phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.13) and enough boiling water to effect solution. Crystals of phosphotungstic acid separate. Picric acid (Hager’s reagent for alkaloids, wool and silk). Dissolve 1 g of picric acid in 100 mL of water. Potassium antimonate (reagent for sodium). Boil 22 g of potassium antimonate with 1 L of water until nearly all of the salt has dissolved, cool quickly, and add 35 mL of 10% potassium hydroxide. Filter after standing overnight. Potassium-cadmium iodide (Marme’s reagent for alkaloids). Add 2 g of CdI2 to a boiling solution of 4 g of KI in 12 mL of water, and then mix with 12 mL of saturated KI solution. Potassium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 360 g of KOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Potassium iodide — mercuric iodide (Brucke’s reagent for proteins). Dissolve 50 g of KI in 500 mL of water, and saturate with mercuric iodide (about 120 g). Dilute to 1 L. Potassium pyrogallate (for oxygen absorption). For mixtures of gases containing less than 28% oxygen, add 100 mL of KOH solution (50 g of KOH to 100 mL of water) to 5 g of pyrogallol. For mixtures containing more than 28% oxygen the KOH solution should contain 120 g of KOH to 100 mL of water. Pyrogallol, alkaline. 1. Dissolve 75 g of pyrogallic acid in 75 mL of water. 2. Dissolve 500 g of KOH in 250 mL of water. When cool, adjust until sp. gr. is 1.55. For use, add 270 mL of solution (2) to 30 mL of solution (1). Rosolic acid (indicator). Dissolve 1 g of rosolic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and add 100 mL of water. Scheibler’s reagent. See Phosphotungstic acid. Schiff’s reagent. See Fuchsin-sulfurous acid. Schweitzer’s reagent. See Cupric oxide, ammoniacal. Soap solution (reagent for hardness in water). Dissolve 100 g of dry castile soap in 1 L of 80% alcohol (5 parts alcohol to 1 part water). Allow to stand several days and dilute with 70% to 80% alcohol until 6.4 mL produces a permanent lather with 20 mL of standard calcium solution. The latter solution is made by dissolving 0.2 g of CaCO3 in a small amount of dilute HCl, evaporating to dryness and making up to 1 L. Sodium bismuthate (oxidation of manganese). Heat 20 parts of NaOH nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible and add slowly 10 parts of basic bismuth nitrate which has been previously dried. Add 2 parts of sodium peroxide, and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass onto an iron plate to cool. When cold, break up in a mortar, extract with water, and collect on an asbestos filter. Sodium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 330 g of NaOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Sodium nitroprusside (reagent for hydrogen sulfide and wool). Use a freshly prepared solution of 1 g of sodium nitroferricyanide in 10 mL of water. Sodium oxalate (primary standard). Dissolve 30 g of the commercial salt in 1 L of water, make slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide, and let stand until perfectly clear. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to 100 mL. Cool and filter. Pulverize the residue and wash it several times with small volumes of water. The procedure is repeated until the mother liquor is free from sulfate and is neutral to phenolphthalein. Sodium plumbite (reagent for wool). Dissolve 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water. Add 5 g of litharge (PbO) and boil until dissolved.
8-3
PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS (continued) Sodium polysulfide. Dissolve 480 g of Na2S⋅9H2O in 500 mL of water, add 40 g of NaOH and 18 g of sulfur. Stir thoroughly and dilute to 1 L with water. Sonnenschein’s reagent. See Phosphomolybdic acid. Starch solution. 1. Make a paste with 2 g of soluble starch and 0.01 g of HgI2 with a small amount of water. Add the mixture slowly to 1 L of boiling water and boil for a few minutes. Keep in a glass stoppered bottle. If other than soluble starch is used, the solution will not clear on boiling; it should be allowed to stand and the clear liquid decanted. 2. A solution of starch which keeps indefinitely is made as follows: Mix 500 mL of saturated NaCl solution (filtered), 80 mL of glacial acetic acid, 20 mL of water and 3 g of starch. Bring slowly to a boil and boil for 2 minutes. 3. Make a paste with 1 g of soluble starch and 5 mg of HgI2, using as little cold water as possible. Then pour about 200 mL of boiling water on the paste and stir immediately. This will give a clear solution if the paste is prepared correctly and the water actually boiling. Cool and add 4 g of KI. Starch solution decomposes on standing due to bacterial action, but this solution will keep well if stored under a layer of toluene. Stoke’s reagent. Dissolve 30 g of FeSO4 and 20 g of tartaric acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Just before using, add concentrated NH4OH until the precipitate first formed is redissolved. Sulfanilic acid (reagent for nitrites). Dissolve 0.5 g of sulfanilic acid in a mixture of 15 mL of glacial acetic acid and 135 mL of recently boiled water. Sulfomolybdic acid (Froehde’s reagent for alkaloids and glucosides). Dissolve 10 g of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in 100 mL of conc. H2SO4. Tannic acid (reagent for albumin, alkaloids, and gelatin). Dissolve 10 g of tannic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and dilute with water to 100 mL. Titration mixture. (residual chlorine in water analyasis). Prepare 1 L of dilute HCl (100 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19) in sufficient water to make 1 L). Dissolve 1 g of o-tolidine in 100 mL of the dilute HCl and dilute to 1 L with dilute HCl solution. Trinitrophenol solution. See Picric acid. Turmeric tincture (reagent for borates). Digest ground turmeric root with several quantities of water which are discarded. Dry the residue and digest it several days with six times its weight of alcohol. Filter. Uffelmann’s reagent (turns yellow in presence of lactic acid). To a 2% solution of pure phenol in water, add a water solution of FeCl3 until the phenol solution becomes violet in color. Wagner’s reagent. See Iodo-potassium iodide. Wagner’s solution (used in phosphate rock analysis to prevent precipitation of iron and aluminum). Dissolve 25 g of citric acid and 1 g of salicylic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Use 50 mL of the reagent. Wij’s iodine monochloride solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Set aside 25 mL of this solution. Pass into the remainder of the solution dry chlorine gas (dried and washed by passing through H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84)) until the characteristic color of free iodine has been discharged. Now add the iodine solution which was reserved, until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but an excess of chlorine must be avoided. Preserve in well stoppered, amber colored bottles. Avoid use of solutions which have been prepared for more than 30 days. Wij’s special solution (for iodine number). To 200 mL of glacial acetic acid that will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter, add 12 g of dichloramine T (N,N-dichloro-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide), and 16.6 g of dry KI (in small quantities with continual shaking until all the KI has dissolved). Make up to 1 L with the same quality of acetic acid used above and preserve in a dark colored bottle. Zimmermann-Reinhardt reagent (determination of iron). Dissolve 70 g of MnSO4⋅4H2O in 500 mL of water, add 125 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 125 mL of 85% H3P04, and dilute to 1 L. Zinc chloride solution, basic (reagent for silk). Dissolve 1000 g of zinc chloride in 850 mL of water, and add 40 g of zinc oxide. Heat until solution is complete. Zinc uranyl acetate (reagent for sodium). Dissolve 10 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2⋅2H2O in 6 g of 30% acetic acid with heat, if necessary, and dilute to 50 mL. Dissolve 30 g of Zn(C2H3O2)2⋅H2O in 3 g of 30% acetic acid and dilute to 50 mL. Mix the two solutions, add 50 mg of NaCl, allow to stand overnight and filter.
8-4
STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS For each compound listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in 1 liter of a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. In the older literature such a solution is often referred to as a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N). REFERENCE Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.
Name Acetic acid Ammonia Ammonium ion Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Barium Barium carbonate Barium chloride hydrate Barium hydroxide Barium oxide Bromine Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium chloride hydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide Chlorine Citric acid Cobalt Copper Copper oxide (cupric) Copper sulfate hydrate Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid Iodine Lactic acid Malic acid Magnesium Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium chloride hydrate Magnesium oxide Manganese Manganese sulfate Mercuric chloride Nickel Nitric acid Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxalic acid anhydride Phosphoric acid Potassium Potassium bicarbonate Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula HC2H3O2 NH3 NH4+ NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 NH4CNS Ba BaCO3 BaCl2 · 2H2O Ba(OH)2 BaO Br Ca CaCO3 CaCl2 CaCl2 · 6H2O Ca(OH)2 CaO Cl C6H8O7 · H2O Co Cu CuO CuSO4 · 5H2O HCl HCN I C3H6O3 C4H6O5 Mg MgCO3 MgCl2 MgCl2 · 6H2O MgO Mn MnSO4 HgCl2 Ni HNO3 H2C2O4 H2C2O4 · 2H2O C2O3 H3PO4 K KHCO3 K2CO3 KCl
Atomic or molecular weight
Equivalence factor
60.0530 17.0306 18.0386 53.4916 132.1388 76.1204 137.34 197.3494 244.2767 171.3547 153.3394 79.909 40.08 100.0894 110.9860 219.0150 74.0947 56.0794 35.453 210.1418 58.9332 63.54 79.5394 249.6783 36.4610 27.0258 126.9044 90.0795 134.0894 24.312 84.3214 95.2180 203.2370 40.3114 54.938 150.9996 271.4960 58.71 63.0129 90.0358 126.0665 72.0205 97.9953 39.102 100.1193 138.2134 74.5550
1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/3 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1 1 1/2 1
Mass in grams 6.0053 1.7031 1.8039 5.3492 6.6069 7.6120 6.867 9.8675 12.2138 8.5677 7.6670 7.9909 2.004 5.0045 5.5493 10.9508 3.7047 2.8040 3.5453 7.0047 2.9466 3.177 3.9770 12.4839 3.6461 2.7026 12.6904 9.0080 6.7045 1.2156 4.2161 4.7609 10.1623 2.0156 2.7469 7.5500 13.5748 2.9356 6.3013 4.5018 6.3033 3.6010 3.2665 3.9102 10.0119 6.9106 7.4555
STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS (continued)
Name Potassium cyanide Potassium hydroxide Potassium oxide Potassium tartrate Silver Silver nitrate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Sodium oxide Sodium sulfide Succinic acid Sulfuric acid Tartaric acid Zinc Zinc sulfate hydrate
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula
Atomic or molecular weight
Equivalence factor
KCN KOH K2O K2H4C4O6 Ag AgNO3 Na NaHCO3 Na2CO3 NaCl NaOH Na2O Na2S H2C4H4O4 H2SO4 C4H6O6 Zn ZnSO4 · 7H2O
65.1199 56.1094 94.2034 226.2769 107.87 169.8749 22.9898 84.0071 105.9890 58.4428 39.9972 61.9790 78.0436 118.0900 98.0775 150.0888 65.37 287.5390
1 1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
Mass in grams 6.5120 5.6109 4.7102 11.3139 10.787 16.9875 2.2990 8.4007 5.2995 5.8443 3.9997 3.0990 3.9022 5.9045 4.9039 7.5044 3.269 14.3769
STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REAGENTS For each reagent listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. The equivalence factor given refers to the most common reactions of the reagent. In the older literature such a solution is often called a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N). REFERENCE Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.
Name Antimony Arsenic Arsenic trisulfide Arsenous oxide Barium peroxide Barium peroxide hydrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium oxide Chlorine Chromium trioxide Ferrous ammonium sulfate Hydroferrocyanic acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Iron Iron oxide (ferrous) Iron oxide (ferric) Lead peroxide Manganese dioxide Nitric acid Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen pentoxide Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxygen Potassium dichromate Potassium chlorate Potassium chromate Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Sodium chlorate Sodium nitrate Sodium thiosulfate hydrate Stannous chloride Stannous oxide Sulfur dioxide Tin
Atomic or molecular weight
Formula Sb As As2S3 As2O3 BaO2 BaO2 · 8H2O Ca CaCO3 Ca(OCl)2 CaO Cl CrO3 FeSO4(NH4)SO4 · 6H2O H4Fe(CN)6 H2O2 H2S I Fe FeO Fe2O3 PbO2 MnO2 HNO3 N2O3 N2O5 C2H2O4 C2H2O4 · 2H2O O K2Cr2O7 KClO3 K2CrO4 K4Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 · 3H2O KI KNO3 KClO4 KMnO4 NaClO3 NaNO3 Na2S2O3 · 5H2O SnCl2 SnO SO2 Sn
8-7
121.75 74.9216 246.0352 197.8414 169.3388 313.4615 40.08 100.0894 142.9848 56.0794 35.453 99.9942 392.0764 215.9860 34.0147 34.0799 126.9044 55.847 71.8464 159.6922 239.1888 86.9368 63.0129 76.0116 108.0104 90.0358 126.0665 15.9994 294.1918 122.5532 194.1076 368.3621 422.4081 166.0064 101.1069 138.5526 158.0376 106.4410 84.9947 248.1825 189.5960 134.6894 64.0628 118.69
Equivalence factor 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/2 1 1/3 1 1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/6 1/6 1/3 1 1 1 1/3 1/8 1/5 1/6 1/3 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
Mass in grams 6.0875 3.7461 6.1509 4.9460 8.4669 15.6730 2.004 5.0045 3.5746 2.8040 3.5453 3.3331 39.2076 21.5986 1.7007 1.7040 12.6904 5.5847 7.1846 7.9846 11.9594 4.3468 2.1004 1.9002 1.8001 4.5018 6.3033 0.8000 4.9032 2.0425 6.4733 36.8362 42.2408 16.6006 3.3702 1.7319 3.1608 1.7740 2.8332 24.8183 9.4798 6.7345 3.2031 5.935
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES G. Ackermann, L. Sommer, and D. Thorburn Burns Determination Aluminium
Reagents
Ref.
Alizarin Red S Aluminon Aluminon + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chromazol KS + Cetylpyridinium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Ammonia
Phenol + Sodium hypochlorite
Antimony
Brilliant Green Bromopyrogallol Red Rhodamine B
Arsenic
Silver diethyldithiocarbamate Silver diethyldithiocarbamate
Barium
Sulfonazo III
Beryllium
Beryllon II Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R
Bismuth
Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone Pyrocatechol Violet Pyrocatechol Violet + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Thiourea Xylenol Orange
Boron
Azomethine H Carminic acid
Curcumin
8-8
Onishi, Part II a, p 28. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 587. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 16. (2), Onishi, IIa, p 21. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 590. (7) Huaxue Shiji, 8, 85, (1986) Onishi, Part IIa, p 26. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 605. (7) Marczenko, p 133 (3), Snell, Metals I, p 606. (7) Analyst, 107, 428, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 19 (2), Onishi, Part IIa p 25. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 611. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 613. (7), Analyst, 107, 1431, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 22 (2), Marczenko, p 131 (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 31. (5), Snell, Metals I , p 622 (7) Boltz, p 210 (1), Marczenko, p 413 (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 604 (9) Onishi, Part IIa, p 102. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 384. (7) Talanta, 13, 507, (1966). Fries/Getrost, p 32, (2), Marczenko, p 141. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 93. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 404. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 36. (2) Fries/Getrost, p 41. (2), Marczenko, p 153. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 153. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 370. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 46. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1782. (8), Onishi, Part IIa, p 202. (5) Snell, Metals I, p 667. (7) Marczenko, p 163. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 672. (7) Marczenko, p 164. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 673. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 675. (7), Talanta, 31, 249, (1984). Zh, Anal. Khim., 33, 1298, (1978). Onishi, Part IIa, p 262. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 303. (7) Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 186, 418, (1962). Zh. Anal. Khim., 38, 216, (1983). Onishi, Part IIa, p 260. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 317. (7) Friez/Getrost, p 57. (2), Marczenko, p 172. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 320. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 165. (9) Boltz, p 14. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 65. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 170. (9), Williams, p 35. (11) Boltz, p 8. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 68. (2), Marczenko, p 180. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 180. (9), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 323, 266, (1986).
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination
Reagents
Ref.
Methylene Blue
Bromide
Fluorescein Phenol Red
Cadmium
Calcium
2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Cadion Dithizone
4–(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Chlorophosphonazo III Glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) Murexide
Cerium
Phthalein Purple N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine 8-Hydroxyquinoline
Chlorine
N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine
Chromium
1,5-Diphenylcarbazide
Cobalt
4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Hydrogen peroxide Nitroso-R salt 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol
Copper
4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Diphenylguanidine Bathocuproine Bathocuproine disulfonic acid Dithizone Neocuproine Cuprizone
Cyanide
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride Barbituric Acid + Pyridine Barbituric Acid + Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid
8-9
Boltz, p 21. (1), Marczenko, p 183. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 205. (9), Talanta, 31, 547, (1984). Boltz, p 48. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 276., Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 301, 28 (1980). Boltz, p 44. (1), Marczenko, p 190. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 28. (9) Marczenko, p 197. (3) Onishi, Part IIa, p 323. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 78. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 315. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 279. (7), West, p 25. (10). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 310, 51, (1982). Marczenko, p 207. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1744. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 86. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 352. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 1762. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 357. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1769. (8) Anal. Chim. Acta, 34, 71 (1966). Anal. Chim. Acta, 48, 155, (1969). Fries/Getrost, p 93. (2), Marczenko, p 220. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 383. (7) Boltz, p 92. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 101. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 225. (9), Analyst, 90, 187, (1965). Fries/Getrost, p 105. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 412. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 714. (7), West, p 12. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 736. (7), West, p 17. (10) West, p 17. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 297, (1973). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 304, 382, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 118. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 454. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 953. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 111. (2), Marczenko, p 246. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 947. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 113. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 459. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 949. (7), West, p 45. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 969. (7), West, p 44. (10) Zh. Anal. Khim., 35, 1306, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 135. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 148. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 137. (2), West, p 52. (10) Marczenko, p 258. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 529. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 199. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 217. (5), West, p 51. (10) Onishi, Part IIa, p 534. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 157. (7), West, p 53. (10) Anal. Chim. Acta, 138, 321, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 153. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 653. (9) Anal. Chim. Acta, 99, 197, (1978).
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Fluoride
Reagents
Ref.
Alizarin Fluorine blue + Lanthanum(III) ion
Eriochrome Cyanine R + Zirconium(IV) ion Gallium
Pyrocatechol violet + Diphenylguanidine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Rhodamine B Xylenol Orange
Germanium
Xylenol Orange + 8-Hydroxyquinoline Brilliant Green + Molybdate Phenylfluorone
Gold
5-(4-Diethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine Rhodamine B
Hafnium
Arsenazo III
Indium
Bromopyrogallol Red Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol
Iodide Iodine
Neocuproine + Copper(II) Starch
Iridium
Rhodamine 6G + Tin(II) N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline Bathophenanthroline
Iron
Bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid 2,2¢-Bipyridyl Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 1,10-Phenanthroline
1,10-Phenanthroline + Bromothymol Blue Ferrozine Lanthanum
Arsenazo III
8-10
Boltz, p 129. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 158. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 333. (9), Williams, p 354. (11) Boltz, p 119. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 359. (2), Williams, p 357. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 500. (7) Onishi Pt IIa, p 582. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 505. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 512. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 513. (7) Marczenko, p 284. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 578. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 515. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 166. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 523. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 26, 75, (1971). Snell, Metals I, p 562. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 168. (2), Marczenko, p 292. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 607. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 570. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 173. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 631. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1516. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 175. (2), Marczenko, p 301. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 637. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 513. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1184. (8), Talanta, 19, 807, (1972). Snell, Metals I, p 469. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 107, (1973). Fries/Getrost, p 179. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 672. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 670. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 475. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Marczenko, p 309. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 69, 321, (1974). Boltz, p 162. (1), Marczenko, p 316. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 307. (9) Marczenko, p 323. (3) Anal. Chem., 27, 1776, (1955). Fries/Getrost, p 189. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 729. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 763. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 191. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 772. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 750. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 757. (7), Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 45, 2656, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 199. (2), Marczenko, p 331. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 725. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 795. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 25, 1348, (1970). Onishi, Part IIa, p 730. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 783. (7) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1910. (8)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination Lead
Reagents
Ref.
Dithizone
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Lithium
Thoron
Magnesium
Eriochrome Black T
8-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline + Butylamine Titan Yellow Xylidyl Blue Manganese
Formaldoxime
Mercury
Dithizone
Michler’s thioketone
Molybdenum
Xylenol Orange Bromopyrogallol Red + Cetylpyridium chloride Phenylfluorone Toluene-3,4-dithiol
Nickel
2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Dimethylglyoxime
Dimethylglyoxime + Oxidant 2,2¢-Furildioxime 2-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Niobium
N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine Pyrocatechol + EDTA or 2,2¢Bipyridyl or 1-(2-thenoyl)-3,3,3,-trifluoroacetone Bromopyrogallol red Bromopyrogallol red + Cetylpyridinium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol
8-11
Fries/Getrost, p 207. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 824. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 2. (7), West, p 34. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 214. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 27. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 220. (2), Marczenko, p 347. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 34. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 863. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1726. (8), Talanta, 30, 587, (1983). Fries/Getrost, p 226. (2), Marczenko, p 355. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 13. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1932. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 11. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 228. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 234. (2), Marczenko, p 352. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1945. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 231. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 14. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1950. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 236. (2), Marczenko, p 364. (3), Onishi Part IIb, p 38. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1010. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 243. (2), Marczenko, p 373. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 66. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 107. (7), West, p 29. (10) Marczenko, p 375. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 126. (7) Talanta, 16, 1023, (1969) West, p 58. (10) Snell, Metals II, p 1311., Microchem. J., 31, 56, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 251. (2), Marczenko, p 384. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 96. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1301. (8) Marczenko, p 397. (3), Talanta 28, 189, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Marczenko, p 393. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Marczenko, p 396. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 904. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 910. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 911. (7), West, p 39. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 82, 431, (1976). Snell, Metals II, p 1425. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1427. (8) Marczenko, p 407. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1426. (8) Talanta, 32, 189, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 274. (2), Marczenko, p 406. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 160. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1447. (8)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination
Reagents
Ref.
Sulfochlorophenol S
Nitrate
Xylenol Orange Brucine Chromotropic acid
Nitrite
Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochlorine Sulfanilic acid + 1-Naphthylamine
Osmium Palladium
1,5-Diphenylcarbazide 2-(5 Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Dithizone 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol
Phosphate
Rhodamine B + Molybdate Malachite Green + Molybdate
Platinum
Sulfochlorophenolazorhodamine Dithizone 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
Rare Earths
Arsenazo I Arsenazo III
Xylenol Orange Rhenium
2,2¢-Furildioxime
Rhodium
1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol
Ruthenium
1,10-Phenanthroline Thiourea 1,4-Diphenylthiosemicarbazide
Scandium
Alizarin red S Arsenazo III
8-12
Onishi, Part IIb, p 161. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1430. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 164. (7) Boltz, p 227. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 280. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 546. (9) Boltz, p 229. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 281. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 548. (9), Williams, p 132. (11), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 320, 490, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 279. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 559. (9) Boltz, p 241. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 585. (8), Analyst, 109, 1281, (1984). Boltz, p 237. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 285. (2), Marczenko, p 419. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 586. (9) Marczenko, p 428. (3) Talanta, 33, 939, (1986). Marczenko, p 440. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 227. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1577. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 294. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 226. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1581. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1583. (8) Analyst, 107, 708, (1982). Snell, Nonmetals, p 103. (9) Snell, Nonmetals, p 12. (9), Analyst, 108, 361, (1983). Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Talanta, 34, 87, (1987). Fries/Getrost, p 300. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1534. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 302. (2), Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 1172, (1969). Marczenko, p 470. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 785. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1857. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 309. (2), Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1862. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1874. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 310. (2), Marczenko, p 481. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 288. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1659. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 311. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1553. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 331. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1623. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 318. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, 329. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1626. (8) Marczenko, p 493. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 330. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 319. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 360. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 536. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 359. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 539. (7)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination
Reagents
Ref.
Chrome Azurol S Xylenol Orange Selenium
3,3¢-Diaminobenzidine
Silver
2,3-Diaminonaphthaline Dithizone
Sulfate Sulfide
Eosin + 1,10-Phenanthroline Methylthymol blue + Barium (II) N,N,-Dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine
Sulfite
Pararosaniline + Formaldehyde
Tantalum
Methyl Violet 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Phenylfluorone
Tellurium
Diethyldithiocarbamate
Bismuthiol II Thallium
Brilliant green
Dithizone Rhodamine B
Thorium
Arsenazo III
Thoron
Tin
Xylenol Orange Xylenol Orange + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Pyrocatechol violet (and + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) Gallein Phenylfluorone
Toluene-3,4-dithiol + Dispersant Titanium
Chromotropic acid
8-13
Snell, Metals I, p 551. (7), Anal. Chim. Acta, 159, 309, (1984). Marczenko, p 501. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 357. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 547. (7) Boltz, p 391. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 323. (2), Marczenko, p 508. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 490. (9), West, p 4. (10). Snell, Nonmetals, p 501. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 328. (2), Marczenko, p 524. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 379. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 82. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 93. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 457. (9) Boltz, p 483. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 344. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 400. (9), Williams, p 578. (11) Boltz, p 478. (1), Marczenko, p 540. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 430. (9), Williams, p 591. (11) Marczenko, p 551. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1485. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1488. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 166. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1486. (8) Boltz, p 402. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 348. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 533. (9), Williams, p 220. (10) Boltz, p 401. (1), Marczenko, p 557. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 524. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 352. (2), Marczenko, p 567. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 45. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 355. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 54. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 354. (2), Marczenko, p 566. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 424. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 63. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 360. (2), Marczenko, p 575. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 460. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1820. (8) Marczenko, p 574. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 463. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 1835. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 1852. (7) Talanta, 26, 499, (1979). Marczenko, p 585. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 501. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 422. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 507, 510. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 432. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 368. (2), Marczenko, p 582. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 497. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 444. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 366. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 502. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 427. (7) Marczenko, p 593. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 551. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1080. (8)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) Determination
Reagents
Ref.
Diantipyrinylmethane Tiron Tungsten
Pyrocatechol Violet Tetraphenylarsonium chloride + Thiocyanate Toluene-3,5-dithiol
Uranium
Arsenazo III 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)diethylaminophenol Chlorophosphonazo III 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol
Vanadium
N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol
Yttrium
Alizarin Red S Arsenazo III Xylenol Orange
Zinc
Dithizone
1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Xylenol Orange
Zircon
Zirconium
Alizarin Red S
Arsenazo III Pyrocatechol Violet Morin Xylenol Orange
8-14
Onishi, Part IIb, p 545. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1085. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 376. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 549. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1114. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1265. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 596. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1278. (8) Marczenko, p 605. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 590. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1267. (8) Marczenko, p 611. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 627. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1356. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 388. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6) Snell, Metals II, p 1367. (8), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 306, 110, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 386. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1387. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 395. (2), Marczenko, p 625. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1196. (8) Marczenko, p 623. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1209. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 404. (23), Marczenko, p 628. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1226. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 784. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1919. (8) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1921. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1923. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 408. (2), Marczenko, p 637. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 708. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1042. (8) Marczenko, p 639. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1056. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 417. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1062. (8), Talanta, 26, 693, (1979). Fries/Getrost, p 412. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1063. (8), West, p 23. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Marczenko, p 647. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 763. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1136. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 770. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1143. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 771. (6), Snell, Metals I I, p 1149. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 424. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 765. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1158. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 419. (2), Marczenko, p 648. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 767. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1167. (8)
ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (continued) REVIEWS Sommer, L, Ackermann, G., Thorburn Burns, D., and Savvin, S. B., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2147, 1990. Sommer, L., Ackermann, G., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2323, 1990) Sommer, L., Komarek, J., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 64, 213, 1992. Savvin, S. B., Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 8, 55, 1979. MONOGRAPHS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Boltz, D. F., and Howell, J. A., Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York, 1978. Fries, J. and Getrost, H., Organic Reagents for Trace Analysis, E Merck, Darmstadt, 1977. Marczenko, Z., Separation and Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986. Sandell, E. B. and Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. General Aspects, Part I, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIa: Individual Metals, Aluminium to Lithium, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1986. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIb: Individual Metals, Magnesium to Zinc, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1989. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 1, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 2, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Nonmetals, J. Wiley, New York, 1981. West, T. S. and Nürnberg, H. W., Eds., The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. Williams, W. J.,, Handbook of Anion Determination, Butterworth, London, 1979. Townshend, A., Burns, D. T., Guilbault, G. G., Lobinski, R., Marczenko, Z., Newman, E., and Onishi, H., Dictionary of Analytical Reagents, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.
8-15
ACID-BASE INDICATORS A. K. Covington The first part of this table lists some common acid-base indicators in alphabetical order along with the approximate pH range(s) at which a color change occurs. Following this is a table of the same indicators ordered by pH range, which includes the nature of the color change, instructions on preparation of the indicator solution, and the acid dissociation constant pK, when available. The color code is: C = colorless P = purple
A = amber O = orange
B/G = blue-green
Pk = pink
Y = yellow
V = violet
R = red
REFERENCE Bishop, E., Ed., Indicators, Pergamon, Oxford, 1972. Indicator
pH Range
Indicator
Alizarin Alizarin Red S Alizarin Yellow R Benzopurpurine 4B 4,4'-Bis(2-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-Bis(4-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid Brilliant Yellow Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple Bromophenol Blue Bromothymol Blue Chlorophenol Red Clayton Yellow Congo Red o-Cresolphthalein Cresol Red Crystal Violet Curcumin (Turmaric) p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine N,N-Dimethyl-p(m-tolylazo)aniline 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2-(2,4 Dinitrophenylazo)-1naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid, disodium salt 6,8-Dinitro-2,4(1H)quinazolinedione
5.6-7.2; 11.0-12.4 4.6-6.0 10.1-12.0 2.2-4.2
Erythrosin, disodium salt 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-mphenylene-diamine monohydrochloride Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl) ethanoate Ethyl Orange Ethyl Red Ethyl Violet 5,5'-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt Malachite Green Metacresol Purple Metanil Yellow Methyl Green Methyl Orange Methyl Red Methyl Violet p-Naphtholbenzein Neutral Red p-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol Orange IV Paramethyl Red Phenolphthalein Phenol Red 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Propyl Red Quinaldine Red Resazurin Resorcin Blue Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Thymol Blue Thymolphthalein 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Turmaric
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3.0-4.0
8.0-9.0 6.6-7.8 3.8-5.4 5.2-6.8 3.0-4.6 6.0-7.6 5.2-6.8 12.2-13.2 3.0-5.0 8.2-9.8 0.0-1.0; 7.0-8.8 0.0-1.8 7.4-8.6
11.4-12.6 2.8-4.4
3.5-4.8 0.2-1.8; 4.4-5.6 2.6-4.8 2.0-4.7
6.0-7.0 6.4-8.0
pH Range 2.2-3.6
4.4-5.8 8.4-9.6 3.4-4.8 4.0-5.8 0.0-2.4 11.4-13.0 0.2-1.8 1.2-2.8; 7.4-9.0 1.2-2.4 0.2-1.8 3.2-4.4 4.8-6.0 0.0-1.6 8.2-10.0 6.8-8.0 5.4-6.6 6.8-8.6 1.4-2.8 1.0-3.0 8.2-10.0 6.6-8.0 1.2-2.6 4.0-5.6 4.8-6.6 1.4-3.2 3.8-6.4 4.4-6.2 3.0-4.2 1.2-2.8; 8.0-9.6 9.4-10.6 1.4-2.8 12.0-14.0 11.5-13.0 7.4-8.6
B = blue
ACID-BASE INDICATORS (continued)
pH range
Color change
0.0-1.0 0.0-1.6 0.0-1.8 0.0-2.4 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 1.0-3.0 1.2-2.4 1.2-2.6 1.2-2.8 1.2-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-3.2 2.0-4.7 2.2-3.6 2.2-4.2 2.6-4.8 2.8-4.4 3.0-4.0
R-Y Y-B Y-B Y-B Y-B/G Y-B Y-R R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y O-Y C-R C-Y O-R V-R R-Y R-Y P-R
3.0-4.2
Y-B
3.0-4.6 3.0-5.0 3.2-4.4 3.4-4.8 3.5-4.8
Y-B B-R R-Y R-Y V-Y
3.8-5.4 3.8-6.4 4.0-5.6 4.0-5.8 4.4-5.6 4.4-5.8
Y-B O-V R-Y C-R R-Y O-Y
4.4-6.2 4.6-6.0 4.8-6.0 4.8-6.6 5.2-6.8 5.2-6.8 5.4-6.6 5.6-7.2 6.0-7.0
R-B Y-R R-Y R-Y Y-P Y-R C-Y Y-R Y-B
6.0-7.6 6.4-8.0 6.6-7.8 6.6-8.0 6.8-8.0 6.8-8.6 7.0-8.8 7.4-8.6 7.4-9.0
Y-B C-Y Y-R Y-R R-A C-Y Y-R Y-R Y-P
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Indicator Cresol Red Methyl Violet Crystal Violet Ethyl Violet Malachite Green Methyl Green 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine Paramethyl Red Metanil Yellow 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine Thymol Blue Metacresol Purple Orange IV 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Quinaldine Red 2,4-Dinitrophenol Erythrosin, disodium salt Benzopurpurine 4B N,N-Dimethyl-p-(m-tolylazo)aniline p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4,4'-Bis(2-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Bromophenol Blue Congo Red Methyl Orange Ethyl Orange 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid Bromocresol Green Resazurin 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Ethyl Red 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-m-phenylenediamine monohydrochloride Resorcin Blue Alizarin Red S Methyl Red Propyl Red Bromocresol Purple Chlorophenol Red p-Nitrophenol Alizarin 2-(2,4-Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol3,6-disulfonic acid, disodium salt Bromothymol Blue 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1H)quinazolinedione Brilliant Yellow Phenol Red Neutral Red m-Nitrophenol Cresol Red Turmaric (Curcumin) Metacresol Purple
pK
1.3
1.65 1.51
2.63 3.96
Preparation 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01-0.05% in water 0.02% in water 0.1 g in 50 mL 50% v/v methanol-water water 0.1% in water 0.1% in ethanol ethanol 0.01% in water 0.01 g in 1 mL 1 M HCl + 50 mL ethanol + 49 mL water 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01% in water water 1% in ethanol sat. solution in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 100 mL 90% v/v ethanol-water 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water 0.1% in ethanol
4.10 3.46 4.34
4.90
5.42
5.00 5.48 6.40 6.25 7.15
7.30
8.00 8.28 8.46 8.3
0.1 g in 14.9 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.1 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.05-0.2% in water or aqueous ethanol 0.1% in 60% ethanol-water 0.1 g in 14.3 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.7 mL water water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1 g in 100 mL 50% v/v methanol-water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1% in water 0.2% in ethanol water 0.02 g in 100 mL 60% v/v ethanol-water ethanol 0.1 g in 18.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 231.5 mL water 0.1 g in 23.6 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 226.4 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 16 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 234 mL water 25 g in 115 mL 1 M NaOH + 50 mL water at 100°C 1% in water 0.1 g in 28.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 221.8 mL water 0.01 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.3% in water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water ethanol 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water
ACID-BASE INDICATORS (continued)
pH range
Color change
8.0-9.0
B-R
8.0-9.6 8.2-10.0 8.2-10.0 8.2-9.8 8.4-9.6 9.4-10.6 10.1-12.0 11.0-12.4 11.4-12.6
Y-B O-B C-Pk C-R C-B C-B Y-R R-P Y-O
11.4-13.0 11.5-13.0 12.0-14.0 12.2-13.2
B-Y C-O C-O Y-A
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Indicator 4,4'-Bis(4-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2'stilbenedisulfonic acid Thymol Blue p-Naphtholbenzein Phenolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate Thymolphthalein Alizarin Yellow R Alizarin p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 5,5'-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Clayton Yellow
pK
Preparation 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water
9.20 9.5
0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 1% in dil. alkali 0.5 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.04% in ethanol sat. solution in 50% acetone-ethanol 0.04 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.01% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water water 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1% in water
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Petr Vany´sek
There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298.15 K (25°C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional revisions. Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2′-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.
REFERENCES 1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978. 2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985. 3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1—21, 1989.
TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing Reaction Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac Ag+ + e 1 Ag Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br– AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42– AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl– AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN– Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42– AgF + e 1 Ag + F– Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– AgI + e 1 Ag + I– AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3– Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + 2 NO2– Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH– Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH– Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+ Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH– AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN– Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO42– Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42– Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH–
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V –2.20 0.7996 1.980 0.643 0.07133 0.546 0.4647 0.22233 –0.017 0.47 0.4470 0.779 0.1478 –0.15224 0.354 0.4573 0.564 0.342 0.739 1.9 1.8 1.802 0.607 0.41 –0.691 –0.0366 0.08951 0.3629 0.654 0.4660 –1.662 –2.31
Reaction Al(OH)4– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– Am4+ + e 1 Am3+ Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am Am3+ + e 1 Am2+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e–1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2– + 4 OH– At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– Au+ + e 1 Au Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au Au2+ + e –1 Au+ AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br– AuBr4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br– AuCl4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl– Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4– + 8 OH– H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH–
E°/V –2.328 –2.33 –2.069 2.60 –1.9 –2.048 –2.3 –0.608 0.234 0.248 –0.68 0.560 –0.71 0.3 1.692 1.401 1.498 1.8 1.32 0.959 0.854 1.002 1.45 –1.24 –1.79 –0.8698 –0.481 –2.912 –1.570 –2.99 –1.847 –2.63
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone Bi+ + e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl– Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH– Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+ Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+ Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2 Br– Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2 Br– HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O BrO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH– BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br– + 3 H2O BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br– + 6 OH– (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS– CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH Ca+ + e 1 Ca Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42– Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH– CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH– Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+ Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+ Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2 Cl– HClO + H + + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH– ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V 0.6992 0.5 0.308 0.2 –0.8 0.16 –0.46 1.593 0.320 0.1583 1.67 –1.6 –2.8 1.0873 1.066 1.331 1.574 1.596 0.761 1.482 1.423 0.61 0.373 0.330 0.77 –0.199 –3.80 –2.868 –3.02 0.2800 0.2801 0.3337 0.2412 0.2360 –0.4030 –0.3521 –0.809 –0.246 –0.658 –0.783 –2.336 –1.4373 1.72 1.715 3.3 –1.6 –1.94 –2.12 1.35827 1.611 1.482 0.81 1.277 1.645 1.628
Reaction HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O ClO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH– ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2– ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3– + 2 OH– Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH– Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH– Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2H2O Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH– Cs+ + e 1 Cs Cu+ + e 1 Cu Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e 1 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]– CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH– Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2 Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu
E°/V 1.570 0.66 0.76 0.954 1.152 1.214 1.47 1.451 0.33 0.62 1.189 1.39 1.389 0.36 3.0 –2.04 –0.28 1.92 0.108 –0.73 0.17 –0.913 –0.407 –0.744 1.232 –1.2 1.350 1.48 1.34 –0.13 –1.48 –3.026 0.521 0.153 0.3419 0.345 2.4 2.0 1.103 0.00 –0.360 –0.222 –0.080 –0.013 –2.2 –2.295 –2.6 –2.0 –2.331 –3.0 –1.3 –1.91 –2.23 –2.812 –1.991
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O [Fe(CN)6]3– + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)2]2+ [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)3]2+ Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH– [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene Fm3++ e 1 Fm2+ Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm Fr+ + e 1 Fr Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga Ga+ + e 1 Ga GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH– H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+ Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br– Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42– Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I– Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH– Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42– Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V –0.36 3.053 2.866 2.153 –0.447 –0.037 0.771 2.09 2.08 2.07 0.16 0.358 2.20 0.78 1.03 –0.56 1.147 1.06 0.400 –1.1 –1.89 –2.30 –2.9 –0.549 –0.2 –0.498 –1.219 –2.279 0.24 0.124 0.00 –0.118 –0.182 0.00000 –2.23 1.495 –0.8277 1.776 –1.55 –1.724 –1.505 –2.50 0.851 0.920 0.7973 0.51163 0.13923 0.26808 0.6359 –0.0405 0.123 0.0977 1.034 0.6125 –2.1
Reaction Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– I3– + 2 e 1 3 I– H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO–3 + 3 OH– H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH– IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 IO– + 6 OH– In+ + e 1 In In2+ + e 1 In+ In3+ + e 1 In2+ In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ In3+ + 3 e 1 In In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH– In(OH)4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH– Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir [IrCl6]2– + e 1 [IrCl6]3– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH– K+ + e 1 K La3+ + 3 e 1 La La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH– Li+ + e 1 Li Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md Mg+ + e 1 Mg Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH– Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn Mn3+ + 3e 1 Mn2+ MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + e 1 MnO42– MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH– Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+
E°/V –2.33 –2.8 0.5355 0.536 0.7 1.601 1.439 0.987 0.485 1.195 1.085 0.15 0.26 –0.14 –0.40 –0.49 –0.443 –0.3382 –0.99 –1.007 –1.034 1.156 0.8665 0.77 0.098 –2.931 –2.379 –2.90 –3.0401 –1.96 –2.28 –0.1 –1.65 –2.40 –2.70 –2.372 –2.690 –1.185 1.5415 1.224 0.558 1.679 1.507 0.595 0.60 –1.56 0.15 1.485 –0.200 –0.152 0.082 0.075 0.092 –3.09 1.275
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction N2O + 2 + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NHO2 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH– NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– 2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH– Na+ + e 1 Na Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– No3+ + e 1 No2+ No3+ + 3 e 1 No No2+ + 2 e 1 No Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2– + OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH– O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH– O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O OH + e 1 OH– HO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH– H+
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V 1.766 2.65 0.867 1.065 1.035 1.42 1.591 0.76 0.983 0.86 1.297 –0.46 –0.18 0.15 0.934 0.957 0.803 0.01 –0.85 –2.71 –1.099 –0.646 –0.690 –0.733 –0.644 –2.323 –2.1 –2.7 –0.257 –0.72 1.678 –0.490 1.4 –1.20 –2.50 –1.856 0.147 –0.962 0.695 1.229 –0.076 –0.146 0.401 2.076 1.24 2.421 2.02 0.878 0.838 1.02 0.81 0.80 –0.111 –0.063 –0.87
Reaction +e 1 P+2 H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br– PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl– PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F– PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42– PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I– PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH– PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH– PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH– PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42– Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd [PdCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt [PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl– [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+ PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra Rb+ + e 1 Rb Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re H2P2–
OH–
E°/V –1.82 –0.508 –0.499 –0.454 –1.65 –1.71 –0.276 –1.05 –1.34 –1.49 –1.9 –0.1262 –0.1205 –0.284 –0.2675 –0.3444 –0.465 –0.365 –0.580 1.455 –0.537 0.247 1.6913 –0.3588 –0.3505 0.951 0.591 1.288 0.07 –2.2 –2.30 –2.6 0.9 0.76 3.2 –2.0 –2.353 –3.1 1.18 0.755 0.68 0.14 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.01 1.00 –2.031 1.006 1.099 1.325 1.062 –2.8 –2.98 0.300
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O ReO4– + 2 H+ + e 1 ReO3 + H2O ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O Rh+ + e 1 Rh Rh+ + 2e1 Rh Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O RuO4– + e 1 RuO42– RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4 H2O [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e–1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+ [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e–1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e –1 [Ru(en)3]2+ [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4– S + 2 e 1 S2– S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq) S + H2O + 2 e 1 SH– + OH– 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO42– S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– S4O62– + 2 e 1 2 S2O32– 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H2O H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O 2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O SO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH– Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2– + 2 OH– Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc Se + 2 e 1 Se2– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH– SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH– SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F– SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V 0.510 0.2513 0.768 –0.584 0.368 0.600 0.600 0.758 0.431 0.83 0.455 0.2487 1.120 0.59 1.00 1.40 1.038 1.24 0.23 0.10 0.210 0.86 –0.47627 0.142 –0.478 –0.42836 0.564 2.010 2.123 0.08 –0.056 0.449 –1.12 –0.571 0.172 –0.22 –0.93 –0.510 0.152 0.671 0.649 0.581 0.212 –0.66 –0.59 –2.077 –0.924 –0.399 0.74 –0.082 –0.366 1.151 0.05 –1.24 –0.8
Reaction SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH– Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm Sn2+ + 2 e 1 Sn Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e–1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O Sr+ + e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb Te + 2 e 1 Te2– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH– TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O Tl+ + e 1 Tl Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br– TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl– TlI + e 1 Tl + I– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42– Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm
E°/V 0.857 –1.697 –1.55 –2.304 –2.68 –0.1375 0.151 0.142 –0.094 –0.117 –0.194 –0.945 –0.909 –0.93 –4.10 –2.899 –1.793 –2.88 –0.750 –0.6 0.400 0.782 0.3 0.472 3.1 –2.28 –1.143 –0.793 0.568 0.593 –0.57 0.472 1.02 –1.899 –1.789 –2.48 –1.630 –0.9 –0.502 –1.37 –0.055 –0.336 –0.3338 1.252 0.741 –0.658 –0.5568 –0.752 0.02 –0.34 –0.05 –0.4360 –2.2 –2.319 –2.4
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 1 Alphabetical Listing (continued) Reaction U3+ + 3 e 1 U U4+ + e 1 U3+ UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + e 1 UO+2 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O V2+ + 2 e 1 V V3+ + e 1 V2+ VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O
E°/V –1.798 –0.607 0.612 0.062 0.327 –1.444 –1.175 –0.255 0.337 0.991 0.957 –0.242 1.00 –0.254 0.14 0.1 –0.031 –0.119 –0.090 0.036
Reaction 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O XeF + e 1 Xe + F– Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– ZnSO4 ⋅ 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH– Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr
E°/V –0.029 2.42 2.10 3.4 –2.372 –1.05 –2.19 –2.76 –0.7618 –0.7628 –1.215 –0.7993 –0.497 –1.199 –1.249 –1.260 –1.553 –2.36 –1.45
TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 CuI2– + e 1 Cu + 2 I– Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+ NO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2– + 2 OH– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– SeO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32– + 2 OH– WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O UO22+ + e = UO2+ Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH– AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br– MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O S4O62– + 2 e 1 2 S2O32– H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN– N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH– 2 NO + 2 e 1 N2O22– [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+ W3+ + 3 e 1 W [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+ Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH– Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH– [V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+ S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq)
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.036 0.062 0.07 0.07133 0.075 0.08 0.082 0.8951 0.092 0.0977 0.098 0.10 0.10 0.1 0.108 0.123 0.124 0.13923 0.14 0.14 0.142
Reaction Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O Np4+ + e 1 Np3+ Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO– + 4 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH– Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+ BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl– + H2O BiCl4– + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl– Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+ SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl– [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+ As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+ Calomel electrode, saturated KCl PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH– HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+
E°/V 0.142 0.147 0.1478 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.151 0.152 0.153 0.1583 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.172 0.2 0.210 0.212 0.22233 0.23 0.234 0.2360 0.24 0.24 0.2412 0.247 0.248 0.2487
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 I– + OH– Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) At2 + 2 e 1 2 At– Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+ Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2– + 2 OH– 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH– Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg) AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3– [Fe(CN)6]3– + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4– ClO4– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO–3 + 2 OH– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO32– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN [Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH– AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN– [RhCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42– H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42– Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32– TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e 1 I– + 2 OH– NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– Bi+ + e 1 Bi ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Cu+ + e 1 Cu I2 + 2 e 1 2 I– I3– + 2 e 1 3 I– AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3– MnO4– + e 1 MnO2– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3 AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + NO2– Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O RuO4– + e 1 RuO42–
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V 0.2513 0.26 0.26808 0.2800 0.2801 0.3 0.300 0.3 0.308 0.320 0.327 0.33 0.330 0.3337 0.337 0.3419 0.342 0.345 0.354 0.358 0.36 0.3629 0.368 0.373 0.400 0.400 0.401 0.41 0.431 0.4470 0.449 0.455 0.4573 0.4647 0.4660 0.47 0.472 0.472 0.485 0.490 0.5 0.510 0.51163 0.521 0.5355 0.536 0.546 0.558 0.560 0.564 0.564 0.568 0.581 0.59
Reaction [PdCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl– TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– Rh2+ + 2 e 1 Rh Rh+ + e 1 Rh MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH– 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH– BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br– + 6 OH– UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl– + 6 OH– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42– Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)– Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42– ClO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO– + 2 OH– Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O5 + 2 H2O [PtCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone H3IO62– + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 OH– Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH– Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl [PtCl4]2– + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl– Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl– + 4 OH– 2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH– Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po BrO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Br– + 2 OH– ReO4– + 2 H+ +e1 ReO3 + H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl– Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+ AgF + e 1 Ag + F– [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)2]2+ TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg Ag+ + e 1 Ag [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+ 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+ RhOH2+ + H + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl– + 2 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg AuBr4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br– SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + H2O [Ru(CN)6]3– + e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4– [IrCl6]2– + e 1 [IrCl6]3– N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2– HO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH– Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+ 2 Hg+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+
E°/V 0.591 0.593 0.595 0.600 0.600 0.60 0.607 0.61 0.612 0.6125 0.62 0.6359 0.643 0.649 0.654 0.66 0.671 0.68 0.695 0.6992 0.7 0.739 0.741 0.755 0.758 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.761 0.768 0.77 0.77 0.771 0.779 0.78 0.782 0.7973 0.7996 0.80 0.803 0.81 0.83 0.838 0.841 0.851 0.854 0.857 0.86 0.86 0.8665 0.867 0.878 0.9 0.920
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2– NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuBr2– + e 1 Au + 2 Br– HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I– + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O RuO4 + e 1 RuO4– V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuCl4– + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl– Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+ PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(bipy)3]2+ Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HNO2 Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2Br– IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I– + 3 H2O Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2Br– Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+ Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]– RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O ClO3– + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3– + H2O 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH– [Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+ Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+ N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+ ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4 HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br– + H2O Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV) HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
E°/V 0.934 0.951 0.954 0.957 0.957 0.959 0.983 0.987 0.991 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.002 1.006 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.034 1.035 1.038 1.06 1.062 1.065 1.066 1.085 1.0873 1.099 1.103 1.120 1.147 1.151 1.152 1.156 1.18 1.189 1.195 1.2 1.214 1.224 1.229 1.232 1.24 1.24 1.252 1.275 1.277 1.288 1.297 1.32 1.325 1.331 1.34 1.350
Reaction Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2Cl– ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O No3+ + e 1 No2+ RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+ 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au– + 3 H2O 3IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl– + 3 H2O PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl– + H2O Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2 Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O Mn3+ + e 1 Mn2– HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl– + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3– + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+ NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O Au+ + e 1 Au PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+ Au2+ + e–1 Au+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O Co3+ + e 1 Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+ Co3+ + e 1 Co2+ Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 e 1 2 SO42– OH + e 1 OH– HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O
E°/V 1.35827 1.389 1.39 1.4 1.40 1.401 1.42 1.423 1.439 1.45 1.451 1.455 1.47 1.48 1.482 1.482 1.485 1.495 1.498 1.5 1.507 1.5415 1.570 1.574 1.591 1.593 1.596 1.601 1.611 1.628 1.645 1.67 1.678 1.679 1.6913 1.692 1.7 1.715 1.72 1.766 1.776 1.8 1.8 1.802 1.83 1.9 1.92 1.980 2.0 2.010 2.02 2.07 2.076 2.08
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 2 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+ H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O Am4+ + e 1 Am3+
E°/V 2.09 2.10 2.123 2.153 2.20 2.4 2.42 2.421 2.60
Reaction H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O F2 + 2 e 1 2 F– Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+ Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+ Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+ XeF + e 1 Xe + F–
E°/V 2.65 2.866 3.0 3.053 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2 2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2 AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN– 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH– TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4– + 2 H2O P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2– + OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O Md3+ + e 1 Md2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g) SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Sn2– + 2 e 1 Sn In+ + e 1 In O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH– MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O AgI + e 1 Ag + I– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22– + 4 OH– H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo Ga+ + e 1 Ga 2 SO22– + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62– + H2O
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E°/V 0.00000 –0.013 –0.017 –0.029 –0.031 –0.0366 –0.037 –0.0405 –0.05 –0.055 –0.056 –0.063 –0.076 –0.080 –0.082 –0.090 –0.094 –0.1 –0.111 –0.117 –0.118 –0.119 –0.1205 –0.1262 –0.13 –0.1375 –0.14 –0.146 –0.152 –0.15224 –0.18 –0.182 –0.194 –0.199 –0.200 –0.2 –0.22
Reaction Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH– V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42– V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O V3+ + e 1 V2+ Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br– Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg) Tl+ + e 1 Tl In3+ + 3 e 1 In TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH– PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F– PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42– Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH– Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+ PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I– SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq) In2+ + e 1 In+ Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+ 2 S + 2 e 1 S22– Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42– In3+ + 2 e 1 In+ Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH– NO2– + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42– S + 2 e 1 S2– S + H2O + 2 e 1 HS– + OH– B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4– + 3 H2O
E°/V –0.222 –0.242 –0.246 –0.254 –0.255 –0.257 –0.2675 –0.276 –0.28 –0.284 –0.3338 –0.336 –0.3382 –0.34 –0.3444 –0.3505 –0.3521 –0.3588 –0.360 –0.36 –0.365 –0.366 –0.399 –0.40 –0.4030 –0.407 –0.42836 –0.4360 –0.443 –0.447 –0.454 –0.46 –0.46 –0.465 –0.47627 –0.478 –0.481
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction In3+ + e 1 In2+ ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH– Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl– Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH– TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32– + 6 OH– PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH– ReO2– + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2– + 2 OH– Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta U4+ + e 1 U3+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O Cd(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH– TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br– SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH– AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH– NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2– AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2– + 4 OH– Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH– Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH– NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O TlI + e 1 Tl + I– Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te ZnSO4.7H2O + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH– 2 NO–3 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH– Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+ HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH– Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr Se + 2 e 1 Se2– SO42– + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32– + 2 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e 1 HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O
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E°/V –0.49 –0.497 –0.498 –0.499 –0.502 –0.508 –0.510 –0.537 –0.549 –0.5568 –0.56 –0.57 –0.571 –0.580 –0.584 –0.59 –0.6 –0.607 –0.608 –0.644 –0.646 –0.658 –0.658 –0.66 –0.68 –0.690 –0.691 –0.71 –0.72 –0.73 –0.733 –0.74 –0.744 –0.750 –0.752 –0.7618 –0.7628 –0.783 –0.793 –0.7993 –0.8 –0.8 –0.809 –0.8277 –0.85 –0.8698 –0.87 –0.9 –0.909 –0.913 –0.924 –0.93 –0.93
Reaction SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH– In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH– NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3 In(OH)4– + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH– PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32– + 3 OH– Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+ Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb Fm3+ + e 1 Fm2+ 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42– + 4 OH– Te + 2 e 1 Te2– V2+ + 2 e 1 V Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn Zn(OH)42– + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH– No3+ + 3 e 1 No ZnO2– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH– H2GaO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH– H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4– + 8 OH– SiF62– + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH– Es3+ + e 1 Es2+ Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg) UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH– Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+ ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg) Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+ Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2– + 3 OH– Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al SiO32– + H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH– HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg) U3+ + 3 e 1 U H2PO–2 + e 1 P + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th
E°/V –0.945 –0.99 –0.962 –1.007 –1.034 –1.05 –1.05 –1.099 –1.1 –1.12 –1.143 –1.175 –1.185 –1.199 –1.2 –1.20 –1.215 –1.219 –1.24 –1.24 –1.249 –1.260 –1.3 –1.34 –1.37 –1.4373 –1.444 –1.45 –1.48 –1.49 –1.505 –1.55 –1.55 –1.553 –1.56 –1.570 –1.6 –1.6 –1.630 –1.65 –1.65 –1.662 –1.697 –1.71 –1.724 –1.789 –1.79 –1.793 –1.798 –1.82 –1.847 –1.856 –1.89 –1.899
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued) TABLE 3 Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (continued) Reaction Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+ Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am AlF63– + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F– Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+ Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es H2 + 2 e 1 2 H– Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy Am3+ + e 1 Am2+ Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH– Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd Al(OH)– + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH– Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr
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E°/V –1.9 –1.9 –1.91 –1.94 –1.96 –1.991 –2.0 –2.0 –2.031 –2.04 –2.048 –2.069 –2.077 –2.1 –2.1 –2.12 –2.19 –2.20 –2.2 –2.2 –2.2 –2.23 –2.23 –2.279 –2.28 –2.28 –2.295 –2.3 –2.30 –2.30 –2.304 –2.31 –2.319 –2.323 –2.328 –2.33 –2.33 –2.331 –2.336 –2.353
Reaction ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH– Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y La3+ + 3 e 1 La Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH– HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH– No2+ + 2 e 1 No Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+ Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+ Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH– Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH– Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+ Mg+ + e 1 Mg Na+ + e 1 Na Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+ Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+ Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr Fr+ + e 1 Fr La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba K+ + e 1 K Rb+ + e 1 Rb Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH– Er3+ + e 1 Er2+ Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH– Cs+ + e 1 Cs Li+ + e 1 Li 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3 Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+ Ca+ + e 1 Ca Sr+ + e 1 Sr
E°/V –2.36 –2.372 –2.372 –2.379 –2.4 –2.40 –2.48 –2.50 –2.50 –2.6 –2.6 –2.63 –2.68 –2.690 –2.7 –2.70 –2.71 –2.76 –2.8 –2.8 –2.8 –2.812 –2.868 –2.88 –2.89 –2.9 –2.90 –2.912 –2.931 –2.98 –2.99 –3.0 –3.02 –3.026 –3.0401 –3.09 –3.1 –3.80 –4.10
REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS ´ Petr Vanysek There are two tables for ion radicals. The first table lists reduction potentials for organic compounds which produce anion radicals during reduction, a process described as A + e– 1 A–⋅. The second table lists oxidation potentials for organic compounds which produce cation radicals during oxidation, a process described as A 1 A+⋅ + e–. To obtain reduction potential for a reverse reaction, the sign for the potential is changed. Unlike the table of the Electrochemical Series, which lists standard potentials, values for radicals are experimental values with experimental conditions given in the second column. Since the measurements leading to potentials for ion radicals are very dependent on conditions, an attempt to report standard potentials for radicals would serve no useful purpose. For the same reason, the potentials are also reported as experimental values, usually a half-wave potential (E1/2 in polarography) or a peak potential (Ep in cyclic voltammetry). Unless otherwise stated, the values are reported vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode). To obtain a value vs. normal hydrogen electrode, 0.241 V has to be added to the SCE values. All the ion radicals chosen for inclusion in the tables result from electrochemically reversible reactions. More detailed data on ion radicals can be found in the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of Elements, (A. J. Bard, Ed.), Vol. XI and XII in particular, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. Abbreviations are: CV — cyclic voltammetry; DMF — N,N-Dimethylformamide; E swp — potential sweep; E° — standard potential; Ep — peak potential; Ep/2 — half-peak potential; E1/2 — half wave potential; M — mol/L; MeCN — acetonitrile; pol — polarography; rot Pt dsk — rotated Pt disk; SCE — saturated calomel electrode; TBABF4 — tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate; TBAI — tetrabutylammonium iodide; TBAP — tetrabutylammonium perchlorate; TEABr — tetraethylammonium bromide; TEAP — tetraethylammonium perchlorate; THF — tetrahydrofuran; TPACF3SO3 — tetrapropylammonium trifluoromethanesulfite; TPAP — tetrapropylammonium perchlorate; and wr — wire.
Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals)
Substance Acetone 1-Naphthyphenylacetylene 1-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 3-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 9-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 1-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde Anthracene
9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1-Phenylanthracene 2-Phenylanthracene 8-Phenylanthracene 9-Phenylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 1,9-Diphenylanthracene 1,10-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 1,8,9-Triphenylanthracene 1,8,10-Triphenylanthracene 9,10-Dibiphenylanthracene Benz(a)anthracene Azulene Annulene Benzaldehyde Benzil
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Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.03 M TBAI/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF2/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP 0°C/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMSO, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol
Potential V (vs. SCE) E1/2 = –2.84 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –0.91 E1/2 = –0.96 E1/2 = –1.00 E1/2 = –0.94 E1/2 = –0.83 E1/2 = –0.75 E1/2 = –0.76 E1/2 = –1.00 Ep = –2.00 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –2.07 E1/2 = –1.92 Ep = –2.08 Ep = –2.10 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.878 E1/2 = –1.875 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –1.863 E1/2 = –1.88 E1/2 = –1.846 E1/2 = –1.786 E1/2 = –1.90 E1/2 = –1.83 E1/2 = –1.835 E1/2 = –1.85 E1/2 = –1.81 E1/2 = –1.94 E1/2 = –2.11 E1/2 = –2.40a E1/2 = –1.10c E1/2 = –1.23 E1/2 = –1.67 E1/2 = –1.04
REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals) (continued)
Substance Benzophenone Chrysene Fluoranthrene Cyclohexanone 5,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,2,3-Indanetrione hydrate (ninhydrin) Naphthacene Naphthalene
1-Phenylnaphthalene 1,2-Diphenylnaphthalene Cyclopentanone Phenanthrene Pentacene Perylene 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3 propanedione Pyrene Diphenylsulfone Triphenylene 9,10-Anthraquinone 1,4-Benzoquinone 1,4-Naphthohydroquinone, dipotassium salt Rubrene Benzocyclooctatetraene sym-Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Ubiquinone-6 (9-Phenyl-fluorenyl)+ (Triphenylcyclopropenyl)+ (Triphenylmethyl)+ (Tribiphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-t-butyl-5-phenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-isopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-methylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-cyclopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tropylium)+
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Conditions/electrode/technique
Potential V (vs. SCE)
-/Hg/pol DMF/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M/Hg/pol DMF, 0.2 M NaNO3/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt dsk/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMSO, 0.2 M TBAP/Hg/CV DMSO, TBAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, TEABr MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV 10.2 M H2SO4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol H2SO4, 10.2 M/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol
E1/2 = –1.80 E° = –1.72 E1/2 = –2.73a Ep = –1.76 E1/2 = –2.79 E1/2 = –1.71 E1/2 = –0.039 E1/2 = –1.53 Ep = –2.55 E1/2 = –2.56 E1/2 = –2.63 E1/2 = –2.50 E1/2 = –2.36 E1/2 = –2.25 E1/2 = –2.82 E1/2 = –2.47 E1/2 = –2.88a E1/2 = –1.40 E1/2 = –1.73 E1/2 = –1.42 E1/2 = –1.80 Ep = –2.14 E1/2 = –2.49a E1/2 = –2.16 E1/2 = –2.87a E1/2 = –1.01 Ep = –0.54 E1/2 = –1.55 Ep = –1.48 E1/2 = –1.410 E1/2 = –2.13 E1/2 = –2.29 Ep = –1.05e Ep = –0.01b Ep = –1.87 E1/2 = 0.27 Ep = –0.58b E1/2 = 0.19 E1/2 = 0.13 E1/2 = 0.07 E1/2 = 0.05 E1/2 = 0.01 E1/2 = –0.17 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.57 E1/2 = –1.60 E1/2 = –1.87 E1/2 = –1.96 E1/2 = –2.05
REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS (continued) Oxidation Potentials (Products are Cation Radicals)
Substance
Conditions/electrode/technique
Potential V (vs. SCE)
Anthracene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 9,10-Dipropylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene Perylene Pyrene Rubrene Tetracene 1,4-Dithiabenzene 1,4-Dithianaphthalene Thianthrene
CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M LiClO4/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp MeCN/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot 0.1 M TPAP/Pt/CV
Ep = +0.73d Ep = +1.0 Ep = +1.08 E1/2 = +1.34 E1/2 = +1.30 Ep = +1.22 Ep = +1.34 Ep = +1.25 Ep = +1.10 Ep = +0.35d E1/2 = +0.69 E1/2 = +0.80 E1/2 = +1.28
a b c d e
vs 0.01 M Ag/AgClO4 vs. Hg/Hg2SO4, 17 M H2SO4 vs Hg pool vs Ag/saturated AgNO3 vs Ag/0.01 M Ag+
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS A. K. Covington The pH value is the negative decadic logarithm of the (relative) ion activity of the hydrogen ion in the solution. pH = –log aH
(1)
This is only a notional definition since Equation 1 involves a single ion activity, which is immeasurable, and has to be attained through a nonthermodynamic assumption such as that described in Equation 5 below. In terms of substance concentration, molarity, Equation 1 may be rewritten pH = –log (cHyH/co)
(2)
where co is an arbitrary constant representing the standard state condition and equal to 1 mol dm–3, cH is the concentration of hydrogen ion and yH is the single ion activity of the hydrogen ion. In terms of molality, Equation 1 may be rewritten pH = –log (mHγH/mo)
(3)
where mo is an arbitrary constant representing the standard state condition and equal to 1 mol kg–1, mH is the concentration of hydrogen ion and γH is the single ion activity of the hydrogen ion. For most purposes the difference between these two scales can be ignored for dilute aqueous solutions; the difference is 0.001 at 25° C and 0.02 at 100° C. Arising from the nonexperimental determinability of single ion activities, the definition and determination of pH have an operational basis, and depend on the assignment of pH values to a standard solution (or solutions) together with the determination of pH difference by a cell with liquid junction called the operational cell. The Operational Definition of pH Difference1,2 The electromotive force, EMF, E(X) of the cell with liquid junction: Reference electrode KCl (aq., concentrated) || Solution X H2 Pt
(I)
is measured, and likewise that, E(S), of the cell: Reference electrode KCl (aq., concentrated) || Solution S H2 Pt
(II)
The temperature of both cells (I and II) must be equal and uniform throughout, and the hydrogen gas pressures identical. The two bridge solutions may be any molality of KCl not less than 3.5 mol kg–1 provided they are the same. The pH of the solution X, pH(X), is then related to the assigned pH of the solution S, pH(S) by the definition: pH(X) = pH(S) + [E(S) – E(X)]/[(RT/F) 1n 10
(4)
where R is the gas constant, T the thermodynamic temperature, F the Faraday constant. The quantity k = (RT/F) 1n 10 is called the slope factor whose values are given as a function of temperature in Table 1. As a consequence of this definition any difference in liquid junction potential between cells I and II is subsumed into the value of pH(X). The pH Scale The pH scale at a particular temperature is defined by Equation 4 as a straight line, on the plot of pH against E(X), having a slope of k drawn through the pH value assigned to the Reference Value Standard (RVS) solution (as given in Table 2) and the value of E(S) for cell II when it contains the Reference Value Standard solution. The solution chosen for the RVS is 0.05 mol kg–1 aqueous potassium hydrogen phthalate. The procedure by which pH(RVS) values have been assigned to the Reference Value Standard (RVS) is the cell III without transference:1,3 Pt(Pd) H2 (g, p=1 atm = 101 325 Pa) RVS, Cl–AgCl Ag
(III)
The palladised-platinum hydrogen electrode is used to reduce the catalytised chemical reduction of the phthalate by hydrogen gas. The calculation involves a non-thermodynamic assumption, the Bates-Guggenheim Convention, for the single ion activity of the chloride ion1,2 as log (γCl)o = –A(I/mo)1/2/[1 + 1.5 (I/mo)1/2]
(5)
where I is the ionic strength = (1/2)Σmizi2 = 0.0534 mol kg–1 for the RVS solution and A is a known function of temperature (Table 1). To prepare the RVS solution, dry the sample at 110° C for 2 h before use. The water should have a conductivity of less than 0.1 mS m–1. The required solution contains 10.211 g kg–1 water. It can be prepared on a volume basis by dissolving 10.138 g potassium hydrogen phthalate in water and making up to 1 L at 20° C. This solution is 0.04964 mol/L with a density of 1.00300 g/L at 20° C.
8-35
pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) Primary Standards2 pH values may be assigned by the cell without transference method (cell III) to six other buffer solutions which meet certain criteria of reproducibility of preparation and properties. These solutions are called primary pH standards (PS), and details and the pH(PS) values assigned to them are given in Table 3. When these PS solutions are used in the operational cell I, the experimental value of the slope will not be in accord with the slope factor values of Table 1, and, moreover, the experimental value could change if additional primary solutions were to be defined. Hence the pH value determined for an unknown solution can be slightly dependent (±0.02) on the choice of primary standard.2,4,5 Some useful data for standard buffers are given in Table 5. Operational Standards2,6 Operational standards (OS) are also defined which are traceable to the Reference Value Standard (RVS). Values are assigned by means of the operational cells I and II where the liquid junctions are the free diffusion type reproducibly formed in 1 mm vertical capillary tubes. These operational standards are not restricted in number provided certain preparation criteria are met, and pH(OS) values for 16 solutions are given in Table 4.2 These OS represent an alternative procedure and are in no way to be regarded as inferior to the primary standards. As a consequence of their definition, all pH(OS) values fall on the line with slope given by the slope factor value for the appropriate temperature in Table 1. Any difference in liquid junction potential between the solutions of cells I and II and KCl is subsumed into the assigned value of pH(OS). Measurement of pH. Choice of Standard Reference Solution 1a. If pH is not required to better than ±0.05 any standard reference solution may be selected. 1b. If pH is required to ±0.002 and interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration or activity is desired, choose a standard reference solution, pH(PS) or pH(OS), to match X as closely as possible in terms of pH, composition and ionic strength. 2. Alternatively, a bracketting procedure may be adopted whereby two standard reference solutions are chosen whose pH values, pH(S1), pH(S2) are on either side of pH(X). Then if the corresponding potential difference measurements are E(S1), E(S2), E(X), then pH(X) is obtained from pH(X) = pH(S1) + [E(X) – E(S1)]/ %k where %k = 100[E(S2) – E(S1)]/[pH(S2) – pH(S1)] is the apparent percentage slope. This procedure is very easily done on some pH meters simply by adjusting downwards the slope factor control with the electrodes in S2. The purpose of the bracketting procedure is to compensate for deficiencies in the electrodes and measuring system. Information to be Given about the Measurement of pH(X) The standard solutions selected for calibration of the pH meter system should be reported with the measurement as follows, 1.System calibrated with pH(RVS) = .... at ...K. 2.System calibrated with two primary standards pH(PS1) = .... and pH(PS2) = .... at ... K. 3.System calibrated with two operational standards pH(OS1) =..... and pH(OS2) = .... at .... K. Interpretation of pH(X) in Terms of Hydrogen Ion Concentration The operationally defined pH has no simple interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration but the mean ionic activity coefficient of a typical 1:1 electrolyte can be substituted into equation 2 or 3 to obtain hydrogen ion concentration subject to an uncertainty of 3.9% in concentration corresponding to 0.02 in pH. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
R. G. Bates, Measurement of pH. Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons,, New York, 1973. A. K. Covington, R. G. Bates, and R. A. Durst, Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 531, 1985. H. P. Butikofer and A. K. Covington, Anal. Chim. Acta, 108, 179, 1979. R. G. Bates, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 10, 247, 1981. A. K. Covington, Anal. Chim. Acta, 127, 1, 1981. A. K. Covington and M. J. Rebelo, Anal. Chim. Acta., 200, 245, 1987. V. E. Bower and R. G. Bates, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 39, 263, 1954.
8-36
pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (continued) TABLE 1 Standard EMF, Slope Factor and Debye-Huckel Constant A (Unit Weight of Solvent) as Functions of Temperature Temperature/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90 95
E°/mV7
A1
Slope Factor k/mV
236.55 234.13 231.42 228.57 225.57 222.34 219.04 215.65 212.08 208.35 204.49 200.56 196.49 187.82 178.73 169.52 165.11
54.199 55.191 56.183 57.175 58.167 59.159 60.152 61.144 62.136 63.128 64.120 65.112 66.104 68.088 70.073 72.057 73.049
0.4918 0.4952 0.4988 0.5026 0.5066 0.5108 0.5150 0.5196 0.5242 0.5291 0.5341 0.5393 0.5448 0.5562 0.5685 0.5817 0.5886
TABLE 2 Values of pH(RVS) for the Reference Value Standard of 0.05 mol kg-1 Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate at Various Temperatures t/°C
pH(RVS)
t/°C
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
4.000 3.998 3.997 3.998 4.001 4.005 4.011
35 37 40 45 50 55 60
pH(RVS) 4.018 4.022 4.027 4.038 4.050 4.064 4.080
8-37
t/°C
pH(RVS)
65 70 75 80 85 90 95
4.097 4.116 4.137 4.159 4.183 4.21 4.24
PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS A. K. Covington and W. Davison (1) Dilute solutions and freshwater including ‘acid-rain’ samples (I < 0.02 mol kg-1) Major problems could be encountered due to errors associated with the liquid junction. It is recommended that either a free diffusion junction is used or it is verified that the junction is working correctly using dilute solutions as follows. For commercial electrodes calibrated with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards, the pH(X) of dilute solutions should be within ±0.02 of those given in Table 1. The difference in determined pH(X) between a stirred and unstirred dilute solution should be < 0.02. The characteristics of glass electrodes are such that below pH 5 the readings should be stable within 2 min, but for pH 5 to 8, 8 or so minutes may be necessary to attain stability. Interpretation of pH(X) measured in this way in terms of activity of hydrogen ion, aH+ is subject1 to an uncertainty of ±0.02 in pH. (2) Seawater Measurements made by calibration of electrodes with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards to obtain pH(X) are perfectly valid. However, the interpretation of pH(X) in terms of the activity of hydrogen ion is complicated by the non zero residual liquid junction potential as well as by systematic differences between electrode pairs, principally attributable to the reference electrode. For 35‰ salinity seawater (S = 0.035) aH+ calculated from pH(X) is typically 12% too low. Special seawater pH scales have been devised to overcome this problem: (i) The total hydrogen ion scale, pHT, is defined in terms of the sum of free and complexed (total) hydrogen ion concentrations, where TC H
= [H+] + [HSO4-] + [HF]. So, pHT = - log TCH
Calibration of the electrodes with a buffer having a composition similar to that of seawater, to which pHT has been assigned, results in values of pHT(X) (Tables 2, 3) which are accurately interpretable in terms of TCH. (ii) The free hydrogen ion scale, pHF, is defined, and fully interpretable, in terms of the concentration of free hydrogen ions. pHF = - log [H+] Values of pHF as a function of temperature have been assigned to the same set of pHT seawater buffers,and so alternatively can be used for calibration (Tables 2, 3) 2,3 (3) Estuarine water Prescriptions for seawater scale buffers are available for a range of salinities. Reliable estuarine pH measurements can be made by calibrating with a buffer of the same salinity as the sample. However, these buffers are difficult to prepare and their use presumes prior knowledge of salinity of the sample. Interpretable measurements of estuarine pH can be made by calibration with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards if the electrode pair is additionally calibrated using a 20‰ salinity seawater buffer.4 The difference between the assigned pHSWS of the seawater buffer and its measured pH(X) value using RVS or PS standards is ∆pH = pHSWS - pH(X) Values of ∆pH should be in the range of 0.08 to 0.18. It empirically corrects for differences between the two pH scales and for measurement errors associated with the electrode pair. The pH(X) of samples measured using IUPAC aqueous buffers, can be converted to pHT or pHF using the appropriate measured ∆pH: pHT = pH(X) - ∆pH or pHF = pH(X) - ∆pH This simple procedure is appropriate to pH measurement at salinities from 2‰ to 35‰. For salinities lower than 2‰ the procedures for freshwaters should be adopted. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Davison, W. and Harbinson,T. R., Analyst, 113, 709, 1988. Culberson, C. H., in Marine Electrochemistry, Whitfield, M. and Jagner,D., Eds., Wiley, 1981. Millero, F. J., Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 839, 1986. Covington, A. K., Whalley, P. D., Davison, W., and Whitfield, M., in The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, West, T. S. and Nurnberg, H. W., Eds., Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 5. Koch, W. F., Marinenko, G., and Paule, R. C., J. Res. NBS, 91, 33, 1986.
8-41
PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS (continued) Table 1 pH of Dilute Solutions at 25°C, Degassed and Equilibrated with Air, Suitable as Quality Control Standards Ionic strength mmol kg-1 Potassium hydrogen phthalate xKH2PO4 + xNa2HPO4 xKH2PO4 + 3.5xNa2HPO4 Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O HCl SRM2694-Ia SRM2694-IIa
Concentration(x) mmol kg-1
10.7 1.1 9.9 10 10 0.1 — —
10 1 2.5 0.87 5 0.1 — —
pH pCO2 = 0 4.12 4.33 7.07 7.61 9.20 4.03 4.30 3.59
pH pCO 2 = air 4.12 4.33 7.05 7.58 — 4.03 — —
Note: The pH of solutions near to pH 4 is virtually independent of temperature over the range of 5 to 30°C. a
Simulated rainwater samples are available (Reference 5) from NIST containing sulfate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium
Table 2 Composition of Seawater Buffer of Salinity S = 35‰ at 25°C (Reference 3) Solute NaCl Na2SO4 KCl CaCl2 MgCl2 Tris Tris ⋅ HCl
mol dm-3
mol kg-1
g kg-1
g dm-3
0.3666 0.02926 0.01058 0.01077 0.05518 0.06 0.06
0.3493 0.02788 0.01008 0.01026 0.05258 0.05717 0.05717
20.416 3.96 0.752 1.139 5.006 6.926 9.010
20.946 4.063 0.772 1.169 5.139 7.106 9.244
Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (HOCH2)3CNH2. A 20‰ buffer is made by diluting the 35‰ in the ratio 20:35.
Table 3 Assigned Values of 20‰ and 35‰ Buffers on Free and Total Hydrogen Ion Scales. Calculated from Equations Provided by Millero (Reference 3) Temp (°C)
pHT S = 20‰
pHT S = 35‰
pHF S = 20‰
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
8.683 8.513 8.351 8.195 8.045 7.901 7.762
8.718 8.542 8.374 8.212 8.057 7.908 7.764
8.759 8.597 8.442 8.292 8.149 8.011 7.879
8-42
pHF S = 35‰ 8.81 8.647 8.491 8.341 8.197 8.059 7.926
BUFFER SOLUTIONS GIVING ROUND VALUES OF pH AT 25°C A
B
D
E
x
pH
x
pH
x
pH
x
pH
x
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20
67.0 52.8 42.5 33.6 26.6 20.7 16.2 13.0 10.2 8.1 6.5 5.10 3.9
2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00
49.5 45.8 42.2 38.8 35.4 32.1 28.9 25.7 22.3 18.8 15.7 12.9 10.4 8.2 6.3 4.5 2.9 1.4 0.1
4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90
1.3 3.0 4.7 6.6 8.7 11.1 13.6 16.5 19.4 22.6 25.5 28.8 31.6 34.1 36.6 38.8 40.6 42.3 43.7
5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00
3.6 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.1 9.7 11.6 13.9 16.4 19.3 22.4 25.9 29.1 32.1 34.7 37.0 39.1 40.9 42.4 43.5 44.5 45.3 46.1
7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00
46.6 45.7 44.7 43.4 42.0 40.3 38.5 36.6 34.5 32.0 29.2 26.2 22.9 19.9 17.2 14.7 12.2 10.3 8.5 7.0 5.7
pH
x
pH
x
pH
x
pH
x
pH
8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10
20.5 19.7 18.8 17.7 16.6 15.2 13.5 11.6 9.6 7.1 4.6 2.0
9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80
0.9 3.6 6.2 8.8 11.1 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.3 19.5 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.7 23.3 23.8 24.25
9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80 10.90 11.00
5.0 6.2 7.6 9.1 10.7 12.2 13.8 15.2 16.5 17.8 19.1 20.2 21.2 22.0 22.7
10.90 11.00 11.10 11.20 11.30 11.40 11.50 11.60 11.70 11.80 11.90 12.00
3.3 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.6 9.1 11.1 13.5 16.2 19.4 23.0 26.9
F
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.
C
pH
G
H
I
25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium dihydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane + x ml of 0.1 M HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar sodium bicarbonate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar disodium hydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar NaOH.
Final volume of mixtures = 100 ml. REFERENCES 1. Bower, V.E., and Bates, R.G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 197, 1955 (A–D). 2. Bates, R.G., and Bower, V.E., Anal. Chem., 28, 1322, 1956 (E–J).
8-43
J
12.00 12.10 12.20 12.30 12.40 12.50 12.60 12.70 12.80 12.90 13.00
x 6.0 8.0 10.2 12.8 16.2 20.4 25.6 32.2 41.2 53.0 66.0
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES The data in this table are presented as values of pKa, defined as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant Ka for the reaction BH 1 B– + H+ Thus pKa = –log Ka , and the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] can be calculated from
[H ] [B ] +
Ka =
–
[BH]
In the case of bases, the entry in the table is for the conjugate acid; e.g., ammonium ion for ammonia. The OH– concentration in the system NH3 + H2O 1 NH4+ + OH– can be calculated from the equation
[OH ] [NH ] –
K b = K water / K a =
[NH 3 ]
4
+
where Kwater = 1.01 × 10–14 at 25 °C. Note that pKa + pKb = pKwater. All values refer to dilute aqueous solutions at zero ionic strength at the temperature indicated. The table is arranged alphabetically by compound name. REFERENCE 1. Perrin, D. D., Ionization Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, Pergamon, Oxford, 1982. Name
Formula
Aluminum(III) ion Ammonia Arsenic acid
Al+3 NH3 H3AsO4
Arsenious acid Barium(II) ion Boric acid
H2AsO3 Ba+2 H3BO3
Calcium(II) ion Carbonic acid
Ca+2 H2CO3
Chlorous acid Chromic acid
HClO2 H2CrO4
Cyanic acid Germanic acid
HCNO H2GeO3
Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide
N2H4 HN3 HCN HF H2O2 H2Se
Hydrogen sulfide
H2S
Hydrogen telluride
H2Te
Hydroxylamine Hypobromous acid
NH2OH HBrO
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Step
1 2 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25
pKa 5.0 9.25 2.26 6.76 11.29 9.29 13.4 9.27 >14 12.6 6.35 10.33 1.94 0.74 6.49 3.46 9.01 12.3 8.1 4.6 9.21 3.20 11.62 3.89 11.0 7.05 19 2.6 11 5.94 8.55
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Name
Formula
Hypochlorous acid Hypoiodous acid Iodic acid Lithium ion Magnesium(II) ion Nitrous acid Perchloric acid Periodic acid Phosphoric acid
HClO HIO HIO3 Li+ Mg+2 HNO2 HClO4 HIO4 H3PO4
Phosphorous acid
H3PO3
Pyrophosphoric acid
H4P2O7
Selenic acid Selenious acid
H2SeO4 H2SeO3
Silicic acid
H4SiO4
Sodium ion Strontium(II) ion Sulfamic acid Sulfuric acid Sulfurous acid
Na+ Sr+2 NH2SO3H H2SO4 H2SO3
Telluric acid
H2TeO4
Tellurous acid
H2TeO3
Tetrafluoroboric acid Thiocyanic acid Water
HBF4 HSCN H2O
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Step
1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 4
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
t/°C
pKa
25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25
7.40 10.5 0.78 13.8 11.4 3.25 -1.6 1.64 2.16 7.21 12.32 1.3 6.70 0.91 2.10 6.70 9.32 1.7 2.62 8.32 9.9 11.8 12 12 14.8 13.2 1.05 1.99 1.85 7.2 7.68 11.0 6.27 8.43 0.5 -1.8 13.995
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous solutions and are presented as values of pKa, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant Ka for the reaction HA 1 H+ + Ai.e., Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective species in mol/L. It follows that pKa = pH + log[HA] - log[A-], so that a solution with 50% dissociation has pH equal to the pKa of the acid. Data for bases are presented as pKa values for the conjugate acid, i.e., for the reaction BH+ 1 H+ + B In older literature, an ionization constant Kb was used for the reaction B + H2O 1 BH+ + OH- . This is related to Ka by pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25°C) Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order.
REFERENCES 1. Perrin, D.D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972. 2. Serjeant, E.P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in Katritzky, A.R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 5. Perrin, D.D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E.P., pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases, Chapman and Hall, London, 1981. 6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization Constants, Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. 7. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelth Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996. Mol. Form.
Name
CHNO CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH3NS2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO CH5N3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2O3 C2H2O4
Cyanic acid Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Nitromethane Carbamodithioic acid Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine O-Methylhydroxylamine Guanidine Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Glyoxylic acid Oxalic acid
C2H3BrO2 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O C2H3FO2 C2H3F3O C2H3IO2 C2H3NO4 C2H3N3 C2H3N3
Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol Fluoroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoacetic acid Nitroacetic acid 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole
Step
1 2
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25 29 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
3.7 1.1 13.27 3.75 10.21 2.95 0.10 -1 15.5 10.33 10.66 12.5 13.6 10.04 0.66 0.52 1.35 3.18 1.25 3.81 2.90 2.87 12.24 2.59 12.37 3.18 1.48 1.17 2.27
C2H4N2 C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2S C2H4O3 C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2
Aminoacetonitrile Acetaldehyde Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Thioglycolic acid Glycolic acid Ethyleneimine Acetamide Acetohydroxamic acid Nitroethane Glycine
C2H6N2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H7AsO2
Ethanimidamide Ethanol 2-Mercaptoethanol Ethyleneglycol Dimethylarsinic acid
C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H7NO3S C2H7NS
Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid Cysteamine
C2H7N5
Biguanide
C2H8N2
1,2-Ethanediamine
25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 20 20
Name
Step
t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
25 25
pKa 5.34 13.57 3.33 4.756 3.68 3.83 8.04 15.1 8.70 8.46 2.35 9.78 12.1 15.5 9.72 15.1 1.57 6.27 10.65 10.73 9.50 1.5 9.06 8.27 10.53 11.52 2.93 9.92 6.86
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C2H8O7P2
C3H2O2 C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H3NO2 C3H3NS C3H3N3O3
Name 1-Hydroxy-1,1diphosphonoethane
2-Propynoic acid Oxazole Isoxazole Cyanoacetic acid Thiazole Cyanuric acid
C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2S C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H4O4
1H-Pyrazole Imidazole 2-Thiazolamine Propargyl alcohol Acrylic acid Pyruvic acid Malonic acid
C3H4O5
C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O4 C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2
Hydroxypropanedioic acid 3-Bromopropanoic acid 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Aminopropanenitrile 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6triamine Allyl alcohol Propanoic acid (Methylthio)acetic acid Lactic acid 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Glyceric acid Allylamine Azetidine 2-Propanone oxime L-Alanine
C3H7NO2
β-Alanine
C3H7NO2
Sarcosine
C3H7NO2S
L-Cysteine
C3H5BrO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H6N2 C3H6N6
C3H7NO3
L-Serine
C3H7NO5S
DL-Cysteic acid
C3H7N3O2 C3H8O2
Glycocyamine Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine
C3H8O3 C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N
Step
t/°C
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20
9.40 4.65 9.82 6.61 10.55 8.88 9.69 7.93 9.59 7.95 3.26 0.65 1.23 2.24 9.45 4.01 6.64 0.35 2.62 1.92 6.23 3.02 4.38 2.55 4.37 13.03 -3.8 9.62 3.45 5.71 4.60 12.16 7.6
C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H10N2
2-Methoxyethylamine Trimethylamine oxide 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)
C3H10N2
1,3-Propanediamine
C3H10N2O
1,3-Diamino-2-propanol
C3H11N3
1,2,3-Triaminopropane
C4H4FN3O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4N2O5 C4H4N4O2 C4H4O2 C4H4O4
Flucytosine Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Alloxanic acid 5-Nitropyrimidinamine 2-Butynoic acid Maleic acid
C4H4O4
Fumaric acid
25 25 25 20 25
C4H4O5
Oxaloacetic acid
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
15.5 4.87 3.66 3.86 4.51 3.52 9.49 11.29 12.42 2.34 9.87 3.55 10.24 2.21 10.1 1.5 8.7 10.2 2.19 9.21 1.3 1.9 8.70 2.82 14.8
C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5N3 C4H5N3 C4H5N3O
Pyrrole Succinimide 2-Pyrimidinamine 4-Pyrimidinamine Cytosine
C4H5N3O2
25 25 25 25
14.15 10.54 10.63 9.80
6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine3,5(2H,4H)-dione 1-Methylimidazol Allantoin Acetazolamide trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2-Oxobutanoic acid Acetoacetic acid Succinic acid 1 2 Methylmalonic acid 1 2 Malic acid 1 2 DL-Tartaric acid 1 2 meso-Tartaric acid 1 2 L-Tartaric acid 1 2 Dihydroxytartaric acid 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid
1 2 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3
pKa
1.35 2.87 7.03 11.3 1.84 0.8 -2.0 2.47 2.52 6.88 11.40 13.5 2.49 6.99 5.36 13.6 4.25 2.39 2.85 5.70 2.42 4.54 4.00 2.83 3.98 7.80 5.00
25 33 25 25 25
1 2 1 2
t/°C
Mol. Form.
1 2 3 4
25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25
C4H6N2 C4H6N4O3 C4H6N4O3S2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6O4 C4H6O5 C4H6O6 C4H6O6 C4H6O6 C4H6O8 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2
Name
Step
pKa
1 2 1 2 1 2 3
20 20 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20
1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
6.95 8.96 7.2 4.69 4.34 4.83 2.50 3.6 4.21 5.64 3.07 5.76 3.40 5.11 3.03 4.37 3.17 4.91 2.98 4.34 1.92 2.86 4.05 4.52
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C4H7NO2 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO4
4-Cyanobutanoic acid N-Acetylglycine Iminodiacetic acid
C4H7NO4
L-Aspartic acid
Step
1 2 1 2 3 1 2
C4H7N3O
Creatinine
C4H7N5 C4H8N2O3
2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine L-Asparagine
C4H8N2O3
N-Glycylglycine
C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO2
Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethoxyacetic acid Pyrrolidine Morpholine 2-Methylalanine 1 2 N,N-Dimethylglycine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid 1 2 4-Aminobutanoic acid 1 2 DL-Homocysteine 1 2 3 L-Threonine 1 2 L-Homoserine 1 2 Creatine 1 2 Piperazine 1 2 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid 1 2 3 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Tris(hydroxymethyl) methylamine 1,4-Butanediamine 1 2 3-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 2-Fluoropyridine 4-Nitropyridine 1H-Purine 1 2
C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2S
C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10N2 C4H10N2O2
C4H10O4 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO3 C4H12N2 C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4N2O2 C5H4N4
1 2 1 2
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25 25
C5H4N4O C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3 C5H4N4S
25 25 25 25 20
2.42 3.67 2.98 9.89 1.99 3.90 9.90 4.8 9.2 6.84 2.1 8.80 3.14 8.17 4.83 4.84 4.70 4.72 3.65 11.31 8.50 2.36 10.21 9.89 2.29 9.83 4.031 10.556 2.22 8.87 10.86 2.09 9.10 2.71 9.62 2.63 14.3 9.73 5.33 1.85 8.24 10.44 13.9 10.60 10.56 10.68 10.84 8.3
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20
10.80 9.63 2.84 0.49 2.81 3.83 -0.44 1.61 2.30 8.96
25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
C5H4O2S C5H4O2S C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5N C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO C5H5NO2 C5H5NO2 C5H5N3O C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O4 C5H6O5 C5H7NO3 C5H7NO3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3O4 C5H8N2 C5H8N4O3S2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H8O4 C5H9NO2 C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3
Name
Step
Hypoxanthine Allopurinol Uric acid 1,7-Dihydro-6H1 purine-6-thione 2 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Furancarboxylic acid Pyridine 2-Pyridinol 1 2 3-Pyridinol 1 2 4-Pyridinol 1 2 2(1H)-Pyridinone 1 2 Pyridine-1-oxide 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid 1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid Pyrazinecarboxamide Adenine 1 2 Guanine 2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine 2-Methylpyrazine Thymine 1,1-Cyclopropanedi1 carboxylic acid 2 trans-1-Propene-1,21 dicarboxylic acid 2 1-Propene-2,31 dicarboxylic acid 2 2-Oxoglutaric acid 1 2 5,5-Dimethyl-2,4oxazolidinedione L-Pyroglutamic acid 2,5-Pyridinediamine Methylaminopyrazine Azaserine 2,4-Dimethylimidazole Methazolamide trans-3-Pentenoic acid Dimethylmalonic acid Glutaric acid 1 2 Methylsuccinic acid 1 2 L-Proline 1 2 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic 1 acid 2 trans-4-Hydroxyproline 1
t/°C
pKa
25
25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20
8.7 10.2 3.89 7.77 11.17 3.49 4.1 3.16 3.9 5.23 0.75 11.65 4.79 8.75 3.20 11.12 0.75 11.65 0.79 4.45
20
5.00
40 20 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 37
0.5 4.3 9.83 9.92 6.82 6.04 9.11 1.45 9.94 1.82 7.43 3.09 4.75 3.85 5.45 2.47 4.68 6.13
12
25 20 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
3.32 6.48 3.39 8.55 8.36 7.30 4.51 3.15 4.32 5.42 4.13 5.64 1.95 10.64 4.05 8.90 1.82
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
Step
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
2 1 2 3 1 2
25 25 25
9.66 2.13 4.31 9.67 6.04 9.75 3.15 2.17 9.13 2.98 8.38 4.83 4.80 4.77 5.03 12.61 12.22 12.14 11.123 10.46 7.38 2.29 9.74 2.36 9.72 2.32 9.81 2.35 10.19 4.27 10.77 1.83 2.13 9.27 2 1.71 8.69 10.76 10.63 10.59 10.60 10.85 10.15 10.35 13.9 10.05 10.93 3.6
C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2
C5H9NO4
L-Glutamic acid
C5H9N3
Histamine
C5H10N2O3 C5H10N2O3
Glycylalanine L-Glutamine
C5H10N2O4
Glycylserine
C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2
Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid D-2-Deoxyribose L-Ribose D-Xylose Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine L-Valine 1 2 DL-Norvaline 1 2 L-Norvaline 1 2 N-Propylglycine 1 2 5-Aminopentanoic acid 1 2 Betaine L-Methionine 1 2 Tetramethylurea L-Ornithine 1 2 3 Pentylamine 3-Pentanamine 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine Diethylmethylamine Choline 1,5-Pentanediamine 1 2 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro2-pyridinecarboxlic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,5-Dinitrophenol Pteridine 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol 3,5-Dibromoaniline
C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H12N2O C5H12N2O2
C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H14NO C5H14N2 C6H3Cl3N2O2 C6H3N3O7 C6H4Cl2O C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N4 C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5Br2N
1 2 1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25
25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 25 19 25 25 25 25 25
C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N5O C6H5N5O2 C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6N2O C6H6N2O C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2
24 25 25 15 20 25 25 25 25
0.42 7.44 4.07 5.15 4.05 8.45 9.03 9.37 2.34
C6H6O2 C6H6O2S C6H6O3S C6H6O4 C6H6O4S
Name
Step
2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 2,4-Dichloroaniline 2-Fluorophenol 3-Fluorophenol 4-Fluorophenol 2-Iodophenol 3-Iodophenol 4-Iodophenol 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 2 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 2 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 1 2 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole 2-Amino-41 hydroxypteridine 2 Xanthopterin 2 3 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Iodoaniline 3-Iodoaniline 4-Iodoaniline 3-Pyridinecarboxamide 2-Pyridinecarbox1 aldehyde oxime 2 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone 1 2 Pyrocatechol 1 2 Resorcinol 1 2 Benzenesulfinic acid Benzenesulfonic acid 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one 3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid
t/°C
pKa
25 25 25 22 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 0 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25
8.56 9.12 9.41 2.05 8.73 9.29 9.89 8.51 9.03 9.33 12.68 12.05 3.98 0.99 5.39 2.00 4.82 1.77 4.84 7.23 8.36 7.15 1.6 2.27 7.96 6.59 9.31 2.53 3.53 3.89 2.66 3.52 3.98 3.20 3.59 4.65 2.54 3.58 3.81 3.3 3.59 10.18 -0.25 2.46 1.02 9.99 9.85 11.4 9.34 12.6 9.32 11.1 1.3 0.70 7.9
25
9.07
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H6O4S
Name
C6H6S C6H7BO2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO
4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid cis-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid trans-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Benzeneboronic acid Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Aminophenol
C6H7NO
3-Aminophenol
C6H7NO
4-Aminophenol
C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO3S
C6H8N2 C6H8N2
2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid N-Methylpyridinamine o-Phenylenediamine
C6H8N2
m-Phenylenediamine
C6H8N2
p-Phenylenediamine
C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O4
Phenylhydrazine 2,4-Hexadienoic acid 1,3-Cyclohexanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3dioxane-4,6-dione L-Ascorbic acid
C6H6O6 C6H6O6
C6H7NO3S C6H7NO3S
C6H8O6 C6H8O7
C6H8O7
C6H9NO6
C6H9NO6
C6H9N3 C6H9N3O2
Step
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 Citric acid 1 2 3 Isocitric acid 1 2 3 Nitrilotriacetic acid 1 2 3 L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid 1 2 3 4 4,6-Dimethylpyrimidinamine L-Histidine 1 2 3
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25
9.11
C6H10O2
25
1.95
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 25
2.80 4.46 6.62 8.83 4.87 6.00 5.70 5.99 4.78 9.97 4.37 9.82 5.48 10.30 3.28 4.78 6.58 2.46
C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4
25
3.74
25
3.23
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 25 25
9.65 4.57 0.80 5.11 2.50 6.31 2.97 8.79 4.76 5.26 5.1
25 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 20
4.04 11.7 3.13 4.76 6.40 3.29 4.71 6.40 3.03 3.07 10.70 1.7 3.2 4.75 9.9 4.82
25 25 25
1.80 6.04 9.33
C6H11NO2 C6H11NO3 C6H11NO4
C6H11N3O4 C6H11N3O4 C6H12N2 C6H12N2O4S2
C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H13N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO4 C6H13N3O3 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2O2
C6H14N4O2
C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N
Name Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid Ethyl acetoacetate 3-Methylglutaric acid Adipic acid 2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid Adipamic acid 2-Aminoadipic acid
Step
1 2 1 2
1 2 3 N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine 1 2 Glycylasparagine 1 2 Triethylenediamine 1 2 L-Cystine 1 2 3 4 Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid β-D-Fructose α-D-Glucose D-Mannose Cyclohexylamine 1-Methylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine N-Ethylmorpholine L-Leucine 1 2 L-Isoleucine 1 2 L-Norleucine 1 2 6-Aminohexanoic acid 1 2 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxy2 ethyl)glycine Citrulline 1 2 cis-1,2-Cyclohexane1 diamine 2 trans-1,2-Cyclohexane1 diamine 2 cis-2,5-Dimethyl1 piperazine 2 L-Lysine 1 2 3 L-Arginine 1 2 3 D-Mannitol Hexylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine
t/°C
pKa
25
4.99
25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18
25 18 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20
10.68 4.24 4.41 5.41 2.28 10.72 4.63 2.14 4.21 9.77 3.225 8.09 2.942 8.44 3.0 8.7 1 2.1 8.02 8.71 4.85 4.84 12.27 12.46 12.08 10.64 10.38 10.20 7.67 2.33 9.74 2.32 9.76 2.34 9.83 4.37 10.80 8.35
25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25
2.43 9.69 9.93 6.13 9.94 6.47 9.66 5.20 2.16 9.06 10.54 1.82 8.99 12.5 13.5 10.56 11.05 10.75
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H15NO3 C6H16N2 C6H16N2
Name Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine
N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl1,2-ethanediamine C6H19NSi2 Hexamethyldisilazane Pentafluorobenzoic acid C7HF5O2 C7H3Br2NO 3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile C7H3N3O8 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid C7H4Cl3NO3 Triclopyr C7H4N2O6 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 3-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5BrO2 4-Bromobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 2-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 3-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5ClO2 4-Chlorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 2-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 3-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5FO2 4-Fluorobenzoic acid C7H5F3O 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C7H5F3O 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol C7H5IO2 2-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 3-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5IO2 4-Iodobenzoic acid C7H5NO 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile C7H5NO3S Saccharin C7H5NO4 2-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 3-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 4-Nitrobenzoic acid C7H5NO4 2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid C7H5NO4 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic C7H5NO4 acid C7H5NO4 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid C7H6ClN3O4S2 Chlorothiazide C7H6F3N C7H6F3N C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H6O3 C7H6O3
Step
t/°C
pKa
1 2 1 2
25 0 0 25 25
7.76 11.86 10.76 10.40 8.26 7.55 1.75 4.06
25
25
1 2 1
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25
0.65 2.68 1.43 2.85 3.81 3.96 2.90 3.84 4.00 3.27 3.86 4.15 8.95 8.68 2.86 3.87 4.00 6.86 8.61 7.97 11.68 2.17 3.46 3.43 2.43 4.78 2.15
1 2 1
25 25 25
2.16 4.76 2.80
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 19 25
6.85 9.45 3.49 2.45 5.53 0.77 2.75 1.74 14.90 4.204 8.37 8.98 7.61 2.98 13.6 4.08 9.92 4.57
1 2
3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 1H-Benzimidazole 2-Aminobenzonitrile 3-Aminobenzonitrile 4-Aminobenzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 1
Mol. Form.
Name
Step
2 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 3 C7H6O4 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 C7H6O4 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 2 3 C7H6O4 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 1 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic C7H6O5 acid C7H6O5 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid Benzamide C7H7NO C7H7NO2 Aniline-2-carboxylic acid 1 2 Aniline-3-carboxylic acid 1 C7H7NO2 2 C7H7NO2 Aniline-4-carboxylic acid 1 2 C7H7NO3 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 1 C7H8ClN3O4S2 Hydrochlorothiazide 2 C7H8N4O2 Theobromine C7H8N4O2 Theophylline 1 C7H8O o-Cresol C7H8O m-Cresol C7H8O p-Cresol C7H8OS 4-(Methylthio)phenol C7H8O2 2-Methoxyphenol C7H8O2 3-Methoxyphenol C7H8O2 4-Methoxyphenol C7H8S Benzenemethanethiol C7H9N Benzylamine C7H9N 2-Methylaniline C7H9N 3-Methylaniline C7H9N 4-Methylaniline C7H9N N-Methylaniline C7H9N 2-Ethylpyridine C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine C7H9NO 2-Methoxyaniline C7H9NO 3-Methoxyaniline C7H9NO 4-Methoxyaniline C7H9NS 2-(Methylthio)aniline C7H9NS 4-(Methylthio)aniline C7H9N5 2-Dimethylaminopurine 1 2 C7H11N3O2 L-1-Methylhistidine 1 2 3 C7H11N3O2 L-3-Methylhistidine 1 2 3 C7H6O4
t/°C
pKa
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
9.46 3.11 8.55 14.0 2.97 4.48 8.83 12.6 4.04 1.68
25
4.41
25 25 25 25 25 25 25
˜13 2.17 4.85 3.07 4.79 2.50 4.87 3.25
18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25
7.9 9.2 7.89 8.77 10.29 10.09 10.26 9.53 9.98 9.65 10.21 9.43 9.34 4.45 4.71 5.08 4.85 5.89 6.57 6.99 6.40 6.65 6.46 6.15 4.53 4.20 5.36 3.45 4.35 4.00 10.24 1.69 6.48 8.85 1.92 6.56 8.73
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C7H12O2 C7H12O4
Name
Step
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Heptanedioic acid 1 2 C7H12O4 Butylpropanedioic acid 1 C7H13NO4 α-Ethylglutamic acid 1 2 C7H14O2 Heptanoic acid C7H14O6 α-Methylglucoside 1-Ethylpiperidine C7H15N C7H15N 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine,(±) C7H15NO3 Carnitine Heptylamine C7H17N C7H17N 2-Heptanamine C8H5NO2 3-Cyanobenzoic acid C8H5NO2 4-Cyanobenzoic acid C8H6N2 Cinnoline C8H6N2 Quinazoline C8H6N2 Quinoxaline C8H6N2 Phthalazine C8H6N4O5 Nitrofurantoin C8H6O3 3-Formylbenzoic acid C8H6O3 4-Formylbenzoic acid C8H6O4 Phthalic acid 1 2 C8H6O4 Isophthalic acid 1 2 Terephthalic acid 1 C8H6O4 2 C8H7ClO2 2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO2 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO2 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid C8H7ClO3 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H7ClO3 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid C8H7NO4 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid C8H7NO4 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid C8H7NO4 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid C8H8F3N3O4S2 Hydroflumethiazide 1 2 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole C8H8N2 C8H8O2 o-Toluic acid C8H8O2 m-Toluic acid C8H8O2 p-Toluic acid C8H8O2 Benzeneacetic acid C8H8O2 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O2 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O2 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone C8H8O3 2-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 3-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 4-Methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O3 Phenoxyacetic acid C8H8O3 Mandelic acid C8H8O4 2,5-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid C8H9NO Acetanilide C8H9NO2 2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid C8H9NO2 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 23 25 25 25 19 25 25 20 29 20 20
C8H9NO2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
4.91 4.71 5.58 2.96 3.846 7.838 4.89 13.71 10.45 10.22 3.80 10.67 10.7 3.60 3.55 2.37 3.43 0.56 3.47 7.2 3.84 3.77 2.943 5.432 3.70 4.60 3.54 4.34 4.07 4.14 4.19 3.05 3.10 4.00 3.97 3.85 8.9 9.7 6.19 3.91 4.25 4.37 4.31 10.06 9.19 8.05 4.08 4.10 4.50 3.17 3.37 4.40
25 25
0.5 5.34
25
5.10
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
C8H9NO2 C8H10BrN C8H10ClN C8H10ClN C8H10N2O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO2 C8H11NO3 C8H11N3O6 C8H11N5 C8H12N2O3 C8H12O2 C8H13NO2 C8H14O2S2 C8H14O4 C8H15NO C8H15NO C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O4S2
C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17N C8H17N C8H17NO C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20N2 C9H6BrN C9H7ClO2
Name 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid N-Phenylglycine 4-Bromo-N,Ndimethylaniline 3-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline 4-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline N,N-Dimethyl-3nitroaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Ethoxyaniline 3-Ethoxyaniline 4-Ethoxyaniline 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol
Step
1 2
1 2
2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine Dopamine 1 2 Norepinephrine 1 2 6-Azauridine Phenylbiguanide 1 2 Barbital 5,5-Dimethyl-1,3cyclohexanedione Arecoline Thioctic acid Octanedioic acid 1 Tropine Pseudotropine N-Glycylleucine N-Leucylglycine 1 2 Homocystine 1 2 3 4 Octanoic acid 2-Propylpentanoic acid 2-Propylpiperidine,(S) 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine trans-6-Propyl-3piperidinol,(3S) Octylamine N-Methyl-2-heptanamine Dibutylamine 1,8-Octanediamine 1 2 3-Bromoquinoline trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid
t/°C
pKa
25
5.04
25 25
1.83 4.39 4.23
20
3.83
20
4.39
25
2.62
25 25 25 25 25 28 25 28 25 25
5.12 5.07 3.89 9.83 7.43 4.43 4.18 5.20 9.74 10.52 5.5 8.9 10.6 8.64 9.70 6.70 10.76 2.13 7.43 5.15
25 25 25 25
25 25
25 15 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
30
25 17 21 20 20 25 25
6.84 5.4 4.52 3.80 3.80 3.18 3.25 8.2 1.59 2.54 8.52 9.44 4.89 4.6 10.9 11.04 10.3 10.65 10.99 11.25 11.00 10.1 2.69 4.23
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C9H7ClO2
Name
Step
C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO
trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
3-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
4-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
6-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
8-Quinolinol
C9H7NO
7-Isoquinolinol
C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7N7O2S C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2
2-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 3-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 4-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid Azathioprine 2-Quinolinamine 3-Quinolinamine 4-Quinolinamine 1-Isoquinolinamine 3-Isoquinolinamine cis-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamic acid α-Methylenebenezeneacetic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine 1 2 3 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine 1 2 3 N-Benzoylglycine 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid Carbendazim Sulfathiazole L-3-Iodotyrosine 1 2 3 2-Ethylbenzimidazole 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid Benzenepropanoic acid α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid α-Hydroxy-α-methylbenezeneacetic acid
C9H7ClO2
C9H8O4 C9H9Br2NO3
C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9I2NO3
C9H9NO3 C9H9NO4 C9H9NO4 C9H9N3O2 C9H9N3O2S2 C9H10INO3
C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3
t/°C 25
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
pKa 4.29
25
4.41
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25
4.90 5.40 -0.31 11.76 4.28 8.08 2.23 11.28 5.15 8.90 4.91 9.81 5.68 8.90 2.98 3.03 2.93 8.2 7.34 4.91 9.17 7.62 5.05 3.88 4.44 4.35
20 20 20 20 20 25 25
25
25
3.48 2.17 6.45 7.60 4.58
25
4.59
25
4.61
25 25 25 25 25
2.12 5.32 9.48 3.62 4.50
25
4.47
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
4.48 7.2 2.2 8.7 9.1 6.18 4.32 4.66 4.64 3.47
Mol. Form.
Name
C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 Methylclothiazide C9H11N N-Allylaniline C9H11N 1-Indanamine 4-(Dimethylamino)C9H11NO2 benzoic acid C9H11NO2 Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate L-Phenylalanine C9H11NO2
Step
25 22 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
C9H11NO3
L-Tyrosine
C9H11NO4
Levodopa
C9H12N2O2 C9H13N C9H13NO3
Tyrosineamide N-Isopropylaniline Epinephrine
C9H13N2O9P
5'-Uridylic acid
C9H13N3O5
Cytidine
C9H14ClNO C9H14N2O3 C9H14N3O8P
Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride Metharbital 3'-Cytidylic acid
C9H14N4O3
Carnosine
C9H15NO3S
Captopril
C9H15N5O C9H16O4
Minoxidil Nonanedioic acid
C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N
Nonanoic acid N-Butylpiperidine 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonylamine 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 5-Methylquinoline 5-Amino-1-naphthol 6-Methoxyquinoline 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid o-Methylcinnamic acid m-Methylcinnamic acid p-Methylcinnamic acid Tryptamine 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1 2
C9H21N C10H7NO2 C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9NO C10H9NO C10H9NO2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2O
t/°C
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
20 20 20
25 25 25 23 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25
pKa 9.4 4.17 9.21 6.03 11.49 2.5 2.20 9.31 2.20 9.11 10.1 2.32 8.72 9.96 11.79 7.33 5.77 8.66 9.95 6.4 9.5 4.22 12.5 9.44 8.45 0.8 4.28 6.0 2.73 6.87 9.73 3.7 9.8 4.61 4.53 5.33 4.96 10.47 11.07 10.64 1.82 9.39 9.63 3.92 4.16 5.83 5.67 5.20 3.97 5.03 4.75 4.50 4.44 4.56 10.2 9.8 11.1
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form. C10H12N2O5 C10H12N4O3 C10H12O
Name
C10H13N5O4
Dinoseb Dideoxyinosine 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2naphthalenol Benzenebutanoic acid Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Adenosine
C10H14N2
L-Nicotine
C10H14N5O7P
5'-Adenylic acid
C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO C10H15NO C10H17N3O6S
2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol N-tert-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline d-Ephedrine l-Ephedrine l-Glutathione
C10H18N4O5
L-Argininosuccinic acid
C10H12O2 C10H12O5
C10H18O4
Sebacic acid
C10H19N C10H19N C10H21N C10H21N
Bornylamine Neobornylamine Butylcyclohexylamine 1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine Decylamine 1H-Perimidine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid Methyl-1-naphthylamine Iopanoic acid L-Tryptophan
C10H23N C11H8N2 C11H8O2 C11H8O2 C11H11N C11H12I3NO2 C11H12N2O2
C11H12N4O3S Sulfamethoxypyridazine C11H13F3N2O3S Mefluidide C11H13NO3 Hydrastinine C11H13N3O3S Sulfisoxazole C11H14N2O Cytisine C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H16N2O2
2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid Pilocarpine
C11H16N4O4 C11H17N
Pentostatin N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline
Step
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
1 2
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
25
4.62 9.12 10.48
C11H17NO3 C11H17N3O8 C11H18ClNO3 C11H18N2O3 C11H25N C11H26NO2PS
25
4.76 8.11
25 25
25 25 25 30
3.6 12.4 8.02 3.12 3.8 6.2 10.62 10.12 10.23 7.00 6.57 10.139 9.958 2.12 3.59 8.75 9.65 1.62 2.70 4.26 9.58 4.59 5.59 10.17 10.01 11.23 11.25
25 20 25
10.64 6.35 3.69
25
4.16
27
3.67 4.8 2.46 9.41 6.7 4.6 11.38 5 6.11 13.08 3.54 4.20 4.38 1.6 6.9 5.2 7.24
25 25 25 25 25 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
25 25
1 2
1 2
25 25 25 25 25 25
C12H6Cl4O2S C12H8N2 C12H8N2 C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N3 C12H12N2 C12H12N2O3 C12H13I3N2O3 C12H13N C12H13N C12H14N4O2S C12H14N4O3S C12H17N3O4 C12H20N2O2 C12H21N5O2S2 C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H23N C12H27N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10N2 C13H10N2 C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H11N3 C13H12Cl2O4 C13H12N2O C13H12N2O3S C13H13N C13H14N2O13 C13H15N3O3
Name
Step
Isoproterenol Tetrodotoxin Methoxamine hydrochloride Amobarbital Undecylamine Methylphosphonothioic acid S[2-[bis(1-isopropyl)amino]ethyl],O-ethylester Bithionol 1 2 1,10-Phenanthroline Phenazine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 3-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Benzylpyridine 4-Aminoazobenzene p-Benzidine 1 2 Phenobarbital 1 2 Iocetamic acid N,N-Dimethyl-1naphthylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2naphthylamine Sulfamethazine 1 2 Sulfacytine Agaritine 1 2 Aspergillic acid Nizatidine 1 2 Sucrose α-Maltose Dicyclohexylamine Dodecylamine Acridine Phenanthridine 9-Acridinamine 2-Phenylbenzimidazole 1 2 2-Phenylbenzoic acid 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3,6-Acridinediamine Ethacrynic acid Harmine Sulfabenzamide 4-Benzylaniline Harmaline Imazapyr 1 2
t/°C
25 25 25
25 20 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 20 20
25 25
25 21 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 20
25 25
pKa 8.64 8.76 9.2 8.0 10.63 7.9
4.82 10.50 4.84 1.20 10.01 9.64 9.55 0.79 3.83 4.25 4.35 5.13 2.82 4.65 3.43 7.3 11.8 4 4.83 4.566 7.4 2.65 6.9 3.4 8.86 5.5 2.1 6.8 12.7 12.05 10.4 10.63 5.58 5.58 9.99 5.23 11.91 3.46 3.53 3.95 4.57 9.65 3.50 7.70 4.57 2.17 4.2 1.9 3.6
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
Step
Ketamine 4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid C13H21N 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine C13H29N (Tridecyl)amine C14H12F3NO4S2 Perfluidone α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid C14H12O2 C14H12O3 α-Hydroxy-α-phenylbenezeneacetic acid C14H18N4O3 Trimethoprim C14H19NO2 Methylphenidate C14H21N3O3S Tolazamide Atenolol C14H22N2O3 C14H31N Tetradecylamine C15H10ClN3O3 Clonazepam 1 2 1 C15H11I4NO4 L-Thyroxine 2 3 C15H14O3 Fenoprofen C15H15NO2 Mefenamic acid C15H15N3O2 Methyl Red 1 2 C15H17ClN4 NeutralRed C15H19NO2 Tropacocaine C15H19N3O3 Imazethapyr 1 2 C15H21N3O2 Physostigmine 1 2 C15H26N2 Sparteine 1 2 Pentadecylamine C15H33N C16H13ClN2O Valium C16H14ClN3O Chlorodiazepoxide C16H16N2O2 Lysergic acid 1 2 C16H17N3O4S Cephalexin 1 2 C16H19N3O4S Cephradine 1 2 C16H22N2 Lycodine 1 2 C16H35N Hexadecylamine C17H17NO2 Apomorphine 1 2 C17H19NO3 Piperine C17H19NO3 Morphine 1 2 C17H20N4O6 Riboflavin 1 2 C17H20O6 Mycophenolic acid C17H23NO3 Hyoscyamine C17H27NO4 Nadolol C18H19ClN4 Clozapine 1 2 C18H21NO3 Codeine C18H21N3O Dibenzepin C18H32O2 Linoleic acid
t/°C
C13H16ClNO C13H19NO4S
pKa 7.5 5.8
25 25 25
25 25
25 25 25
15
20 20 25
25
18 25 20 25 21
3.58 10.63 2.5 3.94 3.04 6.6 8.9 3.6 9.6 10.62 1.5 10.5 2.2 6.45 10.1 7.3 4.2 2.5 9.5 6.7 4.32 2.1 3.9 6.12 12.24 2.24 9.46 10.61 3.4 4.8 3.44 7.68 5.2 7.3 2.63 7.27 3.97 8.08 10.61 7.0 8.92 12.22 8.21 9.85 1.7 9.69 4.5 9.7 9.67 3.70 7.60 8.21 8.25 7.6
Mol. Form.
Name
C18H33ClN2O5S Clindamycin C18H39N Octadecylamine C19H10Br4O5S Bromophenol Blue Phenol Red C19H14O5S C19H16ClNO4 Indomethacin C19H17N3O4S2 Cephaloridine Phenylbutazone C19H20N2O2 C19H21N Protriptyline C19H21NO3 Thebaine Cinchonine C19H22N2O C19H22N2O
Cinchonidine
C19H22N2O2 C19H22O6 C19H23N3O2 C19H23N3O2 C20H14O4 C20H21NO4 C20H23N C20H23N7O7
Cupreine Gibberellic acid Ergometrinine Ergonovine Phenolphthalein Papaverine Amitriptyline Folinic acid
C20H24N2O2
Quinine
C20H24N2O2
Quinidine
C20H26N2O2 C21H14Br4O5S C21H16Br2O5S C21H18O5S C21H21NO6 C21H22N2O2 C21H23ClFNO2 C21H31NO4 C21H35N3O7
Hydroquinine Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple CresolRed Hydrastine Strychnine Haloperidol Furethidine Lisinopril
C22H18O4 C22H22FN3O2 C22H23NO7 C22H25NO6 C22H25N3O
o-Cresolphthalein Droperidol Noscapine Colchicine Benzpiperylon
C22H33NO2 C23H26N2O4
Atisine Brucine
C24H40O4 C24H40O5 C25H29I2NO3 C25H41NO9 C26H43NO6 C26H45NO7S C27H28Br2O5S C27H38N2O4 C29H32O13 C29H40N2O4
Deoxycholic acid Cholic acid Amiodarone Aconine Glycocholic acid Taurocholic acid Bromothymol Blue Verapamil Etoposide Emetine
Step
t/°C
25
15 1 2 1 2
25
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
25 25 20 20
25
1 2 3 4
20 1 2 1 2
25
1 2
pKa 7.6 10.60 4.0 7.9 4.5 3.2 4.5 8.2 6.05 5.85 9.92 5.80 10.03 6.57 4.0 7.3 6.8 9.7 6.4 9.4 3.1 4.8 10.4 8.52 4.13 5.4 10.0 5.33 4.7 6.3 8.3 7.8 8.26 8.3 7.48 2.5 4.0 6.7 10.1 9.4 7.64 7.8 12.36 6.73 9.13 12.2 6.04 11.07 6.58 6.4 6.56 9.52 4.4 1.4 7.0 8.6 9.8 5.77 6.64
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C30H23BrO4 C30H48O3 C31H36N2O11
Bromadiolone Oleanolic acid Novobiocin
C32H32O13S C33H40N2O9 C34H47NO11
Teniposide Reserpine Aconitine
Step
1 2
t/°C
pKa
Mol. Form.
21
4.04 2.52 4.3 9.1 10.13 6.6 5.88
C36H51NO11 C37H67NO13 C43H58N4O12
Veratridine Erythromycin Rifampin
C45H73NO15 C46H56N4O10 C46H58N4O9
Solanine Vincristine Vinblastine
Name
Step
t/°C
1 2 15 1 2
pKa 9.54 8.8 1.7 7.9 6.66 5.4 5.4 7.4
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY This table gives properties of aqueous solutions of 66 substances as a function of concentration. All data refer to a temperature of 20°C. The properties are: Mass %: m c ρ n ∆ η
Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution, expressed as percent. Molality (moles of solute per kg of water). Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). Density of solution in g/cm3. Index of refraction, relative to air, at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line); the index of pure water at 20°C is 1.3330. Freezing point depression in °C relative to pure water. Absolute (dynamic) viscosity in mPa s (equal to centipoise, cP); the viscosity of pure water at 20°C is 1.002 mPa s.
Density data for aqueous solutions over a wider range of temperatures and pressures (and for other compounds) may be found in Reference 2. Solutes are listed in the following order: Acetic acid Acetone Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Barium chloride Calcium chloride Cesium chloride Citric acid Copper sulfate Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Ethanol Ethylene glycol Ferric chloride Formic acid D-Fructose D-Glucose Glycerol Hydrochloric acid Lactic acid Lactose
Lithium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Maltose Manganese(II) sulfate D-Mannitol Methanol Nitric acid Oxalic acid Phosphoric acid Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium permanganate Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium sulfate 1-Propanol
2-Propanol Silver nitrate Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium citrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Sodium phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium thiosulfate Strontium chloride Sucrose Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Urea Zinc sulfate
REFERENCES 1. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1966. 2. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. Solute Acetic acid CH3COOH
Mass % 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
m/mol kg-1 0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.271 2.711 3.172 3.655 4.163
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
0.083 0.166 0.333 0.501 0.669 0.837 1.006 1.175 1.345 1.515 1.685 2.028 2.372 2.718 3.065 3.414
0.9989 0.9996 1.0011 1.0025 1.0038 1.0052 1.0066 1.0080 1.0093 1.0107 1.0121 1.0147 1.0174 1.0200 1.0225 1.0250
1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402 1.3416 1.3430 1.3444 1.3458 1.3472
0.16 0.32 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.58 1.90 2.23 2.56 2.89 3.23 3.91 4.61 5.33 6.06 6.81
1.012 1.022 1.042 1.063 1.084 1.105 1.125 1.143 1.162 1.186 1.210 1.253 1.298 1.341 1.380 1.431
8-57
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0
4.697 5.259 5.851 6.476 7.137 7.837 8.579 9.367 10.207 11.102 16.653 24.979 38.857 66.611 149.875 191.507 260.894 399.667 815.987
3.764 4.116 4.470 4.824 5.180 5.537 5.896 6.255 6.615 6.977 8.794 10.620 12.441 14.228 15.953 16.284 16.602 16.911 17.198 17.447
1.0275 1.0299 1.0323 1.0346 1.0369 1.0391 1.0413 1.0434 1.0454 1.0474 1.0562 1.0629 1.0673 1.0680 1.0644 1.0629 1.0606 1.0578 1.0538 1.0477
1.3485 1.3498 1.3512 1.3525 1.3537 1.3550 1.3562 1.3574 1.3586 1.3598 1.3653 1.3700 1.3738 1.3767 1.3771 1.3766 1.3759 1.3748 1.3734 1.3716
7.57 8.36 9.17 10.00 10.84 11.70 12.55 13.38
1.478 1.525 1.572 1.613 1.669 1.715 1.762 1.812 1.852 1.912 2.158 2.409 2.629 2.720 2.386 2.240 2.036 1.813 1.535 1.223
Acetone (CH3)2CO
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
0.087 0.174 0.351 0.533 0.717 0.906 1.099 1.296 1.497 1.703 1.913
0.086 0.172 0.343 0.513 0.684 0.853 1.023 1.191 1.360 1.528 1.696
0.9975 0.9968 0.9954 0.9940 0.9926 0.9912 0.9899 0.9886 0.9874 0.9861 0.9849
1.3334 1.3337 1.3344 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402
0.16 0.32 0.65 0.97 1.30 1.63 1.96 2.29 2.62 2.95 3.29
1.013 1.024 1.047 1.072 1.099 1.125 1.150 1.174 1.198 1.221 1.244
Ammonia NH3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.295 0.593 1.198 1.816 2.447 3.090 3.748 4.420 5.106 5.807 6.524 8.007 9.558 11.184 12.889 14.679 16.561 18.542 20.630 22.834 25.164
0.292 0.584 1.162 1.736 2.304 2.868 3.428 3.983 4.533 5.080 5.622 6.695 7.753 8.794 9.823 10.837 11.838 12.826 13.801 14.764 15.713
0.9960 0.9938 0.9895 0.9853 0.9811 0.9770 0.9730 0.9690 0.9651 0.9613 0.9575 0.9502 0.9431 0.9361 0.9294 0.9228 0.9164 0.9102 0.9040 0.8980 0.8920
1.3332 1.3335 1.3339 1.3344 1.3349 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3393 1.3404 1.3416 1.3428 1.3440 1.3453 1.3465 1.3477 1.3490 1.3502
0.55 1.14 2.32 3.53 4.78 6.08 7.43 8.95 10.34 11.90 13.55 17.13 21.13 25.63 30.70 36.42 43.36 51.38 60.77 71.66 84.06
1.009 1.015 1.029 1.043 1.057 1.071 1.085 1.099 1.113 1.127 1.141 1.169 1.195 1.218 1.237 1.254 1.268 1.280 1.288
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.094 0.189 0.382
0.093 0.187 0.376
0.9998 1.0014 1.0045
1.3340 1.3349 1.3369
0.32 0.64 1.27
0.999 0.996 0.992
Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
8-58
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.578 0.779 0.984 1.193 1.407 1.626 1.849 2.077 2.549 3.043 3.561 4.104 4.674 5.273 5.903
0.565 0.756 0.948 1.141 1.335 1.529 1.726 1.923 2.320 2.722 3.128 3.537 3.951 4.368 4.789
1.0076 1.0107 1.0138 1.0168 1.0198 1.0227 1.0257 1.0286 1.0344 1.0401 1.0457 1.0512 1.0567 1.0621 1.0674
1.3388 1.3407 1.3426 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3521 1.3559 1.3596 1.3634 1.3671 1.3708 1.3745 1.3782
1.91 2.57 3.25 3.94 4.66 5.40 6.16 6.95 8.60
0.988 0.985 0.982 0.979 0.976 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.969 0.969 0.971 0.973 0.978 0.986 0.996
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.038 0.076 0.154 0.234 0.315 0.398 0.483 0.570 0.658 0.748 0.841 1.032 1.232 1.441 1.661 1.892 2.134 2.390 2.659 2.943 3.243 3.561 3.898 4.257 4.638 5.045
0.038 0.076 0.153 0.231 0.309 0.389 0.469 0.551 0.633 0.716 0.800 0.971 1.145 1.323 1.504 1.688 1.876 2.067 2.262 2.460 2.661 2.866 3.073 3.284 3.499 3.716
1.0012 1.0042 1.0101 1.0160 1.0220 1.0279 1.0338 1.0397 1.0456 1.0515 1.0574 1.0691 1.0808 1.0924 1.1039 1.1154 1.1269 1.1383 1.1496 1.1609 1.1721 1.1833 1.1945 1.2056 1.2166 1.2277
1.3338 1.3346 1.3363 1.3379 1.3395 1.3411 1.3428 1.3444 1.3460 1.3476 1.3492 1.3523 1.3555 1.3586 1.3616 1.3647 1.3677 1.3707 1.3737 1.3766 1.3795 1.3824 1.3853 1.3881 1.3909 1.3938
0.17 0.33 0.63 0.92 1.21 1.49 1.77 2.05 2.33 2.61 2.89 3.47 4.07 4.69
1.008 1.014 1.027 1.041 1.057 1.073 1.090 1.108 1.127 1.147 1.168 1.210 1.256 1.305 1.359 1.421 1.490 1.566 1.650 1.743 1.847 1.961 2.086 2.222 2.371 2.530
Barium chloride BaCl2
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
0.024 0.049 0.098 0.149 0.200 0.253 0.307 0.361 0.418 0.475 0.534 0.655 0.782 0.915
0.024 0.048 0.098 0.148 0.199 0.251 0.303 0.357 0.412 0.468 0.524 0.641 0.763 0.889
1.0026 1.0070 1.0159 1.0249 1.0341 1.0434 1.0528 1.0624 1.0721 1.0820 1.0921 1.1128 1.1342 1.1564
1.3337 1.3345 1.3360 1.3375 1.3391 1.3406 1.3422 1.3438 1.3454 1.3470 1.3487 1.3520 1.3555 1.3591
0.12 0.23 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.18 1.44 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.58 3.22 3.92 4.69
1.009 1.016 1.026 1.037 1.049 1.062 1.075 1.087 1.101 1.114 1.129 1.161 1.195 1.234
8-59
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0
1.054 1.201 1.355 1.517 1.687
1.019 1.156 1.297 1.444 1.597
1.1793 1.2031 1.2277 1.2531 1.2793
1.3627 1.3664 1.3703 1.3741 1.3781
Calcium chloride CaCl2
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.045 0.091 0.184 0.279 0.375 0.474 0.575 0.678 0.784 0.891 1.001 1.229 1.467 1.716 1.978 2.253 2.541 2.845 3.166 3.504 3.862 4.240 4.642 5.068 5.522 6.007
0.045 0.091 0.183 0.277 0.372 0.469 0.567 0.667 0.768 0.872 0.976 1.191 1.413 1.641 1.878 2.122 2.374 2.634 2.902 3.179 3.464 3.759 4.062 4.375 4.698 5.030
1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0232 1.0316 1.0401 1.0486 1.0572 1.0659 1.0747 1.0835 1.1014 1.1198 1.1386 1.1579 1.1775 1.1976 1.2180 1.2388 1.2600 1.2816 1.3036 1.3260 1.3488 1.3720 1.3957
1.3342 1.3354 1.3378 1.3402 1.3426 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3549 1.3575 1.3625 1.3677 1.3730 1.3784 1.3839 1.3895 1.3951 1.4008 1.4066 1.4124 1.4183 1.4242 1.4301 1.4361 1.4420
0.22 0.44 0.88 1.33 1.82 2.35 2.93 3.57 4.28 5.04 5.86 7.70 9.83 12.28 15.11 18.30 21.70 25.30 29.70 34.70 41.00 49.70
1.015 1.028 1.050 1.078 1.110 1.143 1.175 1.208 1.242 1.279 1.319 1.408 1.508 1.625 1.764 1.930 2.127 2.356 2.645 3.000 3.467 4.035 4.820 5.807 7.321 8.997
Cesium chloride CsCl
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0
0.030 0.060 0.121 0.184 0.247 0.313 0.379 0.447 0.516 0.587 0.660 0.810 0.967 1.131 1.304 1.485 1.675 1.876 2.087 2.310 2.546 2.795 3.060 3.341
0.030 0.060 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.308 0.373 0.438 0.505 0.573 0.641 0.782 0.928 1.079 1.235 1.397 1.564 1.737 1.917 2.103 2.296 2.497 2.705 2.921
1.0020 1.0058 1.0135 1.0214 1.0293 1.0374 1.0456 1.0540 1.0625 1.0711 1.0798 1.0978 1.1163 1.1355 1.1552 1.1756 1.1967 1.2185 1.2411 1.2644 1.2885 1.3135 1.3393 1.3661
1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3369 1.3377 1.3386 1.3394 1.3403 1.3412 1.3430 1.3448 1.3468 1.3487 1.3507 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3594 1.3617 1.3641 1.3666 1.3691
0.10 0.20 0.40 0.61 0.81 1.02 1.22 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.06 2.51 2.97 3.46 3.96 4.49
1.000 0.997 0.992 0.988 0.984 0.980 0.977 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.961 0.955 0.950 0.945 0.939 0.934 0.930 0.926 0.924 0.922 0.922 0.924 0.926
8-60
1.277 1.325 1.378 1.437 1.503
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 64.0
3.640 3.960 4.301 4.667 5.060 5.483 5.940 8.910 10.560
3.146 3.380 3.624 3.877 4.142 4.418 4.706 6.368 7.163
1.3938 1.4226 1.4525 1.4835 1.5158 1.5495 1.5846 1.7868 1.8842
1.3717 1.3744 1.3771 1.3800 1.3829 1.3860 1.3892 1.4076 1.4167
Citric acid (HO)C(COOH)3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.026 0.053 0.106 0.161 0.217 0.274 0.332 0.392 0.453 0.515 0.578 0.710 0.847 0.991 1.143 1.301 1.468 1.644 1.829 2.024 2.231
0.026 0.052 0.105 0.158 0.211 0.265 0.320 0.374 0.430 0.485 0.541 0.655 0.771 0.889 1.008 1.130 1.254 1.380 1.508 1.639 1.772
1.0002 1.0022 1.0063 1.0105 1.0147 1.0189 1.0232 1.0274 1.0316 1.0359 1.0402 1.0490 1.0580 1.0672 1.0764 1.0858 1.0953 1.1049 1.1147 1.1246 1.1346
1.3336 1.3343 1.3356 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3420 1.3433 1.3446 1.3459 1.3486 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3598 1.3626 1.3655 1.3684 1.3714 1.3744
0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.88 1.00 1.12 1.38 1.66 1.95 2.26 2.57 2.88 3.21 3.55 3.89 4.25
1.013 1.024 1.048 1.073 1.098 1.125 1.153 1.183 1.214 1.247 1.283 1.357 1.436 1.525 1.625 1.740 1.872 2.017 2.178 2.356 2.549
Copper sulfate CuSO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.330 0.400 0.472 0.545 0.620 0.696 0.854 1.020 1.193 1.375
0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.471 0.543 0.618 0.694 0.850 1.013 1.182 1.360
1.0033 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0955 1.1070 1.1304 1.1545 1.1796 1.2059
1.3339 1.3348 1.3367 1.3386 1.3405 1.3424 1.3443 1.3462 1.3481 1.3501 1.3520 1.3560 1.3601 1.3644 1.3689
0.08 0.14 0.26 0.37 0.48 0.59 0.70 0.82 0.93 1.05 1.18 1.45 1.75
1.017 1.036 1.084 1.129 1.173 1.221 1.276 1.336 1.400 1.469 1.543 1.701 1.889 2.136 2.449
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
0.015 0.030 0.045 0.061 0.076 0.092 0.108 0.124 0.140
0.015 0.030 0.045 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.106 0.121 0.137
1.0009 1.0036 1.0062 1.0089 1.0115 1.0142 1.0169 1.0196 1.0223
1.3339 1.3348 1.3356 1.3365 1.3374 1.3383 1.3392 1.3400 1.3409
0.07 0.14 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58
1.017 1.032 1.046 1.062 1.077 1.093 1.109 1.125 1.142
Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Na2C10H14N2O8
8-61
0.930 0.934 0.940 0.947 0.956 0.967 0.981 1.120 1.238
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Ethanol CH3CH2OH
Ethylene glycol (CH2OH)2
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
0.157 0.173 0.190
0.152 0.168 0.184
1.0250 1.0277 1.0305
1.3418 1.3427 1.3436
0.65 0.71 0.77
1.160 1.178 1.197
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0
0.109 0.219 0.443 0.671 0.904 1.142 1.385 1.634 1.887 2.147 2.412 2.960 3.534 4.134 4.765 5.427 6.122 6.855 7.626 8.441 9.303 10.215 11.182 12.210 13.304 14.471 15.718 17.055 18.490 20.036 21.706 32.559 50.648 86.824 195.355 249.620 340.062 520.946
0.108 0.216 0.432 0.646 0.860 1.074 1.286 1.498 1.710 1.921 2.131 2.551 2.967 3.382 3.795 4.205 4.613 5.018 5.419 5.817 6.212 6.601 6.987 7.370 7.747 8.120 8.488 8.853 9.213 9.568 9.919 11.605 13.183 14.649 15.980 16.225 16.466 16.697 16.920 17.133
0.9973 0.9963 0.9945 0.9927 0.9910 0.9893 0.9878 0.9862 0.9847 0.9833 0.9819 0.9792 0.9765 0.9739 0.9713 0.9687 0.9660 0.9632 0.9602 0.9571 0.9539 0.9504 0.9468 0.9431 0.9392 0.9352 0.9311 0.9269 0.9227 0.9183 0.9139 0.8911 0.8676 0.8436 0.8180 0.8125 0.8070 0.8013 0.7954 0.7893
1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3360 1.3367 1.3374 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3410 1.3425 1.3440 1.3455 1.3469 1.3484 1.3498 1.3511 1.3524 1.3535 1.3546 1.3557 1.3566 1.3575 1.3583 1.3590 1.3598 1.3604 1.3610 1.3616 1.3638 1.3652 1.3658 1.3650 1.3646 1.3642 1.3636 1.3630 1.3614
0.20 0.40 0.81 1.23 1.65 2.09 2.54 2.99 3.47 3.96 4.47 5.56 6.73 8.01 9.40 10.92 12.60 14.47 16.41 18.43 20.47 22.44 24.27 25.98 27.62 29.26 30.98 32.68 34.36 36.04 37.67 44.93
1.023 1.046 1.095 1.140 1.183 1.228 1.279 1.331 1.385 1.442 1.501 1.627 1.761 1.890 2.019 2.142 2.259 2.370 2.476 2.581 2.667 2.726 2.768 2.803 2.829 2.846 2.852 2.850 2.843 2.832 2.813 2.547 2.214 1.881 1.542 1.475 1.407 1.342 1.273 1.203
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
0.081 0.163 0.329 0.498 0.671 0.848 1.028 1.213 1.401 1.593 1.790 2.197
0.080 0.161 0.322 0.484 0.646 0.809 0.972 1.136 1.299 1.464 1.628 1.959
0.9988 0.9995 1.0007 1.0019 1.0032 1.0044 1.0057 1.0070 1.0082 1.0095 1.0108 1.0134
1.3335 1.3339 1.3348 1.3358 1.3367 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444
0.15 0.30 0.61 0.92 1.24 1.58 1.91 2.26 2.62 2.99 3.37 4.16
1.010 1.020 1.048 1.074 1.099 1.125 1.153 1.182 1.212 1.243 1.277 1.348
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
5.0 5.5 6.0
8-62
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0
2.623 3.069 3.537 4.028 5.088 6.265 7.582 9.062 10.741 12.659 14.872 17.453 20.505 24.166
2.292 2.626 2.962 3.300 3.981 4.669 5.364 6.067 6.776 7.491 8.212 8.939 9.671 10.406
1.0161 1.0188 1.0214 1.0241 1.0296 1.0350 1.0405 1.0460 1.0514 1.0567 1.0619 1.0670 1.0719 1.0765
1.3464 1.3484 1.3503 1.3523 1.3564 1.3605 1.3646 1.3687 1.3728 1.3769 1.3811 1.3851 1.3892 1.3931
5.01 5.91 6.89 7.93 10.28 13.03 16.23 19.82 23.84 28.32 33.30 38.81 44.83 51.23
1.424 1.500 1.578 1.661 1.843 2.047 2.280 2.537 2.832 3.166 3.544 3.981 4.475 5.026
Ferric chloride FeCl3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0
0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.257 0.324 0.394 0.464 0.536 0.610 0.685 0.841 1.004 1.174 1.353 1.541 1.947 2.398 2.901 3.468 4.110
0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.321 0.388 0.457 0.526 0.597 0.669 0.817 0.969 1.126 1.289 1.457 1.810 2.189 2.595 3.030 3.496
1.0025 1.0068 1.0153 1.0238 1.0323 1.0408 1.0493 1.0580 1.0668 1.0760 1.0853 1.1040 1.1228 1.1420 1.1615 1.1816 1.2234 1.2679 1.3153 1.3654 1.4176
1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3413 1.3441 1.3468 1.3496 1.3524 1.3552 1.3581 1.3611 1.3670 1.3730
0.21 0.39 0.75 1.15 1.56 2.00 2.48 2.99 3.57 4.19 4.85 6.38 8.22 10.45 13.08 16.14 23.79 33.61 49.16
1.024 1.047 1.093 1.139 1.187 1.238 1.292 1.350 1.412 1.480 1.553 1.707 1.879 2.080 2.311 2.570 3.178 4.038 5.274 7.130 9.674
Formic acid HCOOH
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 28.0 36.0 44.0 52.0
0.109 0.219 0.443 0.672 0.905 1.143 1.387 1.635 1.889 2.149 2.414 2.962 3.537 4.138 4.769 5.431 8.449 12.220 17.070 23.535
0.109 0.217 0.436 0.655 0.876 1.097 1.320 1.544 1.768 1.994 2.221 2.678 3.139 3.605 4.074 4.548 6.481 8.477 10.529 12.633
0.9994 1.0006 1.0029 1.0053 1.0077 1.0102 1.0126 1.0150 1.0175 1.0199 1.0224 1.0273 1.0322 1.0371 1.0419 1.0467 1.0654 1.0839 1.1015 1.1183
1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3371 1.3376 1.3382 1.3387 1.3397 1.3408 1.3418 1.3428 1.3437 1.3475 1.3511 1.3547 1.3581
0.21 0.42 0.82 1.24 1.67 2.10 2.53 2.97 3.40 3.84 4.27 5.19 6.11 7.06 8.08 9.11 13.10 17.65 22.93 29.69
1.006 1.011 1.017 1.195 1.032 1.039 1.046 1.052 1.058 1.064 1.070 1.082 1.094 1.106 1.119 1.132 1.179 1.227 1.281 1.340
8-63
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
60.0 68.0
32.587 46.166
14.813 17.054
1.1364 1.1544
1.3612 1.3641
38.26
1.410 1.490
D-Fructose C6H12O6
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0
0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124
0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.283 0.340 0.399 0.458 0.517 0.576 0.697 0.820 0.945 1.072 1.201 1.332 1.465 1.600 1.738 1.878 2.020 2.164 2.312 2.461 2.613 2.767 2.925 3.084 3.247
1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0101 1.0140 1.0181 1.0221 1.0262 1.0303 1.0344 1.0385 1.0469 1.0554 1.0640 1.0728 1.0816 1.0906 1.0996 1.1089 1.1182 1.1276 1.1372 1.1469 1.1568 1.1668 1.1769 1.1871 1.1975 1.2080 1.2187
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3507 1.3538 1.3569 1.3601 1.3634 1.3667 1.3700 1.3734 1.3768 1.3803 1.3839 1.3874 1.3911 1.3948 1.3985 1.4023 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141
0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.78 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.43 1.71 2.01 2.32 2.64 3.05 3.43 3.82 4.20
1.015 1.028 1.054 1.080 1.106 1.134 1.165 1.198 1.232 1.270 1.309 1.391 1.483 1.587 1.703 1.837 1.986 2.154 2.348 2.562 2.817 3.112 3.462 3.899 4.418 5.046 5.773 6.644 7.753 9.060
D-Glucose C6H12O6
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0
0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859
0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.282 0.340 0.398 0.457 0.516 0.576 0.697 0.819 0.944 1.070 1.199 1.329 1.462 1.597 1.734 1.873 2.014 2.158
1.0001 1.0020 1.0058 1.0097 1.0136 1.0175 1.0214 1.0254 1.0294 1.0334 1.0375 1.0457 1.0540 1.0624 1.0710 1.0797 1.0884 1.0973 1.1063 1.1154 1.1246 1.1340 1.1434
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3432 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3508 1.3539 1.3571 1.3603 1.3635 1.3668 1.3702 1.3736 1.3770 1.3805 1.3840 1.3876
0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.55 0.67 0.79 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.44 1.73 2.03 2.35 2.70 3.07 3.48 3.90 4.34 4.79
1.010 1.021 1.052 1.083 1.113 1.145 1.179 1.214 1.250 1.289 1.330 1.416 1.512 1.625 1.757 1.904 2.063 2.242 2.458 2.707 2.998 3.324 3.704
8-64
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Glycerol CH2OHCHOHCH2OH
Hydrochloric acid HCl
∆/°C
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0
3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124 5.551 6.013 6.516 7.064 7.665 8.326
2.304 2.452 2.603 2.756 2.912 3.071 3.232 3.396 3.562 3.732 3.905 4.081 4.261
1.1529 1.1626 1.1724 1.1823 1.1924 1.2026 1.2130 1.2235 1.2342 1.2451 1.2562 1.2676 1.2793
1.3912 1.3949 1.3986 1.4024 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141 1.4181 1.4222 1.4263 1.4306 1.4349 1.4394
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0 84.0 88.0 92.0 96.0 100.0
0.055 0.110 0.222 0.336 0.452 0.572 0.693 0.817 0.944 1.074 1.207 1.481 1.768 2.068 2.384 2.715 3.429 4.223 5.110 6.108 7.239 8.532 10.024 11.764 13.820 16.288 19.305 23.075 27.923 34.387 43.436 57.009 79.632 124.878 260.615
0.054 0.109 0.218 0.327 0.438 0.548 0.659 0.771 0.883 0.996 1.109 1.337 1.568 1.800 2.035 2.271 2.752 3.242 3.742 4.252 4.771 5.300 5.838 6.385 6.944 7.512 8.092 8.680 9.277 9.884 10.498 11.121 11.753 12.392 13.039 13.694
0.9994 1.0005 1.0028 1.0051 1.0074 1.0097 1.0120 1.0144 1.0167 1.0191 1.0215 1.0262 1.0311 1.0360 1.0409 1.0459 1.0561 1.0664 1.0770 1.0876 1.0984 1.1092 1.1200 1.1308 1.1419 1.1530 1.1643 1.1755 1.1866 1.1976 1.2085 1.2192 1.2299 1.2404 1.2508 1.2611
1.3336 1.3342 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3388 1.3400 1.3412 1.3424 1.3436 1.3448 1.3472 1.3496 1.3521 1.3547 1.3572 1.3624 1.3676 1.3730 1.3785 1.3841 1.3897 1.3954 1.4011 1.4069 1.4129 1.4189 1.4249 1.4310 1.4370 1.4431 1.4492 1.4553 1.4613 1.4674 1.4735
0.07 0.18 0.41 0.63 0.85 1.08 1.32 1.56 1.81 2.06 2.32 2.88 3.47 4.09 4.76 5.46 7.01 8.77 10.74 12.96 15.50
1.011 1.022 1.048 1.074 1.100 1.127 1.157 1.188 1.220 1.256 1.291 1.365 1.445 1.533 1.630 1.737 1.988 2.279 2.637 3.088 3.653 4.443 5.413 6.666 8.349 10.681 13.657 18.457 27.625 40.571 59.900 84.338 147.494 384.467 780.458
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
0.138 0.277 0.560 0.848 1.143 1.444
0.137 0.275 0.553 0.833 1.117 1.403
1.0007 1.0031 1.0081 1.0130 1.0179 1.0228
1.3341 1.3353 1.3376 1.3399 1.3422 1.3445
0.49 0.99 2.08 3.28 4.58 5.98
1.008 1.015 1.029 1.044 1.059 1.075
8-65
η/mPa s 4.193 4.786 5.493 6.288 7.235 8.454 9.883 11.884 14.489 17.916 22.886 29.389 37.445
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Lactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH
Lactose C12H22O11
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
1.751 2.064 2.385 2.713 3.047 3.740 4.465 5.224 6.020 6.857 7.736 8.661 9.636 10.666 11.754 12.907 14.129 15.427 16.810 18.284
1.691 1.983 2.277 2.574 2.873 3.481 4.099 4.729 5.370 6.023 6.687 7.362 8.049 8.748 9.456 10.175 10.904 11.642 12.388 13.140
1.0278 1.0327 1.0377 1.0426 1.0476 1.0576 1.0676 1.0777 1.0878 1.0980 1.1083 1.1185 1.1288 1.1391 1.1492 1.1594 1.1693 1.1791 1.1886 1.1977
1.3468 1.3491 1.3515 1.3538 1.3561 1.3607 1.3653 1.3700 1.3746 1.3792 1.3838 1.3884 1.3930 1.3976 1.4020 1.4066 1.4112 1.4158 1.4204 1.4250
7.52 9.22 11.10 13.15 15.40 20.51
1.091 1.108 1.125 1.143 1.161 1.199 1.239 1.282 1.326 1.374 1.426 1.483 1.547 1.620 1.705 1.799 1.900 2.002 2.105
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0
0.056 0.112 0.227 0.343 0.463 0.584 0.709 0.836 0.965 1.098 1.233 1.514 1.807 2.115 2.437 2.775 3.506 4.317 5.224 6.244 7.401 8.722 10.247 12.026 14.129 16.652 19.736 23.590 28.546 35.154 44.405
0.055 0.111 0.223 0.334 0.447 0.560 0.673 0.787 0.902 1.017 1.132 1.365 1.600 1.837 2.076 2.318 2.807 3.305 3.811 4.325 4.847 5.377 5.917 6.466 7.023 7.588 8.161 8.741 9.328 9.922 10.522
0.9992 1.0002 1.0023 1.0043 1.0065 1.0086 1.0108 1.0131 1.0153 1.0176 1.0199 1.0246 1.0294 1.0342 1.0390 1.0439 1.0536 1.0632 1.0728 1.0822 1.0915 1.1008 1.1105 1.1201 1.1297 1.1392 1.1486 1.1579 1.1670 1.1760 1.1848
1.3335 1.3340 1.3350 1.3360 1.3370 1.3380 1.3390 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3430 1.3450 1.3470 1.3491 1.3511 1.3532 1.3573 1.3615 1.3657 1.3700 1.3743 1.3786 1.3828 1.3871 1.3914 1.3958 1.4001 1.4045 1.4088 1.4131 1.4173
0.10 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.95 1.16 1.36 1.57 1.79 2.02 2.49 2.99 3.48 3.96 4.44
1.014 1.027 1.056 1.084 1.110 1.138 1.167 1.198 1.229 1.262 1.296 1.366 1.441 1.522 1.607 1.699 1.902 2.136 2.414 2.730 3.114 3.566 4.106 4.789 5.579 6.679 8.024 9.863 12.866 16.974 22.164
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122
0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119
1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0102 1.0143
1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3375 1.3390
0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23
1.013 1.026 1.058 1.089 1.120
8-66
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641
0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.304 0.367 0.432 0.498 0.565
1.0184 1.0225 1.0267 1.0308 1.0349 1.0390 1.0473 1.0558 1.0648 1.0746
1.3406 1.3421 1.3437 1.3453 1.3468 1.3484 1.3515 1.3548 1.3582 1.3619
0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50
1.154 1.191 1.232 1.276 1.321 1.370 1.476 1.593 1.724 1.869
Lithium chloride LiCl
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.119 0.238 0.481 0.730 0.983 1.241 1.506 1.775 2.051 2.333 2.621 3.217 3.840 4.493 5.178 5.897 6.653 7.449 8.288 9.173 10.109
0.118 0.237 0.476 0.719 0.964 1.211 1.462 1.715 1.971 2.230 2.491 3.022 3.564 4.118 4.683 5.260 5.851 6.453 7.069 7.700 8.344
1.0012 1.0041 1.0099 1.0157 1.0215 1.0272 1.0330 1.0387 1.0444 1.0502 1.0560 1.0675 1.0792 1.0910 1.1029 1.1150 1.1274 1.1399 1.1527 1.1658 1.1791
1.3341 1.3351 1.3373 1.3394 1.3415 1.3436 1.3457 1.3478 1.3499 1.3520 1.3541 1.3583 1.3625 1.3668 1.3711 1.3755 1.3799 1.3844 1.3890 1.3936 1.3983
0.42 0.84 1.72 2.68 3.73 4.86 6.14 7.56 9.11 10.79 12.61 16.59 21.04
1.019 1.037 1.072 1.108 1.146 1.185 1.226 1.269 1.313 1.360 1.411 1.522 1.647 1.787 1.942 2.128 2.341 2.600 2.925 3.318 3.785
Magnesium chloride MgCl2
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.053 0.106 0.214 0.325 0.438 0.553 0.670 0.791 0.913 1.039 1.167 1.432 1.710 2.001 2.306 2.626 2.962 3.317 3.690 4.085 4.501
0.053 0.106 0.213 0.322 0.433 0.546 0.660 0.777 0.895 1.015 1.137 1.387 1.645 1.911 2.184 2.467 2.758 3.060 3.371 3.692 4.022
1.0022 1.0062 1.0144 1.0226 1.0309 1.0394 1.0479 1.0564 1.0651 1.0738 1.0826 1.1005 1.1189 1.1372 1.1553 1.1742 1.1938 1.2140 1.2346 1.2555 1.2763
1.3343 1.3356 1.3381 1.3406 1.3432 1.3457 1.3483 1.3508 1.3534 1.3560 1.3587 1.3641 1.3695 1.3749 1.3804 1.3859 1.3915 1.3972 1.4030 1.4089 1.4148
0.26 0.52 1.06 1.65 2.30 3.01
1.024 1.046 1.091 1.139 1.188 1.241 1.298 1.358 1.423 1.493 1.570 1.745 1.956 2.207 2.507 2.867 3.323 3.917 4.694 5.709 7.017
Magnesium sulfate MgSO4
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.042 0.084 0.170
0.042 0.084 0.169
1.0033 1.0084 1.0186
1.3340 1.3350 1.3371
0.10 0.19 0.36
1.027 1.054 1.112
8-67
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0
0.257 0.346 0.437 0.530 0.625 0.722 0.822 0.923 1.133 1.352 1.582 1.824 2.077 2.343 2.624 2.919
0.256 0.345 0.436 0.528 0.623 0.719 0.817 0.917 1.122 1.336 1.557 1.788 2.027 2.275 2.532 2.800
1.0289 1.0392 1.0497 1.0602 1.0708 1.0816 1.0924 1.1034 1.1257 1.1484 1.1717 1.1955 1.2198 1.2447 1.2701 1.2961
1.3391 1.3411 1.3431 1.3451 1.3471 1.3492 1.3512 1.3532 1.3572 1.3613 1.3654 1.3694 1.3735 1.3776 1.3817 1.3858
0.52 0.69 0.87 1.05 1.24 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.31 2.86 3.67
1.177 1.249 1.328 1.411 1.498 1.593 1.702 1.829 2.104 2.412 2.809 3.360 4.147 5.199 6.498 8.066
Maltose C12H22O11
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0
0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.948 2.921 3.165 3.429 3.718 4.034 4.382
0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.631 0.700 0.770 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.375 1.797 1.886 1.976 2.068 2.159 2.253
1.0003 1.0023 1.0063 1.0104 1.0144 1.0184 1.0224 1.0265 1.0305 1.0345 1.0385 1.0465 1.0545 1.0629 1.0716 1.0801 1.0894 1.0984 1.1080 1.1171 1.1269 1.1769 1.2304 1.2416 1.2528 1.2638 1.2740 1.2855
1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3404 1.3420 1.3435 1.3450 1.3466 1.3482 1.3513 1.3546 1.3578 1.3612 1.3644 1.3678 1.3714 1.3749 1.3785 1.3821 1.4013 1.4217 1.4260 1.4308 1.4350 1.4394 1.4440
0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.77 0.92 1.08 1.25 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.34 2.62 4.41
1.016 1.030 1.060 1.092 1.126 1.162 1.200 1.239 1.281 1.325 1.372 1.474 1.588 1.715 1.859 2.021 2.216 2.463 2.753 3.066 3.427 6.926 17.786 22.034 28.757 38.226 49.298
Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
0.067 0.135 0.205 0.276 0.349 0.423 0.498 0.576 0.655 0.736 0.903
0.067 0.135 0.204 0.275 0.347 0.421 0.495 0.572 0.650 0.729 0.893
1.0080 1.0178 1.0277 1.0378 1.0480 1.0583 1.0688 1.0794 1.0902 1.1012 1.1236
1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3420 1.3438 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551
0.16 0.31 0.44 0.57 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.80
1.046 1.090 1.137 1.187 1.242 1.301 1.363 1.431 1.505 1.587 1.779
8-68
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
D-Mannitol CH2(CHOH)4CH2OH
Methanol CH3OH
Nitric acid HNO3
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
1.078 1.261 1.454 1.656
1.063 1.240 1.424 1.616
1.1467 1.1705 1.1950 1.2203
1.3589 1.3629 1.3668 1.3708
2.21 2.67 3.19 3.80
2.005 2.272 2.580 2.938
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
0.028 0.055 0.112 0.170 0.229 0.289 0.350 0.413 0.477 0.543 0.610 0.678 0.749 0.820 0.894 0.969
0.027 0.055 0.110 0.166 0.222 0.279 0.336 0.393 0.451 0.509 0.567 0.626 0.686 0.746 0.806 0.867
1.0000 1.0017 1.0053 1.0088 1.0124 1.0159 1.0195 1.0230 1.0266 1.0302 1.0338 1.0375 1.0412 1.0450 1.0489 1.0529
1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3491 1.3506 1.3521 1.3536 1.3552
0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.77 0.90 1.02 1.15 1.28 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.84
1.019 1.032 1.057 1.081 1.107 1.135 1.166 1.200 1.236 1.275 1.314 1.355 1.398 1.443 1.489 1.537
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
0.157 0.315 0.637 0.965 1.300 1.643 1.992 2.349 2.714 3.087 3.468 4.256 5.081 5.945 6.851 7.803 8.803 9.856 10.966 12.138 13.376 14.688 16.078 17.556 19.129 20.807 31.211 46.816 72.826 124.844 280.899
0.156 0.311 0.621 0.930 1.238 1.544 1.850 2.155 2.459 2.762 3.064 3.665 4.262 4.856 5.447 6.034 6.616 7.196 7.771 8.341 8.908 9.470 10.028 10.580 11.127 11.669 14.288 16.749 19.040 21.144 23.045 24.710
0.9973 0.9964 0.9947 0.9930 0.9913 0.9896 0.9880 0.9864 0.9848 0.9832 0.9816 0.9785 0.9755 0.9725 0.9695 0.9666 0.9636 0.9606 0.9576 0.9545 0.9514 0.9482 0.9450 0.9416 0.9382 0.9347 0.9156 0.8944 0.8715 0.8468 0.8204 0.7917
1.3331 1.3332 1.3334 1.3336 1.3339 1.3341 1.3343 1.3346 1.3348 1.3351 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3387 1.3392 1.3397 1.3402 1.3407 1.3411 1.3415 1.3419 1.3422 1.3425 1.3431 1.3426 1.3411 1.3385 1.3348 1.3290
0.28 0.56 1.14 1.75 2.37 3.02 3.71 4.41 5.13 5.85 6.60 8.14 9.72 11.36 13.13 15.02 16.98 19.04 21.23 23.59 25.91 28.15 30.48 32.97 35.60 38.60 54.50 74.50
1.022 1.040 1.070 1.100 1.131 1.163 1.196 1.229 1.264 1.297 1.329 1.389 1.446 1.501 1.554 1.604 1.652 1.697 1.735 1.769 1.795 1.814 1.827 1.835 1.839 1.837 1.761 1.600 1.368 1.128 0.861 0.586
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.080 0.160 0.324
0.079 0.159 0.320
1.0009 1.0037 1.0091
1.3336 1.3343 1.3356
0.28 0.56 1.12
1.004 1.005 1.007
8-69
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.491 0.661 0.835 1.013 1.194 1.380 1.570 1.763 2.164 2.583 3.023 3.484 3.967 4.476 5.011 5.576 6.172 6.801 7.468 8.175 8.927 9.727 10.580
0.483 0.648 0.814 0.982 1.152 1.324 1.498 1.673 2.030 2.395 2.768 3.149 3.539 3.937 4.344 4.760 5.185 5.618 6.060 6.512 6.971 7.439 7.913
1.0146 1.0202 1.0257 1.0314 1.0370 1.0427 1.0485 1.0543 1.0660 1.0780 1.0901 1.1025 1.1150 1.1277 1.1406 1.1536 1.1668 1.1801 1.1934 1.2068 1.2202 1.2335 1.2466
1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3487 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3596 1.3624 1.3652 1.3680 1.3708 1.3736 1.3763 1.3790 1.3817 1.3842 1.3867
1.70 2.32 2.96 3.63 4.33 5.05 5.81 6.60 8.27 10.08 12.04 14.16
1.010 1.014 1.018 1.022 1.027 1.032 1.038 1.044 1.058 1.075 1.094 1.116 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.233 1.271 1.311 1.354 1.400 1.450 1.504 1.561
Oxalic acid (COOH)2
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
0.056 0.112 0.169 0.227 0.285 0.343 0.403 0.463 0.523 0.585 0.709 0.836 0.966
0.056 0.111 0.167 0.224 0.281 0.337 0.395 0.452 0.510 0.568 0.684 0.802 0.920
1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0079 1.0103 1.0126 1.0150 1.0174 1.0197 1.0220 1.0265 1.0310 1.0355
1.3336 1.3342 1.3347 1.3353 1.3359 1.3364 1.3370 1.3375 1.3381 1.3386 1.3397 1.3407 1.3418
0.16 0.30 0.44 0.57 0.71 0.84 0.97 1.09
1.013 1.023 1.033 1.044 1.055 1.065 1.076 1.086 1.097 1.108 1.129 1.150 1.172
Phosphoric acid H3PO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0
0.051 0.103 0.208 0.316 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.768 0.887 1.009 1.134 1.392 1.661 1.944 2.240 2.551 2.878 3.223 3.585
0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.416 0.523 0.631 0.740 0.850 0.962 1.075 1.304 1.538 1.777 2.022 2.273 2.529 2.791 3.059
1.0010 1.0038 1.0092 1.0146 1.0200 1.0254 1.0309 1.0363 1.0418 1.0474 1.0531 1.0647 1.0765 1.0885 1.1009 1.1135 1.1263 1.1395 1.1528
1.3335 1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3367 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3403 1.3413 1.3422 1.3441 1.3460 1.3480 1.3500 1.3520 1.3540 1.3561 1.3582
0.12 0.24 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.16 1.38 1.62 1.88 2.16 2.45 3.01 3.76 4.45 5.25 6.23 7.38 8.69 10.12
1.010 1.020 1.050 1.079 1.108 1.138 1.169 1.200 1.232 1.267 1.303 1.382 1.469 1.565 1.671 1.788 1.914 2.049 2.198
8-70
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
3.968 4.373 4.802 5.257 5.740 6.254 6.803
3.333 3.614 3.901 4.194 4.495 4.803 5.117
1.1665 1.1804 1.1945 1.2089 1.2236 1.2385 1.2536
1.3604 1.3625 1.3647 1.3669 1.3691 1.3713 1.3735
11.64 13.23 14.94 16.81 18.85 21.09 23.58
2.365 2.553 2.766 3.001 3.260 3.544 3.856
Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.050 0.101 0.204 0.309 0.416 0.526 0.638 0.752 0.869 0.988 1.110 1.362 1.626 1.903 2.193 2.497 2.817 3.154
0.050 0.100 0.202 0.305 0.409 0.515 0.622 0.730 0.840 0.951 1.064 1.293 1.528 1.770 2.017 2.272 2.533 2.801
1.0014 1.0046 1.0114 1.0181 1.0247 1.0310 1.0379 1.0446 1.0514 1.0581 1.0650 1.0788 1.0929 1.1073 1.1221 1.1372 1.1527 1.1685
1.3335 1.3341 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3386 1.3397 1.3409 1.3419 1.3430 1.3441 1.3462 1.3484 1.3506 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3595
0.18 0.34 0.67 0.98 1.29 1.60 1.91 2.22 2.53 2.84 3.16 3.79 4.41
1.009 1.015 1.027 1.040 1.053 1.067 1.081 1.096 1.112 1.128 1.145 1.183 1.224 1.270 1.319 1.373 1.432 1.497
Potassium bromide KBr
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.042 0.085 0.171 0.260 0.350 0.442 0.536 0.633 0.731 0.831 0.934 1.146 1.368 1.601 1.845 2.101 2.370 2.654 2.952 3.268 3.601 3.954 4.329 4.727 5.150 5.602
0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.345 0.435 0.526 0.618 0.711 0.806 0.903 1.099 1.302 1.512 1.727 1.950 2.179 2.416 2.661 2.914 3.175 3.445 3.724 4.012 4.311 4.620
1.0018 1.0054 1.0127 1.0200 1.0275 1.0350 1.0426 1.0503 1.0581 1.0660 1.0740 1.0903 1.1070 1.1242 1.1419 1.1601 1.1788 1.1980 1.2179 1.2383 1.2593 1.2810 1.3033 1.3263 1.3501 1.3746
1.3336 1.3342 1.3354 1.3366 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3416 1.3429 1.3441 1.3454 1.3481 1.3507 1.3535 1.3562 1.3591 1.3620 1.3650 1.3680 1.3711 1.3743 1.3776 1.3809 1.3843 1.3878 1.3914
0.15 0.29 0.59 0.88 1.18 1.48 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.74 3.07 3.76 4.49 5.25 6.04 6.88 7.76 8.70 9.68 10.72 11.82 12.98
1.000 0.998 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.981 0.977 0.974 0.970 0.967 0.964 0.958 0.953 0.949 0.946 0.944 0.943 0.943 0.944 0.947 0.952 0.959 0.968 0.979 0.993 1.010
Potassium carbonate K2CO3
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.036 0.073 0.148
0.036 0.073 0.147
1.0027 1.0072 1.0163
1.3339 1.3347 1.3365
0.18 0.34 0.66
1.013 1.025 1.048
8-71
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 50.0
0.224 0.301 0.381 0.462 0.545 0.629 0.716 0.804 0.987 1.178 1.378 1.588 1.809 2.285 2.814 3.405 4.070 4.824 7.236
0.223 0.299 0.378 0.457 0.538 0.620 0.704 0.789 0.963 1.144 1.330 1.523 1.722 2.139 2.584 3.057 3.559 4.093 5.573
1.0254 1.0345 1.0437 1.0529 1.0622 1.0715 1.0809 1.0904 1.1095 1.1291 1.1490 1.1692 1.1898 1.2320 1.2755 1.3204 1.3665 1.4142 1.5404
1.3382 1.3399 1.3416 1.3433 1.3450 1.3467 1.3484 1.3501 1.3535 1.3569 1.3603 1.3637 1.3671 1.3739 1.3807 1.3874 1.3940 1.4006 1.4168
0.99 1.32 1.67 2.03 2.40 2.77 3.17 3.57 4.45 5.39 6.42 7.55 8.82 11.96 16.01 21.46 28.58 37.55
1.071 1.094 1.119 1.146 1.174 1.204 1.235 1.269 1.339 1.414 1.497 1.594 1.707 1.978 2.331 2.834 3.503 4.360 9.369
Potassium chloride KCl
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.067 0.135 0.274 0.415 0.559 0.706 0.856 1.010 1.166 1.327 1.490 1.829 2.184 2.555 2.944 3.353 3.783 4.236
0.067 0.135 0.271 0.409 0.549 0.691 0.835 0.980 1.127 1.276 1.426 1.733 2.048 2.370 2.701 3.039 3.386 3.742
1.0014 1.0046 1.0110 1.0174 1.0239 1.0304 1.0369 1.0434 1.0500 1.0566 1.0633 1.0768 1.0905 1.1043 1.1185 1.1328 1.1474 1.1623
1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3371 1.3384 1.3398 1.3411 1.3425 1.3438 1.3452 1.3466 1.3493 1.3521 1.3549 1.3577 1.3606 1.3635 1.3665
0.23 0.46 0.92 1.38 1.85 2.32 2.80 3.29 3.80 4.30 4.81 5.88
1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.990 0.994 0.999 1.004 1.012 1.024 1.040
Potassium hydroxide KOH
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.090 0.180 0.364 0.551 0.743 0.938 1.138 1.342 1.550 1.763 1.980 2.431 2.902 3.395 3.913 4.456 5.027 5.629
0.089 0.179 0.362 0.548 0.736 0.929 1.124 1.322 1.524 1.729 1.938 2.365 2.806 3.261 3.730 4.213 4.711 5.223
1.0025 1.0068 1.0155 1.0242 1.0330 1.0419 1.0509 1.0599 1.0690 1.0781 1.0873 1.1059 1.1246 1.1435 1.1626 1.1818 1.2014 1.2210
1.3340 1.3350 1.3369 1.3388 1.3408 1.3427 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3520 1.3558 1.3595 1.3632 1.3670 1.3707 1.3744 1.3781
0.30 0.61 1.24 1.89 2.57 3.36 4.14 4.92
1.010 1.019 1.038 1.058 1.079 1.102 1.126 1.151 1.177 1.205 1.233 1.294 1.361 1.436 1.521 1.619 1.732 1.861
8-72
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
6.262 6.931 7.639 11.882 17.824
5.750 6.293 6.851 9.896 13.389
1.2408 1.2609 1.2813 1.3881 1.5024
1.3818 1.3854 1.3889 1.4068 1.4247
Potassium iodide KI
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.030 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.251 0.317 0.385 0.453 0.524 0.596 0.669 0.821 0.981 1.147 1.322 1.506 1.699 1.902 2.117 2.343 2.582 2.835 3.103 3.388 3.692 4.016
0.030 0.061 0.122 0.184 0.248 0.312 0.377 0.443 0.511 0.579 0.648 0.790 0.937 1.088 1.244 1.405 1.571 1.744 1.922 2.106 2.297 2.495 2.700 2.913 3.134 3.364
1.0019 1.0056 1.0131 1.0206 1.0282 1.0360 1.0438 1.0517 1.0598 1.0679 1.0762 1.0931 1.1105 1.1284 1.1469 1.1659 1.1856 1.2060 1.2270 1.2487 1.2712 1.2944 1.3185 1.3434 1.3692 1.3959
1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3370 1.3384 1.3397 1.3411 1.3425 1.3440 1.3454 1.3469 1.3498 1.3529 1.3560 1.3593 1.3626 1.3661 1.3696 1.3733 1.3771 1.3810 1.3851 1.3893 1.3936 1.3981 1.4027
0.11 0.22 0.43 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.77 2.01 2.26 2.77 3.30 3.87 4.46 5.09 5.76 6.46 7.21 8.01 8.86 9.76 10.72 11.73 12.81 13.97
0.999 0.997 0.991 0.986 0.981 0.976 0.969 0.963 0.957 0.951 0.946 0.937 0.929 0.921 0.915 0.910 0.905 0.901 0.898 0.895 0.892 0.891 0.890 0.890 0.893 0.897
Potassium nitrate KNO3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0
0.050 0.100 0.202 0.306 0.412 0.521 0.631 0.744 0.860 0.978 1.099 1.349 1.610 1.884 2.171 2.473 2.790 3.123
0.050 0.099 0.200 0.302 0.405 0.509 0.615 0.722 0.830 0.940 1.051 1.277 1.509 1.747 1.991 2.240 2.497 2.759
1.0014 1.0045 1.0108 1.0171 1.0234 1.0298 1.0363 1.0428 1.0494 1.0560 1.0627 1.0762 1.0899 1.1039 1.1181 1.1326 1.1473 1.1623
1.3335 1.3339 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3463 1.3482 1.3502 1.3521 1.3541 1.3561
0.17 0.33 0.64 0.94 1.22 1.50 1.76 2.02 2.27 2.52 2.75
0.999 0.996 0.990 0.986 0.983 0.980 0.977 0.975 0.973 0.971 0.970 0.970 0.972 0.976 0.982 0.990 0.999 1.010
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0
0.032 0.064 0.096 0.129 0.196
0.032 0.064 0.096 0.128 0.193
1.0017 1.0051 1.0085 1.0118 1.0186
0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43
1.001 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.995
Potassium permanganate KMnO4
8-73
2.006 2.170 2.357 3.879 7.892
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued) ∆/°C
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
0.264 0.333 0.404
0.260 0.327 0.394
1.0254 1.0322 1.0390
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.147 0.178 0.208 0.239 0.271 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499
0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.146 0.176 0.207 0.237 0.268 0.299 0.362 0.426 0.491
1.0025 1.0068 1.0110 1.0153 1.0195 1.0238 1.0281 1.0324 1.0368 1.0412 1.0500 1.0590 1.0680
1.3338 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3368 1.3376 1.3384 1.3392 1.3399 1.3407 1.3422 1.3438 1.3453
0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.97 1.10 1.22 1.46 1.70 1.95
1.013 1.023 1.034 1.046 1.057 1.069 1.081 1.094 1.107 1.120 1.147 1.177 1.209
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
0.037 0.074 0.112 0.150 0.227 0.306 0.387 0.469 0.553 0.639 0.727 0.816
0.037 0.074 0.111 0.149 0.225 0.302 0.380 0.459 0.539 0.621 0.703 0.786
1.0018 1.0053 1.0089 1.0125 1.0197 1.0269 1.0342 1.0414 1.0486 1.0558 1.0630 1.0703
1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3365 1.3377 1.3388 1.3400 1.3411 1.3422 1.3434 1.3445
0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.72 0.96 1.19 1.41 1.63 1.84 2.04 2.23
1.010 1.019 1.028 1.038 1.060 1.083 1.108 1.133 1.160 1.187 1.215 1.245
Potassium sulfate K2SO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
0.029 0.058 0.117 0.177 0.239 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499 0.568 0.638
0.029 0.058 0.116 0.176 0.237 0.298 0.360 0.424 0.488 0.554 0.620
1.0022 1.0062 1.0143 1.0224 1.0306 1.0388 1.0470 1.0553 1.0637 1.0721 1.0806
1.3336 1.3343 1.3355 1.3368 1.3380 1.3393 1.3405 1.3417 1.3428 1.3440 1.3452
0.14 0.26 0.50 0.73 0.95 1.17
1.006 1.011 1.021 1.033 1.045 1.058 1.072 1.087 1.102 1.117 1.132
1-Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652
0.166 0.331 0.496 0.660 0.823 0.987 1.149 1.312 1.474 1.635 1.958 2.278 2.595 2.911
0.9963 0.9946 0.9928 0.9911 0.9896 0.9882 0.9868 0.9855 0.9842 0.9829 0.9804 0.9779 0.9749 0.9719
1.3339 1.3348 1.3357 1.3366 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3404 1.3414 1.3423 1.3442 1.3460 1.3477 1.3494
0.31 0.61 0.93 1.24 1.57 1.91 2.26 2.61 2.99 3.36 4.09 4.91 5.78 6.67
1.051 1.100 1.152 1.208 1.267 1.325 1.387 1.449 1.514 1.577 1.710 1.849 1.986 2.106
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
4.0 5.0 6.0 Potassium hydrogen phosphate K2HPO4
Solute
8-74
n
η/mPa s 0.992 0.989 0.985
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
2-Propanol CH3CHOHCH3
Silver nitrate AgNO3
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
4.160 5.254 6.471 7.830 9.359 11.093 24.958 66.556
3.223 3.838 4.441 5.033 5.613 6.182 8.860 11.275 13.368
0.9686 0.9612 0.9533 0.9452 0.9370 0.9288 0.8875 0.8470 0.8034
1.3510 1.3539 1.3566 1.3592 1.3614 1.3635 1.3734 1.3812 1.3852
7.76 9.12 10.17 10.66
2.218 2.432 2.612 2.765 2.900 3.010 3.186 2.822 2.227
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 11.093 24.958 66.556
0.166 0.331 0.495 0.659 0.822 0.985 1.148 1.310 1.472 1.633 1.955 2.276 2.596 2.913 3.227 6.191 8.809 11.103 13.058
0.9960 0.9939 0.9920 0.9902 0.9884 0.9871 0.9855 0.9843 0.9831 0.9816 0.9793 0.9772 0.9751 0.9725 0.9696 0.9302 0.8824 0.8341 0.7848
1.3338 1.3346 1.3355 1.3364 1.3373 1.3382 1.3392 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3439 1.3459 1.3478 1.3496 1.3514 1.3642 1.3717 1.3765 1.3742
0.30 0.60 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.96 2.32 2.68 3.06 3.48 4.43 5.29 6.36 7.40 8.52
1.056 1.112 1.166 1.225 1.287 1.352 1.417 1.485 1.553 1.629 1.794 1.970 2.160 2.352 2.550
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.030 0.059 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.310 0.376 0.443 0.512 0.582 0.654 0.803 0.958 1.121 1.292 1.472 1.660 1.859 2.068 2.289 2.523 2.770 3.033 3.311 3.608 3.925
0.030 0.059 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.307 0.371 0.437 0.503 0.571 0.641 0.783 0.930 1.083 1.241 1.406 1.577 1.755 1.940 2.132 2.332 2.541 2.758 2.985 3.223 3.472
1.0027 1.0070 1.0154 1.0239 1.0327 1.0417 1.0506 1.0597 1.0690 1.0785 1.0882 1.1079 1.1284 1.1496 1.1715 1.1942 1.2177 1.2420 1.2672 1.2933 1.3204 1.3487 1.3780 1.4087 1.4407 1.4743
1.3336 1.3342 1.3352 1.3363 1.3374 1.3385 1.3396 1.3407 1.3419 1.3431 1.3443 1.3467 1.3493 1.3519 1.3546 1.3574 1.3602 1.3632 1.3662 1.3694 1.3726 1.3760 1.3795 1.3832 1.3871 1.3911
0.10 0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.96 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.21 2.55 2.86
1.003 1.005 1.009 1.013 1.016 1.020 1.024 1.027 1.031 1.035 1.039 1.049 1.060 1.072 1.086 1.101 1.117 1.135 1.154 1.176 1.200 1.227 1.257 1.290 1.326 1.366
8-75
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
Sodium acetate CH3COONa
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
0.061 0.123 0.249 0.377 0.508 0.642 0.778 0.918 1.060 1.206 1.354 1.662 1.984 2.322 2.676 3.047 3.438 3.849 4.283 4.741 5.224
0.061 0.122 0.246 0.371 0.497 0.624 0.752 0.882 1.013 1.145 1.279 1.552 1.829 2.112 2.400 2.694 2.993 3.297 3.606 3.921 4.243
1.0008 1.0034 1.0085 1.0135 1.0184 1.0234 1.0283 1.0334 1.0386 1.0440 1.0495 1.0607 1.0718 1.0830 1.0940 1.1050 1.1159 1.1268 1.1377 1.1488 1.1602
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3400 1.3414 1.3428 1.3442 1.3456 1.3470 1.3498 1.3526 1.3554 1.3583 1.3611 1.3639 1.3666 1.3693 1.3720 1.3748
0.22 0.43 0.88 1.34 1.82 2.32 2.85 3.40 3.98 4.57
1.021 1.040 1.080 1.124 1.171 1.222 1.278 1.337 1.401 1.468 1.539 1.688 1.855 2.054 2.284 2.567 2.948 3.400 3.877 4.388 4.940
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
0.060 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.305 0.368 0.432 0.496 0.561 0.627 0.693 0.760
0.060 0.120 0.180 0.241 0.302 0.364 0.426 0.489 0.552 0.615 0.679 0.743
1.0018 1.0054 1.0089 1.0125 1.0160 1.0196 1.0231 1.0266 1.0301 1.0337 1.0372 1.0408
1.3337 1.3344 1.3351 1.3357 1.3364 1.3370 1.3377 1.3383 1.3390 1.3396 1.3403 1.3409
0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.98 1.16 1.35 1.54 1.72 1.90 2.08 2.26
1.015 1.028 1.042 1.057 1.071 1.086 1.102 1.118 1.134 1.151 1.168 1.185
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
0.049 0.098 0.198 0.301 0.405 0.512 0.620 0.732 0.845 0.961 1.080 1.325 1.582 1.851 2.133 2.430 2.741 3.069 3.415 3.780 4.165 4.574
0.049 0.098 0.197 0.298 0.400 0.504 0.610 0.717 0.826 0.937 1.050 1.281 1.519 1.765 2.020 2.283 2.555 2.837 3.129 3.431 3.744 4.069
1.0021 1.0060 1.0139 1.0218 1.0298 1.0380 1.0462 1.0546 1.0630 1.0716 1.0803 1.0981 1.1164 1.1352 1.1546 1.1745 1.1951 1.2163 1.2382 1.2608 1.2842 1.3083
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3401 1.3415 1.3430 1.3445 1.3460 1.3475 1.3506 1.3538 1.3570 1.3604 1.3638 1.3673 1.3708 1.3745 1.3783 1.3822 1.3862
0.17 0.34 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.76 2.14 2.53 2.93 3.34 3.77 4.67 5.65 6.74
1.004 1.007 1.012 1.017 1.022 1.028 1.034 1.040 1.046 1.053 1.060 1.077 1.096 1.119 1.144 1.174 1.207 1.244 1.287 1.336 1.395 1.465
Sodium bromide NaBr
8-76
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
5.007 5.467 5.957 6.479
4.406 4.755 5.119 5.496
1.3333 1.3592 1.3860 1.4138
1.3903 1.3946 1.3990 1.4035
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
0.047 0.095 0.193 0.292 0.393 0.497 0.602 0.710 0.820 0.933 1.048 1.166 1.287 1.410 1.536 1.665
0.047 0.095 0.192 0.291 0.392 0.495 0.600 0.707 0.816 0.927 1.041 1.156 1.273 1.392 1.514 1.638
1.0034 1.0086 1.0190 1.0294 1.0398 1.0502 1.0606 1.0711 1.0816 1.0922 1.1029 1.1136 1.1244 1.1353 1.1463 1.1574
1.3341 1.3352 1.3375 1.3397 1.3419 1.3440 1.3462 1.3483 1.3504 1.3525 1.3547 1.3568 1.3589 1.3610 1.3631 1.3652
0.22 0.43 0.75 1.08 1.42 1.77 2.13
1.025 1.049 1.102 1.159 1.222 1.292 1.367 1.448 1.538 1.638 1.754 1.884 2.028 2.186 2.361 2.551
Sodium chloride NaCl
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0
0.086 0.173 0.349 0.529 0.713 0.901 1.092 1.288 1.488 1.692 1.901 2.333 2.785 3.259 3.756 4.278 4.826 5.403 6.012
0.086 0.172 0.346 0.523 0.703 0.885 1.069 1.256 1.445 1.637 1.832 2.229 2.637 3.056 3.486 3.928 4.382 4.847 5.326
1.0018 1.0053 1.0125 1.0196 1.0268 1.0340 1.0413 1.0486 1.0559 1.0633 1.0707 1.0857 1.1008 1.1162 1.1319 1.1478 1.1640 1.1804 1.1972
1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3383 1.3400 1.3418 1.3435 1.3453 1.3470 1.3488 1.3505 1.3541 1.3576 1.3612 1.3648 1.3684 1.3721 1.3757 1.3795
0.30 0.59 1.19 1.79 2.41 3.05 3.70 4.38 5.08 5.81 6.56 8.18 9.94 11.89 14.04 16.46 19.18
1.011 1.020 1.036 1.052 1.068 1.085 1.104 1.124 1.145 1.168 1.193 1.250 1.317 1.388 1.463 1.557 1.676 1.821 1.990
Sodium citrate (HO)C(COONa)3
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
0.039 0.079 0.120 0.161 0.204 0.247 0.292 0.337 0.383 0.431 0.528 0.631 0.738 0.851 0.969
0.039 0.078 0.118 0.159 0.200 0.242 0.284 0.327 0.371 0.415 0.505 0.598 0.693 0.790 0.891
1.0049 1.0120 1.0186 1.0260 1.0331 1.0405 1.0482 1.0557 1.0632 1.0708 1.0861 1.1019 1.1173 1.1327 1.1492
1.3348 1.3366 1.3383 1.3401 1.3419 1.3437 1.3455 1.3473 1.3491 1.3509 1.3546 1.3583 1.3618 1.3656 1.3693
0.20 0.39 0.59 0.79 0.97 1.17 1.36 1.57 1.77 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.27 3.82 4.39
1.043 1.081 1.122 1.166 1.210 1.263 1.314 1.371 1.427 1.499 1.649 1.832 2.045 2.290 2.596
8-77
1.546 1.639 1.745 1.866
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0
1.224 1.507 1.823 2.180
1.099 1.318 1.548 1.792
1.1813 1.2151 1.2487 1.2843
1.3767 1.3845 1.3923 1.4001
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.126 0.253 0.510 0.773 1.042 1.316 1.596 1.882 2.174 2.473 2.778 3.409 4.070 4.412 4.762 5.488 6.250 7.052 7.895 8.784 9.723 10.715 11.766 12.880 14.064 15.324 16.668
0.125 0.252 0.510 0.774 1.043 1.317 1.597 1.883 2.174 2.470 2.772 3.393 4.036 4.365 4.701 5.387 6.096 6.827 7.579 8.352 9.145 9.958 10.791 11.643 12.512 13.398 14.300
1.0039 1.0095 1.0207 1.0318 1.0428 1.0538 1.0648 1.0758 1.0869 1.0979 1.1089 1.1309 1.1530 1.1640 1.1751 1.1971 1.2192 1.2412 1.2631 1.2848 1.3064 1.3277 1.3488 1.3697 1.3901 1.4102 1.4299
1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3414 1.3441 1.3467 1.3494 1.3520 1.3546 1.3572 1.3597 1.3648 1.3697 1.3722 1.3746 1.3793 1.3840 1.3885 1.3929 1.3971 1.4012 1.4051 1.4088 1.4123 1.4156 1.4186 1.4215
0.43 0.86 1.74 2.64 3.59 4.57 5.60 6.69 7.87 9.12 10.47 13.42 16.76
1.027 1.054 1.112 1.176 1.248 1.329 1.416 1.510 1.616 1.737 1.882 2.201 2.568 2.789 3.043 3.698 4.619 5.765 7.100 8.744 10.832 13.517 16.844 20.751 25.290 30.461 36.312
Sodium nitrate NaNO3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
0.059 0.119 0.240 0.364 0.490 0.619 0.751 0.886 1.023 1.164 1.307 1.604 1.915 2.583 2.941 5.042 7.844
0.059 0.118 0.238 0.359 0.483 0.607 0.734 0.862 0.991 1.123 1.256 1.527 1.806 2.387 2.689 4.326 6.200
1.0016 1.0050 1.0117 1.0185 1.0254 1.0322 1.0392 1.0462 1.0532 1.0603 1.0674 1.0819 1.0967 1.1272 1.1429 1.2256 1.3175
1.3336 1.3341 1.3353 1.3364 1.3375 1.3387 1.3398 1.3409 1.3421 1.3432 1.3443 1.3466 1.3489 1.3536 1.3559 1.3678 1.3802
0.20 0.40 0.79 1.18 1.56 1.94 2.32 2.70 3.08 3.46 3.84 4.60 5.37 6.98 7.81
1.004 1.007 1.012 1.018 1.025 1.032 1.040 1.049 1.059 1.069 1.081 1.107 1.138 1.215 1.263 1.609 2.226
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.031 0.062 0.093 0.124 0.156 0.189
0.031 0.062 0.093 0.125 0.157 0.189
1.0042 1.0100 1.0158 1.0216 1.0275 1.0335
1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406
0.19 0.37 0.53 0.67 0.79
1.033 1.064 1.094 1.126 1.161 1.198
Sodium phosphate Na3PO4
8-78
3.409 4.586 6.541 9.788
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4
Sodium sulfate Na2SO4
∆/°C
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
0.221 0.254 0.287 0.321 0.355 0.389 0.424 0.459 0.495 0.530
0.222 0.255 0.289 0.323 0.357 0.392 0.427 0.462 0.498 0.535
1.0395 1.0456 1.0517 1.0579 1.0642 1.0705 1.0768 1.0832 1.0896 1.0961
1.3419 1.3432 1.3444 1.3457 1.3470 1.3482 1.3495 1.3507 1.3519 1.3532
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
0.035 0.071 0.107 0.144 0.181 0.218 0.255 0.293 0.332 0.371 0.410
0.035 0.071 0.107 0.143 0.180 0.217 0.255 0.292 0.331 0.369 0.408
1.0032 1.0082 1.0131 1.0180 1.0229 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0478 1.0528
1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3414 1.3424 1.3433
0.17 0.32 0.46
1.021 1.042 1.064 1.088 1.113 1.138 1.165 1.193 1.223 1.254 1.286
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0
0.042 0.084 0.127 0.170 0.214 0.258 0.302 0.347 0.393 0.439 0.532 0.627 0.725 0.824 0.926 1.137 1.357 1.588 1.830 2.084 2.351 2.632 2.929 3.242 3.572 3.923 4.294 4.689 5.109 5.557
0.042 0.084 0.126 0.169 0.212 0.255 0.299 0.343 0.387 0.432 0.522 0.613 0.706 0.800 0.896 1.091 1.292 1.499 1.711 1.930 2.155 2.387 2.625 2.870 3.123 3.383 3.650 3.925 4.208 4.499
1.0019 1.0056 1.0094 1.0131 1.0168 1.0206 1.0244 1.0281 1.0319 1.0358 1.0434 1.0511 1.0589 1.0668 1.0747 1.0907 1.1070 1.1236 1.1404 1.1576 1.1752 1.1931 1.2113 1.2299 1.2488 1.2682 1.2879 1.3080 1.3285 1.3493
1.3336 1.3343 1.3349 1.3356 1.3362 1.3369 1.3375 1.3382 1.3388 1.3395 1.3408 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3486 1.3512 1.3538 1.3565 1.3592 1.3618 1.3646 1.3673 1.3700 1.3728 1.3756 1.3784 1.3812 1.3840 1.3869
0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.65 1.89 2.12 2.35 2.58 3.06 3.53 4.03 4.55 5.10
1.018 1.035 1.051 1.068 1.085 1.103 1.121 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.223 1.270 1.319 1.371 1.428 1.552 1.694 1.861 2.050 2.283 2.550 2.850 3.214 3.682 4.300 5.079 6.008 7.098 8.363 9.814
0.5 1.0 2.0
0.035 0.071 0.144
0.035 0.071 0.143
1.0027 1.0071 1.0161
1.3338 1.3345 1.3360
0.17 0.32 0.61
1.013 1.026 1.058
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
8-79
η/mPa s 1.238 1.281 1.327 1.375 1.426 1.480 1.538 1.598 1.662 1.729
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0
0.218 0.293 0.371 0.449 0.530 0.612 0.696 0.782 0.960 1.146 1.341 1.545 1.760 1.986
0.217 0.291 0.367 0.445 0.523 0.603 0.685 0.768 0.938 1.114 1.296 1.483 1.677 1.875
1.0252 1.0343 1.0436 1.0526 1.0619 1.0713 1.0808 1.0905 1.1101 1.1301 1.1503 1.1705 1.1907 1.2106
1.3376 1.3391 1.3406 1.3420 1.3435 1.3449 1.3464 1.3479 1.3509 1.3539 1.3567 1.3595 1.3620 1.3643
0.87 1.13 1.36 1.56
1.091 1.126 1.163 1.202 1.244 1.289 1.337 1.390 1.508 1.646 1.812 2.005 2.227 2.481
Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
0.032 0.064 0.129 0.196 0.264 0.333 0.404 0.476 0.550 0.626 0.703 0.862 1.030 1.205 1.388 1.581 2.711 4.216
0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.398 0.468 0.539 0.611 0.685 0.835 0.990 1.150 1.315 1.485 2.417 3.498
1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0231 1.0315 1.0399 1.0483 1.0568 1.0654 1.0740 1.0827 1.1003 1.1182 1.1365 1.1551 1.1740 1.2739 1.3827
1.3340 1.3351 1.3371 1.3392 1.3413 1.3434 1.3454 1.3475 1.3496 1.3517 1.3538 1.3581 1.3624 1.3667 1.3711 1.3756 1.3987 1.4229
0.14 0.28 0.57 0.84 1.09 1.34 1.59 1.83 2.06 2.30 2.55 3.06 3.60 4.17 4.76 5.37
1.012 1.023 1.044 1.066 1.090 1.115 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.231 1.267 1.345 1.435 1.537 1.657 1.798 2.903 5.758
Strontium chloride SrCl2
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0
0.032 0.064 0.129 0.195 0.263 0.332 0.403 0.475 0.549 0.624 0.701 0.860 1.027 1.202 1.385 1.577 1.779 1.992 2.216 2.453 2.703 2.968
0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.469 0.541 0.615 0.689 0.843 1.002 1.167 1.338 1.515 1.699 1.890 2.087 2.293 2.507 2.730
1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0344 1.0437 1.0532 1.0628 1.0726 1.0825 1.0925 1.1131 1.1342 1.1558 1.1780 1.2008 1.2241 1.2481 1.2728 1.2983 1.3248 1.3523
1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3421 1.3440 1.3459 1.3478 1.3498 1.3518 1.3558 1.3599 1.3641 1.3684 1.3728 1.3772 1.3817 1.3864 1.3911 1.3961 1.4013
0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.98 2.38 2.80 3.25 3.74 4.81 6.03 7.41 8.98 10.74 12.74 14.99
1.012 1.021 1.039 1.057 1.076 1.096 1.116 1.136 1.157 1.180 1.204 1.258 1.317 1.383 1.460 1.549 1.650 1.765 1.897 2.056 2.245 2.527
8-80
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Sucrose C12H22O11
Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
34.0 36.0
3.250 3.548
2.962 3.205
1.3811 1.4114
1.4067 1.4124
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0
0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.375 1.505 1.643 1.791 1.948 2.116 2.295 2.489 2.697 2.921 4.382 6.817 11.686 0.051 0.103 0.208 0.315 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.767 0.887 1.008 1.133 1.390 1.660 1.942 2.238 2.549 2.876 3.220 3.582 3.965
0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.118 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.632 0.700 0.771 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.063 1.139 1.216 1.295 1.375 1.456 1.539 1.623 1.709 1.796 2.255 2.755 3.299 0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.418 0.526 0.635 0.746 0.858 0.972 1.087 1.322 1.563 1.810 2.064 2.324 2.592 2.866 3.147 3.435
1.0002 1.0021 1.0060 1.0099 1.0139 1.0178 1.0218 1.0259 1.0299 1.0340 1.0381 1.0465 1.0549 1.0635 1.0722 1.0810 1.0899 1.0990 1.1082 1.1175 1.1270 1.1366 1.1464 1.1562 1.1663 1.1765 1.1868 1.1972 1.2079 1.2186 1.2295 1.2864 1.3472 1.4117 1.0016 1.0049 1.0116 1.0183 1.0250 1.0318 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591 1.0661 1.0802 1.0947 1.1094 1.1245 1.1398 1.1554 1.1714 1.1872 1.2031
1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3373 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3509 1.3541 1.3573 1.3606 1.3639 1.3672 1.3706 1.3741 1.3776 1.3812 1.3848 1.3885 1.3922 1.3960 1.3999 1.4038 1.4078 1.4118 1.4159 1.4201 1.4419 1.4654 1.4906 1.3336 1.3342 1.3355 1.3367 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3415 1.3427 1.3439 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3551 1.3576 1.3602 1.3628 1.3653 1.3677
8-81
∆/°C
η/mPa s 2.846 3.206
0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.55 0.63 0.77 0.93 1.10 1.27 1.47 1.67 1.89 2.12 2.37 2.64 2.94 3.27 3.63 4.02 4.45 4.93
1.015 1.028 1.055 1.084 1.114 1.146 1.179 1.215 1.254 1.294 1.336 1.429 1.534 1.653 1.790 1.945 2.124 2.331 2.573 2.855 3.187 3.762 4.052 4.621 5.315 6.162 7.234 8.596 10.301 12.515 15.431 58.487 481.561
0.21 0.42 0.80 1.17 1.60 2.05 2.50 2.95 3.49 4.08 4.64 5.93 7.49 9.26 11.29 13.64 16.48 19.85 24.29 29.65
1.010 1.019 1.036 1.059 1.085 1.112 1.136 1.159 1.182 1.206 1.230 1.282 1.337 1.399 1.470 1.546 1.624 1.706 1.797 1.894
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH
Tris (hydroxymethyl)methylamine H2NC(CH2OH)3
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0
4.370 4.798 5.252 5.735 6.249 6.797 7.383 8.011 8.685 9.411 10.196 11.045 11.969 12.976 14.080 15.294 23.790 40.783 91.762 117.251 159.734 244.698 499.592
3.729 4.030 4.339 4.656 4.981 5.313 5.655 6.005 6.364 6.734 7.113 7.502 7.901 8.312 8.734 9.168 11.494 14.088 16.649 17.109 17.550 17.966 18.346 18.663
1.2191 1.2353 1.2518 1.2685 1.2855 1.3028 1.3205 1.3386 1.3570 1.3759 1.3952 1.4149 1.4351 1.4558 1.4770 1.4987 1.6105 1.7272 1.8144 1.8240 1.8312 1.8355 1.8361 1.8305
1.3701 1.3725 1.3749 1.3773 1.3797 1.3821 1.3846 1.3870 1.3895 1.3920 1.3945 1.3971 1.3997 1.4024 1.4050 1.4077
36.21 44.76 55.28
2.001 2.122 2.255 2.392 2.533 2.690 2.872 3.073 3.299 3.546 3.826 4.142 4.499 4.906 5.354 5.917
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0
0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.322 0.391 0.461 0.532 0.605 0.680 0.835 0.996 1.166 1.343 1.530 1.933 2.380 2.880 3.443 4.080 4.809 5.650
0.031 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.249 0.313 0.377 0.442 0.508 0.574 0.641 0.777 0.916 1.058 1.203 1.351 1.654 1.968 2.294 2.632 2.984 3.349 3.726
1.0008 1.0034 1.0083 1.0133 1.0182 1.0230 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0479 1.0583 1.0692 1.0806 1.0921 1.1035 1.1260 1.1485 1.1713 1.1947 1.2188 1.2435 1.2682
1.3337 1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3418 1.3431 1.3444 1.3456 1.3483 1.3510 1.3539 1.3568 1.3597 1.3652 1.3705 1.3759 1.3813 1.3868 1.3923 1.3977
0.11 0.21 0.42 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.76 1.99 2.23 2.73 3.26 3.82
1.011 1.021 1.044 1.069 1.096 1.123 1.150 1.177 1.204 1.233 1.263 1.326 1.393 1.462 1.533 1.608 1.768 1.935 2.118 2.320 1.543 2.797 3.076
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
0.041 0.083 0.168 0.255 0.344 0.434 0.527
0.041 0.083 0.166 0.249 0.333 0.417 0.502
0.9994 1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0078 1.0103 1.0128
1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3374 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418
0.08 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.64 0.80 0.97
1.014 1.027 1.054 1.083 1.115 1.148 1.182
8-82
CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY (continued)
Solute
Mass %
m/mol kg-1
c/mol L-1
ρ/g cm-3
n
∆/°C
η/mPa s
7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
0.621 0.718 0.816 0.917 1.126 1.344 1.572 1.812 2.064 3.538 5.503
0.587 0.672 0.758 0.844 1.019 1.194 1.372 1.552 1.733 2.670 3.657
1.0153 1.0179 1.0204 1.0230 1.0282 1.0335 1.0389 1.0443 1.0498 1.0781 1.1076
1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3508 1.3539 1.3570 1.3601 1.3633 1.3797 1.3970
1.15 1.33 1.51 1.70 2.08 2.47 2.90 3.36 3.85
1.218 1.256 1.295 1.337 1.427 1.527 1.642 1.772 1.920 2.998 5.208
Urea (NH2)2CO
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0
0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.270 2.710 3.171 3.655 4.163 4.696 5.258 5.850 6.475 7.136 7.835 8.577 9.366 10.205 11.100 12.057 13.082 14.183
0.083 0.167 0.334 0.502 0.672 0.842 1.013 1.185 1.358 1.531 1.706 2.059 2.415 2.775 3.139 3.506 3.878 4.253 4.632 5.014 5.401 5.791 6.185 6.584 6.988 7.397 7.812 8.234 8.665
0.9995 1.0007 1.0033 1.0058 1.0085 1.0111 1.0138 1.0165 1.0192 1.0220 1.0248 1.0304 1.0360 1.0417 1.0473 1.0530 1.0586 1.0643 1.0699 1.0756 1.0812 1.0869 1.0926 1.0984 1.1044 1.1106 1.1171 1.1239 1.1313
1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3387 1.3401 1.3416 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3506 1.3537 1.3568 1.3599 1.3629 1.3661 1.3692 1.3723 1.3754 1.3785 1.3817 1.3848 1.3881 1.3913 1.3947 1.3982 1.4018 1.4056
0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.88 2.22 2.56 2.91 3.26 3.95 4.66 5.40 6.19 7.00 7.81 8.64 9.52 10.45 11.40 12.34 13.27 14.20 15.11 15.99 16.83 17.62
1.007 1.010 1.012 1.017 1.025 1.033 1.041 1.049 1.057 1.065 1.074 1.091 1.109 1.130 1.153 1.178 1.205 1.235 1.266 1.298 1.332 1.371 1.413 1.459 1.509 1.565 1.629 1.700 1.780
Zinc sulfate ZnSO4
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
0.031 0.063 0.126 0.192 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.466 0.539 0.613 0.688 0.845 1.008 1.180
0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.465 0.537 0.611 0.686 0.840 1.002 1.170
1.0034 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0956 1.1071 1.1308 1.1553 1.1806
1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3403 1.3421 1.3439 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3590 1.3630
0.08 0.15 0.28 0.41 0.53 0.65 0.77 0.89 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.55 1.89 2.31
1.021 1.040 1.081 1.126 1.175 1.227 1.283 1.341 1.403 1.470 1.545 1.716 1.918 2.152
8-83
ION PRODUCT OF WATER SUBSTANCE William L. Marshall and E. U. Franck Pressure (bars)
0
25
Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
14.938 14.83 14.72 14.62 14.53 14.34 14.21 14.08 13.97 13.87 13.77 13.60 13.44 13.31 13.18 13.04 12.91
13.995 13.90 13.82 13.73 13.66 13.53 13.40 13.28 13.18 13.09 13.00 12.83 12.68 12.55 12.43 12.31 12.21
Pressure (bars)
350
400
450
500
12.30 11.77 11.14 10.79 10.54 10.22 9.98 9.79 9.61 9.47 9.34 9.13 8.96 8.81 8.68 8.57 8.46
— 19.43 11.88 11.17 10.77 10.29 9.98 9.74 9.54 9.37 9.22 8.99 8.80 8.64 8.50 8.37 8.25
— 21.59 13.74 11.89 11.19 10.48 10.07 9.77 9.53 9.33 9.16 8.90 8.69 8.51 8.36 8.22 8.09
— 22.40 16.13 13.01 11.81 10.77 10.23 9.86 9.57 9.34 9.15 8.85 8.62 8.42 8.25 8.10 7.96
Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000
50 13.275 13.19 13.11 13.04 12.96 12.85 12.73 12.62 12.53 12.44 12.35 12.19 12.05 11.93 11.82 11.71 11.62
Temperature (°C) 100 150
75 12.712 12.63 12.55 12.48 12.41 12.29 12.18 12.07 11.98 11.90 11.82 11.66 11.53 11.41 11.30 11.20 11.11
12.265 12.18 12.10 12.03 11.96 11.84 11.72 11.61 11.53 11.44 11.37 11.22 11.09 10.97 10.86 10.77 10.68
11.638 11.54 11.45 11.36 11.29 11.16 11.04 10.92 10.83 10.74 10.66 10.52 10.39 10.27 10.17 10.07 9.98
Temperature (°C) 600 700 — 23.27 18.30 15.25 13.40 11.59 10.73 10.18 9.78 9.48 9.23 8.85 8.57 8.34 8.13 7.95 7.78
— 23.81 19.29 16.55 14.70 12.50 11.36 10.63 10.11 9.71 9.41 8.95 8.61 8.34 8.10 7.89 7.70
200
250
300
11.289 11.16 11.05 10.95 10.86 10.71 10.57 10.45 10.34 10.24 10.16 10.00 9.87 9.75 9.64 9.54 9.45
11.191 11.01 10.85 10.72 10.60 10.43 10.27 10.12 9.99 9.88 9.79 9.62 9.48 9.35 9.24 9.13 9.04
11.406 11.14 10.86 10.66 10.50 10.26 10.08 9.91 9.76 9.63 9.52 9.34 9.18 9.04 8.93 8.82 8.71
800
900
1000
— 24.23 19.92 17.35 15.58 13.30 11.98 11.11 10.49 10.02 9.65 9.11 8.72 8.40 8.13 7.89 7.68
— 24.59 20.39 17.93 16.22 13.97 12.54 11.59 10.89 10.35 9.93 9.30 8.86 8.51 8.21 7.95 7.70
— 24.93 20.80 18.39 16.72 14.50 12.97 12.02 11.24 10.62 10.13 9.42 8.97 8.64 8.38 8.12 7.85
Data in this table were calculated from the equation, log10 Kw* = A + B/T + C/T2 + D/T3 + (E + F/T + G/T2) log10 ρw*, where Kw* = Kw/(mol kg–1), and ρw* = ρw/(g cm–3). The parameters are: A = –4.098 B = –3245.2 K C = +2.2362 × 105 K2 D = –3.984 × 107 K3
E = +13.957 F = 1262.3 K G = +8.5641 × 105 K2
Reprinted with permission from W. L. Marshall and E. U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981.
8-84
IONIZATION CONSTANT OF NORMAL AND HEAVY WATER This table gives the ionization constant in molality terms for H2O and D2O at temperatures from 0 to 100°C at the saturated vapor pressure. The quantity tabulated is –log KW, where KW is defined by KW = m+ × m– and m+ and m– are the molalities, in mol/kg of water, for H+ and OH–, respectively. REFERENCES 1. W.L. Marshall and E.U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981. 2. R.E. Mesmer and D.L. Herting, J. Solution Chem., 7, 901, 1978.
–log KW
t/°C
H2O
D2O
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
14.938 14.727 14.528 14.340 14.163 13.995 13.836 13.685 13.542 13.405 13.275 13.152 13.034 12.921 12.814 12.712 12.613 12.520 12.428 12.345 12.265
15.972 15.743 15.527 15.324 15.132 14.951 14.779 14.616 14.462 14.316 14.176 14.044 13.918 13.798 13.683 13.574 13.470 13.371 13.276 13.186 13.099
8-85
SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER L. H. Gevantman The values in this table are taken almost exclusively from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Solubility Data Series”. Unless noted, they comprise evaluated data fitted to a smoothing equation. The data at each temperature are then derived from the smoothing equation which expresses the mole fraction solubility X1 of the gas in solution as: ln X1 = A + B/T* + C ln T* where T* = T/100 K All values refer to a partial pressure of the gas of 101.325 kPa (one atmosphere). The equation constants, the standard deviation for ln X1 (except where noted), and the temperature range over which the equation applies are given in the column headed Equation constants. There are two exceptions. The equation for methane has an added term, DT *. The equation for H2Se and H2S takes the form, ln X1 = A + B/T + C ln T + DT where T is the temperature in kelvin. Solubilities given for those gases which react with water, namely ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its oxides, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide and sulfur dioxide, are recorded as bulk solubilities; i.e., all chemical species of the gas and its reaction products with water are included.
Gas
T/K
Solubility (X1)
Equation constants
Ref.
Hydrogen (H2) Mr = 2.01588
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
1.510 × 10–5 1.455 × 10–5 1.411 × 10–5 1.377 × 10–5 1.350 × 10–5
A = –48.1611 B = 55.2845 C = 16.8893 Std. dev. = ± 0.54% Temp.range = 273.15—353.15
1
Deuterium (D2) Mr = 4.0282
283.15 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15
1.675 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.595 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.512 × 10–5 ± 0.78% 1.460 × 10–5 ± 0.52% 1.395 × 10–5 ± 0.37%
Averaged experimental values Temp. range = 278.15—303.15
1
Helium (He) Ar = 4.0026
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
7.123 × 10–6 7.044 × 10–6 6.997 × 10–6 6.978 × 10–6 6.987 × 10–6
A = –41.4611 B = 42.5962 C = 14.0094 Std. dev. = ±0.54% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
2
Neon (Ne) Ar = 20.1797
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
8.702 × 10–6 8.395 × 10–6 8.152 × 10–6 7.966 × 10–6 7.829 × 10–6
A = –52.8573 B = 61.0494 C = 18.9157 Std. dev. = ±0.47% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
2
Argon (Ar) Ar = 39.948
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.025 × 10–5 2.748 × 10–5 2.519 × 10–5 2.328 × 10–5 2.169 × 10–5
A = –57.6661 B = 74.7627 C = 20.1398 Std. dev. = ±0.26% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
3
Krypton (Kr) Ar = 83.80
288.15 293.15 298.15
5.696 × 10–5 5.041 × 10–5 4.512 × 10–5
A = –66.9928 B = 91.0166 C = 24.2207
4
8-86
SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas
T/K
Solubility (X1)
Equation constants
Ref.
303.15 308.15
4.079 × 10–5 3.725 × 10–5
Std. dev. = ±0.32% Temp.range = 273.15—353.15
Xenon (Xe) Ar = 131.29
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
10.519 × 10–5 9.051 × 10–5 7.890 × 10–5 6.961 × 10–5 6.212 × 10–5
A = –74.7398 B = 105.210 C = 27.4664 Std. dev. = ±0.35% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
Radon-222(222Rn) Ar = 222
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.299 × 10–4 1.945 × 10–4 1.671 × 10–4 1.457 × 10–4 1.288 × 10–4
A = –90.5481 B = 130.026 C = 35.0047 Std. dev. = ±1.02% Temp.range = 273.15—373.15
Oxygen (O2) Mr = 31.9988
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.756 × 10–5 2.501 × 10–5 2.293 × 10–5 2.122 × 10–5 1.982 × 10–5
A = –66.7354 B = 87.4755 C = 24.4526 Std. dev. = ±0.36% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
5
Ozone (O3) Mr = 47.9982
293.15
1.885 × 10–6 ± 10% pH = 7.0
Experimental value derived from Henry’s Law Constant
5
Nitrogen (N2) Mr = 28.0134
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
1.386 × 10–5 1.274 × 10–5 1.183 × 10–5 1.108 × 10–5 1.047 × 10–5
A = –67.3877 B = 86.3213 C = 24.7981 Std. dev. = ±0.72% Temp.range = 273.15—348.15
6
Nitrous oxide (N2O) Mr = 44.0129
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
5.948 × 10–4 5.068 × 10–4 4.367 × 10–4 3.805 × 10–4 3.348 × 10–4
A = –60.7467 B = 88.8280 C = 21.2531 Std. dev. = ±1.2% Temp.range = 273.15—313.15
7
Nitric oxide (NO) Mr = 30.0061
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
4.163 × 10–5 3.786 × 10–5 3.477 × 10–5 3.222 × 10–5 3.012 × 10–5
A = –62.8086 B = 82.3420 C = 22.8155 Std. dev. = ±0.76% Temp.range = 273.15—358.15
7
Carbon monoxide (CO) Mr = 28.0104
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.095 × 10–5 1.918 × 10–5 1.774 × 10–5 1.657 × 10–5 1.562 × 10–5
Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±0.043% Temp.range = 273.15—328.15
8
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Mr = 44.0098
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
8.21 × 10–4 7.07 × 10–4 6.15 × 10–4 5.41 × 10–4 4.80 × 10–4
Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±1.1% Temp.range = 273.15—353.15
9
Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) Mr = 80.976
288.15 298.15 308.15
1.80 × 10–3 1.49 × 10–3 1.24 × 10–3
A = 9.15 B = 974 C = –3.542 D = 0.0042
10
8-87
4
SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas
T/K
Solubility (X1)
Equation constants
Ref.
Std. dev. = ±2.3 × 10–5 Temp. range = 288.15—343.15 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Mr = 34.082
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.335 × 10–3 2.075 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–3 1.66 × 10–3 1.51 × 10–3
A = –24.912 B = 3477 C = 0.3993 D = 0.0157 Std. dev. = ±6.5 × 10–5 Temp. range = 283.15—603.15
10
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Mr = 64.0648
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.45 × 10–2 2.90 × 10–2 2.46 × 10–2 2.10 × 10–2 1.80 × 10–2
A = –25.2629 B = 45.7552 C = 5.6855 Std. dev. = ±1.8% Temp.range = 278.15—328.15
11
Chlorine (Cl2) Mr = 70.9054
283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15
2.48 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.88 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.50 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.23 × 10–3 ± 2%
Experimental data Temp.range = 283.15—333.15
11
Chlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Mr = 86.9048
273.15 276.61 283.15 293.15
5.25 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.54 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.273 × 10–1 ± 1% 3.353 × 10–1 ± 1%
Experimental data Temp. range = 273.15—293.15
11
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Mr = 67.4515
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
2.67 × 10–2 2.20 × 10–2 1.823 × 10–2 1.513 × 10–2 1.259 × 10–2
A = 7.9163 B = 0.4791 C = 11.0593 Std. dev. = ±4.6% Temp.range = 283.15—333.15
11
Methane (CH4) Mr = 16.0428
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.122 × 10–5 2.806 × 10–5 2.552 × 10–5 2.346 × 10–5 2.180 × 10–5
A = –115.6477 B = 155.5756 C = 65.2553 D = –6.1698 Std. dev. = ±0.056% Temp.range = 273.15—328.15
12
Ethane (C2H6) Mr = 30.0696
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
4.556 × 10–5 3.907 × 10–5 3.401 × 10–5 3.002 × 10–5 2.686 × 10–5
A = –90.8225 B = 126.9559 C = 34.7413 Std. dev. = ±0.13% Temp.range = 273.15—323.15
13
Propane (C3H8) Mr = 44.097
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.813 × 10–5 3.200 × 10–5 2.732 × 10–5 2.370 × 10–5 2.088 × 10–5
A = –102.044 B = 144.345 C = 39.4740 Std. dev. = ±0.012% Temp.range = 273.15—347.15
14
Butane (C4H10) Mr = 58.123
288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
3.274 × 10–5 2.687 × 10–5 2.244 × 10–5 1.906 × 10–5 1.645 × 10–5
A = –102.029 B = 146.040 C = 38.7599 Std. dev. = ±0.026% Temp.range = 273.15—349.15
14
2-Methyl propane (Isobutane)
288.15
2.333 × 10–5
A = –129.714
14
8-88
SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER (continued) Gas (C4H10) Mr = 58.123
T/K 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15
Solubility (X1) 1.947 × 10–5 1.659 × 10–5 1.443 × 10–5 1.278 × 10–5
Equation constants
Ref.
B = 183.044 C = 53.4651 Std. dev. = ±0.034% Temp.range = 278.15—318.15
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 1, Helium and Neon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 4, Argon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1980. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon and Radon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 7, Oxygen and Ozone, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 10, Nitrogen and Air, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 8, Oxides of Nitrogen, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. R. W. Cargill, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 43, Carbon Monoxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1990. R. Crovetto, Evaluation of Solubility Data for the System CO2-H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575, 1991. P. G. T. Fogg and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 32, Hydrogen Sulfide, Deuterium Sulfide, and Hydrogen Selenide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1988. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 12, Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1983. H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 27/28, Methane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1987. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 9, Ethane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 24, Propane, Butane and 2-Methylpropane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1986.
8-89
SOLUBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES The solubility of CO2 in water, expressed as mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase, is given for pressures up to atmospheric and temperatures of 0 to 100°C. Note that 1 standard atmosphere equals 101.325 kPa. The references give data over a wider range of temperature and pressure. The estimated accuracy is about 2%. REFERENCES 1. Carroll, J. J., Slupsky, J. D., and Mather, A. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1201, 1991. 2. Fernandez-Prini, R. and Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1231, 1989. 3. Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575,1991 1000 × mole fraction of CO2 in liquid phase t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
5
10
20
0.067 0.056 0.048 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010
0.135 0.113 0.096 0.082 0.071 0.062 0.054 0.048 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.020
0.269 0.226 0.191 0.164 0.141 0.123 0.109 0.097 0.087 0.078 0.071 0.065 0.060 0.056 0.052 0.049 0.047 0.044 0.042 0.041 0.039
Partial pressure of CO2 in kPa 30 40 0.404 0.338 0.287 0.245 0.212 0.185 0.163 0.145 0.130 0.117 0.107 0.098 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.070 0.067 0.064 0.061 0.059
8-90
0.538 0.451 0.382 0.327 0.283 0.247 0.218 0.193 0.173 0.156 0.142 0.131 0.121 0.112 0.105 0.099 0.093 0.089 0.085 0.082 0.079
50
100
0.671 0.564 0.477 0.409 0.353 0.308 0.271 0.242 0.216 0.196 0.178 0.163 0.150 0.140 0.131 0.123 0.116 0.111 0.106 0.102 0.098
1.337 1.123 0.950 0.814 0.704 0.614 0.541 0.481 0.431 0.389 0.354 0.325 0.300 0.279 0.261 0.245 0.232 0.221 0.211 0.203 0.196
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The solubility in water of about 800 organic compounds, including many compounds of environmental interest, is tabulated here. Values are given at 25∞C or at the nearest temperature to this where data are available. In some cases solubility values are given at other temperatures as well. Solubility of a solid is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with the solid phase at the specified temperature and one atmosphere pressure. For liquids whose water mixtures separate into two phases, the solubility given here is the concentration of the compound in the water-rich phase at equilibrium. In the case of gases (i.e., compounds whose vapor pressure at the specified temperature exceeds one atmosphere) the solubility is defined here as the concentration in the water phase when the partial pressure of the compound above the solution is 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Values for gases are marked with an asterisk. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, S = 100 w2, where the mass fraction w2 is given by w2 = m2/(m1 +m2) . In these equations m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molality: Mole fraction: Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O:
m2 = 1000w2/M2(1-w2) x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1} r2 = 100w2/(1-w2)
Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. For small values of S the amount of substance concentration c2 in moles per liter is approximately 10S/M2. Data have been selected from evaluated sources wherever possible, in particular the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (References 1, 2, 3, 4, 25). The primary source for each value is listed in the column following the solubility values. The user is cautioned that wide variations of data are found in the literature for the lower solubility compounds. The table also contains values of the Henry’s Law constant kH, which provides a measure of the partition of a substance between the atmosphere and the aqueous phase. Here kH is defined as the limit of p2/c2 as the concentration approaches zero, where p2 is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution and c2 is the solute concentration (other formulations of Henry’s Law are often used; see Reference 5). The values of kH listed here are based on direct experimental measurement whenever available, but many of them are simply calculated as the ratio of the pure compound vapor pressure to the solubility. This approximation is reliable only for compounds of very low solubility. In fact, values of kH found in the literature frequently differ by a factor of two or three, and variations over an order of magnitude are not unusual (Reference 5). Therefore the data given here should be taken only as a rough indication of the true Henry’s Law constant, which is difficult to measure precisely. All values of kH refer to 25∞C. If the vapor pressure of the compound at 25∞C is greater than one atmosphere, it can be assumed that the kH value has been calculated as 101.325/c2 kPa m3/mol. The source of the Henry’s Law data is given in the last column. The air-water partition coefficient (i.e., ratio of air concentration to water concentration when both are expressed in the same units) is equal to kH/RT or kH/2.48 in the units used here. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” table in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. * Indicates a value of S for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 15, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. Mackay, D., and Shiu, W. Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 1175, 1981. Pearlman, R. S., and Yalkowsky, S. H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 555, 1984. Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. Varhanickova, D., Lee, S. C., Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 620, 1995. Miller, M. M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S. P., Tewari, Y. B., and Martire, D. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 184, 1984. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. Horvath, A. L., Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990.
8-93
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Banergee, S., Yalkowsky, S. H., and Valvani, S. C., Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 1227, 1980. Gevantman, L., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd Edition, Section 8, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001. Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J., Chem. Rev. 77, 219, 1977. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 80, 1992. Stephenson, R. M., Stuart, J., and Tabak, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 287, 1984. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29, 41, 2000. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 951, 1997. Huang, G.-L., Xiao, H., Chi, J., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 411, 2000. Horvath, A. L., Getzen, F. W., and Maczynska, Z., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 395, 1999. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds, MacMillan, New York, 1963. Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 27, 1997. Hinz, H.-J., ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. Budavari, S., ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. Bamford, H. A., Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 1069, 2000.
Mol. Form CBrF3 CBr3F CBr4 CClF3 CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CF4 CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF3 CHI3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2I2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO2 CH4 CO CO2 CS2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4
C2Cl4F2 C2Cl6 C2F4 C2HBrClF3
Name Bromotrifluoromethane Tribromofluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Diiodomethane Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Nitromethane Methane Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Hexachloroethane Tetrafluoroethylene 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 30 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 20 25 30 20 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 27 25 25 10 25
0.032* 0.040 0.024 0.009* 0.028* 0.11 0.065 0.00187* 0.30 0.30* 0.95* 0.80 0.09* 0.012 1.7 1.14 1.05* 1.73 0.124 1.80* 0.535* 0.177* 1.4 11.1 0.00227* 0.00276* 0.1501 0.210 0.00030 0.006* 0.013* 0.017 0.024 0.021 0.020 0.016 0.005 0.0158* 0.52 0.41
14 14 14 10 5 5 20 19 5 10 10 20 14 14 10 14 14 20 10 5 5 5 10 10 18 18 18 10 25 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 19 25 25
8-94
kH/kPa m3mol-1
6.9 41 10.2 2.99
Ref.
13 13 13 13
0.047 3.0
13 13
0.43
13
0.18 0.086
13 13
0.30 0.032 0.63 0.98
13 13 13 13
0.54
13
67.4
260 127 32
5
13 13 13
1.73
13
0.85
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
C2HCl2F3 C2HCl3
Name
2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Trichloroethylene
C2HCl3O2 C2HCl5 C2 H 2 C2H2Br2Cl2 C2H2Br4
Trichloroacetic acid Pentachloroethane Acetylene 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane
C2H2Cl2
1,1-Dichloroethylene
C2H2Cl2
C2H2Cl2
C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl4
C2H2Cl4
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
C2H2I2 C2H2I2 C2H2O4
cis-1,2-Diiodoethene trans-1,2-Diiodoethene Oxalic acid
C2H3Br2Cl C2H3Br3 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl2F C2H3Cl3
1,2-Dibromo-1-chloroethane 1,1,2-Tribromoethane Chloroethylene 1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
C2H3Cl3
C2H3KO2 C2H3NaO2 C2 H 4 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2
C2H4Cl2
C2H4Cl2
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Potassium acetate Sodium acetate Ethylene 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
t/∞C 40 25 0 25 60 25 25 25 20 0 25 50 100 5 25 50 90 10 25 40 10 25 40 24 0 25 50 5 25 50 25 25 20 80 20 20 25 25 0 25 50 0 25 50 25 25 25 30 0 25 50 75 0 25 50 0 25 50 100
8-95
S/mass %
Ref.
0.40 0.46 0.145 0.128 0.133 92.3 0.049 0.1081* 0.070 0.052 0.068 0.106 0.307 0.310 0.242 0.225 0.355 0.76 0.64 0.66 0.53 0.45 0.41 0.49 0.120 0.107 0.123 0.302 0.283 0.318 0.046 0.015 8.69 45.8 0.060 0.050 0.27* 0.042 0.134 0.129 0.138 0.425 0.459 0.536 72.9 33.5 0.01336* 0.683 0.31 0.39 0.54 0.76 0.62 0.50 0.50 0.92 0.86 1.05 2.17
25 25 25 25 25 27 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 27 27 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
1.03
13
0.25
13
2.62
13
0.46
13
0.96
13
0.24
13
0.026
13
2.68
13
1.76
13
0.092
13
21.7
5
0.066
13
0.63
13
0.14
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C2H4O2 C2H5Br
Methyl formate Bromoethane
C2H5Cl
Chloroethane
C2H5F C2H5I
Fluoroethane Iodoethane
C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2 H 6 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O4S C2H6S C2 N 2 C3Br2F6
C3Cl6 C3F6 C3F8 C3H3N C3 H 4 C3H4ClF3 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4Cl2 C3H4N2O2 C3H4O C3H5Br C3H5Br2Cl C3H5Cl
Acetamide Nitroethane Methyl carbamate Glycine Ethane Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl sulfide Cyanogen 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,2-Dichlorohexafluoropropane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,3,3,3pentafluoropropane 1,1,1,3-Tetrachloro-2,2,3,3tetrafluoropropane Hexachloropropene Perfluoropropene Perfluoropropane 2-Propenenitrile Propyne 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 2,3-Dichloropropene 2,4-Imidazolidinedione Acrolein 3-Bromopropene 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 3-Chloropropene
C3H5ClO C3H5Cl3
Epichlorohydrin 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
C3H5N C3 H 6 C3 H 6 C3H6BrCl C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2
Propanenitrile Propene Cyclopropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane
C3Cl2F6 C3Cl3F5 C3Cl4F4
C3H6Cl2
1,3-Dichloropropane
C3H6N6O6 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine Propanal Methyloxirane Ethyl formate Methyl acetate
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 0 25 0 25 25 0 25 20 25 15 25 25 24 25 18 25 25 21
23 1.05 0.90 0.45 0.67 0.216* 0.44 0.40 40.8 4.68 69 20.06 0.00568* 35.3* 25.3 2.7 2 0.8 0.0068
10 25 25 25 25 14 25 25 10 10 27 26 18 10 10 27 10 30 25
21 21
0.0096 0.0058
25 25
21
0.0052
25
20 25 15 20 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 20 25 50 20 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 40 5 25 25 25 20 25 20
0.00118 0.0194* 0.0015* 7.35 0.364* 0.133 0.27 0.28 0.215 3.93 20.8 0.38 0.123 0.40 0.13 6.58 0.14 0.20 10.3 0.0200* 0.0484* 0.223 0.143 0.169 0.270 0.274 0.297 0.218 0.280 0.0060 30.6 40.5 11.8 24.5
25 14 14 10 5 25 5 5 5 29 10 25 25 25 25 10 25 25 10 5 19 25 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 10 10 10 10
8-96
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
1.23
13
1.02
13
0.52
13
50.6 0.077
5 13
1.11
5
0.24 0.18 0.36
5 5 5
1.10
5
0.003
13
0.038
13
21.3
5
0.29
13
0.0087
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C3H6O3 C3H7Br
1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane
C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl
2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane
C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I
1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane
C3H7I
2-Iodopropane
C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H7N3O2 C3 H 8 C3H8O2 C4Cl6 C4F8 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4O C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N3O C4 H 6 C4 H 6 C4H6BaO4 C4H6N2O2 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O4
1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Ethyl carbamate Alanine b-Alanine Sarcosine [N-Methylglycine] Serine Glycocyamine Propane Dimethoxymethane Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Perfluorocyclobutane Succinonitrile Uracil Furan Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cytosine 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne Barium acetate 2,5-Piperazinedione trans-2-Butenal trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Succinic acid
C4H6O4 C4H6O5 C4H7Br C4H7Cl C4H7N C4H7NO4 C4 H 8 C4 H 8 C4H8Br2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8N2O2 C4H8N2O3 C4H8N2O3 C4H8O
Dimethyl oxalate Malic acid 4-Bromo-1-butene 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Butanenitrile Aspartic acid 1-Butene Isobutene 1,4-Dibromobutane 1,1-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane 2,3-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Succinamide Asparagine N-Glycylglycine cis-Crotonyl alcohol
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 0 25 20 25 0 20 14 15 0 20 0 20 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 16 25 21 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 20 20 25 25 75 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25
17.4 0.298 0.234 0.32 0.250 0.44 0.30 0.386* 0.366 0.114 0.100 0.167 0.140 1.50 1.71 48 14.30 47.1 30.0 4.76 0.5 0.00669* 24.4 0.41 0.014* 11.5 0.27 1 2.57 4.5 0.73 0.0735* 0.287* 44.2 1.64 15.6 9 8.9 2.0 4.94 7.71 37.6 5.82 58 0.076 0.916 3.3 0.501 0.0222* 0.0263* 0.035 0.050 0.16 0.056 1.03 18.4 2.45 18.4 16.6
30 25 25 25 25 25 25 14 14 25 25 25 25 10 10 27 26 26 26 26 26 18 10 25 14 10 29 10 10 10 29 5 5
25 25 20 25 50 25 25 20
8-97
29 10 10 10 10 10 27 27 27 27 25 5 10 26 5 5 25 25 25 25 10 27 26 29 10
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
3.8 1.27 1.41
13 13 13
0.93
13
71.6
5
0.54
13
20.7 1.91
13 5
0.12
5
25.6 21.6
0.003
13 13
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl
Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane
C4H9Cl
2-Chlorobutane
C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H9NO3 C4H9N3O2 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O
1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane Ethyl-N-methyl carbamate 2-Methylalanine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid Threonine L-Homoserine Creatine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol
C4H10O
2-Butanol
C4H10O
2-Methyl-1-propanol
C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O4 C4H10S C4H11NO2 C4H12Si C5Cl8 C5F12 C5H4N2O4 C5H4N4O C5H4N4O2 C5H4N4O3 C5H4O2 C5H5N5 C5H5N5O C5H5N5O C5 H 6 C5H6N2O2 C5H7NO2 C5H7N3O C5 H 8 C5 H 8
Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 1-Butanethiol Diethanolamine Tetramethylsilane Octachloro-1,3-pentadiene Perfluoropentane Orotic acid Hypoxanthine Xanthine Uric acid Furfural Adenine Guanine Isoguanine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Thymine Ethyl cyanoacetate 5-Methylcytosine 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene
C5 H 8
1-Pentyne
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
20 25 20 25 20 22 25
0.9 7.1 9.1 25.9 22.8 2.05 8.08 6 0.087 0.051 0.062 0.087 0.107 0.092 0.92 0.29 0.021 69 12.0 17.4 55.6 8.93 52.4 1.6 0.00724* 0.00535* 10.4 7.4 6.4 23.9 18.1 14.0 11.5 8.1 6.5 6.04 3.5 38.0 0.0597 95.4 0.00196 0.000020 0.00012 0.18 0.070 0.05 0.002 8.2 0.104 0.0068 0.006 0.068 0.35 25.9 0.45 0.056 0.061 0.076* 0.157
10 10 10 20 10 10 10 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 27 26 26 26 26 26 26 18 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 30 27 10 10 10 25 25 26 29 26 26 10 29 29 26 3 29 10 26 3 3 3 3
25 18 1 25 0 25 25 15 17 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 10 25 50 0 25 50 25 25 20 20 20 25 20 25 18 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 50 25
8-98
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
1.2
13
1.54
13
1.87
13
95.9 120
5 5
0.00273
28
0.088
13
12 7.78
5 5
2.5
5
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C5 H 8 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9NO2 C5H9NO3 C5H9NO4 C5H9NO4 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2O3 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H11Br C5H11Br C5H11Cl
Cyclopentene Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Proline trans-4-Hydroxyproline DL-Glutamic acid Glutamic acid 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane 2,3-Dichloropentane 1,2-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane Glutamine 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 1-Chloropentane
C5H11Cl C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O
3-Chloropentane Valine L-Norvaline Methionine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol
C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O4 C6Cl6 C6F14 C6F14 C6HCl5 C6HCl5O C6H2Br4 C6H2Cl4
2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Methyl tert-butyl ether Pentaerythritol Hexachlorobenzene Perfluorohexane Perfluoro-2-methylpentane Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 20 21 22 20 20 20
0.054 1.50 1.56 16.6 61.9 26.5 2.30 0.85 0.0148 0.0203 0.013* 0.041 0.0157 0.029 0.029 0.029 0.02 4.0 5.5 4.72 8.02 13.9 2.5 4.3 1.0 2.3 2.9 1.92 1.6 0.0127 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.025 8.13 9.7 5.3 0.0041 0.00485 0.00332* 3.1 2.20 1.8 4.3 5.6 3.0 2.7 11.0 5.6 3.5 3.62 5.3 0.0000005 0.0000098 0.000017 0.000055 0.0013 0.00000434 0.0000433
3 10 10 10 26 26 29 26 3 3 3 3 3 25 25 25 25 26 20 20 10 10 26 26 10 10 10 10 30 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 3 3 3 1 1 1 21 21 3 1 1 1 1
25 16 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
8-99
30 2 25 25 2 24 2 2
kH/kPa m3mol-1 6.56
Ref. 13
40.3 22.8 54.7
5 5 5
19.1
13
0.00847
28
0.67
13
2.37
13
128 479 220
13 13 13
0.070
13
0.131
11
0.085
11
0.144
11
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4O C6H2Cl4O2 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3 C6H3Br3O C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O C6H3Cl3O2 C6H3N3O7 C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrCl C6H4BrI C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2 C6H4Br2O C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4ClI C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2
C6H4Cl2O C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4Cl2O2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4I2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C6H5Br
C6H5BrO C6H5Cl
C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I
Name 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol 1,2,4-Tribromobenzene 1,3,5-Tribromobenzene 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene o-Dibromobenzene m-Dibromobenzene p-Dibromobenzene 2,4-Dibromophenol 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene
m-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Dichlorophenol 3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol 4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene p-Diiodobenzene 1,2-Dinitrobenzene 1,3-Dinitrobenzene 1,4-Dinitrobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene
p-Bromophenol Chlorobenzene
o-Chlorophenol m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 25 25 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 10 25 50 10 25 50 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 10 25 40 25 10 25 50 25 25 25 27 10
0.000346 0.0000606 0.017 0.071 0.0010 0.0000789 0.0007 0.00309 0.00379 0.000655 0.1 0.050 0.051 1.43 0.0124 0.0118 0.00442 0.000794 0.00748 0.0064 0.0020 0.2 0.00689 0.00674 0.00311 0.0142 0.0147 0.0212 0.0103 0.0106 0.0165 0.00512 0.00829 0.0167 0.49 0.78 1.19 0.114 0.114 0.122 0.00192 0.000185 0.000893 0.21 2.09 1.30 1.36 0.0387 0.0445 0.0516 1.86 0.0387 0.0495 0.0882 2.0 2.2 2.7 0.154 0.0193
2 2 24 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 8 27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 27 27 27 27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8-100
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.59 0.122
11 11
0.242 0.277 1.1
11 11 11
0.195
28
0.376
11
0.244
28
0.250
28
0.32
28
0.70
11
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6 H 6
Name
Nitrobenzene 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol Benzene
C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O3 C6H6O3 C6H6O6 C6H7N C6H7NO3S C6 H 8 C6H8ClN C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O4 C6H9N3O2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12N2O4S C6H12N2O4S2 C6H12N4 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O
o-Chloroaniline 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Pyrocatechol Resorcinol 1,2,3-Benzenetriol 1,3,5-Benzenetriol Aconitic acid Aniline 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 1,4-Cyclohexadiene Aniline hydrochloride Adiponitrile m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine Dimethyl maleate Histidine 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Ethyl acetoacetate Adipic acid Caprolactam 1-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane L-Lanthionine L-Cystine Methenamine 1-Hexen-3-ol 4-Hexen-2-ol Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol
C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2
Hexanoic acid Isopentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 45 25 20 20 20 10 25 50 25 30 30 30 25 25 20 20 25 20 15 25 7 25 15 20 20
0.0226 0.0279 0.21 0.21 2.14 1.32 0.178 0.178 0.208 0.876 1.47 0.121 0.073 8.66 7.42 31.1 63.7 38.5 1.12 58.5 3.38 0.59 0.08 15.1 0.80 19.2 1 8.0 4.17 0.017 0.036 0.016 8.8 2.89 12 1.42 84.0 0.0053 0.0067 0.0078 0.0048 0.046 0.0058 0.0043 0.15 0.011 44.8 2.52 3.81 0.3 1.75 1.7 4.62 3.8 3.30 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.62
2 2 17 27 27 27 3 22 3 10 27 27 27 10 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 27 3 27 16 27 30 10 26 3 3 3 20 10 10 27 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 26 26 27 1 1 10 10 10 1 1 1 26 27 10 10
25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 12 25 25 20 20 25 10 25 40 20 22 20 20
8-101
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.078
11
0.557
22
14
15
1.03
13
4.14 4.57
13 13
41.8
5
28.1 63.2
5 5
19.4 36.7
13 5
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3
Name
C6H12O3 C6H12O6 C6H12O6
Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate Ethyl butanoate Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde D-Galactose a-D-Glucose
C6H13Br C6H13Cl
1-Bromohexane 1-Chlorohexane
C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H13NO2 C6H14
Leucine Isoleucine L-Norleucine Ethyl N-propylcarbamate Hexane
C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2O2 C6H14N4O2 C6H14O C6H14O
2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane Lysine Arginine 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane 1-Hexanol
C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H16ClN C7F16 C7H4ClNO4 C7H4ClNO4 C7H4Cl4O C7H4N2O6 C7H4O6 C7H4O7
2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane D-Mannitol Dipropylamine Triethylamine Triethylamine hydrochloride Perfluoroheptane 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6dicarboxylic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid
C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
20 25 20
0.63 0.6 0.49 14
10 27 10 30
25 20 15 30 80 25 5 25 25 25 25 15 25 60 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 0 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
11 40.6 45.0 54.6 81.5 0.00258 0.0047 0.0064 2.15 3.31 1.5 7.70 0.0011 0.00136 0.00137 0.00129 0.0021 0.0021 0.58 15.44 1.25 0.79 0.60 0.51 1.4 1.6 0.81 0.76 3.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 4.3 1.0 0.8 4.2 2.4 0.49 1.2 5 17.7 2.5 5.5 57.8 0.0000013 0.047 0.96 0.00061 0.134 1.45 0.84
30 27 27 27 27 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 3 3 3 3 3 3 26 26 27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 27 10 10 27 25 27 27 2 27 27 27
25 25
0.185 0.040
8-102
27 27
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
183
13
176 170 199 144
13 13 13 13
0.26 0.26
13 13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C7H5BrO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5Cl3 C7H5Cl3O C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5N C7H5NO C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3 C7H5NO3S
4-Bromobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid (Trichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid 2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzoxazole 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde Saccharin
C7H5N3O6
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2O C7H6Cl2O C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3
(Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol 2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol 1H-Benzimidazole 1H-Indazole Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
C7H6O5
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid
C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7 H 8
p-Bromotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol Benzamide 2-Nitrotoluene 3-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene 2-Nitroanisole 4-Nitroanisole Toluene
C7 H 8 C7 H 8 C7H8N2S C7H8N4O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S C7H9NO2S
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene 1,6-Heptadiyne Phenylthiourea Theophylline o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 3-Methylbenzenesulfonamide 4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide
t/∞C 25 25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 100 25 100 30 25 25 20 20 20 25 86 25 80 15 100 25 20 25 25 25 12 30 30 30 30 30 5 25 25 25 25 20 40 40 40 20 25 20 21 25 25 25
8-103
S/mass %
Ref.
0.0056 0.209 0.040 0.072 0.0053 0.0112 0.72 0.15 0.12 0.095 0.016 0.0027 0.2 0.834 0.16 0.23 0.40 4.0 0.015 0.015 0.025 0.0283 0.0673 0.201 0.0827 0.3 0.34 1.68 0.64 12.0 0.94 25.0 0.011 0.0493 0.36 0.68 0.40 0.577 0.065 0.050 0.044 0.169 0.059 0.063 0.0531 0.064 0.125 2.55 0.52 3.08 2.51 2.26 0.08 0.19 1.66 7.35 0.162 0.78 0.316
27 27 27 27 10 2 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 6 27 27 27 27 27 27 10 2 2 6 6 10 27 10 27 27 27 27 2 10 2 2 2 27 27 27 27 10 27 3 22 3 3 27 29 10 10 10 10 20 10 10 27 27 27
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.660 0.47
22 13
0.025
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12O2 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14
1-Heptyne Cycloheptene 1-Methylyclohexene Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane
C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15I C7H16
Ethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone Heptanoic acid Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl pentanoate Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane Heptane
C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16O
C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C8F18 C8H4F6 C8H6N2 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H6S C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3
2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 1-Heptanol
2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol 2-Methyl-2-hexanol 5-Methyl-2-hexanol 3-Methyl-3-hexanol 3-Ethyl-3-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol 2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol Perfluorooctane 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Quinoxaline Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid Benzo[b]thiophene 3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde 2-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 25 15 25 25 25 25 50 20 11 25 20 20 15 20 20 25 22 17 25 20 25 25 25 0 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 25 50 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 40 25 25 50 14 25 20 25
0.0094 0.0066 0.0052 0.201 0.032 0.015 0.0030 0.00151 0.0019 0.012 0.124 0.43 1.43 0.59 0.24 0.17 0.2 0.2 0.572 0.162 0.3 0.2 0.00067 0.00136 0.00035 0.0003 0.00024 0.00025 0.00025 0.00026 0.00044 0.00052 0.00042 0.00059 0.25 0.174 0.12 0.33 0.43 0.47 1.0 0.49 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 0.82 1.6 0.70 2.2 0.00000017 0.0041 54 0.54 0.013 0.0130 0.093
3 3 3 27 3 3 3 3 3 3 27 10 10 10 27 10 10 27 27 27 27 10 25 25 25 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 2 6 27 27 6 8
25
0.013
8-104
8
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
4.47 4.9
13 13
40.3 42.2 9.59 43.3
13 13 13 13
0.0171
28
209
13
346 249 318 175 323 186
5 13 5 5 13 5
0.00562
28
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C8H7Cl3O C8H7N C8 H 8
2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Indole Styrene
C8H8HgO2 C8H8N2 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9ClO C8H9NO
Mercury(II) phenyl acetate 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate 4-Methoxybenzoic acid Mandelic acid Methyl salicylate 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol 4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol Acetanilide
C8H10
Ethylbenzene
C8H10
o-Xylene
C8H10
m-Xylene
C8H10
C8H10N4O2 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H12 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16N2O4S2 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H18
p-Xylene
Caffeine 2,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole 2,5-Dimethylaniline 4-Vinylcyclohexene 1-Octyne 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane Homocystine 2-Octanone Octanoic acid Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate 1-Bromooctane 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane Octane
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 20 25 50
0.00050 0.187 0.0321 0.046 0.2 0.145 0.55 0.118 0.098 0.345 1.71 0.21 0.023 11.3 0.74 0.247 0.89 0.52 0.34 0.52 2.7 0.020 0.0161 0.0200 0.0171 0.021 0.0203 0.0161 0.022 0.0160 0.0181 0.022 2.12 0.787 0.62 0.12 0.66 0.005 0.0024 0.00027 0.00079 0.00066 0.00060 0.000384 0.00020 0.00037 0.02 0.113 0.080 0.02 0.13 0.1 0.5 0.063 0.000167 0.0345 0.01 0.000071 0.00010
2 6 22 4 30 6 28 27 27 27 27 10 27 27 10 8 2 2 2 27 27 4 22 4 22 4 4 22 4 4 22 4 29 10 10 10 27 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 26 10 26 10 10 27 10 27 25 25 10 4 4
20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 20 70 0 25 40 25 45 0 25 40 0 25 40 25 25 29 25 20 25 25 25 25 40 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 50
8-105
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.286 0.30
22 13
0.00108
28
0.843
22
0.551
22
0.730
22
0.690
22
7.87 96.3 10.7 36 88.2 90.2 159
311
13 13 13 5 5 5 5
13
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H19N C8H19N C8H20Si C9H7BrO4 C9H7N C9H7N C9H8O2 C9H8O4 C9H9I2NO3 C9H9N C9H9NO3 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3 C9H11NO3 C9H11NO4 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H14N4O3 C9H14O6 C9H16 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20
3-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Methyl-2-heptanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Tetraethylsilane 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid Quinoline Isoquinoline trans-Cinnamic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine 3-Methyl-1H-indole N-Benzoylglycine Indan Ethyl benzoate DL-Phenylalanine Phenylalanine L-Tyrosine DL-Tyrosine Levodopa [3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine] 1,8-Nonadiyne Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Carnosine Triacetin 1-Nonyne 1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane Diisobutyl ketone Nonanoic acid Ethyl heptanoate Nonane
C9H20 C9H20 C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C9H20O C10F22 C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8
4-Methyloctane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 1-Nonanol 2-Nonanol 3-Nonanol 4-Nonanol 5-Nonanol Perfluorodecane 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene
C10H8O C10H9N
2-Naphthol 3-Methylisoquinoline
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 25 25 25 25 30 25 20 20 20 25
0.000079 0.00022 0.00018 0.054 0.4 0.25 0.01 0.03 0.47 0.25 0.0000325 0.07 0.633 0.452 0.056 0.25 0.062 0.050 0.37 0.010 0.083 1.40 2.71 0.046 0.35 62.3 0.0125 0.0052 0.0050 0.0093 0.0094 0.0070 0.0057 0.0050 24.4 5.8 0.00072 0.000177 0.043 0.0284 0.029 0.000017 0.000022 0.0000115 0.00008 0.072 0.014 0.026 0.032 0.0026 0.0032 0.000031 0.00224 0.00117 0.0019 0.00316 0.0082 0.1 0.092
4 4 4 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 30 6 6 27 27 26 6 29 4 20 29 26 26 30 26 4 22 22 5 5 22 22 22 26 10 4 4 10 26 27 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 5 5 4 22 4 30 6
20 20 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 50 25 25 15 25 15 15 15 15 20 25 25 10 25 50 20
8-106
kH/kPa m3mol-1 376 307 206
Ref. 5 13 13
0.48
13
1.041 1.466 0.529 0.500 0.343 0.569 0.781
22 22 13 13 22 22 22
105
13
333
13
1000 246
5 13
0.0363 0.0335
28 28
0.043
22
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
C10H10O4 C10H12N4O5 C10H13N5O3 C10H13N5O4 C10H13N5O5 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14N2O5 C10H14O C10H14O C10H16
Dimethyl phthalate Inosine 2'-Deoxyadenosine Adenosine Guanosine Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Thymidine Carvone Thymol d-Limonene
C10H16O C10H16O C10H16O4 C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C11H8O2 C11H10 C11H10 C11H12N2O2 C11H16 C11H22O2 C12Cl10 C12F26 C12HCl9 C12H2Cl8 C12H3Cl7 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C12H8 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8O C12H8S C12H9Cl C12H9N C12H10
Camphor Carvenone trans-Camphoric acid trans-Decahydronaphthalene Borneol a-Terpineol 1-Decene Pentylcyclopentane Decanoic acid Ethyl octanoate Decane 1-Decanol Diisopentyl ether 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Tryptophan Pentylbenzene Ethyl nonanoate Decachlorobiphenyl Hexacosafluorododecane 2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6,6'-Nonachlorobiphenyl 2,2',3,3',5,5',6,6'-Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2',3,3',4,4',6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2',3,3',4,4'-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2',3,3',6,6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2',4,5,5'-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2',4',5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl Acenaphthylene 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene 2-Chlorobiphenyl Carbazole Acenaphthene
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15
0.40 1.6 0.67 0.51 0.0500 0.00138 0.0014 0.0032 0.0010 0.0051 0.000348 5.1 0.13 0.1 0.00097 0.00138 0.01 0.22 0.8 0.000089 0.074 0.20 0.00057 0.0000115 0.015 0.007 0.0000015 0.0037 0.02 0.0058 0.00281 0.0025 1.30 0.00105 0.003 0.00000000012 0.00000096 0.0000000018 0.0000003 0.0000002 0.00000006 0.00000007 0.00000008 0.0000008 0.000001 0.000002 0.0000016 0.000014 0.00002 0.0016 0.0002 0.00014 0.000656 0.000103 0.00055 0.000120 0.00015 0.000380 0.00092
15 29 29 29 29 22 4 4 4 23 4 29 27 30 4 4 10 27 27 4 27 27 4 4 26 27 4 1 10 27 22 4 26 5 27 7 25 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 7 7 28 7 7 6 6 7 6 4 22 4
0 25 20 15 25 25 25 15 25 25 20 20 0 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 22 0 25 50
8-107
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
1.33 1.89 1.28 3.32 0.80 2.55
22 11 11 11 5 11
3
13
185
5
479
13
0.045 0.051
22 12
1.69
11
0.0208
7
0.0381 0.0054 0.0354 0.818
7 7 31 7
0.0421
31
0.0379 0.0495 0.012 0.0201
31 7 28 7
0.011
12
0.0701
7
0.01217
22
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form C12H10
Name Biphenyl
C12H10N2 C12H10N2O C12H10O C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H18 C12H22O11
Azobenzene N-Nitrosodiphenylamine Diphenyl ether 1-Ethylnaphthalene 2-Ethylnaphthalene 1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene Hexylbenzene Sucrose
C12H22O11 C12H24O2 C12H24O2 C12H26 C12H26O C12H27O4P C13H9N C13H9N C13H10
a-Maltose Dodecanoic acid Ethyl decanoate Dodecane 1-Dodecanol Tributyl phosphate Acridine Benzo[f]quinoline 9H-Fluorene
C13H12 C13H14 C13H26O2 C14H10
Diphenylmethane 1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene Tridecanoic acid Anthracene
C14H10
Phenanthrene
C14H12 C14H14 C14H14O C14H28O2 C14H29Cl C14H30 C14H30O C15H12 C15H12 C15H12 C15H30O2 C15H32O C16H10 C16H10
trans-Stilbene 1,2-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether Tetradecanoic acid 1-Chlorotetradecane Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol 1-Methylphenanthrene 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene Pentadecanoic acid 1-Pentadecanol Fluoranthene Pyrene
C16H14 C16H15NO3 C16H22O4 C16H32O2 C16H34O C17H12 C17H12 C17H19NO3
9,10-Dimethylanthracene N-Benzoyl-L-phenylalanine Dibutyl phthalate Hexadecanoic acid 1-Hexadecanol 11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Morphine
t/∞C 0 25 50 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 50 100 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 50 25 25 20 0 25 10 25 50 25 25 35 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 50 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 20
8-108
S/mass %
Ref.
0.000272 0.00072 0.0022 0.03 0.0035 0.00180 0.00101 0.00080 0.0008 0.00114 0.00031 0.00025 0.00017 0.00021 67.1 72.3 83.0 51.9 0.0055 0.0015 0.00000037 0.0004 0.039 0.00466 0.0079 0.00007 0.00019 0.00063 0.000141 0.00021 0.0033 0.0000022 0.0000045 0.000050 0.00011 0.00041 0.000029 0.00044 0.0040 0.0020 0.0232 0.000012 0.000031 0.0000269 0.00003 0.000026 0.0012 0.000010 0.000026 0.000013 0.00009 0.0000056 0.085 0.00112 0.00072 0.000003 0.0000045 0.0000002 0.015
4 22 4 27 17 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 27 27 27 27 26 27 4 1 10 6 6 4 22 4 4 4 26 4 22 4 22 4 4 6 10 26 25 5 1 4 22 4 26 1 22 22 4 4 29 15 26 1 4 4 27
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.0280
22
0.027 0.039 0.078
13 12 12
0.036
28
750
5
0.00787
22
0.001
12
0.00396
22
0.00324
22
0.040 0.017
12 12
0.00096 0.00092
22 22
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENRY’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued) Mol. Form
Name
t/∞C
S/mass %
Ref.
C17H21NO4 C17H34O2 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12N2 C18H21NO3 C18H32O16 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H38O C19H14 C19H14 C19H14 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12 C20H12O5 C20H13N C20H14 C20H14O4 C20H24N2O2 C20H24N2O2 C20H42 C21H13N C21H16
Cocaine Heptadecanoic acid Benzo[a]anthracene Chrysene Naphthacene Triphenylene 2,2'-Biquinoline Codeine Raffinose Dibutyl sebacate Octadecanoic acid 1-Octadecanol 9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene 5-Methylchrysene Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene Fluorescein 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene Phenolphthalein Quinine Quinidine Eicosane Dibenz[a,j]acridine 1,2-Dihydro-3methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene Strychnine 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione Benzo[ghi]perylene Picene Benzo[b]triphenylene Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenz[a,j]anthracene Butyl stearate Brucine Narceine Coronene
25 20 25 25 25 25 24 25 20 20 20 34 27 25 27 25 25 20 20 24 25 20 25 20 25 25 25
0.17 0.00042 0.0000011 0.0000002 0.00000006 0.0000041 0.000102 0.79 12.5 0.004 0.00029 0.000011 0.0000066 0.0000055 0.0000062 0.00000004 0.0000003 0.0000005 0.005 0.00000104 0.00000036 0.018 0.057 0.020 0.00000019 0.000016 0.00000022
27 26 22 22 4 4 6 27 27 10 26 1 4 4 4 4 22 22 27 6 6 27 27 27 4 6 6
C21H22N2O2 C21H28O5 C22H12 C22H14 C22H14 C22H14 C22H14 C22H44O2 C23H26N2O4 C23H27NO8 C24H12
20 25
0.013 0.028
27 30
25 25 25 25 25 25 20 13 25
0.000000026 0.00000025 0.0000027 0.00000006 0.0000012 0.2 0.012 0.078 0.000000014
4 4 4 4 4 10 27 27 4
8-109
kH/kPa m3mol-1
Ref.
0.00058 0.000065 0.000004 0.00001
22 22 12 12
0.000003 0.0000465 0.0000467
12 22 22
0.000075
12
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES The solubility of over 300 common inorganic compounds in water is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Solubility is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with a solid phase at the specified temperature. In this table the solid phase is generally the most stable crystalline phase at the temperature in question. An asterisk * on solubility values in adjacent columns indicates that the solid phase changes between those two temperatures (usually from one hydrated phase to another or from a hydrate to the anhydrous solid). In such cases the slope of the solubility vs. temperature curve may show a discontinuity. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, 100◊w2, where w2 = m2/(m1 + m2) and m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molarity: c2 = 1000 rw2/M2 Molality: m2 = 1000w2/M2(1-w2) Mole fraction: x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1} Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: r2 = 100w2/(1-w2) Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. r is the density of the solution in g cm-3. The data in the table have been derived from the references indicated; in many cases the data have been refitted or interpolated in order to present solubility at rounded values of temperature. Where available, values were taken from the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1) or the related papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (References 2 to 5), which present carefully evaluated data. The solubility of sparingly soluble compounds that do not appear in this table may be calculated from the data in the table “Solubility Product Constants”. Solubility of inorganic gases may be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water”. Compounds are listed alphabetically by chemical formula in the most commonly used form (e.g., NaCl, NH4NO3, etc.). REFERENCES 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Volumes 1 to 53 were published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, from 1979 to 1994; subsequent volumes were published by Oxford University Press, Oxford. The number following the colon is the volume number in the series. 2. Clever, H.L., and Johnston, F.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 3. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 4. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 5. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 6. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. 7. Krumgalz, B.S., Mineral Solubility in Water at Various Temperatures, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd., Haifa, 1994. 8. Potter, R.W., and Clynne, M.A., J. Research U.S. Geological Survey, 6, 701, 1978; Clynne, M.A., and Potter, R.W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 338, 1979. 9. Marshal, W.L., and Slusher, R., J. Phys. Chem., 70, 4015, 1966; Knacke, O., and Gans, W., Zeit. Phys. Chem., NF, 104, 41, 1977. 10. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 1, Macmillan, New York, 1963.
8-110
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-111
AgBrO3 AgClO2 AgClO3 AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlCl3 Al(ClO4)3 AlF3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 As2O3 BaBr2 Ba(BrO3)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 BaCl2 Ba(ClO2)2 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 BaF2 BaI2 Ba(IO3)2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba(OH)2 BaS Ba(SCN)2 BaSO3 BeCl2 Be(ClO4)2 BeSO4 CaBr2 CaCl2 Ca(ClO3)2 Ca(ClO4)2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(IO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO3 CaSO4
0∞C
10∞C
20∞C
0.17
0.31
0.47
81.6 0.155 55.9 0.56 30.84 54.9 0.25 37.0 27.5 1.19 47.6 0.285 37.0 23.30 30.5 16.90 67.30
83.0
84.2
62.3 0.67 30.91
67.8 0.78 31.03
0.34 38.2
0.44 39.9
1.48 48.5 0.442
1.80 49.5 0.656
24.88
26.33
21.23 70.96 0.158 64.7 0.0262 36.6 6.3
23.66 74.30 67.3 0.0342 41.8 8.2
4.78
6.97
26.69 55 36.70 63.2
27.58 56 39.19 64.2
28.61 59 42.13 65.5
0.0013 64.6 0.082 38.6 50.1
66.0 0.155 39.5 53.1
0.174
0.191
67.6 0.243 44.5 56.7 0.0059 0.202
62.5 0.0182 31.1 4.7 1.67 2.79
40.5
25∞C 0.193 0.55 15 84.8 0.413 70.1 0.83 31.10 0.50 40.8 27.8 2.01 50.0 0.788 44.2 27.03 31.3 27.50 75.75 0.161 68.8 0.0396 44.3 9.3 4.68 8.21 62.6 0.0011 41.7 59.5 29.22 61 44.83* 66.3 65.3 0.0016 68.3 0.305 48.6 59.0 0.0054 0.205
30∞C
40∞C
50∞C
60∞C
70∞C
80∞C
90∞C
100∞C
0.64
0.82
1.02
1.22
1.44
1.66
1.32 1.88
2.11
85.3
86.3
86.9
87.5
87.9
88.3
88.6
88.8
72.3 0.88 31.18
76.1 0.97 31.37
79.2 1.05 31.60
81.7 1.13 31.87
83.8 1.20 32.17
85.4 1.26 32.51
87.8 1.39 33.32
0.56 42.0 28.2 2.27 50.4 0.935
0.68 44.5 29.2 2.86 51.4 1.30
0.81 47.3 30.7 3.43 52.5 1.74
0.96 50.4 32.6 4.11 53.5 2.27
1.11 53.8* 34.9 4.89 54.5 2.90
1.28
86.7 1.32 32.90 64.4 1.45
37.6 5.77 55.5 3.61
40.7 6.72 56.6 4.40
27.70
29.00
30.27
31.53
32.81
34.14
35.54
29.43 77.05
33.16 79.23
36.69 80.92
40.05 82.21
43.04 83.16
45.90 83.88
48.70 84.43
37.05 44.7 51.17 84.90
69.1 0.045* 46.8 10.2 8.4 9.58
69.5 0.058* 51.6 12.4 19 12.67
70.1 0.073 56.2 14.7 33 16.18
70.7 0.090 60.5 17.0 52 20.05
71.3 0.109 64.6 19.3 74 24.19
72.0 0.131 68.5 21.5 100 28.55
72.7 0.156 72.1 23.5
73.4 0.182 75.6 25.5
33.04
37.61
29.90 63 49.12* 67.2
31.51 68 52.85* 69.0
33.39 71 56.05* 71.0
35.50 73 56.73 73.2
37.78
40.21
42.72
45.28
57.44 75.5*
58.21 77.4*
59.04 77.7
59.94 78.0
69.0 0.384*
70.8 0.517*
72.4 0.590
74.0 0.652
76.0 0.811*
78.0 0.665*
79.6 0.668
81.0
60.9 0.0049 0.208
65.4 0.0041 0.210
77.8 0.0035 0.207
78.1 0.0030 0.201
78.2 0.0026 0.193
78.3 0.0023 0.184
78.4 0.0020 0.173
78.5 0.0019 0.163
1.64 61.5* 44.2 7.71 57.6 5.25
Ref. 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 10 6 1:14 7 8 7 1:14 7 7 6 1:14 10 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 7 7 10 8 1:14 7 10 7 1:14 7 6 1:26 9
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-112
CdBr2 CdC2O4 CdCl2 Cd(ClO4)2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(IO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CdSeO4 Ce(NO3)3 CoCl2 Co(ClO4)2 CoF2 CoI2 Co(NO2)2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 Co(SCN)2 CrO3 CsBr CsBrO3 CsCl CsClO3 CsClO4 CsI CsIO3 CsNO3 CsOH Cs2SO4 CuBr2 CuCl2 Cu(ClO4)2 CuF2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 CuSeO4 Dy(NO3)3 Er(NO3)3 Eu(NO3)3 FeBr2 FeCl2 FeCl3
0∞C
10∞C
20∞C
25∞C
30∞C
40∞C
50∞C
60∞C
70∞C
80∞C
90∞C
100∞C
Ref.
53.4 0.0060 54.6 58.7 4.18 46.3 0.091 61.0 43.4 38.18 63.05 35.99 53.0 1.4 66.99 0.49 50.8 27.7 50.7 62.8 55.2 3.69 65.64 7.22 1.96 45.9 2.59 21.8
56.4
60.3*
60.3*
60.5
60.7
60.9
61.3
61.6
56.3*
57.3*
57.5
57.8
58.1
58.51
58.98
59.5 66.9
3.76 46.8
47.9
49.0
50.2
51.5
52.7
54.1
55.4
62.8 43.6 37.29 64.31* 37.10
66.5 44.1 35.35 67.0* 39.27
70.6 43.5 33.15 68.6 41.38
86.1 42.5 30.65 71.1* 43.46
86.5 41.4 27.84 74.9* 45.50
86.8 40.2 24.69 79.2 47.51
87.1 38.5 21.24 80.9 49.51
87.4 36.7 17.49 83.1 51.50
68.51
71.17
73.41
75.29
76.89
78.28
79.52
80.70
52.4 29.2
56.0 32.3
60.1 34.4
62.6 35.9
64.9 35.5
67.7 33.2
30.6
27.8
63.0
63.5
64.1
64.7
65.5
66.2
67.1
67.9
4.46 66.29 8.69 2.57 48.6 3.02 25.1 75 64.8
6.32 67.50 12.15 4.28 53.3 3.96 32.0
8.60 68.60 16.33 6.55 57.3 5.06 39.0
11.32 69.61 21.14 9.29 60.7 6.29 45.7
14.45 70.54 26.45 12.41 63.6 7.70 51.9
17.96 71.40 32.10 15.80 65.9 9.20 57.3
21.83 72.21 37.89 19.39 67.7 10.79 62.1
25.98 72.96 43.42 23.07 69.2 12.45 66.2
65.5
66.1
66.7
67.3
67.8
68.3
68.8
43.7 59.3
44.8
46.0
47.2
48.5
49.9
51.3
52.7
61.1 19.3
62.0 22.2
63.1 25.4
64.5 28.8
65.9 32.4
67.5 36.3
69.2 40.3
71.0 43.5
63.29 66.69 60.4
65.43 68.70 62.5
68.04 70.96 64.6
71.58 73.64
77.75
84.4
64.8* 48.7* 84.7
6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 6 5 1:13 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 6 7 1:30 1:47 1:30 7 6 1:30 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 6 7 1:13 1:13 1:13 7 7 6
36.0
43.0
49.9
47.2
50.1
53.2
44.1
5.82 44.9
4.65 45.8
55.4 43.1 42.04 57.99 30.30 50.0
57.1 43.1 40.59 59.80 32.60
59.6 43.2 39.02 61.89 34.87
58.00 0.076 45.5 19.9
61.78
65.35
47.0 23.0
49.4 26.1
62.2
62.3
62.6
1.16 61.83 2.40 0.79 30.9 1.08 8.46
1.93 63.48 3.87 1.01 37.2 1.58 13.0
3.01 64.96 5.94 1.51 43.2 2.21 18.6
62.6
63.4
64.1
40.8 54.3
41.7
42.6
45.2 12.4 10.6 58.79 61.58 55.2
49.8 14.4
56.3 16.7
59.99 63.15 56.7
61.49 64.84 58.5
33.2* 42.7
44.9
47.9
64.5 55.8 43.1 0.075 59.2 18.0 16.0 62.35 65.75 59.4 54.6 39.4* 47.7
51.6
74.8
76.7
84.6
84.3
84.3
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-113
Fe(ClO4)2 FeF3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4 Gd(NO3)3 HIO3 H3BO3 HgBr2 Hg(CN)2 HgCl2 HgI2 Hg(SCN)2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2(ClO4)2 Hg2SO4 Ho(NO3)3 KBF4 KBr KBrO3 KC2H3O2 KCl KClO3 KClO4 KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KH2PO4 KI KIO3 KIO4 KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KOH KSCN K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K2HAsO4 K2HPO4 K2MoO4 K2SO3
0∞C
10∞C
20∞C
63.39 40.15 41.44 13.5 56.3 73.45 2.61 0.26 6.57 4.24
17.0 57.7 74.10 3.57 0.37 7.83 5.05
20.8 59.2 74.98 4.77 0.52 9.33 6.17 0.0041
73.8 0.038
0.043
0.048
0.28 35.0 2.97 68.40 21.74 3.03 0.70 30.90 18.62 27.1 11.74 56.0 4.53 0.16 2.74 73.7 12.0 48.7 63.8 51.3 37.1 4.30 48.5* 57.0
0.34 37.3 4.48 70.29 23.61 4.67 1.10 39.8 21.73 29.7 14.91 57.6 5.96 0.22 4.12 74.6 17.6 50.8 66.4 51.7 38.1 7.12
0.45 39.4 6.42 72.09 25.39 6.74 1.67 47.3 24.92 32.3 18.25 59.0 7.57 0.37 5.96 75.3 24.2 53.2 69.1 52.3 38.9 10.9
59.1
61.5
51.30
51.39
51.49
25∞C 67.76 5.59 46.57 46.67 22.8 60.1 75.48 5.48 0.61 10.2 6.81 0.0055 0.070 0.0004 79.8* 0.051 63.8 0.55 40.4 7.55 72.92 26.22 7.93 2.04 50.41 26.6 33.6 19.97 59.7 8.44 0.51 7.06 75.7 27.7 54.7 70.4 52.7 39.4 13.1 63.6* 62.7 64.7 51.55
30∞C
40∞C
50∞C
60∞C
70∞C
80∞C
90∞C
100∞C
24.8 61.0 76.03 6.27 0.72 11.1 7.62 0.0072
28.8 62.9 77.20 8.10 0.96 13.1 9.53 0.0122
32.8 65.2 78.46 10.3 1.26 15.5 12.02 0.0199
35.5 67.9 79.78 12.9 1.63 18.2 15.18
33.6 71.5 81.13 15.9 2.08 21.2 19.16
30.4
27.1
24.0
82.48 19.3 2.61 24.6 24.06
83.82 23.1 3.23 28.3 29.90
85.14 27.3 3.95 32.3 36.62
0.054
0.059
0.065
0.070
0.076
0.082
0.088
85.3* 0.093
0.75 41.4 8.79 73.70 27.04 9.21 2.47 53.2 28.13 35.0 21.77 60.4 9.34 0.70 8.28 76.0 31.3 56.1 71.6 53.1 39.8 15.5
1.38 43.2 11.57 75.08 28.59 12.06 3.54
2.09 44.8 14.71 76.27 30.04 15.26 4.94
2.82 46.2 18.14 77.31 31.40 18.78 6.74
3.58 47.6 21.79 78.22 32.66 22.65 8.99
4.34 48.8 25.57 79.04 33.86 26.88 11.71 60.0
5.12 49.8 29.42 79.80 34.99 31.53 14.94
5.90 50.8 33.28 80.55 36.05 36.65 18.67
31.32 37.8 25.28 61.6 11.09 1.24 11.11 76.7 38.6 57.9 74.1 54.0 40.5 20.8
34.46 40.5 28.95 62.8 13.22 1.96 14.42 77.4 45.7 58.6 76.5 54.9 41.3 26.3
37.51 43.4 32.76 63.8 15.29 2.83 18.16 78.0 52.2 59.5 78.9 56.0 41.9 31.7
40.45 46.2 36.75 64.8 17.41 3.82
49.02 40.96 65.7 19.58 4.89
51.82 45.41 66.6 21.78 6.02
54.6 50.12 67.4 24.03 7.17
78.5 58.0 60.6 81.1 57.2 42.6 36.9
79.1 63.0 61.8 83.3 58.4 43.2 41.5
79.6 67.3 63.1 85.3 59.6 43.8 45.5
80.1 70.8 64.6 87.3 61.0 44.3 48.9 79.8*
64.1
67.7*
51.62
51.76
52.32
52.54
66.5 52.79
72.7* 51.93
52.11
53.06
Ref. 7 7 7 7 6 1:13 1:30 6 4 6 4 4 4 3 7 4 1:13 10 6 1:30 7 1:47 1:30 6 7 6 6 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 7 1:26
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-114
K2SO4 K2S2O3 K2S2O5 K2SeO3 K2SeO4 K3AsO4 K3Fe(CN)6 K3PO4 K4Fe(CN)6 LaCl3 La(NO3)3 LiBr LiBrO3 LiC2H3O2 LiCl LiClO3 LiClO4 LiF LiH2PO4 LiI LiIO3 LiNO2 LiNO3 LiOH LiSCN Li2CO3 Li2C2O4 Li2HPO3 Li2SO4 Li3PO4 Lu(NO3)3 MgBr2 Mg(BrO3)2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 MgC2O4 MgCl2 Mg(ClO3)2 Mg(ClO4)2 MgCrO4 MgCr2O7 MgF2 MgI2 Mg(IO3)2
0∞C 7.11 49.0* 22.1 68.4* 52.70 51.5* 23.9 44.3 12.5 49.0 55.0 58.4 61.03 23.76 40.45 73.2 30.1 0.120 55.8 59.4
10∞C
20∞C
8.46
9.95
26.7
31.1
52.93
53.17
27.6
31.1
17.3 48.5 56.9 60.1 62.62 26.49 42.46* 75.6* 32.6 0.126
22.0 48.6 58.9 62.7 64.44 29.42 45.29* 80.8* 35.5 0.131
60.5
61.7
41 34.8 10.8
45 37.6 10.8
49 42.7 11.0
1.54
1.43
1.33
9.07 26.3
8.40 25.9
7.77 25.6
49.3 43.0 36.18
49.8 45.2 37.55
50.3 48.0 38.92
33.96 53.35 47.8 32.06*
34.85 54.40 48.7
35.58 56.81 49.6
54.7 3.19*
56.1 6.70*
58.2 7.92
25∞C 10.7 62.3* 33.1 68.5* 53.30 55.6* 32.8 51.4 23.9 48.9 60.0 64.4 65.44 31.02 45.81 82.1 37.0 0.134 62.3 43.8 51 50.5 11.1 54.5 1.28 5.87 7.47 25.5 0.027 71.1 50.6 49.4 39.61 0.038 35.90 58.66 50.1 35.39* 58.9 0.013 59.4 8.52
30∞C
40∞C
50∞C
60∞C
70∞C
80∞C
90∞C
100∞C
Ref.
11.4
12.9
14.2
15.5
16.7
17.7
19.3
35.2
39.0
42.6
46.0
49.1
52.0
18.6 75.7* 54.6
53.43
53.70
53.99
54.30
54.61
54.94
55.26
34.3
37.2
39.6
41.7
43.5
45.0
46.1
25.6 49.3 61.1 65.9 66.51 32.72 46.25 83.4 38.6
29.2 50.5 63.6 67.8 68.90 36.48 47.30 85.9* 41.9
32.5 52.1 66.3 68.3 71.68* 40.65 48.47 87.1* 45.5
35.5 54.0 69.9* 69.0 73.24* 45.15 49.78 88.2 49.2
38.2 56.3 74.1* 69.8 74.43 49.93 51.27 89.6 53.2
40.6 58.9
41.4 61.7
43.1
70.7 75.66 54.91 52.98 91.3 57.2
71.7 76.93 60.04 54.98* 93.4 61.3
72.8 78.32 65.26 56.34* 95.7 71.4
63.0
64.3
65.8
67.3
68.8
81.3
81.7
82.6
53 57.9 11.3
56 60.1 11.7
60 62.2 12.2
63 64.0 12.7
66 65.7 13.4
68 67.2 14.2
68.5 15.1
69.7 16.1
1.24
1.15
1.07
0.99
0.92
0.85
0.78
0.72
7.18 25.3
6.64 25.0
6.16 24.8
5.71 24.5
5.30 24.3
4.91 24.0
4.53 23.8
4.16 23.6
50.9 51.0
51.5 54.3
52.1 57.9
52.8 61.6
53.5 65.3
54.2 69.0*
55.0 70.9*
55.7 71.7
36.20 60.91* 50.5
36.77 65.46* 51.3
37.34 67.33 52.1
37.97 69.27
38.71 71.01
39.62 72.44
40.75 73.48
42.15
65.1 19.6
65.2
6 7 1:26 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 1:13 6 1:30 7 1:47 1:30 6 7 7 6 1:30 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:31 1:13 6 1:14 7 7 8 1:14 6 7 7 7 6 1:14
68.5* 55.60 73* 47.0
67.0 60.8 9.11
63.9 10.45
65.0 11.99
65.0 13.7
65.0 15.6
65.0 17.6
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-115
Mg(NO2)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO3 MgSO4 MgS2O3 MgSeO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnF2 Mn(IO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4SCN (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S2O5 (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO3 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4 NaBr NaBrO3 NaCHO2 NaC2H3O2 NaCl NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3 NaClO4 NaF
0∞C
38.4 0.32 18.2 30.7 31.4* 56.00 38.7 0.80*
10∞C
20∞C
39.5 0.37 21.7
40.8 0.46 25.1
57.72 40.6
59.39 42.5
50.5 34.6 37.5 22.92 10.8 41.7 10.6 25.2 17.8 60.7
37.3 40.2 25.12 14.1 43.2 13.7 29.0 22.0 62.1
38.6 42.7 27.27 17.8 44.7 17.6 32.7 26.4 63.4
55.7 54.0
59.0 60.1
64.9 65.5
2.31 36.4 65.5 37.00 32.2 41.3 49.0
3.11 38.2 67.9 40.45 34.9 42.1 51.1
4.25 40.0 69.8 43.84 37.7 42.9 53.4
44.4 20.0 30.8 26.5 26.28 22.7
45.9 23.22 37.9 28.8 26.32
47.7 26.65 45.7 31.8 26.41
44.27 61.9 3.52
46.67 64.1 3.72
49.3 66.2 3.89
25∞C 47 41.6 0.52 26.3 34.1 35.7* 60.19 43.6 1.01* 0.27 61.7 38.9 43.9 28.34 19.7 45.5 19.9 34.5 28.8 64.0 3.70 68.8 68.0 64.4 4.94 41.0 70.5 45.49 39.1 43.3 54.7 54.02 15.5 48.6 28.28 48.7 33.5 26.45 44.4 97.0* 50.1 67.2 3.97
30∞C
40∞C
50∞C
60∞C
70∞C
80∞C
90∞C
100∞C
42.4 0.61 28.2
44.1 0.87* 30.9
45.9 0.85* 33.4
47.9 0.76 35.6
50.0 0.69 36.9
52.2 0.64 35.9
70.6 0.62 34.7
72.0 0.60 33.3
60.96 44.7
62.41 47.0
63.75 49.4
65.01 54.1
66.19 54.7
67.32 55.2
68.42 55.7
47* 69.50 56.1 0.48
0.34 38.9 45.1 29.39 21.7 46.3 22.4 36.3 31.2 64.6 4.20
37.7 47.3 31.46 25.8 47.8 27.9 39.7 36.2 65.8 5.64
36.3 49.4 33.50 29.8 49.3 34.2 43.1 41.6 66.8 7.63
34.6 51.3 35.49 33.6 50.9 41.4 46.2 47.2 67.8
32.8 53.0 37.46 37.3 52.5 49.3 49.3 53.0 68.7
30.8 54.6 39.40 40.7 54.1 58.1 52.2 59.2 69.6
28.8 56.1 41.33 43.8
26.7 57.4 43.24 46.6
67.6 55.0 65.7 70.4
78.0
70.3
74.3
77.7
80.8
85.8
88.2
90.3
5.73 42.0 71.3 47.11 40.6 43.8 56.0
7.56 44.1 72.3 50.25 43.7 44.7 58.9
9.73 46.2 72.9 53.28 47.0 45.6 62.0
12.2 48.5 73.1 56.23 50.6 46.6 65.4
83.4 81.1 15.1 50.9
18.3 53.3
21.8 55.9
25.7 58.6
59.13 54.5 47.5 69.1
62.00 58.9 48.5
49.5
50.5
49.6 29.86 50.6 35.5 26.52
51.6 32.83 52.0 39.9 26.67
53.7 35.55 53.5 45.1 26.84
54.1 38.05 55.0 58.3 27.03
54.3 40.37
54.5 42.52
54.7
54.9
59.3 27.25
60.5 27.50
61.7 27.78
62.9 28.05
51.2 68.3 4.05
53.6 70.4 4.20
55.5 72.5 4.34
95.3* 57.0 74.1 4.46
58.5 74.7 4.57
60.5 75.4 4.66
63.3 76.1 4.75
67.1 76.7 4.82
72.4 71.1
Ref. 7 6 1:26 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 1:47 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:30 7 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 1:26 6 7 7 7 6 1:30 6 6 1:47 7 7 1:30 6 6
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-116
NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaH2PO4 NaI NaIO3 NaIO4 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaOH NaSCN Na2B4O7 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2HAsO4 Na2HPO4 Na2MoO4 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O5 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 Na2WO4 Na3PO4 Na4P2O7 NdCl3 Nd(NO3)3 NiCl2 Ni(ClO4)2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 Ni(SCN)2 NiSeO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 Pb(ClO4)2 PbF2 PbI2
0∞C
10∞C
20∞C
6.48
7.59
8.73
36.54 61.2 2.43
41.07 62.4 4.40
46.00 63.9 7.78*
41.9 42.2 30
43.4 44.4 39 52.9 1.71 10.8 2.95 32.3 63.1
45.1 46.6 46 57.1 2.50 17.9 3.30 44.6 64.4
4.19 38.8 13.2 16.1 36.3 38.4
7.51 39.4 15.7 20.9 16.13 40.6 39.5
11.7 41.6 4.28 2.23 49.0 55.76 34.7 51.1
41.9 7.30 3.28 49.3 57.49 36.1
42.3 10.8 4.81 49.7 59.37 38.5
55.40 44.1 21.4
57.68 46.0 24.4
59.78 48.4 27.4
21.6 0.449 0.66
0.620 0.81
26.2* 0.841 0.98
0.041
0.0603 0.052
0.0649 0.067
1.23 6.44 2.62 22.6 62.1 5.6* 1.66 30.6 11.1 12.0 33.1
25∞C 9.32 22.2 48.68 64.8 8.65* 12.62 45.9 47.7 50 60.2 3.07 23.5 3.48 46.7 65.2 29.3* 10.55 39.4 17.1 23.5 21.94 43.3 40.0 47.3* 36.9* 42.6 12.6 6.62 50.0 60.38 40.3 52.8 2.50 60.69 49.8 28.8 35.48
30∞C
40∞C
50∞C
9.91
11.13
12.40
51.54 65.7 9.60
57.89* 67.7 11.67
46.8 48.8 53 62.7 3.82 28.7 3.65 46.9 66.1
60∞C
70∞C
80∞C
90∞C
100∞C
Ref.
13.70
15.02
16.37
17.73
19.10 33.3
61.7* 69.8 13.99
62.3* 72.0 16.52
65.9 74.7 19.25*
68.7 74.8 21.1*
74.9 22.9
75.1 24.7
48.7 51.0 58 63.5 6.02 32.8 4.00 48.9 68.0
50.7 53.2 63 64.2 9.7 32.2 4.36 51.0 70.1
52.8 55.3 67 65.0 14.9 31.7 4.71 53.4 72.3
55.0 57.5 71 65.9 17.1 31.3 5.06 55.3 74.6
57.2 59.6 74 66.9 19.9 31.1 5.41 55.5 77.0
59.5 61.7 76 67.9 23.5 30.9 5.75 55.8 79.6
16.34* 39.8 18.6 26.3* 29.22* 45.9 40.6
35.17* 40.3 22.1 27.3* 32.35* 52.0 41.8
44.64* 41.0 26.7 25.9 31.55 62.3 43.0
45.20 41.7 28.1 24.8 30.90 65.7 44.2
46.81 42.6 30.2 23.7 30.39 68.8 45.5
48.78 43.5 33.0 22.8 30.02 69.4 46.8
50.52 44.5 36.4 22.1 29.79 70.1 48.1
42.9 14.1 7.00 50.4 61.43 41.7
43.6 16.6 10.10 51.2 63.69 42.1
44.4 22.9 14.38 52.2 66.27 43.2
45.3 28.4 20.07 53.3 69.47 45.0
46.2 32.4 27.31 54.5
47.3 37.6 36.03 55.8
48.4 40.4 32.37 57.1
61.8 63.8 79 69.0 28.0 30.9 6.08 56.1 80.7 67* 51.53 45.5 41.0 21.5 29.67 71.0 49.5 45* 42.1* 49.5 43.5 30.67 58.5
46.1
46.2
46.4
46.6
61.50 51.3 30.3*
62.80 54.6 32.0*
63.73 58.3 34.1
64.38 61.0 35.8
64.80 63.1 37.7
65.09 65.6 39.9
2.52 65.30 67.9 42.3
69.0 44.8
1.118 1.17
1.46 1.39
1.89 1.64
1.93
2.24
2.60
0.0693 0.086
0.112
0.144
0.187
0.243
0.315
7 10 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 6 6 1:26 8 6 1:26 7 7 6 6 6 6 1:13 6 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 2 2 7 2 2
45.6* 0.966 1.07 81.5 0.0670 0.076
2.99
3.42
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound
8-117
Pb(IO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4 PrCl3 Pr(NO3)3 RbBr RbBrO3 RbCl RbClO3 RbClO4 RbF RbHCO3 RbI RbIO3 RbNO3 RbOH Rb2CrO4 Rb2SO4 SbCl3 SbF3 Sc(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 SmCl3 SnCl2 SnI2 SrBr2 Sr(BrO3)2 SrCl2 Sr(ClO2)2 Sr(ClO3)2 Sr(ClO4)2 SrF2 SrI2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Sr(NO2)2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(OH)2 SrSO3 SrSO4 SrS2O3 Tb(NO3)3 Tl2SO4
0∞C
10∞C
20∞C
25∞C
30∞C
40∞C
50∞C
28.46 0.0033 48.0 57.50 47.4 0.97 43.58 2.10 1
32.13 0.0038 48.1 59.20 50.1 1.55 45.65 3.38
35.67 0.0042 48.6 61.16 52.6 2.36 47.53 5.14
0.0025 37.38 0.0044 49.0 62.24 53.8 2.87 48.42 6.22 1.5
39.05 0.0047 49.5 63.40* 54.9 3.45 49.27 7.45
42.22 0.0052 50.8 65.7* 57.0 4.87 50.86 10.35
45.17 0.0058 52.3 67.8 58.8 6.64 52.34 13.85
58.6 1.53 25.0
75 53.7 61.1 2.07 34.6
63.4 2.74 44.2 63.4
65.4 3.52 53.1
30.0
32.5
34.8
59.3 56.33 48.0 64
61.6 58.08 48.2
55.8 1.09 16.4 38.27 27.3 85.7 79.4 57.0 54.83 46 46.0 18.53 31.94 13.0 63.29 70.04* 0.011 62.5 0.102 2.5
48.3 22.00 32.93 13.6 63.42
0.97 50.6 25.39 34.43 14.1 63.64
62.8 0.126
63.5 0.152
28.2 0.9
34.6
41.0
8.8
13.2
2.65
3.56
17.7 60.6 4.61
62.3 2.38 39.4 43.26 33.7 90.8 83.1 62.8 59.05 48.4
51.7 27.02 35.37 14.3 63.77 75.35* 0.021 63.9 0.165
44.5 2.2 0.0015 0.0135 20.0 61.02 5.19
60∞C
70∞C
80∞C
90∞C
100∞C
47.90
50.42
52.72
54.82
56.75
54.1 70.2 60.6 8.78 53.67 17.93
56.1 73.4 62.1 11.29 54.92 22.53
58.3 63.5 14.15 56.08 27.57
64.8 17.32 57.16 32.96
65.9 20.76 58.15 38.60 17
67.2 4.41 60.8
68.8 5.42 67.2
70.3 6.52 72.2
71.6 7.74 76.1
72.7 9.00 79.0
73.8 10.36 81.2
36.9
38.7
40.3
41.8
43.0
44.1
44.9
63.9 60.08 48.6
66.2 62.38 49.2
68.5 65.05* 50.0
68.1*
70.8
74.2
52.9 28.59 36.43 14.5 63.93
55.2 31.55 38.93 14.9 64.29 78.44*
57.6 34.21 41.94 15.3 64.70
59.9 36.57 45.44* 15.6 65.16
62.3 38.64* 46.81* 15.9 65.65
64.6 40.2* 47.69
66.8 40.8 48.70
3.87 69.0 41.0 49.87
66.18
66.74
67.31
64.5 0.179
65.8 0.206
67.3 0.233
69.0 0.259
70.8 0.284
72.7 0.307
74.7 0.328
79.2 0.346
41.9 47.0
44.3 47.4
47.9
48.4
48.9
49.5
50.1
58.6 50.7
22.2
26.8
5.80
7.09
8.46
9.89
11.33
12.77
14.18
15.53
Ref. 7 2 2 6 1:13 6 1:30 1:47 1:30 7 7 7 6 1:30 6 7 7 6 7 7 1:13 1:13 6 7 7 6 1:14 8 7 1:14 7 7 6 1:14 7 7 6 7 1:26 7 7 1:13 6
AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES (continued) Compound Tm(NO3)3 UO2(NO3)2 Y(NO3)3 Yb(NO3)3 ZnBr2 ZnC2O4 ZnCl2 Zn(ClO4)2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(IO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO3 ZnSO4 ZnSeO4
0∞C
10∞C
20∞C
49.52 55.57
51.82 56.93
54.42 58.75
79.3
80.1 0.0010 76.6
81.8 0.0019 79.0
81.1
81.2
47.8
50.8
29.1 33.06
32.0 34.98
81.3 0.58 54.4 0.1786 35.0 37.38
44.29*
25∞C 67.9 55.85 59.86 70.5 83.0 0.0026 80.3 46.27* 1.53 81.4 0.64 54.6 0.1790 36.6 38.79
30∞C
40∞C
50∞C
60∞C
70∞C
80∞C
90∞C
100∞C
57.55 61.11*
61.59 63.3*
67.07 64.9
67.9
72.5
84.1
85.6
85.8
86.1
86.3
86.6
86.8
87.1
81.4
81.8
82.4 48.70
83.0
83.7
84.4
85.2
86.0
81.5 0.69 58.5 0.1794 38.2 40.34
81.7 0.77 79.1 0.1803 41.3
82.0 0.82 80.1 0.1812 43.0
82.3
82.6
83.0
83.3
83.7
87.5
89.9
42.1
41.0
39.9
38.8
37.6
Ref. 1:13 1:55 1:13 1:13 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5
8-118
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS The solubility product constant Ksp is a useful parameter for calculating the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble compounds under various conditions. It may be determined by direct measurement or calculated from the standard Gibbs energies of formation ∆fG° of the species involved at their standard states. Thus if Ksp = [M+]m [A–]n is the equilibrium constant for the reaction MmAn(s) 1 mM+(aq) + nA– (aq), where MmAn is the slightly soluble substance and M+ and A- are the ions produced in solution by the dissociation of MmAn, then the Gibbs energy change is ∆G° = m ∆fG° (M+,aq) + n ∆fG° (A–,aq) -∆fG° (MmAn, s) The solubility product constant is calculated from the equation ln Ksp = -∆ G°/RT The first table below gives selected values of Ksp at 25°C. Many of these have been calculated from standard state thermodynamic data in References 1 and 2; other values are taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project (References 3 to 7). The above formulation is not convenient for treating sulfides because the S-2 ion is usually not present in significant concentrations (see Reference 8). This is due to the hydrolysis reaction S-2 + H2O 1 HS– + OH– which is strongly shifted to the right except in very basic solutions. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for this reaction, which depends on the second ionization constant of H2S, is poorly known. Therefore it is more useful in the case of sulfides to define a different solubility product Kspa based on the reaction MmSn(s) + 2H+ 1 mM+ + nH2S (aq) Values of Kspa , taken from Reference 8, are given for several sulfides in the auxiliary table following the main table. Additional discussion of sulfide equilibria may be found in References 7 and 9. REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V.B., and White, H.J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere, New York, 1987. 3. Solubility Data Series (53 Volumes), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979—1992. 4. Clever, H.L., and Johnston, F.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 5. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 6. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 7. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 8. Myers, R.J., J. Chem. Educ., 63, 687, 1986. 9. Licht, S., J. Electrochem. Soc.,135, 2971, 1988.
Compound Aluminum phosphate Barium bromate Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium iodate Barium iodate monohydrate Barium molybdate Barium nitrate Barium selenate Barium sulfate Barium sulfite Beryllium hydroxide Bismuth arsenate
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula AlPO4 Ba(BrO3)2 BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaF2 Ba(OH)2⋅8H2O Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2⋅H2O BaMoO4 Ba(NO3)2 BaSeO4 BaSO4 BaSO3 Be(OH)2 BiAsO4
Ksp 9.84⋅10-21 2.43⋅10-4 2.58⋅10-9 1.17⋅10-10 1.84⋅10-7 2.55⋅10-4 4.01⋅10-9 1.67⋅10-9 3.54⋅10-8 4.64⋅10-3 3.40⋅10-8 1.08⋅10-10 5.0⋅10-10 6.92⋅10-22 4.43⋅10-10
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound Bismuth iodide Cadmium arsenate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium oxalate trihydrate Cadmium phosphate Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodate Calcium iodate hexahydrate Calcium molybdate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfite hemihydrate Cesium perchlorate Cesium periodate Cobalt(II) arsenate Cobalt(II) hydroxide (blue) Cobalt(II) iodate dihydrate Cobalt(II) phosphate Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) thiocyanate Copper(II) arsenate Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Copper(II) oxalate Copper(II) phosphate Europium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) hydroxide Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate Lanthanum iodate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) sulfate Lithium carbonate Lithium fluoride Lithium phosphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate trihydrate Magnesium carbonate pentahydrate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium oxalate dihydrate
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula BiI3 Cd3(AsO4)2 CdCO3 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdC2O4⋅3H2O Cd3(PO4)2 CaCO3 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(IO3)2 Ca(IO3)2⋅6H2O CaMoO4 CaC2O4⋅H2O Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 CaSO4⋅2H2O CaSO3⋅0.5H2O CsClO4 CsIO4 Co3(AsO4)2 Co(OH)2 Co(IO3)2⋅2H2O Co3(PO4)2 CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI CuSCN Cu3(AsO4)2 Cu(IO3)2⋅H2O CuC2O4 Cu3(PO4)2 Eu(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 FeCO3 FeF2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FePO4⋅2H2O La(IO3)3 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbF2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 PbSeO4 PbSO4 Li2CO3 LiF Li3PO4 MgCO3 MgCO3⋅3H2O MgCO3⋅5H2O MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgC2O4⋅2H2O
Ksp 7.71⋅10-19 2.2⋅10-33 1.0⋅10-12 6.44⋅10-3 7.2⋅10-15 2.5⋅10-8 1.42⋅10-8 2.53⋅10-33 3.36⋅10-9 3.45⋅10-11 5.02⋅10-6 6.47⋅10-6 7.10⋅10-7 1.46⋅10-8 2.32⋅10-9 2.07⋅10-33 4.93⋅10-5 3.14⋅10-5 3.1⋅10-7 3.95⋅10-3 5.16⋅10-6 6.80⋅10-29 5.92⋅10-15 1.21⋅10-2 2.05⋅10-35 6.27⋅10-9 1.72⋅10-7 3.47⋅10-20 1.27⋅10-12 1.77⋅10-13 7.95⋅10-36 6.94⋅10-8 4.43⋅10-10 1.40⋅10-37 9.38⋅10-27 7.28⋅10-36 3.13⋅10-11 2.36⋅10-6 4.87⋅10-17 2.79⋅10-39 9.91⋅10-16 7.50⋅10-12 6.60⋅10-6 7.40⋅10-14 1.70⋅10-5 3.3⋅10-8 1.43⋅10-20 3.69⋅10-13 9.8⋅10-9 1.37⋅10-7 2.53⋅10-8 8.15⋅10-4 1.84⋅10-3 2.37⋅10-11 6.82⋅10-6 2.38⋅10-6 3.79⋅10-6 5.16⋅10-11 5.61⋅10-12 4.83⋅10-6
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound Magnesium phosphate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) iodate Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) oxalate Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(I) thiocyanate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) iodide Neodymium carbonate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodate Nickel(II) phosphate Palladium(II) thiocyanate Potassium hexachloroplatinate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Praseodymium hydroxide Radium iodate Radium sulfate Rubidium perchlorate Scandium fluoride Scandium hydroxide Silver(I) acetate Silver(I) arsenate Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) oxalate Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfite Silver(I) thiocyanate Strontium arsenate Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium iodate Strontium iodate monohydrate Strontium iodate hexahydrate Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) thiocyanate Thallium(III) hydroxide Tin(II) hydroxide
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula
Ksp
Mg3(PO4)2 MnCO3 Mn(IO3)2 MnC2O4⋅2H2O Hg2Br2 Hg2CO3 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2C2O4 Hg2SO4 Hg2(SCN)2 HgBr2 HgI2 Nd2(CO3)3 NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 Ni(IO3)2 Ni3(PO4)2 Pd(SCN)2 K2PtCl6 KClO4 KIO4 Pr(OH)3 Ra(IO3)2 RaSO4 RbClO4 ScF3 Sc(OH)3 AgCH3COO Ag3AsO4 AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgIO3 AgI Ag2C2O4 Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 Ag2SO3 AgSCN Sr3(AsO4)2 SrCO3 SrF2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(IO3)2⋅H2O Sr(IO3)2⋅6H2O SrSO4 TlBrO3 TlBr TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlIO3 TlI TlSCN Tl(OH)3 Sn(OH)2
1.04⋅10-24 2.24⋅10-11 4.37⋅10-7 1.70⋅10-7 6.40⋅10-23 3.6⋅10-17 1.43⋅10-18 3.10⋅10-6 5.2⋅10-29 1.75⋅10-13 6.5⋅10-7 3.2⋅10-20 6.2⋅10-20 2.9⋅10-29 1.08⋅10-33 1.42⋅10-7 5.48⋅10-16 4.71⋅10-5 4.74⋅10-32 4.39⋅10-23 7.48⋅10-6 1.05⋅10-2 3.71⋅10-4 3.39⋅10-24 1.16⋅10-9 3.66⋅10-11 3.00⋅10-3 5.81⋅10-24 2.22⋅10-31 1.94⋅10-3 1.03⋅10-22 5.38⋅10-5 5.35⋅10-13 8.46⋅10-12 1.77⋅10-10 1.12⋅10-12 5.97⋅10-17 3.17⋅10-8 8.52⋅10-17 5.40⋅10-12 8.89⋅10-17 1.20⋅10-5 1.50⋅10-14 1.03⋅10-12 4.29⋅10-19 5.60⋅10-10 4.33⋅10-9 1.14⋅10-7 3.77⋅10-7 4.55⋅10-7 3.44⋅10-7 1.10⋅10-4 3.71⋅10-6 1.86⋅10-4 8.67⋅10-13 3.12⋅10-6 5.54⋅10-8 1.57⋅10-4 1.68⋅10-44 5.45⋅10-27
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued) Compound
Formula
Ksp
Yttrium carbonate Yttrium fluoride Yttrium hydroxide Yttrium iodate Zinc arsenate Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate monohydrate Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodate dihydrate Zinc oxalate dihydrate Zinc selenide Zinc selenite monohydrate
Y2(CO3)3 YF3 Y(OH)3 Y(IO3)3 Zn3(AsO4)2 ZnCO3 ZnCO3⋅H2O ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(IO3)2⋅2H2O ZnC2O4⋅2H2O ZnSe ZnSeO3⋅H2O
1.03⋅10-31 8.62⋅10-21 1.00⋅10-22 1.12⋅10-10 2.8⋅10-28 1.46⋅10-10 5.42⋅10-11 3.04⋅10-2 3⋅10-17 4.1⋅10-6 1.38⋅10-9 3.6⋅10-26 1.59⋅10-7
Sulfides Compound Cadmium sulfide Copper(II) sulfide Iron(II) sulfide Lead(II) sulfide Manganese(II) sulfide (green) Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) sulfide (black) Silver(I) sulfide Tin(II) sulfide Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Zinc sulfide (wurtzite)
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula CdS CuS FeS PbS MnS HgS HgS Ag2S SnS ZnS ZnS
Kspa 8⋅10-7 6⋅10-16 6⋅102 3⋅10-7 3⋅107 4⋅10-33 2⋅10-32 6⋅10-30 1⋅10-5 2⋅10-4 3⋅10-2
SOLUBILITY CHART Abbreviations: W, soluble in water; A, insoluble in water but soluble in acids; w, sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acids; a, insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in acids; I, insoluble in water and acids; d, decomposes in water. * Indicates two modifications of the salt No. 1
5
Acetate —(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide
6
Carbonate
7
Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride
2 3 4
8 9
8-115
10 11 12 13 14 15
Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Ferrocy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Fluoride
16
Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide
17
Iodide
18
Nitrate
19
Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide
20 21
Phosphate
22 23
Silicate, —(SiO3) Sulfate
24
Sulfide
25
Tartrate —(C4H4O6)
Al
NH4
W Al(—)3 a Al(—)
W NH4(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4AsO2 W NH4(—) W NH4Br W (NH4)2CO3 W NH4(—) W NH4Cl W (NH4)2(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4CN W (NH4)3(—) W (NH4)4(—) W NH4F W NH4(—) W NH4OH W NH4I W NH4NO3 W (NH4)2(—)
W AlBr2
W Al(—)3 W AlCl3
W Al(—)
w Al4(—)3 W AlF3 W Al(—)3 A Al(OH)3 W AlI3 W Al(NO3)3 A Al2(—)3 a Al2O3 A AlPO4 I Al2(—)3 W Al2(SO4)3 d Al2S3 w Al2(—)3
Sb
A Sb(—) A Sb(—)
d SbBr3
W SbCl3
W SbF3
d SbI3
w Sb2O3 W NH4H2PO4
W (NH4)2SO4 W (NH4)2S W (NH4)2(—)
A Sb2(SO4)3 A Sb2S3 W Sb2(—)3
Ba
Bi
Cd
Ca
Cr
Co
Cu
Au (I)
Au (II)
H
Fe (II)
Fe (III)
W Ba(—)2 w Ba3(—)2
W Bi(—)3 A Bi(—)
W Cd(—)2 A Cd3(—)2
W Cr(—)3
W C2H4O2 W H3AsO4
Fe(—)2 A Fe3(—)2
Fe2(—)6 A Fe(—)
W Cd(—)2 W CdBr2 A CdCO3 W Cd(—)2 W CdCl2 A Cd(—) A Cd3(—)2 W Cd(CN)2 A Cd3(—)2 A Cd2(—) W CdF2 W Cd(—)2 A Cd(OH)2 W CdI2 W Cd(NO3)2 w Cd(—) A CdO A Cd3(PO4)2 A Cd(—) W CdSO4 A CdS A Cd(—)
W Cu(—)2 A Cu3(—)2 A CuH(—) w Cu(—)2 W CuBr2
W
A Bi(—)3 d BiBr3
W Co(—)2 A Co3(—)2 A Co3H6(—)4 W Co(—)2 W CoBr2 A CoCO3 W Co(—)2 W CoCl2 A Co(—) w Co3(—)2 A Co(CN)2 I Co3(—)2 I Co2(—) W CoF2 W Co(—)2 A Co(OH)2 W CoI2 W Co(NO3)2 A Co(—) A CoO A Co3(PO4)2 A Co2SiO4 W CoSO4 A CoS A Co(—)
W
W Ba(—)2 W BaBr2 w BaCO3 W Ba(—)2 W BaCl2 A Ba(—) w Ba3(—)2 W Ba(CN)2 w Ba3(—)2 W Ba2(—) w BaF2 W Ba(—)2 W Ba(OH)2 W BaI2 W Ba(NO3)2 w Ba(—) W BaO A Ba3(PO4)2 W Ba(—) a BaSO4 d BaS w Ba(—)
W Ca(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(—)2 W CaBr2 w CaCO3 W Ca(—)2 W CaCl2 W Ca(—) w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(CN)2 W Ca3(—)2 W Ca2(—) w CaF2 W Ca(—)2 W Ca(OH)2 W CaI2 W Ca(NO3)2 A Ca(—) w CaO w Ca3(PO4)2 w Ca(—) w CaSO4 w CaS w Ca(—)
W Fe(—)2 W FeBr2 w FeCO3 W Fe(—)2 W FeCl2
A Fe2(—)6 W FeBr3
W Bi(—)3 d BiCl3
A Bi(—) w Bi(CN)3
W BiF3 W Bi(—)3 A Bi(OH)3 A BiI3 d Bi(NO3)3 A Bi2(—)3 A Bi2O3 A BiPO4
d Bi2(SO4)3 A Bi2S3 A Bi2(—)3
W(I)* CrBr3 W CrCO3
I CrCl3
A Cr(CN)3
W(a)* CrF3
A Cr(OH)3 W CrI3 W Cr(NO3)3 W Cr(—) a Cr2O3 w Cr2(PO4)2
W(I)* Cr2(SO4)3 d Cr2S3 d
W Cu(—)2 W CuCl2
A Cu(CN)2 I Cu3(—)2 I Cu2(—) w CuF2 W Cu(—)2 A Cu(OH)2 a CuI W Cu(NO3)2 A Cu(—) A CuO A Cu3(PO4)2 A Cu(—) W CuSO4 A CuS A Cu(—)
w AuBr
w AuCl
w AuCN
W AuBr3
W C7H6O2 W HBr
W AuCl3
W HClO3 W HCl
W Au(CN)3
W AuOH a AuI
A Au(OH)3 a AuI3
Au2O
A Au2O3 H3PO4
I Au2S I
I Au2S3 I
W C6H8O7 W HCN W H3(—) W H4(—) W HF W CH2O2
W HI W HNO3 W C2H2O4 W H2O2 W Fe3(PO4)2 I H2SiO3 W H2SO4 W H2S W C4H6O6
a Fe(CN)2 I Fe3(—)2 I Fe2(—) w FeF2 W Fe(—)2 A Fe(OH)2 W FeI2 W Fe(NO3)2 A Fe(—) A FeO A FePO4
W FeSO4 A FeS A Fe(—)
W Fe(—)3 W FeCl3 A Fe2(—)3 W Fe(—)
a Fe4(—)3 w FeF3 W Fe(—)3 A Fe(OH)3 W FeI3 W Fe(NO)3 W Fe2(—)3 A Fe2O3 w
w Fe(SO4)3 d Fe2S3 d Fe2(—)3
SOLUBILITY CHART (continued) No.
26
Al
Thiocy’te
No. 1
5
Acetate —(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide
6
Carbonate
7
Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride
2 3 4
8
8-116
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —Fe(CN)6 Ferrocy’de —Fe(CN)6 Fluoride
16
Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide
17
Iodide
18
Nitrate
19 20
Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide
21
Phosphate
22
Silicate —(SiO3) Sulfate
23
NH4
Sb
Ba
W NH4CNS
Bi
Cd
Ca
W Ba(CNS)2
Cr
W Ca(CNS)
Pb
Mg
Mn
Hg (I)
Hg (II)
Ni
K
W Pb(—)2 A PbH(—)
W Mg(—)2 A Mg3(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(—)2 W MgBr2 w MgCO3 W Mg(—)2 W MgCl2 W Mg(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(CN)2 W Mg3(—)2 W Mg2(—) w MgF2 W Mg(—)2 A Mg(OH)2 W MgI2 W Mg(NO3)2 w Mg(—) A MgO w Mg3(PO4)2 A Mg(—) W MgSO4
W Mn(—)2 w MnH(—) A Mn3H6(—)4 W Mn(—)2 W MnBr2 w MnCO3 W Mn(—)2 W MnCl2
w Hg(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg2(—)2 A HgBr A Hg2CO3 W Hg(—) a HgCl w Hg2(—) w Hg3(—) A HgCN
W Hg(—)2 w Hg3(—)2 A Hg3(—) w Hg(—)2 W HgBr2
A HgI W HgNO3 a Hg2(—) A Hg2O A Hg3PO4
W Hg(CN)2 A Hg3(—)2 I Hg2(—) d HgF2 W Hg(—)2 A Hg(OH)2 w HgI2 W Hg(NO3)2 A Hg(—) w HgO A Hg3(PO4)2
W Ni(—)2 A Ni3(—)2 A Ni3H6(—)4 w Ni(—)2 W NiBr2 w NiCO3 W Ni(—)2 W NiCl2 A Ni(—) W Ni3(—)2 a Ni(CN)2 I Ni3(—)2 I Ni2(—) w NiF2 W Ni(—)2 w Ni(OH)2 W NiI2 W Ni(NO3)2 A Ni(—) A NiO A Ni3(PO4)2
w Hg2SO4
d HgSO4
W NiSO4
W K(—) W K3(—) W K3AsO3 W K(—) W KBr W K2CO3 W K(—) W KCl W K2(—) W K3(—) W KCN W K3(—) W K4(—) W KF W K(—) W KOH W KI W KNO3 W K2(—) W K2O W K3PO4 W K2(—) W K2SO4
w Pb(—)2 W PbBr2 A PbCO3 W Pb(—)2 W PbCl2 A Pb(—) W Pb3(—)2 w Pb(CN)2 w Pb3(—)2 a Pb2(—) w PbF2 W Pb(—)2 w Pb(OH)2 w PbI2 W Pb(NO3)2 A Pb(—) w PbO A Pb3(PO4)2 A Pb(—) w PbSO4
w MnH(—)
A Mn2(—) A MnF2 W Mn(—)2 A Mn(OH)2 W MnI2 W Mn(NO3)2 w Mn(—) A MnO w Mn3(PO4)2 I Mn(—) W MnSO4
d HgF w Hg(—)
W Hg(—)2 W HgCl2 w Hg(—)
Pt
w PtBr4
W PtCl4
I Pt(CN)2
W PtF4
A Pt(OH)4 I PtI2 W Pt(NO3)4
A PtO
W Pt(SO4)2
Co
Cu
W Co(CNS)2
d CuCNS
Au (I)
Au (II)
H
Fe (II)
W CNSH
Fe (III)
W W Fe(CNS)2 Fe(CNS)3
Ag
Na
Sn (IV)
Sn (II)
Sr
Zn
w Ag(—) A Ag3(—) A Ag3(—) w Ag(—) a AgBr A Ag2CO3 W Ag(—) a AgCl w Ag2(—) w Ag3(—) a AgCN I Ag3(—) I Ag4(—) W AgF W Ag(—)
W Na(—) W Na3(—) W Na2H(—) W Na(—) W NaBr W Na2CO3 W Na(—) W NaCl W Ma2(—) W Na3(—) W NaCN W Na3(—) W Na4(—) W NaF W Na(—) W NaOH W NaI W NaNO3 W Na2(—) d Na2O W Na3PO4 W Na2(—) W Na2SO4
W Sn(—)4
d Sn(—)2
W Sr(—)2 w SrH(—) w Sr3(—)2
W Zn(—)2 A Zn3(—)2
I AgI W AgNO3 a Ag2(—) w Ag2O A Ag3PO4
w Ag2SO4
A Sn3(—)2
W SnBr4
W SnBr2
W SnCl4 W Sn(—)2
W Sn(—)2 W SnCl2 A Sn(—)
W SnF4
A Sn3(—)2 a Sn2(—) W SnF2
w Sn(OH)4 d SnI4
A SnO2
W Sn(SO4)2
A Sn(OH)2 W SnI2 d Sn(NO3)2 A Sn(—) A SnO A Sn3(PO4)
W SnSO4
W SrBr2 w SrCO3 W Sr(—)2 W SrCl2 w Sr(—) A SrH(—) W Sr(CN)2 W Sr3(—)2 W Sr2(—) w SrF2 W Sr(—)2 W Sr(OH)2 W SrI2 W Sr(NO3)2 w Sr(—) W SrO A Sr3(PO4)2 A Sr(—) w SrSO4
W Zn(—)2 W ZnBr2 w ZnCO3 W Zn(—)2 W ZnCl2 w Zn(—) w Zn3(—)2 A Zn(CN)2 A Zn3(—)2 I Zn2(—) w ZnF2 W Zn(—)2 A Zn(OH)2 W ZnI2 W Zn(NO3)2 A Zn(—) w ZnO A Zn3(PO4)2 A Zn(—) W ZnSO4
SOLUBILITY CHART (continued) No.
24
Sulfide
25
Tartrate —(C4H4O6) Thiocy’te
26
Pb
Mg
Mn
Hg (I)
Hg (II)
Ni
K
Pt
Ag
Na
Sn (IV)
Sn (II)
Sr
Zn
A PbS A Pb(—) w Pb(CNS)2
d MgS w Mg(—) W Mg(CNS)2
A MnS w Mn(—) W Mn(CNS)2
I Hg2S I Hg2(—) A HgCNS
I HgS I
A NiS A Ni(—)
W K2 S W K2(—) W KCNS
I PtS I
A Ag2S A Ag2(—) I AgCNS
W Na2S W Na2(—) W NaCNS
A SnS2 A
A SnS A Sn(—)
W SrS W Sr(—) W Sr(CNS)2
A ZnS A Zn(—) W Zn(CNS)2
w Hg(CNS)2
8-117
REDUCTION OF WEIGHINGS IN AIR TO VACUO When the mass M of a body is determined in air, a correction is necessary for the buoyancy of the air. The corrected mass is given by M + kM/1000, where k is a function of the material used for the weights, given by k = 1000ρair(1/ρbody - 1/ρweight ) and ρ is density. The table below is computed for an air density of 0.0012 g/cm3 and for densities of three common weights: platinum-iridium (21.6 g/cm3), brass (8.5 g/cm3), and aluminum or quartz (2.65 g/cm3).
REFERENCES 1. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, pp. 25-28, Longman, London, 1995. 2. Giacomo, P., Metrologia 18, 33, 1982. 3. Davis, R. S., Metrologia 29, 67, 1992. Density of body (g/cm3) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 2.34 1.94 1.66 1.44 1.28 1.14 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.65
2.26 1.86 1.57 1.36 1.19 1.06 0.95 0.86 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.61 0.56
Density of body (g/cm3) 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 22.0
1.95 1.55 1.26 1.05 0.88 0.75 0.64 0.55 0.47 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25
Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.42 0.34 0.24 0.14 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.00
0.53 0.49 0.46 0.34 0.26 0.16 0.06 0.01 -0.02 -0.06 -0.08 -0.09
0.21 0.18 0.15 0.03 -0.05 -0.15 -0.25 -0.30 -0.33 -0.37 -0.39 -0.40
For a more accurate calculation, use the following values of the density of air (assuming 50% relative humidity and 0.04% CO2):
P/kPa 85 90 95 100 105
Air temperature 10°C 20°C 30°C 0.001043 0.001005 0.000968 0.001105 0.001065 0.001025 0.001166 0.001124 0.001083 0.001228 0.001184 0.001140 0.001290 0.001243 0.001198
Formulas for calculating the density of air over more extended ranges of temperature, pressure, and humidity may be found in the references.
8-118
VOLUME OF ONE GRAM OF WATER The following table, which is designed for gravimetric calibration of volumetric apparatus, gives the specific volume of water at standard atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.
REFERENCE Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, pp. 25-27, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. t/°C
Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3
t/°C
Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3
t/°C
Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1.0002980 1.0003928 1.0005007 1.0006212 1.0007542 1.0008992 1.0010561
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1.0012246 1.0014044 1.0015952 1.0017969 1.0020092 1.0022320 1.0024649
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1.0027079 1.0029607 1.0032234 1.0034956 1.0037771 1.0040679 1.0043679
PROPERTIES OF CARRIER GASES FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY The following is a list of carrier gases sometimes used in gas chromatography, with properties relevant to the design of chromatographic systems. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Mr ρ25 λ η cp
: : : : :
Molecular weight (relative molar mass) Density at 25°C in g/L Thermal conductivity in mW/m °C Viscosity in µPa s (equal to 10-3 cp) Specific heat at 25°C in J/g °C
REFERENCES 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989
Gas
Mr
ρ 25 g L-1
Hydrogen Helium Argon Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Methane Ethane Ethylene Propane
2.016 4.003 39.95 28.01 32.00 28.01 44.01 146.05 16.04 30.07 28.05 44.10
0.0824 0.1636 1.6329 1.1449 1.3080 1.1449 1.7989 5.9696 0.6556 1.2291 1.1465 1.8025
At 25°C λ η mW/m °C µPa s 185.9 154.6 17.8 25.9 26.2 24.8 16.7 13.1 34.5 20.9 20.5 17.9
8.9 19.9 22.7 17.9 20.7 17.8 14.9 28.1 11.1 9.4 10.3 8.3
8-119
λ mW/m °C 280 230 27.7 39.6 42.6 40.7 35.5 15.3 75.0 57.7 53.8 49.2
At 250°C η µPa s 13.1 29.5 35.3 26.8 31.8 26.5 24.9 24.8 17.6 15.5 17.2 14.0
cp(25 °C) J/g °C 14.3 5.20 0.521 1.039 0.919 1.039 0.843 0.664 2.23 1.75 1.53 1.67
SOLVENTS FOR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY This table lists some solvents commonly used for sample preparation for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The properties given are: λc: cutoff wavelength, below which the solvent absorption becomes excessive. ε: dielectric constant (relative permittivity); the temperature in °C is given as a superscript. tb: normal boiling point.
REFERENCES 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991.
Name Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Benzene 2-Butanol Butyl acetate Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chlorobutane Chloroform Cyclohexane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Heptane Hexadecane Hexane Methanol Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone 2-Methyl-1-propanol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Nitromethane Pentane Pentyl acetate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
λc/nm 260 330 190 280 260 254 380 265 220 245 210 226 235 218 268 270 265 215 210 255 240 210 210 207 197 200 210 210 210 330 335 230 285 380 210 212 210 210 330 290 220 286 231 215 191 290 290 290
8-120
ε 6.2020 21.0120 36.6420 2.2820 17.2620 5.0720 2.6320 2.2420 7.2820 4.8120 2.0220 10.4220 8.9325 4.2720 38.8521 38.2520 47.2420 2.2220 25.320 6.0820 7.3024 13.3825 17.225 46.5320 1.9220 2.0520 1.8920 33.020 2.0220 18.5620 13.1120 17.9320 32.5520 37.2720 1.8420 4.7920 20.820 20.1820 13.2620 2.2730 7.5222 2.3823 2.4125 1.9420 80.1020 2.5620 2.3620 2.2720
tb/°C 117.9 56.0 81.6 80.0 99.5 126.1 46 76.8 78.6 61.1 80.7 83.5 40 34.5 165 153 189 101.5 78.2 77.1 85 135 124.1 290 98.5 286.8 68.7 64.6 100.9 79.5 116.5 107.8 202 101.1 36.0 149.2 97.2 82.3 115.2 121.3 65 110.6 47.7 99.2 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3
13C
CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF USEFUL NMR SOLVENTS
The following table gives the expected carbon-13 chemical shifts, relative to tetramethylsilane, for various useful NMR solvents. In some solvents, slight changes can occur with change of concentration.2,3
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Bruno, T. J. and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Now York, 1981. Rahman, A. U., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Basic Principles, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. Pretsch, E., Clerc, T., Seibl, J., and Simon, W., Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1989. Solvent
Formula
Chemical shift (ppm)
Acetic acid-d4 Acetone Acetone-d6 Acetonitrile-d3 Benzene Benzene-d6 Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform-d3 Cyclohexane-d12 Dichloromethane-d2 Dimethylformamide-d7 Dimethylsulfoxide-d6 Dioxane-d8 Formic acid-d2 Methanol-d4 Nitromethane-d3 Pyridine Pyridine-d5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-d2 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 Trichlorofluoromethane
CD3COOD (CH3)2C=O (CD3)2C=O CD3C;N C6 H 6 C6 D 6 CS2 CCl4 CHCl3 CDC13 C6D12 CD2C12 (CD3)2NCDO (CD3)2S=O C4D3O2 DCOOD CD3OD CD3NO2 C5H5N C5D5N CDC12CDC12 C4D8O CFC13
20.0 (CD3) 205.8 (C=O) 30.7 (CH3) 206.7 (C=O) 29.2 (CD3) 204.1 (C=O) 1.3 (CD3) 117.1 (C;N) 128.5 128.4 192.3 96.0 77.2 77.05 27.5 53.6 31 (CD3) 36 (CD3) 162.4 (C=O) 39.6 67.4 165.5 49.3 57.3 123.6 (C3) 135.7 (C4) 149.8 (C2) 123.9 (C3) 135.9 (C4) 150.2 (C2) 75.5 25.8 (C2) 67.9 (C1) 117.6
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS The strongest peaks in the mass spectra of 200 important solvents are listed in this table. The e/m value for each peak is followed by the relative intensity in parentheses, with the strongest peak assigned an intensity of 100. The peaks for each compound are listed in order of decreasing intensity. Solvents are listed in alphabetical order by common name. Data on the physical properties of the same compounds may be found in Section 15 in the table “Properties of Common Laboratory Solvents”. REFERENCES 1. NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899. 2. Lide, D.R., and Milne, G.W.A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. (Also available as a CD ROM database.)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-124
Acetal (1,1-Diethoxyethane) Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylacetone Acrylonitrile Adiponitrile Allyl alcohol Allylamine 2-Aminoisobutanol Benzal chloride Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl chloride Bromochloromethane Bromoform (Tribromomethane) Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butyl methyl ketone p-tert-Butyltoluene γ-Butyrolactone Caprolactam Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloropentafluoroethane Cumene (Isopropylbenzene) Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentane Cyclopentanone p-Cymene (1-Methyl-4-isopropylbenzene) cis-Decalin trans-Decalin
e/m (intensity) 44(100) 43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 43(100) 53(100) 41(100) 57(100) 30(100) 58(100) 125(100) 51(100) 78(100) 103(100) 91(100) 49(100) 173(100) 43(100) 31(100) 45(100) 59(100) 30(100) 58(100) 43(100) 133(100) 28(100) 55(100) 76(100) 117(100) 65(100) 112(100) 83(100) 85(100) 105(100) 56(100) 57(100) 55(100) 56(100) 42(100) 55(100)
43(92) 45(87) 15(34) 40(46) 85(31) 26(85) 68(50) 31(34) 56(80) 41(18) 127(32) 77(81) 77(20) 76(34) 126(20) 130(67) 171(50) 56(34) 56(81) 31(22) 31(33) 73(10) 41(21) 58(60) 105(38) 42(74) 113(87) 32(22) 119(98) 45(31) 77(63) 85(64) 69(61) 120(25) 84(71) 44(68) 42(85) 43(23) 70(30) 28(50)
29(77) 60(57) 58(23) 39(13) 100(20) 52(79) 54(42) 29(32) 28(76) 18(17) 160(14) 50(55) 52(19) 50(13) 65(14) 128(52) 175(49) 41(17) 41(62) 27(22) 41(22) 28(5) 42(15) 57(17) 41(23) 29(48) 30(81) 44(17) 121(31) 85(14) 114(33) 47(35) 31(38) 77(13) 41(70) 41(68) 41(34) 28(17) 55(29) 84(42)
31(76) 15(42) 27(9) 14(9) 27(12) 51(34) 40(21) 28(31) 57(33) 42(13) 89(13) 106(44) 51(17) 104(9) 92(9) 51(31) 93(22) 27(16) 43(60) 59(20) 43(18) 41(3) 18(9) 100(16) 148(18) 27(33) 56(66) 78(9) 82(24) 31(10) 51(29) 35(19) 87(32) 51(12) 27(37) 39(51) 27(33) 99(10) 41(29) 41(38)
45(74) 42(14) 14(9) 38(6) 42(10) 27(13) 55(20) 58(25) 39(21) 28(11) 162(9) 105(43) 50(15) 75(7) 39(9) 93(23) 91(22) 29(15) 27(50) 29(18) 29(13) 27(3) 30(8) 29(15) 93(16) 41(27) 84(60) 38(6) 47(23) 64(8) 50(14) 48(16) 50(17) 79(10) 55(36) 32(40) 98(31) 70(8) 39(22) 56(29)
27(52) 29(13) 42(8) 28(4) 29(10) 50(8) 27(17) 39(22) 29(20) 56(10) 63(9) 52(26) 39(12) 51(7) 63(8) 81(20) 79(18) 73(11) 42(31) 43(13) 27(11) 18(3) 15(8) 41(13) 91(14) 56(25) 85(57) 28(5) 84(16) 44(7) 75(8) 49(12) 35(8) 106(9) 39(35) 43(38) 39(27) 57(6) 27(15) 27(24)
72(48) 14(13) 26(7) 26(4) 41(7) 25(7) 39(16) 27(20) 27(18) 30(10) 126(8) 78(16) 79(6) 77(5) 128(6) 79(20) 81(17) 61(10) 29(31) 41(12) 57(10) 44(2) 39(7) 85(8) 115(13) 86(24) 42(51) 77(3) 35(14) 35(6) 113(7) 87(10) 119(6) 39(9) 42(30) 31(32) 69(26) 30(6) 40(7) 39(19)
73(23) 28(7) 29(5) 25(3) 39(7) 38(5) 28(13) 30(16) 26(13) 29(8) 62(7) 39(13) 76(5) 52(4) 45(6) 95(17) 94(13) 28(7) 28(17) 44(8) 42(4) 42(2) 57(6) 27(8) 134(11) 26(18) 41(33) 64(1) 49(8) 26(6) 78(5) 37(6) 66(4) 27(8) 69(23) 42(22) 70(20) 93(5) 29(5) 42(15)
28(17) 18(6) 28(5) 42(2) 31(5) 54(3) 52(7) 32(14) 41(8) 43(6) 105(5) 27(10) 74(4) 39(4) 89(5) 132(16) 92(13) 55(6) 39(16) 18(8) 60(3) 31(2) 28(6) 71(7) 39(11) 85(10) 28(26) 46(1) 28(8) 87(5) 76(5) 50(5) 100(3) 103(6) 28(18) 67(18) 43(14) 54(4) 28(4) 26(9)
46(15) 16(6) 39(4) 27(2) 26(5) 37(3) 42(6) 26(11) 18(8) 59(5) 39(5) 74(8) 38(4) 74(3) 125(3) 47(8) 254(11) 39(6) 55(12) 28(5) 28(3) 29(2) 59(4) 59(5) 116(10) 39(10) 43(17) 39(1) 36(6) 81(4) 28(4) 84(4) 47(3) 91(5) 43(14) 82(16) 28(14) 41(4) 43(3) 29(7)
119(100) 67(100) 41(100)
91(42) 81(87) 68(91)
134(33) 41(81) 67(88)
39(27) 138(67) 82(67)
41(20) 96(62) 27(65)
117(18) 82(62) 96(61)
65(18) 39(50) 95(55)
77(17) 55(45) 138(51)
27(16) 27(44) 81(51)
120(15) 95(42) 29(51)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-125
Diacetone alcohol 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromofluoromethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine o-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene dichloride) 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Dichloroethyl ether Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Diethanolamine Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol) Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylenetriamine Diethyl ether Diisobutyl ketone (Isovalerone) Diisopropyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine Dimethyl disulfide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentene Epichlorohydrin
e/m (intensity) 43(100) 27(100) 111(100) 174(100) 179(100) 86(100) 146(100)
59(41) 107(77) 113(98) 93(96) 181(97) 72(52) 148(64)
58(17) 109(72) 192(29) 95(84) 129(34) 30(48) 111(38)
101(10) 26(24) 43(16) 172(53) 131(33) 44(40) 75(23)
41(9) 28(10) 41(16) 176(50) 100(17) 29(31) 113(12)
31(9) 81(5) 190(15) 91(11) 31(13) 57(24) 74(12)
83(6) 79(5) 194(14) 81(9) 260(12) 41(21) 50(11)
56(6) 25(5) 81(9) 79(9) 50(8) 73(15) 150(10)
55(6) 95(4) 79(9) 94(5) 69(7) 28(15) 73(9)
29(6) 93(4) 122(7) 65(5) 262(6) 43(13) 147(7)
63(100)
27(71)
65(31)
26(19)
83(11)
85(7)
61(7)
35(6)
98(5)
62(5)
62(100) 61(100) 61(100) 61(100) 93(100)
27(91) 96(61) 96(73) 96(67) 63(74)
49(40) 98(38) 98(47) 98(43) 27(38)
64(32) 63(32) 63(32) 26(34) 95(32)
26(31) 26(16) 26(30) 63(32) 65(24)
63(19) 60(15) 60(21) 60(24) 31(9)
98(14) 62(7) 25(13) 25(15) 49(4)
51(13) 25(7) 35(12) 62(10) 28(4)
61(12) 100(6) 62(9) 100(7) 94(3)
100(9) 35(6) 100(8) 47(7) 62(3)
49(100) 63(100) 85(100) 30(100) 30(100) 29(100) 45(100)
84(64) 62(71) 135(52) 74(82) 58(81) 45(70) 75(23)
86(39) 27(57) 87(33) 28(77) 44(28) 31(53) 31(20)
51(31) 41(49) 137(17) 56(69) 73(18) 27(39) 44(16)
47(14) 39(32) 101(9) 18(50) 29(18) 91(24) 27(14)
48(8) 65(31) 31(9) 42(46) 28(17) 28(15) 76(12)
88(6) 76(27) 103(6) 29(36) 72(12) 63(11) 29(12)
50(3) 64(25) 100(6) 27(34) 42(11) 26(10) 43(11)
85(2) 49(13) 50(5) 45(30) 27(11) 30(6) 42(9)
83(2) 77(12) 69(4) 43(19) 59(4) 43(5) 41(4)
59(100)
58(43)
31(34)
29(32)
45(28)
28(19)
89(15)
43(9)
27(5)
60(4)
45(100)
59(56)
72(37)
73(22)
60(14)
31(13)
75(11)
44(9)
104(8)
103(7)
43(100)
29(51)
31(42)
45(40)
59(24)
72(18)
44(10)
73(9)
42(9)
30(6)
45(100) 44(100) 31(100) 57(100) 45(100) 44(100) 44(100) 94(100) 73(100) 63(100) 28(100) 73(100) 68(100) 57(100)
31(42) 73(59) 29(63) 85(82) 43(39) 87(69) 45(81) 45(63) 44(86) 78(70) 29(37) 29(56) 93(50) 27(39)
59(41) 30(35) 59(40) 41(46) 87(15) 43(46) 18(32) 79(59) 42(36) 15(40) 88(31) 44(53) 67(44) 29(32)
29(38) 19(18) 27(35) 43(39) 41(12) 45(23) 28(30) 46(38) 30(22) 45(35) 58(24) 45(28) 94(22) 49(25)
28(32) 56(16) 45(33) 58(33) 59(10) 42(19) 43(19) 47(26) 28(20) 29(16) 31(17) 28(21) 39(22) 31(22)
58(21) 28(16) 74(23) 28(30) 27(8) 72(15) 42(15) 15(18) 29(8) 61(13) 15(17) 43(20) 107(18) 62(18)
43(14) 27(16) 15(17) 26(30) 39(4) 15(11) 15(9) 48(14) 43(7) 46(12) 27(15) 27(13) 92(18) 28(16)
27(13) 42(11) 43(9) 39(22) 69(3) 30(8) 46(5) 61(12) 72(6) 31(11) 30(13) 31(7) 53(18) 92(1)
44(11) 99(8) 28(9) 42(12) 42(3) 28(5) 41(5) 64(11) 58(5) 48(10) 43(11) 74(5) 136(16)
32(10) 43(8) 26(9) 142(11) 31(3) 88(4) 27(5) 96(9) 74(4) 47(10) 26(9) 42(3) 79(16)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-126
Ethanolamine (Glycinol) Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl alcohol Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl bromide (Bromoethane) Ethyl chloride (Cloroethane) Ethylene carbonate Ethylenediamine (1,2-Ethanediamine) Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve) Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl formate Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol (Caproyl alcohol) Hexylene glycol Hexyl methyl ketone Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl alcohol Isobutylamine Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl alcohol Isoquinoline d-Limonene (Citrene) 2,6-Lutidine (2,6-Dimethylpyridine)
e/m (intensity) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 108(100) 64(100) 29(100)
18(30) 29(46) 29(24) 45(44) 28(32) 106(31) 110(97) 28(91) 44(62)
28(15) 27(33) 88(18) 46(18) 44(20) 51(14) 29(62) 29(84) 43(54)
42(7) 45(32) 28(16) 27(18) 45(19) 39(10) 27(51) 27(75) 88(40)
31(6) 61(28) 85(14) 29(15) 27(13) 77(8) 28(35) 66(32) 30(16)
17(6) 28(25) 27(12) 43(14) 15(10) 65(8) 26(14) 26(28) 28(11)
61(5) 42(18) 42(11) 30(6) 42(9) 105(7) 93(6) 49(25) 45(7)
15(5) 73(11) 60(9) 42(3) 29(8) 92(7) 32(6) 51(8) 58(6)
43(3) 88(10) 130(6) 19(3) 41(5) 78(7) 95(5) 63(6) 42(6)
29(3) 70(10) 45(6) 14(3) 40(5) 27(6) 81(5) 65(4) 73(4)
30(100) 31(100) 31(100) 45(100) 57(100)
18(13) 33(35) 59(71) 60(13) 45(38)
42(6) 29(13) 29(58) 29(13) 29(35)
43(5) 32(11) 45(43) 90(7) 41(31)
27(5) 43(6) 27(33) 58(6) 87(16)
44(4) 27(5) 74(27) 31(5) 27(12)
29(4) 28(4) 43(15) 28(5) 56(11)
17(4) 62(3) 15(14) 43(4) 31(9)
15(4) 30(3) 28(12) 59(3) 75(7)
41(3) 44(2) 44(10) 46(2) 28(7)
31(100)
29(52)
59(50)
27(27)
45(26)
72(14)
43(14)
15(14)
28(8)
26(6)
43(100) 45(100)
31(34) 31(15)
59(31) 29(14)
72(28) 28(11)
44(25) 47(9)
29(24) 76(6)
45(12) 43(6)
27(11) 58(4)
15(11) 46(4)
87(7) 27(4)
43(100) 31(100) 68(100) 39(100) 98(100) 61(100) 43(100) 41(100) 57(100) 56(100) 59(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 30(100) 43(100) 82(100) 43(100) 45(100) 129(100) 68(100)
45(48) 28(73) 39(64) 96(55) 41(65) 43(90) 41(56) 70(87) 43(78) 43(78) 43(61) 58(79) 56(26) 33(73) 28(9) 70(49) 39(20) 61(17) 43(19) 102(26) 93(50)
58(42) 27(51) 40(9) 95(52) 39(59) 31(57) 29(49) 56(86) 41(77) 31(74) 56(25) 41(56) 73(15) 31(72) 41(6) 55(38) 138(17) 41(14) 27(17) 51(20) 67(49)
29(10) 29(38) 38(9) 38(38) 81(55) 44(54) 57(47) 31(78) 29(61) 41(71) 45(17) 59(52) 41(10) 41(66) 73(5) 61(15) 54(13) 87(9) 29(12) 128(18) 41(22)
42(4) 45(34) 42(6) 29(35) 53(53) 29(38) 27(46) 43(72) 27(57) 27(64) 41(16) 71(49) 29(5) 42(60) 27(5) 42(15) 27(12) 59(8) 41(7) 50(11) 94(21)
31(4) 26(17) 29(6) 37(29) 97(51) 18(32) 71(45) 29(70) 56(45) 29(59) 57(13) 27(46) 71(3) 27(43) 39(4) 41(14) 41(10) 27(8) 31(6) 130(10) 79(21)
73(3) 74(11) 37(5) 40(11) 42(49) 27(12) 56(27) 55(67) 42(39) 55(58) 42(13) 29(36) 57(3) 29(18) 29(3) 27(12) 53(8) 42(7) 19(6) 75(10) 39(21)
27(3) 43(9) 69(4) 97(9) 69(39) 42(11) 42(26) 27(65) 39(27) 42(53) 85(11) 39(27) 39(3) 39(17) 15(3) 87(11) 83(7) 39(4) 42(5) 76(9) 136(20)
59(2) 47(8) 34(2) 50(7) 70(36) 60(10) 39(23) 42(54) 28(16) 39(37) 61(10) 57(18) 27(3) 28(8) 58(2) 29(10) 29(7) 45(3) 44(4) 103(8) 53(19)
26(2) 56(4) 67(1) 42(7) 29(28) 45(10) 70(18) 69(41) 86(14) 69(27) 31(10) 55(17) 86(2) 74(6) 56(2) 73(9) 55(6) 44(2) 59(3) 74(7) 121(16)
107(100)
39(39)
106(29)
66(22)
92(18)
65(18)
38(12)
27(11)
79(9)
63(9)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-127
Mesitylene (1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene) Mesityl oxide Methyl acetate Methylal (Dimethoxymethane) Methyl alcohol Methylamine Methyl benzoate Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone N-Methylformamide Methyl formate Methyl iodide (Iodomethane) Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isopentyl ketone 2-Methylpentane 4-Methyl-2-pentanol Methyl pentyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Morpholine Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Octane 1-Octanol Pentachloroethane Pentamethylene glycol (1,5-Pentanediol) Pentane 1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol) Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate) 2-Picoline (2-Methylpyridine) α-Pinene β-Pinene Piperidine (Hexahydropyridine) Propanenitrile Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Propylamine Propylbenzene 1,2-Propylene glycol
e/m (intensity)
105(100) 55(100) 43(100) 45(100) 31(100) 30(100) 105(100) 83(100) 43(100) 59(100) 31(100) 142(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 45(100) 43(100) 43(100) 99(100) 57(100) 77(100) 29(100) 30(100) 43(100) 43(100) 43(100) 41(100) 167(100)
120(64) 83(89) 74(52) 75(61) 29(72) 31(87) 77(81) 55(82) 72(24) 30(54) 29(63) 127(38) 58(84) 58(34) 42(53) 43(47) 58(60) 41(17) 44(89) 29(100) 51(59) 30(12) 61(64) 27(93) 41(73) 57(30) 56(85) 165(91)
119(15) 43(73) 28(38) 29(59) 32(67) 28(56) 51(45) 41(60) 29(19) 28(34) 32(34) 141(14) 29(65) 27(14) 41(35) 69(30) 71(14) 86(12) 98(80) 87(69) 123(42) 28(11) 46(39) 41(90) 27(71) 85(25) 43(82) 117(90)
77(13) 29(42) 42(19) 31(13) 15(42) 29(19) 136(24) 98(44) 27(12) 29(13) 60(28) 15(13) 41(56) 41(13) 27(31) 41(27) 41(11) 42(12) 42(60) 28(69) 50(25) 26(9) 28(30) 39(34) 39(30) 41(25) 55(81) 119(89)
39(11) 98(36) 59(17) 30(6) 28(12) 32(15) 50(18) 42(35) 57(7) 58(8) 30(7) 139(5) 57(44) 15(13) 71(29) 27(19) 27(11) 27(11) 41(38) 30(38) 30(15) 27(8) 45(8) 30(25) 30(18) 71(19) 31(69) 83(58)
106(9) 39(32) 44(8) 15(6) 14(10) 15(12) 106(8) 56(30) 42(5) 15(7) 28(7) 140(4) 27(42) 57(11) 39(20) 39(13) 59(9) 39(8) 43(17) 56(33) 65(14) 43(5) 27(8) 44(20) 15(11) 29(17) 27(69) 169(54)
91(9) 27(28) 32(8) 47(5) 30(9) 27(9) 78(6) 27(29) 26(4) 60(3) 44(2) 128(3) 39(31) 39(9) 29(18) 29(12) 39(8) 71(7) 28(17) 86(28) 39(10) 41(5) 44(7) 42(20) 42(9) 56(14) 29(68) 130(43)
51(8) 53(11) 29(6) 76(2) 13(6)
27(7) 41(10) 31(4) 46(2) 12(3)
121(6) 56(5) 75(2) 44(2) 16(2)
28(6) 39(27) 28(3) 41(3) 18(2) 14(1) 85(19) 71(8) 57(11) 87(11) 29(8) 58(7) 71(13) 31(28) 93(9) 14(5) 29(7) 26(20) 28(8) 70(10) 42(62) 132(42)
39(5) 69(23) 44(2) 27(3) 61(1) 13(1) 100(14) 59(8) 15(10) 84(10) 42(5) 45(7) 39(11) 27(12) 74(7) 15(3) 60(5) 28(13) 26(8) 42(10) 70(53) 60(40)
27(5) 70(22) 39(2) 31(2) 59(1) 71(0) 42(14) 29(8) 70(7) 57(10) 114(4) 44(3) 70(10) 15(7) 78(6) 46(2) 43(4) 54(12) 38(6) 27(10) 69(48) 85(37)
31(100) 43(100) 42(100) 43(100) 93(100) 93(100) 93(100) 84(100) 28(100) 43(100) 31(100) 30(100) 91(100) 45(100)
56(85) 42(55) 70(72) 70(90) 66(41) 92(30) 41(64) 85(53) 54(63) 61(19) 27(19) 28(13) 120(21) 18(46)
41(67) 41(45) 55(65) 42(52) 39(31) 39(24) 69(47) 56(46) 26(20) 31(18) 29(18) 59(8) 92(10) 29(21)
57(59) 27(42) 41(56) 28(51) 92(20) 41(23) 39(33) 57(43) 27(17) 27(15) 59(11) 27(7) 38(10) 43(19)
55(51) 29(26) 31(47) 61(50) 78(19) 77(22) 27(31) 28(41) 52(11) 42(11) 42(9) 41(5) 65(9) 31(18)
44(45) 39(19) 29(41) 55(41) 51(19) 91(21) 79(20) 29(37) 55(10) 73(9) 60(7) 42(3) 78(6) 27(17)
29(37) 57(13) 27(26) 73(21) 65(16) 27(21) 77(18) 44(34) 51(9) 41(9) 41(7) 39(3) 51(6) 28(11)
43(31) 28(9) 57(22) 41(20) 38(13) 79(18) 53(14) 42(30) 15(9) 29(9) 28(7) 29(3) 27(5) 19(8)
68(29) 15(9) 28(22) 29(14) 50(12) 121(13) 94(13) 30(30) 53(7) 59(5) 43(3) 26(3) 63(4) 44(6)
27(26) 72(8) 43(21) 69(11) 52(11) 53(10) 91(13) 43(25) 25(7) 39(5) 32(3) 18(3) 105(3) 61(5)
MASS SPECTRAL PEAKS OF COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS (continued) Compound
8-128
Pseudocumene (1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene) Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Styrene Sulfolane α-Terpinene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetraethylene glycol Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetramethylsilane Toluene o-Toluidine Triacetin Tributylamine 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Triethyl phosphate Trimethylamine Trimethylene glycol (1,3-Propanediol) Trimethyl phosphate Veratrole o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
e/m (intensity)
105(100) 79(100) 67(100) 43(100) 85(100) 129(100) 104(100) 41(100) 121(100)
120(56) 52(62) 41(58) 28(52) 42(43) 51(28) 103(41) 28(94) 93(85)
119(17) 51(31) 39(58) 70(33) 41(36) 76(25) 78(32) 56(82) 136(43)
77(15) 50(19) 40(51) 71(26) 28(33) 128(24) 51(28) 55(72) 91(40)
39(15) 78(11) 28(42) 42(22) 30(29) 44(24) 77(23) 120(37) 77(34)
51(11) 53(7) 38(20) 41(20) 56(16) 50(20) 105(12) 27(32) 39(33)
91(10) 39(7) 37(12) 27(16) 84(14) 32(19) 50(12) 39(19) 27(33)
27(10) 80(6) 66(7) 39(15) 40(12) 75(18) 52(11) 29(17) 79(27)
106(9) 27(3) 68(5) 29(10) 27(12) 74(12) 39(11) 26(11) 41(26)
79(7) 77(2) 27(3) 30(9) 29(9) 103(11) 102(10) 48(5) 43(18)
167(100) 101(100) 131(100) 83(100) 166(100) 45(100) 42(100) 104(100) 41(100) 73(100) 91(100) 106(100) 43(100) 142(100) 97(100) 97(100) 95(100) 101(100) 101(100) 118(100) 86(100) 45(100) 99(100) 58(100)
169(96) 103(64) 133(96) 85(63) 164(82) 89(10) 41(52) 132(53) 28(64) 43(14) 92(73) 107(83) 103(44) 100(19) 99(64) 83(95) 130(90) 103(66) 151(68) 56(69) 30(68) 58(11) 81(71) 59(47)
117(85) 167(54) 117(76) 95(11) 131(71) 44(8) 27(33) 91(43) 56(57) 45(12) 39(20) 77(17) 145(34) 143(11) 61(58) 99(62) 132(85) 66(13) 103(64) 45(60) 58(37) 89(9) 155(56) 30(29)
119(82) 169(52) 119(73) 87(10) 129(71) 43(6) 72(29) 51(17) 45(57) 74(8) 65(14) 79(13) 116(17) 29(8) 26(31) 85(60) 60(65) 105(11) 85(45) 42(56) 28(24) 31(8) 82(45) 42(26)
171(31) 117(19) 95(34) 168(8) 168(45) 31(6) 71(27) 39(17) 29(51) 29(7) 63(11) 39(12) 115(13) 185(7) 27(24) 61(58) 97(64) 35(11) 31(45) 44(27) 29(23) 29(8) 45(45) 44(17)
85(29) 119(18) 135(31) 133(8) 94(38) 29(6) 39(24) 131(15) 27(49) 15(5) 51(11) 53(10) 44(10) 57(6) 117(19) 26(23) 35(40) 47(9) 153(44) 43(25) 27(19) 75(7) 109(44) 15(14)
121(26) 171(17) 121(23) 131(8) 47(31) 27(6) 43(22) 117(15) 85(47) 75(4) 50(7) 52(10) 86(9) 44(6) 63(19) 96(21) 134(27) 31(8) 35(20) 41(14) 44(18) 44(7) 127(41) 28(10)
82(14) 105(11) 97(23) 96(8) 96(24) 101(5) 29(22) 115(14) 86(42) 44(4) 27(6) 54(9) 28(8) 41(6) 119(18) 63(19) 47(26) 82(4) 66(19) 116(8) 101(17) 43(7) 43(24) 18(10)
47(14) 31(11) 61(19) 61(8) 133(20) 75(5) 40(13) 78(13) 39(28) 42(4) 93(5) 51(9) 73(7) 30(5) 35(17) 27(17) 62(21) 68(4) 47(18) 57(8) 42(16) 27(7) 125(16) 43(8)
101(13) 132(9) 60(18) 60(8) 59(17) 28(5) 15(10) 77(13) 55(23) 31(4) 90(5) 28(9) 42(7) 86(4) 62(11) 98(15) 59(13) 37(4) 87(14) 86(7) 56(8) 28(5) 111(14) 57(7)
28(100) 110(100) 138(100) 91(100) 91(100) 91(100)
58(93) 109(35) 95(65) 106(40) 106(65) 106(62)
31(76) 79(34) 77(48) 39(21) 105(29) 105(30)
57(70) 95(25) 123(44) 105(17) 39(18) 51(16)
29(40) 80(23) 52(42) 51(17) 51(15) 39(16)
27(26) 15(20) 41(33) 77(15) 77(14) 77(13)
45(24) 140(18) 65(30) 27(12) 27(10) 27(11)
43(23) 47(10) 51(29) 65(10) 92(8) 92(7)
19(18) 31(7) 39(19) 92(8) 79(8) 78(7)
30(17) 139(5) 63(17) 79(8) 78(8) 65(7)
SOLUBILITY OF COMMON SALTS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES This table gives the aqueous solubility of selected salts at temperatures from 10°C to 40°C. Values are given in molality terms. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998. Salt
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
35°C
40°C
Ref.
BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4
1.603 6.896 1.055 1.352 5.002 0.291 7.756 19.296 4.403 5.421 6.199 18.809 5.494 8.258 6.110 11.111 9.395 6.911 2.911
1.659 7.398 1.153 1.533 5.237 0.333 7.846 19.456 4.523 5.644 6.566 21.163 5.589 8.546 6.121 11.484 9.819 7.180 3.116
1.716 7.986 1.260 1.729 5.471 0.378 7.948 19.670 4.656 5.884 6.943 23.721 5.688 8.856 6.136 11.883 10.261 7.449 3.336
1.774 8.675 1.376 1.940 5.703 0.426 8.063 19.935 4.800 6.143 7.331 26.496 5.790 9.191 6.153 12.310 10.723 7.717 3.573
1.834 9.480 1.502 2.165 5.932 0.478 8.191
1.895 10.421 1.639 2.405 6.157 0.534 8.331
1.958
4.958 6.422
5.130 6.721
5.314
5.896 9.550 6.174 12.766 11.204 7.986 3.827
6.005 9.937 6.197 13.253 11.706 8.253 4.099
1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
0.593 8.483
10.351 6.222 13.772 12.230 8.520 4.194
FLAME AND BEAD TESTS Flame Colorations Violet Potassium compounds. Purple red through blue glass. Easily obscured by sodium flame. Bluish-green through green glass. Rubidium and cesium compounds impart same flame as potassium compounds.
Blues Azure — Copper chloride. Copper bromide gives azure blue followed by green. Other copper compounds give same coloration when moistened with hydrochloric acid. Light blue — Lead, arsenic, selenium.
Greens Emerald — Copper compounds except the halides, and when not moistened with hydrochloric acid. Pure green — Compounds of thallium and tellurium. Yellowish — Barium compounds. Some molybdenum compounds. Borates, especially when treated with sulfuric acid or when burned with alcohol. Bluish — Phosphates with sulfuric acid. Feeble — Antimony compounds. Ammonium compounds. Whitish — Zinc.
Reds Carmine — Lithium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Invisible through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Scarlet — Strontium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Yellowish through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Yellowish — Calcium compounds. Greenish through blue glass. Green through green glass. Masked by barium flame.
Yellow Yellow — All sodium compounds. Invisible with blue glass.
Bead Tests Abbreviations employed: s = saturated; ss = supersaturated; ns = not saturated; h = hot; c = cold
Borax Beads Substance
Oxidizing flame
Reducing flame
Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silicon Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium
Colorless (h, c, ns); opaque (ss) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless Colorless (ns) Red (h) Green (c) Blue (h, c) Green (h); blue (c) Yellow or brownish red (h, ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Violet (h, c) Colorless Brown; red (c) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless Colorless Yellow or brownish (h, ns) Colorless
Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque
8-16
Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Green Blue (h, c) Red (c); opaque (ss); colorless (h) Green (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Yellow or brown (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Yellow (h); violet (c) Brown Green Green
FLAME AND BEAD TESTS (continued) Beads of Microcosmic Salt NaNH4HPO4 Substance
Oxidizing flame
Reducing flame
Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Uranium Vanadium Zinc
Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Yellow or brownish red (h, s) Red (h, s); green (c) Blue (h, c) Blue (c); green (h) Yellow or brown (h, s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Violet (h, c) Colorless; green (h) Yellow (c); red (h, s)
Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Green (c) Blue (h, c) Red and opaque (c) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Green (h) Yellow (c); red (h); gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Violet (c); yellow or brownish (h) Green (h) (h, s) Green Gray and opaque
Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Green; yellow or brownish Yellow Colorless (ns)
Sodium Carbonate Bead Substance
Oxidizing flame
Reducing flame
Manganese
Green
Colorless
8-17
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES This table is reprinted from Kagaku Benran, 3rd Edition, Vol. II, pp. 649—661 (1984), with permission of the publisher, Maruzen Company, LTD. (Copyright 1984 by the Chemical Society of Japan). Translation was carried out by Kozo Kuchitsu. Internuclear distances and bond angles are represented in units of Å (1 Å = 10–10 m) and degrees, respectively. The same but inequivalent atoms are discriminated by subscripts a, b, etc. In some molecules ax for axial and eq for equatorial are also used. All measurements were made in the gas phase. The methods used are abbreviated as follows. UV: ultraviolet (including visible) spectroscopy; IR: infrared spectroscopy; R: Raman spectroscopy; MW: microwave spectroscopy; ED: electron diffraction; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; LMR: laser magnetic resonance; EPR: electron paramagnetic resonance; MBE: molecular beam electric resonance. If two methods were used jointly for structure determination, they are listed together, as (ED, MW). If the numerical values listed refer to the equilibrium values, they are specified by re and θe. In other cases the listed values represent various average values in vibrational states; it is frequently the case that they represent the rs structure derived from several isotopic species for MW or the rg structure (i.e., the average internuclear distances at thermal equilibrium) for ED. These internuclear distances for the same atom pair with different definitions may sometimes differ as much as 0.01 Å. Appropriate comments are made on the symmetry and conformation in the equilibrium structure. In general, the numerical values listed in the following tables contain uncertainties in the last digits. However, for certain molecules such as diatomic molecules, with experimental uncertainties of the order of 10–5 Å or smaller, numerical values are listed to four decimal places. REFERENCES 1. L. E. Sutton, ed., Tables of Interatomic Distances and Configuration in Molecules and Ions, The Chemical Society Special Publication, No. 11, 18, The Chemical Society (London) (1958, 1965). 2. K.-H. Hellwege, ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relations in Science and Technology, New Series, II/7, J. H. Callomon, E. Hirota, K. Kuchitsu, W. J. Lafferty, A. G. Maki, C. S. Pote, with assistance of I. Buck and B. Starck, Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules, Springer-Verlag (1976). 3. K. P. Huber and G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., London (1979). 4. B. Starck, Microwave Catalogue and Supplements. 5. B. Starck, Electron Diffraction Catalogue and Supplements.
STRUCTURES OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds are Arranged in Alphabetical Order by their Chemical Formulas (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees) Compound AgBr AgCl AgF AgH AgI AgO AlBr AlCl AlF AlH AlI AlO Al2Br6
Structure 2.3931 Ag—Br (re) Ag—Cl (re) 2.2808 Ag—F (re) 1.9832 Ag—H (re) 1.617 Ag—I (re) 2.5446 Ag—O (re) 2.0030 Al—Br (re) 2.295 Al—Cl (re) 2.1301 1.6544 Al—F (re) Al—H (re) 1.6482 Al—I (re) 2.5371 1.6176 Al—O (re) Bra Bra Brb Al Al Brb Bra Bra
Al—Bra Al—Brb ∠BrbAlBrb ∠BraAlBra (D2h) Al—Cla Al—Clb ∠ClbAlClb ∠ClaAlCla (D2h) ∠BrAsBr ∠ClAsCl ∠FAsF
Al2Cl6
AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3
As—Br As—Cl As—F
Method
2.324 2.165 1.710
9-15
2.22 2.38 82 118
MW MW MW UV MW UV UV MW MW UV MW UV ED
2.04 2.24 87 122
ED
99.6 98.6 95.9
ED ED, MW ED, MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
AsF5
Fa Fb
BF3 BH BH3PH3
BI3 BN BO BO2 BS B2H6
B
BaH BaO BaS BeF BeH BeO BiBr BiBr3 BiCl BiCl3 BiF BiH BiI BiO BrCN BrCl BrF BrF3
1.511 2.557 1.5237 1.893 1.742 1.2626 1.189 1.32 118
1.937 103.6 101.3 2.118 1.281 1.2045 1.265 1.6091
BrO Br2 CBr4 CCl
92.1 100.2
∠FBF O—H ∠BOH
B—H 1.212 ∠BPH 116.9 staggered form (D3h)
P—H ∠HBH
B—Ha B—Hb B⋅⋅⋅B ∠HaBHa ∠HbBHb ∠BOB≅∠OBO
Ha 1.376 B—H ∠BNB
1.26 121
2.2318 1.9397 2.5074 1.3609 1.3431 1.3308 2.6095 2.63 2.4716 2.423 2.0516 1.805 2.8005 1.934 1.157 2.1361 1.7590
Fa
118.3 0.941 114.1
1.399 114.6
1.05
∠BrBiBr
90
(C3v)
∠ClBiCl
100
(C3v)
C—Br (re)
1.790
Br—Fa 1.810 ∠FaBrFb 86.2
Br—F (average) 1.753 (Br—Feq) – (Br—Fax) = 0.069 ∠FaxBrFeq 85.1 Br—O (re) 1.7172 Br—Br (re) 2.2811 C—Br 1.935 C—Cl 1.6512
1.19 1.33 1.77 122 97 120 N—H (C2)
Br—Fb (C2v)
MW, IR ED UV ED ED UV MW MW ED, IR UV MW
ED UV EPR UV UV IR, ED
linear
Ha
Fb BrF5
∠HAsH (θe) ∠IAsI
1.311 1.34 123 (D3h)
B—F B—O ∠FBO
B Hb
Br
1.656
(D3h) (D3h)
1.313 1.2325
B—O B—N 1.435 ∠NBN 118 Ba—H (re) Ba—O (re) Ba—S (re) Be—F (re) Be—H (re) Be—O (re) Bi—Br (re) Bi—Br Bi—Cl (re) Bi—Cl Bi—F (re) Bi—H (re) Bi—I (re) Bi—O (re) C—N (re) Br—Cl (re) Br—F (re)
Fa
As—Fb (D3h)
Fb
As—H (re) As—I Au—H (re) B—Br B—Cl B—F (re) B—H B—F ∠FBF B—F B—H (re) B—P ∠PBH ∠HPH B—I B—N (re) B—O (re) B—O B—S Ha Hb
Ha B3H3O3 B3H6N3
1.711
As Fa
AsH3 AsI3 AuH BBr3 BCl3 BF BF2H BF2OH
As—Fa
Fb
Method
1.721
ED ED UV MW MBE UV UV UV MW ED MW ED MW UV MW UV IR MW MW MW
ED, MW (C4v)
(Td)
9-16
MW R ED UV
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
CClF3 CCl3F
C—Cl C—Cl
CCl4 CF CF3I CF4 CH CI4 CN CO COBr2
C—Cl 1.767 C—F (re) 1.2718 C—I 2.138 C—F C—F 1.323 C—H (re) 1.1199 C—I 2.15 1.1718 C—N (re) C—O (re) 1.1283 C—O 1.178 ∠BrCBr 112.3 C—F 1.334 C—O ∠FCCl 108.8 ∠ClCO C—O 1.179 ∠ClCCl 111.8 C—F 1.3157 ∠FCF 107.71 C—O (re) 1.1600 C—P (re) 1.562 C—S (re) 1.5349 C—S (re) 1.5526 C—C (re) 1.2425 C—O 1.163 linear (large-amplitude bending vibration) 2.002 Ca—H (re) Ca—O (re) 1.8221 Ca—S (re) 2.3178 Cd—H (re) 1.781 Cd—Br 2.35 Cd—Cl 2.24 Cd—I 2.56 C—Cl (re) 1.629 Cl—F (re) 1.6283 Cl—Fa Fa Cl Fa ∠FaClFb Fb 1.5696 Cl—O (re) O—Cl 1.690 O—H Cl—O 1.470 Oa—Cl 1.407 ∠OaClOa H
COClF COCl2 COF2 CO2 CP CS CS2 C2 C3O2 CaH CaO CaS CdH CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 ClCN ClF ClF3
ClO ClOH ClO2 ClO3(OH)
1.752 1.754
C—F C—F
Method ∠FCF ∠ClCCl (C3v)
1.325 1.362
108.6 111
(Td) ∠FCF
1.330
108.1
(Td) (Td)
C—Br 1.173 127.5 C—Cl C—O
C—C
linear linear linear C—N (re)
1.923 C—Cl
1.725
ED, MW MW ED EPR ED, MW ED UV ED MW MW ED, MW ED, MW
1.742
ED, MW
1.172
ED, MW
1.289
IR UV MW IR UV ED
1.160
1.698 87.5
Cl—Fb (C2v)
1.598
0.975 ∠OClO Ob—Cl 114.3
∠HOCl 117.38 1.639 ∠OaClOb
102.5
∠ClOCl
110.89
Cr—C
1.92
UV UV UV EPR ED ED ED MW MW MW
MW, UV MW, IR MW ED
104.1
Ob Cl Oa O Oa a Cl2 Cl2O CoH Cr (CO)6 CrO CsBr CsCl CsF CsH CsI
Cl—Cl (re) Cl—O Co—H (re) C—O ∠CrCO Cr—O (re) Cs—Br (re) Cs—Cl (re) Cs—F (re) Cs—H (re) Cs—I (re)
1.9878 1.6959 1.542 1.16 180 1.615 3.0723 2.9063 2.3454 2.4938 3.3152
UV MW UV ED UV MW MW MW UV MW
9-17
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound CsOH CuBr CuCl CuF CuH CuI FCN FOH F2 Fe(CO)5
Structure
HBr HCN
Cs—O (re) 2.395 Cu—Br (re) 2.1734 Cu—Cl (re) 2.0512 1.7449 Cu—F (re) Cu—H (re) 1.4626 Cu—I (re) 2.3383 C—F 1.262 O—H 0.96 F—F (re) 1.4119 Fe—C (average) 1.821 (Fe—C)eq – (Fe—C)ax C—O (average) 1.153 2.3525 Ga—Br (re) Ga—Cl (re) 2.2017 Ga—F (re) 1.7744 Ga—F 1.88 Ga—I (re) 2.5747 Ga—I 2.458 Gd—I 2.841 Ge—H 1.526 ∠HGeH 106.2 Ge—Br 2.272 Ge—H 1.537 ∠HGeH 111.0 Ge—Cl 2.183 Ge—Cl 2.113 Ge—H 1.522 ∠HGeH 113.0 Ge—F (re) 1.7321 Ge—H (re) 1.5880 Ge—H 1.5251 Ge—O (re) 1.6246 Ge—S (re) 2.0121 Ge—Se (re) 2.1346 Ge—Te (re) 2.3402 Ge—H 1.541 ∠HGeH 106.4 H—Br (re) 1.4145 C—H (re) 1.0655
HCNO
H—C
HCl HF HI HNCO
H-Cl (re) H—F (re) H—I (re) N—H ∠HNC N—H ∠HNC N—H
GaBr GaCl GaF GaF3 GaI GaI3 GdI3 GeBrH3 GeBr4 GeClH3 GeCl2 GeCl4 GeFH3 GeF2 GeH GeH4 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe Ge2H6
HNCS HNO HNO2
HNO3
1.027
Method O—H (re)
O—F
C—N 1.442
0.97
1.159 ∠HOF
97.2
0.020 (D3h)
(D3h) (D3h) ∠IGdI Ge—Br
108 2.299
(Td) Ge—Cl
2.150
∠ClGeCl (Td) Ge—F
100.3
∠FGeF (θe)
97.17
(C3v)
ED ED MW, IR
1.732
MW UV IR, R MW MW MW MW ED
(Td)
Ge—Ge ∠GeGeH
C—N
C—N (re) linear 1.161
2.403 112.5
MW MW, IR
1.1532 N—O linear
N—C
1.209
N—C 1.216 ∠NCS 180 N—O 1.212 s-trans conformer Ob—H 0.958 1.432 N—Ob N—Oa 1.170 ∠OaNOb 110.7 ∠NObH 102.1 Oc—H 0.96 N—Oa 1.20 ∠HOcN 102.2 ∠OcNOb 115.9
9-18
MW MW MW ED MW ED ED MW, IR ED IR, MW
1.207
MW
C—O
1.166
MW MW MW MW
C—S
1.561
MW
∠HNO 108.6 s-cis conformer 0.98 1.39 1.19 114 104 N—Oc 1.41 N—Ob 1.21 ∠OcNOa 113.9 planar
UV MW
1.2746 0.9169 1.6090 0.986 128.0 0.989 135.0 1.063
MW MW MW MW UV MW MW MW R ED
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
HNSO
N—H ∠HNS
H2 H2O H2O2
H—H (re) 0.7414 O—H (re) 0.9575 O—O 1.475 dihedral angle of internal rotation H—S (re) 1.3356
H2S H2SO4
H2S2 HfCl4 HgCl2 HgH HgI2 IBr ICN ICl IF5 IO I2 InBr InCl InF InH InI IrF6 KBr KCl KF KH KI KOH K2 KrF2 LiBr LiCl LiF LiH LiI Li2 Li2Cl2
LuCl3 MgF MgH MgO MnH Mo(CO)6 MoCl4O
1.029 115.8
N—S ∠NSO planar
Method 1.512 120.4
S—O
1.451
UV MW, IR IR
∠HOH (θe) ∠OOH 119.8 ∠HSH (θe)
104.51 94.8 (C2) 92.12 O—H 0.97 S—Oa 1.574 Hb 1.422 ∠HaOaS 108.5 S—Oc Ob ∠OaSOb 101.3 ∠OcSOd 123.3 Oa Ha ∠OaSOc 108.6 ∠OaSOd 106.4 S 20.8 dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOc planes dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOb planes 90.9 Od Oc dihedral angle between the HaSOb and OcSOd planes 88.4 S—S 2.055 S—H 1.327 ∠SSH 91.3 dihedral angle of internal rotation 90.6 (C2) Hf—Cl 2.33 (Td) Hg—Cl 2.252 linear Hg—H (re) 1.7404 Hg—I 2.553 linear I—Br (re) 2.4691 C—I 1.995 C—N 1.159 2.3210 I—Cl (re) I—F (average) 1.860 (I—F)eq – (I—F)ax 0.03 ∠FaxIFeq 82.1 (C4v) I—O (re) 1.8676 I—I (re) 2.6663 In—Br (re) 2.5432 In—Cl (re) 2.4012 In—F (re) 1.9854 In—H (re) 1.8376 In—I (re) 2.7537 Ir—F 1.830 (Oh) K—Br (re) 2.8208 K—Cl (re) 2.6667 K—F (re) 2.1716 K—H (re) 2.244 K—I (re) 3.0478 O—H 0.91 K—O 2.212 linear K—K (re) 3.9051 Kr—F 1.89 linear Li—Br (re) 2.1704 2.0207 Li—Cl (re) Li—F (re) 1.5639 Li—H (re) 1.5949 2.3919 Li—I (re) Li—Li (re) 2.6729 Li—Cl 2.23 Li Cl—Cl 3.61 Cl Cl ∠ClLiCl 108 Li Lu—Cl Mg—F (re) Mg—H (re) Mg—O (re) Mn—H (re) Mo—C 2.063 Mo—Cl ∠ClMoCl
MW
∠ClLuCl
2.417 1.7500 1.7297 1.749 1.7308 C—O
1.145
2.279 87.2
Mo—O (C4v)
9-19
112
(Oh) 1.658
(C3v)
MW, IR MW
(C2) ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW MW MW ED, MW MW R MW MW MW UV MW ED MW MW MW UV MW MW UV ED MW MW MW MW MW UV ED
ED UV UV UV UV ED ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound MoF6 NClH2 NCl3 NF2 NH2 NH2CN
Structure Mo—F N—H ∠HNCl N—Cl N—F N—H N—H H
Na
1.820 1.017 103.7 1.759 1.3528 1.024 1.00
C Nb
Method (Oh) N—Cl ∠HNH ∠ClNCl ∠FNF ∠HNH Na—C
1.748 107 107.1 103.18 103.3 1.35 C—Nb 1.160 ∠HNH angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond
ED MW, IR ED MW UV MW 114 142
H NH2NO2
NH3 NH4Cl NF2CN
NH NH2OH
NO NOCl NOF NO2 NO2Cl NO2F NS N2 N2H4
N2O N2O3
N2O4
NaBr NaCl NaF NaH NaI Na2 NbCl5 NbO Ni(CO)4 NiH NpF6 OCS
N—N 1.427 N—H ∠HNH 115.2 ∠ONO dihedral angle between the NH2 and NNO2 planes N—H (re) 1.012 ∠HNH (θe) N—H 1.22 N—Cl 2.54 F2Nb—C≡Na C—Na 1.158 Nb—F 1.399 ∠NaCNb 174 ∠CNbF 105.4 ∠FNbF 102.8 N—H (re) 1.0362 N—H 1.02 N—O 1.453 ∠HNH 107 ∠HNO 103.3 The bisector of H—N—H angle is trans to the O—H bond N—O (re) 1.1506 N—Cl 1.975 N—O 1.14 O—N 1.136 N—F 1.512 N—O 1.193 ∠ONO N—Cl 1.840 N—O ∠ONO 130.6 (C2v) N—O 1.1798 N—F ∠ONO 136 (C2v) N—S (re) 1.4940 N—N (re) 1.0977 N—H 1.021 N—N ∠HNH 106.6 (assumed) ∠NNHa ∠NNHb 106 dihedral angle of internal rotation Ha: the H atom closer to the C2 axis, Hb: the H atom farther from the C2 axis N—N (re) 1.1284 N—O (re) Na—Nb 1.864 Oa Ob Nb—Ob 1.202 Na Nb ∠OaNaNb 105.05 Oc ∠NaNbOb 112.72 ∠NaNbOc 117.47 O O N—N 1.782 ∠ONO 135.4 N N O O Na—Br (re) Na—Cl (re) Na—F (re) Na—H (re) Na—I (re) Na—Na (re) Nb—Cleq 2.241 Nb—O (re) Ni—C 1.838 Ni—H (re) Np—F C—O (re)
1.005 130.1 128.2 106.7 (C3v) C—Nb
MW
1.386
O—H ∠NOH
0.962 101.4
∠ONCl ∠FNO 134.1 1.202
113 110.1
1.467
N—O (D2h)
2.5020 2.3609 1.9260 1.8873 2.7115 3.0789
LMR MW
IR MW MW MW MW MW IR UV ED, MW
1.449 112 91 1.1841 Na—Oa Nb—Oc
IR ED MW
1.142 1.217
1.190
MW, IR MW
ED
MW MW MW UV MW UV Nb—Clax 2.338 (D3h)
ED
C—O
(Td)
1.691 1.141
1.476 1.981 1.1578
(Oh) C—S (re)
9-20
1.5601
UV ED UV ED MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound OCSe OF OF2 O(SiH3)2 O2 O2F2 O3 OsF6 OsO4 PBr3 PCl3 PCl5
Structure C—O O—F (re) O—F (re) Si—H ∠SiOSi O—O (re) O—O ∠OOF O—O (re) Os—F Os—O P—Br P—Cl Cla
Clb
1.159 1.3579 1.4053 1.486 144.1 1.2074 1.217 109.5 1.2716 1.831 1.712 2.220 2.039
Method C—Se
1.709
∠FOF (θe) Si—O
103.07 1.634
F—O dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠OOO (θe) (Oh) (Td) ∠BrPBr ∠ClPCl P—Cla 2.124
Clb P
1.575 87.5 117.47
101.0 100.27 P—Clb (D3h)
(C2v)
MW LMR MW ED MW MW
(C2) (C2v)
2.020
MW ED ED ED ED ED
Cla Clb
PF PF3 PF5 PH PH2 PH3 PN PO POCl3 POF3 P2 P2F4
P4 P4O6 PbH PbO PbS PbSe PbTe PrI3 PtO PuF6 RbBr RbCl RbF RbH RbI RbOH ReClO3 ReF6 RuO4 SCSe SCTe SCl2 SF SF2 SF6
1.5896 P—F (re) P—F 1.570 ∠FPF 97.8 P—Fax 1.577 P—Feq 1.534 (D3h) P—H (re) 1.4223 P—H 1.418 ∠HPH 91.70 P—H 1.4200 ∠HPH 93.345 N—P (re) 1.4909 O—P (re) 1.4759 P—O 1.449 P—Cl 1.993 ∠ClPCl 103.3 P—O 1.436 P—F 1.524 ∠FPF P—P (re) 1.8931 P—F 1.587 P—P 2.281 ∠PPF 95.4 ∠FPF 99.1 The two PF2 planes are trans to each other (the gauche conformer is less than 10%) P—P 2.21 (Td) P—O 1.638 ∠POP 126.4 (Td) Pb—H (re) 1.839 Pb—O (re) 1.9218 Pb—S (re) 2.2869 Pb—Se (re) 2.4022 Pb—Te (re) 2.5950 Pr—I 2.904 ∠IPrI 113 (C3v) Pt—O (re) 1.7273 Pu—F 1.971 (Oh) 2.9447 Rb—Br (re) Rb—Cl (re) 2.7869 Rb—F (re) 2.2703 2.367 Rb—H (re) Rb—I (re) 3.1768 Rb—O 2.301 O—H 0.957 linear Re—O 1.702 Re—Cl 2.229 ∠ClReO 109.4 (C3v) Re—F 1.832 (Oh) Ru—O 1.706 (Td) C—Se 1.693 C—S 1.553 C—S 1.557 C—Te 1.904 S—Cl 2.006 ∠ClSCl 103.0 (C2v) S—F (re) 1.6006 S—F 1.5921 ∠FSF 98.20 S—F 1.561 (Oh)
9-21
UV ED, MW ED LMR UV MW MW UV ED 101.3
ED, MW UV ED
ED ED UV MW MW MW MW ED UV ED MW MW MW UV MW MW MW ED ED MW MW ED MW MW ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound SO SOCl2 SOF2 SOF4
Structure S—O (re) S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠OSF Fb Fa
1.4811 1.44 97.2 1.420 106.2
Fb S
S—O S—Fb ∠OSFb ∠FbSFb
Fa
O
S2O2
S—O (re) S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠FSF S—O Si—H S—S (re) S—Br ∠SSBr S—Cl ∠SSCl S—O
S8
S
SO2 SO2Cl2 SO2F2 SO3 S(SiH3)2 S2 S2Br2 S2Cl2
S S
SbCl3 SbH3 SeF SeF6 SeO SeOF2 SeO2 SeO3 Se2 Se6 SiBrF3 SiBrH3 SiClH3 SiCl4 SiF SiFH3 SiF2 SiF3H SiF4 SiH SiH3I SiH4 SiN SiO
1.4308 1.404 100.0 1.397 97 1.4198 1.494
S S S Sb—Cl Sb—H Se—F Se—F Se—O (re) Se—O ∠OSeF Se—O (re) Se—O Se—Se (re) Se—Se
Si—F ∠FSiBr Si—H ∠HSiBr Si—H ∠HSiCl Si—Cl Si—F Si—H ∠HSiH Si—F (re) Si—H (re) ∠HSiF (θe) Si—F Si—H (re) Si—H ∠HSH Si—H N—Si (re) Si—O (re)
Si—S 1.8892 2.24 105 2.057 108.2
1.458 S
S
S—Cl (C2v) S—F (C2v)
Method
S—Cl ∠OSCl S—F ∠FSF 1.403 1.552 124.9 110.2 ∠OSO (θe) 2.011
2.072 108.0 1.583 92.2 S—Fa ∠OSFa ∠FaSFb (C2v) 119.329 ∠OSO
1.530 (D3h) 2.136
S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S 2.025 S—S ∠SSS (D4d)
9-22
ED 1.575 90.7 89.6
ED
123.5
MW ED
∠OSO
123
ED
∠SiSSi
97.4
1.98 83.5 1.931 84.1 (C2) ∠OSS 112.8 planar cis form
2.07 105
2.333 ∠ClSbCl 1.704 ∠HSbH 1.742 1.69 (Oh) 1.6393 1.576 Se—F 104.82 ∠FSeF 1.6076 ∠OSeO (θe) 1.69 (D3h) 2.1660 2.34 ∠SeSeSe six-membered ring with chair conformation 1.560 Si—Br 108.5 (C3v) 1.485 Si—Br 107.8 (C3v) 1.482 Si—Cl 107.9 (C3v) 2.019 (T4) 1.6008 1.484 Si—F 110.63 (C3v) 1.590 ∠FSiF (θe) 1.4468 Si—F (re) 110.64 1.553 (Td) 1.5201 1.485 Si—I 107.8 1.4798 (Td) 1.572 1.5097
MW MW
IR ED R ED ED MW ED
97.2 91.6
1.730 92.22 113.83
ED MW MW ED MW MW
102
MW ED UV ED
2.153
MW
2.210
MW
2.048
MW
1.593
ED UV MW, IR
100.8 1.5624
MW MW
2.437
ED UV MW IR UV MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound SiS SiSe Si2 Si2Cl6 Si2F6 Si2H6
SnCl4 SnH SnH4 SnO SnS SnSe SnTe SrH SrO SrS TaCl5 TaO TeF6 Te2 ThCl4 ThF4 TlBr TlCl TlF TlH TlI TiBr4 TiCl4 TiO TiS UF6 V(CO)6 VCl3O VCl4 VF5 VO W(CO)6 WClF5
Structure Si—S (re) Se—Si (re) Si—Si (re) Si—Si ∠ClSiCl Si—Si ∠FSiF Si—H ∠SiSiH
1.9293 2.0583 2.246 2.32 109.7 2.317 108.6 1.492 110.3
Sn—Cl Sn—H (re) Sn—H Sn—O S—Sn (re) Se—Sn (re) Sn—Te (re) Sr—H (re) Sr—O (re) S—Sr (re) Ta—Cleq Ta—O (re) Te—F Te—Te (re) Th—Cl Th—F Tl—Br (re) Tl—Cl (re) Tl—F (re) Tl—H (re) Tl—I (re) Ti—Br Ti—Cl Ti—O (re) Ti—S (re) U—F V—C
Method
Si—Cl
2.009
MW MW UV ED
Si—F
1.564
ED
Si—Si 2.331 ∠HSiH 108.6 staggered form (assumed) (Td)
ED
2.280 1.7815 1.711 (Td) 1.8325 2.2090 2.3256 2.5228 2.1455 1.9198 2.4405 2.227 Ta—Clax 2.369 (D3h) 1.6875 1.815 (Oh) 2.5574 2.58 (Td) 2.14 (Td) 2.6182 2.4848 2.0844 1.870 2.8137 2.339 (Td) 2.170 (Td) 1.620 2.0825 1.996 (Oh) 2.015 C—O 1.138 (Oh, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) V—O 1.570 V—Cl 2.142 ∠ClVCl 111.3 V—Cl 2.138 (Td, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) V—F (average) 1.71 V—O (re) 1.5893 W—C 2.059 C—O 1.149 (Oh) W—Cl 2.251 Cl F b W—F (average) 1.836 Fb W Fb ∠FaWFb 88.7 Fb F
ED UV R, IR MW MW MW MW UV MW UV ED UV ED UV ED ED MW MW MW UV MW ED ED UV UV ED ED
W—O ∠FWF W—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—O Zn—H (re) Zr—Cl Zr—F Zr—O (re)
ED
ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW
a
WF4O WF6 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO4 ZnH ZrCl4 ZrF4 ZrO
1.666 86.2 1.832 1.977 1.94 1.890 1.736 1.5949 2.32 1.902 1.7116
W—F 1.847 (C4v) (Oh) linear (D4h) (large-amplitude bending vibration around the Oh structure) (Td) (Td) (Td)
9-23
ED IR ED ED ED UV ED ED UV
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Compounds are Arranged in Alphabetical Order by Chemical Name; Cross References are Given for Common Synonyms (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees) Compound
Structure
Acetaldehyde
Method
O Cb H 3
Ca H
Acetamide CH3CONH2
Ca—Cb ∠HCbH C—O C—C C—H ∠CCN
1.515 109.8 1.220 1.519 1.124 115.1
Acetic acid
Oa C
CH3
Acetone (CH3)2CO
Acetonitrile CH3CN Acetonitrile oxide CH3CNO Acetyl chloride CH3COCl Acetyl cyanide → Pyruvonitrile Acetylene HC≡CH Acrolein → Acrylaldehyde Acrylaldehyde
Ob H
C—H ∠CCOb C—C C—H ∠HCH
1.10 110.6 1.520 1.103 108.5
C—H C—N C—C N—O C—H C—C ∠HCH ∠CCCl
1.107 1.159 1.442 1.217 1.105 1.506 108.6 111.6
C—H (re)
1.060
H Cc
H
O
Cb
Ca H H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCcCb planar s-trans form
120.3 114
∠CbCcN C—H Cc—Cl H
Cl Cb
H
Cc O
9-24
∠CbCaO ∠CbCaH C—N N—H ∠NCO
124.1 115.3 1.380 1.022 122.0
C—C C—Oa C—Ob ∠CCOa
1.520 1.214 1.364 126.6
C—C (re)
Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—O Ca—H Cc—H ∠CbCcO other CCH angles (average)
178 1.086 (assumed) 1.82
Ca H
1.210 1.107 1.128
C—O 1.213 ∠CCC 116.0 symmetry axis of each methyl group is tilted 2° from the C—C bond C—C 1.468 ∠CCH 109.7 C—N 1.169 (C3v) C—O 1.187 C—Cl 1.798 ∠OCCl 121.2
Acrylonitrile
Acryloyl chloride
Ca—O Cb—H Ca—H
Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—N Ca—H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCC Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—O ∠CaCbH ∠CbCaH ∠CaCbCc ∠CbCcCl ∠CbCcO
ED, MW
ED
ED
ED, MW
ED, MW MW ED, MW
1.203
IR
1.484 1.345 1.217 1.10 1.13 123.3 122
ED, MW
1.343 1.438 1.167 1.114 121.7 120 1.48 1.35 1.19 120 (assumed) 121.5 (assumed) 123 116 127
ED, MW
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Allene CH2=C=CH2 Allyl chloride
Aniline C6H5NH2 Azetidine
Aziridine
Azomethane CH3N=NCH3 Benzene C6H6 p-Benzoquinone
Biacetyl CH3COCOCH3
Structure C—C ∠HCH
1.3084 118.2
C—H
1.087
IR
cis conformer
C—Cl 1.811 ∠CCCl 115.2 skew conformer C—Cl 1.809 ∠CCCl 109.6 CCCCl dihedral angle of internal rotation 122.4 C—C 1.392 C—N 1.431 N—H 0.998 ∠HNH 113.9 140.6 dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond C—N 1.482 CH2 CH2 C—C 1.553 CH2 NH C—H 1.107 N—H 1.03 ∠CNC 92.2 ∠CCC 86.9 ∠CCN 85.8 dihedral angle between the CCC and CNC planes 147 N—H 1.016 Ha N—C 1.475 Hb Hb N C—C 1.481 C C C—H 1.084 Hc Hc ∠CNC 60.3 ∠HaNC 109.3 ∠HbCHc 115.7 ∠HbCC 117.8 ∠HbCN 118.3 ∠HcCC 119.3 ∠HcCN 114.3 C—N 1.482 N—N 1.247 ∠CNN 112.3 trans conformer C—C 1.399 C—H 1.101
C—O C—H ∠CCC
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane
1.215 1.108 116.2
Ha Ca
Hb Cb Hc
Ca Ha
∠CbCaHa ∠CaCaHa Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene
Hb Cb
128.4
HCb
CaH Ca H
MW
MW
ED
MW
ED ED, IR
Ca—O Cb—Cb Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb
1.225 1.344 1.481 118.1
ED
C—C (average) ∠CCO trans conformer Ca—Ca Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cb—Hb, Cb—Hc ∠HbCbHc
1.524 119.5
ED
1.497 1.498 1.071 1.093 115.6
MW
Hc
H2 Cc HCb
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane C7H12
Method
Cb H
130.4 ∠CaCbCa 60.0 dihedral angle between the two CaCaCb planes Ca—Cb 1.535 Cb—Cb 1.343 1.573 Ca—Cc C—H 1.12 Cb H ∠CaCcCa 94
121.7
dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes 115.6 (C2v) See the preceding molecule for the labels of the C atoms Ca—Cb 1.54 Cb—Cb 1.56 Ca—Cc 1.56 C—C (average) 1.549 –CaCcCa 93.1 dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes 113.1
9-25
ED
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene
H Ca
HCb HCb Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane C5H8 Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane
Biphenyl
4,4′-Bipyridyl
Bis (cyclopentadienyl) beryllium (C5H5)2Be Bis (cyclopentadienyl) iron → Ferrocene Bis (cyclopentadienyl) lead (C5H5)2Pb Bis (cyclopentadienyl) manganese (C5H5)2Mn Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel (C5H5)2Ni Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium (C5H5)2Ru Bis (cyclopentadienyl) tin (C5H5)2Sn Bis (trifluoromethyl) peroxide CF3OOCF3
Borine carbonyl BH3CO Bromobenzene
Ca H
Cb H Cb H
Method
Cb—Cb 1.345 Ca—Ca 1.574 Ca—Cb 1.524 dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes
HCa(CbH2CbH2)3CaH Ca—Cb Cb—Cb 1.55 ∠CaCbCb C—C (average) 1.542 large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis C—C 1.557 ∠CCC
ED
117.3
1.54 109.7
ED
74.2
ED
Ca—Ca 1.536 C —C 1.565 b b Cb Ca Ca—Cb 1.528 CcH2 H2 H 1.507 Ca—Cc Dihedral angle between the CaCaCbCb and CaCaCc planes 112.7 C—C (intra-ring) 1.396 (inter-ring) 1.49 torsional dihedral angle between the two rings C—C, C—N (intra-ring) 1.375 C—C (inter-ring) 1.465 torsional dihedral angle between the two rings Be—(cyclopentadienyl plane) 1.470, 1.92 C—C 1.423 (C5v) (The Be atom has two equilibrium positions)
Cb H2
MW
CaH
ED
∼40 ED
∼37 ED
C—C 1.430 Pb—C 2.79 dihedral angle between the two C5H5 planes 40∼50 (The two rings are not parallel.) Mn—C 2.383 C—C 1.429 (D5h)
ED
Ni—C
2.196
C—C
ED
C—C
1.439
Ru—C
C—C C—H O—O C—F ∠FCF
1.431 1.14 1.42 1.320 109.0
ED
B—H C—O ∠BCO Br
1.194 1.131 180
Sn—C 2.71 (D5h) C—O 1.399 ∠COO 107 COOC dihedral angle of internal rotation 123 B—C 1.540 ∠HBH 113.9 (C3v) C—H 1.072 Cc—Cd 1.401 Cb—Cc 1.375 C—Br 1.85 Ca—Cb 1.42 ∠CbCaCb 117.4
C—H (C3v) C—C
1.11
ED, MW
1.206
ED
Ca Cb H
HCb
CcH
HCc
1.430 (D5h) 2.196
ED
ED
ED
MW
MW
Cd H Bromoform CHBr3 Bromoiodoacetylene IC≡CBr
C—Br ∠BrCBr C—I C—Br
1.924 111.7 1.972 1.795
9-26
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,3-Butadiene
Structure
CaH2 Cb H
Cb H CaH2
1,3-Butadiyne
Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 2-Butanone → Ethyl methyl ketone Butatriene 2-Butene
3-Buten-1-yne → Vinylacetylene tert-Butyl chloride (CH3)3CCl tert-Butyl cyanide → Pivalonitrile 2-Butyne
Carbon C2 Carbon C3 Carbon suboxide → Tricarbon dioxide Carbon tetrabromide CBr4 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 Carbon tetraiodide CI4 Carbonyl cyanide CO(CN)2 Chloroacetylene HC≡CCl Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl Chlorobromoacetylene ClC≡CBr Chlorocyanoacetylene ClC≡CCN Chloroethane → Ethyl chloride 2-Chloroethanol ClCH2CH2OH
Chloroethylene → Vinyl chloride Chloroform CHCl3
∠CbCaH HCa≡Cb—Cb≡CaH Ca—Cb C—C ∠CCC trans conformer
120.9 1.218 1.531 113.8 54%
H2Ca=Cb=Cb=CaH2 Ca—Cb 1.32 CaH3—CbH=CbH—CaH3 cis conformer Ca—Cb Cb—Cb 1.346 ∠CaCbCb 125.4
Method Cb—Cb 1.467 Ca—Cb 1.349 C—H (average) 1.108 ∠CCC 124.4 anti conformer (C2h) C—H 1.09 Cb—Cb 1.384 linear C—H 1.117 ∠CCH 111.0 dihedral angle for the gauche conformer 65 C—H Cb—Cb ED 1.506 1.347 123.8
1.08 1.28
ED
ED
ED
ED (D2h)
trans conformer 1.508
C—H C—Cl ∠CCH
1.102 1.828 110.8
C—C ∠CCCl ∠CCC
1.528 107.3 111.6
CaH3—Cb≡Cb—CaH3 Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH C—C (re) C—C
C—H 1.214 110.7 1.3119 1.277
1.116 Ca—Cb
ED 1.468
linear
UV UV
C—Br
1.935
(Td)
ED
C—Cl
1.767
(Td)
ED
C—F
1.323
(Td)
ED
C—I
2.15
(Td)
ED
C—O C—N ∠CCN C—H C—Cl C—C C—H ∠CC(H)C Cl—C C—Br C—Cl C—CN
1.209 1.153 180 1.0550 1.6368 1.400 1.083 120 1.636 1.784 1.624 1.362
C—C ∠CCC
1.466 115
ED, MW
C—C
1.2033
MW
C—Cl ∠CC(Cl)C
1.737 121.7
ED
C—C
1.206
ED
C—C C—N
1.205 1.160
ED
C—O 1.413 C—C C—Cl 1.801 C—H O—H 1.033 ∠CCCl 110.7 fraction of the gauche conformer at 37°C is 92 ∼ 94%, dihedral angle of internal rotation 62.4 C—H ∠ClCCl
1.100 111.3
9-27
C—Cl (C3v)
1.519 1.093 ∠CCO 113.8
1.758
ED, MW
ED
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Chloroiodoacetylene ClC≡CI Chloromethane → Methyl chloride 3-Chloropropene → Allyl chloride Cyanamide H2NaCNb Cyanoacetylene H—Cb≡Ca—Cc≡N Cyanocyclopropane C3H5CaN Cyanogen (CN)2 Cyclobutane (CH2)4 Cyclobutanone
Cyclobutene
Cyclohexane C6H12 Cyclohexene
Cyclooctatetraene
1,3-Cyclopentadiene
Structure C—Cl C—C
1.63 1.209 (assumed)
C—I
Na—C 1.346 C—Nb N—H 1.00 ∠HNH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond Cb—H 1.058 Ca—Cb Ca—Cc 1.378 Cc—N C—C (ring) 1.513 C—Ca C—H 1.107 Ca—N ∠HCH 114.6 ∠CaCH C—N 1.163 C—C
1.99
MW
1.160 114 142 1.205 1.159 1.472 1.157 119.6 1.393 linear 1.555
MW
C—H 1.113 C—C dihedral angle between the two CCC planes 145 Cb H 2 Ca—Cb 1.527 Cb—Cc 1.556 CcH2 Ca O ∠CbCaCb 93.1 Cb H 2 ∠CaCbCc 88.0 Cb—Cb 1.342 Ca—Ca 1.566 Ca—Cb 1.517 Ca—H 1.094 Cb—H 1.083 ∠CaCbCb 94.2 ∠CbCbH 133.5 ∠CaCaH 114.5 ∠CaCaCb 85.8 ∠HCaH 109.2 dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Ca—Ca bond 135.8 C—C 1.536 C—H 1.119 ∠CCC 111.3 chair form Ca—Ca 1.334 HCa CaH Ca—Cb 1.50 H2 Cb Cb H2 Cb—Cc 1.52 CcH2 CcH2 Cc—Cc 1.54 ∠CaCaCb 123.4 ∠CaCbCc 112.0 ∠CbCcCc 110.9 (C2) half-chair form Ca—Cb 1.476 C—H 1.100 Ca—Ca,Cb—Cb 1.340 ∠CbCaCa, ∠CaCbCb 126.1 dihedral angle between the CaCaCaCa and CaCbCbCa planes tub form (D2d) Ca—Cb C aH 2 Cb—Cc Cb H HCb Cc—Cc ∠CaCbCc HC C H c
∠CbCcCc
c
109.4
Cyclopentadienylindium
Cyclopentane (CH2)5
Method
∠CbCaCb In—C C—C (C5v)
MW
ED ED MW
MW
ED ED
ED
136.9 1.509 1.342 1.469 109.3 102.8 2.621 1.426
C—H 1.114 C—C 1.546 ∠CCH 111.7 (The out-of-plane vibration of the C atoms is essentially free pseudorotation; average value of the displacements of the C atoms from the molecular plane 0.43)
9-28
MW
MW
ED
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Cyclopentene
Structure CaH2
Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc C cH C c H ∠CbCaCb ∠CbCcCc 110.0 ∠CaCbCc dihedral angle between the CbCaCb and CbCcCcCb planes C—C 1.512 C—H ∠HCH 114.0 H2 Cb C—H 1.086 1.575 Cb—Cb Ca O ∠CaCbCb 57.7 H C H2 Cb
Cyclopropane (CH2)3 Cyclopropanone
Method 1.546 1.519 1.342 104.0 103.0 151.2 1.083
Cb H2
Ca—Cb Ca—O
1.475 1.191
ED
R MW
2 b
∠HCbH Cyclopropene
114
CaH2 Cb H
HCb
Decalin C10H18 Dewer benzene → Bicyclo[2.2.0] hexa-2,5-diene Diacetylene → 1,3-Butadiyne 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
2,3-Diaza-1,3-butadiene → Formaldehyde azine Diazirine
Ca—H ∠HCaH C—C (average) ∠CCC (average)
1.112 118 1.530 111.4
C—H C—N N—N ∠HCH Cb—Nb Nb—Nc Ca—Na C—H Ca—Cb
N N
Diazoacetonitrile
H Cb Ca Na
Dibromomethane CH2Br2 2,2′-Dichlorobiphenyl C6H4Cl—C6H4Cl
trans-1,4-Dichlorocyclohexane C6H10Cl2
C—H (average)
C—N C—C ∠NCC ∠CNC large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis
CH2
Diazomethane CH2N2 1,2-Dibromoethane CH2BrCH2Br
dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Cb—Cb bond 151 Cb—Cb 1.304 1.519 Ca—Cb Cb—H 1.077 ∠CbCbH 133
Nb Nc
1.113
ED
1.472 1.562 110.2 108.7
ED
1.09 1.482 1.228 117 1.280 1.132 1.165 1.082 1.424
MW
∠CaCbH 117 ∠CaCbNb 119.5 C—H 1.075 C—N 1.32 N—N 1.12 ∠HCH 126.0 linear C—C 1.506 C—Br 1.950 C—H 1.108 ∠CCBr 109.5 ∠CCH 110 fraction of the trans conformer at 25°C 95% C—H 1.08 C—Br 1.924 ∠HCBr 109 ∠BrCBr 113.2 C—C 1.398 C—C inter-ring 1.495 C—Cl 1.732 C—H 1.10 ∠CCCl 121.4 ∠CCH 126 dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings 74 (defined to be 0 for that of the cis conformer) C—H 1.102 C—Cl 1.810 C—C 1.530 ∠CCC 111.5 ∠CCCl (ee) 108.6 ∠CCCl (aa) 110.6 ∠HCCl (ee) 111.5 ∠HCCl (aa) 107.6 ee 49% aa 51% e: equatorial, a: axial
9-29
ED
MW
MW, IR ED
ED ED
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,1-Dichloroethane CHCl2CH3 1,2-Dichloroethane CH2ClCH2Cl
1,1-Dichloroethylene CH2=CCl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene CHCl=CHCl Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 1,1-Difluoroethane CH3CHF2 1,2-Difluoroethane CH2FCH2F
1,1-Difluoroethane CH2=CF2 cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene CHF=CHF Difluoromethane CH2F2 Dimethoxymethane
Dimethylacetylene → 2-Butyne Dimethylamine (CH)2NH
Dimethylberyllium (CH3)2Be Dimethylcadmium (CH3)2Cd Dimethyl carbonate
Structure C—Cl 1.766 C—C 1.540 ∠ClCCl 112.0 ∠CCCl 111.0 C—C 1.531 C—Cl 1.790 C—H 1.11 ∠CCCl 109.0 ∠CCH 113 fraction of the trans conformer at room temperature 73%, that of the gauche conformer 27% C—C 1.32 (assumed) C—Cl 1.73 ∠ClCC 123 (C2v) C—Cl 1.718 C—C 1.354 ∠ClCC 123.8 C—H (re) 1.087 C—Cl (re) 1.765 ∠HCH (θe) 111.5 ∠ClCCl (θe) 112.0 C—C 1.498 C—H (average) 1.081 C—F 1.364 ∠CCH (average) 111.0 ∠CCF 110.7 dihedral angle between the two CCF planes 118.9 C—F 1.389 C—C 1.503 C—H 1.103 ∠CCF 110.3 ∠CCH 111 dihedral angle of internal rotation 109 fraction of the gauche conformer at 22°C 94% C—C 1.340 C—F 1.315 C—H 1.091 ∠CCF 124.7 ∠CCH 119.0 C—C 1.33 C—F 1.342 C—H 1.099 ∠CCF 122.0 ∠CCH 124.1 C—H 1.093 C—F 1.357 ∠HCH 113.7 ∠FCF 108.3 Ca—O 1.432 Cb—O 1.382 C—H (average) 1.108
MW ED MW, IR ED
ED
ED, MW
ED, MW
MW ED
∠OCO
114.3
C—H C—N ∠CNH ∠HCH Be—C ∠BeCH C—Cd
1.106 1.455 107 107 1.698 113.9 2.112
N—H ∠CNC ∠NCH
1.00 111.8 112
ED
C—H CBeC linear ∠HCH
1.127
ED
108.4
R
Cb—Ob Cb—Oa Ca—Oa
1.209 1.34 1.42
ED
∠CbOaCa Cb—Na ∠CaNCa
114.5 1.338 115.5
CaH3 Oa Ob
∠OaCbOa Cb—Nb Ca—Na ∠CaNCb CH3 Hb
B Ht
Dimethyl diselenide (CH3)2Se2
ED
114.6 110.3
CaH3 Oa
1,2-Dimethyldiborane
MW
∠COC ∠OCH
Cb
Dimethylcyanamide (CaH3)2Na—Cb≡Nb
Method
B—Ht ∠BBC C—H Se—Se ∠HCSe
107 1.161 1.463 116.0
CH3 B
Hb
108
Ht
B—B B—C B—Hb
1.799 1.580 1.358 (cis), 1.365 (trans)
1.24 122.6 (cis), 121.8 (trans) 1.13 C—Se 1.95 2.326 ∠CSeSe 98.9 dihedral angle between the CSeSe and SeSeC planes
9-30
ED
ED
ED 88
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
Dimethyl disulfide (CH3)2S2 S,S′-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate
C—S C—H ∠SCH
O ∠OCS Dimethyl ether (CH3)2O Dimethylglyoxal → Biacetyl N,N′-Dimethylhydrazine CH3NH—NHCH3 Dimethylmercury (CH3)2Hg Dimethylphosphine (CH3)2PH Dimethyl selenide (CH3)2Se Dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S Dimethyl sulfone (CH3)2SO2 Dimethyl sulfoxide (CH3)2SO
Dimethylzinc (CH3)2Zn 1,4-Dioxane
CH2 CH2 O
O
111.3
CaH3 SCb SCaH3
C—O ∠COC
Method
1.816 S—S 1.105 ∠SSC CSSC dihedral angle of internal rotation Cb—O Cb—S Ca—S 124.9 ∠CSC syn-syn conformer 1.416 C—H 112 ∠HCH
N—N 1.42 C—N N—H 1.03 C—H ∠NNC 112 CNNC dihedral angle of internal rotation C—Hg 2.083 C—H Hg⋅⋅⋅H 2.71 C—P 1.848 P—H ∠CPC 99.7 ∠CPH C—H 1.093 Se—C ∠CSeC 96.2 ∠SeCH ∠HCH 110.3 C—S 1.807 C—H ∠CSC 99.05 ∠HCH C—H 1.114 S—O S—C 1.771 ∠CSC ∠OSO 121 C—H 1.081 C—S S—O 1.485 ∠CSC ∠CSO 106.7 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the SCC plane and the S—O bond Zn—C 1.929 ∠HCH C—C C—H ∠CCO
1.523 1.112 109.2
C—O ∠COC chair form
2.029 103.2 85 1.206 1.777 1.802 99.3
ED
1.121 108
ED
1.46 1.12 90 1.160 (assumed)
ED
1.419 97.0 1.943 108.7
MW
ED
ED
MW
1.116 109.3 1.435 102
ED, MW
1.799 96.6 110.3 115.5 107.7
MW
1.423 112.45
ED
R ED
CH2 CH2 Ethanal → Acetaldehyde Ethane C2H6 Ethanethiol
Ethanol
C—C 1.5351 ∠CCH 111.17 CbH3—CaH2—SH Cb—H 1.093 Ca—S 1.829 109.6 ∠CbCaH ∠CbCaS 108.3 CbH3CaH2OH C—O 1.431 Ca—H 1.10 ∠CCO 107.8 ∠CbCaH 111 staggered conformation
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene CH2=CH2
∠HbCbHb ∠CbCaHa C—H ∠CCH
109.8 110.6 1.087 121.3
9-31
C—H 1.0940 staggered conformation Ca—H 1.090 Ca—Cb 1.530 S—H 1.350 ∠CaCbH 109.7 ∠CaSH 96.4 C—C 1.512 O—H 0.971 Cb—H 1.09 ∠COH 105 ∠CaCbH 110
MW MW
MW
C—C 1.528 C—Cl 1.802 C—H 1.103 Ca—Ha=Cb—Hb (assumed) ∠CCCl 110.7 ∠HaCaHa 109.2
ED, MW
C—C
MW
1.339
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Ethylenediamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 Ethylene dibromide → 1,2-Dibromoethane Ethylene dichloride → 1,2-Dichloroethane Ethyleneimine → Aziridine Ethylene oxide CH2
O
Structure C—N C—H gauche conformer
Method
1.469 C—C 1.545 1.11 ∠CCN 110.2 dihedral angle between the NCC and CCN planes
ED 64
C—C 1.466 C—H C—O 1.431 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond
1.085 116.6 158.0
MW
C—O (average) 1.418 C—H (average) 1.118 ∠OCC 109.4 fraction of the trans conformer at 20°C O
1.520 111.9 109.0
ED
1.518 1.219 1.102 113.5 95% 1.536 97 110
ED
1.104
ED
1.332
MW
1.208
MW
CH2 Ethylene sulfide → Thiirane Ethyl methyl ether C2H5OCH3
Ethyl methyl ketone
C aH 3
Cc Cb H 2
Ethyl methyl sulfide C2H5SCH3
Ferrocene (C5H5)2Fe Fluoroform CHF3 Formaldehyde H2CO Formaldehyde azine
CdH3 ∠CbCcO, ∠CdCcO 121.9 C—S (average) 1.813 C—H 1.111 ∠SCC 114.0 fraction of the gauche conformer at 20°C C—C 1.440 Fe—C 2.064 C—H 1.098 ∠FCF 108.8 C—H 1.116 ∠HCH 116.5 H2C=N—N=CH2 N—N C—N 1.277 ∠CNN 111.4 fraction of the trans conformer at –30°C
Formaldehyde dimethylacetal → Dimethoxymethane Formaldoxime Ha
OHc C
N
C—C ∠COC ∠HCH 80% C—C (average) Cc—O C—H (average) ∠CaCbCc trans conformer C—C ∠CSC ∠HCH 75% C—H (D5h) C—F (C3v) C—O 1.418 C—H ∠HCN 91%
1.094 120.7
C—Ha C—Hb C—N
1.085 1.086 1.276
O—Hc ∠CNO ∠NOHc C—Ha N—H C—N
0.956 110.2 102.7 1.125 1.027 1.368
∠NCO
125.0
C—Oa C—Ob
1.202 1.343
C—H ∠OaCOb planar
1.097 124.9
ED
ED
MW
Hb N—O ∠HbCN ∠HaCN
1.408 115.6 121.8
Formamide
Hc
Formic acid
Ha Hb C—O ∠CNH (average) Oa H C Ob H
O N
Ob—H ∠HCOa ∠CObH
C 1.212 119.2
0.972 124.1 106.3
9-32
ED, MW
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
Method
Formic acid dimer
Formyl radical
C—H ∠HCO
Fulvene
Ca—Ce Ce—Ob Ce—H ∠CeCaCb
1.458 1.250 1.088 133.9
MW
∠CaCeH 116.9 ∠CaCeO trans conformer (with respect to the Oa and Ob atoms) Cb—Cb O Ha Ha Ca—Cb Ca Ca Ca—O Ca—Ha Cb Cb Cb—Hb
121.6 1.431 1.361 1.362 1.075 1.077
∠CaOCa ∠OCaHa
106.6 115.9
Cb—Ob Ca—Oa Ca—Cb Oa—Ha Cb—Hc Ca—Hb ∠CaCbHc ∠CaOaHa ∠HbCaHb
1.209 1.437 1.499 1.051 1.102 1.093 115.3 101.6 107.6
1.13 107.7 124.7 117
Hb
∠CaCbCb ∠CbCaO ∠CbCbHb
Hc
106.1 110.7 128.0
Ob Cb
Ha H b Ca Hb Oa
Hexachloroethane Cl3CCCl3 2,4-Hexadiyne
Hexafluoroethane F3CCF3 Hexafluoropropene CF2=CFCF3
MW
MW
Hb
Glyoxal CHOCHO
ED
1.349 1.470 1.355 1.476 1.078 1.080 106.6 109 126.4
2-Furaldehyde
Furfural → 2-Furaldehyde Glycolaldehyde
2.703 1.220 1.323 126.2 108.5 C—O 1.1712
Ca—Cd Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc Cb—H Cc—H ∠CbCaCb ∠CbCcCc ∠CbCcH
Cd—H ∠CaCbCc ∠CaCbH ∠HCdH
Furan
Oa⋅⋅⋅Ob C—Oa C—Ob ∠OaCOb ∠COaOb 1.110 127.43
∠CaCbOb 122.7 111.5 ∠CbCaOa ∠CbCaHb 109.2 ∠HbCaOa 109.7 C—C 1.526 C—O 1.212 C—H 1.132 ∠CCO 121.2 ∠HCO 112 trans conformer (C2h (assumed)) C—C 1.56 C—Cl 1.769 ∠CCCl 110.0 CaH3—Cb≡Cc—Cc≡Cb—CaH3 1.450 Cb—Cc 1.208 Ca—Cb Cc—Cc 1.377 Ca—H 1.09 C—C 1.545 C—F 1.326 ∠CCF 109.8 staggered conformation average value of the C=C and C—F distances 1.329 C—C 1.513 ∠CCC 127.8 ∠FCC (CF2) 124 ∠FCC (CF) 120 ∠FCC (CF3) 110
9-33
MW
MW
ED, UV
ED ED
ED ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,3,5-Hexatriene
Iminocyanide radical ˙ HNCN Iodocyanoacetylene I—Ca≡Cb—Cc≡N Isobutane (CbH3)3CaH Isobutylene → 2-Methylpropene Ketene CH2=C=O Malononitrile CaH2(CbN)2
Methane CH4 Methanethiol CH3SH
Methanol CH3OH
Methyl radical ⋅CH3 N-Methylacetamide
Structure H2Ca=CbH—CcH=CcH—CbH=CaH2 Ca—Cb 1.337 Cc—Cc 1.368 124.4 ∠CbCcCc N—H 1.034 ∠HNC 116.5 I—Ca 1.985 Cb—Cc 1.370 Ca—H 1.122 Ca—Cb 1.535 ∠CaCbH 111.4
Methyl bromide CH3Br Methyl chloride CH3Cl
1.458 121.7
N⋅⋅⋅N ∠NCN Ca—Cb Cc—N Cb—H ∠CbCaCb
2.470 ∼180 1.207 1.160 1.113 110.8
UV MW ED, MW
MW MW
MW
C—H 1.09 C—S 1.819 S—H 1.34 ∠HSC 96.5 ∠HCH 109.8 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—S bond 2.2. (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—S bond.) C—H 1.0936 C—O 1.4246 O—H 0.9451 ∠HCH 108.63 ∠COH 108.53 angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—O bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—O bond.) 3.27 C—H 1.08 planar
MW
H3 Ca
ED
H Cb
Methyl azide
ED Cb—Cc ∠CaCbCc
C—C 1.317 C—O 1.161 C—H 1.080 ∠HCH 123.0 C—H 1.091 C—C 1.480 C—N 1.147 ∠CCC 110.4 ∠HCH 108.4 ∠CCN 176.6 (The two N atoms are bent away from each other in the plane of Cb—Ca—Cb) C—H (re) 1.0870 (Td)
O
Methylacetylene → Propyne Methylal → Dimethoxymethane Methylamine CH3NH2
Method
Cb—N ∠CbNCc ∠NCbO ∠CaCbN
N CcH3 1.386 119.7 121.8 114.1
Ca—Cb N—Cc C—H
1.520 1.469 1.107
Cb—O
1.225
N—H 1.010 C—N C—H 1.099 ∠NHN ∠HNC 110.3 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—N bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the NH2 group with respect to the C—N bond.) C—H CH3 C—Na Na Nb Nc Na—Nb Nb—Nc 1.113 ∠CNaNb NNN linear C—H (re) 1.086 C—Br (re) ∠HCH (θe) 111.2 (C3v) C—H 1.090 C—Cl ∠HCH 110.8
9-34
1.471 107.1 108.0
2.9 1.09 1.468 1.216 116.8
MW
UV
MW
ED
1.933
MW, IR
1.785
MW, IR
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound
Structure
Methyldiazirine
N CH3 CH
Methylene :CH2 Methylenecyclopropane
N
C—H
1.078
Methyl fluoride CH3F Methyl formate
Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc
CaH2
CcH2 Cc—H 1.09 ∠CcCbCc ∠HCaH 114.3 ∠HCcH dihedral angle between the CcH2 plane and the Cc—Cc bond Cb—Cc CcH2 Cc—O O Cb CaH2 Ca—Cb CcH2 C—H ∠HCcH C—H (re) C—F (re)
1.09 (assumed) 114 (assumed) 1.095 1.382
CaH3
Ob
Oa Cb Hb
Methylgermane CH3GeH3 Methyl hypochlorite CH3OCl Methylidyne radical ˙ :CH Methylidyne phosphide HCP Methyl iodide CH3I Methyl isocyanide Methylketene
C—N 1.481 C—C 1.501 N—N 1.235 ∠NCN 49.3 dihedral angle between the CNN plane and the C—C bond 122.3 ∠HCH 130
CcH2 Cb
3-Methyleneoxetane
Method
110.45 (C3v) 1.08 1.206 1.393 1.101 (assumed)
∠COC
114
Ge—H ∠HCH
1.529 108.4
MW
O—Cl ∠HCH
1.674 109.6
MW
1.0692
C—P (re)
C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe) CaH3—N≡Cb N—Cb
1.084 111.2 Ca—H 1.166
C—I (re) (C3v) 1.102 ∠NCaH O—Ca Cb—Cc Cc—H
O
MW
∠HCH (θe) Ca—H Cb—Ob C—O (average) Cb—H
H—C (re)
Ca
MW
87 120 (assumed)
127 110 1.083 1.945 109.3 1.103 1.389 112.8 1.1198
Cb
63.9 113.5 150.8 1.52 1.45 1.33
LMR
∠CcCbCc ∠HCaH
∠OaCbOb ∠OaCaH C—H C—Ge ∠HGeH C—H O—C ∠COCl C—H (re)
CcH3
1.332 1.457 1.542
MW
MW, IR ED
UV 1.5398
MW
2.132
MW, IR
Ca—N 1.424 109.12 1.171 1.518 1.10
MW MW
H
Methylmercury chloride CH3HgCl Methyl nitrate
Ca—Cb ∠OCaCb ∠CaCbH ∠HCH Hg—Cl Hg—C
1.306 180.5 113.7 109.2 2.282 1.99
H a Oa
Ha C Hb N—Oa ∠OCHa ∠CON ∠ONOb
N O
Ob 1.205 110 112.7 112.4
9-35
Cb—H ∠CaCbCc ∠CcCbH
1.083 122.6 123.7
C—H (C3v) C—Ha C—Hb C—O O—N N—Ob ∠OCHb ∠ONOa
1.15 1.10 1.09 1.437 1.402 1.208 103 118.1
MW, NMR MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Methylphosphine CH3PH2 2-Methylpropane → Isobutane 2-Methylpropene
Structure C—P
1.858
CaH3
Hc Cb
Cc
CaH3
Methylsilane CH3SiH3 Methylstannane CH3SnH3 Methyl thiocyanate
Method
Hc
∠HCaCb (average) ∠CaCbCa ∠HCaH C—H Si—H ∠HSiH C—Sn
111.4 115.6 107.9 1.093 1.485 108.3 2.143 S—Cb Cb—N
CaH3 S Cb
N
∠CaSCb
∠HCH
99.0
Naphthalene
Neopentane C(CH3)4 Nickelocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel Nitromethane CH3NO2 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (CH3)2NNO Nitrosomethane CH3NO Norbornane → Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Norbornadiene → Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta2,5-diene 1,2,5-Oxadiazole
C—H
1.094
ED
Ca—H Cc—Hc Ca—Cb Cb—Cc ∠HcCcHc ∠CaCbCc ∠CbCcH C—Si ∠HCH (C3v) Sn—H (C3v) 1.684 1.170
1.119 1.10 1.508 1.342 118.5 122.2 121 1.867 107.7
ED, MW
1.700
MW
S—Ca C—H
110.6 Ca—Cb Cb—Cb Ca—Cc Cc—Cc C—C (average) ∠CaCcCc
∠HCS 108.3 1.37 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.40 119.4
MW
1.824 1.081
MW
ED
C—C ∠CCH
1.537 112
C—H
1.114
ED
C—H N—O ∠ONO N—O C—N ∠CNC C—N C—H ∠NCH
1.088 (assumed) 1.224 125.3 1.235 1.461 123.2 1.49 1.084 109.0
C—N ∠NCH
1.489 107
MW
N—N ∠ONN ∠CNN N—O ∠CNO
1.344 113.6 116.4 1.22 112.6
ED
O—N C—N C—C C—H ∠NCH O—C C—N N—N C—H ∠NCH
1,3,4-Oxadiazole
Oxalic acid
H Oa
Ob C
C
Oa
Ob H
9-36
1.380 1.300 1.421 1.076 120.9 1.348 1.297 1.399 1.075 128.5 C—C C—Oa C—Ob Ob—H ∠CCOa ∠OaCOb ∠CObH
∠NON ∠ONC ∠CCN ∠CCH planar ∠COC ∠OCN ∠CNN ∠OCH planar 1.544 1.205 1.336 1.05 123.1 125.0 104
MW
110.4 105.8 109.0 130.2
MW
102.0 113.4 105.6 118.1
MW
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Oxalyl dichloride
Structure C—O 1.182 C—C 1.534 C—Cl 1.744 O Cl ∠CCO 124.2 ∠CCCl 111.7 fraction of the trans conformer at 0°C 68%, that of the gauche conformer 32% C—O 1.448 C—C 1.546 C—H (average) 1.090 ∠COC 92 ∠CCC 85 ∠OCC 92 ∠HCH (average) 109.9
Cl
O
C
Oxetane
Oxirane → Ethylene oxide Phenol
Phosphirane
C—C (average) Cb—H Cc—H Cd—H Ca—O O—H ∠COH
C—P C—C ∠CPC
CH2 PH
l-Propenyl chloride Propiolaldehyde
Propylene → Propene Propylene oxide
1.867 1.502 47.4
∠HPC 95.2 ∠CCH 118 dihedral angle between the PCC plane and the PH bond C—C CH2 CH2 C—N NH NH C—H
CH2
Pivalonitrile (CcH3)3Cb—Ca≡N Propadiene → Allene Propane C3H8 Propenal → Acrylaldehyde Propene
ED
C
CH2
Piperazine
Method
CH2
∠CNC
109.0
Ca—Cb Cb—Cc C—C ∠CCC
∠CbCcHd CH3—CbH=CaH—Cl ∠CbCaCl HaCa≡Cb—CcHcO Ca—Cb Cc—Hc ∠CbCcO ∠CaCbCc CaH3 Cb H
1.397 1.084 1.076 1.082 1.364 0.956 109.0
P—H C—H ∠HCH
MW
MW
1.43 1.09 114.4
MW
95.7 1.540 1.467 1.110
ED
1.495 1.536
∠CCN (C2h) Ca—N ∠CcCbCc
1.159 110.5
MW
1.532 112
C—H ∠HCH
1.107 107
ED
Ca—Ha Ca—Cb Cc—Hd Cb—Cc ∠CbCaHa,b,c
1.104 1.341 1.117 1.506 121.3
ED, MW
∠CaCbCc 1.728 trans conformer Ca—Ha Cb—Cc Cc—O ∠CbCcHc planar
124.3 MW
110.7 Ca—Cl 121.9 1.211 1.130 124.2 178.6
CcH2
110.4
1.085 1.453 1.214 113.7
Ca—Cb 1.51 ∠CaCbCc 121.0 dihedral angle between the CbCcO plane and the CaCb bond 123.8
O
9-37
ED, MW
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Propynal → Propiolaldehyde Propyne
Structure H3Cc—Cb≡CaH Cc—Cb Ca—H
Method
1.459 1.056
Pyrazine
C—C C—H ∠CCH
Pyridazine
H H Cb Cb CaH
HCa N
N
∠NCC
123.7
Pyridine
∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCc ∠NCaHa
116.8 118.5 115.9
Pyrimidine
H N
Pyrrole
Cc—H Cb—Ca ∠HCcCb 1.339 1.115 123.9
1.105 1.206 110.2 C—N 1.403 ∠CCN 115.6
N—Ca Ca—Cb N—N Cb—Cb
1.341 1.393 1.330 1.375
∠NNC N—Ca Cb—Cc Cb—Hb Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cc—Hc
119.3 1.340 1.394 1.081 1.395 1.084 1.077
∠NCaCb ∠CbCcCb ∠CcCbHb N—C 1.340 ∠NCN 127.6 (C2v assumed)
123.9 118.3 121.3 C—C 1.393 ∠CNC 115.5
N—Ca Cb—Cb Ca—Cb N—H Ca—Ha ∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbH C—H C—N C—O Cb—Cc
1.370 1.417 1.382 0.996 1.076 109.8 107.4 127.1 1.12 1.17 1.208 1.477
∠HCH ∠CaCbCc
109.2 114.2
Si—C C—C CH2 SiH2 Si—H C—H 1.14 ∠CSiC ∠SiCC 84.8 ∠CCC dihedral angle between the CCC and CSiC planes Cb H2 Cb—Cb H2 Cb C a—Cb Ca C—H H2 Cb Cb H2 ∠CbCaCb
1.892 1.600 1.47 80.7 99.8 146 1.52 1.47 1.09 62
Ha
Ca
Ca H a
H b Cb Cb—Hb ∠NCaCb ∠NCaHa Pyruvonitrile
Cb H b 1.077 107.7 121.5 O
CaH3
Cb Cc
MW
ED
ED, MW
MW
ED
MW
ED, MW
N
Ruthenocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium Silacyclobutane
Spiropentane
Ca—Cb ∠CaCbO ∠CCN
CH2
1.518 124.5 179
CH2
∠HCH
118
9-38
(D2d)
ED
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Succinonitrile
Tetrachloroethylene CCl2=CCl2 Tetracyanoethylene (CN)2C=C(CN)2 Tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane
Tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2 Tetrahydrofuran
CH2 CH2 O CH2 CH2
Structure C—C 1.561 C—C(N) 1.465 C—N 1.161 C—H 1.09 CH2 CN ∠CCC 110.4 fraction of the anti conformer at 170°C 74%, dihedral angle of CCCC for the gauche conformer 75 C—Cl 1.718 C—C 1.354 ∠ClCCl 115.7 C—N 1.162 C—C 1.435 C=C 1.357 ∠CC=C 121.1 C—S 1.785 S C—F 1.314 F2 C CF2 ∠CSC 83.2 S ∠FCS 113.7 (D2h assumed) C—C 1.31 C—F 1.319 ∠CCF 123.8 (D2h assumed) C—H 1.115 C—O 1.428 C—C 1.536 The skeletal bending vibration of the molecular plane is essentially free pseudorotation CH2 CN
Tetrahydropyran
H2 C H2 C
CH2
H2 C
CH2 O
Tetrahydrothiophene
CH2 CH2 S
Method
C—O C—C C—H ∠COC ∠OCC
1.420 1.531 1.116 111.5 111.8
∠CCC (C) chair form C—S C—C ∠SCC
108
∠CCC (O)
111
1.839 1.536 106.1
C—H ∠CSC ∠CCC
1.120 93.4 105.0
Ge—C ∠GeCH Pb—C
1.945 108 2.238
C—H 1.12 (Td excluding the H atoms) (Td excluding the H atoms)
C—H ∠HCH C—Sn C—H S N N
1.115 109.8 2.144 1.12
C—Si 1.875 (Td excluding the H atoms)
ED
ED ED ED
ED ED
ED
CH2 CH2 Tetramethylgermane (CH3)4Ge Tetramethyllead (CH3)4Pb Tetramethylsilane (CH3)4Si Tetramethylstannane (CH3)4Sn 1,2,5-Thiadiazole
1,3,4-Thiadiazole
Thietane
Thiirane
(Td excluding the H atoms) S—N 1.631 ∠NSN 99.6 C—N 1.328 ∠CCN 113.8 C—C 1.420 ∠CCH 126.2 HC CH C—H 1.079 planar S—C 1.721 ∠CSC 86.4 S N—N 1.371 ∠SCN 114.6 HC CH C—N 1.302 ∠CCN 112.2 N N C—H 1.08 ∠SCH 121.9 ∠NCH 123.5 planar C—S 1.847 C—C 1.549 C—H (average) 1.100 ∠CSC 76.8 ∠HCH (average) 112 dihedral angle between the CCC and CSC planes 154 C—C 1.484 ∠HCH 116 H2 C C—H 1.083 ∠CSC 48.3 S C—S 1.815 ∠CCS 65.9 H2 C dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the C—C bond 152
9-39
ED ED ED ED MW
MW
ED, MW
MW
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound Thioformaldehyde CH2S Thioformamide
Structure C—S ∠HCH
1.611 116.9
S
Ha C
N
Hc
Thiolane → Tetrahydrothiophene Thiophene
C—S ∠HaNHb ∠HbNC ∠NCHc
∠SCaCb ∠SCaHa Toluene
1,1,1-Tribromoethane CH3CBr3 Tribromomethane → Bromoform Tri-tert-butyl methane HCa[Cb(CcH3)3]3 Tricarbon dioxide OCCCO Trichloroacetonitrile CCl3CN 1,1,1-Trichloroethane CH3CCl3
Trichloro(methyl)germane CH3GeCl3 Trichloro(methyl)silane CH3SiCl3 Trichloro(methyl)stannane CH3SnCl3 Triethylenediamine → 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane Trifluoroacetic acid
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane CH3CF3 Trifluoromethane → Fluoroform
C—Br C—C ∠BrCBr
Hb 1.626 121.7 120.4 108
Method C—H
1.093
MW
N—Ha N—Hb C—N
1.002 1.007 1.358
MW
C—Hc ∠HaNC ∠NCS ∠SCHc
1.10 117.9 125.3 127
Ca—Ha Cb—Hb Ca—S Ca—Cb Cb—Cb ∠CaSCa 115.5 ∠CaCbCb 119.9 ∠CbCbHb C—C (ring) 1.399 C—CH3 C—H (average) 1.11 the difference between the C—H(CH3) and C—H(ring): about 0.01 1.93 1.51 (assumed) 111
1.078 1.081 1.714 1.370 1.423 92.2 112.5 124.3 1.524
MW
1.095 (assumed) 108 109.0 (assumed)
MW
1.111 113.0 1.289
ED
1.460 110.0 1.541 110.0 109.4
ED
1.89 106.4
ED, MW
2.021
MW
2.10 113.9 108
ED
C—F C—C C—Oa
1.325 1.546 1.192
ED
O—H ∠CCOb
0.96 (assumed) 111.1
C—F ∠CCF
1.340 119.2
C—H ∠CCBr ∠CCH
Ca—Cb 1.611 C—H Cb—Cc 1.548 ∠CaCbCc C—O 1.163 C—C linear (with a large-amplitude bending vibration) C—N 1.165 C—C C—Cl 1.763 ∠ClCCl C—H 1.090 C—C C—Cl 1.771 ∠HCH ∠CCH 108.9 ∠ClCCl ∠CCCl 109.6 Ge—Cl 2.132 Ge—C C—H 1.103 (assumed) ∠ClGeCl ∠GeCH 110.5 (assumed) C—Si 1.876 Si—Cl (C3v) Sn—Cl 2.304 Sn—C C—H 1.100 ∠CSnCl ∠ClSnCl 104.7 ∠SnCH
C—Ob ∠CCOa ∠CCF C—C C—H ∠CCH
1.35 126.8 109.5 1.494 1.081 112
9-40
ED
ED
MW
ED
BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Compound 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,2,2-trichloroethane CF3CCl3 Trimethylaluminium (CH3)3Al Trimethylamine (CH3)3N Trimethylarsine (CH3)3As Trimethylbismuth (CH3)3Bi Trimethylborane (CH3)3B Trimethyleneimine → Azetidine Trimethylphosphine (CH3)3P 1,3,5-Trioxane
Structure
Method
C—C C—Cl ∠CCCl C—H ∠AlCH C—N ∠CNC C—As ∠AsCH Bi—C ∠CBiC C—B ∠CBC
1.54 1.77 109.6 1.113 111.7 1.458 110.9 1.979 111.4 2.263 97.1 1.578 120.0
C—F 1.33 ∠CCF 110 staggered conformation Al—C 1.957 ∠CAlC 120 C—H 1.100 ∠HCH 110 ∠CAsC 98.8
C—P ∠CPC O
1.847 98.6
H2 C
CH2
O
O
MW
ED ED ED
C—H
1.07
ED
C—H ∠BCH
1.114 112.5
ED
C—H ∠PCH C—O ∠OCO ∠COC
1.091 110.7 1.422 112.2 110.3
ED MW
C H2 Triphenylamine (C6H5)3N
Tropone
C—C 1.392 C—N 1.42 ∠CNC 116 (C3) torsional dihedral angle of the two phenyl rings 47° (defined to be 0 when the symmetry axis is contained in the phenyl planes) Ca—O 1.23 O Ca—Cb 1.45 Ca Cb—Cc 1.36 Cc—Cd 1.46 HCb Cb H Cd—Cd 1.34 CcH HCc ∠CbCaCb 122 ∠CaCbCc 133 Cd Cd H H ∠CbCcCd
Vinylacetylene
Ha
126
Hc Ca Cb
Hb
Cc Cd Hd
∠CbCcCd ∠HbCaCb ∠CcCdHd Vinyl chloride
Hc
Cl C
Hb
178 122 182
∠CCCl ∠CCHb
C Ha 122.5 120
9-41
∠CcCdCd Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—Cd Ca—Ha Cd—Hd ∠CaCbCc
130 (C2v) 1.434 1.344 1.215 1.11 1.09 123.1
∠HaCaCb ∠HcCbCa
122
C—C C—Cl C—H
1.342 1.730 1.09
∠CCHa ∠CCHc
124 121.1
ED
ED
ED, MW
119
ED, MW
DIPOLE MOMENTS This table gives values of the electric dipole moment for about 800 molecules. When available, values determined by microwave spectroscopy, molecular beam electric resonance, and other high-resolution spectroscopic techniques were selected. Otherwise, the values come from measurements of the dielectric constant in the gas phase or, if these do not exist, in the liquid phase. Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order; compounds not containing carbon are listed first, followed by compounds containing carbon. The dipole moment µ is given in debye units (D). The conversion factor to SI units is 1 D = 3.33564 × 10-30 C m. Dipole moments of individual conformers (rotational isomers) are given when they have been measured. The conformers are designated as gauche, trans, axial, etc. The meaning of these terms can be found in the references. In some cases an average value, obtained from measurements on the bulk gas, is also given. Other information on molecules that have been studied by spectroscopy, such as the components of the dipole moment in the molecular framework and the variation with vibrational state and isotopic species, is given in References 1 and 2. When the accuracy of a value is explicitly stated (i.e., 1.234 ± 0.005), the stated uncertainty generally indicates two or three standard deviations. When no uncertainty is given, the value may be assumed to be precise to a few units in the last decimal place. However, if more than three decimal places are given, the exact interpretation of the final digits may require analysis of the vibrational averaging. Values measured in the gas phase that are questionable because of undetermined error sources are indicated as approximate (≈). Values obtained by liquid phase measurements, which sometimes have large errors because of association effects, are enclosed in brackets, e.g., [1.8].
REFERENCES 1. Nelson, R. D., Lide, D. R., and Maryott, A. A., Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Nat. Bur. Stnds. 10, 1967. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19c (1992), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Mol. Form.
µ/D
Name
Mol. Form.
Name
µ/D
Compounds not containing carbon AgBr AgCl AgF AgI AlF AsCl3 AsF3 AsH3 BClH2 BF BF2H B4H10 B5H9 B6H10 BaO BaS BrCl BrF BrF3Si BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrI BrK BrLi BrNO BrNa BrO BrO2 BrRb BrTl CaCl ClCs ClF ClFO3 ClF3
Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Aluminum monofluoride Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsine Chloroborane Fluoroborane(1) Difluoroborane Tetraborane Pentaborane(9) Hexaborane Barium oxide Barium sulfide Bromine chloride Bromine fluoride Bromotrifluorosilane Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Iodine bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide Sodium bromide Bromine monoxide Bromine dioxide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Calcium monochloride Cesium chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride
5.62 ± 0.03 6.08 ± 0.06 6.22 ± 0.30 4.55 ± 0.05 1.53 ± 0.15 1.59 ± 0.08 2.59 ± 0.05 0.217 ± 0.003 0.75 ± 0.05 ≈0.5 0.971 ± 0.010 0.486 ± 0.002 2.13 ± 0.04 2.50 ± 0.05 7.954 ± 0.003 10.86 ± 0.02 0.519 ± 0.004 1.422 ± 0.016 0.83 ± 0.01 1.51 ± 0.15 0.8272 ± 0.0003 1.319 0.726 ± 0.003 10.628 ± 0.001 7.268 ± 0.001 ≈1.8 9.1183 ± 0.0006 1.76 ± 0.04 2.8 ± 0.3 ≈10.9 4.49 ± 0.05 ≈3.6 10.387 ± 0.004 0.888061 0.023 ± 0.001 0.6 ± 0.10
ClF3Si ClGeH3 ClH ClHO ClH3Si ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClNO2 ClNS ClNa ClO ClRb ClTl Cl2H2Si Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2S Cl3FSi Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3P CrO CsF CsNa CuF CuO FGa FGeH3 FH FHO FH2N FH3Si FI
9-45
Chlorotrifluorosilane Chlorogermane Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Chlorosilane Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitryl chloride Thionitrosyl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine oxide Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Dichlorosilane Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur dichloride Trichlorofluorosilane Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Chromium monoxide Cesium fluoride Cesium sodium Copper(I) fluoride Copper(II) oxide Gallium monofluoride Fluorogermane Hydrogen fluoride Hypofluorous acid Fluoramide Fluorosilane Iodine fluoride
0.636 ± 0.004 2.13 ± 0.02 1.1086 ± 0.0003 ≈1.3 1.31 ± 0.01 1.24 ± 0.02 3.79 ± 0.19 10.269 ± 0.001 7.12887 0.53 1.87 ± 0.02 9.00117 1.297 ± 0.001 10.510 ± 0.005 4.54299 1.17 ± 0.02 1.45 ± 0.03 1.81 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.01 2.54 ± 0.05 0.56 ± 0.02 3.88 ± 0.13 7.884 ± 0.001 4.75 ± 0.20 5.77 ± 0.29 4.5 ± 0.5 2.45 ± 0.05 2.33 ± 0.12 1.826178 2.23 ± 0.11 2.27 ± 0.18 1.2969 ± 0.0006 1.948 ± 0.020
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. FIn FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNS FN3 FNa FO FRb FS FTl F2Ge F2HN F2H2Si F2N2 F2O F2OS F2O2 F2O2S F2S F2Si F3HSi F3H3Si2 F3ISi F3N F3NO F3OP F3P F3PS F4N2 F4S F4Se F5I GeH3N3 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe HI HKO HLi HLiO HN HNO HNO2 HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HO HS H2O H2O2 H2S H3N H3NO H3P H3Sb H4N2 H6OSi2 IK
Name
µ/D
Indium(I) fluoride Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine azide Sodium fluoride Fluorine oxide Rubidium fluoride Sulfur monofluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Germanium(II) fluoride Difluoramine Difluorosilane cis-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Sulfuryl fluoride Sulfur difluoride Difluorosilylene Trifluorosilane 1,1,1-Trifluorodisilane Trifluoroiodosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine (gauche) Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Iodine pentafluoride Germylazide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) selenide Germanium(II) telluride Hydrogen iodide Potassium hydroxide Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid (cis) Nitrous acid (trans) Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Hydroxyl Mercapto Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Disiloxane Potassium iodide
3.40 ± 0.07 8.585 ± 0.003 6.3274 ± 0.0002 1.730 ± 0.003 0.466 ± 0.005 1.902 ± 0.012 ≈1.3 8.156 ± 0.001 0.0043 ± 0.0004 8.5465 ± 0.0005 0.794 ± 0.02 4.2282 ± 0.0008 2.61 ± 0.02 1.92 ± 0.02 1.55 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.308180 1.63 ± 0.01 1.44 ± 0.07 1.12 ± 0.02 1.05 ± 0.05 1.23 ± 0.02 1.27 ± 0.03 2.03 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.03 0.235 ± 0.004 0.0390 ± 0.0004 1.8685 ± 0.0001 1.03 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.02 0.257 ± 0.002 0.632 ± 0.003 1.78 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 0.11 2.579 ± 0.003 3.2823 ± 0.0001 2.00 ± 0.06 1.65 ± 0.05 1.06 ± 0.07 0.448 ± 0.001 7.415 ± 0.002 5.884 ± 0.001 4.754 ± 0.002 1.39 ± 0.07 1.62 ± 0.03 1.423 ± 0.005 1.855 ± 0.016 2.17 ± 0.02 1.70 ± 0.09 1.655 ± 0.001 0.7580 ± 0.0001 1.8546 ± 0.0040 1.573 ± 0.001 0.97833 1.4718 ± 0.0002 0.59 ± 0.05 0.5740 ± 0.0003 0.12 ± 0.05 1.75 ± 0.09 0.24 ± 0.02 ≈10.8
Mol. Form. ILi INa IO IRb ITl KLi KNa LaO LiNa LiO LiRb MgO NO NO2 NP NS N2O N2O3 NaRb OP OPb OS OS2 OSi OSn OSr OTi OY OZr O2S O2Se O2Zr O3 PbS SSi SSn
Name Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Iodine monoxide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Lithium potassium Potassium sodium Lanthanum monoxide Lithium sodium Lithium monoxide Lithium rubidium Magnesium oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen sulfide Nitrous oxide Nitrogen trioxide Rubidium sodium Phosphorus monoxide Lead(II) oxide Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Titanium(II) oxide Yttrium monoxide Zirconium(II) oxide Sulfur dioxide Selenium dioxide Zirconium(IV) oxide Ozone Lead(II) sulfide Silicon monosulfide Tin(II) sulfide
µ/D 7.428 ± 0.001 9.236 ± 0.003 2.45 ± 0.05 ≈11.5 4.61 ± 0.07 3.45 ± 0.20 2.693 ± 0.014 3.207 ± 0.011 0.463 ± 0.002 6.84 ± 0.03 4.0 ± 0.1 6.2 ± 0.6 0.15872 0.316 ± 0.010 2.7470 ± 0.0001 1.81 ± 0.02 0.16083 2.122 ± 0.010 3.1 ± 0.3 1.88 ± 0.07 4.64 ± 0.50 1.55 ± 0.02 1.47 ± 0.03 3.0982 4.32 ± 0.22 8.900 ± 0.003 2.96 ± 0.05 4.524 ± 0.007 2.55 ± 0.01 1.63305 2.62 ± 0.05 7.80 ± 0.02 0.53373 3.59 ± 0.18 1.73 ± 0.09 3.18 ± 0.16
Compounds containing carbon CBrF3 CBr2F2 CClF3 CClN CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CF CFN CF2 CF2O CF3I CH CHBrClF CHBr3 CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHFO CHF2N CHF3 CHN
9-46
Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Chlorotrifluoromethane Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne Cyanogen fluoride Difluoromethylene Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoroiodomethane Methylidyne Bromochlorofluoromethane Tribromomethane Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Formyl fluoride Carboimidic difluoride Trifluoromethane Hydrogen cyanide
0.65 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.05 0.50 ± 0.01 2.8331 ± 0.0002 0.51 ± 0.05 1.17 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.02 0.645 ± 0.005 2.120 ± 0.001 0.47 ± 0.02 0.95 ± 0.01 1.048 ± 0.003 ≈1.46 1.5 ± 0.3 0.99 ± 0.02 1.42 ± 0.03 1.29 ± 0.03 1.04 ± 0.02 2.081 ± 0.001 1.393 ± 0.001 1.65150 2.985188
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. CHN CHNO CHNO CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2N4 CH2O CH2O2 CH2S CH2Se CH3BCl2 CH3BF2 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3F2OP CH3F2P CH3F3Si CH3F3Si CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3N3 CH4O CH4O2 CH4S CH5FSi CH5ISi CH5N CH6OSi CH6Si CH8B2 CIN CO COS COSe CS CSe C2BrF C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F2 C2Cl2F4 C2F3N C2F3N C2HBr C2HCl C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2
Name
µ/D
Hydrogen isocyanide Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Fulminic acid Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide 1H-Tetrazole Formaldehyde Formic acid Thioformaldehyde Selenoformaldehyde Dichloromethylborane Difluoromethylborane Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Methylphosphonic difluoride Methyldifluorophosphine Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl azide Methanol Methylhydroperoxide Methanethiol Fluoromethylsilane Iodomethylsilane Methylamine Methyl silyl ether Methylsilane Methyldiborane(6) Cyanogen iodide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoselenide Bromofluoroacetylene Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Trifluoroisocyanomethane Bromoacetylene Chloroacetylene Trichloroethene Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethene Trifluoroacetic acid
3.05 ± 0.15 ≈1.6 3.09934 [1.66] 1.43 ± 0.03 1.82 ± 0.04 1.60 ± 0.03 1.9785 ± 0.02 [1.08] 1.50 ± 0.01 4.28 ± 0.10 2.19 ± 0.05 2.332 ± 0.002 1.425 ± 0.002 1.6491 ± 0.0004 1.41 ± 0.01 1.419 ± 0.013 1.668 ± 0.003 1.698 ± 0.020 1.8203 ± 0.0004 1.8963 ± 0.0002 1.91 ± 0.01 1.858 ± 0.002 3.69 ± 0.26 2.056 ± 0.006 2.3394 ± 0.0002 2.32 ± 0.02 1.6406 ± 0.0004 3.73 ± 0.07 3.46 ± 0.02 2.17 ± 0.04 1.70 ± 0.02 ≈0.65 1.52 ± 0.08 1.700 ± 0.008 1.862 ± 0.005 1.31 ± 0.03 1.15 ± 0.02 0.73456 0.566 ± 0.006 3.67 ± 0.02 0.10980 0.715189 0.73 ± 0.02 1.958 ± 0.005 1.99 ± 0.04 0.448 ± 0.002 0.40 ± 0.10 0.52 ± 0.05 0.50 ≈0.5 1.262 ± 0.010 1.153 ± 0.010 0.22962 0.44408 [0.8] 0.92 ± 0.05 0.7207 ± 0.0003 1.32 ± 0.03 2.28 ± 0.25
Mol. Form. C2HI C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F4 C2H2N2S C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3HgN C2H3I C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO C2H3NS C2H3N3 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H6S2
9-47
Name Iodoacetylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Ketene Glyoxal (cis) Bromoethene Chloroethene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Cyanomethylmercury Iodoethene Acetonitrile Methyl cyanate Methyl isocyanate Methyl isothiocyanate 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane (gauche) Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Glycolaldehyde Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Trichloroethylsilane Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol (gauche) Ethanol (trans) Ethanol (average) Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol (average) Ethanethiol (gauche) Ethanethiol (trans) Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol Dimethyl disulfide
µ/D 0.02525 [1.38] 1.34 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.04 2.23 ± 0.11 1.32 ± 0.07 1.3893 ± 0.0002 2.42 ± 0.02 1.80 ± 0.22 1.579 ± 0.007 1.42215 4.8 ± 0.2 1.42 ± 0.03 1.45 ± 0.03 2.14 ± 0.04 2.72 ± 0.14 1.755 ± 0.015 [1.4] 1.468 ± 0.003 2.96 ± 0.03 2.3470 ± 0.005 4.7 ± 0.1 1.311 ± 0.005 3.92519 4.26 ± 0.18 ≈2.8 3.453 ± 0.003 2.7 ± 0.1 [1.2] [1.19] 2.068 ± 0.014 2.06 ± 0.04 [1.83] 2.27 ± 0.05 2.67 ± 0.13 2.750 ± 0.006 1.89 ± 0.01 1.70 ± 0.03 1.77 ± 0.04 2.73 ± 0.05 2.04 ± 0.02 2.05 ± 0.02 1.78 ± 0.09 [2.04] 1.937 ± 0.007 1.976 ± 0.002 1.90 ± 0.01 3.68 ± 0.03 3.83 ± 0.08 3.23 ± 0.03 1.68 ± 0.03 1.44 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 1.30 ± 0.01 3.96 ± 0.04 2.36 ± 0.10 1.61 ± 0.08 1.58 ± 0.08 1.554 ± 0.004 2.03 ± 0.08 [1.85]
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6Si C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C3HF3 C3HN C3H2F2 C3H2O C3H3Cl2F C3H3F C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4F2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2
Name Vinylsilane Ethylamine (gauche) Ethylamine (trans) Ethylamine (average) Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne Cyanoacetylene 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene 2-Propynal 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropyne 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene Acrylonitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Propyne Cyclopropene 1,1-Difluoro-1-propene 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole Propargyl alcohol Acrolein (trans) Acrolein (cis) Cyclopropanone Vinyl formate 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene (gauche) 3-Fluoropropene (cis) Propanenitrile Ethyl cyanate 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (gauche) Propene 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Acetone Propanal (gauche) Propanal (cis) Propanal (average) Allyl alcohol (gauche) Allyl alcohol (average) Methyl vinyl ether Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid (cis) Propanoic acid (average)
µ/D 0.657 ± 0.002 1.210 ± 0.015 1.304 ± 0.011 1.22 ± 0.10 1.01 ± 0.02 [2.27] 1.99 ± 0.10 2.317 ± 0.013 3.73172 2.98 ± 0.02 2.78 ± 0.02 2.43 ± 0.02 1.73 ± 0.02 2.45 ± 0.05 3.92 ± 0.07 1.503 ± 0.030 2.95 ± 0.04 0.784 ± 0.001 0.454 ± 0.010 0.889 ± 0.007 2.20 ± 0.01 3.8 ± 0.4 1.13 ± 0.06 3.117 ± 0.004 2.552 ± 0.003 2.67 ± 0.13 1.49 ± 0.01 4.18 ± 0.03 0.887 ± 0.005 [4.9] [1.51] ≈1.9 1.67 ± 0.08 1.97 ± 0.10 1.647 ± 0.010 1.94 ± 0.10 [1.8] 1.46 ± 0.03 ≈1.9 1.61 ± 0.03 1.939 ± 0.015 1.765 ± 0.014 4.05 ± 0.03 4.72 ± 0.09 3.17 ± 0.02 0.366 ± 0.001 [1.2] [1.85] 2.08 ± 0.04 2.88 ± 0.03 2.86 ± 0.01 2.52 ± 0.05 2.72 1.55 ± 0.08 1.60 ± 0.08 0.965 ± 0.002 2.01 ± 0.02 1.94 ± 0.01 1.46 ± 0.07 1.75 ± 0.09
Mol. Form. C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7F C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9O4P C4H4 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO C4H5NO
9-48
Name Ethyl formate (gauche) Ethyl formate (trans) Ethyl formate (average) Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Thietane 1,1-dioxide 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane (gauche) 1-Chloropropane (trans) 1-Chloropropane (average) 2-Chloropropane 1-Fluoropropane (gauche) 1-Fluoropropane (trans) 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine Propyleneimine (cis) Propyleneimine (trans) N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol (gauche) 1-Propanol (trans) 2-Propanol (trans) Ethyl methyl ether (trans) 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (gauche) Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol (gauche) 1-Propanethiol (trans) 2-Propanethiol (gauche) 2-Propanethiol (trans) Ethyl methyl sulfide (gauche) Ethyl methyl sulfide (trans) Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate 1-Buten-3-yne Methylenecyclopropene Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Thiophene 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Isocyanocyclopropane 2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole
µ/D 1.81 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.02 1.93 1.72 ± 0.09 1.19 ± 0.06 4.8 ± 0.1 2.08 ± 0.02 1.85 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 0.11 2.21 ± 0.11 2.02 ± 0.03 1.95 ± 0.02 2.05 ± 0.04 2.17 ± 0.11 1.90 ± 0.10 2.05 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.001 2.04 ± 0.10 [1.95] ≈1.2 1.19 ± 0.01 1.77 ± 0.09 1.57 ± 0.03 3.82 ± 0.08 [4.3] 3.66 ± 0.07 3.73 ± 0.07 0.084 ± 0.001 1.58 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.03 1.17 ± 0.02 [2.25] [2.55] 2.36 ± 0.05 [0.74] [2.56] 1.683 ± 0.010 1.60 ± 0.08 1.53 ± 0.03 1.61 ± 0.03 1.593 ± 0.004 1.56 ± 0.03 1.17 ± 0.06 1.19 ± 0.06 0.612 ± 0.003 [3.18] 0.22 ± 0.02 1.90 ± 0.01 [3.7] 2.334 ± 0.010 4.22 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.01 3.53 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.01 3.69 ± 0.18 1.767 ± 0.001 4.03 ± 0.10 1.37 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.05
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H8S C4H8S2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl
Name 5-Methyloxazole 4-Methylisoxazole 1,2-Butadiene 1-Butyne Cyclobutene Divinyl ether 3-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene trans-2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal Cyclobutanone 2,3-Dihydrofuran 2,5-Dihydrofuran trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate γ-Butyrolactone 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3,6-Dihydro-1,2-dioxin Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Butanenitrile (gauche) Butanenitrile (anti) 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Isocyanopropane 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene (cis) 1-Butene (skew) cis-2-Butene Isobutene Methylcyclopropane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-2-propenol (skew) Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal (gauche) Isobutanal (trans) 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Oxathiane Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol 1,3-Dioxane Sulfolane 3-Methylthietane Tetrahydrothiophene 1,3-Dithiane 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane
µ/D 2.16 ± 0.04 3.583 ± 0.005 0.403 ± 0.002 0.782 ± 0.004 0.132 ± 0.001 0.78 ± 0.05 0.963 ± 0.020 3.67 ± 0.07 2.68 ± 0.13 2.89 ± 0.03 1.32 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01 [2.13] [1.65] [1.79] [1.77] 4.27 ± 0.03 0.939 ± 0.008 2.329 ± 0.001 ≈2.8 [4.9] 1.61 ± 0.20 1.75 ± 0.01 3.91 ± 0.04 3.73 ± 0.06 4.29 ± 0.09 4.055 ± 0.001 [3.5] 0.438 ± 0.007 0.359 ± 0.011 0.253 ± 0.005 0.503 ± 0.010 0.139 ± 0.004 2.22 ± 0.11 [2.58] 1.96 ± 0.03 1.90 ± 0.02 1.295 ± 0.022 [1.26] 1.891 ± 0.011 2.72 ± 0.05 2.69 ± 0.01 2.86 ± 0.01 2.779 ± 0.015 1.75 ± 0.04 0.295 ± 0.003 [1.65] [1.08] [1.89] 1.78 ± 0.09 [2.48] [2.45] 2.06 ± 0.04 [4.8] 2.046 ± 0.009 [1.90] 2.14 ± 0.04 2.08 ± 0.10 2.23 ± 0.11 [2.17] 2.05 ± 0.04
Mol. Form. C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C4H13N3 C5F5N C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H4 C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4O C5H4OS C5H4O2 C5H4O2 C5H4S2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H7NO2
9-49
Name
µ/D
2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether (trans-trans) Isopropyl methyl ether 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol 1-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine Diethylenetriamine Perfluoropyridine 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 1,3-Pentadiyne 4-Chloropyridine 3-Fluoropyridine 2,4-Cyclopentadien-1-one 4H-Pyran-4-thione Furfural 4H-Pyran-4-one 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione Pyridine 1,2,3-Pentatriene 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 3-Cyclopenten-1-one 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Ethyl cyanoacetate
2.04 ± 0.10 2.00 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.04 [1.93] 2.12 ± 0.11 [1.87] [1.57] 3.61 [3.7] 1.55 ± 0.03 0.132 ± 0.002 1.66 ± 0.03 [1.8] 1.64 ± 0.08 [1.66] 1.15 ± 0.02 1.107 ± 0.013 1.247 ± 0.003 [2.58] [2.08] [2.31] [1.53] 1.66 ± 0.03 1.54 ± 0.08 ≈1.0 [1.28] [1.29] [1.27] 0.92 ± 0.05 [2.8] [1.89] 0.98 ± 0.08 4.59 ± 0.02 4.13 ± 0.02 1.207 ± 0.001 0.756 ± 0.005 2.09 ± 0.26 3.132 ± 0.007 3.95 ± 0.05 [3.54] 3.79 ± 0.02 3.9 ± 0.2 2.215 ± 0.010 0.51 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.05 0.513 ± 0.02 0.419 ± 0.004 1.676 ± 0.010 2.881 ± 0.006 0.65 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.02 2.79 ± 0.03 4.08 ± 0.02 [1.92] 0.674 ± 0.005 0.914 ± 0.015 4.61 ± 0.13 4.04 ± 0.04 [2.17]
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3F3
Name cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne (gauche) 1-Pentyne (trans) Cyclopentene 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene 3-Methyl-1-butene (gauche) 3-Methyl-1-butene (trans) 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran (chair) Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate Thiacyclohexane 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Piperidine (equitorial) Piperidine (axial) Piperidine (average) N-Methylpyrrolidine Isopentane Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 1,5-Pentanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene
µ/D
Mol. Form.
Name
0.500 ± 0.015 0.585 ± 0.010 0.25 ± 0.01 0.769 ± 0.028 0.842 ± 0.010 0.20 ± 0.02 0.287 ± 0.003 2.62 ± 0.25 ≈3.3 1.400 ± 0.008 1.283 ± 0.005 [1.96] [1.67] [2.78] 4.56 ± 0.02 4.71 ± 0.05 1.720 ± 0.003 4.12 ± 0.08 3.95 ± 0.04 1.007 ± 0.003 [4.1] ≈0.5 0.398 ± 0.004 0.320 ± 0.010 0.142 ± 0.001 2.66 ± 0.05 [2.70] [2.82] 1.58 ± 0.03 [1.61] [0.63] [2.03] [1.88] [1.78] [1.74] [2.1] 1.10 ± 0.06
C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8O C6H8O4 C6H8Si C6H9F C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10F2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11Cl C6H11F C6H11F C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3
1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene Fulvene o-Chloroaniline Phenol 2-Vinylfuran p-Hydroquinone Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one Dimethyl maleate Phenylsilane 1-Fluorocyclohexene 1-Hexyne 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene (half-chair) 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3-Methylcyclopentanone Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane (equitorial) Chlorocyclohexane (axial) Fluorocyclohexane (equitorial) Fluorocyclohexane (axial) 4-Methylpentanenitrile Caprolactam Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone Hexanoic acid Pentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
[2.13] [2.4] 1.781 ± 0.010 2.20 ± 0.11 2.16 ± 0.11 [1.92] 0.82 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.02 [1.19] 0.572 ± 0.003 0.13 ± 0.05 [3.5] [1.7] [1.66] [1.64] [1.88] [1.82] [2.5] [1.6] 2.42 ± 0.05 1.46 ± 0.06 1.402 ± 0.009
9-50
µ/D 4.64 ± 0.09 3.73 ± 0.07 2.83 ± 0.06 2.50 ± 0.05 1.72 ± 0.09 2.87 ± 0.06 2.46 ± 0.05 1.51 ± 0.02 5.78 ± 0.11 3.66 ± 0.11 1.96 ± 0.03 4.23 ± 0.02 1.70 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 2.11 ± 0.11 1.60 ± 0.08 1.70 ± 0.09 3.56 ± 0.07 1.44 1.66 4.22 ± 0.08 0.4236 ± 0.013 [1.77] 1.224 ± 0.008 0.69 ± 0.07 2.38 ± 0.05 [1.23] 1.13 ± 0.02 1.85 ± 0.04 [2.40] 2.70 ± 0.02 4.33 ± 0.002 [2.48] 0.845 ± 0.012 1.942 ± 0.010 0.83 ± 0.05 0.661 ± 0.004 0.332 ± 0.012 2.556 ± 0.010 3.14 ± 0.03 3.246 ± 0.006 [2.79] [2.49] [2.34] 2.44 ± 0.07 1.91 ± 0.02 2.11 ± 0.04 1.81 ± 0.04 [3.5] [3.9] [1.25] [2.66] [1.13] 1.90 ± 0.10 [1.87] [1.87] [1.86] [1.74] [3.24] [2.25]
DIPOLE MOMENTS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C6H12O3 C6H13N C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C6H15O4P C6H18N3OP C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5N C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10 C7H12 C7H12O4 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H16O C7H16O C8H6 C8H7N
Paraldehyde Cyclohexylamine Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine Triethyl phosphate Hexamethylphosphoric triamide (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Isocyanobenzene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene 2-Nitroanisole Toluene 2,5-Norbornadiene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Methylenecyclohexane Diethyl malonate 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate 1-Bromoheptane 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol Phenylacetylene Benzeneacetonitrile
µ/D 1.43 ± 0.07 [1.26] 1.21 ± 0.06 1.13 ± 0.10 [1.24] [2.9] [2.08] [1.38] [1.6] [1.97] [1.03] [1.15] 0.66 ± 0.05 [3.57] [3.12] [5.5] [2.03] 2.86 ± 0.06 4.18 ± 0.08 4.018 ± 0.003 [1.70] [2.95] [2.07] 4.1 ± 0.3 [3.0] [2.86] 1.56 ± 0.08 [1.82] 2.21 ± 0.04 [1.82] 1.37 ± 0.07 1.82 ± 0.04 2.00 ± 0.10 [5.0] 0.375 ± 0.010 0.0587 ± 0.0001 [1.45] [1.48] [1.48] 1.71 ± 0.09 1.38 ± 0.07 [1.60] [1.45] [1.52] [2.30] [1.66] 0.740 0.62 ± 0.01 [2.54] [2.59] [2.78] [2.74] [1.91] [1.75] 1.75 ± 0.10 [1.86] 2.16 ± 0.11 [1.71] [1.71] 0.656 ± 0.005 [3.5]
Mol. Form. C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H18O C9H18O2 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H14 C10H16O C10H20O2 C10H21Br C10H22O C10H22O C11H12O2 C12H10 C12H10O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C14H12O2 C16H22O4 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C22H44O2 C24H38O4
9-51
Name Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Octanone Octanoic acid sec-Hexyl acetate Isobutyl isobutanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Isopropylbenzene 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Azulene tert-Butylbenzene Camphor, (+) 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 1-Bromodecane Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Ethyl trans-cinnamate Acenaphthene Diphenyl ether Tributyl borate Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Benzyl benzoate Dibutyl phthalate Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Butyl stearate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
µ/D 0.123 ± 0.003 3.02 ± 0.06 [1.94] [2.47] 0.59 ± 0.05 0.640 ± 0.005 [1.4] [1.45] [1.40] [1.56] [1.55] 1.45 ± 0.15 [1.29] 1.68 ± 0.17 [1.40] [1.63] [2.05] [2.70] [1.15] [1.9] [1.9] [1.8] [2.00] [1.76] [1.71] [1.74] 1.17 ± 0.06 [1.61] [0.98] 2.29 ± 0.11 2.73 ± 0.14 2.00 ± 0.10 [1.22] ≈0.79 [2.66] [0.79] [1.55] [1.57] 0.80 ± 0.02 ≈0.83 [3.1] [1.8] [1.93] [1.20] [1.23] [1.84] ≈0.85 ≈1.3 [0.77] [0.78] [3.07] [2.06] [2.82] [1.18] [2.48] [2.87] [3.05] [3.18] [1.88] [2.84]
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS* J. Alistair Kerr The strength of a chemical bond, D∞(R-X), often known as the bond dissociation energy, is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the reaction in which the bond is broken: RX Æ R + X. It is given by the thermochemical equation, D∞(R-X) = DfH∞(R) + DfH∞(X) - DfH∞(RX). Some authors list bond strengths at a temperature of absolute zero but here the values at 298 K are given because more thermodynamic data are available for this temperature. Bond strengths or bond dissociation energies are not equal to, and may differ considerably from, mean bond energies determined solely from thermochemical data on atoms and molecules.
Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES These have usually been measured spectroscopically or by mass spectrometric analysis of hot gases effusing a Knudsen cell. Excellent accounts of these and other methods are given in (i) Dissociation Energies and Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, by A. G. Gaydon, 3rd. ed., Chapman & Hall, London, 1968 and (ii) “Mass Spectrometric Determination of Bond Energies of High-Temperature Molecules”, K. A. Gingerich, Chimia, 26, 619, 1972. The errors quoted in the table are those given in the original paper or review article. The references have been chosen primarily as a key to the literature. It should not be assumed that the author referred to was responsible for the value quoted, as the reference may be to a review article. Bond strengths reported at a temperature of absolute zero, D∞0, have been converted to D∞298 by the use of enthalpy functions taken mainly from the JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985, wherever possible. For most bonds, however, this data is not available and the conversion has been made by the approximate relation: D∞298 = D∞0 + (3/2)RT The list below does not include the increasing number of bond strengths of diatomic molecules now being calculated by ab initio methods. The Table has been arranged in an alphabetical order of the atoms. Molecule Ag-Ag Ag-Al Ag-Au Ag-Bi Ag-Br Ag-Cl Ag-Cu Ag-D Ag-Dy Ag-Eu Ag-F Ag-Ga Ag-Ge Ag-H Ag-Ho Ag-I Ag-In Ag-Li Ag-Mn Ag-Na Ag-Nd Ag-O Ag-S Ag-Se Ag-Si Ag-Sn Ag-Te Al-Al Al-Ar Al-As Al-Au Al-Br
D∞298/kJ mol–1 160.3 ± 3.4 183.7 ± 9.2 202.9 ± 9.2 193 ± 42 293 ± 29 314.2 174.1 ± 9.2 226.8 130 ± 19 129.7 ± 12.6 354.4 ± 16.3 180 ± 15 174.5 ± 20.9 215.1 ± 8 123.4 ± 16.7 234 ± 29 166.5 ± 4.9 173.6 ± 6.3 100 ± 21 138.1 ± 8.4 <209 220.1 ± 20.9 217.1 202.5 177.8 ± 10.0 136.0 ± 20.9 195.8 133 ± 6 5.182 ± 0.005 202.9 ± 7.1 325.9 ± 6.3 429 ± 6
Ref. 314 79 4 246 120 184 136 205 203 66 120 44 135 217 62 120 13 276,303 246 291,298 221 287 349 349 320 3 349 118 180 294,301 124 186
Molecule Al-Cl Al-Co Al-Cr Al-Cu Al-D Al-F Al-H Al-I Al-Kr Al-Li Al-N Al-Ni Al-O Al-P Al-Pd Al-S Al-Sb Al-Se Al-Si Al-Te Al-U Al-V Al-Xe Ar-Ar Ar-He Ar-Hg Ar-I Ar-K As-As As-Cl As-D As-F
D∞298/kJ mol–1 511.3 ± 0.8 181.6 ± 0.2 223.6 ± 0.6 227.1 ± 1.2 290.8 663.6 ± 6.3 284.9 ± 6.3 369.9 ± 2.1 6.047 ± 0.001 76.5 297 ± 96 225 ± 5 511 ± 3 216.7 ± 12.6 254.4 ± 12.1 373.6 ± 7.9 216.3 ± 5.9 337.6 ± 10.0 229.3 ± 30.1 267.8 ± 10.0 326 ± 29 147.4 ± 1.0 7.43 ± 0.69 4.73 ± 0.04 3.89 6.15 10.0 4.2 382.0 ± 10.5 448 270.3 410
* Revised to October 2001.
9-52
Ref. 312 22 19 21 246 80 80 267 180 39 120 20 56,74 80 64 376 293 376 51 376 123 22 43 181 246 246 40 205 247 80 205 205
Molecule As-Ga As-H As-I As-In As-N As-O As-P As-S As-Sb As-Se As-Tl At-At Au-Au Au-B Au-Ba Au-Be Au-Bi Au-Ca Au-Ce Au-Cl Au-Co Au-Cr Au-Cs Au-Cu Au-D Au-Dy Au-Eu Au-Fe Au-Ga Au-Ge Au-H Au-Ho
D∞298/kJ mol–1 209.6 ± 1.2 274.0 ± 2.9 296.6 ± 28.0 201 489 ± 2 481 ± 8 433.5 ± 12.6 379.5 ± 6.3 330.5 ± 5.4 96 198.3 ± 14.6 ~80 226.2 ± 0.5 367.8 ± 10.5 254.8 ± 10.0 285 ± 8 297 ± 8.4 243 339 ± 21 343 ± 9.6 222 ± 17 213 ± 17 255 ± 3.3 228.0 ± 5.0 318.4 259 ± 21 241.0 ± 10.5 187.0 ± 16.7 234 ± 38 274.1 ± 5.0 292.0 ± 8 267.4 ± 16.7
Ref. 83 29 325 297 310 262 137 262 94 288 300 89 210 145 135 120 135 135 135 120 135 135 41 34,135 205 203 66 220 135 135 217 62,250
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule Au-In Au-La Au-Li Au-Lu Au-Mg Au-Mn Au-Na Au-Nd Au-Ni Au-O Au-Pb Au-Pd Au-Pr Au-Rb Au-Rh Au-S Au-Sc Au-Se Au-Si Au-Sn Au-Sr Au-Tb Au-Te Au-U Au-V Au-Y B-B B-Br B-C B-Ce B-Cl B-D B-F B-H B-I B-Ir B-La B-N B-O B-P B-Pd B-Pt B-Rh B-Ru B-S B-Sc B-Se B-Si B-Te B-Th B-Ti B-U B-Y Ba-Br Ba-Cl Ba-D Ba-F
D∞298/kJ mol–1 286.0 ± 5.7 336.4 ± 20.9 284.5 ± 6.7 332.2 ± 16.7 243 ± 42 185.4 ± 12.6 215.1 ± 12.6 299.2 ± 20.9 247 ± 16 221.8 ± 20.9 130 ± 42 155 ± 21 310 ± 21 243 ± 2.9 231.0 ± 29 418 ± 25 280.3 ± 16.7 243.1 305.4 ± 5.9 254.8 ± 7.1 264 ± 42 289.5 ± 33.5 317.6 318 ± 29 240.6 ± 12.1 307.1 ± 8.4 297 ± 21 396 448 ± 29 305 ± 21 511.3 ± 4 341.0 ± 6.3 757 340 220.5 ± 0.8 514.2 ± 17.2 339 ± 63 389 ± 21 808.8 ± 20.9 346.9 ± 16.7 329.3 ± 20.9 477.8 ± 16.7 475.7 ± 20.9 446.9 ± 20.9 580.7 ± 9.2 276 ± 63 461.9 ± 14.6 317 ± 7 354.4 ± 20.1 297 276 ± 63 322 ± 33 293 ± 63 362.8 ± 8.4 436.0 ± 8.4 £193.7 587.0 ± 6.7
Ref.
Molecule
13 127 276 132 246 342 298 127 352 287 246 135 135 41 66 131 128 349 139 233 246 152,250 349 123 172 177 80 32 246 246 195 246 257 302 315 381 246 80 287 147 381 268 381 381 374 246 374 390 374 140 246 246 246 104,199,230 197,199 205 101,196
Ba-H Ba-I Ba-O Ba-Pd Ba-Rh Ba-S Be-Be Be-Br Be-Cl Be-D Be-F Be-H Be-O Be-S Bi-Bi Bi-Br Bi-Cl Bi-D Bi-F Bi-Ga Bi-H Bi-I Bi-In Bi-Li Bi-O Bi-P Bi-Pb Bi-S Bi-Sb Bi-Se Bi-Sn Bi-Te Bi-Tl Br-Br Br-C Br-Ca Br-Cd Br-Cl Br-Co Br-Cr Br-Cs Br-Cu Br-D Br-F Br-Fe Br-Ga Br-Ge Br-H Br-Hg Br-I Br-In Br-K Br-Li Br-Mg Br-Mn Br-N Br-Na
D∞298/kJ mol–1 176 ± 14.6 320.8 ± 6.3 561.9 ± 13.4 221.8 ± 5.0 259.4 ± 25.1 400.0 ± 18.8 59 381 ± 84 388.3 ± 9.2 203.05 577 ± 42 200.0 ± 1.3 434.7 ± 13.4 372 ± 59 200.4 ± 7.5 267.4 ± 4.2 301 ± 4 283.7 367 ± 13 159 ± 17 £283.3 218.0 ± 4.6 153.6 ± 1.7 154.0 ± 5.0 337.2 ± 12.6 280 ± 13 141.8 ± 14.6 315.5 ± 4.6 251 ± 4 280.3 ± 5.9 210.0 ± 8.4 232.2 ± 11.3 121 ± 13 192.807 280 ± 21 310.9 ± 9.2 159 ± 96 217.53 ± 0.29 331 ± 42 328.0 ± 24.3 389.1 ± 4 331 ± 25 370.74 280 ± 12 247 ± 96 444 ± 17 255 ± 29 366.35 72.8 ± 4 179.1 ± 0.4 414 ± 21 379.9 ± 0.8 418.8 ± 4 £327.2 314.2 ± 9.6 276 ± 21 367.4 ± 0.8
9-53
Ref.
Molecule
120 188 287 125 125 70 35,87 246 108,191,382 205 80,108 67 287 120 307,324 76 78 266 400 296 266 77 321 277,305 287 137 324 375 244 375 135 375 84 1 120 319 120 59 246 120 285,362 120 205 211 120 80 120 205 80 120,309 80 362,378 362 205 120 120 362,378
Br-Ni Br-O Br-Pb Br-Rb Br-Sb Br-Sc Br-Se Br-Si Br-Sn Br-Sr Br-Th Br-Ti Br-Tl Br-U Br-V Br-W Br-Xe Br-Y Br-Zn C-C C-Ce C-Cl C-D C-F C-Ge C-H C-Hf C-I C-Ir C-La C-Mo C-N C-Nb C-O C-Os C-P C-Pt C-Rh C-Ru C-S C-Sc C-Se C-Si C-Tc C-Th C-Ti C-U C-V C-Y C-Zr Ca-Ca Ca-Cl Ca-D Ca-F Ca-H Ca-I Ca-Li
D∞298/kJ mol–1 360 ± 13 235.5 ± 2.4 247 ± 38 380.7 ± 4 314 ± 59 444 ± 63 297 ± 84 367.8 ± 10.0 ≥552 333.0 ± 9.2 364 439 333.9 ± 1.7 377.4 ± 6.3 439 ± 42 329.3 5.94 ± 0.02 485 ± 84 142 ± 29 610 ± 2.0 444 ± 13 397 ± 29 341.4 552 460 ± 21 338.4 ± 1.2 540 ± 25 209 ± 21 632 ± 4 462 ± 20 481 ± 15.9 748.0 ± 10 569 ± 13.0 1076.5 ± 0.4 ≥594 513.4 ± 8 598 ± 5.9 580.0 ± 3.8 616.2 ± 10.5 714.1 ± 1.2 £444 590.4 ± 5.9 451.5 565 ± 29 453 ± 17 423 ± 29 454.8 ± 15.1 427 ± 23.8 418 ± 14 561 ± 25 ~17 409 ± 9 £169.9 527 ± 21 167.8 284.7 ± 8.4 84.9 ± 8.4
Ref. 120 46 120 362 120 246 246 106 286 199 187 246 28 260 246 223 58 246 246 373 236 283 205 193 120 205 357 120 171 290 167 42 167 80 126 350 171,379 332 333 71,354 148 343 91,387 322 166,357 162,357 165,169 167 338 357 153 269 205 101,190 120 188 397
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
D∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Molecule
Ca-O Ca-S Cd-Cd Cd-Cl Cd-F Cd-H Cd-I Cd-In Cd-O Cd-S Cd-Se Cd-Te Ce-Ce Ce-F Ce-Ir Ce-N Ce-O Ce-Os Ce-Pd Ce-Pt Ce-Rh Ce-Ru Ce-S Ce-Se Ce-Te Cl-Cl Cl-Co Cl-Cr Cl-Cs Cl-Cu Cl-D Cl-Eu Cl-F Cl-Fe Cl-Ga Cl-Ge Cl-H Cl-Hg Cl-I Cl-In Cl-K Cl-Li Cl-Mg Cl-Mn Cl-N Cl-Na Cl-Ni Cl-O Cl-P Cl-Pb Cl-Ra Cl-Rb Cl-S Cl-Sb Cl-Sc Cl-Se
402.1 ± 16.7 337.6 ± 18.8 7.36 208.4 305 ± 21 69.0 ± 0.4 97.23 138 235.6 ± 83.7 208.4 ± 20.9 127.6 ± 25.1 100.0 ± 15.1 245.2 582 ± 42 586 519 ± 21 795 ± 8 506 ± 33 322.2 556 548 531 ± 25 569 494.5 ± 14.6 189.4 ± 12.8 242.580 ± 0.004 337.6 ± 6.7 377.8 ± 6.7 448 ± 8 377.8 ± 7.5 436.47 ~326 256.23 329.7 ± 6.7 481 ± 13 ~431 431.62 100 ± 8 211.3 ± 0.4 439 ± 8 433.0 ± 8 469 ± 13 327.6 ± 2.1 338.5 ± 6.7 333.9 ± 9.6 412.1 ± 8 377.0 ± 6.7 268.85 ± 0.10 289 ± 42 301 ± 29 343 ± 75 427.6 ± 8 277.0 360 ± 50 331 322
287,326 70,205 251 205 31 120 215 246 158,287 158 158 158 127 246 149 146 95 126 63 149 149 126 24 271 252 205 194 194 285,363 184 205 113 205,279 194 80 205 205 120 120 80 363 80 105,197,382 194 54 363 194 2 246 120 120 363 224 120 386 246
Cl-Si Cl-Sm Cl-Sn Cl-Sr Cl-Ta Cl-Th Cl-Ti Cl-Tl Cl-U Cl-V Cl-W Cl-Xe Cl-Y Cl-Yb Cl-Zn Cm-O Co-Co Co-Cu Co-F Co-Ge Co-H Co-I Co-Nb Co-O Co-S Co-Si Co-Ti Co-Y Co-Zr Cr-Cr Cr-Cu Cr-F Cr-Ge Cr-H Cr-I Cr-N Cr-O Cr-Pb Cr-S Cr-Sn Cs-Cs Cs-F Cs-H Cs-Hg Cs-I Cs-Na Cs-O Cs-Rb Cu-Cu Cu-D Cu-Dy Cu-F Cu-Ga Cu-Ge Cu-H Cu-Ho
D∞298/kJ mol–1 406 ≥423 414 ± 17 406 ± 13 544 489 405.4 ± 10.5 372.8 ± 2.1 452 ± 8 477 ± 63 423 ± 42 6.7 527 ± 84 ~322 228.9 ± 19.7 736 167 ± 25 167 ± 17 435 ± 63 234 ± 21 226 ± 42 285 ± 21 267.0 ± 0.1 384.5 ± 13.4 331 276 ± 17 235.4 ± 0.1 253.7 ± 0.1 306.4 ± 0.1 142.9 ± 5.4 155 ± 21 444.8 ± 19.7 154 ± 7 190.3 ± 7.0 287.0 ± 24.3 377.8 ± 18.8 461 ± 9 105 ± 2 331 141 ± 3 43.919 ± 0.010 519 ± 8 175.364 8 337.2 ± 2.1 63.2 ± 1.3 295.8 ± 62.8 49.57 ± 0.01 176.52 ± 2.38 270.3 142 ± 21 413.4 ± 13 215.9 ± 15.1 208.8 ± 21 277.8 142 ± 21
9-54
Ref.
Molecule
308,385 399 246 197,199 23 261 192 28 259 246 246 205 246 113 73 341 218 135 246 135 369 246 8 287 349 380 353 8 8 201 222 227 202 53 120 152,355 179 202 93 202 394 285 401 205 285,361 86 287 174 135,323 205 203 99 44 273 217,318 203
Cu-I Cu-In Cu-Li Cu-Mn Cu-Na Cu-Ni Cu-O Cu-S Cu-Se Cu-Si Cu-Sn Cu-Tb Cu-Te D-D D-F D-Ga D-Ge D-H D-Hg D-In D-Li D-Lu D-Mg D-Ni D-Pt D-S D-Si D-Sr D-Zn Dy-F Dy-O Dy-S Dy-Se Dy-Te Er-F Er-O Er-S Er-Se Er-Te Eu-Eu Eu-F Eu-Li Eu-O Eu-Rh Eu-S Eu-Se Eu-Te F-F F-Ga F-Gd F-Ge F-H F-Hf F-Hg F-Ho F-I
D∞298/kJ mol–1 197 ± 21 187.4 ± 7.9 192.9 ± 8.8 158.6 ± 17 176.1 ± 16.7 202 ± 10 269.0 ± 20.9 276 251 221.3 ± 6.3 169.5 ± 6.7 193 ± 19 278.7 443.533 576.6 <272.8 £322 439.433 42.05 246.0 240.1892 ± 0.0046 302 135.1 £302.9 £350.2 351 302.5 ≥275.7 88.7 531 607 ± 17 414 ± 42 322 ± 42 234 ± 42 565 ± 17 615 ± 13 418 ± 42 326 ± 42 238 ± 42 33.5 ± 17 544 66.9 ± 2.9 479 ± 10 233.9 ± 33 362.3 ± 13.0 301 ± 14.6 243 ± 14.6 158.78 577 ± 14.6 590.4 ± 27.2 485 ± 21 569.87 ± 0.06 650 ± 15 ~180 540 £271.5
Ref. 120 13 276 222 299 117 287 349 349 320 3,237 203 1 205 205 253 205 205 205 205 207,360 308 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 406 95 246 246 246 406 95 246 246 246 66 242 275 95 66 271,347 25,178,271 25,271 205 270 405 98 402 16 205 406 7,33,60,75
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule F-In F-K F-La F-Li F-Lu F-Mg F-Mn F-Mo F-N F-Na F-Nd F-Ni F-O F-P F-Pb F-Pm F-Pr F-Pu F-Rb F-Ru F-S F-Sb F-Sc F-Se F-Si F-Sm F-Sn F-Sr F-Ta F-Tb F-Th F-Ti F-Tl F-Tm F-U F-V F-W F-Xe F-Y F-Yb F-Zn F-Zr Fe-Fe Fe-Ge Fe-H Fe-O Fe-S Fe-Si Ga-Ga Ga-H Ga-I Ga-Li Ga-O Ga-P Ga-Sb Ga-Te Gd-O
D∞298/kJ mol–1 506 ± 14.6 497.5 ± 2.5 598 ± 42 577 ± 21 333.5 461.9 ± 5.0 423.4 ± 14.6 464.8 343 519 545.2 ± 12.6 430 ± 20 219.54 ± 10 439 ± 96 356 ± 8 540 ± 42 582 ± 46 538.5 ± 29 494 ± 21 402 342.7 ± 5.0 439 ± 96 589.1 ± 13 339 ± 42 552.7 ± 2.1 565 466.5 ± 13 541.8 ± 6.7 573 ± 13 561 ± 42 652 569 ± 33 445.2 ± 19.2 510 659.0 ± 10.5 590 ± 63 548 ± 63 15.77 605.0 ± 20.9 ≥521.3 368 ± 63 616 ± 15 75 ± 17 210.9 ± 29 180 ± 25 390.4 ± 17.2 322 297 ± 25 112.1 ± 7 <274.1 339 ± 9.6 133.1 ± 14.6 353.5 ± 41.8 229.7 ± 12.6 192.0 ± 12.6 251 ± 25 719 ± 10
Ref.
Molecule
D∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Molecule
270 17 246 80 208 101,196 228 198 205 205 403 85 48 120 408 246 246 229 80 185 30,200,231 120 404 246 109 242 408 101,196 256 246 263 407 28 242 157,258 246 246 317,368 404 18,113,399 246 16 330 219 369 287 93 380 337 253 120 160 287 130 295 377 95
Gd-S Gd-Se Gd-Te Ge-Ge Ge-H Ge-Ni Ge-O Ge-Pd Ge-S Ge-Sc Ge-Se Ge-Si Ge-Te Ge-Y H-H H-Hg H-I H-In H-K H-Li H-Mg H-Mn H-N H-Na H-Ni H-O H-P H-Pb H-Pd H-Pt H-Rb H-Rh H-Ru H-S H-Sc H-Se H-Si H-Sn H-Sr H-Te H-Ti H-Tl H-V H-Yb H-Zn He-He He-Hg Hf-C Hf-N Hf-O Hg-Hg Hg-I Hg-K Hg-Li Hg-Na Hg-O Hg-Rb
526.8 ± 10.5 431 ± 14.6 343 ± 14.6 263.6 ± 7.1 £321.7 290.3 ± 10.9 659.4 ± 12.6 254.7 ± 10.5 534 ± 3 271.0 ± 11 484.7 ± 1.7 296.4 ± 8.6 397 ± 3 279.8 ± 11.4 435.990 39.844 298.407 243.1 174.576 238.049 ± 0.004 126.4 ± 2.9 234 ± 29 £339 185.69 ± 0.25 252.3 ± 8 429.99 ± 0.38 297 £157 234 ± 25 £335 167 ± 21 247 ± 21 234 ± 21 344.3 ± 12.1 ~180 314.47 ± 0.96 £299.2 264 ± 17 163 ± 8 268 ± 2.1 204.6 ± 8.8 188 ± 8 208.7 ± 7.0 159 ± 38 85.8 ± 2.1 3.8 6.61 548 ± 63 536 ± 29 801.7 ± 13.4 8±2 34.69 ± 0.96 8.24 ± 0.21 13.8 9.2 220.9 ± 33.1 8.4
116,345 25 25 238 243 335 226,287 334 280 234 282 391 282 235 205 205 205 205 206,401 393 14,15,100 120 205 274,316 217 412 205 205 369 205 120 369 369 212 329 122 205 120 120 119 52 120 53 120 120 205 246 246 152,245 287 204 388 246 205 205,411 158 205
Hg-S Hg-Se Hg-Te Hg-Tl Ho-Ho Ho-O Ho-S Ho-Se Ho-Te I-I I-In I-K I-Li I-Mg I-Mn I-N I-Na I-Ni I-O I-Pb I-Rb I-Si I-Sn I-Sr I-Te I-Ti I-Tl I-Zn I-Zr In-In In-Li In-O In-P In-S In-Sb In-Se In-Te Ir-La Ir-O Ir-Si Ir-Th Ir-Ti Ir-Y K-K K-Kr K-Li K-Na K-O K-Xe Kr-Kr Kr-O Kr-Xe La-La La-N La-O La-Pt La-Rh
9-55
D∞298/kJ mol–1 217.1 ± 22.2 144.3 ± 30.1 £142 4 84 ± 17 611 ± 17 428.4 ± 14.6 335 ± 17 259 ± 17 151.088 331 325.1 ± 0.8 345.2 ± 4.2 ~285 282.8 ± 9.6 159 ± 17 304.2 ± 2.1 293 ± 21 230 193 ± 4 318.8 ± 2.1 293 234 ± 42 269.9 ± 5.9 192 ± 42 310 ± 42 272 ± 8 108.29 305 100 ± 8 92.5 ± 14.6 <320.1 197.9 ± 8.4 289 ± 17 151.9 ± 10.5 247 ± 17 218 ± 17 577 ± 13 414.6 ± 42.3 462.8 ± 20.9 573 422 ± 13 456.1 ± 16.7 54.63 ± 0.02 4.6 82.0 ± 4.2 65.994 ± 0.008 277.8 ± 20.9 5.0 5.23 <8 5.505 ± 0.002 247 ± 21 519 ± 42 799 ± 4 502 ± 21 527 ± 17
Ref. 158 158 246 183 62 95 345 25 25 205,371 384 361,378 361 26 120 246 361,378 120 47 340 361 205 246 239 246 246 26 215 241 246 160 287 291 69 81 69 69 176 287 381 133 289 177 6,265 205 103,410 36,410 287 205 50,205 246 9 386 246 95 272 65
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule La-S La-Se La-Te La-Y Li-Li Li-Mg Li-Na Li-O Li-Pb Li-S Li-Sb Li-Sm Li-Tm Li-Yb Lu-Lu Lu-O Lu-Pt Lu-S Lu-Se Lu-Te Mg-Mg Mg-O Mg-S Mn-Mn Mn-O Mn-S Mn-Se Mo-Mo Mo-Nb Mo-O N-N N-O N-P N-Pu N-S N-Sb N-Sc N-Se N-Si N-Ta N-Th N-Ti N-U N-V N-Xe N-Y N-Zr Na-Na Na-O Na-Rb Nb-Nb Nb-Ni Nb-O Nb-Ti Nd-Nd Nd-O Nd-S
D∞298/kJ mol–1 573.2 ± 1.7 477 ± 17 381 ± 17 202.1 110.21 ± 4 67.4 ± 6.3 87.181 ± 0.001 333.5 ± 8.4 78.7 ± 7.9 312.5 ± 7.5 172.8 ± 10.0 49.0 ± 4.2 69.0 ± 3.3 37.2 ± 2.9 142 ± 33 678 ± 8 402 ± 33 507.1 ± 14.6 418 ± 17 326 ± 17 8.552 ± 0.004 363.2 ± 12.6 234 25.9 402.9 ± 41.8 301 ± 17 239.3 ± 9.2 406 ± 21 456 ± 25 560.2 ± 20.9 945.33 ± 0.59 630.57 ± 0.13 617.1 ± 20.9 473 ± 63 464 ± 21 301 ± 50 469 ± 84 370 ± 11 470 ± 15 611 ± 84 577.4 ± 33.1 476.1 ± 33.1 531.4 ± 2.1 477.4 ± 17.2 23.0 481 ± 63 564.8 ± 25.1 73.0813 ± 0.0001 256.1 ± 16.7 63.25 510 ± 10.0 271.9 ± 0.1 771.5 ± 25.1 302.0 ± 0.1 <163 703 ± 13 471.5
Ref. 214,359 25,271 25,154 386 383,398 396 102,111 287 277 232 278 275 275 275 246 95 141 114,345 25 25 264,397 287 70 221 225,287 395 351 168 163 287 205 205 72,151 246 246 120 246 254 311 246 144,152 152,356 142 107,152 182 246 143,152 213 287 392 164 8 287 254 246 95 25
Molecule Nd-Se Nd-Te Ne-Ne Ni-Ni Ni-O Ni-Pt Ni-S Ni-Si Ni-V Ni-Y Ni-Zr Np-O O-O O-Os O-P O-Pa O-Pb O-Pd O-Pm O-Pr O-Pt O-Pu O-Rb O-Re O-Rh O-Ru O-S O-Sb O-Sc O-Se O-Si O-Sm O-Sn O-Sr O-Ta O-Tb O-Te O-Th O-Ti O-Tm O-U O-V O-W O-Xe O-Y O-Yb O-Zn O-Zr P-P P-Pt P-Rh P-S P-Sb P-Se P-Si P-Te P-Th
D∞298/kJ mol–1 385 ± 17 305 ± 17 3.93 200.7 ± 0.2 382.0 ± 16.7 273.7 ± 0.3 344.3 318 ± 17 206.3 ± 0.1 283.9 ± 0.1 279.7 ± 0.1 718.4 ± 41.8 498.36 ± 0.17 575 599.1 ± 12.6 788.3 ± 17.2 382.0 ± 12.6 380.7 ± 83.7 674 ± 63 753 ± 13 391.6 ± 41.8 715.9 ± 33.9 255 ± 84 626.8 ± 83.7 405.0 ± 41.8 528.4 ± 41.8 517.90 ± 0.05 434.3 ± 41.8 681.6 ± 11.3 464.8 ± 21.3 799.6 ± 13.4 565 ± 13 531.8 ± 12.6 426.3 ± 6.3 799.1 ± 12.6 711 ± 13 376.1 ± 20.9 878.6 ± 12.1 672.4 ± 9.2 502 ± 13 759.4 ± 13.4 626.8 ± 18.8 672.0 ± 41.8 36.4 719.6 ± 11.3 397 ± 17 159 ± 4 776.1 ± 13.4 489.5 ± 10.5 £416.7 353.1 ± 17 444 ± 8 356.9 363.6 ± 10.0 363.6 297.9 ± 10.0 550.2 ± 42
9-56
Ref.
Molecule
25,156,271 25 365 304 287 367 93 380 353 8 8 287 38,205 189 287 240 287 287 246 95 287 287 37 287 287 287 57 287 287 287,344 287 95 287 327 287 95 287 287 287 95 287 12,287 287 246 209,287 95 55 287 151 348 348 92 249 92 346 92 135
P-Tl P-U P-W Pb-Pb Pb-S Pb-Sb Pb-Se Pb-Te Pd-Pd Pd-Si Pd-Y Pm-S Pm-Se Pm-Te Po-Po Pr-S Pr-Se Pr-Te Pt-Pt Pt-Si Pt-Th Pt-Ti Pt-Y Rb-Rb Rh-Rh Rh-Sc Rh-Si Rh-Th Rh-Ti Rh-U Rh-V Rh-Y Ru-Si Ru-Th Ru-V S-S S-Sb S-Sc S-Se S-Si S-Sm S-Sn S-Sr S-Tb S-Te S-Ti S-Tm S-U S-V S-Y S-Yb S-Zn S-Zr Sb-Sb Sb-Te Sb-Tl Sc-Sc
D∞298/kJ mol–1 209 ± 13 297 ± 21 305 ± 4 86.6 ± 0.8 346.0 ± 1.7 161.5 ± 10.5 302.9 ± 4 251 ± 13 100 ± 15 261 ± 12 238 ± 17 423 ± 63 339 ± 63 255 ± 63 187.0 492.5 ± 4.6 446.4 ± 23.0 326 ± 42 307 ± 2 501.2 ± 18.0 552 397 ± 13 474.0 ± 12.1 48.898 ± 0.005 285.3 ± 0.05 443.9 ± 10.5 395.0 ± 18.0 515 ± 21 390.8 ± 14.6 519 ± 17 364 ± 29 445.2 ± 10.5 397.1 ± 20.9 591.6 ± 42 414 ± 29 425.30 378.7 477 ± 13 371.1 ± 6.7 623 389 464 ± 3.3 339 515 ± 42 339 ± 21 418 ± 3 368 ± 42 522.6 ± 9.6 450 528.4 ± 10.5 167 205 ± 13 575.3 ± 16.7 299.2 ± 6.3 277.4 ± 3.8 126.8 ± 10.5 162.8 ± 21
Ref. 293 246 150 138,305 375 409 375 375 331 336 313 246 246 246 205 112 155,271 246 366 381 133 173 170 5 255 175 381 129 61 129 135 175 381 134 135 205 110 359,372 90 205 112 88 45 246 88 96,292 246 359 97,205 358 246 82,158 359 81,248 306,364 11,293 136
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule Sc-Se Sc-Si Sc-Te Se-Se Se-Si Se-Sm Se-Sn Se-Sr Se-Tb Se-Te Se-Ti Se-Tm Se-V Se-Y
D∞298/kJ mol–1 385 ± 17 228.7 ± 14 289 ± 17 332.6 ± 0.4 538 ± 13 331.0 ± 14.6 401.2 ± 5.9 ~285 423 ± 42 291.6 ± 4 381 ± 42 276 ± 42 347 ± 21 435 ± 13
Ref.
Molecule
246 234 246 90,375 370 271 68 27 246 88,90,159 246 246 246 246
Se-Zn Si-Si Si-Te Si-Y Sm-Te Sn-Sn Sn-Te Sr-Sr Tb-Tb Tb-Te Te-Te Te-Ti Te-Tm Te-Y
D∞298/kJ mol–1 170.7 ± 25.9 325 ± 7 452 ± 8 258.8 ± 17.3 272.4 ± 14.6 187.1 ± 0.3 359.8 15.5 ± 0.4 131.4 ± 25.1 339 ± 42 257.6 ± 4.1 289 ± 17 276 ± 42 339 ± 13
Ref. 82,158 328 205,281 235 271 284 205 121 250 246 389 246 246 246
Molecule Te-Zn Th-Th Ti-Ti Ti-V Ti-Zr Tl-Tl U-U V-V V-Zr Xe-Xe Y-Y Yb-Yb Zn-Zn Zr-Zr
D∞298/kJ mol–1 117.6 ± 18.0 £289 141.4 ± 21 203.2 ± 0.1 214.3 ± 0.1 64.4 ± 17 222 ± 21 269.3 ± 0.1 260.6 ± 0.3 6.138 ± 0.001 159 ± 21 20.5 ± 17 29 298.2 ± 0.1
Ref. 158 140 216 353 254 10 246 353 254 49,115 246 161 339 8
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9-57
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102.
Calculated from DfH∞(CN) = 441.4 ± 4.6 kJ mol-1 (Table 4), but see also Costes, M., Naulin, C., and Dorthe, G., Astron. Astronphys., 232, 270, 1990. Callender, C. L., Mitchell, S. A., and Hackett, P. A., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 5252, 1989. Carbonel, M., Bergman, C., and Laffite, M., Colloq. Int. Cent. Nat. Rech. Sci., 201, 311, 1972. Cater, E. D. and Johnson, E. W., J. Chem. Phys., 47, 5353, 1967. Chase, M. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 1069, 1996. Chase, M. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 1297, 1996. Chase, M. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25, 551, 1996. Chashchina, G. I. and Shreider, E. Ya., Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 21, 696, 1974. Chashchina, G. I. and Shreider, E. Ya., Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 25, 163, 1976. Chatillon, C., Allibert, M., and Pattoret, A., C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. C, 280, 1505, 1975. Chen, Y. M., Clemmer, D. E., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 1228, 1991. Chen, Y.-M., Clemmer, D. E., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 98, 4929, 1993. Clarke, T. C. and Clyne, M. A. A., Trans. Faraday Soc., 66, 877, 1970. Clemmer, D. E., Daltaska, N. F., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 7263, 1991. Clemmer, D. E., Weber, M. E., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 10888, 1992. Clerbaux, C. and Colin, R., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 165, 334, 1994. Clevenger, J. O. and Tellinghuisen, J., J. Chem. Phys., 103, 9611, 1995. Clyne, M. A. A. and McDermid, I. S., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 67, 316, 1979. Clyne, M. A. A. and McDermid, I. S., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 72, 2252, 1976. Cocke, D. L. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Chem. Phys., 60, 1958, 1974. Cocke, D. L. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 75, 3264, 1971. Cocke, D. L. and Gingerich, K. A., J. Phys. Chem., 76, 2332, 1972. Cocke, D. L., Gingerich, K. A., and Chang, C. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 72, 268, 1976. Cocke, D. L., Gingerich, K. A., and Kordis, J., High Temp. Sci., 5, 474, 1973. Cocke, D. L., Gingerich, K. A., and Kordis, J., High Temp. Sci., 7, 61, 1975. Colin, R. and De Greef, D., Can. J. Phys., 53, 2142, 1975. Colin, R. and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 60, 673, 1964. Colin, R. and Drowart, J., Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, 2611, 1968. Colin, R., Goldfinger, P., and Jeunehomme, M., Trans. Faraday Soc., 60, 306, 1964. Coppens, P., Reynaert, J. C., and Drowart, J., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 75, 292, 1979. Coquart, B. and Prudhomme, J. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 87, 75, 1981. Corbett, J. D. and Lynde, R. A., Inorg. Chem., 6, 2199, 1967. Costes, M., Naulin, C., Dorthe, G., Vaucamps, C., Nouchi, G., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 84, 75, 1987. Coxon, J. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 33, 136, 1975. Cubicciotti, D., Inorg. Chem., 7, 208, 1968. Cubicciotti, D., Inorg. Chem., 7, 211, 1968. Cubicciotti, D., J. Phys. Chem., 71, 3066, 1967. Cuthill, A. M., Fabian, D. J., and Shu-Shou-Shen, S., J. Phys. Chem., 77, 2008, 1973. De Maria, G., Drowart, J., and Inghram, M. G., J. Chem. Phys., 31, 1076, 1959. De Maria, G., Goldfinger, P., Malaspina, L., and Piacente, V., Trans. Faraday Soc., 61, 2146, 1965. De Maria, G., Malaspina, L., and Piacente, V., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 1019, 1970. De Maria, G., Malaspina, L., and Piacente, V., J. Chem. Phys., 56, 1978, 1972. Devore, T. C., McQuaid, M., and Gole, J. L., High Temp. Sci., 30, 83, 1990. Diemer, U., Weickenmeier, H., Wahl, M., and Demtroeder, W., Chem. Phys. Lett., 104, 489, 1984. Drowart, J. and Goldfinger, P., Angew. Chem., 6, 581, 1967. Drowart, J. and Goldfinger, P., Q. Rev. (London), 20, 545, 1966. Drowart, J. and Honig, R. E., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 980, 1957. Drowart, J. and Smoes, S., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2, 73, 1755, 1977. Drowart, J., De Maria, G., and Inghram, M. G., J. Chem. Phys., 29, 1015, 1958. Drowart, J., Myers, C. E., Szwarc, R.,Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., and Uy, O. M., High Temp. Sci., 5, 482, 1973. Drowart, J., Pattoret, A., and Smoes, S., Proc. Br. Ceramic Soc., No. 8, 67, 1967. Drowart, J., Smoes, S., and Vander Auwera-Mahieu, A., J. Chem. Thermodyn., 10, 453, 1978. Dulick, M., Murad, E., and Barrow, R. F., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 385, 1986. Edwards, J. G., Franklin, H. F., and Gilles, P. W., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 545, 1971. Edwards, J. G., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 866, 1992 Ehlert, T. C. and Margrave, J. L., J. Chem. Phys., 41, 1066, 1964. Ehlert, T. C. and Wang, J. S., J. Phys. Chem., 81, 2069, 1977. Ehlert, T. C., Hilmer, R. M., and Beauchamp, E. A., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 3112, 1968. Engelke, F., Chem. Phys., 39, 279, 1979. Engelke, F., Ennen, G., and Meiwes, K. H., Chem. Phys., 66, 391, 1982.
9-58
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162.
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9-59
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221.
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9-60
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 617. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 1 BOND STRENGTHS IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412.
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Table 2 ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF GASEOUS ATOMS FROM ELEMENTS IN THEIR STANDARD STATES For elements that are diatomic gases in their standard states these are readily obtained from the bond strength. For elements that are crystalline in their standard states they are derived from vapor pressure data. Atom
DfH∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Ag Al As Au B Ba Be Bi Br C Ca Cd Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Er F Ge H
284.9 ± 0.8 330.0 ± 4.0 302.5 ± 13 368.2 ± 2.1 565 ± 5 177.8 ± 4 324 ± 5 209.6 ± 2.1 111.87 ± 0.12 716.68 ± 0.45 177.8 ± 0.8 111.80 ± 0.20 423 ± 13 121.301 ± 0.008 428.4 ± 4 397 ± 4 76.5 ± 1.0 337.4 ± 1.2 317.1 ± 4 79.38 ± 0.30 372 ± 3 217.998 ± 0.006
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2
Atom
DfH∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Atom
DfH∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
Hf Hg I In Ir K Li Mg Mn Mo N Na Nb Ni O Os P Pb Pd Pt Pu Rb
619 ± 4 61.38 ± 0.04 106.76 ± 0.04 243 ± 4 669 ± 4 89.0 ± 0.8 159.3 ± 1.0 147.1 ± 0.8 283.3 ± 4 658.1 ± 2.1 472.68 ± 0.40 107.5 ± 0.7 721.3 ± 4 430.1 ± 2.1 249.18 ± 0.10 787 ± 6.3 316.5 ± 1.0 195.2 ± 0.8 376.6 ± 2.1 565.7 ± 1.3 364.4 ± 17 80.9 ± 0.8
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2
Re Rh Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Yb Zn Zr
774 ± 6.3 556 ± 4 650.6 ± 6.3 277.17 ± 0.15 264.4 ± 2.5 377.8 ± 4 227.2 ± 4 450 ± 8 301.2 ± 1.5 163.6 ± 2.1 782.0 ± 2.5 196.6 ± 2.1 602 ± 6 473 ± 3 182.21 ± 0.4 533 ± 8 514.2 ± 1.3 849.8 ± 4 424.7 ± 2.1 152.09 ± 0.8 130.40 ± 0.40 608.8 ± 4
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
REFERENCES 1. Brewer, L. and Rosenblatt, G. M., Adv. High Temp. Chem., 2, 1, 1969. 2. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., Eds., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 1989.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES The values below refer to a temperature of 298 K and have mostly been determined by kinetic methods (see (i) S. W. Benson, J. Chem. Educ., 42, 502, 1965, (ii) J. A. Kerr, Chem. Rev., 66, 465, 1966 and (iii) D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 33, 493, 1982, for a full description of the methods). An increasing number of bond strengths are being determined from gas-phase acidity cycles and from photoionization mass spectrometry (see J. Berkowitz, G. B. Ellison and D. Gutman, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994). Bond strengths in polyatomic molecules are notoriously difficult to measure accurately since the mechanisms of the kinetic systems involved in many of the measurements are seldom straightforward. Thus much controversy has taken place in the literature over the past 15 years concerning C-H bond strengths in simple alkanes, for which we recommend data based largely on kinetic studies involving time-resolved flow tube experiments with mass spectrometric determination of reactant radical concentrations (see Berkowitz, J., Ellison, G. B., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994.). These alkane bond strengths and the enthalpies of formation of the corresponding radicals are significantly larger than values derived from experiments in very low pressure reactors (see Dobis, O. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 101, 6030, 1997; and Benson, S. W. and Dobis, O., J. Phys. Chem., 102, 5175, 1998). Other examples illustrating the difficulties involved are concerned with the C-H bond strengths in ethene and methanol or the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the vinyl and hydroxymethyl radicals and changes to the recommendations could well arise. Some of the bond strengths have been calculated from the enthalpies of formation of the species involved according to the equations: D∞(R–X) = DfH∞(R) + DfH∞(X) – DfH∞(RX) D∞(R–R) = 2 DfH∞(R) – DfH∞(RR) The enthalpies of formation of the atoms and radicals are taken from Tables 2 and 4 and for the molecules from the appropriate References following Table 3. An attempt has been made to list all the important values obtained by methods that are considered to be valid. The references are intended to serve as a guide to the literature.
Bond H-CH H-CH2 H-CH3 H-CCH H-CHCH2 H-C2H5 H-Cycloprop-2-en-1-yl H-CH2CCH H-CH2CHCH2 H-Cyclopropyl H-n-C3H7 H-i-C3H7 H-CH2CCCH3 H-CH(CH3)CCH H-Cyclobutyl H-Cyclopropylmethyl H-CH(CH3)CHCH2 H-CH2CHCHCH3 H-CH2C(CH3)CH2 H-n-C4H9 H-i-C4H9 H-s-C4H9 H-t-C4H9 H-Cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl H-Spiropentyl H-Cyclopent-1-en-3-yl H-CH2CHCHCHCH2 H-CH(C2H3)2 H-CH(CH3)CCCH3 H-C(CH3)2CCH H-C(CH3)2CHCH2 H-Cyclopentyl H-CH2C(CH3)3 H-C(CH3)2C2H5
D∞298/kJ mol–1 424.0 ± 4.2 462.0 ± 4.0 438.9 ± 0.4 556.1 ± 2.9 465.3 ± 3.4 423.0 ± 1.6 379.1 ± 17 374.0 ± 8 361.9 ± 8.8 444.8 ± 1.3 423.3 ± 2.1 409.1 ± 2.0 364.8 ± 8 347.7 ± 9.2 403.8 ± 4 407.5 ± 6.7 345.2 ± 5.4 358.2 ± 6.3 358.2 ± 4 425.4 ± 2.1 425.2 ± 2.1 411.2 ± 2.0 404.3 ± 1.3 346.7 413.4 ± 4 344.3 ± 4 347 ± 13 319.7 365.3 ± 11.3 338.9 ± 9.6 323.0 ± 6.3 403.5 ± 2.5 418 ± 8 404.0 ± 6.3
Ref. 1 1 16 4,37 37,81 16 63 63 16,35 63 82 82 63 63 63 63 63 63 91,95 82 82 82 82 1,12 63 63 63 63,92 63 63 63 22,74 63 1,74,89
Bond H-C6H5 H-Cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yl H-Cyclohexa-1,4-dien-3-yl H-Cyclohexyl H-C(CH3)2CCCH3 H-CH2C(CH3)C(CH3)2 H-C(CH3)2C(CH3)CH2 H-CH2C6H5 H-Cyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-7-yl H-Norbornyl H-Cycloheptyl H-CH(CH3)C6H5 H-Inden-1-yl H-C(CH3)2C6H5 H-1-Naphthylmethyl H-CH(C6H5)2 H-9,10-Dihydroanthracen-9-yl H-C(CH3)(C6H5)2 H-9-Anthracenylmethyl H-9-Phenanthrenylmethyl H-CN H-CH2CN H-CH2NC H-CH(CH3)CN H-C(CH3)2CN H-CH2NH2 H-CH2NHCH3 H-CH2N(CH3)2 H-CHO H-CHCO H-COCH3 H-COCHCH2 H-COC2H5 H-COC6H5
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D∞298/kJ mol–1 473.1 ± 3.0 305 ± 21 305.4 ± 8.4 399.6 ± 4 344.3 ± 11.3 326.4 ± 4.6 319.2 ± 4.6 375.7 ± 1.7 305.4 ± 8 404.6 ± 10.5 387.0 ± 4 357.3 ± 6.3 351 ± 13 353.1 ± 6.3 356.1 ± 6.3 340.6 315.1 ± 6.3 339 ± 8 342.3 ± 6.3 356.1 ± 6.3 527.6 ± 1.7 392.9 ± 8.4 380.7 ± 8.8 376.1 ± 9.6 361.9 ± 8.4 390.4 ± 8.4 364 ± 8 351 ± 8 368.5 ± 1.0 440.6 ± 8.8 373.8 ± 1.5 364.4 ± 4.2 371.3 363.6 ± 4
Ref. 46 63 45 63 63 63 63 35 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 80 63 63 63 63 16 16 16 63 63 63 63 63 23 16 67 63 1,12 63
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond H-COCF3 H-CH2CHO H-CH2COCH3 H-CH(CH3)COCH3 H-CH2OCH3 H-CH(CH3)OC2H5 H-Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl H-2-Furylmethyl H-CH2OH H-CH(CH3)OH H-CH(OH)CHCH2 H-C(CH3)2OH H-CH2OCOC6H5 H-COOCH3 H-CH2F H-CHF2 H-CF3 H-CHFCl H-CF2Cl H-CHFCl2 H-CH2Cl H-CHCl2 H-CH2CH2Cl H-CH(CH3)Cl H-C(CH3)Cl2 H-CCl3 H-CH2Br H-CHBr2 H-CBr3 H-CH2I H-CHI2 H-CHCF2 H-CFCHF H-CFCF2 H-CH2CF3 H-CF2CH3 H-C2F5 H-CFCFCl H-CHClCF3 H-CClCFCl H-CClCH2 H-CClCHCl H-CCl2CHCl2 H-C2Cl5 H-CClBrCF3 H-n-C3F7 H-i-C3F7 H-CHClCHCH2 H-C6F5 H-CH2Si(CH3)3 H-CSH H-CH2SH H-CH2SCH3 H-NH2 H-NHCH3 H-N(CH3)2 H-NHC6H5
D∞298/kJ mol–1 380.7 ± 8 394.6 ± 9.2 411.3 ± 7.5 386.2 ± 5.9 402.2 383.7 ± 1.7 385 ± 4 361.9 ± 8 401.8 ± 1.5 401.4 341.4 ± 7.5 381 ± 4 419.2 ± 5.4 387.9 ± 4 423.8 ± 4 431.8 ± 4 449.5 421.7 ± 5.4 421.3 ± 8.3 413.8 ± 5.0 419.0 ± 2.3 402.5 ± 2.7 423.1 ± 2.4 406.6 ± 1.5 390.6 ± 1.5 392.5 ± 2.5 425.1 ± 4.2 417.2 ± 7.5 401.7 ± 6.7 431 ± 8 431 ± 8 448 ± 8 448 ± 8 452 ± 8 446.4 ± 4.6 416.3 ± 10.5 429.7 ± 2.1 444 ± 8 425.9 ± 6.3 439 ± 8 >433.5 435 ± 8 393 ± 8 393.5 ± 6.0 404.2 ± 6.3 435 ± 8 433.5 ± 2.5 370.7 ± 5.9 476.6 415.1 ± 4 399.6 ± 5.0 392.9 ± 8.4 384.9 ± 5.9 452.7 ± 1.3 418.4 ± 10.5 382.8 ± 8 368.2 ± 8
Ref. 63 16 63 63 1,12 55 63 63 50 1,12 63 63 63 63 77 77 3,61 97 64 97 84 84 85 84 84 48 97 97 63 63 63 90 90 90 63 63 63 90 63 90 81 90 63 66 63 63 38 63 63 99 16 16 49 16 63 63 63
Bond H-N(CH3)C6H5 H-NO H-NO2 H-NF2 H-NHNH2 H-NH3 H-OH H-OCH3 H-OC2H5 H-OC(CH3)3 H-OCH2C(CH3)3 H-OC6H5 H-O2H H-O2CH3 H-O2C(CH3)3 H-OCOCH3 H-OCOC2H5 H-OCO-n-C3H7 H-ONO H-ONO2 H-SiH H-SiH2 H-SiH3 H-SiH2CH3 H-SiH(CH3)2 H-Si(CH3)3 D-Si(CH3)3 H-SiH2C6H5 H-SiF3 H-SiCl3 H-Si2H5 H-Si(CH3)2Si(CH3)3 H-Si(Si(CH3)3)3 H-PH2 H-SH H-SCH3 H-SC6H5 H-SO H-GeH3 H-GeH2I H-Ge(CH3)3 H-AsH2 H-SeH H-Sn(n-C4H9)3 H-SbH2 H-TeH HC∫CH H2C=CH2 CH3-CH3 CH3-CH2CCH CH3-CH2CCCH3 CH3-CH(CH3)CCH CH3-C(CH3)CCH2 CH3-CH2CHCHCH3 CH3-CH2C(CH3)CH2 CH3-CH(CH3)CCCH3 CH3-C(CH3)2CCH
9-66
D∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
366.1 ± 8 195.35 ± 0.25 327.6 ± 2.1 316.7 ± 10.5 366.1 385 ± 21 497.02 ± 0.38 436.0 ± 3.8 437.7 ± 3.4 439.7 ± 4 428.0 ± 6.3 361.9 ± 8 369.0 ± 4.2 370.3 ± 2.1 374.0 ± 0.8 442.7 ± 8 445.2 ± 8 443.1 ± 8 327.6 ± 2.1 423.4 ± 2.1 351 268 384.1 ± 2.0 374.9 374.0 377.8 389 ± 7.1 369.0 418.8 382.0 361.1 356.9 ± 8.4 330.5 ± 8.4 351.0 ± 2.1 381.6 ± 2.9 365.3 ± 2.5 348.5 ± 8 172.8 349.0 ± 8 331 ± 8 339 ± 8 319.2 ± 0.8 334.93 ± 0.75 308.4 ± 8.4 288.3 ± 2.1 277.0 ± 5.0 965 ± 8 728.3 ± 6 376.0 ± 2.1 318.0 ± 8 308.4 ± 6.3 305.4 320.1 ± 9.2 305.0 ± 3.3 301.2 ± 3.3 320.9 ± 6.3 295.8 ± 6.3
63 32 63 63 44 63 104 16 16 63 63 63 88 56 47 63 63 63 15 15 63 63 83 99 99 63,99 36 63,99 63,99 63,99 63 45 45 16 65 65 63 100 16 68 34 16 16 19 16 16 1,24,74 1,74 1,74,86 63 63 63 63 63 91 63 63
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond n-C3H7-CH2CCH CH3-C(CH3)2CHCH2 n-C3H7-CH2CHCH2 CH3-C(CH3)2CCCH3 CHCCH2-s-C4H9 CH3-CH2C6H5 CH3-CH(CH3)C6H5 C2H5-CH2C6H5 CH3-1-Naphthylmethyl CH3-C(CH3)2C6H5 CHCCH2-CH2C6H5 n-C3H7-CH2C6H5 CH3-9-Anthracenylmethyl CH3-9-Phenanthrenylmethyl CH3-CH(C6H5)2 CH3-C(CH3)(C6H5)2 CH3-CN C2H-CN C2H5-CH2NH2 CH3-CH2CN C2H5-CH2CN CH3-CH(CH3)CN C2H5-CH2CN CH3-C(CH3)2CN CH3-C(CH3)(CN)C6H5 C6H5CH2-CH2NH2 C6H5CH2-C5H4N CN-CN CH3-2-Furylmethyl CH3-COC6H5 C6H5CH2-COCH2C6H5 CH3CO-COCH3 C6H5CH2-COOH C6H5CO-COC6H5 (C6H5)2CH-COOH CF3-COC6H5 CF2=CF2 CH2F-CH2F CH3-CF3 CF3-CF3 C6F5-C6F5 CH3-BF2 C6H5-BCl2 CH2CHCH2-Si(CH3)3 s-C4H9-Si(CH3)3 CH3-NHC6H5 C6H5CH2-NH2 CH3-N(CH3)C6H5 C6H5CH2-NHCH3 C6H5CH2-N(CH3)2 CH2=N2 CH3-N2CH3 C2H5-N2C2H5 i-C3H7-N2i-C3H7 n-C4H9-N2n-C4H9 i-C4H9-N2i-C4H9
D∞298/kJ mol–1 306.3 ± 6.3 284.9 ± 6.3 295.8 303.3 ± 6.3 300.0 ± 6.3 332.2 ± 4 312.1 ± 6.3 294.1 ± 4 305.0 ± 6.3 308.4 ± 6.3 256.9 ± 8 292.9 ± 4 282.8 ± 6.3 305.0 ± 6.3 301 ± 8 289 ± 8 509.6 ± 8 602 ± 4 332.2 ± 8 336.4 ± 4 321.7 ± 7.1 329.7 ± 8 321.7 ± 7.1 312.5 ± 6.7 250.6 284.5 ± 8 362.8 536 ± 4 314 ± 8 355.6 ± 9.2 273.6 ± 8 282.0 ± 9.6 280 277.8 248.5 ± 13 308.8 ± 8 319.2 ± 13 368 ± 8 423.4 ± 4.6 413.0 ± 10.5 487.9 ± 24.7 ~473 ~510 293 414 298.7 ± 8 297.5 ± 4 296.2 ± 8 287.4 ± 8 259.8 ± 8 <175 219.7 209.2 198.7 209.2 205.0
Ref. 63 63 96 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 70 63 93 63 63 63 63 63 63 80 30 63 102 63 63 63 63 63 63 103 51 79 63 78 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 58 13 13 13 13 13
Bond s-C4H9-N2s-C4H9 t-C4H9-N2t-C4H9 C6H5CH2-N2CH2C6H5 CF3-N2CF3 CH3-NO i-C3H7-NO t-C4H9-NO C6H5-NO NC-NO CF3-NO C6F5-NO CCl3-NO t-C4H9-NOt-C4H9 CH3-NO2 CH2C(CH3)-NO2 i-C3H7-NO2 t-C4H9-NO2 C6H5-NO2 C(NO2)3-NO2 CH3-OC(CH3)CH2 CH3-OC6H5 CH3-OCH2C6H5 C2H5-OC6H5 CH2CHCH2-OC6H5 O=CO CH3-O2 C2H5-O2 CH2CHCH2-O2 i-C3H7-O2 t-C4H9-O2 C6H5CH2-O2CCH3 C6H5CH2-O2CC6H5 CH3-O2SCH3 CH2CHCH2-O2SCH3 C6H5CH2-O2SCH3 CF3-O2CF3 CH2Cl-O2 CHCl2-O2 CCl3-O2 CH3CHCl-O2 CH3CCl2-O2 (CH3)2CCl-O2 CH3-SH t-C4H9-SH C6H5-SH CH3-SCH3 CH3-SC6H5 C6H5CH2-SCH3 S-CS F-CH3 F-CN F-COF F-CHFCl F-CF2Cl F-CFCl2 F-CF2CH3
9-67
D∞298/kJ mol–1 195.4 182.0 157.3 231.0 167.4 ± 3.3 152.7 ± 13 165.3 ± 6.3 212.5 ± 4 120.5 ± 10.5 179.1 ± 8 208.4 ± 4 134 ± 13 121 254.4 245.2 246.9 244.8 298.3 ± 4 169.5 ± 4 277.4 238 ± 8 280.3 264 ± 6.3 208.4 ± 8 532.2 ± 0.4 137.0 ± 3.8 148.4 ± 8.4 76.2 ± 2.1 155.4 ± 9.6 152.8 ± 7.4 280 ± 8 289 279.5 207.5 221.3 361.5 122.4 ± 10.5 108.2 ± 8.2 92.0 ± 6.4 131.2 ± 1.8 112.2 ± 2.2 136.0 ± 3.8 312.5 ± 4.2 286.2 ± 6.3 361.9 ± 8 307.9 ± 3.3 290.4 ± 8 256.9 ± 8 430.5 ± 13 472 469.9 ± 5.0 535 ± 12 465.3 ± 9.6 490 ± 25 462.3 ± 10.0 522.2 ± 8
Ref. 13 13 13 13 63 63 63 63 43 63 63 63 21 63 63 63 63 63 63 101 73 26 63 63 29 53 53 62 53 53 63 13 63 63 63 10 53 53 53 53 53 53 65 63 63 65 63 63 63 1,61 63 18 97 41 97 63
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond F-C2F5 Cl-CN Cl-COC6H5 Cl-CSCl Cl-CF3 Cl-CHFCl Cl-CF2Cl Cl-CFCl2 Cl-CH2Cl Cl-CHCl2 Cl-CCl3 Cl-C2F5 Cl-CF2CF2Cl Cl-SiCl3 Br-CH3 Br-C6H5 Br-CN Br-CH2COCH3 Br-COC6H5 Br-CHF2 Br-CF3 Br-CF2CH3 Br-C2F5 Br-n-C3F7 Br-i-C3F7 Br-CH2C6F5 Br-CHClCF3 Br-CCl3 Br-CClBrCF3 Br-CH2Br Br-CHBr2 Br-CBr3 Br-NO2 Br-NF2 I-CHCH2 I-n-C4H9 I-Norbornyl I-CN I-CF3 I-CF2CH3 I-CH2CF3 I-C2F5 I-n-C3F7 I-i-C3F7 I-n-C4F9 I-C(CF3)3 I-C6H5 I-C6F5 C5H5-FeC5H5 CH3-ZnCH3 C2H5-ZnC2H5 CH3-Ga(CH3)2 C2H5-Ga(C2H5)2 CH3-Ge(CH3)3 CH3-As(CH3)2 CH3-CdCH3
D∞298/kJ mol–1 530.5 ± 7.5 421.7 ± 5.0 310 ± 13 265.3 ± 2.1 360.2 ± 3.3 354.4 ± 11.7 346.0 ± 13.4 305 ± 8 350.2 ± 0.8 338.5 ± 4.2 305.9 ± 7.5 346.0 ± 7.1 326 ± 8 464 292.9 ± 5.0 336.8 ± 8 367.4 ± 5.0 261.5 268.6 289 ± 8 296.2 ± 1.3 287.0 ± 5.4 287.4 ± 6.3 278.2 ± 10.5 274.1 ± 4.6 225 ± 6 274.9 ± 6.3 231.4 ± 4 251.0 ± 6.3 296.7 ± 1.3 292.0 ± 8 235.1 ± 7.5 82.0 ± 7.1 £222 259.0 ± 4.2 205.0 ± 4 261.5 ± 10.5 305 ± 4 227.2 ± 1.3 218.0 ± 4.2 235.6 ± 4 218.8 ± 2.9 208.4 ± 4.2 215.1 ± 2.9 205.0 ± 4.2 206 273.6 ± 8 277.0 381 ± 13 285 ± 17 238 ± 17 264 ± 17 209 ± 17 347 ± 17 280 ± 17 251 ± 17
Ref. 63 63 63 71 27 97 97 40 97 97 63 27 63 99 39 63 63 101 13 63 3 76 63 63 63 54 63 63 63 97 97 63 57 25 20 63 69 30 3 63 63 2 63 2 72 33 63 63 59 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
Bond CH3-In(CH3)2 CH3-Sn(CH3)3 C2H5-Sn(C2H5)3 CH3-Sb(CH3)2 C2H5-Sb(C2H5)2 CH3-HgCH3 C2H5-HgC2H5 CH3-Tl(CH3)2 CH3-Pb(CH3)3 C2H5-Pb(C2H5)3 CH3-Bi(CH3)2 CO-Cr(CO)5 CO-Fe(CO)4 CO-Mo(CO)5 CO-W(CO)5 BH3-BH3 NH2-NH2 NH2-NHCH3 NH2-N(CH3)2 NH2-NHC6H5 ON-NO2 O2N-NO2 NF2-NF2 O-N2 O-NO O-NO2 HO-NO HO-NO2 HO2-NO2 CH3O-NO C2H5O-NO CH3COO2-NO2 n-C3H7O-NO i-C3H7O-NO n-C4H9O-NO i-C4H9O-NO s-C4H9O-NO t-C4H9O-NO HO-NCHCH3 Cl-NF2 I-NO I-NO2 HO-OH HO-OCH2C(CH3)3 CH3O-OCH3 C2H5O-OC2H5 n-C3H7O-On-C3H7 i-C3H7O-Oi-C3H7 s-C4H9O-Os-C4H9 t-C4H9O-Ot-C4H9 C2H5C(CH3)2O-OC(CH3)2C2H5 (CH3)3CCH2O-OCH2C(CH3)3 CF3O-OCF3 (CF3)3CO-OC(CF3)3 t-C4H9O-OSi(CH3)3 SF5O-OSF5
9-68
D∞298/kJ mol–1 205 ± 17 297 ± 17 264 ± 17 255 ± 17 243 ± 17 255 ± 17 205 ± 17 167 ± 17 238 ± 17 230 ± 17 218 ± 17 155 ± 8 172 ± 8 167 ± 8 192 ± 8 146 275.3 268.2 ± 8 246.9 ± 8 218.8 ± 8 40.6 ± 2.1 56.9 88 ± 4 167 305 208.7 ± 1.1 206.3 206.7 96 ± 8 174.9 ± 3.8 175.7 ± 5.4 118.8 ± 3.0 167.8 ± 7.5 171.5 ± 5.4 177.8 ± 6.3 175.7 ± 6.3 173.6 ± 3.3 171.1 ± 3.3 207.9 ~134 77.8 ± 0.4 76.6 ± 4 213 ± 4 193.7 ± 7.9 157.3 ± 8 158.6 ± 4 155.2 ± 4 157.7 ± 4 152.3 ± 4 159.0 ± 4 164.4 ± 4 152.3 ± 4 193.3 148.5 ± 4.6 197 155.6
Ref. 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 60 60 60 60 13 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 1,14 1,14 31 63 63 63 9,11 8,11 17 11 7,11 11 11 5,11 6,11 13 1,75 42 98 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Bond t-C4H9O-OGe(C2H5)3 t-C4H9O-OSn(C2H5)3 FClO2-O CF3O-O2CF3 SF5O-O2SF5 CH3CO2-O2CCH3 C2H5CO2-O2CC2H5 n-C3H7CO2-O2Cn-C3H7 O-SO F-OCF3 HO-Cl O-ClO HO-Br HO-I
D∞298/kJ mol–1 192 192 244.3 126.8 ± 8 126.8 127.2 ± 8 127.2 ± 8 127.2 ± 8 552 ± 8 182.0 ± 2.1 251 ± 13 247 ± 13 234 ± 13 234 ± 13
Ref. 63 63 13 63 63 63 63 63 29 28 52 29 52 52
Bond O=PF3 O=PCl3 O=PBr3 HO-Si(CH3)3 HS-SH CH3S-SCH3 F-SF5 I-SH I-SO I-SCH3 I-Si(CH3)3 H3Si-SiH3 (CH3)3Si-Si(CH3)3 (C6H5)3Si-Si(C6H5)3
D∞298/kJ mol–1 544 ± 21 510 ± 21 498 ± 21 536 276 ± 8 272.8 ± 3.8 420 ± 10 206.7 ± 8 180 206.3 ± 7.1 322 310 336.8 368 ± 29
Ref. 52 52 52 63 63 65 94 63 63 87 99 63,99 63,99 63,99
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9-69
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 36. Ellul, E., Potzinger, P., Reimann, B., and Camilleri, P., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 85, 407, 1981. 37. Ervin, K. M., Gronert, S., Barlow, S. E., Gilles, M. K., Harrison, A. G., Bierbaum, V. M., DePuy, C. H., Lineberger, W. C., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 5750, 1990. 38. Evans, B. S., Weeks, I., and Whittle, E., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 79, 1471, 1983. 39. Ferguson, K. C., Okafo, E. N., and Whittle, E., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 69, 295, 1973. 40. Foon, R. and Tait, K. B., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 68, 104, 1972. 41. Foon, R. and Tait, K. B., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 68, 1121, 1972. 42. Forte, E., Hippler, H., and van den Bergh, H., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 13, 1227, 1981. 43. Gowenlock, B. G., Jonhson, C. A. F., Keary, C. M., and Pfaf, J., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 71, 351, 1975. 44. Grela, M. A. and Colussi, A. J., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 20, 713, 1988. 45. Griller, D. and Wayner, D. D. M., Pure Appl. Chem., 61, 717, 1989. 46. Heckmann, E., Hippler, H., and Troe, J., 26th Symp. (Int.) Combust., Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pp 543, 1996. 47. Heneghan, S. P. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 815, 1983. 48. Hudgens, J. W., Johnson, R. D., Timonen, R. S., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 4400, 1991. 49. Jefferson, A., Nicovich, J. M., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 7128, 1994. 50. Johnson, R. D. and Hudgens, J. W., J. Phys Chem., 100, 19874, 1996. 51. Kerr, J. A. and Timlin, D. M., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 3, 427, 1971. 52. Kerr, J. A., Chem. Rev., 66, 465, 1966. 53. Knyazev, V. D. and Slagle, I. R., J. Phys. Chem., 102, 1770, 1998. 54. Kominar, R. J., Krech, M. J., and Price, S. J. W., Can. J. Chem., 58, 1906, 1980. 55. Kondo, O. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 16, 949, 1984. 56. Kondo, O. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 6675, 1984. 57. Kreutter, K. D., Nicovich, J. M., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 4020, 1991. 58. Laufer, A. H. and Okabe, H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 93, 4137,1971. 59. Lewis, K. E. and Smith, G. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 4650, 1984. 60. Lewis, K. E., Golden, D. M., and Smith, G. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 3905, 1984. 61. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 62. Lightfoot, P. D., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Destriau, M., Hayman G. D., Jenkin, M. E., Mootrgat, G. K., and Zabel, F., Atmos. Environ., 26A, 1805, 1992. 63. McMillen, D. F. and Golden, D. M., Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 33, 493, 1982. 64. Miyokawa, K. and Tschuikow-Roux, E., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 7328, 1992. 65. Nicovich, J. M., Kreutter, K. D., van Dijk, C. A., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2518, 1992. 66. Nicovich, J. M., Wang, S., McKee, M. L., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 680, 1996. 67. Niiranen, J. T., Gutman, D., and Krasnoperov, L. N., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 5881, 1992. 68. Noble, P. N. and Walsh, R., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 561, 1983. 69. O’Neal, H. E., Bagg, J. W., and Richardson, W. H., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 2, 493, 1970. 70. Okabe, H. and Dibeler, V. H., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 2430, 1973. 71. Okabe, H., J. Chem. Phys., 66, 2058, 1977. 72. Okafo, E. N. and Whittle, E., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 7, 287, 1975. 73. Paul, S. and Back, M. H., Can J. Chem., 53, 3330, 1975. 74. Pedley, J. B. and Rylance, J., “Sussex - N.P.L. Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data; Organic and Organometallic Compounds”, University of Sussex, 1977. 75. Petry, R. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89, 4600, 1967. 76. Pickard, J. M. and Rodgers, A. S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 9, 759, 1977. 77. Pickard, J. M. and Rodgers, A. S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 569, 1983. 78. Price, S. J. W. and Sapiano, H. J., Can. J. Chem., 57, 1468, 1979. 79. Rogers, A. S. and Ford, W. G. F., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 5, 965, 1973. 80. Rossi, M., McMillen, D. F., and Golden, D. M., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 5031, 1984. 81. Russell, J. J., Senkan, S. M., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 93, 5184, 1989. 82. Seetula, J. A., and Slagle, I. R., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 1709, 1997. 83. Seetula, J. A., Feng, Y., Gutman, D., Seakins, P. W., and Pilling, M. J., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1658, 1991. 84. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 3069, 1996. 85. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 94, 891, 1998. 86. Seetula, J. A., Russell, J. J., and Gutman, D., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 1347, 1990. 87. Shum, L. G. S. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem., 15, 433, 1983. 88. Shum, L. G. S. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 87, 3479, 1983. 89. Stein, S. E., SRD Thermochemical Database, 25. N.I.S.T. Structures and Properties Database and Estimation Program, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1992.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 3 BOND STRENGTHS IN POLYATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104.
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Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS The enthalpies of formation of the free radicals are related to the corresponding bond strengths by the equations D∞(R-X) = DfH∞(R) + DfH∞(X) – DfH∞(RX) or D∞(R-R) = 2DfH∞(R) - DfH∞(RR) For an excellent review of the methods of determining the enthalpies of formation of free radicals the reader is referred to “Thermochemistry of Free Radicals” by H. E. O’Neal and S. W. Benson in Free Radicals, Kochi, J. K., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 275 and the article by J. Berkowitz, G. B. Ellison, and D. Gutman, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 2744, 1994. Radical CH CH2(triplet) CH2(singlet) CH3 CH∫C CH2=CH C2 H 5 Cycloprop-2-en-1-yl CH∫CCH2 CH2=CHCH2 CH3CH=CH Cyclopropyl n-C3H7 i-C3H7 CH3C∫CCH2 CH2=CHCHCH3 CH∫CCHCH3 Cyclobutyl Cyclopropylmethyl CH2=C(CH3)CH2 CH3CH=CHCH2 n-C4H9 i-C4H9 s-C4H9 t-C4H9 Cyclopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl
DfH∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
596.4 ± 1.2 390.4 ± 4 428.3 ± 4 146.4 ± 0.4 566.1 ± 2.9 300.0 ± 3.4 120.9 ± 1.6 439.7 ± 17.2 340.6 ± 8.4 170.7 ± 8.8 262.7 279.9 ± 1.1 100.8 ± 2.1 86.6 ± 2.0 293.7 125.5 ± 6.3 295.0 ± 9.2 214.2 ± 4.2 213.8 ± 6.7 127.2 ± 5.4 125.5 ± 6.3 80.9 ± 2.2 72.7 ± 2.2 66.7 ± 2.1 51.8 ± 1.3 263.0
6 15,34 15 10 5,27 27,64 10 48 48 10,26 77 48 65 65 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 65 65 65 65 8
Radical Spiropentyl Cyclopent-1-en-3-yl CH2=CHCH=CHCH2 (C2H3)2CH CH3C∫CCHCH3 CH∫CC(CH3)2 CH2=CHC(CH3)2 Cyclopentyl (CH3)3CCH2 C2H5C(CH3)2 C6 H 5 Cyclohexa-1,3-dien-5-yl Cyclohexyl CH3C∫CC(CH3)2 (CH3)2C=C(CH3)CH2 CH2=C(CH3)C(CH3)2 C6H5CH2 Cyclohepta-1,3,5-trien-7-yl CH3CH2CH2C(CH3)2 Norbornyl Cycloheptyl C6H5CHCH3 C6H5C(CH3)2 1-Naphthylmethyl (C6H5)2CH 9,10-Dihydroanthracen-9-yl
9-71
DfH∞298/kJ mol–1 380.7 ± 4 160.7 ± 4 205 ± 13 205 ± 13 272.8 ± 9.6 257.3 ± 8.4 77.4 ± 6.3 107.1 ± 2.5 36.4 ± 8 32.2 ± 6.3 338 ± 3 197 ± 21 58.2 ± 4 221.8 ± 9.6 39.8 ± 6.3 37.7 ± 6.3 208.0 ± 2.5 271.1 ± 8 3.4 ± 8.4 136.4 ± 10.5 51.1 ± 4 169.0 134.7 252.7 289 256.9 ± 6.3
Ref. 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 17 48 71 35 48 48 48 48 48 26 48 69 48 48 48 48 48 63 48
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) Radical 9-Anthracenylmethyl 9-Phenanthrenylmethyl CH2CN CH2NC CH3CHCN (CH3)2CCN C6H5C(CH3)CN CH2NH2 CH3NHCH2 (CH3)2NCH2 CN CHN2 CHO CHCO CH3CO CH2=CHCO C2H5CO C6H5CO CH2CHO CH3COCH2 CH3COCHCH3 CH3OCH2 C2H5OCHCH3 Tetrahydrofuran-2-yl CH2OH CH2CH2OH CH=CHOH CH3CHOH CH2=CHCHOH (CH3)2COH COOH COOCH3 C6H5COOCH2 CF CHF CH2F FCO CHF2 CF2 CF3 CHCl CH2Cl CFCl CHFCl CF2Cl ClCO CHCl2 CFCl2 CCl2 CCl3 CH2Br CHBr2 CBr3 CH2I CHI2 CH3CF2
DfH∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
337.6 311.3 243.1 ± 11.3 326.4 ± 11.3 209.2 ± 9.6 166.5 ± 8.4 248.5 149.4 ± 8 126 ± 8 109 ± 8 441.4 ± 4.6 494.42 43.1 175.3 ± 8.4 -10.0 ± 1.2 72.4 -32.3 123.0 ± 9.6 10.5 ± 9.2 -23.9 ± 10.9 -70.3 ± 7.1 -0.1 -84.5 -18.0 ± 6.3 -17.8 ± 1.3 -36.0 113.0 -51.6 0.0 -111.3 ± 4.6 -217 ± 10 -169.0 ± 4 -69.9 ± 8.4 261.5 ± 4.6 143.1 ± 12.6 -31.8 ± 8.4 -152.1 ± 12 -238.9 ± 4 -184.1 ± 8.4 -466.1 ± 3.8 336.4 ± 11.7 117.3 ± 3.1 31.0 ± 13.4 -60.7 ± 10.0 -279.1 ± 8.3 -21.8 89.0 ± 3.0 -89.1 ± 10.0 230.1 ± 8.4 71.1 ± 2.5 169.0 ± 4.2 188.3 ± 9.2 207.1 ± 8 230.1 ± 6.7 333.9 ± 9.2 -302.5 ± 8
48 48 10 10 48 48 48 48 48 48 10 30 9,22 10 56 48 8 78 10 48 48 8 42 48 39 31 31 8 48 48 32 48 48 3 61 59 14 59 61 3 61 67 61 73 49 55 67 73 61 37 73 73 73 48 48 48
Radical CF3CH2 C2F5 CCl=CH2 CH3CHCl CH3CCl2 CH2CH2Cl CHCl2CCl2 CF2ClCF2 C2Cl5 C6F5 (CH3)3SiCH2 CS HCS CH2SH CH3SCH2 NH NH2 HNO NF2 N2 H3 N3 CH2NH CH3NH (CH3)3N C6H5NH C6H5NCH3 NCO CNO CH3N2 C2H5N2 i-C3H7N2 OH CH3O C2H5O n-C3H7O i-C3H7O n-C4H9O s-C4H9O t-C4H9O C6H5O CF3O FO ClO BrO IO HO2 CH3O2 C2H5O2 CH2=CHCH2O2 i-C3H7O2 t-C4H9O2 HOCH2O2 CF3O2 CF2ClO2 CFCl2O2 CH2ClO2
9-72
DfH∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
-517.1 ± 5.0 -892.9 ± 4 >251 76.5 ± 1.6 48.4 ± 7.6 93.0 ± 3.4 23.4 ± 8 -686 ± 17 33.5 ± 5.4 -547.7 ± 8 -34.7 278.5 ± 3.8 300.4 ± 8.4 151.9 ± 8.4 136.8 ± 5.9 352.3 ± 9.6 188.7 ± 1.3 112.9 34 ± 4 243.5 469 ± 21 104.6 ± 13 177.4 ± 8 145.2 ± 8 237.2 ± 8 233.5 ± 8 127.0 407.01 215.5 ± 7.5 187.4 ± 10.5 158.6 ± 9.2 37.20 ± 0.38 17.2 ± 3.8 -15.5 ± 3.4 -41.4 -52.3 -62.8 -69.5 ± 3.3 -90.8 47.7 -655.6 109 ± 10 101.63 ± 0.1 125.8 ± 2.4 126 ± 18 14.6 9.0 ± 5.1 -27.4 ± 9.9 87.9 ± 5.5 -68.8 ± 11.3 -101.0 ± 9.2 -162.1 ± 2.1 -614.0 -406.5 -213.7 -5.1 ± 13.6
48 48 64 67 40,67 68 48 48 54 48 48 62 10 10 38 60 10 25 48 33 48 33 48 48 48 48 13,79 41 2 2 2 80 10 10 48 48 48 48 48 48 7 21 1 19 20 70 40 40 43 16,40 40 43 43 43 43 40
STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) Radical CHCl2O2 CCl3O2 CH3CHClO2 CH3CCl2O2 CH3CO2 CH3COO2 C2H5CO2 n-C3H7CO2 FO2 ClO2 OClO NO3 sym-ClO3 SiH SiH2 SiH3 CH3Si CH3SiH CH3SiH2 (CH3)2Si (CH3)2SiH (CH3)3Si C6H5Si(CH3)2 (C6H5)2SiCH3 (C6H5)3Si SiF SiF2
DfH∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
-19.2 ± 11.2 -20.9 ± 8.9 -54.7 ± 3.4 -63.8 ± 9.8 -207.5 ± 4 -172 ± 20 -228.5 ± 4 -249.4 ± 4 26.1 97.5 95.6 73.7 ± 1.4 232.6 377 269.0 ± 1.3 200.5 ± 2.5 310 213.0 ± 14.6 152.7 109 59.8 -3.3 163 326 486.2 -19.3 -587.9
40 40 40 40 48 12 48 48 45,58 4,52 28,51 24 23 48,76 29,47 66 76 74 48,76 76 48,76 48,76 57 57 57 48,76 48,76
Radical SiF3 SiCl SiCl2 SiCl3 SiH3SiH Si2H5 PH2 HS CH3S C6H5S SO HSO HSO2 CH3SO2 HOSO2 SO3 SF4 SF5 CH3S2 C2H5S2 i-C3H7S2 t-C4H9S2 HOCS2 GeH3 AsH2 HSe SbH2 HTe
DfH∞298/kJ mol–1
Ref.
-1025 195.8 -163.6 -318 269.9 ± 14.6 223.0 138.5 ± 2.5 143.0 ± 2.8 124.6 ± 1.8 229.7 ± 8 5.0 -4 -222 -239.3 -385 -395.7 -746 ± 12 -879.9 ± 20 68.6 ± 8 43.5 ± 8 13.8 ± 8 -19.3 ± 8 110.5 222 ± 8 167.8 ± 1.3 144.8 ± 2.1 215.5 ± 2.5 158.6 ± 5.0
48,76 48,76 48,76 48,76 74 48,76 10 53 53 48 18 44 11 57 46 75 72 72 36 36 36 36 50 10 10 10 10 10
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 4 ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF FREE RADICALS (continued) 25. Dixon, R. N., J. Chem. Phys., 104, 6905, 1996. 26. Ellison, G. B., Davico, G. E., Bierbaum, V. M., and DePuy, C. H., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 156, 109, 1996. 27. Ervin, K. M., Gronert, S., Barlow, S. E., Gilles, M. K., Harrison, A. G., Bierbaum, V. M., DePuy, C. H., Lineberger, W. C., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 5750, 1990. 28. Flesch, R., E. Rühl, K. Hottmann, and H. Baumgartel, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 837 (1993). 29. Frey, H. M., Walsh, R., and Watts, I. M., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 1189, 1986. 30. Fulle, D. and Hippler, H., J. Chem. Phys., 105, 5423, 1996. 31. Fulle, D., Hamann, H. F., Hippler, H., and Jansch, C. P., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 101, 1433, 1997. 32. Fulle, D., Hamann, H. F., Hippler, H., and Troe, J. Chem. Phys., 105, 983, 1996. 33. Grela, M. A. and Colussi, A. J., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 20, 713, 1988. 34. Gurvich, l.V., Veyts, I.V., Alcock, C.B., Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, 4th ed., Hemisphere, New York, 1991, Vol. 2. 35. Heckmann, E., Hippler, H., and Troe, J., 26th Symp. (Int.) Combust., The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, pp 543, 1996. 36. Howari, J. A. Griller, D., and Lossing, F. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 3273, 1986. 37. Hudgens, J. W., Johnson, R. D., Timonen, R. S., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 4400, 1991. 38. Jefferson, A., Nicovich, J. M., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 98, 7128, 1994. 39. Johnson, R. D. and Hudgens, J. W., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 19874, 1996. 40. Knyazev, V. D., and Slagle, I. R., J. Phys. Chem., 102, 1770, 1998. 41. Koch, W. and Frenking, G., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 49, 1987. 42. Kondo, O. and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 16, 949, 1984. 43. Lightfoot, P. D., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Destriau, M., Hayman, G.D., Jenkin, M. E., Moortgat, G. K., and Zabel, F., Atmos Environ., 26A, 1805, 1992. 44. Lovejoy, E. R., Wang, N. S., and Howard, C. J., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 5749, 1987. 45. Lyman, J. L. and Holland, R., J. Phys. Chem., 92, 7232, 1988. 46. Margitan, J. J., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 3314, 1984. 47. Martin, J. G., Ring, M. A., and O’Neal, H. E., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 19, 715, 1987. 48. McMillen, D. F. and Golden, D. M., Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 33, 493, 1982. 49. Miyokawa, K. and Tschuikow-Roux, E., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 7328, 1992. 50. Murrells, T. P., Lovejoy, E.R., and Ravishankara, A. R., J. Phys. Chem., 80, 4065, 1984. 51. Nickolaisen, S. L., R. R. Friedl, and S. P. Sander, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 155 (1994). 52. Nicovich, J. M., Kreutter, K. D., Shockelford, C. J., and Wine, P. H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 179, 367, 1991. 53. Nicovich, J. M., Kreutter, K. D., van Dijk, C. A., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2518, 1992. 54. Nicovich, J. M., Wang, S., McKee, M. L., and Wine, P. H., J. Phys. Chem., 100, 680, 1996. 55. Nicovich, J.M., Kreutter, K. D., and Wine, P.H., J. Chem. Phys., 92, 3539 (1990). 56. Niiranen, J. T., Gutman, D., and Krasnoperov, L. N., J. Phys. Chem., 96, 5881, 1992. 57. O’Neal, H. E. and Benson, S. W., in Free Radicals, Kochi, J. K., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, 275. 58. Pagsberg, P., Ratajczak, E., Sillesen, A., and Jodkowski, J. T., Chem. Phys. Lett., 141, 88, 1987. 59. Pickard, J. M. and Rodgers, A. S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 569, 1983. 60. Piper, L. G., J. Chem. Phys., 70, 3417, 1979. 61. Poutsma, J. C., Paulino, J. A., and Squires, R. R., J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 5327, 1997. 62. Prinslow, D. A. and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 3563, 1991. 63. Rossi, M., McMillen, D. F., and Golden, D. M., J. Phys. Chem., 88, 5031, 1984. 64. Russell, J. R., Senkan, S. M., Seetula, J. A., and Gutman, D., J. Phys. Chem., 93, 5184, 1989. 65. Seetula, J. A. and Slagle I. R., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 1709, 1997. 66. Seetula, J. A., Feng, Y., Gutman, D., Seakins, P. W., and Pilling, M. J., J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1658, 1991. 67. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 3069, 1996. 68. Seetula, J. A., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 94, 891, 1998. 69. Seres, L., Gorgenyi, M., and Farkas, J., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 15, 1133, 1983. 70. Shum, L. G. S. and Benson, S. W., J. Phys. Chem., 87, 3479, 1983. 71. Stein, S. E., SRD Thermochemical Database, 25. N.I.S.T. Structures and Properties Database and Estimation Program, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1992. 72. Tsang, W. and Herron, J. T., J. Chem. Phys., 96, 4272, 1992. 73. Tschuikow-Roux, E. and Paddison, S., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 19, 15, 1987. 74. Vanderwielen, A. J., Ring, M. A., and O’Neal, H. E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97, 993, 1975. 75. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R.L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 2, 1978. 76. Walsh, R., Acc. Chem. Res., 14, 246, 1981. 77. Wu, C. H. and Kern, R. D., J. Phys. Chem., 91, 6291, 1987. 78. Zhao, H.-Q., Cheung, Y.-S., Liao, C.-L., Liao, C.-X., Ng, C. Y., and Li, W.-K., J. Chem. Phys., 107, 7230, 1997. 79. Zyrianov, M., Droz-Georget, T., Sanov, A., and Reisler, H., J. Chem. Phys., 105, 8111, 1996. 80. Ruscic, B., Feller, D., Dixon, D. A., Peterson, K. A., Harding, L. B., Asher, R. L., and Wagner, A. F., J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 1, 2001.
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STRENGTHS OF CHEMICAL BONDS (continued) Table 5 BOND STRENGTHS OF SOME ORGANIC MOLECULES Bond strengths at 298 K expressed in kJ/mol-1 for some organic molecules of the general formula R-X are presented below. Some are experimental values taken from the preceding tables; the remainder are calculated from the enthalpies of formation of atoms (Table 2) and of radicals (Table 4), and the enthalpies of formation of the parent compounds from sources indicated by the references below. The table also includes bond strengths for the inorganic molecules, hydrogen, the hydrogen halides, water and ammonia. H H CH3 C2H5 i-C3H7 t-C4H9 C6H5 C6H5CH2 CCl3 CF3 C2F5 CH3CO CN C6F5
435.990 439 423 409 404 473 376 393 450 430 374 528 473
F 569.87 472 463d 460e — 533e — 419e 547e 531e 512e 470 487e
Cl 431.62 350e 354e 353e 355e 407e 310e 288e 362e 347e 354f 422 383e
Br
I
OH
366.35 293 295e 298e 296e 346f 256f 224e 294e 283e 292e 367 —
298.407 239e 236e 234e 231e 280e 215f 167e 227 219 223e 305 277a
497 385e 393e 396e 402e 472e 346e — — — 459e — 497e
NH2 453 358e 357e 359e 362e 439e 302e — — — 417e — —
CH3O 436 348e 355e 356e 353e 423e — — — — 421e — —
CH3 439 377e 371e 367e 366e 434e 332 362e 423 — 354e 514e 441e
CH3CO
NO
CF3
CCl3
374 354e 349e 339e 332e 415e 297e — — — 282 — —
195 167 — 153 165 213 — 134 179 — — 121 208a
450 423 — — — — — 335b 413 — — — —
393 362e — — — — — 286e 335b — — — —
REFERENCES a b c d e f
Choo, K. Y., Mendenhall, G. D., Golden, D.M., and Benson, S. W., Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 6, 813, 1974. Kolesov, V. P. and Papina, T. S., Russ. Chem. Rev., 52, 425, 1983. Kudchadker, S. A. and Kudchadker, A. P., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 1285, 1978. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. No. 1, 1988. Lide, D. R., Ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999. Pedley, J. B. and Rylance, J., Sussex.N.P.L. Computer Analysed Thermochemical Data: Organic and Organometallic Compounds, University of Sussex, 1977.
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity difference between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. REFERENCES 1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1960. 2. Allen, L.C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A.L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 215, 1961. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge
X
Z
2.20 — 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 — 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 — 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Symbol As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd
9-74
X
Z
2.18 2.55 2.96 — 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 2.10 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 2.60 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 — 1.17 — 1.20
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
Symbol Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu
X — 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 — 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 — 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3
FORCE CONSTANTS FOR BOND STRETCHING Representative force constants (f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms ( often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrogen). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. REFERENCES 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field, in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem., 57, 121—147, 1985. Bond
Molecule
f/(N/cm)
H-H Be-H B-H C-H
H2 BeH BH CH CH4 C2H6 CH3CN CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 HCN NH OH H2O PH SH H2S HF HCl HBr HI LiH NaH KH RbH CsH C2 CCl2=CH2 C2H6 CH3CN CF CH3F CCl CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 CH3Br CH3I CO CO2 OCS CH3OH CS CS2
5.75 2.27 3.05 4.48 5.44 4.83 5.33 5.02 5.57 6.22 5.97 7.80 8.45 3.22 4.23 4.28 9.66 5.16 4.12 3.14 1.03 0.78 0.56 0.52 0.47 12.16 8.43 4.50 5.16 7.42 5.71 3.95 3.44 4.02 2.89 2.34 19.02 16.00 16.14 5.42 8.49 7.88
N-H O-H P-H S-H F-H Cl-H Br-H I-H Li-H Na-H K-H Rb-H Cs-H C-C
C-F C-Cl
C-Br C-I C-O
C-S
a b c
Note
Bond
C-N
b a,b,c b a,b,c b
C-P Si-Si Si-O Si-F Si-Cl N-N N-O P-P P-O O-O S-O
a,c
a,c a,c b a,c a,c
a,c
S-S F-F Cl-F Br-F Cl-Cl Br-Cl Br-Br I-I Li-Li Li-Na Na-Na Li-F Li-Cl Li-Br Li-I Na-F Na-Cl Na-Br Na-I Be-O Mg-O Ca-O
Derived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. Average of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. Calculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2).
9-75
Molecule
f/(N/cm)
OCS CN HCN CH3CN CH3NH2 CP Si2 SiO SiF SiCl N2 N2O NO N2O P2 PO O2 O3 SO SO2 S2 F2 ClF BrF Cl2 BrCl Br2 I2 Li2 LiNa Na2 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI BeO MgO CaO
7.44 16.29 18.78 18.33 5.12 7.83 2.15 9.24 4.90 2.63 22.95 18.72 15.95 11.70 5.56 9.45 11.77 5.74 8.30 10.33 4.96 4.70 4.48 4.06 3.23 2.82 2.46 1.72 0.26 0.21 0.17 2.50 1.43 1.20 0.97 1.76 1.09 0.94 0.76 7.51 3.48 3.61
Note
a,c
a a
FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecules and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motions. Abbreviations are: sym. antisym. str. deform. scis. rock. deg.
symmetric antisymmetric stretch deformation scissors rocking degenerate
In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not listed here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm-1. XY2 Molecules Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent) Molecule CO2 CS2 C3 CNC NCN BO2 BS2 KrF2 XeF2 XeCl2 H2O D2O F2O Cl2O O3 H2S D2S SF2 SCl2 SO2 H2Se D2Se NH2 NO2 NF2 ClO2 CH2 CD2 CF2 CCl2 CBr2 SiH2 SiD2 SiF2
Structure
Sym. str.
Bend
Antisym. str.
Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
1333 658 1224
667 397 63 321 423 447 120 233 213
2349 1535 2040 1453 1476 1278 1015 590 555 481 3756 2788 831 686 1042 2626 1999 813 535 1362 2358 1696 3301 1618 942 1111
1197 1056 510 449 515 316 3657 2671 928 639 1103 2615 1896 838 525 1151 2345 1630 3219 1318 1075 945
1225 721 595 2032 1472 855
9-76
1595 1178 461 296 701 1183 855 357 208 518 1034 745 1497 750 573 445 963 752 667 333 196 990 729 345
1114 748 641 2022 1468 870
FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Molecule SiCl2 SiBr2 GeH2 GeCl2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 PbF2 PbCl2 ClF2
Structure
Sym. str.
Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
515 403 1887 399 593 352 244 531 314 500
Bend
Antisym. str. 505 400 1864 374 571 334 231 507 299 576
920 159 197 120 80 165 99
XYZ Molecules Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent) Molecule HCN DCN FCN ClCN BrCN ICN CCN CCO HCO HCC OCS NCO NNO HNB HNC HNSi HBO FBO ClBO BrBO FNO ClNO BrNO HNF HNO HPO HOF HOCl HOO FOO ClOO BrOO HSO NSF NSCl HCF HCCl HSiF HSiCl HSiBr
Structure
XY str.
Bend
YZ str.
Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
3311 2630 1077 744 575 486 1060 1063 2485 3612 2062 1270 2224 3675 3653 3583
712 569 451 378 342 305 230 379 1081
2097 1925 2323 2216 2198 2188 1917 1967 1868 1848 859 1921 1285 2035 2032 1198 1817 2075 1958 1937 1844 1800 1799 1000 1565 1179 1393 725 1098 1490 1443 1487 1009 640 414 1181 815 834 522 408
676 535 766 596 542 2684 2095 3537 3609 3436 579 407
1372 1325
1913 1548
9-77
520 535 589
523 754 500 404 374 520 332 266 1419 1501 983 886 1242 1392 376 373 1063 366 273 1407 1201 860 808 774
FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Symmetric XY3 Molecules Point Groups D3h (planar) and C3v (pyramidal) Molecule NH3 ND3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 NF3 PF3 AsF3 PCl3 PI3 AsI3 AlCl3 SO3 BF3 BH3 CH3 CD3 CF3 SiF3
Structure
Sym. str.
Sym. deform.
Deg. str.
Deg. deform.
Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Planar Planar Planar Planar Planar Pyram. Pyram.
3337 2420 2323 2116 1891 1032 892 741 504 303 219 375 1065 888
950 748 992 906 782 647 487 337 252 111 94 183 498 691 1125 606 453 701 427
3444 2564 2328 2123 1894 907 860 702 482 325 224 595 1391 1449 2808 3161 2369 1260 937
1627 1191 1118 1003 831 492 344 262 198 79 71 150 530 480 1640 1396 1029 510 290
1090 830
Linear XYYX Molecules Point Group D∞h Molecule
Sym. XY str.
C2H2 C2D2 C2N2
3374 2701 2330
Antisym. XY str. 3289 2439 2158
YY str.
Bend
Bend
1974 1762 851
612 505 507
730 537 233
Planar X2YZ Molecules Point Group C2v Molecule
Sym.XY str.
YZ str.
YX2 scis.
Antisym. XY str.
YX2 rock
2783 2056 965 567 1310 1286
1746 1700 1928 1827 822 793
1500 1106 584 285 568 370
2843 2160 1249 849 1792 1685
1249 990 626 440 560 408
H2CO D2CO F2CO Cl2CO O2NF O2NCl
Tetrahedral XY4 Molecules Point Group Td Molecule CH4 CD4 CF4 CCl4
Sym. str. 2917 2109 909 459
Deg. deform.(e) 1534 1092 435 217
9-78
Deg. str.(f) 3019 2259 1281 776
Deg. deform.(f) 1306 996 632 314
YX2 wag 1167 938 774 580 742 652
FUNDAMENTAL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
Sym. str.
CBr4 CI4 SiH4 SiD4 SiF4 SiCl4 GeH4 GeD4 GeCl4 SnCl4 TiCl4 ZrCl4 HfCl4 RuO4 OsO4
267 178 2187 1558 800 424 2106 1504 396 366 389 377 382 885 965
Deg. deform.(e) 122 90 975 700 268 150 931 665 134 104 114 98 102 322 333
Deg. str.(f)
Deg. deform.(f)
672 555 2191 1597 1032 621 2114 1522 453 403 498 418 390 921 960
182 125 914 681 389 221 819 596 172 134 136 113 112 336 329
REFERENCES 1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 945, 1984.
9-79
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions: Evib /hc = ωe(v+1/2) - ωexe(v+1/2)2 + ⋅⋅⋅ Erot /hc = BvJ(J+1) - Dv[J(J+1)]2 + ⋅⋅⋅ where Bv = Be - αe(v+1/2) + ⋅⋅⋅ Dv = De + ⋅⋅⋅ Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is Planck’s constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe , Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm-1 . Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations; constants for many of these terms can be found in the references. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Dunham series expansion: E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v+1/2)lJm(J+1)m In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 Å. Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as written in the most common form. In most cases this form places the more electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. * Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe.
REFERENCES 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 609, 1974. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), Molecular Constants, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Molecule
State
107Ag79Br
1Σ+
107Ag35Cl 107Ag19F 107Ag1H 107Ag2H 107Ag127I 107Ag16O 27Al 2 27Al79Br 27Al35Cl 27Al19F 27Al1H 27Al2H 27Al127I 27Al16O 27Al32S 75As 2 75As1H 75As2H 75As14N 75As16O
1Σ+ 1Σ+
1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ +
2Π 1/2 3Σ g 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ +
1Σ + g 3Σ 3Σ -
1Σ + 2Π
1/2
ωe cm-1 249.57 343.49 513.45 1759.9 1250.70 206.50 490.2 350.01 378.0 481.30 802.3 1682.56 1211.95 316.1 979.23 617.1 429.55 2130* 1484* 1068.54 967.08
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
0.63 1.17 2.59 34.06 17.17 0.46 3.1 2.02 1.28 1.95 4.77 29.09 15.14 1.0 6.97 3.33 1.12
0.064833 0.12298388 0.2657020 6.449 3.2572 0.04486821 0.3020 0.2054 0.15919713 0.24393012 0.5524798 6.3907 3.3186 0.11769985 0.6414 0.2799 0.10179 7.3067 3.6688 0.54551 0.48482
5.41 4.85
9-80
αe cm-1 0.0002361 0.00059541 0.0019206 0.201 0.0722 0.0001414 0.0025 0.0012 0.00086045 0.00161113 0.0049841 0.1858 0.0697 0.00055859 0.0058 0.0018 0.000333 0.2117 0.003366 0.003299
De 10-6cm-1 0.0175 0.06305 0.284 344 85.9 0.00847 0.45 0.31 0.11285 0.2503 1.0464 356.5 97 1.08 0.22 327 90 0.53 0.49
re Å 2.39311 2.28079 1.98318 1.618 1.6180 2.54463 2.003 2.466 2.29481 2.13011 1.65437 1.6478 1.6463 2.53710 1.6179 2.029 2.1026 1.52315 1.5306 1.6184 1.6236
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
197Au
1Σ + g 1Σ +
2 197Au1H 197Au2H 11B 2 11B79Br 11B35Cl 11B19F 11B1H 11B2H 11B14N 11B16O 11B32S 138Ba79Br 138Ba35Cl 138Ba19F 138Ba1H 138Ba2H 138Ba127I 138Ba16O 138Ba32S 9Be19F 9Be1H 9Be2H 9Be16O 9Be32S 209Bi
2 209Bi1H 209Bi2H 79Br 2 79Br35Cl 79Br19F 79Br16O 12C 2 12C35Cl 12C19F 12C1H 12C2H 12C14N 12C16O 12C31P 12C32S 12C80Se 40Ca35Cl 40Ca19F 40Ca1H 40Ca2H 40Ca127I 40Ca16O 40Ca32S 114Cd1H 114Cd2H 35Cl
2 35Cl19F 35Cl16O 52Cr1H 52Cr2H 52Cr16O 133Cs 2
1Σ +
3Σ g 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 3Π
2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ +
1Σ + g 3Σ 3Σ -
1Σ + g 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Π
3/2 1Σ + g 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 2Σ + 1Σ + 1Σ + 2Σ +
ωe cm-1
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
190.9 2305.01 1634.98 1051.3 684.31 840.29 1402.1 2366.9 1703.3 1514.6 1885.69 1180.17 193.77 279.92 468.9 1168.31 829.77 152.14 669.76 379.42 1247.36 2060.78 1530.32 1487.32 997.94 172.71 1635.73 1173.32 325.32 444.28 670.75 779 1854.71 866.72* 1308.1 2858.5 2099.8 2068.59 2169.81 1239.67 1285.15 1035.36 367.53 581.1 1298.34 910* 238.70 732.03 462.23 1337.1*
0.42 43.12 21.65 9.35 3.52 5.49 11.8 49.40 28 12.3 11.81 6.31 0.41 0.82 1.79 14.50 7.32 0.27 2.03 0.88 9.12 36.31 20.71 11.83 6.14 0.34 31.6 16.1 1.08 1.84 4.05 6.8 13.34 6.2 11.10 63.0 34.02 13.09 13.29 6.86 6.50 4.86 1.31 2.74 19.10
559.7 786.15 853.8 1581* 1182* 898.4 42.02
2.68 6.16 5.5 32
0.028013 7.2401 3.6415 1.212 0.4894 0.684282 1.516950 12.021 6.54 1.666 1.7820 0.7949 0.0415082 0.08396717 0.2159 3.38285 1.7071 0.02680587 0.3126140 0.10331 1.4889 10.3164 5.6872 1.6510 0.79059 0.022781 5.137 2.592 0.082107 0.152470 0.35584 0.429598 1.8198 0.6936 1.4172 14.457 7.806 1.8997830 1.93128075 0.7986 0.8200434 0.5750 0.1522302 0.339 4.2766 2.1769 0.0693263 0.444441 0.1766757 5.323 2.704 0.2440 0.516479 0.62345 6.220 3.14 0.5231 0.0127
0.63 4.83 1.78
2Σ +
1Σ + g 1Σ + 2Π
3/2 6Σ + 6Σ + 5Π
1Σ + g
6.8 0.08
9-81
αe cm-1 0.0000723 0.2136 0.07614 0.014 0.0035 0.006812 0.019056 0.412 0.17 0.025 0.0166 0.0061 0.0001219 0.00033429 0.0012 0.06599 0.02363 0.00006634 0.0013921 0.0003188 0.0176 0.3030 0.1225 0.0190 0.00664 0.000055 0.148 0.054 0.0003187 0.000770 0.00261 0.003639 0.0177 0.00672 0.0184 0.534 0.208 0.0173717 0.01750390 0.00597 0.0059182 0.00379 0.0007990 0.0026 0.0970 0.035 0.0002634 0.003282 0.0008270
0.0015 0.004358 0.0058 0.179 0.0070 0.0000264
De 10-6cm-1 0.00250 279 70.9 1.00 1.84 7.105 1242 400 8.1 6.32 1.40 0.00762 0.03022 0.175 112.67 28.77 0.00333 0.2724 0.0306 8.28 1022.1 313.8 8.20 2.00 0.00150 183 50.6 0.02092 0.07183 0.401 0.523 6.92 1.9 6.5 1450 420 6.4034 6.1216 1.33 1.336 0.71 0.1029 0.45 183.7 47.9 0.0234 0.6541 0.1032 314 76 0.186 0.88 1.33 347 88.8 0.00464
re Å 2.4719 1.5239 1.5238 1.590 1.888 1.71528 1.26267 1.2324 1.2324 1.281 1.2045 1.6092 2.84449 2.68276 2.163 2.23175 2.2304 3.08476 1.93969 2.5074 1.3610 1.3426 1.3419 1.3309 1.7415 2.6596 1.805 1.804 2.2811 2.13607 1.75894 1.717 1.2425 1.6450 1.2718 1.1199 1.1190 1.17181 1.12823 1.562 1.53482 1.67609 2.43676 1.967 2.0025 2.002 2.82859 1.8221 2.31775 1.781 1.775 1.988 1.62831 1.56963 1.656 1.664 1.615 4.47
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
133Cs79Br
1Σ +
133Cs35Cl 133Cs19F 133Cs1H 133Cs2H 133Cs127I 133Cs16O 63Cu
2 63Cu79Br 65Cu35Cl 63Cu19F 63Cu1H 63Cu2H 63Cu127I 63Cu16O 63Cu32S 19F 2 56Fe16O 69Ga81Br 69Ga35Cl 69Ga19F 69Ga1H 69Ga2H 69Ga127I 69Ga16O 74Ge79Br 74Ge35Cl 72Ge1H 72Ge2H 74Ge16O 74Ge32S 74Ge80Se 74Ge130Te 1H
2
2H
2
3H
2 1H81Br 2H81Br 1H35Cl 2H35Cl 1H19F 2H19F 1H127I 202Hg1H 202Hg2H 127I 2 127I79Br 127I35Cl 127I19F 127I16O 115In81Br 115In35Cl 115In19F 115In1H 115In2H 115In127I 39K 2 39K79Br
1Σ + 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π 2Π
3/2
3/2 1Σ + g 5∆ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+
ωe cm-1 149.66 214.17 352.56 891.0 619.1* 119.18 357.5* 264.55 314.8 415.29 622.7 1941.26 1384.14 264.5 640.17 415.0 916.64 965* 263.0 365.67 622.2 1604.52
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
0.37 0.73 1.62 12.9
0.03606925 0.07209149 0.18436969 2.7099 1.354 0.02362736 0.223073 0.10874 0.10192625 0.17628802 0.3794029 7.9441 4.0381 0.07328742 0.44454 0.1891 0.89019 0.650 0.081839 0.1499046 0.3595161 6.137 3.083 0.0569359 0.4271
0.00012401 0.00033756 0.0011756 0.0579
6.726 3.415 0.4856981 0.18656576 0.09634051 0.06533821 60.853 30.444 20.335 8.46488 4.245596 10.59342 5.448796 20.9557 11.0102 6.4263650 5.3888 2.739 0.03737 0.0568325 0.1141587 0.2797111 0.34026 0.05489468 0.1090583 0.2623241 4.995 2.523 0.03686702 0.056743 0.08122109
0.192 0.070 0.0030787 0.00074910 0.00028904 0.00017246 3.062 1.0786 0.5887 0.23328 0.084 0.30718 0.113292 0.798 0.3017 0.1689
0.25 1.02 0.96 1.58 3.95 37.51 18.97 0.60 4.43 1.75 11.24 0.81 1.25 3.2 28.77
1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ
2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π
1/2 1/2 1/2
1/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ + g 1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π
3/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ+
216.38 767.5 295 407.6 1833.77 1320.09 986.49 575.8 408.7 323.9 4401.21 3115.50 2546.5 2648.97 1884.75 2990.95 2145.16 4138.32 2998.19 2309.01 1203.24* 896.12* 214.50 268.64 384.29 610.24 681.5 221.0 317.39 535.4 1476.0 1048.2 177.08 92.02 213
0.47 6.24 0.7 1.36 37 19 4.47 1.80 1.36 0.75 121.34 61.82 41.23 45.22 22.72 52.82 27.18 89.88 45.76 39.64
0.61 0.81 1.50 3.12 4.3 0.65 1.03 2.6 25.61 12.4 0.34 0.28 0.80
9-82
αe cm-1
0.00006826 0.001303 0.000614 0.00045214 0.00099647 0.0032298 0.2563 0.0917 0.00028390 0.00456 0.013847 0.0003207 0.0007936 0.0028642 0.181 0.06 0.0001897
0.000114 0.0001969 0.0005354 0.0018738 0.00270 0.00018672 0.0005177 0.0018798 0.143 0.051 0.00010411 0.000165 0.00040481
De 10-6cm-1 0.00838 0.03268 0.20168 113 20 0.00371 0.348 0.0716 0.04274 0.12706 0.563 520 136.2 0.02244 0.85 0.18 3.3 0.72 0.032 0.1008 0.50 342 84 0.015770 0.37
326 83.2 0.4709 0.07883 0.02207 0.012 47100 11410 345.8 88.32 531.94 140 2151 594 206.9 395.3 91 0.0043 0.0102 0.0403 0.2356 0.36 0.01350 0.0515 0.252 223 58 0.00639 0.0863 0.04462
re Å 3.07225 2.90627 1.34535 2.4938 2.505 3.31519 2.3007 2.2197 2.17344 2.05118 1.74493 1.46263 1.4626 2.33832 1.7244 2.051 1.41193 1.444 2.35248 2.20169 1.77437 1.663 1.663 2.57464 1.744
1.5880 1.5874 1.62464 2.01209 2.13463 2.34017 0.74144 0.74152 0.74142 1.41444 1.4145 1.27455 1.27458 0.91681 0.91694 1.60916 1.7662 1.757 2.666 2.46899 2.32088 1.90976 1.8676 2.54315 2.40117 1.98540 1.8380 1.837 2.75364 3.9051 2.82078
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
39K35Cl
1Σ+
39K19F 39K1H 39K2H 39K127I 139La16O 7Li 2 7Li79Br 7Li35Cl 7Li19F 7Li1H 7Li2H 7Li127I 7Li16O 24Mg 2 24Mg35Cl 24Mg19F 24Mg1H 24Mg2H 24Mg16O 55Mn1H 55Mn2H 14N 2 14N79Br 14N35Cl 14N19F 14N1H 14N2H 14N16O 14N32S 23Na
2 23Na79Br 23Na35Cl 23Na19F 23Na1H 23Na2H 23Na127I 23Na16O 93Nb16O 58Ni1H 58Ni2H 16O 2 16O1H 16O2H 31P 2 31P35Cl 31P19F 31P1H 31P2H 31P14N
1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+
1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π
1Σ + g 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 1Σ+ 7Σ 7Σ
1Σ + g 3Σ3Σ3Σ3Σ3Σ2Π 2Π
1/2
1/2 1Σ + g 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π
4Σ2∆ 2∆
5/2
5/2 3Σ g 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 1Σ + g 3Σ3Σ3Σ3Σ-
1Σ+
31P16O
2Π
1/2
208Pb 2 208Pb79Br
2Π
1/2
208Pb35Cl 208Pb19F 208Pb1H 208Pb16O 208Pb32S
2Π 2Π 2Π
1/2 1/2
1/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+
ωe cm-1
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
281 426.26 983.6 707 186.53 812.8 351.43 563.2 642.95 910.57 1405.65 1054.80 496.85 814.62 51.12 462.12* 711.69* 1495.20 1077.9 784.78 1548.0 1103 2358.57 691.75 827.96 1141.37 3282.3 2398 1904.20 1218.7 159.13 302 366 535.66 1172.2 826.1* 258 492.3 989.0 1926.6 1390.1 1580.19 3737.76 2720.24 780.77 551.38 846.75 2365.2 1699.2 1337.24 1233.34 110.5 207.5 303.9 502.73 1564.1 720.96 429.17
1.30 2.45 14.3 7.7 0.57 2.22 2.61 3.5 4.47 8.21 23.20 12.94 2.85 7.78 1.64 2.1 4.9 31.89 16.1 5.26 28.8 13.9 14.32 4.72 5.30 8.99 78.4 42 14.07 7.28 0.72 1.5 2.05 3.57 19.72
0.1286348 0.27993741 3.416400 1.754 0.06087473 0.35252001 0.67264 0.555399 0.7065225 1.3452583 7.51373 4.23310 0.4431766 1.212830 0.09287 0.2456154 0.51922 5.8257 3.0306 0.57470436 5.6841 2.8957 1.99824 0.444 0.649770 1.2057 16.6993 8.7913 1.67195 0.769602 0.154707 0.1512533 0.2180631 0.4369011 4.9033634 2.557089 0.1178056 0.424630 0.4321 7.700 3.992 1.44563 18.911 10.021 0.30362 0.2528748 0.5665 8.5371 4.4081 0.7864854 0.7337
0.0007899 0.00233492 0.085313 0.0318 0.00026776 0.00142365 0.00704 0.005644 0.0080102 0.0202887 0.21665 0.09155 0.0040862 0.017899 0.00378 0.0016204 0.00470 0.1859 0.06289 0.00532377 0.1570 0.051 0.017318 0.0040 0.006414 0.01492 0.6490 0.2531 0.0171 0.0064 0.008736 0.0009410 0.0016248 0.0045580 0.1370919 0.051600 0.0006478 0.004506 0.0021 0.23 0.092 0.0159 0.7242 0.276 0.00149 0.0015119 0.00456 0.2514 0.0928 0.0055364 0.0055
0.22875 4.971 0.30730373 0.11632307
0.001473 0.144 0.00190977 0.00043510
1.1 3.8 38 19 11.98 84.88 44.05 2.84 2.23 4.49 44.5 23.0 6.98 6.56 0.35 0.50 0.88 2.28 29.75 3.52 1.26
9-83
αe cm-1
De 10-6cm-1 0.1087 0.4829 163.55 50 0.02593 0.2626 9.87 2.159 3.409 11.745 862 276 1.4104 0.1079 1.22 0.2723 1.080 344 92 1.2328 303.9 79.5 5.76
re Å
436 116 1.091 1.3
2.66665 2.17146 2.243 2.240 3.04784 1.82591 2.6729 2.17043 2.02067 1.56386 1.59490 1.5941 2.39192 1.68822 3.891 2.19639 1.7500 1.7297 1.7302 1.74838 1.7311 1.7310 1.09769 1.79 1.61071 1.3170 1.0362 1.0361 1.15077 1.4940 3.0789 2.50204 2.36080 1.92595 1.88654 1.88654 2.71145 2.05155 1.691 1.476 1.465 1.20752 0.96966 0.9698 1.8934 2.01461 1.58938 1.42140 1.4220 1.49087 1.4759
0.183 201 0.2138 0.03418
2.0575 1.839 1.92181 2.28678
1.598 5.39 1709.7 490.4 0.5 1.2 0.581 0.1554 0.3120 1.163 343.40 93.46 0.0973 1.2638 0.22 481 130 4.839 1938 537.4 0.188 0.2124
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
208Pb80Se
1Σ+
208Pb130Te 195Pt12C 195Pt1H 195Pt2H 85Rb79Br 85Rb35Cl 85Rb19F 85Rb1H 85Rb127I 85Rb16O 32S 2 32S19F 32S1H 32S2H 32S16O 121Sb35Cl 121Sb19F 121Sb1H 121Sb2H 121Sb14N 121Sb16O 45Sc19F 80Se 2 80Se1H 80Se2H 80Se16O 28Si 2 28Si35Cl 28Si19F 28Si1H 28Si2H 28Si14N 28Si16O 28Si32S 28Si80Se 120Sn79Br 120Sn35Cl 118Sn19F 120Sn1H 120Sn2H 120Sn127I 120Sn16O 120Sn32S 120Sn80Se 120Sn130Te 88Sr79Br 88Sr35Cl 88Sr19F 88Sr1H 88Sr2H 88Sr127I 88Sr16O
1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2∆ 2∆
5/2
5/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+
3Σ g 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 3Σ3Σ3Σ-
1Σ+ 2Π
1/2 1Σ+
3Σ g 2Π 3/2 2Π 3/2 3Σ3Σ g 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Π 1/2 2Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π 2Π
1/2 1/2 1/2
277.6 212.0 1051.13 2294.68* 1644.3* 169.46 228 376 936.9 138.51 388.4* 725.65
0.51 0.43 4.86 46 23 0.46 0.92 1.9 14.21 0.33
0.00012993 0.00006743 0.003273 0.1996 0.071 0.00018596 0.0004537 0.0015228 0.072 0.00010946 0.002174 0.001570
0.0070 0.0027 0.546 261 66 0.01496 0.04947 0.2684 123 0.00738 0.397 0.19
2711.6 1885 1149.2 374.7 605.0
59.9 31 5.6 0.6 2.6
0.05059953 0.03130774 0.53044 7.1963 3.640 0.04752798 0.0876404 0.2106640 3.020 0.03283293 0.246481 0.2955 0.552174 9.5995 4.95130 0.7208171
0.2785 0.10308 0.005737
480.6 130 1.134
2.40218 2.59492 1.6767 1.52852 1.524 2.94474 2.78673 2.27033 2.367 3.17688 2.25420 1.8892 1.60058 1.34066 1.34049 1.48109
0.2792 5.684 2.8782
0.0020
0.23 240 45
1.918 1.723 1.7194
0.3580 0.3950 0.08992 8.02 3.94 0.4655 0.2390 0.2561 0.5812 7.4996 3.8840 0.7311 0.7267521 0.30352788 0.1920117
0.0022 0.00266 0.000288 0.23
0.024 330
0.00323 0.0014 0.0016 0.00494 0.2190 0.0781 0.00565 0.0050379 0.00147308 0.0007767
0.5 0.21 0.25 1.07 397 105.4 1.2 0.9923 0.201 0.0842
1.826 1.788 2.166 1.48 1.48 1.648 2.246 2.058 1.6011 1.5201 1.5199 1.572 1.50975 1.92926 2.05832
0.1117 0.2727 5.31488 2.6950
0.0004 0.0014
0.26 207.5 53.4
2.361 1.944 1.78146 1.7770
0.35571998 0.13686139 0.0649978 0.04247917 0.0541847
0.00214432 0.00050563 0.0001705 0.00009543 0.0001827
0.2505346 3.6751 1.8609 0.0367097 0.33798 0.40284 0.039681 5.56 0.3554 0.332644
2.84
942.0 816 735.6 385.30 2400* 1708* 914.69 510.98 535.60 857.19 2041.80 1469.32 1151.4 1241.54 749.64 580.0 247.2 351.1 577.6
5.6 4.2 3.8 0.96
4.52 2.02 2.17 4.73 35.51 18.23 6.47 5.97 2.58 1.78 0.6 1.06 2.69
1188.0* 199.0 822.13 487.26 331.2 259.5 216.60 302.3 502.4 1206.2 841 173.77 653.5 1028.69 247.07
0.6 3.72 1.36 0.74 0.50 0.52 0.95 2.3 17.0 8.6 0.35 3.96 3.51 0.51
797.11 895.77
4.00 2.39
1/2 1/2
1/2 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 1Σ+
232Th16O
1Σ+
2 130Te1H
Be cm-1
3Σ-
130Te16O
130Te
ωexe cm-1
3Σ-
2∆ 3/2 3Σ g 2Π 3/2 0+
181Ta16O
ωe cm-1
9-84
αe cm-1
0.049
De 10-6cm-1
0.270
re Å
0.26638 0.0424 0.011 0.0055 0.01356
1.83251 2.20898 2.32557 2.52280 2.73522
0.0015513 0.0814 0.0292 0.0001060 0.00219 0.00182 0.000106
0.2498 135 34.7 0.00655 0.36 0.2450 0.0044
0.00237 0.001302
0.27 0.1833
2.07537 2.1456 2.1449 2.94364 1.91983 1.68746 2.5574 1.74 1.825 1.84032
SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS OF DIATOMIC MOLECULES (continued) Molecule
State
48Ti16O
3∆
205Tl81Br 205Tl35Cl 205Tl19F 205Tl1H 205Tl2H 205Tl127I 51V16O 89Y35Cl 89Y19F 89Y16O 174Yb1H 174Yb2H 64Zn35Cl 64Zn19F 64Zn1H 64Zn2H 64Zn127I 90Zr16O
1 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 1Σ+ 4Σ1Σ
1Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ 2Σ
2Σ+ 2Σ+ 2Σ
1Σ+
ωe cm-1 1009.02 192.10 284.71 476.86 1390.7 987.7 150* 1011.3 380.7 631.29 861.0 1249.54 886.6 390.5 628 1607.6 1072 223.4 969.8
ωexe cm-1
Be cm-1
4.50 0.39 0.86 2.24 22.7 12.04
0.53541 0.0423899 0.09139702 0.22315014 4.806 2.419 0.0271676 0.54825 0.1160 0.29042 0.3881 3.9931 2.01162
0.00301 0.0001276 0.00039784 0.00150380 0.154 0.057 0.0000664 0.00352 0.0003 0.00163 0.0018 0.0957 0.03425
0.603 0.0083 0.0377 0.1955 254 60 0.0036 0.6 0.09 0.237 0.32 161.8 41.60
1.6202 1.61817 2.48483 2.08439 1.870 1.869 2.81361 1.5893 2.41 1.9257 1.790 2.0526 2.0516
6.6794 3.350
0.2500
466 124
1.5949 1.6054
0.42263
0.0023
4.86 1.3 2.50 2.9 21.06 10.57 1.6 3.5 55.14 28 0.6 4.9
9-85
αe cm-1
De 10-6cm-1
0.319
re Å
1.7116
NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Z: Atomic number Isotope: Element symbol and mass number Abundance: Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field H0 of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss) Relative sensitivity: Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions: For constant H0: 0.0076508(µ/µN)3(I + 1)/I2 For constant ν: 0.23871(µ/µN)(I + 1) µ/µN: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton µN Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10-2 barn) The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well as selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 1 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykko in providing data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002. 2. Raghavan, P., At. Data Nuc. Data Tables, 42, 189, 1989. 3. Pyykko, P., Mol. Phys. 19, 1617-1629, 2001. 4. Stone, N. J., <www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/>
Z 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19
Isotope 1n 1H 2H 3H 3He 6Li 7Li 9Be 10B 11B 13C 14N 15N 17O 19F 21Ne 23Na 25Mg 27Al 29Si 31P 33S 35Cl 37Cl 37Ar 39Ar 39K
Abundance %
I
* 99.9850 0.0115 * 0.000137 7.59 92.41 100 19.9 80.1 1.07 99.632 0.368 0.038 100 0.27 100 10.00 100 4.6832 100 0.76 75.78 24.22 * * 93.2581
1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 3/2
ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T
Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν
29.1647 42.5775 6.5359 45.4148 32.4360 6.2661 16.5483 5.9842 4.5752 13.6630 10.7084 3.0777 4.3173 5.7742 40.0776 3.3631 11.2688 2.6083 11.1031 8.4655 17.2515 3.2717 4.1765 3.4765 5.819 3.46 1.9893
0.32139 1.00000 0.00965 1.21354 0.44212 0.00850 0.29356 0.01388 0.01985 0.16522 0.01591 0.00101 0.00104 0.02910 0.83400 0.00246 0.09270 0.00268 0.20689 0.00786 0.06652 0.00227 0.00472 0.00272 0.01276 0.01130 0.00051
9-93
0.6850 1.0000 0.4093 1.0666 0.7618 0.3925 1.9433 0.7027 1.7193 1.6045 0.2515 0.1928 0.1014 1.5822 0.9413 0.3949 1.3233 0.7147 3.0424 0.1988 0.4052 0.3842 0.4905 0.4083 0.6833 1.7079 0.2336
µ/µN -1.91304272 +2.792847337 +0.857438228 +2.9789625 -2.1276248 +0.8220467 +3.25644 -1.1776 +1.800645 +2.688649 +0.7024118 +0.4037610 -0.2831888 -1.89379 +2.628868 -0.661797 +2.217522 -0.85545 +3.641507 -0.55529 +1.13160 +0.6438212 +0.8218743 +0.6841236 +1.145 -1.59 +0.3914662
Q/fm2
+0.2860
-0.0808 -4.01 +5.288 +8.459 +4.059 +2.044 -2.558 +10.155 +10.4 +19.94 +14.66
-6.78 -8.165 -6.435
+5.85
NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY (continued)
Z 19 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57
Isotope 40K 41K 43Ca 45Sc 47Ti 49Ti 50V 51V 53Cr 55Mn 57Fe 59Co 61Ni 63Cu 65Cu 67Zn 69Ga 71Ga 73Ge 75As 77Se 79Br 81Br 83Kr 85Rb 87Rb 87Sr 89Y 91Zr 93Nb 95Mo 97Mo 99Tc 99Ru 101Ru 103Rh 105Pd 107Ag 109Ag 111Cd 113Cd 113In 115In 115Sn 117Sn 119Sn 121Sb 123Sb 123Te 125Te 127I 129Xe 131Xe 133Cs 135Ba 137Ba 138La
Abundance % 0.0117 6.7302 0.135 100 7.44 5.41 0.250 99.750 9.501 100 2.119 100 1.1399 69.17 30.83 4.10 60.108 39.892 7.73 100 7.63 50.69 49.31 11.49 72.17 27.83 7.00 100 11.22 100 15.92 9.55 * 12.76 17.06 100 22.33 51.839 48.161 12.80 12.22 4.29 95.71 0.34 7.68 8.59 57.21 42.79 0.89 7.07 100 26.44 21.18 100 6.592 11.232 0.090
I 4 3/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 6 7/2 3/2 5/2 1/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 5/2 3/2 9/2 1/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 5
ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T
Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν
2.4737 1.0919 2.8688 10.3591 2.4041 2.4048 4.2505 11.2133 2.4115 10.5763 1.3816 10.077 3.8114 11.2982 12.1030 2.6694 10.2478 13.0208 1.4897 7.3150 8.1571 10.7042 11.5384 1.6442 4.1254 13.9811 1.8525 2.0949 3.9748 10.4523 2.7874 2.8463 9.6294 1.9553 2.1916 1.3477 1.957 1.7331 1.9924 9.0692 9.4871 9.3655 9.3856 14.0077 15.2610 15.9660 10.2551 5.5532 11.2349 13.5454 8.5778 11.8604 3.5159 5.6234 4.2582 4.7634 5.6615
0.00523 0.00008 0.00642 0.30244 0.00210 0.00378 0.05571 0.38360 0.00091 0.17881 0.00003 0.27841 0.00359 0.09342 0.11484 0.00287 0.06971 0.14300 0.00141 0.02536 0.00703 0.07945 0.09951 0.00190 0.01061 0.17703 0.00272 0.00012 0.00949 0.48821 0.00327 0.00349 0.38174 0.00113 0.00159 0.00003 0.00113 0.00007 0.00010 0.00966 0.01106 0.35121 0.35348 0.03561 0.04605 0.05273 0.16302 0.04659 0.01837 0.03220 0.09540 0.02162 0.00282 0.04838 0.00500 0.00700 0.09404
9-94
1.5493 0.1282 1.4150 5.1093 0.6587 1.1861 5.5904 5.5306 0.2832 2.8980 0.0324 4.9702 0.4476 1.3268 1.4213 0.7314 1.2034 1.5291 1.1546 0.8590 0.1916 1.2570 1.3550 1.2744 1.1304 1.6418 1.4358 0.0492 1.0891 8.1011 0.7638 0.7799 7.4633 0.5358 0.6005 0.0317 0.5364 0.0407 0.0468 0.2130 0.2228 7.2588 7.2744 0.3290 0.3584 0.3750 2.8100 2.7389 0.2639 0.3181 2.3504 0.2786 0.4129 2.7735 0.5001 0.5594 5.3188
µ/µN -1.298100 +0.2148701 -1.31726 +4.756487 -0.78848 -1.10417 +3.345689 +5.1487057 -0.47454 +3.46872 +0.0906230 +4.627 -0.75002 +2.22329 +2.38167 +0.875479 +2.01659 +2.56227 -0.8794677 +1.439475 +0.53506 +2.106400 +2.270562 -0.970669 +1.35303 +2.75124 -1.093603 -0.1374154 -1.30362 +6.1705 -0.9142 -0.9335 +5.6847 -0.6413 -0.7188 -0.08840 -0.642 -0.1136796 -0.1306906 -0.5948861 -0.6223009 +5.5289 +5.5408 -0.91883 -1.00104 -1.04728 +3.3634 +2.5498 -0.7369478 -0.8885051 +2.813273 -0.7779763 +0.6918619 +2.582025 +0.837943 +0.937365 +3.713646
Q/fm2 -7.3 +7.11 -4.08 -22.0 +30.2 +24.7 +21 -5.2 -15 +33 +42 +16.2 -22.0 -20.4 +15.0 +17.1 +10.7 -19.6 +31.4 +31.3 +26.2 +25.9 +27.6 +13.35 +33.5 -17.6 -32 -2.2 +25.5 -12.9 +7.9 +45.7 +66.0
+79.9 +81
-36 -49
-71.0 -11.4 -0.343 +16.0 +24.5 +45
NUCLEAR SPINS, MOMENTS, AND OTHER DATA RELATED TO NMR SPECTROSCOPY (continued)
Z 57 58 58 58 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Isotope 139La 137Ce 139Ce 141Ce 141Pr 143Nd 145Nd 143Pm 147Pm 147Sm 149Sm 151Eu 153Eu 155Gd 157Gd 159Tb 161Dy 163Dy 165Ho 167Er 169Tm 171Yb 173Yb 175Lu 176Lu 177Hf 179Hf 180Ta 181Ta 183W 185Re 187Re 187Os 189Os 191Ir 193Ir 195Pt 197Au 199Hg 201Hg 203Tl 205Tl 207Pb 209Bi 209Po 211Rn 223Fr 223Ra 225Ra 227Ac 229Th 231Pa 235U 237Np 239Pu 243Am
Abundance % 99.910 * * * 100 12.2 8.3 * * 14.99 13.82 47.81 52.19 14.80 15.65 100 18.91 24.90 100 22.93 100 14.28 16.13 97.41 2.59 18.60 13.62 0.012 99.988 14.31 37.40 62.60 1.96 16.15 37.3 62.7 33.832 100 16.87 13.18 29.524 70.476 22.1 100 * * * * * * * *100 *0.7200 * * *
I 7/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 7 7/2 9/2 9 7/2 1/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/2 5/2
ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T
Relative sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν
6.0612 4.88 5.39 2.37 13.0359 2.319 1.429 11.59 5.62 1.7748 1.4631 10.5856 4.6745 1.312 1.720 10.23 1.4654 2.0508 9.0883 1.2281 3.531 7.5261 2.0730 4.8626 3.451 1.7282 1.0856 4.087 5.1627 1.7957 9.7176 9.8170 0.9856 3.3536 0.7658 0.8319 9.2922 0.7406 7.7123 2.8469 24.7316 24.9749 9.0340 6.9630 11.7 9.16 5.95 1.3746 11.187 5.6 1.40 10.2 0.83 9.57 3.09 4.6
0.06058 0.00752 0.01012 0.00364 0.33483 0.00339 0.00079 0.23510 0.04827 0.00152 0.00085 0.17929 0.01544 0.00015 0.00033 0.06945 0.00048 0.00130 0.20423 0.00050 0.00057 0.00552 0.00135 0.03128 0.03975 0.00140 0.00055 0.10610 0.03744 0.00008 0.13870 0.14300 0.00001 0.00244 0.00003 0.00004 0.01039 0.00003 0.00594 0.00149 0.19598 0.20182 0.00955 0.14433 0.02096 0.00997 0.01362 0.00017 0.01814 0.01131 0.00042 0.06903 0.00015 0.13264 0.00038 0.01446
9-95
2.9895 0.5729 0.6326 1.1708 3.5720 1.1440 0.7047 3.1748 2.7714 0.8753 0.7216 2.9006 1.2809 0.1541 0.2020 1.2019 0.4015 0.5619 4.4825 0.6057 0.0829 0.1768 0.5680 2.3983 6.0516 0.8524 0.8414 11.5175 2.5463 0.0422 2.6627 2.6900 0.0231 0.3938 0.0899 0.0977 0.2182 0.0870 0.1811 0.3343 0.5809 0.5866 0.2122 5.3967 0.2757 0.2152 0.6982 0.1614 0.2627 0.6564 0.3843 1.1995 0.4082 2.6234 0.0727 1.2532
µ/µN +2.7830455 0.96 1.06 1.09 +4.2754 -1.065 -0.656 +3.80 +2.58 -0.8149 -0.6718 +3.4718 +1.5331 -0.2582 -0.3385 +2.014 -0.4806 +0.6726 +4.173 -0.5639 -0.2316 +0.49367 -0.67989 +2.2327 +3.169 +0.7935 -0.6409 +4.825 +2.3705 +0.1177848 +3.1871 +3.2197 +0.06465189 +0.659933 +0.1507 +0.1637 +0.60952 +0.145746 +0.5058855 -0.5602257 +1.6222579 +1.6382146 +0.59258 +4.1106 +0.77 +0.601 +1.17 +0.2705 -0.7338 +1.1 +0.46 2.01 -0.38 +3.14 +0.203 +1.5
Q/fm2 +20
-5.9 -63 -33 +74 -26 +7.4 +90.3 +241 +127 +135 +143.2 +250.7 +265 +358 +356.5
+280 +349 +497 +336.5 +379.3 +317 +218 +207 +85.6 +81.6 +75.1 +54.7 +38.6
-51.6
+117 +125 +170 +430 -172 +493.6 +388.6 +421
13C-NMR
ABSORPTIONS OF MAJOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
The table below lists the range of 13C chemical shifts δ in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane, in descending order, for various functional groups. Examples of simple compounds for each family are given to illustrate the correlations. The shifts for the carbons of interest, which are italicized, are given in parentheses; when two or more values appear, they refer to the sequence of italicized carbon atoms from left to right in the formula. REFERENCES 1. Yoder, C. H. and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR: Theory and Application, Benjamin/ Cummings, Menlo Part, CA, 1987. 2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981. 3. Brown, D. W., A Short Set of 13C NMR Correlation Tables, J. Chem. Educ., 62, 209, 1985.
δ (ppm)
Group
Family
Example (δ of italicized carbon)
220-165
>C=O
Ketones
(CH3)2CO (CH3)2CHCOCH3 CH3CHO CH3CH=CHCHO CH2=CHCOCH3 HCO2H CH3CO2H HCONH2 CH3CONH2 CH3CO2CH2CH3 CH2=CHCO2CH3 C6 H 6 CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 CH2=CHCH2Cl CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 CH3-CN HCCH CH3CCH3 CH3OOCH2CH3 HOCH3 HOCH2CH3 CH3NH2 CH3CH2NH2 C6H5-S-CH3 CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Aldehydes α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls Carboxylic acids Amides Esters 140-120
>C=C<
Aromatic Alkenes
125-115 80-70
-CN -CC-
Nitriles Alkynes
70-45
-C-O
Esters Alcohols
40-20
-C-NH2
Amines
30-15 30-(-2.3)
-S-CH3 -C-H
Sulfides (thioethers) Alkanes, cycloalkanes
Cyclohexane
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
(206.0) (212.1) (199.7) (192.4) (169.9) (166.0) (178.1) (165.0) (172.7) (170.3) (165.5) (128.5) (123.2) (115.9, 136.2) (117.5, 133.7) (132.7) (117.7) (71.9) (73.9) (57.6, 67.9) (49.0) (57.0) (26.9) (35.9) 15.6 (-2.3) (5.7) (15.8, 16.3) (13.4, 25.2) (13.9, 22.8, 34.7) (26.9)
BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS This table summarizes the average values of interatomic distances of representative metal-ligand bonds. Sigma bonds between d- and f-block metals and the elements C, N, O, P, S, and As are included. The values are extracted from a much larger list in Reference 1. The tabulated values are the unweighted means of reported measurements on compounds in each category. If four or more measurements are available, the standard deviation is given in parentheses. All values are in Ångstrom units (10-10 m). The first part of the table covers metal-carbon bonds in different ligand categories, while the second part covers metal bonds to other elements. R stands for any alkyl group; Me for a CH3 group; C6R5 indicates an aryl group; and C(=O)R an acyl group. Metals are listed in atomic number order.
REFERENCE 1. Orpen, A. G., Brammer, L., Allen, F.H., Kennard, O., Watson, D. G., and Taylor, R., J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1989, S1-S83.
M
M-CH3
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th
2.175 2.083(0.045) 2.066(0.045) 2.072(0.026) 2.567
M
M-NH3
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
2.168 2.095(0.030) 2.074 2.014(0.023) 2.029
M-CH2R
M-CR=CR2
2.167
2.215(0.042)
2.176(0.024) 2.091(0.030) 2.039(0.032) 1.964
2.035(0.009) 2.007 1.991(0.039) 1.934(0.019) 1.892(0.017)
M-C6R5 2.148 2.114(0.012) 2.075(0.019) 2.064(0.021) 2.031(0.062) 1.974 1.917(0.038) 2.020
M-C(=O)R
2.044 1.997(0.033) 1.990 1.850(0.059)
1.964 2.292(0.049) 2.336 2.254(0.065) 2.179(0.045) 2.092(0.027) 2.275(0.049) 2.217(0.035) 2.189(0.039) 2.173(0.051)
2.069(0.008)
1.965(0.021) 2.074(0.093) 1.987(0.017) 2.044
2.257 1.319 2.250(0.061) 2.036(0.010) 2.100 2.028 2.225(0.056) 2.175 2.290 2.221 2.062(0.031)
2.204(0.049) 2.063 2.040(0.054) 2.000(0.024) 2.205
2.066(0.052) 2.129(0.131) 1.997(0.070) 2.189(0.040) 2.085(0.066) 2.085(0.064) 2.079(0.038) 2.186(0.215) 2.090(0.061) 2.398(0.068)
2.109 2.091 1.995(0.031) 1.982(0.029)
2.199(0.073) 2.224 2.052 2.071(0.044) 2.024(0.037) 2.042
2.027 2.090(0.032) 2.070(0.038) 2.049(0.046) 2.059(0.024) 2.086(0.040)
2.190(0.027) 2.161 2.019 1.991(0.025)
M-PMe3
M-SR
M-AsR3
2.510(0.010) 2.389(0.069) 2.455(0.164) 2.246(0.042) 2.217(0.043) 2.204(0.031)
2.369 2.378(0.007) 2.362 2.366(0.054) 2.271(0.028) 2.254(0.025) 2.187(0.007)
2.125
M-OH2
2.193(0.054) 2.092(0.057) 2.011(0.026) 1.981(0.032)
2.686 2.460(0.040) 2.400(0.013) 2.352(0.043) 2.323(0.021) 2.333(0.035) 2.367(0.016)
2.295 2.692
2.217 2.126(0.024) 2.114(0.018) 2.032
2.248(0.137) 2.201(0.094) 2.074(0.051) 2.190(0.096) 2.200 2.350 2.318(0.065)
2.462(0.046) 2.307(0.050) 2.266(0.036) 2.287(0.018)
2.401(0.050)
2.444
2.741(0.008) 2.582(0.036) 2.446(0.031) 2.416(0.039) 2.386(0.052)
BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
M La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Yb Lu Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th U
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
M-NH3
M-OH2
M-PMe3
M-SR
M-AsR3
2.556(0.062) 2.565(0.063) 2.518(0.038) 2.533(0.058) 2.459(0.050) 2.441(0.055) 2.443(0.074) 2.455 2.409(0.074) 2.407(0.069) 2.404(0.083) 2.353(0.066) 2.404(0.116)
2.253 2.136 2.050(0.021)
2.115(0.065) 2.199(0.091) 2.166
2.157 2.690(0.083) 2.483(0.032) 2.455(0.047)
2.589(0.044) 2.485(0.039) 2.369(0.065) 2.328(0.029) 2.323(0.028) 2.295(0.036)
2.575(0.006) 2.461 2.320(0.015) 2.293 2.402(0.065)
2.366(0.058)
CHARACTERISTIC BOND LENGTHS IN FREE MOLECULES This is a summary of typical bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. The value given for each bond is near the mid-range of values found in simple molecules. Bond lengths usually vary by 1 or 2%, and often by more, depending on the nature of the other bonds attached to the two atoms in question. References 1 and 2 give bond lengths in individual gas-phase molecules, as determined by spectroscopic and electron diffraction methods. All bond distances are given in Å (1 Å = 10-10 m).
REFERENCES 1. “Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules”, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd Edition, 2002, p. 9-17. 2. Harmony, M. D., Laurie, V. W., Kuczkowski, R. L., Schwendeman, R. H., Ramsay, D. A., Lovas, F. J., Lafferty, W. J., and Maki, A. G., “Molecular Structure of Gas-Phase Polyatomic Molecules Determined by Spectroscopic Methods”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 619, 1979. 3. Lide, D. R., “A Survey of Carbon-Carbon Bond Lengths”, Tetrahedron 17, 125, 1962.
A. Characteristic lengths of single bonds. As Br C Cl F Ge H I N O P S Sb Se Si Sn Te
As 2.10 2.32 1.96 2.17 1.71 1.51
Br 2.28 1.94 2.14 1.76 2.30 1.41 2.47
2.22 2.24
2.21
C
1.53 1.79 1.39 1.95 1.09 2.13 1.46 1.42 1.85 1.82 1.95 1.87 2.14
Cl
F
1.99 1.63 2.15 1.28 2.32 1.90 1.70 2.04 2.05 2.33
1.41 1.73 0.92 1.91 1.37 1.42 1.57 1.56
2.05 2.28
Ge
2.40 1.53 2.51
1.71 1.58 1.82
H
0.74 1.61 1.02 0.96 1.42 1.34 1.70 1.47 1.48 1.71 1.66
I
N
O
1.45 1.43 1.65
1.48
P
S
Sb
Se
Si
2.67
2.25 2.00 2.33
2.44 2.67
1.63
2.14
2.33
B. Lengths of multiple bonds (non-ring molecules). C=C C⬅C C=N C⬅N C=O C=S N=N N⬅N N=O O=O
1.34 1.20 1.21 1.16 1.21 1.61 1.24 1.13 1.18 1.21
C. Effect of environment on carbon-carbon single bonds (other single bonds not shown). From Reference 3. Configuration C–C C–C= C–C⬅ =C–C= ⬅C–C= ⬅C–C⬅
C–C length 1.526 1.501 1.459 1.467 1.445 1.378
Examples of molecules H3C–CH3 H3C–CH=CH2 H3C–C⬅CH H2C=CH–CH=CH2 HC⬅C–CH=CH2 HC⬅C–C⬅CH
D. Some metal-carbon bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. Al–C 1.96 B–C 1.58 Be–C 1.70
Bi–C Cd–C Hg–C
2.26 2.11 2.08
Pb–C Sn–C Zn–C
2.24 2.14 1.93
9-44
LINE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS Joseph Reader and Charles H. Corliss The original tables from which this table was derived were prepared under the auspices of the Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. The table contains the outstanding spectral lines of neutral (I) and singly ionized (II) atoms of the elements from hydrogen through plutonium (Z = 1-94); selected strong lines from doubly ionized (III), triply ionized (IV), and quadruply ionized (V) atoms are also included. Listed are lines that appear in emission from the vacuum ultraviolet to the far infrared. These lines were selected from much larger lists in such a way as to include the stronger observed lines in each spectral region. A more extensive list may be found in Reference 1. The data were compiled by the following contributors. J. G. Conway - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory C. H. Corliss - National Bureau of Standards R. D. Cowan - Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory C. R. Cowley - University of Michigan Henry M. and Hannah Crosswhite - Argonne National Laboratory S. P. Davis - University of California, Berkeley V. Kaufman - National Bureau of Standards R. L. Kelly - Naval Postgraduate School J. F. Kielkopf - University of Louisville W. C. Martin - National Bureau of Standards T. K. McCubbin - Pennsylvania State University L. J. Radziemski - Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory J. Reader - National Bureau of Standards C. J. Sansonetti - National Bureau of Standards G. V. Shalimoff - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory R. W. Stanley - Purdue University J. O. Stoner, Jr. - University of Arizona H. H. Stroke - New York University D. R. Wood - Wright State University E. F. Worden - Lawrence Livermore Laboratory J. J. Wynne - International Business Machines Corporation R. Zalubas - National Bureau of Standards All wavelengths are given in Angstrom units (10-10 m). Below 2000 Å, the wavelengths are in vacuum; above 2000 Å, the wavelengths are in air. Wavelengths given to three decimal places have an uncertainty of less than 0.001 Å and are therefore suitable for calibration purposes. In the air region, the elements used most commonly for calibration are Ne, Ar, Kr, Fe, Th, and Hg; in the vacuum region, the most common are C, N, O, Si, Cu.
All data refer to natural isotopic abundance of the elements except that Kr I and Kr II lines below 11,000 A given to three decimal places are for 86Kr. Also, Hg I lines given to three decimal places are for 198Hg; these are frequently used for calibration. A large number of the lines for neutral and singly ionized atoms were extracted from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Tables of Spectral-Line Intensities (Reference 2). The intensities of these lines represent quantitative estimates of relative line strengths that take account of varying detection sensitivity at different wavelengths. They are on a linear scale. For nearly all of the other lines the intensities represent qualitative estimates of the relative strengths of lines not greatly separated in wavelength. Because different observers frequently use different scales for their intensity estimates, these intensities are useful only as a rough indication of the appearance of a spectrum. In some cases the intensity scale is not intended to be linear. In the first and second spectra the intensities of the lines of the singly ionized atom (II) relative to those of the neutral atom (I) should be used with caution, inasmuch as the concentration of ions in a light source depends greatly on the excitation conditions. The default order of the table is alphabetical by element name (not symbol); for each element the lines are then listed by wavelength. The table can be sorted on wavelength to produce a finding list for identifying unknown lines. References to the sources of data for each element are given below. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Reader, J., Corliss, C. H., Wiese, W. L., and Martin, G. A., Tables of Line Spectra of the Elements, Part 1. Wavelengths and Intensities, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 68, 1980. 2. Meggers, W. F., Corliss, C. H., and Scribner, B. F., Tables of Spectral Line Intensities, Part 1. Arranged by Elements, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monograph 145, 1975. 3. Fuhr, J. R., Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Sugar, J., and Wiese, W. L., "NIST Atomic Spectroscopic Database" ver. 1.1, January 1996. NIST Physical Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Available at the WWW address: http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html SOURCES OF DATA FOR EACH ELEMENT Numbers following the element name refer to the references below. Actinium: 193 Aluminum: 6,8,81,89,127,144,146,227,228,282 Americium: 92 Antimony: 164,167,194,386,406 Argon: 190,203,204,219,367,368,372,373,374,375,414,421 Arsenic: 163,168,197,244,280 Astatine: 188 Barium: 1,78,111,252,259,277,279
Berkelium: 53,339 Beryllium: 15,44,73,102,115,134,135,171,175,198,335 Bismuth: 1,357,358,359,360,361 Boron: 66,69,74,94,104,171,221,222 Bromine: 42,122,124,139,142,240,243,246,248,249,250,316 Cadmium: 44,285,296,353,399 Calcium: 16,25,70,150,270 Californium: 52,331 Carbon: 22,66,211 Cerium: 1,136,166,261,305 Cesium: 78,82,154,155,200,201,259,263,325 Chlorine: 11,28,30,31,85,233,238,239 Chromium: 1,379,380,412 Cobalt: 1,100,125,159,236,276,291 Copper: 199,273,290,295,324 Curium: 51,332 Dysprosium: 1 Einsteinium: 333 Erbium: 1,301 Europium: 1,312 Fluorine: 68,169,224,225,226 Francium: 408 Gadolinium: 1,46,137,151,152 Gallium: 2,19,62,132,140,141,143,195,281 Germanium: 5,119,293,340,341,342 Gold: 38,72,234,393,395 Hafnium: 1,369,404,410,425 Helium: 16,94,173,183,317 Holmium: 1 Hydrogen: 214 Indium: 1,132,348,349,350,351,352,353,435,436 Iodine: 20,21,58,84,124,153,161,176,184 Iridium: 1 Iron: 56,63,71,101,105,138,174,278,381,382 Krypton: 61,121,123,147,208,232,366,390,409,417,421 Lanthanum: 1,78,79,220,309 Lead: 54,64,106,256,274,297,283,329,330 Lithium: 3,15,17,18,37,44,112,284,321,335 Lutetium: 1,148,310,401 Magnesium: 4,7,49,83,103,128,129,177,217,269,315,335 Manganese: 1,126,385,405,433 Mercury (198): 43,50,69,145,229,242 Mercury (Natural): 34,45,90,117,133,189,235,304,327,328,343 Molybdenum: 1,383,420 Neodymium: 1 Neon: 56,58,69,118,150,230,364,365,371,388,389,400,402,413,430
Neptunium: 93 Nickel: 1,294,415,416,422 Niobium: 1,392,407,431 Nitrogen: 66,107,108,212,213,318 Osmium: 1 Oxygen: 23,24,36,66,69,209,210,215 Palladium: 1,287,424 Phosphorus: 179,180,182,336 Platinum: 1,288 Plutonium: 91 Polonium: 47,48 Potassium: 32,59,60,75,76,86,150,160,172,268,314,322 Praseodymium: 1,149,306,308,337,338 Promethium: 196,260 Protactinium: 96 Radium: 253,254 Radon: 251 Rhenium: 1 Rhodium: 1,396 Rubidium: 12,109,130,241,257,258,262,264 Ruthenium: 1,423 Samarium: 1 Scandium: 1,88,150,298,323 Selenium: 9,80,181,216,245,247,275 Silicon: 87,170,237,292,319,320 Silver: 13,99,255,286,289,363,387,398 Sodium: 178,205,206,207,268,299,334 Strontium: 1,109,110,218,231,265,279,313 Sulfur: 29,144,202,209,210,266 Tantalum: 1,411,426 Technetium: 35 Tellurium: 1,344,345,346,347 Terbium: 1,302 Thallium: 1,195,348,354,355,356 Thorium: 1,97,98,156,157,165,434 Thulium: 1,307 Tin: 187,191,399,423 Titanium: 1,378,427,428 Tungsten: 1 Uranium: 1,303 Vanadium: 1,394,397,432 Xenon: 33,116,118,120,232,384,391,429 Ytterbium: 1,40,192,311 Yttrium: 1,77,265,419 Zinc: 39,55,113,131,185,186,370,376,377 Zirconium: 1,362,403,418
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NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES J.R. Fuhr and W.L. Wiese These tables substantially update and enlarge our earlier tables in this Handbook. The new tables contain critically evaluated atomic transition probabilities for about 9000 selected lines of all elements for which reliable data are available on an absolute scale. The material is largely for neutral and singly ionized spectra, but also includes a number of prominent lines of more highly charged ions of important elements. Many of the data are obtained from comprehensive compilations of the Data Center on Atomic Transition Probabilities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards). Specifically, data have been taken from three recent comprehensive critical compilations on C, N and O,1 on Sc through Mn,2 and Fe through Ni.3 Material from earlier compilations for the elements H through Ne4 and Na through Ca5 was supplemented by more recent material taken directly from the original literature. For the highly charged ions, some of the data were derived from studies of the systematic behavior of transition probabilities.6-8 Most of the original literature is cited in the above tables and in recent bibliographies9,10; for lack of space, individual literature references are not cited here. The wavelength range for the neutral species is normally the visible spectrum or shorter wavelengths; only the very prominent near infrared lines are included. For the higher ions, most of the strong lines are located in the far UV. The tabulation is limited to electric dipole — including intercombination — lines and comprises essentially the fairly strong transitions with estimated uncertainties of 50% or less. With the exception of hydrogen, helium, and the alkalis, most transitions are between states with low principal quantum numbers. The transition probability, A, is given in units of 108 s-1 and is listed to as many digits as is consistent with the indicated accuracy. The power of 10 is indicated by the E notation (i.e., E-02 means 10-2). Generally, the estimated uncertainties of the A-values are ±25 to 50% for two-digit numbers, ±10 to 25% for three-digit numbers and ±1% or better for four- and five-digit numbers. Each transition is identified by the wavelength, λ, in angstroms; and the statistical weights, gi and gk, of the lower (i) and upper (k) states [the product gk A (or gi f) is needed for many applications]. Whenever the wavelengths of individual lines within a multiplet are extremely close, only an average wavelength for the multiplet as well as the multiplet A-value are given, and this is indicated by an asterisk (*) to the left of the wavelength. This also has been done when the transition probability for an entire multiplet has been taken from the literature and values for individual lines cannot be determined because of insufficient knowledge of the coupling of electrons. The wavelength data have been taken either from recent compilations or from the original literature cited in bibliographies published by the Atomic Energy Levels Data Center11,12 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Wavelength values are consistent with those given in the table “Line Spectra of the Elements”, which appears elsewhere in this Handbook. The transition probabilities for hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions are known precisely. Because of the hydrogen degeneracy, a “transition” is actually the sum of all fine-structure transitions between the principal quantum numbers listed in the transition column; therefore, the special hydrogen table which appears below gives weighted average A-values. In addition to the transition probability A, the atomic oscillator strength f and the line strength S are often used in the literature. The conversion factors between these quantities are (for electric-dipole transitions): gi f = 1.499 × 10–8 λ2 gk A = 303.8 λ–1 S where λ is in angstroms, A is in 108 s-1, and S is in atomic units, which are a02e2 = 7.188 × 10-59 m2 C2. After the special table for hydrogen, the tables for other elements appear in alphabetical sequence by element name (not symbol). Within each element, the tables are ordered by increasing ionization stage (e.g., Al I, Al II, etc.). REFERENCES 1. Wiese, W.L., Fuhr, J.R., and Deters, T.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7, 1996. 2. Martin, G.A., Fuhr, J.R., and Wiese, W.L., Atomic Transition Probabilities—Scandium through Manganese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 3, 1988. 3. Fuhr, J.R., Martin, G.A., and Wiese, W.L., Atomic Transition Probabilities—Iron through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 4, 1988. 4. Wiese, W.L., Smith, M.W., and Glennon, B.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne—A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 5. Wiese, W.L., Smith, M.W., and Miles, B.M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca—A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. 6. Wiese, W.L. and Weiss, A.W., Phys. Rev., 175, 50, 1968. 7. Smith, M.W. and Wiese,M.L., Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser., 23, No. 196, 103, 1971. 8. Martin, G.A., and Wiese,W.L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 537, 1976. 9. Fuhr, J.R., Miller, B.J., and Martin, G.A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (1914 through October 1997), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, 1978; Miller, B.J., Fuhr, J.R., and Martin, G.A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (November 1977 through February 1980), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, Supplement 1, 1980. 10. Wiese, W.L., Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 18A, 116—123, 1982; 19A, 122—138, 1985.; 20A, 117—123, 1988, Reidel, D., Ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht, Holland. 11. Moore, C.E., Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306—Section 1, 1968; Sections 2—4, 1969.
10-88
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) 12. Hagan, L. and Martin, W.C., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; Hagan, L., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; Zalubas, R. and Albright, A., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; Musgrove, A. and Zalubas, R., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985. 13. Younger, S.M. and Weiss, A., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 79A, 629, 1975. Transition Probabilities for Allowed Lines of Hydrogen λ Å Hydrogen HI 912.768 912.839 912.918 913.006 913.104 913.215 913.339 913.480 913.641 913.826 914.039 914.286 914.576 914.919 915.329 915.824 916.429 917.181 918.129 919.351 920.963 923.150 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.72 1215.67 3662.26 3663.40
Weights gi gk
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8
1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 8 1800 1682
A 108 s–1
5.167E-06 6.122E-06 7.297E-06 8.753E-06 1.057E-05 1.286E-05 1.578E-05 1.952E-05 2.438E-05 3.077E-05 3.928E-05 5.077E-05 6.654E-05 8.858E-05 1.200E-04 1.657E-04 2.341E-04 3.393E-04 5.066E-04 7.834E-04 1.263E-03 2.143E-03 3.869E-03 7.568E-03 1.644E-02 4.125E-02 1.278E-01 5.575E-01 4.699E+00 2.847E-06 3.374E-06
λ Å 3664.68 3666.10 3667.68 3669.46 3671.48 3673.76 3676.36 3679.35 3682.81 3686.83 3691.55 3697.15 3703.85 3711.97 3721.94 3734.37 3750.15 3770.63 3797.90 3835.38 3889.05 3970.07 4101.73 4340.46 4861.32 6562.80 8392.40 8413.32 8437.96 8467.26 8502.49 8545.39
Weights gi gk 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18
1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 800 722 648 578 512 450
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.022E-06 4.826E-06 5.830E-06 7.096E-06 8.707E-06 1.078E-05 1.347E-05 1.700E-05 2.172E-05 2.809E-05 3.685E-05 4.910E-05 6.658E-05 9.210E-05 1.303E-04 1.893E-04 2.834E-04 4.397E-04 7.122E-04 1.216E-03 2.215E-03 4.389E-03 9.732E-03 2.530E-02 8.419E-02 4.410E-01 1.517E-05 1.964E-05 2.580E-05 3.444E-05 4.680E-05 6.490E-05
8598.40 8665.02 8750.48 8862.79 9014.91 9229.02 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 16407.2 16806.5 17362.1 18174.1 18751.0 19445.6 21655.3 26251.5 27575 28722 30384 32961 37395 40511.5 43753 46525 46712 51273 59066 74578 75004 123680
For hydrogen-like ions of nuclear charge Z, the following scaling laws hold: AZ = Z4 AHydrogen; fZ = fH; SZ = Z–2SH (For wavelengths, λZ = Z–2λH) For very highly charged hydrogen-like ions, starting at about Z>25, relativistic corrections13 must be applied.
10-89
Weights gi gk 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 50 50 50 50 50 32 72 50 72 72 72 50 72 72
392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 288 242 200 162 32 128 98 72 288 242 200 162 128 50 288 98 242 200 162 72 128 98
A 108 s–1 9.211E-05 1.343E-04 2.021E-04 3.156E-04 5.156E-04 8.905E-04 1.651E-03 3.358E-03 7.783E-03 2.201E-02 1.620E-04 2.556E-04 4.235E-04 7.459E-04 8.986E-02 1.424E-03 3.041E-03 7.711E-03 1.402E-04 2.246E-04 3.800E-04 6.908E-04 1.388E-03 2.699E-02 1.288E-04 3.253E-03 2.110E-04 3.688E-04 7.065E-04 1.025E-02 1.561E-03 4.561E-03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) Transition Probabilities for Other Elements λ Å Aluminum Al I 2263.5 2269.1 2269.2 2367.1 2373.1 2373.4 2568.0 2575.1 2575.4 2652.5 2660.4 3082.2 3092.7 3092.8 3944.0 3961.5 6696.0 6698.7 7835.3 7836.1
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6
4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 6 8
6.6E-01 7.9E-01 1.3E-01 7.2E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4.4E-02 1.33E-01 2.64E-01 6.3E-01 7.4E-01 1.2E-01 4.93E-01 9.8E-01 1.69E-02 1.69E-02 5.7E-02 6.2E-02
Al II 1047.9 1048.6 1539.8 1670.8 1719.4 1764.0 1772.8 1777.0 *1819.0 1855.9 1858.0 1862.3 1931.0 1990.5 2816.2 4663.1 6226.2 6231.8 6243.4 6335.7 6823.4 6837.1 6920.3 7042.1 7056.7 7471.4
1 3 3 1 1 5 1 5 15 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 5
3 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 15 3 3 3 1 5 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 1 5 3 7
3.6E-01 4.8E-01 8.8E+00 1.46E+01 6.79E+00 9.8E+00 9.5E+00 1.7E+01 5.6E+00 8.32E-01 2.48E+00 4.12E+00 1.08E+01 1.47E+01 3.83E+00 5.3E-01 6.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E-01 3.4E-01 5.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.8E-01 9.4E-01
Al III *560.36 695.83 696.22 *1352.8 1379.7
2 2 2 10 2
6 4 2 14 2
4.0E-01 7.4E-01 7.2E-01 4.40E+00 4.59E+00
λ Å 1384.1 1605.8 1611.8 1611.9 1854.7 1862.8 *1935.9 3601.6 3601.9 3612.4
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å *4761 5172 5551 5687
2 2 4 4
6 4 6 4
2.55E-01 3.95E-02 3.85E-02 6.0E-03
Argon Ar I 1048.22 1066.66 3406.18 3461.08 3554.30 3563.29 3567.66 3572.30 3606.52 3632.68 3634.46 3643.12 3649.83 3659.53 3670.67 3675.23 3770.37 3834.68 3894.66 3947.50 3948.98 4044.42 4045.96 4054.53 4158.59 4164.18 4181.88 4190.71 4191.03 4198.32 4200.67 4251.18 4259.36 4266.29 4272.17 4300.10 4333.56 4335.34 4345.17 4363.79 4424.00 4510.73 4522.32 4544.75 4554.32 4584.96 4586.61 4587.21 4589.29 4596.10
1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 1 5 5 3 7 1 1 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3
5.36E+00 1.29E+00 3.9E-03 6.7E-04 2.7E-03 1.2E-03 1.1E-03 5.1E-03 7.6E-03 6.6E-04 1.3E-03 2.4E-04 8.0E-03 4.4E-04 3.1E-04 4.9E-04 7.0E-04 7.5E-03 5.7E-04 5.6E-04 4.55E-03 3.33E-03 4.1E-04 2.7E-04 1.40E-02 2.88E-03 5.61E-03 2.80E-03 5.39E-03 2.57E-02 9.67E-03 1.11E-03 3.98E-02 3.12E-03 7.97E-03 3.77E-03 5.68E-03 3.87E-03 2.97E-03 1.2E-04 7.3E-05 1.18E-02 8.98E-04 8.3E-04 3.8E-04 1.6E-03 2.3E-03 4.9E-03 6.2E-05 9.47E-04
4 2 4 4 2 2 10 6 4 4
2 4 4 6 4 2 14 4 4 2
9.1E+00 1.22E+01 2.42E+00 1.45E+01 5.40E+00 5.33E+00 1.22E+01 1.34E+00 1.49E-01 1.5E+00
Al X 39.925 51.979 55.227 55.272 55.376 59.107 332.78 394.83 395.36 397.76 400.43 401.12 403.55 406.31 670.06 2535
1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1
3 3 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3
2.22E+03 4.8E+03 5.2E+03 7.2E+03 9.5E+03 4.6E+03 5.6E+01 8.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.7E+01 1.3E+01 3.6E+01 4.9E+01 1.9E+01 9.8E+00 3.8E-01
Al XI *36.675 39.091 39.180 39.530 39.623 48.298 48.338 52.299 52.446 52.458 54.217 54.388 *99.083 103.6 103.8 *141.6 150.31 150.61 157.0 157.4 *205.0 *308.6 *341.3 550.05 568.12 1997 2069
2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 2 2 2 2
6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 6 6 2 4 2 4 2
1.5E+03 2.6E+03 3.1E+03 1.8E+02 3.7E+02 3.09E+03 3.08E+03 8.1E+03 9.6E+03 1.6E+03 4.8E+02 9.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.2E+02 5.0E+02 4.07E+02 8.5E+02 9.9E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 6.3E+01 9.9E+01 1.3E+02 8.55E+00 7.73E+00 1.07E+00 9.7E-01
10-90
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4628.44 4642.15 4647.49 4702.32 4746.82 4752.94 4768.68 4798.74 4835.97 4836.70 4876.26 4886.29 4887.95 4894.69 4921.04 4937.72 4956.75 4989.95 5032.03 5048.81 5054.18 5056.53 5060.08 5070.99 5073.08 5078.03 5087.09 5104.74 5118.21 5127.80 5151.39 5152.30 5162.29 5177.54 5192.72 5194.02 5210.49 5214.77 5216.28 5221.27 5241.09 5246.24 5249.20 5252.79 5254.47 5286.07 5290.00 5309.52 5317.73 5373.50 5393.27 5410.48 5421.35 5439.99 5442.24 5451.65 5457.42 5459.65 5467.16
Weights gi gk 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 3 7 3 5 7 5
5 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 3 1 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 5 7 5 1 5 3 5 7 1 7 3 3 9 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3.83E-04 9.6E-04 1.2E-03 1.09E-03 3.6E-03 4.5E-03 8.6E-03 8.8E-04 9.3E-04 1.02E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 5.9E-04 3.6E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-03 8.2E-04 4.6E-03 4.5E-03 5.7E-03 3.7E-03 2.6E-03 5.9E-04 4.7E-04 1.6E-03 8.7E-04 2.7E-03 3.3E-04 2.39E-02 1.1E-03 1.90E-02 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 7.8E-03 1.1E-03 2.1E-03 1.3E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-03 1.2E-03 7.9E-04 5.4E-03 3.6E-03 9.6E-04 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 2.6E-03 2.7E-03 9.6E-04 2.0E-03 6.0E-03 1.9E-03 9.3E-04 4.7E-03 3.6E-03 3.8E-04 7.6E-04
5473.46 5490.12 5492.09 5495.87 5506.11 5524.96 5528.97 5534.49 5540.87 5552.77 5558.70 5559.66 5572.54 5574.22 5581.87 5588.72 5597.48 5606.73 5618.01 5620.92 5623.78 5635.58 5637.33 5639.12 5641.39 5648.69 5650.70 5659.13 5681.90 5683.73 5700.87 5712.51 5739.52 5772.11 5773.99 5783.54 5789.48 5790.40 5802.08 5843.77 5882.62 5888.58 5916.58 5927.11 5928.81 5940.86 5942.67 5943.89 5949.26 5964.48 5968.32 5971.60 5981.90 5987.30 5988.13 5994.66 5999.00 6005.73 6013.68
Weights gi gk 5 5 3 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 1 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 5 7
10-91
3 5 1 9 7 7 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 7 7 5 5 5 3 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.0E-03 8.5E-04 5.6E-03 1.69E-02 3.6E-03 1.7E-03 1.2E-03 2.7E-03 4.1E-04 7.9E-04 1.42E-02 2.2E-03 6.6E-03 4.6E-04 5.6E-04 1.5E-03 4.2E-03 2.20E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 1.4E-03 9.6E-04 9.1E-04 2.1E-03 8.7E-04 1.2E-03 3.20E-02 2.6E-03 2.0E-03 2.0E-03 5.9E-03 8.7E-04 8.7E-03 2.0E-03 1.1E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-04 3.4E-04 4.2E-03 3.3E-04 1.23E-02 1.29E-02 5.9E-04 3.7E-04 1.1E-02 1.2E-03 1.8E-03 3.6E-04 1.5E-03 7.7E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-02 1.2E-04 1.2E-03 6.1E-04 2.6E-04 1.4E-03 1.4E-03 1.4E-03
6025.15 6043.22 6052.73 6064.76 6081.25 6085.86 6090.79 6098.81 6101.16 6104.58 6105.64 6113.46 6119.66 6121.86 6127.42 6128.73 6145.44 6155.24 6165.12 6170.17 6173.10 6179.41 6212.50 6215.94 6230.93 6243.40 6244.73 6248.41 6278.65 6296.87 6307.66 6309.14 6364.89 6369.58 6384.72 6416.31 6431.56 6466.55 6481.14 6513.85 6538.11 6596.12 6598.68 6604.02 6604.85 6632.09 6656.88 6660.68 6664.05 6677.28 6684.73 6698.47 6698.88 6719.22 6722.88 6752.84 6754.37 6756.10 6766.61
Weights gi gk 5 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 1 3 7 7 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 5
3 7 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 5 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3
A 108 s–1 9.0E-03 1.47E-02 1.9E-03 5.8E-04 7.5E-04 9.0E-05 3.0E-03 5.2E-03 3.3E-03 3.4E-03 1.21E-02 4.7E-04 5.1E-04 1.3E-04 1.1E-03 8.6E-04 7.6E-03 5.1E-03 9.89E-04 5.0E-03 6.7E-03 6.6E-04 3.9E-03 5.7E-03 1.2E-04 1.3E-03 2.0E-04 6.8E-04 2.0E-04 9.0E-03 6.0E-03 7.6E-04 5.6E-03 4.2E-03 4.21E-03 1.16E-02 5.1E-04 1.5E-03 9.4E-04 5.4E-04 1.1E-03 2.3E-04 3.6E-04 2.8E-03 1.3E-04 5.3E-04 3.1E-04 7.8E-03 1.5E-03 2.36E-03 3.9E-04 2.5E-04 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 3.2E-04 1.93E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 4.0E-03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 6779.93 6818.29 6827.25 6851.88 6871.29 6879.59 6887.10 6888.17 6925.01 6937.67 6951.46 6960.23 6965.43 6992.17 7030.25 7067.22 7068.73 7086.70 7107.48 7125.83 7147.04 7158.83 7162.57 7206.98 7229.93 7265.17 7270.66 7272.93 7285.44 7311.72 7316.01 7350.78 7353.32 7372.12 7383.98 7392.97 7412.33 7422.26 7425.29 7435.33 7436.25 7471.17 7484.24 7503.84 7510.42 7514.65 7618.33 7628.86 7635.11 7670.04 7704.81 7723.76 7724.21 7798.55 7868.20 7891.08 7916.45 7948.18 8006.16
Weights gk gi 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 3
3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5
A 108 s–1 1.21E-03 2.0E-03 2.4E-03 6.7E-04 2.78E-02 1.8E-03 1.3E-03 2.5E-03 1.2E-03 3.08E-02 2.2E-03 2.4E-03 6.39E-02 7.5E-03 2.67E-02 3.80E-02 2.0E-02 1.5E-03 4.5E-03 6.0E-03 6.25E-03 2.1E-02 5.8E-04 2.48E-02 6.6E-04 1.7E-03 1.1E-03 1.83E-02 1.2E-03 1.7E-02 9.6E-03 1.2E-02 9.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.47E-02 7.2E-03 3.9E-03 6.6E-04 3.1E-03 9.0E-03 2.7E-03 2.2E-04 3.4E-03 4.45E-01 4.5E-03 4.02E-01 2.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.45E-01 2.8E-03 6.3E-04 5.18E-02 1.17E-01 8.7E-04 3.50E-03 9.5E-03 1.2E-03 1.86E-01 4.90E-02
λ Å 8014.79 8037.23 8046.13 8053.31 8066.60 8103.69 8115.31 8264.52 8384.73 8408.21 8424.65 8490.30 8521.44 8605.78 8620.46 8667.94 8761.69 8784.61 8799.08 8962.19 9075.42 9122.97 9194.64 9224.50 9291.53 9354.22 9657.78 9784.50 10470.05 10478.0 10950.7 11078.9 11393.7 11441.8 11467.5 11488.11 11668.7 11719.5 12026.6 12112.2 12139.8 12343.7 12402.9 12439.2 12456.1 12487.6 12554.4 12702.4 12733.6 12746.3 12802.7 12933.3 12956.6 13008.5 13214.7 13273.1 13313.4 13504.0 13599.2
Weights gi gk 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5
10-92
5 3 1 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
9.28E-02 3.59E-03 1.12E-02 8.6E-03 1.4E-03 2.5E-01 3.31E-01 1.53E-01 2.4E-03 2.23E-01 2.15E-01 9.6E-04 1.39E-01 1.04E-02 9.2E-03 2.43E-02 9.5E-03 2.4E-03 4.6E-03 1.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.89E-01 1.76E-02 5.03E-02 3.26E-02 1.06E-02 5.43E-02 1.47E-02 9.8E-03 2.44E-02 3.96E-03 8.3E-03 2.22E-02 1.39E-02 3.69E-03 1.9E-03 3.76E-02 9.52E-03 4.2E-03 3.1E-02 4.5E-02 2.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.9E-02 8.9E-02 1.1E-01 1.2E-03 7.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.0E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 7.4E-02 8.9E-02 8.1E-02 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.1E-01 2.2E-02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
13622.4 13678.5 14093.6 14739.1 15046.4 15172.3 15329.6 15555.5 15734.9 15816.8 15989.3 16122.7 16180.0 16264.1 16520.1 16739.8 16940.4 20317.0 20616.5 20812.0 21332.2 21534.9 22039.2 22077.4 23133.4 23844.8 23967.5
3 3 1 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 3
5 5 3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 3 7 1
7.3E-02 6.2E-02 4.3E-02 8.8E-04 5.2E-02 1.3E-02 1.2E-03 9.8E-05 2.9E-04 8.7E-04 1.9E-02 3.9E-04 1.2E-03 3.0E-04 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.5E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 7.6E-04 3.2E-04 1.1E-03 1.2E-03 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 1.1E-02 3.6E-03
Ar II 2317.7 2891.6 2942.9 2979.1 3033.5 3139.0 3169.7 3181.0 3212.5 3221.6 3226.0 3243.7 3249.8 3263.6 3281.7 3430.4 3454.1 3466.3 3476.7 3491.2 3491.5 3509.8 3514.4 3520.0 3521.3 3535.3 3548.5 3550.0 3556.9 3559.5
6 4 4 2 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 6
4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 4 6 6 4 8 2 6 6 8 4 4 6 2 8
1.4E-01 1.82E-01 5.3E-01 4.16E-01 9.9E-02 5.2E-01 4.9E-01 3.7E-01 5.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 1.06E+00 6.3E-01 1.55E-01 4.2E-01 6.2E-02 3.14E-01 3.0E-02 1.25E+00 1.79E+00 2.31E+00 2.55E+00 1.36E+00 5.2E-01 2.27E-01 5.7E-01 8.7E-01 2.6E-02 5.0E-02 2.88E+00
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3565.0 3576.6 3581.6 3582.4 3588.4 3605.9 3656.0 3682.5 3709.9 3717.2 3729.3 3746.9 3763.5 3766.1 3777.5 3780.8 3786.4 3799.4 3808.6 3826.8 3841.5 3844.7 3845.4 3850.6 3868.5 3872.1 3875.3 3880.3 3891.4 3892.0 3900.6 3911.6 3914.8 3928.6 3931.2 3932.5 3944.3 3952.7 3958.4 3968.4 3979.4 3988.2 3992.1 4013.9 4031.4 4035.5 4038.8 4042.9 4045.7 4052.9 4065.1 4072.0 4079.6 4082.4 4112.8 4128.6 4131.7 4178.4 4202.0
Weights gi gk 2 6 2 4 8 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 8 8 6 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 8 4 6 2
4 8 4 6 10 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 2 8 6 4 6 6 2 8 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 6 6 8 2 6 8 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.5E-01 2.75E+00 1.76E+00 2.53E+00 3.03E+00 4.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.7E-02 4.7E-02 5.2E-02 4.80E-01 2.1E-02 1.78E-01 7.4E-02 1.1E-02 7.7E-01 1.5E-02 1.7E-01 1.0E-02 2.81E-01 2.69E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-02 3.87E-01 1.4E+00 1.5E-01 8.2E-02 2.32E-01 4.3E-02 6.3E-02 7.2E-02 7.7E-02 3.7E-02 2.44E-01 2.0E-02 9.3E-01 4.1E-02 2.08E-01 3.8E-02 4.8E-02 9.8E-01 4.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.05E-01 7.5E-02 4.4E-02 1.2E-02 4.06E-01 1.6E-02 6.7E-01 1.1E-02 5.8E-01 1.19E-01 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.4E-02 8.5E-01 1.2E-02 2.1E-02
4228.2 4237.2 4266.5 4277.5 4282.9 4300.6 4331.2 4332.0 4348.1 4352.2 4362.1 4370.8 4371.3 4376.0 4379.7 4383.8 4400.1 4401.0 4412.9 4420.9 4426.0 4430.2 4431.0 4460.6 4474.8 4481.8 4491.0 4530.5 4545.1 4579.4 4589.9 4598.8 4609.6 4637.2 4657.9 4726.9 4732.1 4735.9 4764.9 4806.0 4847.8 4879.9 4889.0 4904.8 4933.2 4965.1 4972.2 5009.3 5017.2 5017.6 5062.0 5141.8 5145.3 5176.2 6103.5 6114.9 6138.7 6172.3 6243.1
Weights gi gk 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 8 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 10 6 8 8
10-93
6 4 6 4 2 6 4 2 8 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 6 6 2 8 4 6 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.31E-01 1.12E-01 1.64E-01 8.0E-01 1.32E-01 5.7E-02 5.74E-01 1.92E-01 1.17E+00 2.12E-01 5.5E-02 6.6E-01 2.21E-01 2.05E-01 1.00E+00 1.1E-02 1.60E-01 3.04E-01 6.1E-02 3.1E-02 8.17E-01 5.69E-01 1.09E-01 1.5E-02 2.90E-01 4.55E-01 4.6E-02 2.1E-02 4.71E-01 8.0E-01 6.64E-01 6.7E-02 7.89E-01 7.1E-02 8.92E-01 5.88E-01 6.7E-02 5.80E-01 6.4E-01 7.80E-01 8.49E-01 8.23E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-02 1.44E-01 3.94E-01 9.7E-02 1.51E-01 2.07E-01 1.1E-02 2.23E-01 8.1E-02 1.06E-01 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 2.00E-01 1.2E-02 2.00E-01 3.0E-02
6483.1 6638.2 6639.7 6643.7 6666.4 6684.3 6756.6 6863.5 7233.5 7380.4 7589.3
4 6 4 10 2 8 4 6 2 4 6
2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 4 4 4
1.06E-01 1.37E-01 1.69E-01 1.47E-01 8.8E-02 1.07E-01 2.0E-02 2.5E-02 3.7E-02 5.6E-02 1.07E-01
Ar III 769.15 871.10 875.53 878.73 879.62 883.18 887.40 3024.1 3027.2 3054.8 3064.8 3078.2 3285.9 3301.9 3311.3 3336.1 3344.7 3352.1 3358.5 3361.3 3472.6 3480.6 3499.7 3500.6 3502.7 3503.6 3511.7
5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 7
3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 5
6.0E+00 1.59E+00 3.74E+00 2.79E+00 9.2E-01 1.22E+00 9.0E-01 2.6E+00 6.4E-01 1.9E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E-01 1.6E+00 3.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E+00 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 4.3E-01 1.2E+00 2.6E-01
Ar IV 840.03 843.77 850.60
4 4 4
2 4 6
2.73E+00 2.70E+00 2.63E+00
Ar VI 292.15 294.05
2 4
2 2
6.9E+01 1.36E+02
Ar VII *250.41 *477.54 585.75 *637.30
9 9 1 9
3 15 3 9
2.78E+02 9.92E+01 7.83E+01 6.7E+01
Ar VIII 158.92 159.18
2 2
4 2
1.1E+02 1.11E+02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å
229.44 230.88 337.09 337.26 338.22 519.43 526.46 526.87 700.24 713.81
2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2
2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2
1.12E+02 2.21E+02 1.2E+01 1.0E+02 1.1E+02 6.3E+01 7.2E+01 1.2E+01 2.55E+01 2.4E+01
Ar IX 48.739
1
3
1.69E+03
Ar XIII 162.96 *163.08 184.90 186.38 *207.89 *245.10
5 9 5 1 9 9
3 3 5 3 9 15
3.4E+02 5.3E+02 1.66E+02 8.8E+01 9.5E+01 3.7E+01
Ar XIV 180.29 183.41 187.95 191.35 194.39 203.35
2 2 4 4 2 4
4 2 4 2 2 2
4.5E+01 1.69E+02 1.97E+02 7.5E+01 4.6E+01 7.8E+01
Ar XV 25.05 221.10 *265.3
1 1 9
3 3 9
1.7E+04 9.55E+01 8.1E+01
Ar XVI *23.52 *24.96 353.88 389.11 1268 1401 2975 3514
2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4
6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6
1.43E+04 4.4E+04 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 9.0E-02 6.5E-02
Arsenic As I 1890.4 1937.6 1972.6 2288.1 2344.0 2349.8 2369.7 2370.8 2456.5 2492.9 2745.0 2780.2
4 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 4
6 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4
2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.8E+00 3.5E-01 3.1E+00 6.0E-01 4.2E-01 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.8E-01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2860.4 2898.7
2 4
2 2
5.5E-01 9.9E-02
Barium Ba I 2409.2 2414.1 2420.1 2427.4 2432.5 2438.8 2444.6 2452.4 2473.2 2500.2 2543.2 2596.6 2646.5 2702.6 2739.2 2785.3 3071.6 3501.1 3889.3 3909.9 3935.7 3937.9 3993.4 3995.7 4132.4 4239.6 4242.6 4264.4 4283.1 4323.0 4325.2 4332.9 4350.3 4402.5 4406.8 4431.9 4467.1 4489.0 4493.6 4505.9 4523.2 4573.9 4579.6 4591.8 4599.7 4605.0 4619.9 4628.3 4673.6 4691.6 4700.4 4726.4 5519.1 5535.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 5 7 7 1 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 7 5 3 5 3 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 7 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3
8.6E-04 1.5E-03 2.3E-03 5.6E-03 7.2E-03 1.4E-03 4.5E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-03 1.5E-02 4.1E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-02 9.1E-03 2.8E-02 4.1E-01 1.9E-01 8.8E-03 4.9E-01 4.7E-01 1.1E-01 5.5E-01 8.8E-02 7.1E-03 2.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.5E-01 7.1E-02 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.6E-02 4.2E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 9.6E-01 1.21E+00 7.0E-01 1.6E-02 4.07E-01 7.7E-02 9.3E-02 6.0E-02 6.5E-02 1.6E+00 2.4E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.19E+00
5777.6 5784.0 5800.2 5805.7 5826.3 5907.6 5971.7 5997.1 6019.5 6063.1 6083.4 6110.8 6129.2 6341.7 6450.9 6482.9 6498.8 6527.3 6595.3 6675.3 6693.8 6865.7 7059.9 7120.3 7195.2 7280.3 7392.4 7417.5 7488.1 7528.2 7672.1 7780.5 7905.8 7911.3 8147.7 9645.6 9704.3 9821.5 10370.3 10649.1 11075.7 11303.1 11373.8 14158.4 14723.2 14999.9 17123.7 17187.1 20563.9
5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 9 3 5 7 3 5
7 5 5 7 3 5 5 3 1 3 1 5 1 7 5 7 7 5 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 7 5 3 7 1 7
6.5E-01 2.1E-01 9.9E-02 1.1E-02 5.6E-01 1.5E-02 1.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.4E+00 5.7E-01 1.1E-01 5.5E-01 6.0E-02 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 4.4E-01 8.6E-01 5.9E-01 3.9E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 7.1E-01 2.1E-01 2.4E-01 5.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.5E-02 1.0E-01 2.7E-02 3.1E-01 1.3E-01 6.3E-01 2.98E-03 6.3E-02 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-05 1.2E-03 1.3E-01 2.0E-03 8.6E-03 2.8E-03 3.3E-03 2.7E-02 2.6E-03
Ba II 1413.4 1417.1 1444.9 1461.5 1487.0 1503.9 1554.4 1572.7
6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6
8 6 6 8 6 8 6 8
1.7E-02 3.8E-02 8.1E-02 8.7E-02 1.4E-01 1.5E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-01
10-94
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1573.9 1630.4 1674.5 1694.4 1697.2 1761.8 1771.0 1786.9 1892.7 1904.2 1906.8 1924.7 1954.2 1955.1 1970.2 1985.6 1999.5 2009.2 2052.7 2054.6 2080.0 2153.9 2200.9 2232.8 2235.4 2286.0 2528.5 2634.8 2641.4 2647.3 2771.4 3816.7 3842.8 3891.8 4024.1 4057.5 4130.7 4166.0 4216.0 4287.8 4325.7 4329.6 4405.2 4470.7 4509.6 4524.9 4554.0 4708.9 4843.5 4847.1 4850.8 4900.0 4934.1 4997.8 5185.0 5361.4 5391.6 5413.6 5421.1
Weights gi gk 6 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 2 6 8 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 8 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 6
6 2 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 2 8 6 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.6E-02 1.7E-02 2.2E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-02 3.9E-03 3.4E-02 4.4E-02 9.0E-02 1.1E-02 5.1E-02 3.1E-02 1.3E-01 1.8E-02 6.7E-02 2.5E-01 1.0E-01 8.6E-02 2.0E-01 2.9E-02 1.0E-01 5.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.9E-01 4.4E-02 1.3E-01 7.1E-01 7.6E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-03 2.2E-03 1.67E+00 5.3E-03 1.2E-02 1.80E+00 3.7E-01 5.8E-02 2.4E-02 5.9E-02 8.8E-03 3.9E-02 1.4E-02 1.2E-02 7.2E-01 1.17E+00 9.7E-02 9.3E-02 4.1E-02 1.4E-02 7.75E-01 9.55E-01 6.1E-02 1.8E-02 4.8E-02 5.2E-02 8.4E-04 1.9E-03
5428.8 5480.3 5784.2 5853.7 5981.3 5999.9 6135.8 6141.7 6363.2 6372.9 6378.9 6457.7 6496.9 7556.8 7678.2 8710.7 8737.7
6 8 2 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 4
4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 6
2.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.0E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-01 2.6E-02 8.5E-02 3.7E-01 2.9E-03 6.7E-04 9.9E-02 3.0E-03 3.32E-01 1.6E-03 6.6E-04 8.0E-01 9.3E-01
1 1 1 9 9 3
3 3 3 15 9 5
1.3E-02 2.0E-01 5.55E+00 1.6E+00 4.24E+00 7.9E-01
Be II 1197.1 1197.2 1512.3 1512.4 1776.1 1776.3 *2453.8 3046.5 3046.7 3130.4 3131.1 3241.6 3241.8 3274.6 3274.7 4360.7 4361.0 *5255.9 5270.3 5270.8 6279.4 6279.7 6756.7 6757.1 7401.2 7401.4
2061.7 2110.3 2177.3 2228.3 2230.6 2276.6 2515.7 2627.9 2696.8 2780.5 2798.7 2898.0 2938.3 2989.0 2993.3 3024.6 3067.7 3076.7 3397.2 3402.9 3510.9 3596.1 3888.2 4121.5 4308.5 4493.0 4722.5 6134.8
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
6 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4
9.9E-01 9.1E-01 2.6E-02 8.9E-01 2.6E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-02 4.7E-01 6.4E-02 3.09E-01 3.6E-02 1.53E+00 1.23E+00 5.5E-01 1.6E-01 8.8E-01 2.07E+00 3.5E-02 1.81E-01 1.6E-02 6.8E-02 1.98E-01 6.9E-02 1.64E-01 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.17E-01 1.8E-02
Beryllium Be I 1491.8 1661.5 2348.6 *2494.7 *2650.6 4572.7
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2
2 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2
4.7E-01 9.4E-01 9.2E+00 1.1E+01 1.4E+00 2.9E+00 1.42E-01 4.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.41E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.1E+00 2.56E-02 3.30E-01 6.6E-01 1.2E-01 1.43E-01 5.1E-02 1.02E-01 3.0E-02 3.0E-02
Boron BI 1378.6 1378.9 1378.9 1379.2 1465.5 1465.7 1465.8 1825.9 1826.4 2088.9 2089.6 2496.8 2497.7
2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4
4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 2
3.50E+00 1.40E+01 1.75E+01 7.0E+00 3.34E+00 6.7E+00 1.00E+01 1.76E+00 2.11E+00 2.8E-01 3.3E-01 8.64E-01 1.73E+00
Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 2021.2
4 4
6 4
1.2E+00 6.0E-02
Bromine Br I 1488.5 1540.7 1574.8 1576.4 1633.4 4365.1 4425.1 4441.7 4472.6 4477.7 4513.4
4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6
4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 8 4
1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E-01 2.1E-02 8.1E-02 7.5E-03 4.2E-03 7.5E-03 9.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.8E-03
Weights gi gk
10-95
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4525.6 4575.7 4614.6 4979.8 5245.1 5345.4 7348.5 7513.0 7803.0 7938.7 8131.5 8343.7 8446.6 8638.7
6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 6 2 2 4 6
6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4
7.2E-03 1.6E-02 5.4E-03 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-01 3.8E-02 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 9.7E-02
Br II 4704.9 4785.5 4816.7
5 5 5
7 5 3
1.1E+00 9.4E-01 1.1E+00
Cadmium Cd I 2288.0 2836.9 2880.8 2881.2 2980.6 2981.4 3261.1 3403.7 3466.2 3467.7 3610.5 3612.9 4140.5 4662.4 4678.1 4799.9 5085.8 6438.5
1 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 3
3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5
5.3E+00 2.8E-01 4.2E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.5E-01 4.06E-03 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.3E+00 3.5E-01 4.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.1E-01 5.6E-01 5.9E-01
Cd II 2144.4 2265.0 2572.9 2748.5 4415.6
2 2 2 4 4
4 2 2 2 6
2.8E+00 3.0E+00 1.7E+00 2.8E+00 1.4E-02
Calcium Ca I 2275.5 2995.0 2997.3 2999.6 3000.9 3006.9 3009.2 3344.5 3350.2
1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3
3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5
3.01E-01 3.67E-01 2.41E-01 2.79E-01 1.58E+00 7.5E-01 4.30E-01 1.51E-01 1.78E-01
3361.9 3624.1 3630.8 3631.0 3644.4 3644.8 3870.5 3957.1 3973.7 4092.6 4094.9 4098.5 4108.5 4226.7 4283.0 4289.4 4299.0 4302.5 4307.7 4318.7 4355.1 4425.4 4435.0 4435.7 4454.8 4455.9 4526.9 4578.6 4581.4 4585.9 4685.3 4878.1 5041.6 5188.9 5261.7 5262.2 5264.2 5265.6 5270.3 5582.0 5588.8 5590.1 5594.5 5598.5 5601.3 5602.9 5857.5 6102.7 6122.2 6161.3 6162.2 6163.8 6166.4 6169.1 6169.6 6439.1 6449.8 6462.6 6471.7
Weights gi gk 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 7
10-96
7 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 7 9 7 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 5 7 7
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.23E-01 2.12E-01 2.97E-01 1.53E-01 3.55E-01 9.4E-02 7.2E-02 9.8E-02 1.75E-01 1.1E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 9.0E-01 2.18E+00 4.34E-01 6.0E-01 4.66E-01 1.36E+00 1.99E+00 7.4E-01 1.9E-01 4.98E-01 6.7E-01 3.42E-01 8.7E-01 2.0E-01 4.1E-01 1.76E-01 2.09E-01 2.29E-01 8.0E-02 1.88E-01 3.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 9.1E-02 4.4E-01 5.0E-01 6.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.3E-02 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 8.6E-02 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 9.6E-02 2.87E-01 3.3E-02 3.54E-01 5.6E-02 2.2E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 5.3E-01 9.0E-02 4.7E-01 5.9E-02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
6493.8 6499.7
3 5
5 5
4.4E-01 8.1E-02
Ca II 1341.9 1342.5 1649.9 1652.0 1673.9 1680.1 1680.1 1807.3 1814.5 1814.7 1843.1 1850.7 2103.2 2112.8 2113.2 2197.8 2208.6 3158.9 3179.3 3181.3 3706.0 3736.9 3933.7 3968.5
2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2
4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2
1.5E-02 1.5E-02 3.2E-03 3.1E-03 2.24E-01 2.65E-01 4.41E-02 3.54E-01 4.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E-01 3.08E-01 8.2E-01 9.7E-01 1.6E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 3.1E+00 3.6E+00 5.8E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E+00 1.47E+00 1.4E+00
Ca III 357.97 439.69 490.55
1 1 1
3 3 3
8.8E+02 1.9E-01 1.6E-02
Ca V 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 647.88 651.55 656.76
5 5 3 5 3 1 3
3 3 1 5 3 3 5
2.2E+01 3.9E+00 9.1E+00 6.9E+00 2.3E+00 2.9E+00 2.1E+00
Ca VII 550.20 624.39 630.54 630.79 639.15 640.41
5 1 3 3 5 5
5 3 5 3 7 5
1.8E+01 3.3E+00 4.5E+00 2.2E+00 5.7E+00 1.3E+00
Ca VIII 182.71 184.16
2 4
2 2
1.6E+02 3.2E+02
Ca IX 163.23 371.89 373.81
5 1 3
3 3 5
3.76E+02 8.8E+01 1.16E+02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 1261.00 1261.12 1261.43 1261.55 1274.11 1277.25 1277.28 1277.51 1277.55 1277.72 1277.95 1279.23 1279.89 1280.14 1280.33 1280.40 1280.60 1280.85 1328.83 1329.09 1329.58 1329.60 1355.84 1364.16 1431.60 1432.10 1432.53 1459.03 1463.34 1467.40 1468.41 1470.09 1472.23 1481.76 1560.31 1561.34 1561.44 1656.27 1656.93 1657.01 1657.38 1657.91 1658.12 1751.83 1763.91 1765.37 1930.90 2478.56 2902.23 2903.27 2905.00 4371.37 4762.31 4762.53 4766.67 4770.03 4771.74 4775.90 4812.92
378.08 395.03 466.24 498.01 506.18 515.57
5 3 1 3 5 5
7 5 3 5 5 3
1.5E+02 2.2E+02 1.12E+02 2.49E+01 7.2E+01 3.75E+01
Ca X 110.96 111.20 151.84 153.02 206.57 206.75 207.39 411.70 419.75 420.47 557.76 574.01
2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2
4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2
2.9E+02 2.92E+02 2.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.9E+01 2.6E+02 2.8E+02 8.3E+01 9.5E+01 1.6E+01 3.50E+01 3.2E+01
Ca XI 30.448 30.867 35.212
1 1 1
3 3 3
6.2E+03 4.9E+04 2.0E+03
Ca XII 140.05 147.27
4 2
2 2
3.7E+02 1.6E+02
Ca XV 141.69 *142.23 161.00
5 9 5
3 3 5
4.08E+02 6.3E+02 1.9E+02
Ca XVII 19.558 21.198 192.82 218.82 223.02 228.72 232.83 244.06
1 3 1 3 1 3 5 5
3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3
3.8E+04 4.9E+04 1.21E+02 2.76E+01 3.44E+01 2.37E+01 6.5E+01 3.28E+01
Ca XVIII *18.71 *19.74 302.19 344.76
2 6 2 2
6 10 4 2
2.31E+04 7.0E+04 2.0E+01 1.3E+01
Carbon CI 945.191 945.338 945.579 1193.24 1260.74 1260.93
1 3 5 5 1 3
3 3 3 7 3 1
3.79E+00 1.14E+01 1.89E+01 1.22E+00 5.32E-01 1.70E+00
Weights gi gk 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1
10-97
3 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.42E-01 3.71E-01 7.06E-01 1.27E+00 1.03E-02 1.27E+00 1.73E+00 9.12E-01 2.31E+00 6.35E-01 5.56E-02 1.10E-01 3.08E-01 3.11E-01 5.77E-01 1.73E-01 8.22E-01 3.33E-01 7.95E-01 2.41E+00 1.79E+00 1.00E+00 1.04E+00 1.57E-01 2.11E+00 2.01E+00 2.11E+00 4.76E-01 1.88E+00 5.49E-01 3.90E-02 1.37E-02 8.01E-03 3.92E-01 6.57E-01 2.94E-01 1.18E+00 8.58E-01 1.13E+00 2.52E+00 8.64E-01 3.43E+00 1.44E+00 9.07E-01 3.59E-02 1.04E-02 3.51E+00 3.40E-01 4.32E-03 1.29E-02 2.15E-02 1.27E-02 3.37E-03 2.72E-03 2.36E-03 1.07E-02 7.97E-03 4.84E-03 4.03E-04
4817.37 4826.80 4932.05 5023.84 5039.06 5041.48 5041.79 5052.17 5380.34 5545.05 5668.94 5793.12 5794.47 5800.23 5800.60 5805.20 6001.12 6006.02 6007.18 6010.68 6013.17 6013.21 6014.83 6016.45 6587.61 6655.52 6828.12 7111.47 7113.18 7115.17 7115.18 7116.99 7119.66 7860.88 8058.62 8335.15 9061.44 9062.49 9078.29 9088.51 9094.83 9111.81 9405.73 9603.03 9620.78 9658.43
3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 7 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5
3 3 1 9 9 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 9 3 7 3 3 5 5 9 7 1 5 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3
8.76E-04 6.28E-04 6.02E-02 1.81E-03 4.73E-03 5.25E-03 3.28E-03 2.60E-02 1.86E-02 3.04E-03 2.35E-02 3.44E-03 6.44E-04 1.04E-03 3.04E-03 4.12E-03 3.22E-03 1.79E-02 5.34E-03 2.13E-02 1.79E-02 4.35E-03 1.60E-02 3.86E-03 5.09E-02 5.03E-03 9.89E-03 2.17E-02 2.47E-02 2.19E-02 4.43E-02 3.26E-02 3.12E-02 1.53E-02 1.09E-02 3.51E-01 7.31E-02 9.48E-02 7.07E-02 3.00E-01 2.28E-01 1.35E-01 2.91E-01 3.06E-02 8.62E-02 1.25E-01
C II 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.623 903.962 904.142 904.480 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.34
4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2
6 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2
2.84E+01 1.18E+00 2.35E+00 6.85E+00 2.74E+01 3.42E+01 1.37E+01 5.71E+00 1.14E+01 1.71E+01 7.61E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1037.02 1323.91 1323.95 1334.53 1335.71 2091.14 2091.19 2091.65 2093.16 2173.85 2174.17 2509.13 2511.74 2512.06 2727.31 2728.72 2729.21 2730.63 5132.95 5133.28 5137.26 5139.17 5143.49 5145.16 5151.08 5640.55 5648.07 5662.46 5818.31 5822.98 5823.18 5827.85 5836.37 5843.62 5856.06 6095.29 6098.51 6102.56 6578.05 6582.88 6724.56 6727.07 6727.26 6731.07 6733.58 6734.00 6738.61 6742.43 6750.54 6755.16 6779.94 6780.59 6783.91 6787.21 6791.47 6798.10 6800.69 6812.28
Weights gk gi 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 6
2 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.52E+01 4.33E+00 4.49E+00 2.37E+00 2.84E+00 1.00E-01 1.69E-01 2.41E-01 7.20E-02 2.31E-01 2.31E-01 4.53E-01 9.04E-02 5.42E-01 6.63E-02 3.31E-01 2.65E-01 1.32E-01 3.89E-01 2.80E-01 1.55E-01 1.24E-01 7.73E-01 6.49E-01 4.16E-01 9.89E-02 1.97E-01 2.93E-01 3.38E-02 3.38E-03 3.38E-02 2.16E-02 4.22E-02 1.20E-02 5.31E-02 4.20E-01 5.03E-01 8.37E-02 3.63E-01 3.62E-01 3.17E-02 6.34E-02 2.96E-02 5.06E-02 6.32E-02 1.80E-02 7.23E-02 4.41E-02 1.08E-01 2.38E-02 2.56E-01 1.52E-01 3.65E-01 3.04E-01 1.94E-01 6.04E-02 1.09E-01 1.80E-02
7046.25 7053.09 7063.68 7112.48 7113.04 7115.63 7119.76 7119.91 7125.72 7132.47 7134.10 7231.33 7236.42 7237.17 8028.85 8037.73 8039.40 8048.31 8062.10 8062.80 8076.64 9238.30 9251.01 9863.06 9870.78 9882.68
4 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 6
C III 310.170 386.203 459.466 459.514 459.627 574.281 977.020 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1247.38 2296.87 2849.05 3703.70 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.02 4651.47 4652.05 4659.06 4663.64 4665.86 4673.95 5244.66 5253.58 5272.52
1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2 4 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8
3.20E-01 3.19E-01 3.17E-01 2.94E-01 3.15E-01 3.60E-01 1.17E-01 4.19E-01 1.02E-01 8.33E-03 5.93E-02 3.52E-01 4.22E-01 7.03E-02 1.71E-02 4.26E-02 8.51E-02 1.36E-02 3.04E-02 4.56E-02 7.05E-02 3.34E-02 2.77E-02 5.56E-02 9.31E-02 1.33E-01
3 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 3
6.56E+00 3.46E+01 5.91E+01 7.97E+01 1.06E+02 6.24E+01 1.767E+01 3.293E+00 4.385E+00 3.287E+00 9.856E+00 1.313E+01 5.468E+00 2.082E+01 1.376E+00 1.95E-01 5.90E-01 1.24E-01 7.26E-01 7.25E-01 2.28E-01 7.24E-01 3.04E-01 2.27E-01 9.05E-01 6.78E-01 3.75E-01 5.30E-02 1.58E-01 2.61E-01
5695.92 5858.34 5863.25 5871.68 5880.56 5894.07 6727.48 6731.04 6742.15 6744.39 6762.17 6773.39 6851.18 6853.68 6857.24 6862.69 6868.78 6872.04 6881.10 7353.88 7707.43 7771.76 7780.41 7796.00 8500.32 9593.32 9651.47 9696.48 9696.54 9699.57 9701.10 9705.41 9706.44 9715.09 9717.75 9718.79
3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 5
5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 7 5 3
4.27E-01 1.34E-01 3.35E-02 1.00E-01 1.99E-02 1.11E-01 1.12E-01 1.50E-01 8.32E-02 1.99E-01 4.95E-02 5.47E-03 7.60E-03 5.64E-03 3.79E-02 3.51E-02 1.26E-02 4.46E-02 7.80E-03 3.09E-02 1.30E-01 1.77E-01 1.76E-01 1.75E-01 1.01E-01 5.32E-03 1.57E-02 7.53E-03 7.12E-03 8.47E-03 4.40E-02 5.93E-02 3.29E-02 7.88E-02 1.97E-02 2.19E-03
C IV *312.43 *384.13 1548.19 1550.77 5801.31 5811.97
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
4.63E+01 1.76E+02 2.65E+00 2.64E+00 3.17E-01 3.16E-01
CV 34.9728 40.2678 *227.19 247.315 *248.71 *260.19 267.267 *2273.9 3526.66 8420.72 *8433.2 8448.12
1 1 3 1 9 9 3 3 1 3 3 3
3 3 9 3 15 3 5 9 3 5 9 1
2.554E+03 8.873E+03 1.363E+02 1.278E+02 4.247E+02 6.680E+01 3.947E+02 5.646E-01 1.663E-01 6.898E-02 6.868E-02 6.832E-02
Weights gi gk
10-98
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
8449.19
3
3
6.829E-02
Cesium Cs I 3203.5 3205.3 3207.5 3210.0 3212.8 3216.2 3220.1 3220.2 3224.8 3225.0 3230.5 3230.7 3237.4 3237.6 3245.9 3246.2 3256.7 3257.1 3270.5 3271.0 3288.6 3289.3 3313.1 3314.0 3347.5 3348.8 3397.9 3400.0 3476.8 3480.0 3611.4 3617.3 3876.1 3888.6 4555.3 4593.2 8521.1 8943.5
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
7.6E-06 7.9E-06 8.5E-06 9.4E-06 1.19E-05 1.49E-05 1.7E-05 1.07E-07 2.0E-05 1.43E-07 2.5E-05 1.97E-07 2.8E-05 2.63E-07 3.45E-05 3.7E-07 4.25E-05 7.0E-07 5.6E-05 9.8E-07 1.0E-04 2.7E-06 1.6E-04 5.2E-06 2.2E-04 1.1E-05 4.0E-04 2.4E-05 6.6E-04 6.6E-05 1.5E-03 2.5E-04 3.8E-03 9.7E-04 1.88E-02 8.0E-03 3.276E-01 2.87E-01
Chlorine Cl I 1188.8 1188.8 1201.4 1335.7 1347.2 1351.7 1363.4 4323.3 4363.3 4379.9 4389.8 4526.2 4601.0 4661.2
4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2
6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 4 2 4
2.33E+00 2.71E-01 2.39E+00 1.74E+00 4.19E+00 3.23E+00 7.5E-01 1.1E-02 6.8E-03 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-02
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å
7256.6 7414.1 7547.1 7717.6 7745.0 7769.2 7821.4 7830.8 7878.2 7899.3 7924.6 7935.0 7997.9
6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4
4 4 4 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4
1.5E-01 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.0E-02 6.3E-02 6.0E-02 9.8E-02 9.7E-02 1.8E-02 5.1E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02 2.1E-02
3530.0 3560.7 3602.1 3612.9 3720.5
6 4 6 4 4
8 6 8 6 6
1.8E+00 1.7E+00 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00
Cl II 3329.1 3522.1 3798.8 3805.2 3809.5 3851.0 3851.4 3854.7 3861.9 3868.6 3913.9 3990.2 4132.5 4276.5 4768.7 4781.3 4794.6 4810.1 4819.5 4904.8 4917.7 5078.3 5219.1 5392.1
5 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 3 5
7 7 7 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 7
1.5E+00 1.4E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 8.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.6E+00 7.6E-01 7.7E-01 1.0E+00 1.04E+00 9.9E-01 1.00E+00 8.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.7E-01 8.6E-01 1.0E+00
Cl III 2298.5 2340.6 2370.4 2531.8 2532.5 2577.1 2580.7 2601.2 2603.6 2609.5 2617.0 2661.6 2665.5 2691.5 2710.4 3340.4 3392.9 3393.5
4 6 8 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 4 6 4 6
4 6 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 6
4.2E+00 4.2E+00 2.8E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 4.3E+00 4.7E+00 4.6E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.6E+00 3.4E+00 4.8E+00 3.5E+00 3.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00
Chromium Cr I 1999.95 2383.30 2389.21 2408.60 2408.72 2492.57 2495.08 2496.30 2502.55 2504.31 2508.11 2508.97 2527.11 2549.55 2560.70 2571.74 2577.66 2591.84 2620.48 2673.64 2701.99 2726.50 2731.90 2736.46 2752.85 2757.09 2761.74 2764.36 2769.90 2780.70 2879.27 2887.00 2889.22 2893.25 2894.17 2896.76 2905.48 2909.05 2910.89 2911.15 2967.64 2971.10 2975.48 2980.78 2988.64 2991.88 2994.06 2995.09 2996.57 2998.78 3000.88
9 9 3 9 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 7 1 5 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 7
9 11 5 7 5 5 3 7 9 9 5 3 9 3 5 5 7 7 3 3 11 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 7 7 5 9 7 3 5 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 7 1 5 5 3 3 5
1.4E+00 4.1E-01 2.3E-01 6.7E-01 2.9E-01 4.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.6E-01 2.2E-01 4.5E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-01 5.3E-01 4.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.4E-01 2.6E-01 6.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.8E-01 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.8E-01 6.8E-01 3.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 6.6E-01 5.2E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 1.3E+00 6.8E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 7.1E-01 8.9E-01 5.10E-01 5.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-01 2.0E+00 4.07E-01 1.6E+00
10-99
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3005.06 3013.72 3015.20 3020.67 3021.58 3024.36 3029.17 3030.25 3031.35 3034.19 3037.05 3040.84 3053.87 3148.44 3155.16 3163.76 3237.73 3238.09 3578.68 3593.48 3605.32 3639.80 3743.89 3757.66 3768.24 3804.80 3963.69 3969.75 3983.90 3991.12 4001.44 4039.10 4048.78 4058.78 4065.71 4165.52 4204.48 4254.33 4263.15 4274.81 4275.98 4280.42 4289.73 4291.97 4297.75 4298.05 4300.52 4301.19 4302.78 4319.66 4337.25 4373.65 4376.80 4413.86 4422.70 4424.29 4429.93 4432.16
Weights gk gi 9 3 1 3 9 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 9 11 13 9 11 7 7 7 13 13 7 5 9 13 11 7 5 9 15 13 11 9 11 13 7 15 7 11 13 7 7 11 9 9 11 11 5 5 9 13 7 5 9 3 1
7 5 3 3 11 5 3 7 3 7 9 5 7 11 13 15 9 11 9 7 5 11 13 7 5 9 15 13 9 7 11 15 13 11 11 13 11 9 17 7 11 15 5 5 13 9 7 9 11 3 7 9 13 5 5 7 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
9.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.63E+00 1.5E+00 2.91E+00 1.27E+00 3.8E-01 1.1E+00 3.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.4E-01 7.4E-01 7.97E-01 5.6E-01 5.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.48E+00 1.50E+00 1.62E+00 1.8E+00 7.61E-01 4.13E-01 5.10E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.05E+00 1.07E+00 6.8E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.7E-01 3.5E-01 7.5E-01 3.1E-01 3.15E-01 6.4E-01 3.07E-01 2.2E-01 4.7E-01 3.16E-01 2.4E-01 4.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.7E-01 2.1E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01
4432.77 4443.72 4482.88 4490.55 4492.31 4495.28 4500.29 4506.84 4540.72 4564.17 4595.60 4622.47 4663.33 4665.90 4689.38 4698.46 4708.02 4718.43 4730.69 4737.33 4741.09 4752.07 4756.09 4792.49 4801.02 4816.13 4870.79 4887.01 4922.28 4966.80 5204.51 5206.02 5208.42 5243.38 5297.37 5297.99 5328.36 5329.17 5783.11 5783.89 5787.97
15 3 3 9 5 9 7 13 11 11 13 7 3 3 7 9 11 13 7 9 3 13 11 7 9 9 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 5
Cr II 2653.57 2658.59 2666.02 2668.71 2671.80 2672.83 2744.97 2787.61 2822.38 2835.63 2840.01 2843.24 2849.83 2851.35 2856.77
4 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 14 10 10 8 6 8 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
15 1 3 7 3 7 7 11 11 13 13 7 3 3 5 7 9 11 5 7 5 13 9 5 7 9 9 11 13 1 3 5 7 3 9 7 11 9 3 5 7
4.9E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 3.9E-01 4.47E-01 2.0E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 3.14E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.2E-01 4.31E-01 3.4E-01 3.83E-01 3.38E-01 2.2E-01 6.2E-01 4.0E-01 2.6E-01 3.06E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.0E-01 3.0E-01 5.09E-01 5.14E-01 5.06E-01 2.19E-01 3.88E-01 3.0E-01 6.2E-01 2.25E-01 2.1E-01 2.02E-01 2.35E-01
2857.40 2860.92 2862.57 2866.72 2867.09 2867.65 2870.43 2873.81 2880.86 2898.53 2921.81 2930.83 2935.12 2953.34 2966.03 2971.90 2979.73 2985.32 2989.18 3118.64 3120.36 3122.59 3128.69 3136.68 4588.22
6 2 8 4 4 2 6 4 6 10 8 2 6 2 10 14 12 10 8 2 4 12 4 6 8
8 4 8 4 4 2 6 2 4 12 10 4 8 2 8 14 12 10 8 4 6 12 4 6 6
2.8E-01 6.9E-01 6.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 8.8E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 5.4E-01 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.5E+00 4.4E-01 8.1E-01 6.4E-01 1.2E-01
6 4 8 2 4 6 6 6 16 12 12 10 8 10 6
3.5E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 5.5E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+00 2.3E+00 2.0E+00 2.7E+00 6.4E-01 9.2E-01 2.2E+00 4.3E-01
Cr V 434.306 436.351 436.601 437.420 437.655 441.056 456.357 456.637 456.743 457.028 457.504 464.015 469.634 1106.25 1121.07 1127.63 1465.86 1481.65 1519.03 1579.70
9 9 7 7 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 7 7 9 5 3 5 7
9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 9 9 11 3 1 7 9
1.5E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 9.5E+00 3.3E+01 9.1E+00 2.7E+01 1.2E+01 3.6E+01 2.3E+01 1.2E+01 2.1E+01 3.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01 9.5E+00 8.6E+00
Cr VI 161.687 168.088 201.007 201.224 201.388 201.606 202.442 202.739 226.241
6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6
6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 8
1.7E+02 2.0E+02 2.5E+03 1.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.6E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 7.2E+02
Weights gi gk
10-100
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 270 276.4 277 279.32 286 328.29 345
3 5 1 3 3 1 7
Cr XIV *38.036 39.796 40.018 40.782 40.800 41.556 41.788 44.597 44.869 46.125 46.468 46.527 48.300 48.338 50.821 51.172 51.180 52.321 52.363 53.760 54.164 60.699 60.756 63.324 63.539 68.594 69.213 69.247 86.060 86.169 86.185 101.05 101.42 104.4 104.5 109.8 110.4 118.3 125.2 125.3 148.5 149.1 157.1 158.4 187.02 187.30 189.1 191.0 222.9 346.3
2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 4
227.202
4
6
6.6E+02
Cr X 216.72 223.86 224.74 226.24 227.42 227.50 228.63 228.71 231.21 232.96 242.20 244.19 395.984 398.150
6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6
8 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 6
9.0E+02 7.7E+02 7.6E+02 7.3E+02 5.2E+02 1.8E+01 8.1E+01 4.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.4E+02 5.0E+01 5.8E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01
Cr XI 214.31 226.45 232 235.53 240.76 250.28 366.491 366.942 374.927 422.083
5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 3
7 7 1 7 3 7 3 1 5 5
1.4E+01 6.0E+02 4.1E+02 5.5E+02 4.8E+02 1.0E+01 1.2E+01 3.0E+01 2.3E+01 1.0E+01
Cr XII 216 218 239 244.70 247 247 248 250 250 251.52 252 256 259 269 300.32 305.81 309 309 311.55 324 327 332.06
4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6
6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4
2.4E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 3.0E+02 2.4E+02 3.3E+02 1.4E+02 3.5E+02 2.2E+02 3.4E+02 2.0E+02 1.5E+02 3.2E+02 2.1E+02 1.4E+02 2.76E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 2.2E+02 1.4E+02
Cr XIII 49.59 67.01 228 267.73
1 1 5 5
3 3 7 7
9.9E+02 1.67E+03 1.8E+02 1.9E+02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1 7 3 5 1 3 9
1.7E+02 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 1.86E+02 1.74E+02
346.5
6
8
2.5E+02
6 4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 2 2 6
2.47E+02 3.05E+02 3.6E+02 3.9E+02 3.9E+02 4.5E+02 5.3E+02 7.1E+02 8.3E+02 3.1E+02 6.6E+02 6.7E+02 5.9E+02 6.3E+02 1.2E+03 1.4E+03 2.3E+02 1.0E+03 1.1E+03 3.0E+02 5.9E+02 2.05E+03 2.19E+03 1.07E+03 1.13E+03 1.98E+03 2.31E+03 3.8E+02 5.3E+03 5.9E+03 3.9E+02 4.4E+02 4.83E+02 3.0E+02 3.1E+02 2.3E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 5.0E+02 5.4E+02 2.18E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 3.7E+02 9.3E+02 9.6E+02 2.13E+02 4.11E+02 2.2E+02 2.4E+02
Cr XV 18.497 18.782 19.015 20.863 21.153 102 102.18 103 105 111.27
1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 7 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3
1.62E+05 2.8E+04 6.3E+02 6.0E+03 5.6E+03 1.6E+02 7.0E+02 3.8E+02 5.3E+02 1.7E+02
Cr XVI 17.073 17.242 17.299 17.372 17.438 17.514 17.587 17.656 19.442 19.714
4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2
6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2
1.2E+04 8.6E+04 2.5E+04 1.4E+05 1.1E+05 1.1E+05 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 9.9E+03 1.1E+04
Cr XVII 16.31 16.32 16.37 16.44 16.59 16.65 16.66 16.68 16.80 16.97 16.97 17.968 18.336 18.336 18.389
5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 5 1
3 7 1 7 1 5 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5 3
9.6E+03 3.2E+04 9.7E+04 1.3E+05 5.7E+04 1.1E+04 1.8E+05 6.8E+04 4.4E+04 2.63E+04 1.5E+04 8.6E+03 1.7E+04 1.6E+04 9.2E+03
Cr XVIII 95.77 102.32 104.98 106.84 110.41 112.27 119.62 123.87 125.51 128.10 136.52 139.87 140.82 155.46 157.40
4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4
2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 2 4
3.08E+02 1.54E+02 8.7E+02 3.4E+02 7.9E+02 4.24E+02 3.2E+02 3.9E+02 3.4E+02 2.8E+02 1.66E+02 1.49E+02 2.66E+02 2.84E+02 2.83E+02
Weights gi gk
10-101
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
Cr XIX 14.73 14.80 14.81 14.84 109.64 110.37 113.97 118.31 118.67 118.83 126.30 126.33 130.99 134.89 138.15 138.45 140.92 143.57 163.94 179.18
3 1 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3
3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1
7.1E+04 1.3E+05 3.4E+04 1.3E+05 2.46E+02 6.0E+02 5.5E+02 3.29E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 1.56E+02 4.35E+02 2.9E+02 1.98E+02 1.75E+02 1.71E+02 1.38E+02 7.2E+02 3.1E+02 1.45E+02
Cr XX 14.13 14.26 128.42 131.31 133.82 135.26 140.75 148.99 156.00 167.97 180.85
2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 4
4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4
1.1E+05 1.3E+05 3.8E+02 1.27E+02 8.3E+01 2.41E+02 1.35E+02 1.75E+02 8.4E+01 1.12E+02 1.6E+02
Cr XXI 12.97 12.98 13.02 13.02 13.08 13.22 13.34 13.49 13.53 13.55 13.65 13.66 13.67 13.68 13.75 13.75 13.76 13.78 13.84 13.87 13.92 13.93 13.95
3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5
1 5 5 7 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 1 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 5 5 7 5
4.8E+04 3.9E+04 3.8E+04 3.9E+04 5.2E+04 4.6E+04 5.2E+04 9.0E+04 6.6E+04 1.2E+05 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 3.9E+04 8.2E+04 4.5E+04 9.5E+04 1.51E+05 1.7E+05 2.59E+05 8.5E+04 8.5E+04 4.2E+04 3.8E+04
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2467.69 2470.27 2476.64 2504.52 2511.02 2521.36 2528.97 2530.13 2535.96 2536.50 2544.25 2562.12 2567.34 2574.35 2685.34 3017.55 3044.00 3048.89 3061.82 3072.34 3086.78 3354.37 3367.11 3385.22 3388.16 3395.37 3405.12 3409.17 3412.34 3412.63 3414.74 3417.15 3431.58 3433.05 3442.92 3443.64 3449.17 3449.44 3453.51 3455.24 3462.80 3465.79 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3491.32 3495.68 3502.28 3502.63 3506.32 3509.84 3512.64 3513.48 3518.34 3521.58 3523.42 3526.85 3529.03 3529.82
14.04 14.24
3 1
5 3
1.2E+05 1.41E+05
Cr XXII 2.190 2.191 2.198 2.199 2.202 2.203 13.149 13.292
4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 4 4 6 2 4 6
1.7E+06 2.5E+06 4.5E+06 2.3E+06 1.6E+06 1.3E+06 1.29E+05 1.54E+05
Cr XXIII 1.7632 1.8557 2.095 2.101 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 2.107 2.107 2.109 2.113 2.119 2.129 2.1818 2.1923
1 1 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 1
3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 1 3 3
3.68E+05 8.97E+05 3.5E+06 2.0E+06 7.9E+05 2.1E+06 1.2E+06 1.4E+06 9.6E+05 2.0E+06 2.3E+06 3.3E+06 1.7E+06 5.9E+05 2.7E+05 5.1E+05 3.37E+06 2.34E+05
8 10 10 8 6 6 4 8 6 4 10 6 10 6 8 10 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4
8 8 10 8 8 6 4 10 8 6 10 8 8 6 6 12 6 8 6 10 8 6 4 6
8.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 1.3E-01 7.3E-02 2.4E-01 4.0E-01 5.1E-01 3.6E+00 6.5E-01 3.4E+00 3.6E+00 3.2E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 1.2E-01
Cobalt Co I 2287.80 2295.22 2309.03 2323.13 2325.53 2335.98 2338.66 2353.36 2355.48 2358.18 2365.06 2371.85 2384.86 2392.03 2402.06 2407.25 2412.76 2414.46 2415.29 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.04 2460.80
10-102
Weights gi gk 6 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 10 4 4 10 6 8 8 4 4 10 6 8 6 6 8 6 10 4 10 6 8
8 12 8 8 10 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 10 12 2 6 12 8 10 6 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 10 4 8 2 10 8 10
A 108 s–1 7.0E-02 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 9.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 7.1E-02 1.9E+00 3.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.9E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E-01 5.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.9E-01 7.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 6.0E-02 1.1E-01 2.4E-01 2.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.2E-01 6.1E-01 1.2E-01 8.8E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E+00 1.2E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.9E-01 7.9E-01 9.2E-02 5.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E+00 5.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.0E-01 5.2E-02 8.2E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 7.8E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01 9.8E-01 1.3E-01 8.8E-02 4.6E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3533.36 3560.89 3564.95 3569.37 3574.97 3575.36 3585.15 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3704.06 3745.49 3842.05 3845.47 3861.16 3873.12 3873.95 3881.87 3894.07 3894.98 3935.96 3995.31 3997.90 4092.39 4110.53 4118.77 4121.32 5146.75 5212.70 5265.79 5280.63 5352.05 5477.09 5483.96 6082.43 6455.00 7838.12 8093.93 8372.79 Co II 2286.15 2307.85 2311.61 2314.05 2314.97 2330.36 2344.28 2353.41 2363.80 2378.62 2383.45 2388.92 2389.54 2404.17 2417.66
Weights gi gk 4 4 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 8 10 6 10 12 6 8 10 8 8 12 10
11 9 7 5 3 5 3 7 9 11 9 11 5 3 9
6 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 8 2 10 10 8 8 6 8 10 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10
13 11 9 7 5 3 3 7 9 9 7 11 3 3 9
A 108 s–1
λ Å
9.1E-02 2.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E+00 1.5E-01 9.6E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E+00 9.2E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E-01 7.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.6E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 8.2E-02 6.9E-01 8.8E-02 6.2E-02 2.5E-01 7.0E-02 5.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 5.0E-02 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 6.8E-02 7.3E-02 5.4E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02
Copper Cu I *2024.3 2165.1 2178.9 2181.7 2225.7 2244.3 2441.6 2492.2 2618.4 2766.4 2824.4 2961.2 3063.4 3194.1 3247.5 3274.0 3337.8 4022.6 4062.6 4249.0 4275.1 4480.4 4509.4 4530.8 4539.7 4587.0 4651.1 4704.6 5105.5 5153.2 5218.2 5220.1 5292.5 5700.2 5782.1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 8 10 8 6 2 4 4 8 4 4
6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 2 8 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 4 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 8 4 2
9.8E-02 5.1E-01 9.13E-01 1.0E+00 4.6E-01 1.19E-02 2.0E-02 3.11E-02 3.07E-01 9.6E-02 7.8E-02 3.76E-02 1.55E-02 1.55E-02 1.39E+00 1.37E+00 3.8E-03 1.90E-01 2.10E-01 1.95E-01 3.45E-01 3.0E-02 2.75E-01 8.4E-02 2.12E-01 3.20E-01 3.80E-01 5.5E-02 2.0E-02 6.0E-01 7.5E-01 1.50E-01 1.09E-01 2.4E-03 1.65E-02
Cu II 2489.7 2544.8 2689.3 2701.0 2703.2 2713.5 2769.7
5 9 7 5 3 5 7
5 7 7 5 3 5 7
1.5E-02 1.1E+00 4.1E-01 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.8E-01 6.1E-01
17 17 15 15 15 15 17
15 17 17 13 13 13 19
6.5E-02 6.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E+00
3.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 2.7E+00 1.32E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.5E-01
Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7 2964.6 3147.7 3263.2 3511.0 3571.4 3757.1
Weights gi gk
10-103
A 108 s–1
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
3868.8 3967.5 4046.0 4103.9 4186.8 4194.8 4211.7 4218.1 4221.1 4225.2 4268.3 4276.7 4292.0 4577.8 4589.4 4612.3 5077.7 5301.6 5547.3 5639.5 5974.5 5988.6 6010.8 6088.3 6168.4 6259.1 6579.4
17 17 17 13 17 17 17 15 15 13 15 13 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 17 17
17 19 15 11 17 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 15 19 15 15 17 15 17 19 17 15 15 13 17 19 15
3.1E+00 8.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.32E+00 7.2E-01 2.08E+00 1.85E+00 1.52E+00 4.5E+00 3.6E-02 7.3E-01 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.3E-01 8.2E-02 5.7E-03 1.1E-02 2.7E-03 4.7E-03 4.0E-03 5.3E-03 2.6E-02 3.5E-02 2.5E-02 8.5E-03 7.5E-03
Erbium Er I 3862.9 4008.0 4151.1
13 13 13
13 15 11
2.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.8E+00
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
6 8 10 10 8 10 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 6 8 6 10 8 6
1.9E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 7.0E-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 3.1E-02 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E-01
Europium Eu I 2372.9 2375.3 2379.7 2619.3 2643.8 2659.4 2682.6 2710.0 2724.0 2731.4 2732.6 2735.3 2738.6 2743.3 2745.6 2747.8 2772.9 2878.9 2892.5 2893.0
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2909.0 2958.9 3059.0 3067.0 3106.2 3111.4 3168.3 3185.5 3210.6 3212.8 3213.8 3235.1 3241.4 3246.0 3247.6 3322.3 3334.3 3350.4 3353.7 3457.1 3467.9 3589.3 4594.0 4627.2 4661.9 5645.8 5765.2 6018.2 6291.3 6864.5 7106.5 Fluorine FI 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 6239.7 6348.5 6413.7 6708.3 6774.0 6795.5 6834.3 6856.0 6870.2 6902.5 6909.8 6966.4 7037.5 7127.9 7309.0 7311.0 7314.3 7332.0 7398.7
Weights gk gi 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
4 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 6
10 6 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 6 10 8 6 8 6 6 10 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 8 10 6 10 8
6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.8E-02 9.1E-03 5.5E-02 3.0E-01 6.9E-02 5.8E-03 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.0E-02 2.3E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 3.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.8E-03 8.4E-03 1.0E-02 6.9E-03 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.4E-03 1.1E-02 8.5E-03 1.8E-03 5.8E-03 2.6E-03
7425.7 7482.7 7489.2 7514.9 7552.2 7573.4 7607.2 7754.7 7800.2
4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2
Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2199.7 2214.4 2235.9 2255.0 2259.2 2294.2 2297.9 2338.2 2371.3 2418.7 2450.1 2500.2 2659.9 2719.7 2874.2 2943.6 2944.2 4033.0 4172.0 Ga II 829.60 1414.4
3.3E+00 2.8E+00 2.6E+00 5.77E+00 5.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-02 1.0E-01 5.2E-02 2.1E-01 4.94E-01 3.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.2E-01 1.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.85E-01
Germanium Ge I 1944.7 1955.1 1988.3 1998.9 2041.7 2065.2 2068.7 2086.0 2094.3 2105.8 2256.0 2417.4 2498.0 2533.2 2589.2 2592.5 2651.2 2651.6 2691.3 2709.6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2 4 2 2 6 4 4 6 4
3.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.1E-01 5.2E-02 7.8E-02 1.0E-01 7.0E-02 3.82E-01 2.1E-01
2754.6 3039.1 3124.8 3269.5 4226.6 4685.8
5 5 5 5 1 1
3 3 5 3 3 3
1.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.1E-02 2.9E-01 2.1E-01 9.5E-02
2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 2 2
1.9E-02 3.3E-02 1.2E-02 4.3E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 7.0E-02 5.8E-02 9.8E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.4E-01 1.2E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E-01 4.9E-01 9.2E-01
Ge II 999.10 1016.6 1017.1 1055.0 1075.1 1237.1 1261.9 1264.7 1602.5 1649.2 4741.8 4814.6 4824.1 5131.8 5178.5 5178.6 5893.4 6021.0 6336.4 6484.2
2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4
4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 2 2
1.9E+00 2.1E+00 3.5E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.9E+01 2.2E+01 3.5E+00 3.4E+00 6.5E+00 4.6E-01 5.1E-01 8.6E-02 1.9E+00 1.3E-01 2.0E+00 9.2E-01 8.4E-01 4.4E-01 8.5E-01
1 1
3 3
2.2E-01 1.88E+01
Gold Au I 2427.95 2675.95 3122.78 6278.30
2 2 6 4
4 2 4 2
1.99E+00 1.64E+00 1.90E-01 3.4E-02
Helium He I 510.00 512.10 515.62 522.21 537.03 584.33 *2677.1 *2696.1 *2723.2 *2763.8 *2829.1 *2945.1 *3187.7 3231.3 3258.3 3296.8 3354.6 3447.6 *3554.4 *3563.0 *3587.3
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 15
4.6224E-01 7.3174E-01 1.2582E+00 2.4356E+00 5.6634E+00 1.7989E+01 4.4174E-03 6.0234E-03 8.4996E-03 1.2508E-02 1.9389E-02 3.2006E-02 5.6361E-02 5.1015E-03 6.9627E-03 9.8432E-03 1.4537E-02 2.2691E-02 7.5971E-03 4.8362E-03 1.8107E-02
Weights gi gk
3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3
10-104
1 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1
7.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.5E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 8.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 9.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-02 9.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 5.1E-02 7.1E-01 2.0E+00 8.5E-01 6.1E-01 2.8E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
3613.6 *3634.2 *3652.0 *3705.0 *3819.6 3833.6 *3867.5 3871.8 *3888.7 3926.5 3935.9 3964.7 4009.3 4024.0 *4026.2 *4120.8 4143.8 4169.0 4387.9 4437.6 *4471.5 *4713.2 4921.9 5015.7 5047.7 *5875.7 6678.2 *7065.2 7281.4 *8361.7 *9463.6 9603.4 *9702.6 *10311 *10668 *10830 *10913 10917 *10997 11013 11045 11226 *11969 *12528 12756 *12785 12791 *12846 12968 *12985
1 9 9 9 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 9 9 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 1 9 9 9 3 15 5 15 1 3 3 9 3 5 15 5 9 3 15
3 15 3 15 15 5 3 5 9 5 1 3 5 1 15 3 5 1 5 1 15 3 5 3 1 15 5 3 1 9 9 3 3 15 3 9 21 7 9 3 5 1 15 9 3 21 7 3 5 9
3.8022E-02 2.6062E-02 9.7444E-03 3.9528E-02 6.4351E-02 9.6470E-03 2.4465E-02 1.3386E-02 9.4746E-02 1.9371E-02 7.4475E-03 6.9507E-02 2.9612E-02 1.1281E-02 1.1600E-01 4.4529E-02 4.8812E-02 1.8298E-02 8.9889E-02 3.2689E-02 2.4578E-01 9.5209E-02 1.9863E-01 1.3372E-01 6.7712E-02 7.0703E-01 6.3705E-01 2.7853E-01 1.8299E-01 3.8126E-03 5.6868E-03 5.8286E-03 8.6511E-03 1.9945E-02 1.4471E-02 1.0216E-01 1.9801E-02 1.6083E-02 1.4253E-03 9.2496E-03 1.8457E-02 1.1168E-02 3.4781E-02 7.0932E-03 1.2754E-03 4.1339E-02 3.2475E-02 2.7317E-02 3.3615E-02 2.7292E-03
Indium In I 2560.2 2710.3 3039.4 3256.1 4101.8 4511.3
2 4 2 4 2 4
4 6 4 6 2 2
4.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.6E-01 1.02E+00
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
In II 2941.1
3
1
1.4E+00
Iodine II 1782.8 1830.4
4 4
4 6
2.71E+00 1.6E-01
Iridium Ir I 2475.12 2502.98 2639.71 2661.98 2664.79 2694.23 2849.72 2853.31 2882.64 2924.79 2934.64 2951.22 3003.63 3168.88 3220.78 3558.99 3573.72 3617.21 3628.67 3661.71 3734.77 4033.76 4069.92 4913.35 4939.24
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 10 6 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 12 10
10 12 10 10 8 12 10 10 8 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 8 12 12
2.1E-01 3.2E-01 4.7E-01 2.5E-01 4.0E-01 4.8E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-03 7.2E-02 1.42E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-02 5.9E-02 5.47E-02 2.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.3E-02 2.5E-03
Iron Fe I 1934.54 1937.27 1940.66 2084.12 2102.35 2112.97 2132.02 2145.19 2153.01 2161.58 2166.77 2171.30 2173.21 2176.84 2191.20 2191.84 2196.04 2200.72 2259.51 2267.08 2272.07
9 9 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 3 9 5 3 1 1 5 3 3 9 7 7
7 7 5 7 7 3 9 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 11 5 9
2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.7E-01 8.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 6.9E-02 5.0E-02 2.7E+00 5.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.0E-01 7.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 2.8E-01 7.0E-02 7.1E-02 3.8E-02
10-105
λ Å 2276.03 2277.11 2287.25 2292.52 2294.41 2300.14 2301.68 2303.42 2303.58 2309.00 2313.10 2320.36 2371.43 2373.62 2374.52 2381.83 2389.97 2462.18 2462.65 2479.78 2483.27 2488.14 2490.64 2491.15 2501.13 2510.83 2518.10 2522.85 2524.29 2527.43 2529.13 2535.61 2540.97 2545.98 2549.61 2584.54 2606.83 2618.02 2623.53 2656.15 2669.49 2679.06 2719.03 2720.90 2723.58 2733.58 2735.48 2737.31 2742.41 2744.07 2750.14 2756.33 2788.10 2894.50 2899.42 2920.69 2923.29 2925.36 2929.01
Weights gi gk 9 7 5 7 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 5 7 9 5 9 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 3 7 5 1 3 5 7 11 9 7 7 13 11 11 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 1 7 3 11 5 5 5 11 7 7
7 5 3 9 1 7 3 3 5 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 7 5 9 5 11 9 7 5 7 5 3 9 1 7 5 3 5 7 9 13 11 7 9 15 13 11 7 5 3 9 7 3 5 3 7 5 13 5 3 5 11 9 5
A 108 s–1 1.7E-01 3.7E+01 3.4E-01 4.3E-02 6.1E-01 8.0E-02 1.3E-01 9.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.5E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 5.2E-02 6.7E-02 2.9E-01 5.4E-02 5.0E-02 1.5E-01 5.8E-01 1.8E+00 4.9E+00 4.7E+00 3.8E+00 3.0E+00 6.8E-01 1.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.9E+00 3.4E+00 1.9E+00 9.8E-01 9.7E-01 9.2E-01 6.7E-01 3.6E-01 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.1E+00 6.4E-01 8.6E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 6.3E-01 3.5E-01 3.9E-01 2.0E-01 6.3E-01 6.2E-01 5.9E-01 5.2E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01 7.3E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2936.90 2941.34 2947.88 2953.94 2954.65 2957.36 2965.25 2966.90 2969.36 2973.13 2973.24 2980.53 2981.45 2983.57 2987.29 2990.39 2994.43 2996.39 2999.51 3000.95 3008.14 3009.09 3009.57 3011.48 3015.92 3016.18 3017.63 3018.98 3021.07 3024.03 3025.84 3026.46 3031.63 3037.39 3042.02 3042.66 3047.60 3053.07 3057.45 3059.09 3067.24 3068.17 3075.72 3083.74 3091.58 3098.19 3100.67 3119.49 3120.43 3156.27 3160.66 3161.95 3166.44 3168.85 3175.45 3176.36 3196.93 3199.53 3205.40
Weights gk gi 9 5 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 7 3 11 5 3 13 9 7 11 5 3 7 7 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 11 7 9 5 7 5 3 11 7 11 9 7 9 11 9 5 11 5 9 9 3
9 3 7 5 7 3 3 11 1 7 9 7 5 7 7 11 5 5 11 3 1 11 9 9 9 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 9 9 7 3 5 3 1 11 7 9 7 7 9 13 7 7 11 3 11 9 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.3E-01 5.6E-02 2.0E-01 1.89E-01 1.0E-01 1.77E-01 1.16E-01 2.72E-01 3.66E-02 1.35E-01 1.83E-01 2.2E-01 6.54E-02 2.80E-01 6.6E-02 3.9E-01 4.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.42E-01 1.07E+00 6.7E-02 1.7E-01 4.7E-01 5.9E-02 8.5E-02 6.82E-02 1.3E-01 4.56E-01 4.88E-02 3.48E-01 1.1E-01 1.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.9E-02 5.7E-02 2.84E-01 1.5E-01 4.4E-01 1.7E-01 3.4E-01 9.8E-02 2.9E-01 3.0E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 8.2E-02 8.9E-02 5.4E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E-01 1.14E-01 5.7E-02 1.3E-01 9.2E-02 9.0E-01 2.6E-01 1.2E+00
3215.94 3217.38 3219.58 3222.07 3225.79 3227.80 3228.25 3229.99 3230.21 3230.96 3233.05 3233.97 3246.96 3248.20 3253.60 3254.36 3257.59 3265.62 3268.23 3271.00 3280.26 3282.89 3284.59 3290.99 3292.02 3292.59 3298.13 3305.97 3306.36 3307.23 3314.74 3322.47 3323.74 3328.87 3337.66 3347.93 3354.06 3355.23 3369.55 3370.78 3380.11 3383.98 3392.65 3394.58 3399.33 3402.26 3406.44 3407.46 3410.17 3411.35 3413.13 3417.84 3418.51 3424.28 3425.01 3427.12 3428.19 3428.75 3440.99
Weights gi gk 5 11 7 11 11 9 5 9 5 7 13 9 5 7 7 11 7 7 3 5 9 3 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 13 5 9 5 11 11 5 1 9 9 11 7 7 7 5 5 13 3 7 3 9 5 3 3 7 9 7 5 7 7
5 9 9 11 13 7 3 11 5 5 15 9 3 7 9 13 5 5 3 3 11 5 5 5 9 3 5 7 5 13 7 11 5 11 9 5 3 9 9 11 7 7 7 3 5 13 5 9 5 9 7 3 1 7 7 9 5 5 5
10-106
A 108 s–1
λ Å
8.0E-01 2.2E-01 6.2E-01 3.3E-01 8.8E-01 1.4E+00 4.5E-01 4.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.9E-01 5.4E-01 2.0E-01 9.9E-02 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-02 6.6E-01 5.4E-01 3.0E-01 5.4E-02 6.0E-02 6.1E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-02 4.7E-01 6.1E-01 2.0E-01 6.9E-01 6.2E-02 3.0E-01 2.7E-01 5.7E-02 4.0E-02 7.7E-02 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.4E-01 9.3E-02 2.6E-01 9.9E-02 3.8E-01 2.8E-01 3.0E-01 5.8E-01 4.7E-01 5.5E-02 3.6E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 8.4E-02
3442.36 3443.88 3445.15 3447.28 3450.33 3476.70 3477.85 3485.34 3495.29 3497.10 3505.07 3506.50 3508.49 3510.44 3516.56 3521.84 3523.31 3524.08 3524.24 3527.79 3529.82 3536.56 3537.73 3537.90 3540.12 3541.08 3542.08 3543.67 3548.02 3552.11 3552.83 3553.74 3556.88 3559.50 3560.70 3565.38 3567.03 3568.42 3568.82 3570.10 3572.00 3573.39 3576.76 3578.38 3581.19 3582.20 3583.33 3585.32 3585.71 3586.98 3591.48 3592.67 3594.63 3595.30 3597.02 3599.62 3603.20 3603.82 3605.45
Weights gi gk 5 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 9 1 7 3 5 7 5 9 3 5 5 11 7 9 7 3 5 3 5 11 9 3 7 7 5 5 7 9 11 5 11 1 11 13 1 7 9 5 1 7 9 5 5 11 11 3 9
5 3 7 5 3 3 1 3 7 7 3 5 11 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 3 7 3 11 9 11 9 5 3 5 5 9 11 3 9 9 7 3 9 11 11 7 9 3 13 11 3 7 9 5 3 5 9 5 3 9 11 3 9
A 108 s–1 4.55E-02 6.2E-02 2.8E-01 9.1E-02 2.0E-01 5.4E-02 4.2E-02 1.4E-01 9.46E-02 1.4E-01 9.9E-02 7.1E-02 5.7E-02 4.4E-02 3.7E-02 9.6E-02 7.6E-02 7.5E-02 4.2E-02 2.0E-01 7.6E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E-01 8.4E-02 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 4.5E-02 1.5E-01 8.1E-01 4.4E-01 1.9E-01 6.5E-02 3.8E-01 6.5E-02 5.3E-02 5.6E-02 6.77E-01 2.4E-01 7.5E-02 9.6E-02 6.3E-02 1.02E+00 2.5E-01 2.3E-01 1.3E-01 3.75E-02 1.6E-01 6.0E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-01 5.4E-02 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 6.4E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3606.68 3608.86 3610.16 3610.70 3612.07 3613.45 3615.19 3617.79 3618.77 3621.46 3622.00 3623.19 3624.06 3630.35 3631.46 3632.04 3632.55 3635.19 3637.86 3638.30 3640.39 3644.80 3645.82 3647.84 3649.51 3650.03 3651.47 3655.46 3659.52 3667.25 3669.15 3669.52 3670.09 3674.77 3676.31 3677.31 3677.63 3678.86 3682.24 3684.11 3686.00 3686.26 3687.46 3688.48 3690.73 3694.01 3697.43 3698.60 3699.15 3701.09 3702.03 3703.69 3703.82 3704.46 3709.25 3711.41 3718.41 3719.93 3722.56
Weights gi gk 11 3 13 5 11 7 3 5 5 9 7 13 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 7 9 7 1 9 11 7 7 5 9 9 9 9 11 5 9 5 7 3 5 9 9 3 11 7 11 5 7 5 5 7 3 9 1 11 9 3 7 9 5
13 5 13 3 13 7 3 7 7 11 7 13 3 7 9 5 9 3 9 9 11 5 3 11 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 7 13 3 11 7 5 5 5 7 11 1 9 9 11 7 7 7 7 9 1 11 3 9 7 5 7 11 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
8.2E-01 8.14E-01 4.8E-01 7.1E-02 7.5E-02 6.7E-02 5.8E-02 6.5E-01 7.3E-01 5.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.4E-02 5.4E-02 7.6E-02 5.17E-01 4.8E-01 5.2E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-02 2.6E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-02 5.7E-01 2.92E-01 4.2E-01 9.9E-02 6.2E-01 1.0E-01 5.8E-02 1.4E-01 7.4E-02 3.0E-01 7.6E-02 6.7E-02 4.63E-02 3.1E-01 8.0E-01 4.1E-02 1.7E+00 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 1.2E-01 8.01E-02 6.9E-02 2.7E-01 6.8E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-02 4.5E-02 4.8E-01 3.5E-01 5.3E-02 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 1.56E-01 7.3E-02 5.3E-02 1.62E-01 4.97E-02
3724.38 3726.93 3727.09 3727.62 3730.39 3730.95 3732.40 3733.32 3734.86 3735.32 3737.13 3738.31 3740.24 3742.62 3743.36 3744.10 3745.56 3745.90 3746.93 3748.26 3749.48 3753.61 3756.94 3757.45 3758.23 3760.05 3760.53 3763.79 3765.54 3766.67 3767.19 3768.03 3774.82 3778.51 3781.94 3785.95 3786.19 3787.16 3787.88 3789.82 3791.73 3793.87 3794.34 3795.00 3799.55 3801.68 3802.00 3802.28 3804.01 3805.35 3806.22 3806.70 3807.54 3808.73 3810.76 3813.88 3815.84 3817.64 3819.50
Weights gi gk 5 5 9 7 9 5 5 3 11 9 7 11 7 9 5 5 5 1 7 3 9 7 11 5 7 13 3 5 13 5 3 3 3 7 5 11 5 5 3 9 5 3 9 5 7 5 11 5 11 9 3 11 3 9 5 13 9 11 7
7 5 7 5 11 7 5 3 11 9 9 13 9 9 3 3 7 3 7 5 9 5 11 3 7 15 5 5 15 3 3 1 3 5 7 13 5 5 5 7 3 3 11 7 9 7 13 5 9 11 3 11 5 9 3 11 7 11 5
10-107
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.3E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01 2.25E-01 1.3E-01 3.8E-02 2.8E-01 6.2E-02 9.02E-01 2.4E-01 1.42E-01 3.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.0E-01 2.60E-01 3.6E-01 1.15E-01 7.33E-02 2.2E-01 9.15E-02 7.64E-01 9.3E-02 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 6.34E-01 4.47E-02 4.8E-02 5.44E-01 9.8E-01 9.7E-02 6.40E-01 8.4E-02 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.7E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 1.29E-01 3.9E-02 6.3E-02 7.4E-02 3.8E-02 1.15E-01 7.32E-02 6.6E-02 3.5E-02 5.0E-02 4.7E-02 9.8E-01 2.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.0E-02 3.54E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02 1.3E+00 8.3E-02 4.6E-02
3820.43 3821.18 3821.83 3825.88 3827.82 3833.31 3834.22 3836.33 3839.26 3839.61 3840.44 3841.05 3843.26 3845.17 3845.69 3846.00 3846.41 3846.80 3849.96 3856.37 3859.21 3859.91 3865.52 3867.22 3871.75 3872.50 3873.76 3878.02 3878.57 3883.28 3884.36 3885.51 3886.28 3887.05 3888.51 3888.82 3891.93 3893.39 3895.66 3900.52 3902.95 3903.90 3906.75 3907.93 3909.66 3909.83 3914.27 3916.73 3919.07 3925.20 3931.12 3941.28 3942.44 3946.99 3948.77 3949.14 3949.95 3951.16 3952.60
Weights gi gk 11 11 5 9 7 9 7 5 9 3 5 5 9 3 5 9 11 7 3 7 13 9 3 5 11 5 11 7 5 7 11 3 7 9 5 5 3 11 3 7 7 9 5 7 3 3 3 13 9 1 5 5 3 9 11 3 7 3 11
9 13 5 7 5 9 5 5 9 5 3 3 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 11 9 3 5 11 5 9 7 3 7 9 5 7 9 5 3 3 11 1 7 7 9 7 5 5 3 3 11 9 3 7 5 5 11 9 3 5 5 11
A 108 s–1 6.68E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-02 5.98E-01 1.05E+00 4.69E-02 4.53E-01 3.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.9E-01 4.70E-01 1.3E+00 4.7E-01 6.8E-02 4.9E-02 4.3E-02 1.9E-01 6.6E-01 6.06E-01 4.64E-02 8.5E-02 9.70E-02 1.55E-01 3.4E-01 6.7E-02 1.05E-01 8.0E-02 7.72E-02 6.6E-02 1.6E-01 3.5E-02 5.8E-02 5.30E-02 3.52E-02 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E-01 9.40E-02 7.5E-02 2.14E-01 9.6E-02 6.7E-02 6.7E-02 5.3E-02 6.5E-02 5.4E-02 1.2E-01 3.9E-02 5.7E-02 4.5E-02 8.4E-02 9.0E-02 4.4E-02 2.2E-01 3.9E-02 5.9E-02 3.6E-01 4.1E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3953.15 3955.34 3955.96 3956.45 3957.02 3960.28 3963.10 3967.42 3967.96 3969.26 3970.39 3971.32 3973.65 3976.61 3977.74 3981.77 3983.96 3985.39 3989.86 3996.97 3997.39 3998.05 4003.76 4005.24 4006.31 4007.27 4009.71 4014.53 4017.15 4021.87 4024.72 4031.96 4040.64 4044.61 4045.81 4054.87 4058.22 4059.73 4062.44 4063.59 4065.40 4067.98 4070.77 4071.74 4073.76 4074.79 4076.63 4078.35 4079.18 4079.84 4080.21 4082.44 4084.49 4085.00 4085.30 4085.98 4088.57 4098.18 4107.49
Weights gk gi 7 3 3 13 5 5 3 9 7 9 3 11 5 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 9 11 3 7 11 7 3 11 9 7 7 3 5 5 9 5 9 5 3 7 3 9 7 5 5 9 9 5 5 1 3 3 11 3 7 7 5 7 5
9 3 3 11 7 7 5 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 5 9 7 5 7 9 11 9 3 5 9 5 5 11 11 9 9 5 7 3 9 3 7 3 3 7 1 9 5 5 3 9 9 3 5 3 1 3 9 5 7 5 3 7 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3.7E-02 1.4E-01 5.7E-02 2.1E-01 1.6E-01 4.2E-02 1.7E-01 2.3E-01 6.3E-02 2.3E-01 3.5E-01 5.7E-02 6.6E-02 1.8E-01 7.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.6E-02 6.7E-02 5.0E-02 6.7E-02 1.5E-01 6.6E-02 7.1E-02 2.04E-01 4.7E-02 4.2E-02 5.2E-02 2.4E-01 4.5E-02 1.0E-01 8.9E-02 7.1E-02 4.4E-02 1.1E-01 8.63E-01 1.6E-01 4.9E-02 8.1E-02 2.2E-01 6.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.65E-01 1.6E-01 4.8E-02 1.9E-01 4.2E-02 5.1E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 3.9E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01
4109.07 4109.80 4112.96 4114.45 4118.54 4126.18 4127.61 4132.06 4132.90 4134.68 4137.00 4137.42 4142.63 4143.87 4149.37 4150.25 4153.90 4154.80 4156.80 4158.79 4170.90 4172.12 4175.64 4181.75 4182.38 4184.89 4187.04 4187.79 4191.68 4196.21 4198.30 4198.64 4199.09 4200.09 4200.92 4202.03 4203.67 4203.94 4205.54 4207.13 4210.34 4213.65 4217.55 4219.36 4220.34 4222.21 4224.17 4224.51 4225.45 4226.42 4233.60 4235.94 4238.81 4240.37 4245.26 4246.08 4247.43 4248.22 4250.12
Weights gi gk 1 3 11 5 11 11 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 3 7 9 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 7 9 1 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 13 5 5 3 3 3 11 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 7 5 1 7 9 3 5
3 3 13 5 13 11 3 7 5 7 5 7 5 9 13 3 9 11 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 11 7 9 9 9 13 5 3 3 1 5 13 1 7 11 5 7 3 5 9 9 3 3 5 11 5 7
10-108
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.4E-01 4.7E-02 5.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 9.4E-02 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.1E-02 7.4E-02 1.5E-01 3.6E-02 7.1E-02 2.3E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 6.1E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 3.6E-01 4.9E-02 1.1E-01 2.15E-01 1.52E-01 4.8E-02 9.8E-02 8.03E-02 1.3E-01 6.1E-01 4.0E-02 4.2E-02 8.22E-02 8.6E-02 1.3E-01 3.6E-02 4.3E-02 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.77E-02 1.3E-01 7.1E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.85E-01 1.88E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-02 8.3E-02 5.7E-02 2.0E-01 3.5E-02 2.08E-01
4250.79 4260.47 4267.83 4268.75 4271.15 4271.76 4282.40 4300.83 4305.45 4307.90 4315.08 4325.76 4327.09 4352.73 4369.77 4383.54 4387.89 4388.41 4401.29 4404.75 4415.12 4422.57 4430.61 4433.22 4438.34 4442.34 4443.19 4446.83 4447.72 4454.38 4455.03 4466.55 4469.37 4481.61 4484.22 4485.67 4528.61 4533.13 4547.85 4619.29 4669.17 4673.16 4678.85 4704.95 4736.77 4789.65 4859.74 4871.32 4872.14 4878.21 4890.75 4891.49 4892.87 4903.31 4917.23 4918.01 4918.99 4920.50 4930.31
Weights gi gk 7 11 1 5 7 9 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 9 9 3 7 7 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 3 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 3 9 5 5 7 3 1 5 9 3 3 5 1 7 11 3
7 11 3 3 9 11 5 5 3 9 5 7 5 5 9 11 3 7 7 9 7 3 1 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 7 7 3 9 3 9 1 7 5 3 7 9 1 11 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 9 3
A 108 s–1 1.0E-01 3.2E-01 9.4E-02 4.2E-02 1.82E-01 2.28E-01 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 6.0E-02 3.4E-01 7.7E-02 5.0E-01 7.8E-02 3.9E-02 7.2E-02 5.00E-01 3.9E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 2.75E-01 1.19E-01 8.8E-02 7.45E-02 2.3E-01 7.9E-02 3.76E-02 1.1E-01 5.3E-02 5.11E-02 3.8E-02 3.9E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 4.2E-02 7.0E-02 1.1E-01 5.44E-02 3.7E-02 7.6E-02 4.7E-02 4.0E-02 4.6E-02 7.4E-02 8.1E-02 4.9E-02 7.2E-02 1.3E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 9.1E-02 2.1E-01 2.9E-01 4.8E-02 4.7E-02 6.1E-02 4.0E-02 1.7E-01 3.5E-01 4.1E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4969.92 4973.10 4978.60 4988.95 4991.27 5001.86 5004.04 5014.94 5022.24 5074.75 5090.78 5109.65 5121.64 5125.11 5133.69 5137.38 5159.06 5162.27 5184.26 5208.59 5232.94 5263.30 5266.55 5283.62 5302.30 5324.18 5339.93 5353.39 5364.87 5367.47 5369.96 5373.71 5383.37 5389.48 5398.29 5400.50 5410.91 5415.20 5424.07 5432.95 5445.04 5463.27 5466.39 5473.90 5480.87 5487.74 5554.89 5569.62 5572.84 5576.09 5586.76 5598.30 5615.64 5624.54 5633.97 5638.27 5650.01 5655.18 5658.82
Weights gi gk 3 3 5 7 5 9 5 7 5 9 7 3 5 9 11 11 5 11 5 7 9 5 7 7 3 9 5 9 5 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 13 5 11 9 9 7 3 7 9 5 7 3 9 5 11 5 11 9 3 7 7
3 3 3 7 7 7 3 5 3 11 5 5 5 7 13 9 3 11 7 5 11 5 9 7 5 9 7 7 7 9 11 9 13 7 5 9 9 13 15 5 11 9 7 7 1 5 9 3 5 1 7 5 9 5 13 7 5 9 7
A 108 s–1
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.1E-01 4.9E-02 8.2E-02 3.9E-01 3.5E-02 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 1.5E-01 2.0E-01 5.4E-02 7.9E-02 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 2.4E-01 3.5E-02 5.2E-02 1.4E-01 5.2E-02 8.6E-02 8.0E-02 6.3E-02 1.5E-01 7.0E-02 4.8E-02 5.5E-01 5.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.5E-02 5.6E-01 1.3E-01 9.8E-02 1.8E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.0E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-02 1.2E-01 8.6E-02 8.7E-02 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.7E-01 5.3E-02 8.7E-02 4.0E-02 5.0E-02 5.3E-02 3.6E-02
5679.02 5686.53 5691.51 5705.99 5717.85 5753.12 5762.99 5816.36 5905.67 5927.80 5930.17 6020.17 6024.07 6055.99 6170.49 6336.84 6338.90 6400.00 6411.65 6419.98 6469.21 6495.78 6496.46 6569.23 6633.76 6733.16 6841.35 7130.94
5 9 3 7 1 3 5 9 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3
7 11 1 9 3 5 7 11 3 3 7 9 11 9 5 3 3 9 7 7 3 3 5 9 7 1 7 5
3.6E-02 4.4E-02 6.2E-02 6.7E-02 5.0E-02 7.0E-02 1.0E-01 3.7E-02 1.2E-01 5.1E-02 1.6E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 4.9E-02 4.8E-02 5.5E-02 3.5E-02 1.3E-01 9.0E-02 6.0E-02 8.5E-02 6.5E-02 3.6E-02 3.9E-02 3.6E-02 4.3E-02
Fe II 1144.94 1635.40 1641.76 1647.16 2208.41 2213.66 2218.27 2327.40 2331.31 2332.80 2338.01 2343.49 2343.96 2344.28 2348.11 2348.30 2351.67 2352.31 2353.68 2354.89 2360.00 2360.29 2362.02 2363.86 2364.83 2365.77 2366.59 2368.60 2369.95
10 8 6 6 10 14 8 6 10 8 4 10 8 2 10 6 6 2 8 6 10 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 10
12 6 4 6 10 14 10 4 8 6 4 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 10 8 6 6 4 12
4.8E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 5.2E-01 1.8E+00 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 5.9E-01 2.9E-01 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 2.9E-01 8.2E-01 5.1E-01 1.2E+00 1.7E+00 4.2E+00 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.3E-01 5.1E+00 6.1E-01 2.1E+00 9.9E-02 5.9E-01 5.7E+00
2370.50 2373.74 2375.19 2379.27 2380.76 2382.04 2382.90 2383.25 2384.39 2388.37 2388.63 2390.10 2390.77 2395.42 2395.62 2399.24 2400.06 2401.29 2404.43 2404.89 2406.66 2410.52 2411.07 2413.31 2416.45 2418.44 2423.21 2428.36 2432.87 2434.06 2434.24 2434.73 2439.30 2445.11 2445.80 2446.47 2447.20 2453.98 2455.71 2458.78 2458.97 2460.44 2461.28 2461.86 2466.52 2469.51 2472.61 2475.12 2475.54 2481.05 2484.44 2492.34 2493.26 2501.31 2503.87 2508.34 2533.63 2534.42 2535.36
10-109
Weights gi gk 4 10 4 8 6 10 12 6 4 10 8 14 6 6 8 6 12 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 8 6 4 8 14 8 8 12 12 12 4 12 6 8 8 10 6 10 6 8 2 8 8 4 6 12 8 10 14 2 10 8 12 8 6
4 10 2 8 8 12 14 6 4 12 8 16 6 4 10 6 14 8 2 8 4 6 2 4 10 8 6 10 14 6 10 12 14 12 6 14 6 10 8 12 4 12 8 10 4 6 10 6 8 12 8 12 16 2 10 10 12 8 4
A 108 s–1 1.4E-01 3.3E-01 9.8E-01 1.5E-01 3.1E-01 3.8E+00 2.2E-01 3.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.5E+00 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 2.5E+00 1.4E+00 5.2E+00 2.5E+00 7.1E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.5E+00 2.4E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.2E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 3.2E+00 2.8E+00 1.9E+00 1.5E+00 2.9E-01 1.2E+00 7.3E-01 1.0E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 5.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.9E+00 3.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.3E+00 1.6E-01 3.4E+00 1.4E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2535.49 2536.67 2537.14 2538.20 2538.50 2538.80 2538.91 2538.99 2540.52 2541.10 2541.84 2542.73 2543.38 2543.43 2544.97 2545.22 2545.44 2546.67 2547.34 2548.33 2548.59 2548.74 2548.92 2549.08 2549.40 2549.46 2549.77 2550.03 2550.15 2550.68 2551.21 2555.07 2555.45 2557.51 2559.77 2559.92 2560.28 2562.09 2562.54 2563.48 2566.22 2566.40 2566.91 2568.41 2569.78 2570.53 2570.85 2573.21 2574.36 2576.86 2577.92 2582.41 2582.58 2585.63 2585.88 2587.95 2588.18 2590.55 2591.54
Weights gk gi 10 12 10 14 8 12 10 14 2 8 8 2 10 6 4 8 8 8 8 4 10 4 12 10 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 6 4 10 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 8 4 2 2 6 8 8 6 10 2 6 4 10 10 8 2 4 6
8 12 10 12 6 10 8 12 2 6 6 2 12 4 6 10 10 8 8 6 10 2 10 8 4 6 6 10 10 12 8 8 6 8 8 8 4 2 6 4 10 6 2 4 4 8 6 10 4 12 2 8 4 10 8 10 2 6 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.4E-01 4.0E-01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E-01 8.2E-01 7.8E-01 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 7.7E-01 1.9E+00 4.4E-01 7.1E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 1.4E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.9E-01 1.7E+00 4.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 8.0E-01 2.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E-01 1.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 4.4E-01 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 7.7E-01 3.6E-01 8.1E-01 1.4E+00 1.6E-01 9.1E-02 5.1E-01
2592.78 2593.72 2594.96 2598.37 2599.40 2604.05 2605.04 2605.34 2605.42 2605.90 2606.51 2607.09 2609.13 2609.87 2611.87 2613.82 2617.62 2619.07 2620.17 2620.70 2621.67 2623.11 2623.73 2625.49 2625.67 2626.50 2628.29 2629.59 2630.07 2631.05 2631.32 2631.61 2633.20 2636.69 2637.50 2637.64 2639.56 2642.01 2649.47 2650.48 2654.63 2658.25 2662.56 2664.66 2666.64 2667.22 2669.93 2671.40 2682.51 2683.00 2684.75 2692.60 2697.33 2697.46 2699.20 2703.99 2707.13 2709.05 2711.84
Weights gi gk 14 2 8 8 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 8 4 6 10 6 8 2 14 6 12 8 4 2 6 4 4 6 10 6 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 8 2 8 6 4 2 2 8 4 8 10 4 4 4 8 4 4 12
16 4 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 2 6 4 10 8 8 2 6 10 6 8 2 14 6 14 10 6 4 8 6 6 8 12 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 8 4 8 2 10 8 6 4 4 10 6 10 12 4 2 4 8 6 6 14
10-110
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.1E+00 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E-01 2.1E+00 1.6E+00 2.6E-01 1.2E+00 1.8E+00 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 2.0E+00 4.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.3E-01 3.3E-01 4.9E-01 1.1E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 8.6E-01 6.2E-01 5.7E-01 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 5.3E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E-01 5.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 7.7E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 9.2E-01 4.7E-01 5.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.4E-01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01 3.7E-01 3.8E-01
2712.39 2714.41 2716.22 2716.56 2717.87 2718.64 2719.30 2722.06 2722.74 2724.88 2727.38 2727.54 2728.91 2730.73 2732.94 2739.55 2741.40 2743.20 2746.48 2746.98 2749.18 2749.32 2749.49 2753.29 2754.91 2755.73 2761.81 2762.34 2763.66 2765.13 2767.50 2769.36 2774.69 2776.91 2779.30 2779.91 2780.04 2783.69 2785.19 2787.24 2793.89 2796.63 2799.29 2809.78 2817.09 2831.56 2833.09 2835.71 2838.22 2839.51 2839.80 2840.65 2840.76 2844.96 2847.77 2848.11 2848.32 2855.69 2856.38
Weights gi gk 10 8 6 14 16 10 6 8 6 6 12 6 8 4 8 8 6 2 4 6 4 6 2 10 8 8 2 6 14 10 12 12 2 8 10 2 2 12 12 8 10 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 4 10 8 2 10 2 4 6 6 8 6
12 6 6 12 14 8 8 8 8 6 10 4 10 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 8 2 12 6 10 4 6 12 8 14 14 4 8 8 4 2 10 10 6 12 10 8 8 4 6 6 6 2 8 10 4 12 2 4 6 4 10 8
A 108 s–1 1.3E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 3.7E-01 1.1E-01 7.8E-01 9.7E-01 3.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.8E-02 2.5E-01 7.8E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 8.4E-01 2.1E+00 1.1E-01 3.7E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.9E+00 1.6E-01 2.4E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.9E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.3E-01 9.6E-02 1.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 2.1E-01 5.8E-01 2.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.1E-01 5.3E-01 1.1E-01 4.5E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.0E-01 2.7E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å Fe VII 150.807 150.852 151.023 151.046 151.145 151.432 151.512 151.675 151.782 154.307 154.335 154.363 154.565 154.650 154.848 154.921 154.941 154.949 155.994 158.481 165.087 165.919 166.365 173.441 176.744 176.928 177.172 235.221 240.053 243.379
5 7 9 7 9 5 5 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 9 9 1 7 9 9 9 7 5 5 3 9
7 9 11 7 9 7 5 7 9 1 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 9 3 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 1 7
1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.6E+03 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 2.2E+02 5.3E+02 3.9E+02 2.4E+02 8.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.2E+02 3.5E+02 8.8E+02 7.7E+02 9.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.0E+03 1.8E+03 2.3E+02 6.9E+02 2.8E+03 2.9E+03 3.6E+03 2.7E+03 2.4E+03 1.5E+03 1.7E+02 1.3E+02 2.1E+02
Fe VIII 112.472 112.486 116.196 117.197 167.486 168.172 168.545 168.929 185.213 186.601
4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4
4 6 6 8 4 6 4 2 8 6
3.6E+02 4.3E+02 4.5E+02 3.8E+02 3.0E+03 3.1E+03 2.0E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 9.4E+02
Fe X 76.822 77.865 100.026 101.733 101.846 102.095 102.192 102.829 103.319 103.724 104.638 174.534
2 4 8 6 4 10 10 4 6 6 8 4
2 6 10 8 6 12 12 6 8 8 10 6
1.8E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 1.8E+03 1.7E+03 2.9E+03 2.9E+03 2.1E+03 2.6E+03 1.7E+03 2.1E+03 1.8E+03
2856.91 2857.17 2872.39 2873.40 2875.35 2883.71 2884.77 2895.22 2897.27 2944.40 2947.66 2949.18 2959.84 2964.63 2969.93 2982.06 2984.82 2985.55 2997.30 3002.65 3036.96 3048.99 3062.23 3071.12 3076.44 3077.17 3078.68 3135.36 3154.20 3167.86 3177.54 3179.50 5247.95 5506.20 5961.71
8 6 10 8 8 12 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 2 8 4 6 2 6 4 6 4 12 2 4 14 6 6 10 8 8 6 4 12 10
8 8 8 10 10 14 8 10 4 2 4 8 6 2 6 6 6 4 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 12 8 6 10 8 8 8 6 14 12
8.7E-01 9.5E-02 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 9.5E-02 1.0E-01 1.4E-01 8.0E-02 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 3.6E-01 1.8E-01 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 2.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 2.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 8.4E-02 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 8.1E-02 9.9E-02 1.7E+00 1.4E+00 7.7E-01
Fe III 1843.4 1844.3 1846.9 1854.38 1865.20 1893.98 1896.80 1904.3 1907.58 1915.08 1922.79 1930.39 1931.51 1937.35 1943.48 1950.33 1951.01 1952.65 1953.32 1987.50
9 7 5 3 7 11 13 5 15 13 11 9 9 7 5 13 11 9 7 13
7 5 3 1 7 9 11 5 13 15 13 11 11 9 7 15 11 9 7 13
4.8E+00 4.9E+00 5.5E+00 5.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 5.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.1E+00 5.3E+00 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.3E+00 4.9E+00 5.1E+00 4.9E+00
Weights gi gk
10-111
A 108 s–1
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
175.266
2
4
1.72E+03
Fe XI 72.166 72.310 72.635 91.394 91.472 91.63 91.63 91.63 91.733 92.81 92.87 93.433 179.762
5 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 9 9 11 9 5
7 5 7 7 9 5 9 7 11 11 13 11 7
2.9E+03 1.5E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 2.5E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 2.8E+03 4.1E+03 3.7E+03 3.9E+03 3.2E+03 1.67E+03
Fe XII 65.905 66.526 66.960 67.164 67.821 68.382 80.541 81.943 82.226 84.48 84.48 84.52 84.52 84.85 85.14 85.477 186.880 192.394 193.509 195.119
4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4 4 4
4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 10 12 8 8 10 12 8 2 4 6
2.0E+03 1.7E+03 1.6E+03 1.1E+03 1.4E+03 1.7E+03 8.7E+02 1.4E+03 1.9E+03 4.5E+03 4.9E+03 5.2E+03 4.0E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 4.6E+03 1.0E+03 9.0E+02 9.1E+02 8.6E+02
Fe XIII 62.353 62.46 62.699 63.188 64.139 74.845 75.892 76.117 78.452 84.270 107.384
1 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 9 7 7
3 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 11 9 5
2.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.3E+03 3.9E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 7.7E+02 2.1E+03 6.3E+03 5.5E+03 1.8E+03
Fe XIV 58.963 59.579 69.176 69.386
2 4 4 2
4 6 6 4
2.7E+03 3.1E+03 5.6E+02 7.6E+02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 248 284.160
3 1
Fe XVI 31.041 31.242 32.166 32.192 32.433 32.652 34.857 35.106 35.333 35.368 36.01 36.749 36.803 37.096 37.138 39.827 40.153 40.161 40.199 40.245 41.91 42.30 46.661 46.718 50.350 50.555 54.142 54.728 54.769 62.879 63.719 66.263 66.368 66.392 76.502 76.796 80.192 80.270 85.587 86.133 96.256 96.348 117.2 117.7 123.4 124.5 144.06 144.25 148 266.7 267.0 Fe XVII 11.023 12.123
69.66 69.66 70.251 70.613 72.80 76.022 76.152 91.009 91.273 188 190 207 211.316 213 214 216 217 217 219 219 219.123 220 221 226 234 264.787 265 266 268 268 270.524 274.203 280 283 288.45
2 6 6 4 10 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6
2 6 4 2 12 6 8 4 2 6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 6 8 4
8.9E+02 1.3E+03 8.1E+02 1.7E+03 7.9E+03 6.6E+03 7.0E+03 5.1E+02 5.6E+02 2.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 3.6E+02 2.8E+02 4.0E+02 1.7E+02 4.0E+02 2.6E+02 4.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 5.9E+02 3.9E+02 2.8E+02 3.38E+02 1.5E+02 1.7E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02
Fe XV 38.95 52.911 59.404 63.959 65.370 65.612 66.238 68.860 69.7 69.942 69.989 70.052 70.224 70.53 70.59 73.199 73.473 233.857 235 243 243 243.790
1 1 3 5 1 3 5 9 3 3 5 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 1 1 5 3
3 3 5 7 3 3 3 11 1 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 7 7 3 3 7 5
1.69E+03 2.94E+03 3.4E+03 1.6E+03 3.2E+02 9.8E+02 1.6E+03 9.2E+03 1.9E+03 7.4E+03 7.9E+03 8.8E+03 4.13E+03 2.6E+02 1.7E+03 8.8E+03 6.2E+03 2.2E+02 2.5E+02 2.4E+02 2.3E+02 4.2E+02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1 3
5.4E+02 2.28E+02
2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6
4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 6 8
5.2E+02 6.1E+02 6.8E+02 6.7E+02 7.7E+02 9.1E+02 1.23E+03 1.44E+03 6.4E+02 6.8E+02 5.0E+02 1.1E+03 1.2E+03 1.0E+03 1.07E+03 2.1E+03 2.5E+03 4.1E+02 1.7E+03 1.8E+03 4.72E+02 9.2E+02 3.46E+03 3.7E+03 1.86E+03 1.98E+03 3.41E+03 4.16E+03 6.97E+02 1.05E+03 2.18E+03 9.39E+03 1.00E+04 6.69E+02 6.7E+02 7.72E+02 5.2E+02 5.4E+02 4.0E+02 4.8E+02 8.7E+02 9.3E+02 3.93E+02 3.9E+02 5.9E+02 7.0E+02 1.6E+03 1.6E+03 6.5E+02 3.9E+02 4.3E+02
12.264 12.526 12.681 13.823 13.891 15.015 15.262 16.777 17.054 41.37 49.427 50.26 58.76
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 9
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 9 11
5.9E+04 3.0E+03 3.5E+03 3.3E+04 3.4E+03 2.28E+05 6.0E+04 8.29E+03 9.33E+03 4.8E+03 4.0E+03 6.0E+03 1.2E+04
Fe XIX 13.413 13.426 13.47 13.520 13.56 13.68 13.69 13.700 13.71 13.738 13.796 13.83 13.934 13.961 14.668 14.671 14.929 14.966 14.995 15.015 16.668
5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 3
3 7 1 7 5 1 7 3 5 7 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 5 3 1
1.3E+04 4.8E+04 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 1.0E+04 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 2.7E+05 2.2E+04 1.0E+04 7.0E+04 1.4E+04 4.51E+04 2.0E+04 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 1.2E+04 2.5E+04 2.2E+04 1.4E+04 1.1E+04
1 1
3 3
2.1E+04 8.0E+04
Fe XX 12.67 12.69 12.73 12.77 12.78 12.78 12.79 12.82 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.90 12.92 12.93 12.93 12.98 12.99 13.00 13.01 13.03 13.07
6 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 2 4 6
6 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 2 4
1.0E+04 1.2E+04 4.0E+04 2.1E+05 6.9E+04 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.1E+05 2.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.2E+03 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.6E+05 1.2E+04 6.7E+04 5.1E+04 1.1E+04 3.0E+04 8.6E+04 8.2E+03
Weights gi gk
10-112
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 13.14 13.41
3 1
Fe XXII 9.002 9.006 9.006 9.163 9.183 9.241 11.748 11.748 11.748 11.763 11.789 11.789 11.797 11.823 11.837 11.837 11.886 11.898 11.922 11.976 12.027 12.045 12.045 12.053 12.077 12.077 12.095 12.193 12.193 12.325 Fe XXIII 7.733 7.849 8.307 8.529 8.550 8.552 8.614 8.664 8.669 8.672 8.752 8.764 8.814 10.902 10.910 10.927 10.934 10.979 11.018 11.086 11.165 11.255 11.298
13.13 13.24 13.28 13.70 13.71 13.78 13.79 13.83 13.90 13.98 13.99 14.05 14.23
2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2
4 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 2
8.9E+04 1.2E+04 6.1E+03 1.1E+04 9.9E+03 1.0E+04 1.2E+04 9.8E+03 1.2E+04 1.6E+04 2.2E+04 1.7E+04 6.3E+03
Fe XXI 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.64 8.65 8.66 8.74 9.42 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.52 9.58 9.59 9.67 9.68 9.74 12.02 12.13 12.18 12.19 12.21 12.21 12.25 12.28 12.30 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.47 12.47 12.49 12.53 12.57 12.73 12.95 13.00 13.03
3 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 5
1 5 3 7 3 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 7 3 3 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 5
1.8E+04 6.1E+03 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 2.1E+04 6.5E+03 1.5E+04 3.9E+04 4.4E+03 2.5E+04 4.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.7E+04 5.2E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+04 6.1E+03 8.1E+03 5.2E+03 1.0E+04 5.7E+04 4.0E+03 5.3E+03 1.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.2E+04 6.4E+03 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 2.1E+05 5.2E+04 2.1E+05 3.6E+04 3.1E+05 6.9E+03 5.8E+04 1.3E+04 1.3E+04 1.5E+04 7.2E+04 8.2E+03 6.2E+03 7.2E+03 1.3E+04
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1 3
2.0E+04 7.3E+03
4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2
6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 4 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2
5.5E+04 5.7E+04 5.3E+04 6.9E+04 8.3E+04 5.1E+04 1.2E+05 1.6E+05 1.8E+05 1.6E+05 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 1.7E+05 7.9E+04 2.3E+05 1.7E+05 1.3E+05 8.2E+04 1.8E+05 5.9E+04 6.9E+04 2.4E+05 9.7E+04 6.1E+04 1.0E+05 2.4E+05 7.8E+04 7.2E+04 9.9E+04 1.5E+05
11.325 11.338 11.429 11.433 11.441 11.445 11.485 11.491 11.519 11.520 11.524 11.593 11.613 11.615 11.691 11.698 11.737 11.898
3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1
5 3 1 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 7 7 5 3 7 5 5 3
1.7E+05 9.3E+04 1.7E+05 1.2E+05 2.2E+05 5.6E+04 1.40E+05 5.9E+04 1.16E+05 2.16E+05 2.3E+05 3.58E+05 1.0E+05 4.4E+04 7.7E+04 7.3E+04 1.8E+05 2.03E+05
5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 1
7 7 3 3 5 3 7 3 7 3 7 7 5 5 1 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 3
3.0E+04 4.9E+04 4.8E+04 4.3E+04 6.0E+04 3.2E+04 7.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.1E+04 6.8E+04 1.2E+05 4.6E+04 6.2E+04 5.3E+04 6.7E+04 6.0E+04 5.4E+04 7.9E+04 4.9E+04 6.5E+04 6.7E+04 3.7E+04 1.3E+05
Fe XXIV 1.8523 1.8552 1.8563 1.8572 1.858 1.8614 1.8626 1.8627 1.8637 1.8655 1.8672 1.8678 1.8721 1.8721 1.8730 1.8739 1.891 1.897 8.231 8.316 10.619 10.663 11.030 11.171
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4
2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 6
1.0E+05 4.82E+06 2.43E+06 3.06E+06 1.2E+05 6.24E+06 3.16E+06 5.47E+06 1.91E+06 2.14E+06 1.63E+06 3.5E+05 3.2E+05 2.0E+05 1.5E+05 8.3E+04 9.7E+04 9.8E+04 6.10E+04 7.07E+04 7.28E+04 7.51E+04 1.84E+05 2.18E+05
Fe XXV 1.4607 1.4945 1.5730 1.5749 1.778 1.782 1.787 1.787 1.788 1.788 1.789 1.790 1.791
1 1 1 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5
2.54E+05 5.05E+05 1.24E+06 1.5E+05 8.7E+04 4.69E+06 2.57E+06 1.19E+06 2.68E+06 1.63E+06 1.78E+06 1.23E+06 4.10E+06
Weights gi gk
10-113
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1.791 1.792 1.792 1.793 1.794 1.797 1.798 1.800 1.802 1.810 1.8502 1.8593 10.038 Krypton Kr I 1164.9 1235.8 4274.0 4351.4 4362.6 4376.1 4400.0 4410.4 4425.2 4453.9 4463.7 4502.4 5562.2 5570.3 5649.6 5870.9 6904.7 7224.1 7587.4 7601.5 7685.2 7694.5 7854.8 8059.5 8104.4 8112.9 8190.1 8263.2 8281.1 8298.1 8508.9 8776.7 8928.7 Kr II 4250.6 4292.9 4355.5 4431.7 4436.8 4577.2 4583.0 4615.3
Weights gk gi 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3
1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5
4 4 6 2 2 6 6 4
3 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 3
3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3
4 4 8 2 4 8 4 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.59E+06 4.92E+06 2.81E+06 2.67E+06 2.22E+06 8.8E+05 1.0E+05 8.6E+04 4.1E+05 5.9E+05 4.57E+06 4.42E+05 8.08E+04
3.16E+00 3.12E+00 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-03 5.6E-02 2.0E-02 4.4E-03 9.7E-03 7.8E-03 2.3E-02 9.2E-03 2.8E-03 2.1E-02 3.7E-03 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 5.6E-02 2.3E-01 1.9E-01 1.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E-01 3.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 3.7E-01
1.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.6E-01 7.6E-01 5.4E-01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
4619.2 4633.9 4658.9 4739.0 4762.4 4765.7 4811.8 4825.2 4832.1 5208.3 5308.7 7407.0
4 4 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 6
6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6
8.1E-01 7.1E-01 6.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.2E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 7.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.4E-02 7.0E-02
Lead Pb I 2022.0 2053.3 2170.0 2401.9 2446.2 2476.4 2577.3 2613.7 2614.2 2628.3 2657.1 2663.2 2802.0 2823.2 2833.1 2873.3 3572.7 3639.6 3671.5 3683.5 3739.9 4019.6 4057.8 4062.1 4168.0 5005.4 5201.4 7229.0
1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5
3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3
5.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.8E-01 5.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.9E+00 3.1E-02 9.8E-04 7.1E-01 1.6E+00 2.6E-01 5.8E-01 3.7E-01 9.9E-01 3.4E-01 4.4E-01 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 3.5E-02 8.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.2E-02 2.7E-01 1.9E-01 8.9E-03
Lithium Li I *2741.2 *3232.7 *4602.9 *6103.6 *6707.8
2 2 6 6 2
6 6 10 10 6
1.3E-02 1.17E-02 2.23E-01 6.860E-01 3.691E-01
Lutetium Lu I 3376.5 3567.8 3620.3 3841.2 4518.6
4 4 6 6 4
4 6 4 6 4
2.23E+00 5.9E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.1E-01
10-114
λ Å
Magnesium Mg I 2025.8 *2779.8 *2850.0 2852.1 *3094.9 3329.9 3332.2 3336.7 *3835.3 4703.0 5167.3 5172.7 5183.6 5528.4
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
1 9 9 1 9 1 3 5 9 3 1 3 5 3
3 9 15 3 15 3 3 3 15 5 3 3 3 5
8.4E-01 5.2E+00 2.3E-01 4.95E+00 5.2E-01 3.3E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 1.68E+00 2.55E-01 1.16E-01 3.46E-01 5.75E-01 1.99E-01
Mg II 1239.9 1240.4 *2660.8 2790.8 2795.5 2797.9 2798.1 2802.7 2928.8 2936.5 *3104.8 3848.2 3848.3 3850.4 *4481.2 9218.3 9244.3
2 2 10 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 10 6 4 4 10 2 2
4 2 14 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 14 4 4 2 14 4 2
1.4E-02 1.4E-02 3.8E-01 4.0E+00 2.6E+00 7.9E-01 4.8E+00 2.6E+00 1.2E+00 2.3E+00 8.1E-01 2.8E-02 3.0E-03 3.0E-02 2.23E+00 3.6E-01 3.6E-01
Mg IV 320.99 323.31 1219.0 1375.5 1459.6 1495.5 1510.7 1683.0 1698.8 1893.9
4 2 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6
2 2 6 4 4 6 4 8 6 6
1.2E+02 5.9E+01 5.9E+00 4.5E+00 4.6E+00 6.4E+00 6.7E+00 5.8E+00 3.9E+00 2.8E+00
Mg VI *269.92 *292.53 *314.64 *349.15 *387.94 399.29 400.68 403.32
10 6 6 10 6 4 4 4
6 6 2 10 10 2 4 6
3.1E+02 9.0E+01 1.8E+02 6.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.8E+01 2.8E+01 2.7E+01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
Mg VII 277.01 278.41 280.74 319.02 *366.42 *433.04 1334.3 1410.0 1487.0 1487.9
3 5 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 5
3 3 3 5 9 15 5 5 5 7
9.5E+01 1.5E+02 2.0E+02 8.9E+01 4.4E+01 1.6E+01 5.3E+00 2.57E+00 3.02E+00 3.66E+00
Mg VIII *74.976 315.02 *342.29 353.86 356.00 *428.52 *434.62 *489.33 *686.92
6 4 10 4 6 10 6 6 6
10 4 6 4 4 10 10 6 10
4.3E+03 1.2E+02 6.3E+01 3.89E+01 5.7E+01 3.24E+01 1.6E+01 3.9E+01 9.4E+00
Mg IX 62.751 *67.189 *71.965 72.312 77.737 368.07 438.69 *443.74 749.55 1639.8 2814.2
1 9 9 3 3 1 3 9 3 3 1
3 15 3 5 1 3 1 9 5 5 3
2.87E+03 6.20E+03 1.22E+03 4.43E+03 3.92E+02 5.27E+01 7.9E+01 4.19E+01 8.2E+00 2.1E+00 3.35E-01
Mg X 57.876 57.920 63.152 63.295 609.79 624.94 2212.5 2278.7 5918.7 6229.6
2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4
4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6
2.09E+03 2.09E+03 5.6E+03 6.7E+03 7.53E+00 7.01E+00 9.64E-01 8.82E-01 3.20E-02 3.30E-02
Mg XI 7.310 7.473 7.850 9.169
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
1.15E+04 2.27E+04 5.50E+04 1.97E+05
Manganese Mn I 2794.82 2798.27 2801.08
6 6 6
8 6 4
3.7E+00 3.6E+00 3.7E+00
λ Å 3007.65 3011.38 3016.45 3043.36 3044.57 3045.59 3045.80 3047.03 3054.36 3070.27 3073.18 3082.71 3110.68 3113.80 3118.10 3122.88 3126.85 3132.28 3132.79 3175.58 3201.11 3228.09 3230.23 3230.72 3240.88 3243.78 3251.13 3252.95 3256.14 3258.41 3260.24 3267.79 3268.72 3270.35 3273.02 3298.23 3303.28 3463.66 3470.01 3511.83 3535.30 3559.81 3577.87 3595.11 3601.27 3607.53 3608.49 3610.30 3635.70 3660.40 3675.67 3676.96 3680.15 3682.09 3684.87 3706.08 3718.92 3731.94 3771.44
Weights gi gk 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 12 8 6 4 14 6 12 4 10 8 10 8 8 4 10 10 8 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 14 6 12 10 6 4 8 6 12 10 6 10 6 12 8 6 4 10 12 6 10 12 8 6 12 10 8 14
8 10 12 8 8 10 10 12 6 6 4 14 8 10 6 10 6 10 8 10 6 12 12 8 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 14 8 12 10 4 4 8 8 12 10 6 8 4 10 8 6 4 8 14 8 12 10 10 8 14 12 10 14
10-115
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 5.9E-01 5.7E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-01 2.9E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.4E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 5.3E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 5.0E-01 9.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.4E-01 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 4.2E-01 2.1E-01 9.1E-01 2.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.9E-01 7.6E-01 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.9E-01
3773.86 3800.55 3806.72 3823.51 3823.89 3833.87 3834.37 3839.78 3841.07 3843.99 3889.46 3898.37 3899.34 3924.08 3926.48 3951.98 3952.84 3975.88 3982.16 3982.58 3982.90 3991.60 4011.91 4018.11 4030.76 4033.07 4034.49 4041.36 4048.75 4052.48 4055.55 4058.94 4061.74 4063.53 4065.08 4066.24 4070.28 4079.42 4082.95 4083.63 4089.94 4105.37 4135.03 4141.06 4148.80 4176.61 4189.99 4201.78 4235.30 4239.74 4257.67 4265.93 4281.10 4411.87 4414.89 4419.77 4436.36 4451.58 4453.01
Weights gi gk 12 6 10 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 12 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 8 10 6 6 6 10 6 6 8 4 8 6 12 10 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 4 2 4 6 12 8 10 6 8 4
12 8 12 10 6 4 8 2 6 4 14 8 6 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 8 8 2 6 6 14 8 2 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 10 6 8 4 8 2
A 108 s–1 2.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.9E-01 5.21E-01 2.31E-01 3.14E-01 4.29E-01 4.64E-01 3.3E-01 2.11E-01 3.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 9.4E-01 5.4E-01 3.1E-01 4.1E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 2.3E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 2.54E-01 1.7E-01 1.65E-01 1.58E-01 7.87E-01 7.5E-01 3.8E-01 4.31E-01 7.25E-01 1.9E-01 1.69E-01 2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 3.8E-01 2.95E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.0E-01 2.3E-01 9.17E-01 3.9E-01 3.7E-01 4.92E-01 2.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.93E-01 2.1E-01 4.37E-01 7.98E-01 5.44E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 1285.10 1333.87
5 7
Mercury Hg I 2536.52 2652.04 2655.13 2752.78 2856.94 2893.60 2925.4 2967.3 3021.50 3023.48 3027.49 3125.66 3341.48 3650.15 3654.83 4046.56 4077.81 4108.1 4339.22 4347.50 4358.34 4916.07 5025.64 5460.75 5769.59 6234.4 6716.4 6907.5 7728.8 10139.79
4455.82 4457.04 4457.55 4458.26 4461.09 4462.03 4464.68 4470.14 4472.79 4479.40 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4605.37 4626.54 4709.71 4727.46 4739.11 4754.05 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.43 4823.53 6013.48 6021.79
4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 8 2 4 6 10 12 8 6 4 6 2 8 4 6 8 10 4 8
6 4 6 8 8 10 6 4 2 10 4 6 8 12 14 8 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 8 8 6 6
1.7E-01 2.34E-01 4.27E-01 4.62E-01 1.7E-01 7.00E-01 4.39E-01 3.00E-01 4.35E-01 3.4E-01 2.49E-01 2.49E-01 1.86E-01 3.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.72E-01 1.7E-01 2.40E-01 3.03E-01 5.35E-01 7.83E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.01E-01 4.99E-01 1.72E-01 3.32E-01
Mn II 2593.72 2605.68 2933.05 2939.31 2949.20 3441.99 3460.32 3474.13 3482.90 3488.68
7 7 5 5 5 9 7 5 5 3
7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 3
2.6E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 4.3E-01 3.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.0E-01 2.5E-01
Mn VI 307.999 309.440 309.579 310.058 310.182 311.748 320.598 320.681 320.874 320.979 321.176 321.541 325.146 328.431 328.558 329.043 1236.23 1255.77
9 9 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 3
9 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1
3.7E+01 5.7E+01 4.4E+01 3.4E+01 2.8E+01 5.7E+01 1.5E+01 2.2E+01 7.8E+01 2.2E+01 6.0E+01 2.7E+01 1.3E+02 4.4E+01 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 1.2E+01
Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79 2621.06 2628.96 2629.85 2631.50 2638.30 2640.98 2644.36 2649.46 2655.02 2658.11 2665.09 2679.85 2684.16 2706.11 2710.74 2725.15 2728.71 2733.39 2743.71 2745.38
A 108 s–1
λ Å
7 9
1.1E+01 1.0E+01
1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 3
3 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1
8.00E-02 3.88E-01 1.1E-01 6.10E-02 1.1E-02 1.6E-01 7.7E-02 4.5E-01 5.09E-01 9.4E-02 2.0E-02 6.56E-01 1.68E-01 1.3E+00 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.0E-02 3.0E-02 2.88E-02 8.4E-02 5.57E-01 5.8E-02 2.7E-04 4.87E-01 2.36E-01 5.3E-03 4.3E-03 2.8E-02 9.7E-03 2.71E-01
3 7 3 5 1 5 7 5 7 9 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 1 13
5 7 3 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 11 9 5 3 5 3 7 3 11
7.34E-01 1.16E-01 2.81E-01 7.75E-01 2.54E-01 7.57E-01 1.20E+00 1.96E-01 9.84E-01 4.08E-01 6.43E-01 1.32E-01 1.31E+00 4.18E-01 2.03E-01 1.57E-01 2.79E-01 1.26E-01 2.95E-01 2.47E-01 1.29E-01
2751.47 2756.26 2761.53 2763.02 2766.25 2787.83 2792.96 2798.02 2801.47 2825.68 2826.75 2876.54 2886.60 2906.06 2913.52 2915.38 2918.84 2930.39 2936.50 2945.43 2945.66 2946.01 2951.45 2959.48 2972.96 2977.27 2978.28 2983.04 2987.92 2988.23 2988.68 2989.80 3000.24 3000.44 3000.85 3001.43 3007.71 3013.39 3016.78 3025.00 3036.31 3041.70 3046.80 3047.31 3055.32 3057.56 3061.59 3064.27 3065.04 3069.51 3069.96 3070.89 3074.37 3079.88 3080.40 3081.16 3085.62 3089.13 3089.71
Weights gi gk
10-116
Weights gi gk 7 5 9 3 3 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 1 11 7 3 5 9 9 5 9 7 1 3 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 7 7 9 5 3 13 13 11 9 7 7 13 13 5 11 9 11 9 7 3 9 11 5
9 3 11 1 5 7 3 5 7 7 7 9 11 3 3 3 3 3 11 7 3 5 9 11 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 5 5 9 5 5 11 11 9 7 5 5 13 13 5 11 11 11 11 9 5 9 9 7
A 108 s–1 2.54E-01 1.18E-01 2.06E-01 4.44E-01 1.17E-01 2.85E-01 1.53E-01 1.22E-01 1.24E-01 2.53E-01 4.23E-01 2.84E-01 4.74E-01 8.04E-01 1.38E-01 7.31E-01 3.79E-01 1.91E-01 2.33E-01 3.66E-01 4.08E-01 1.68E-01 1.43E-01 1.75E-01 2.69E-01 3.28E-01 1.50E-01 2.82E-01 8.43E-01 4.28E-01 1.61E-01 9.27E-01 1.40E-01 1.25E-01 2.58E-01 2.31E-01 1.90E-01 6.06E-01 2.75E-01 8.49E-01 5.81E-01 5.94E-01 1.63E-01 5.01E-01 4.29E-01 2.64E-01 4.41E-01 8.46E-01 3.08E-01 1.52E-01 2.72E-01 1.87E-01 1.42E+00 9.55E-01 3.61E-01 2.35E-01 1.63E+00 1.53E-01 2.34E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3094.66 3099.92 3100.88 3101.34 3106.34 3117.54 3123.03 3125.03 3132.59 3135.90 3136.75 3142.75 3147.35 3155.19 3158.17 3170.34 3171.38 3175.59 3179.78 3183.03 3184.58 3185.10 3185.71 3188.10 3188.41 3192.79 3193.98 3194.88 3195.96 3197.18 3198.85 3200.89 3205.22 3205.43 3205.89 3208.84 3210.97 3214.44 3215.07 3216.78 3221.73 3228.21 3229.79 3233.14 3237.06 3244.47 3247.61 3249.93 3251.65 3256.21 3256.72 3259.16 3262.63 3264.40 3265.14 3266.16 3270.90 3276.07 3285.03
Weights gi gk 7 9 7 5 7 13 3 5 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 13 11 11 7 7 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 1 15 3 1 9 9 7 7 9 3 15 3 5 9 13 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 11 7 11 5 9 7 11 1
7 7 9 5 5 13 3 3 9 11 11 5 11 7 7 7 7 11 13 9 5 7 3 9 7 11 5 11 7 3 13 5 3 11 9 5 5 7 5 13 1 7 11 13 9 3 5 3 5 3 3 13 9 9 7 11 7 9 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.63E+00 1.45E-01 1.20E+00 1.92E+00 2.21E-01 1.89E-01 2.81E-01 1.98E-01 1.79E+00 3.68E-01 1.57E-01 4.10E-01 2.41E-01 2.75E-01 4.63E-01 1.37E+00 2.03E-01 8.40E-01 2.33E-01 3.98E-01 2.77E-01 2.54E-01 6.10E-01 3.45E-01 4.40E-01 1.88E-01 1.53E+00 1.75E-01 4.10E-01 1.47E-01 7.22E-01 1.82E-01 4.27E-01 2.55E-01 5.35E-01 2.77E-01 6.94E-01 2.01E-01 4.20E-01 2.10E-01 1.41E+00 3.85E-01 1.44E-01 6.33E-01 2.95E-01 2.80E-01 1.71E-01 1.87E-01 3.05E-01 6.89E-01 1.31E-01 1.62E-01 3.62E-01 5.42E-01 2.60E-01 1.95E-01 3.59E-01 1.18E-01 1.41E-01
3285.35 3287.38 3289.01 3290.82 3305.56 3305.91 3307.13 3312.33 3323.95 3325.13 3325.67 3327.30 3336.56 3340.16 3344.73 3346.83 3347.00 3358.12 3361.37 3363.78 3363.87 3373.81 3375.22 3375.65 3378.19 3378.46 3379.96 3382.48 3384.61 3385.87 3389.79 3392.17 3393.65 3404.33 3413.37 3415.27 3415.61 3416.14 3418.52 3419.69 3420.04 3422.31 3425.13 3427.90 3434.79 3435.45 3437.21 3438.87 3441.87 3442.66 3445.03 3445.26 3445.80 3447.12 3447.29 3449.07 3449.85 3452.60 3456.15
Weights gi gk 9 5 9 7 5 7 7 7 9 5 5 1 9 5 3 11 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 7 3 13 5 3 7 9 5 9 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 7 5 9 11 11 7 15 11 1 5 3 7 7 9 9 5 7 5 7 5
7 5 9 5 3 9 9 5 7 3 5 3 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 7 7 3 7 9 1 13 5 3 9 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 11 3 7 5 9 11 13 7 15 9 3 3 3 9 5 9 11 3 9 7 7 5
10-117
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.49E-01 1.38E-01 5.08E-01 5.44E-01 1.74E-01 3.06E-01 1.25E-01 1.62E-01 2.82E-01 2.26E-01 1.72E-01 2.88E-01 1.64E-01 1.20E-01 6.04E-01 1.13E-01 2.72E-01 7.59E-01 1.38E-01 2.74E-01 1.39E-01 2.03E-01 1.38E-01 1.56E-01 1.88E-01 3.75E-01 4.11E-01 2.66E-01 7.32E-01 3.30E-01 1.85E-01 1.97E-01 2.08E-01 2.10E-01 1.25E-01 1.83E-01 1.29E-01 2.45E-01 1.41E-01 1.15E-01 3.28E-01 2.52E-01 2.29E-01 4.09E-01 1.75E-01 1.50E+00 8.06E-01 2.34E-01 1.34E-01 2.94E-01 1.53E-01 2.96E-01 1.14E-01 8.75E-01 1.79E-01 1.52E-01 1.65E-01 2.48E-01 3.60E-01
3456.52 3460.22 3460.78 3465.84 3466.19 3466.96 3467.85 3469.22 3469.63 3470.92 3475.03 3479.42 3483.67 3483.83 3489.43 3504.41 3505.31 3508.11 3510.77 3517.55 3518.21 3521.38 3521.41 3524.65 3524.98 3538.92 3540.57 3542.17 3552.71 3555.64 3558.09 3563.75 3566.05 3566.74 3570.64 3573.88 3580.54 3581.88 3584.25 3585.57 3588.95 3590.74 3595.55 3598.88 3600.73 3601.88 3602.94 3604.07 3610.61 3611.99 3615.16 3623.22 3624.46 3624.62 3638.20 3638.21 3640.62 3647.84 3648.70
Weights gi gk 3 5 9 3 9 7 5 5 13 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 13 11 3 9 9 5 7 11 5 7 9 3 5 1 9 7 15 3 13 11 3 7 7 7 5 13 9 7 5 9 5 7 7 11 9 5 5 5 7 7 7
3 3 7 1 7 7 7 3 15 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 9 13 11 3 9 11 3 9 11 3 5 7 3 7 3 9 7 15 5 11 13 3 5 7 9 5 11 9 9 7 7 3 7 9 9 11 7 3 3 5 7 5
A 108 s–1 2.96E-01 2.77E-01 6.03E-01 9.99E-01 2.11E-01 1.52E-01 2.63E-01 6.96E-01 1.51E-01 2.91E-01 4.68E-01 2.26E-01 1.13E-01 1.41E-01 3.27E-01 8.06E-01 2.25E-01 1.59E-01 4.75E-01 5.41E-01 3.64E-01 1.39E-01 6.06E-01 3.10E-01 2.25E-01 2.24E-01 4.46E-01 4.93E-01 3.64E-01 3.46E-01 5.43E-01 1.53E-01 2.67E-01 1.43E-01 7.18E-01 3.58E-01 5.49E-01 3.81E-01 1.73E-01 3.95E-01 1.18E-01 2.23E-01 2.32E-01 5.67E-01 2.07E-01 1.15E-01 2.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.78E-01 1.16E-01 1.96E-01 5.58E-01 5.27E-01 1.37E-01 3.51E-01 3.33E-01 1.94E-01 2.11E-01 1.15E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3654.58 3657.36 3658.13 3659.36 3660.92 3662.15 3662.99 3663.27 3664.81 3664.88 3669.34 3672.81 3672.82 3676.23 3680.68 3681.72 3683.01 3687.96 3688.97 3690.59 3694.94 3696.04 3698.07 3708.55 3715.75 3718.48 3720.25 3725.55 3727.68 3728.30 3728.50 3733.02 3733.41 3735.62 3742.28 3747.19 3748.48 3755.10 3755.16 3758.52 3759.60 3760.88 3768.73 3769.99 3777.72 3788.25 3794.43 3797.47 3798.25 3801.84 3805.99 3819.78 3824.78 3827.15 3828.88 3830.81 3831.07 3832.11 3833.75
Weights gk gi 3 5 9 7 3 7 11 7 11 1 9 9 9 3 11 9 3 5 11 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 7 13 11 7 5 9 3 9 9 9 9 9 7 13 7 9 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 9
3 7 9 9 5 9 11 5 13 3 7 11 9 1 11 7 5 7 9 9 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 11 5 9 7 13 11 7 7 11 5 9 9 7 9 9 9 11 9 9 5 9 7 5 11 7 7 7 5 9 9 9
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.80E-01 2.03E-01 1.86E-01 6.70E-01 1.34E-01 1.45E-01 3.48E-01 2.30E-01 9.54E-01 1.92E-01 2.16E-01 1.95E-01 1.13E-01 5.22E-01 2.96E-01 1.68E-01 1.20E-01 2.12E-01 3.26E-01 2.07E-01 6.36E-01 3.59E-01 1.48E-01 1.28E-01 2.38E-01 1.34E-01 2.86E-01 1.60E-01 1.51E-01 1.55E-01 2.20E-01 1.45E-01 2.80E-01 1.66E-01 1.56E-01 3.07E-01 3.95E-01 1.41E-01 2.48E-01 1.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.16E-01 2.88E-01 2.46E-01 1.66E-01 2.87E-01 1.22E-01 1.48E-01 6.90E-01 3.16E-01 2.44E-01 1.47E-01 1.40E-01 1.94E-01 1.35E-01 1.83E-01 1.20E-01 3.05E-01 1.70E-01
3834.64 3846.18 3847.25 3848.30 3851.99 3864.10 3866.69 3867.67 3869.08 3874.15 3902.95 3909.54 3911.94 3915.43 3916.43 3919.55 3955.48 3973.76 3977.90 3980.20 3991.85 4010.13 4021.01 4051.18 4062.08 4069.88 4076.19 4084.37 4102.15 4107.46 4120.09 4131.92 4148.98 4157.40 4157.90 4185.82 4188.32 4194.56 4232.59 4240.83 4246.02 4251.88 4254.95 4269.28 4276.91 4277.24 4317.92 4325.80 4326.14 4340.74 4381.63 4382.41 4409.94 4411.69 4434.95 4446.42 4457.35 4474.57 4491.65
Weights gi gk 3 7 3 9 11 7 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 5 5 11 13 11 9 5 11 5 9 13 11 13 9 9 5 7 13 9 9 13 9 11 11 11 9 5 11 13 7 11 7 9 15 3 5 5 13 11 13 11 9 11 7 5 11
5 7 1 9 9 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 13 11 13 7 3 9 3 11 11 9 11 9 7 3 5 15 11 11 11 11 13 13 11 11 5 13 11 9 11 9 11 15 3 7 7 13 13 13 11 9 11 7 5 11
10-118
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.20E-01 1.26E-01 2.41E-01 1.26E-01 1.78E-01 6.24E-01 1.74E-01 2.22E-01 1.35E-01 1.67E-01 6.17E-01 1.13E-01 1.15E-01 1.40E-01 1.78E-01 2.24E-01 1.71E-01 4.39E-01 1.35E-01 2.70E-01 1.29E-01 4.38E-01 2.65E-01 1.36E-01 1.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.16E-01 1.94E-01 1.22E-01 2.02E-01 6.05E-01 1.56E-01 1.56E-01 2.17E-01 1.60E-01 3.82E-01 3.32E-01 2.70E-01 3.17E-01 1.68E-01 2.00E-01 1.76E-01 2.01E-01 1.36E-01 2.85E-01 1.35E-01 1.28E-01 1.84E-01 2.56E-01 1.23E-01 2.93E-01 3.83E-01 1.38E-01 2.63E-01 2.51E-01 1.90E-01 1.28E-01 2.10E-01 2.09E-01
4536.80 4598.23 4624.23 4633.08 4649.06 4652.24 4686.08 4688.21 4707.25 4718.86 4723.05 4731.44 4758.50 4760.18 4764.11 4811.05 4819.25 4830.51 4858.39 4868.02 5037.18 5044.36 5047.70 5163.18 5171.06 5172.94 5174.18 5191.45 5238.21 5240.87 5242.80 5261.53 5280.85 5355.52 5356.46 5360.51 5364.28 5460.50 5493.76 5506.49 5533.03 5570.44 5849.71 5851.50 5893.36 5895.93 5926.37 5928.88 7154.11
13 1 9 3 3 5 3 13 7 5 9 9 11 11 9 13 11 9 13 7 9 7 3 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 9 11 9 9 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 7 7 9
15 3 9 5 1 7 3 15 9 5 9 11 9 13 7 11 9 7 11 5 7 5 1 11 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 11 9 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9
5.03E-01 1.47E-01 1.32E-01 2.35E-01 1.25E-01 1.55E-01 1.72E-01 1.54E-01 3.63E-01 2.17E-01 1.23E-01 4.49E-01 3.01E-01 4.67E-01 2.16E-01 4.36E-01 2.71E-01 4.07E-01 1.24E-01 3.11E-01 1.14E-01 1.31E-01 2.61E-01 2.03E-01 1.84E-01 4.11E-01 5.83E-01 1.62E-01 3.74E-01 3.89E-01 2.01E-01 1.13E-01 1.28E-01 1.21E-01 2.11E-01 6.19E-01 2.26E-01 3.46E-01 2.13E-01 3.61E-01 3.72E-01 3.30E-01 3.02E-01 1.55E-01 2.60E-01 3.12E-01 1.63E-01 5.32E-01 3.45E-01
Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 3805.4 3807.2 3863.3 3941.5 3951.2 3973.3
16 14 10 8 10 12 18
18 16 12 10 10 12 18
1.4E-01 6.9E-01 4.9E-02 1.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.0E-01 6.3E-01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 3464.3 3466.6 3472.6 3498.1 3501.2 3510.7 3515.2 3520.5 3593.5 3593.6 3600.2 3633.7 3682.2 3685.7 3701.2 4536.3 4702.5 4708.9 4955.4 5113.7 5120.5 5154.4 5191.3 5326.4 5333.3 5341.1 5400.6 5418.6 5433.7 5652.6 5662.5 5852.5 5868.4 5881.9 5913.6 5939.3 5944.8 5961.6 5975.5 6030.0 6046.1 6074.3 6096.2 6118.0 6128.5 6143.1 6150.3 6163.6 6217.3 6266.5 6273.0 6293.7 6304.8 6328.2 6330.9 6334.4 6351.9 6383.0 6401.1
3979.5 3990.1 4012.3 4061.1 4106.6 4109.5 4133.4 4156.1 4205.6 4284.5 4303.6 4325.8 4358.2 4382.7 4400.8 4451.6 4456.4 4463.0 4958.1 5130.6 5192.6 5249.6 5276.9 5293.2 5302.3 5311.5 5319.8 5357.0 5371.9 5485.7 5594.4 5620.6 5688.5 5718.1 5726.8 5740.9 5804.0 5865.1 6051.9
10 16 18 16 14 14 14 12 18 18 8 16 14 12 10 12 16 14 12 22 20 18 12 16 20 14 12 18 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 16 12
12 16 20 18 16 16 12 14 16 18 10 16 14 10 10 14 18 16 10 20 18 16 10 14 18 12 10 16 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 18 10
2.7E-01 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 4.4E-01 6.8E-02 3.7E-01 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 1.8E-01 8.5E-02 4.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 4.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01 6.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E-02 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 5.7E-02 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 8.7E-02 5.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.6E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-02
Neon Ne I 615.63 618.67 619.10 626.82 629.74 735.90 743.72 3369.8 3369.9 3375.6 3417.9 3418.0 3423.9 3447.7 3450.8 3454.2 3460.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3
3.8E-01 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 7.4E-01 4.8E-01 6.11E+00 4.86E-01 1.0E-03 7.6E-03 2.2E-03 9.2E-03 2.2E-03 1.0E-03 2.1E-02 4.9E-03 3.7E-02 7.0E-03
Weights gi gk 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3
10-119
5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6.7E-03 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 5.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-03 6.9E-03 9.3E-02 9.9E-03 6.6E-03 4.3E-03 1.1E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 2.2E-03 5.0E-03 2.1E-03 4.2E-02 3.3E-03 1.0E-02 5.6E-03 1.9E-02 1.3E-02 6.8E-03 5.3E-03 1.1E-01 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 2.83E-03 8.9E-03 6.9E-03 6.82E-01 1.4E-02 1.15E-01 4.8E-02 2.00E-03 1.13E-01 3.3E-02 3.51E-02 5.61E-02 2.26E-03 6.03E-01 1.81E-01 6.09E-03 6.7E-03 2.82E-01 1.5E-02 1.46E-01 6.37E-02 2.49E-01 9.7E-03 6.39E-03 4.16E-02 3.39E-02 2.3E-02 1.61E-01 3.45E-03 3.21E-01 1.39E-02
6402.2 6506.5 6532.9 6599.0 6602.9 6652.1 6678.3 6717.0 6721.1 6929.5 7024.1 7032.4 7051.3 7059.1 7173.9 7245.2 7304.8 7438.9 7472.4 7535.8 7937.0 8082.5 8118.5 8128.9 8259.4 8571.4 8582.9 8647.0 8681.9 8767.5 8771.7 8783.8 8865.3 9201.8 9433.0 9486.7 9534.2 10621 11409 11525 11767 12459
5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5.14E-01 3.00E-01 1.08E-01 2.32E-01 5.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.33E-01 2.17E-01 4.9E-04 1.74E-01 1.89E-02 2.53E-01 3.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.87E-02 9.35E-02 2.55E-03 2.31E-02 4.0E-02 4.3E-01 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 4.9E-02 7.2E-03 2.03E-02 5.5E-02 1.00E-02 3.91E-02 2.1E-01 1.1E-03 1.6E-01 3.13E-01 9.4E-03 9.1E-02 1.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-03 4.2E-02 8.4E-02 6.9E-02 1.5E-02
Ne II *357.03 *361.77 *406.28 *446.37 460.73 462.39 1907.5 1916.1 1930.0 1938.8 2858.0 2870.0 2873.0 2876.3 2876.5
6 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 4 6
10 2 10 6 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4
3.8E+01 1.6E+01 1.8E+01 4.07E+01 4.7E+01 2.3E+01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.9E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-01 3.3E-01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2878.1 2888.4 2891.5 2897.0 2906.8 2910.1 2910.4 2916.2 2925.6 2933.7 2955.7 3001.7 3017.3 3027.0 3028.7 3028.9 3034.5 3037.7 3045.6 3047.6 3054.7 3092.9 3097.1 3118.0 3134.1 3140.4 3151.1 3154.8 3164.4 3165.7 3173.6 3176.1 3187.6 3188.7 3190.9 3194.6 3198.6 3198.9 3209.0 3209.4 3213.7 3214.3 3218.2 3224.8 3229.5 3229.6 3230.1 3230.4 3232.0 3232.4 3243.4 3244.1 3248.1 3255.4 3263.4 3269.9 3270.8 3297.7
Weights gk gi 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 8 2 2 4 8 6 8 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 6
2 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 8 4 4 6 10 8 8 10 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 6 4 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6.9E-02 7.0E-02 6.1E-02 5.2E-02 5.5E-01 1.7E+00 5.9E-01 9.6E-02 5.6E-01 6.9E-02 1.2E+00 8.7E-01 3.5E-01 1.4E+00 8.5E-01 4.7E-01 3.1E+00 2.1E+00 2.5E+00 1.8E+00 9.4E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 4.2E-02 2.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-02 1.8E-02 1.6E-01 1.2E-01 4.5E-02 6.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E+00 2.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.7E+00 2.2E+00 3.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.3E-01 3.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.6E+00 2.3E-01 1.5E+00 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 3.9E-01 5.1E-01 5.7E-02 4.3E-01
3309.7 3310.5 3311.3 3314.7 3319.7 3320.2 3323.7 3327.2 3329.2 3330.7 3334.8 3336.1 3344.4 3345.5 3345.8 3353.6 3355.0 3356.3 3357.8 3360.3 3360.6 3362.9 3371.8 3374.1 3378.2 3379.3 3386.2 3388.4 3390.6 3392.8 3404.8 3407.0 3411.4 3413.2 3414.9 3416.9 3417.7 3438.9 3440.7 3453.1 3454.8 3456.6 3457.1 3459.3 3475.2 3477.6 3481.9 3503.6 3522.7 3538.0 3539.9 3542.2 3542.9 3546.2 3551.6 3557.8 3561.2 3565.8
Weights gi gk 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 4
10-120
2 4 2 6 2 6 4 4 8 6 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 6 8 2 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3.1E-01 6.9E-02 2.6E-01 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 2.1E-01 1.6E+00 9.1E-01 8.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.5E+00 1.4E+00 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 5.0E-01 8.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 5.5E-02 2.2E+00 7.7E-02 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 2.3E+00 6.1E-01 1.8E+00 1.8E-02 6.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 4.6E-01 1.6E+00 9.6E-01 9.9E-02 1.6E+00 1.2E-02 4.3E-01 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.3E-02 7.6E-01 3.6E-02 6.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.3E-02 3.7E-02 1.9E-01 2.1E-01 6.2E-01
3568.5 3571.2 3574.2 3574.6 3590.4 3594.2 3612.3 3628.0 3632.7 3643.9 3644.9 3659.9 3664.1 3679.8 3694.2 3697.1 3701.8 3709.6 3713.1 3721.8 3726.9 3727.1 3734.9 3744.6 3751.2 3753.8 3766.3 3777.1 3800.0 3818.4 3829.8 3942.3
6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4
8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6
1.4E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 3.6E-02 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E-01 3.2E-01 9.9E-01 6.7E-02 7.0E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 4.5E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.1E-01 8.4E-01 1.0E-02
Ne V *142.61 *143.32 147.13 151.23 154.50 *167.69 *358.93 365.59 *482.15 *571.04 2259.6 2265.7
9 9 5 5 1 9 9 5 9 9 3 5
9 15 7 5 3 9 3 3 9 15 5 7
6.7E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03 3.38E+02 7.0E+02 1.5E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 3.01E+01 1.0E+01 1.9E+00 2.4E+00
Ne VII 97.502 *115.46 116.69 127.66 465.22 558.61 559.95 561.38 561.73 562.99
1 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3
3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1
1.07E+03 4.8E+02 1.6E+03 1.9E+02 4.09E+01 8.11E+00 1.07E+01 7.99E+00 2.39E+01 3.17E+01
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2313.98 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2324.65 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2346.63 2347.51 2348.73 2419.31 2943.91 2981.65 3002.48 3003.62 3012.00 3037.93 3050.82 3054.31 3057.64 3064.62 3101.56 3101.88 3134.11 3225.02 3369.56 3380.57 3392.98 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3446.26 3452.88 3458.46 3461.66 3472.55 3483.77 3492.96 3510.33 3515.05 3524.54 3566.37 3597.70 3619.39 4027.67 4295.88 4401.54 4462.46 4470.48 4600.37 4604.99 4606.23 4648.66 4686.22 4701.54 4714.42 4715.78 4732.47
564.53
5
3
1.31E+01
Ne VIII *88.09 *98.208 770.41 780.32 2820.7 2860.1
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
8.4E+02 2.77E+03 5.90E+00 5.69E+00 7.20E-01 6.88E-01
Nickel Ni I 1963.85 1976.87 1981.61 1990.25 2007.01 2007.69 2014.25 2025.40 2026.62 2047.35 2052.04 2055.50 2059.92 2060.20 2064.39 2069.52 2085.57 2089.09 2095.13 2114.43 2121.40 2124.80 2147.80 2157.83 2158.31 2161.04 2173.54 2174.48 2182.38 2183.91 2190.22 2197.35 2201.59 2221.94 2244.46 2253.57 2254.81 2258.15 2259.56 2261.42 2287.32 2289.98 2293.11 2300.77 2302.97 2307.35 2312.34
7 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 9 3 9 5 7 3 5 7
7 9 5 7 5 7 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 3 7 5 7 5 7 3 7 7
1.1E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E-01 8.3E-01 1.7E-01 9.0E-02 9.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 9.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.7E-02 2.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 8.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 3.0E-01 7.8E-01 7.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 9.6E-02 1.7E-01 2.0E-01 9.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E+00 3.8E-01 7.5E-01 4.5E-01 1.6E-01 5.5E+00
Weights gi gk 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 9 7 9 7 7 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 9 3 5 5 9 5 11 5 9 13 7 7
5 5 11 7 9 9 3 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 7 7 7 5 3 7 3 7 9 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 1 7 5 5 3 7 7 7 11 5 7 3 7 3 9 5 9 11 7 9
10-121
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.0E+00 3.8E+00 6.9E+00 5.6E+00 1.8E-01 3.5E+00 5.3E+00 2.2E+00 5.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.8E-01 8.0E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-01 6.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.1E-01 6.3E-01 4.9E-01 7.3E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 5.5E-01 3.3E-01 1.7E-01 4.4E-01 9.8E-02 6.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.6E-01 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 1.0E-01 2.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01 9.3E-02
4752.43 4756.52 4786.54 4812.00 4829.03 4831.18 4838.64 4855.41 4904.41 4912.03 4913.97 4918.36 4935.83 4937.34 4953.20 4980.17 5000.34 5012.46 5017.58 5035.37 5042.20 5048.85 5080.53 5081.11 5082.35 5084.08 5099.95 5115.40 5129.37 5155.14 5155.76 5176.57 5371.33 5476.91 5637.12 5664.02 5695.00 6086.29 6175.42 7122.24 7381.94 7422.30 7727.66
3 9 11 3 5 9 9 5 5 3 1 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 11 7 3 7 9 7 3 7 7 11 7 5 5 5 7 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 9 7 7
3 9 11 1 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 3 9 7 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 11 5 7
2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 9.5E-02 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E-01 1.1E-01 2.0E-01 5.7E-01 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 3.2E-01 5.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 9.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.7E-02 1.8E-01 1.1E-01
Ni II 2165.55 2169.10 2174.67 2175.15 2184.61 2201.41 2206.72 2216.48 2220.40 2222.96 2224.86 2226.33 2253.85 2264.46
10 8 8 6 4 4 6 10 6 10 8 6 4 6
10 8 10 6 4 6 8 12 8 10 8 6 6 8
2.4E+00 1.58E+00 1.43E+00 1.77E+00 2.90E+00 1.3E+00 1.66E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 9.8E-01 1.55E+00 1.3E+00 1.98E+00 1.43E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 168 182 185.23 187 187 188 190 192 192 194 194 194 194 194.04 195.27 196 197 197 199 206 217 218.391 223.119 231 232.475 233 235 235 236 237.875 238 239.550 245 245 249 249 250 254
6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 6
8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 4 2 4
3.2E+02 2.5E+02 4.2E+02 1.2E+02 3.3E+02 4.7E+02 2.0E+02 4.54E+02 3.1E+02 2.8E+02 5.5E+02 1.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 9.5E+01 6.7E+02 1.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.9E+02 3.7E+02 1.1E+02 9.5E+01 1.3E+02 1.6E+02 4.07E+02 2.4E+02 3.8E+02 2.5E+02 1.2E+02 2.6E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 1.4E+02 3.2E+02 3.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.6E+02 1.8E+02
Ni XVII 30.919 42.855 54.451 55.361 57.348 197.39 199.87 204 205 206 207.50 215.89 216 217 227 249.180 281.50 282 284
1 1 9 1 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 5
3 3 11 3 9 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 3
2.77E+03 4.75E+03 1.5E+04 6.7E+03 1.4E+04 1.6E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.0E+02 2.5E+02 4.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 2.75E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 1.5E+02
2270.21 2278.77 2287.09 2296.55 2297.14 2297.49 2298.27 2303.00 2316.04 2334.58 2375.42 2394.52 2416.13 2437.89 2510.87
8 8 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 6 8 8
10 6 4 8 4 2 6 6 8 8 8 10 8 10 10
1.56E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.98E+00 2.70E+00 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 2.9E+00 2.88E+00 8.0E-01 6.6E-01 1.70E+00 2.1E+00 5.4E-01 5.8E-01
Ni III 1692.51 1709.90 1719.46 1722.28 1724.52 1741.96 1752.43 1760.56 1769.64 1823.06
11 9 5 3 3 9 7 5 11 9
13 11 7 5 1 7 5 3 11 9
7.9E+00 6.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.9E+00 6.7E+00 5.7E+00 5.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.2E+00 5.6E+00
Ni XIV 164.13 168 168.12 169.69 170.50 171.37 172.16 172.80 177.28 178 181 182.14 196 288.894 292.399
6 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 6
8 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 6
1.2E+03 2.4E+02 8.5E+02 9.8E+02 7.1E+02 9.4E+02 4.7E+02 1.4E+02 5.6E+02 8.9E+01 7.4E+01 1.5E+02 3.8E+01 4.6E+01 3.6E+01
Ni XV 50.249 60.890 64.635 163.64 173.73 175 179.28 181 269 278.386
5 9 7 5 5 3 5 1 3 5
7 11 9 7 7 1 7 3 1 5
6.8E+03 1.0E+04 9.6E+03 5.6E+01 7.6E+02 5.7E+02 7.5E+02 6.8E+02 5.3E+01 4.3E+01
Ni XVI 166
4
6
3.1E+02
Weights gi gk
10-122
A 108 s–1
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
292
5
7
2.2E+02
Ni XVIII 24.881 25.070 26.02 26.020 26.046 26.218 27.98 27.982 28.018 28.220 29.383 29.422 29.779 29.829 31.845 31.890 32.034 32.340 36.990 37.049 41.015 41.218 43.814 44.365 44.405 52.615 52.720 52.745 59.950 60.212 63.512 63.589 69.075 76.254 76.359 99.275 100.4 114.46 114.74
2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6
4 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 8 6 6 8 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 6 8
8.6E+02 9.9E+02 1.26E+03 1.1E+03 1.1E+03 1.5E+03 1.0E+03 2.0E+03 1.1E+03 2.33E+03 1.58E+03 1.69E+03 1.9E+03 1.9E+03 2.7E+03 3.0E+03 3.4E+03 4.0E+03 5.5E+03 5.9E+03 2.97E+03 3.2E+03 5.5E+03 6.8E+03 1.14E+03 1.5E+04 1.6E+04 1.06E+03 9.6E+02 1.1E+03 7.9E+02 8.5E+02 8.0E+02 1.38E+03 1.47E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.5E+03 2.7E+03
Ni XIX 9.140 9.153 9.977 10.110 10.283 10.433 11.539 11.599 12.435 12.656 13.779 14.043 40.7 40.7 41.132
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 7
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 9
3.1E+04 5.2E+03 1.1E+05 9.4E+04 4.7E+03 5.1E+03 4.8E+04 6.3E+03 3.66E+05 1.0E+05 1.23E+04 1.31E+04 6.4E+03 8.4E+03 9.4E+03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å Ni XXI 11.13 11.23 11.239 11.28 11.318 11.48 11.48 11.517 11.539 11.67 11.72 12.454 12.472 12.502
Weights gi gk
3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 5 3 5
3 3 7 1 7 1 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5
A 108 s–1
1.7E+04 1.7E+04 5.7E+04 2.2E+05 2.8E+05 1.1E+05 4.0E+05 1.4E+05 1.2E+05 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.8E+04
Ni XXII 72.52 84.06 84.24 85.86 88.00 95.95 98.16 98.58 100.60 101.31 103.31 106.04 106.16 124.31 126.32
4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4
2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 4
2.84E+02 1.2E+03 5.6E+02 4.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.4E+02 5.2E+02 2.45E+02 3.9E+02 4.83E+02 2.66E+02 2.36E+02 5.1E+02 3.7E+02 3.3E+02
Ni XXIII 87.66 88.11 90.49 90.96 91.83 92.32 100.42 102.08 103.23 103.67 104.70 106.02 108.27 111.23 111.78 111.86 112.55 128.87 133.54 137.55
3 5 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 5 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 1
2.8E+02 8.3E+02 1.77E+02 2.5E+02 7.5E+02 4.39E+02 2.1E+02 5.3E+02 2.4E+02 1.78E+02 2.94E+02 2.87E+02 3.32E+02 2.26E+02 2.19E+02 1.7E+02 1.0E+03 4.02E+02 1.86E+02 2.53E+02
Ni XXIV 101.13 102.11 103.43
6 4 2
4 4 4
1.63E+02 5.4E+02 1.3E+02
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 1.539 1.539 1.540 1.541 1.542 1.542 1.544 1.546 1.547 1.549 1.551 1.558 1.5883 1.5963
1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3
2.6E+06 2.6E+06 1.7E+06 5.5E+06 3.6E+06 3.5E+06 3.2E+06 1.6E+06 2.1E+05 2.0E+05 8.2E+05 6.5E+05 6.02E+06 7.70E+05
Nitrogen NI 1163.88 1164.00 1164.21 1164.32 1167.45 1168.42 1168.54 1176.51 1176.63 1177.69 1199.55 1200.22 1200.71 1310.54 1316.29 1492.63 1492.82 1494.68 3822.03 3830.43 3834.22 4099.94 4109.95 4113.97 4137.64 4143.43 4151.48 4249.87 4264.00 4356.29 4385.54 4392.41 4435.43 4442.45 4669.89 4914.94 4935.12 5199.84 5201.61 5281.20 5344.05 5356.62
6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4
6 6 4 4 8 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 8 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 6
7.52E-01 1.27E-02 5.17E-02 6.94E-01 1.29E+00 4.24E-02 1.24E+00 9.22E-01 1.02E-01 1.02E+00 4.01E+00 3.99E+00 3.98E+00 8.42E-01 1.42E-02 3.13E+00 3.51E-01 3.72E+00 3.70E-02 4.67E-02 1.89E-02 3.48E-02 3.90E-02 6.62E-03 2.80E-03 6.09E-03 1.01E-02 2.59E-02 2.26E-02 5.10E-02 8.84E-03 1.76E-02 7.51E-03 3.81E-02 7.49E-03 8.08E-03 1.76E-02 1.87E-02 1.87E-02 2.45E-03 6.10E-04 1.41E-03
103.53 104.64 106.68 113.14 118.52 122.72 134.73 135.47 137.01 138.80 153.47 159.69
4 2 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 2 2
2 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4
4.17E+02 4.7E+02 3.67E+02 1.65E+02 1.5E+02 2.17E+02 1.44E+02 8.0E+01 2.6E+02 7.2E+01 1.27E+02 8.9E+01
Ni XXV 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.34 9.42 9.49 9.60 9.63 9.64 9.71 9.71 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.76 9.78 9.86 9.87 9.92 9.94 9.97 10.08
3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 1
1 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 3 7 7 5 5 7 5 3
9.3E+04 8.2E+04 7.8E+04 1.1E+05 9.0E+04 8.9E+04 1.8E+05 2.4E+05 1.3E+05 2.3E+05 1.8E+05 3.0E+05 1.3E+05 3.03E+05 7.5E+04 2.9E+05 4.8E+05 2.03E+05 1.3E+05 1.29E+05 2.5E+05 2.80E+05
Ni XXVI 1.5930 1.5935 1.5973 1.5977 1.5982 1.5996 1.6005 1.6036 9.390 9.535
4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6
3.4E+06 4.0E+06 8.1E+06 4.4E+06 7.3E+06 2.7E+06 2.7E+06 2.1E+06 2.59E+05 2.96E+05
Ni XXVII 1.2534 1.2824 1.3500 1.3516 1.531 1.534 1.537 1.537 1.538
1 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 3
3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5
3.35E+05 6.38E+05 1.63E+06 2.4E+05 2.0E+05 6.9E+06 2.3E+06 3.7E+06 3.9E+06
10-123
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 5367.01 5372.61 5378.27 6606.18 6622.54 6626.99 6636.94 6644.96 6646.50 6653.46 6656.51 6926.67 6945.18 6951.60 6960.50 6973.07 6979.18 6982.03 7423.64 7442.30 7468.31 7898.98 7899.28 7915.42 8184.86 8188.01 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.13 8242.39 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.88 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8703.25 8711.70 8718.84 8728.90 8747.37 9028.92 9045.88 9049.49 9049.89 9060.48 9187.45 9187.86 9207.59 9208.00 9386.81 9392.79 9460.68 9776.90 9786.78 9788.29 9798.56
Weights gk gi 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 6 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4
4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.07E-03 8.34E-04 1.66E-03 8.87E-04 7.93E-03 2.20E-03 1.40E-02 3.49E-02 2.18E-02 2.74E-02 2.17E-02 7.75E-03 1.83E-02 1.03E-02 4.67E-03 3.83E-03 9.83E-03 2.04E-02 5.95E-02 1.24E-01 1.93E-01 2.82E-01 3.28E-02 3.13E-01 8.58E-02 1.27E-01 4.95E-02 4.84E-02 2.23E-01 2.64E-01 1.36E-01 4.92E-02 2.09E-01 2.66E-01 1.05E-01 2.46E-01 1.80E-01 1.09E-01 2.10E-01 1.28E-01 6.75E-02 3.76E-02 1.04E-02 3.02E-01 2.80E-01 1.88E-02 2.60E-01 2.95E-01 2.44E-01 1.76E-02 2.70E-02 2.33E-01 2.24E-01 2.63E-01 3.98E-02 1.18E-02 1.13E-02 2.99E-02 2.75E-02
9810.01 9814.02 9822.75 9834.61 9863.33 9872.15 9883.38 9905.52 9909.22 9931.47 9947.07 9965.75 9968.51 9980.42 9997.73
4 6 6 6 8 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 8
N II 474.891 475.647 475.698 475.757 475.803 475.884 508.697 510.758 513.849 529.355 529.413 529.491 529.637 529.722 529.867 533.511 533.581 533.650 533.729 533.815 547.818 559.762 574.650 582.156 635.197 644.634 644.837 645.178 660.286 671.016 671.386 671.411 671.630 671.773 672.001 745.841 746.984 748.369 775.965 915.612 915.962 1083.99
5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 1 3 1
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2 8 6 4 8 6 2 2 4 4 8 6 4 6 8
5.30E-02 6.56E-03 4.95E-02 4.50E-02 9.62E-02 2.97E-02 2.93E-02 3.11E-03 7.58E-03 3.64E-02 1.08E-02 7.60E-03 4.50E-03 8.10E-03 9.20E-03
5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3
9.66E+00 1.17E+01 1.58E+01 8.75E+00 2.10E+01 5.25E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+01 1.24E+01 7.23E+00 2.43E+01 6.75E+00 4.92E+00 1.03E+01 1.94E+01 2.39E+01 3.20E+01 1.66E+01 4.13E+01 9.19E+00 2.16E+00 1.14E+01 3.60E+01 2.85E+01 2.33E+01 1.21E+01 3.64E+01 6.07E+01 3.69E+01 2.47E+00 7.40E+00 3.04E+00 2.27E+00 9.85E+00 3.87E+00 1.25E+01 3.85E+01 3.83E+00 3.08E+01 4.38E+00 1.32E+01 2.18E+00
1085.55 1085.70 3408.13 3437.14 3593.60 3609.10 3615.86 3829.80 3838.37 3842.19 3847.40 3855.10 3856.06 3919.00 3955.85 3995.00 4114.33 4124.08 4133.67 4145.77 4374.99 4447.03 4459.94 4465.53 4477.68 4488.09 4507.56 4564.76 4601.48 4607.15 4613.87 4621.39 4630.54 4643.09 4654.53 4667.21 4674.91 4694.27 4695.90 4697.64 4698.55 4700.03 4702.50 4704.25 4706.40 4709.58 4712.07 4718.38 4721.58 4774.24 4779.72 4781.19 4788.14 4793.65 4803.29 4810.30 4860.17 4987.38 4991.24
Weights gi gk
10-124
Weights gi gk 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 3
5 7 1 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 5
A 108 s–1 9.47E-01 3.87E+00 2.19E-01 2.07E+00 1.21E-01 1.41E-01 1.53E-01 2.42E-01 6.98E-01 3.06E-01 2.22E-01 8.82E-01 3.71E-01 6.76E-01 1.31E-01 1.35E+00 1.42E-03 3.20E-01 5.30E-01 7.36E-01 5.55E-03 1.14E+00 1.12E-01 2.36E-02 8.85E-02 1.30E-02 1.00E-01 1.41E-02 2.35E-01 3.26E-01 2.26E-01 9.55E-01 7.72E-01 4.51E-01 2.43E-02 2.99E-02 1.05E-01 1.23E-01 1.29E-01 3.06E-02 3.67E-01 1.05E-01 9.15E-02 2.13E-01 6.09E-02 1.82E-01 1.46E-01 3.02E-01 7.75E-02 3.24E-02 2.52E-01 2.05E-02 2.52E-01 7.77E-02 3.18E-01 4.75E-02 1.61E-02 7.48E-01 3.54E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4994.36 4994.37 4997.22 5001.13 5001.47 5002.70 5005.15 5005.30 5007.33 5010.62 5011.31 5012.04 5016.38 5023.05 5025.66 5040.71 5045.10 5073.59 5168.05 5170.16 5171.27 5171.47 5172.34 5172.97 5173.39 5174.46 5175.89 5176.57 5177.06 5179.34 5179.52 5180.36 5183.20 5184.96 5185.09 5186.21 5190.38 5191.96 5199.50 5313.42 5320.20 5320.96 5327.76 5338.73 5340.21 5351.23 5383.72 5452.07 5454.22 5462.58 5478.09 5480.05 5495.65 5526.23 5530.24 5535.35 5535.38 5540.06 5543.47
Weights gi gk 5 3 3 3 5 1 7 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 7 5 3 7 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 5
7 3 3 5 7 3 9 5 5 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 7 5 9 3 3 9 11 5 7 7 3 5 9 5 7 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 1 5
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.62E-01 7.60E-01 1.96E-01 9.76E-01 1.05E+00 8.45E-02 1.16E+00 6.51E-02 7.89E-01 2.19E-01 5.84E-01 5.19E-01 1.62E-01 3.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.78E-03 3.42E-01 2.59E-02 3.06E-01 6.54E-01 8.71E-01 5.81E-01 6.01E-01 5.01E-01 7.36E-01 5.07E-01 8.93E-01 2.17E-01 5.00E-01 8.67E-01 1.07E+00 4.28E-01 2.88E-01 3.20E-01 7.11E-02 5.76E-02 1.77E-01 4.25E-02 1.51E-02 1.41E-01 4.20E-01 2.52E-01 4.65E-02 1.85E-01 2.59E-01 3.67E-01 3.31E-03 8.89E-02 3.34E-01 1.00E-01 4.75E-02 1.30E-01 2.40E-01 2.13E-01 4.04E-01 6.04E-01 4.53E-01 6.03E-01 3.51E-01
5551.92 5552.68 5565.26 5666.63 5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5730.66 5747.30 5767.45 5893.15 5897.25 5899.83 5927.81 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5960.91 6065.00 6284.32 6379.62 6482.05 6610.56 6857.03 6869.58 6887.83 7762.24 8438.74 8831.75 8855.30 8893.29
7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 5
N III 374.198 451.871 452.227 684.998 685.515 685.817 686.336 763.334 764.351 771.545 771.901 772.384 772.889 772.955 979.832 979.905 989.799 991.511 991.577 1747.85 1751.22 1751.66 2972.55 2977.33
2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
A 108 s–1
λ Å
7 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 3
2.00E-01 1.50E-01 3.97E-02 3.74E-01 2.96E-01 5.25E-01 1.94E-01 1.24E-01 1.34E-02 3.40E-02 2.44E-02 2.88E-01 2.16E-01 1.60E-01 3.22E-01 4.27E-01 2.26E-01 5.54E-01 1.27E-01 1.34E-02 2.21E-03 7.74E-02 6.11E-02 3.01E-01 6.34E-01 2.53E-01 2.51E-01 2.49E-01 8.74E-02 2.24E-01 8.42E-03 2.51E-02 4.12E-02
4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 2
9.89E+01 1.03E+01 2.05E+01 9.63E+00 3.83E+01 4.54E+01 1.95E+01 9.58E+00 1.85E+01 8.19E+00 1.64E+01 2.45E+01 2.09E+01 2.34E+01 8.84E+00 9.21E+00 4.18E+00 8.17E-01 4.97E+00 1.28E+00 2.48E-01 1.51E+00 6.67E-01 3.32E-01
2978.84 2983.64 3342.76 3353.98 3354.32 3355.46 3358.78 3360.98 3365.80 3367.36 3374.07 3745.95 3752.63 3754.69 3762.60 3771.03 3771.36 3792.97 3934.50 3938.51 3942.88 4097.36 4103.39 4195.74 4200.07 4215.77 4318.78 4321.22 4321.39 4325.43 4327.69 4327.88 4332.95 4337.01 4345.81 4351.11 4510.88 4510.96 4514.85 4518.14 4523.56 4530.86 4534.58 4547.30 4634.13 4640.64 4641.85 4858.70 4858.98 4861.27 4867.12 4867.17 4873.60 4881.78 4884.14 4896.58 5260.86 5270.57 5272.68
Weights gi gk
10-125
Weights gi gk 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 2 2 4
4 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 6 2 4 2
A 108 s–1 1.66E-01 8.24E-01 3.80E-01 7.66E-01 5.51E-01 7.51E-01 3.05E-01 2.44E-01 1.52E+00 1.27E+00 8.13E-01 1.90E-01 6.67E-02 3.78E-01 4.24E-02 5.59E-01 8.28E-02 1.03E-01 7.49E-01 8.96E-01 1.49E-01 8.70E-01 8.67E-01 9.37E-01 1.12E+00 1.85E-01 5.40E-02 1.08E-01 5.03E-02 8.60E-02 3.06E-02 1.07E-01 1.23E-01 7.47E-02 1.82E-01 4.01E-02 2.84E-01 4.77E-01 6.80E-01 5.65E-01 3.61E-01 1.12E-01 2.01E-01 3.33E-02 6.36E-01 7.60E-01 1.26E-01 4.35E-01 4.66E-01 5.32E-01 1.73E-01 6.18E-01 1.50E-01 1.22E-02 8.71E-02 5.86E-03 2.80E-02 6.95E-02 1.39E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4769.86 4786.92 4796.66 5200.41 5204.28 5205.15 5226.70 5245.60 5272.35 5288.25 5736.93 5776.31 5784.76 5795.09 5812.31 5826.43 5843.84 6380.75 7103.24 7109.35 7111.28 *7116.8 7122.98 7127.25 7127.25 9165.07 9182.16 9222.99 9247.04 9311.55
5 7 7 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7
NV *209.29 *247.66 1238.82 1242.80 4603.74 4619.97
5282.43 5297.75 5298.95 5314.36 5320.87 5327.19 5352.46 6365.84 6394.75 6445.34 6450.79 6454.08 6463.09 6467.02 6468.57 6478.76 6487.84 7371.51 7404.54 8307.51 8344.95 8386.39 8424.56
4 4 6 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4
4 6 4 6 8 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2
2.21E-02 4.93E-02 7.38E-02 1.14E-01 5.68E-01 5.29E-01 3.72E-02 2.18E-01 2.15E-01 8.89E-02 1.77E-01 1.49E-01 1.13E-01 2.11E-01 3.52E-02 6.31E-02 1.05E-02 3.53E-02 3.61E-02 1.65E-02 6.52E-02 8.03E-02 3.17E-02
N IV 247.205 *283.52 *322.64 335.047 387.356 765.147 *923.16 955.334 1718.55 2649.88 3052.20 3059.60 3075.19 3443.61 3445.22 3454.65 3461.36 3463.36 3474.53 3478.72 *3480.8 3483.00 3484.93 3689.94 3694.14 3707.39 3714.43 3735.43 3747.54 4057.76 4740.26 4747.96 4752.49 4762.09
1 9 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5
3 15 3 5 1 3 9 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5
1.19E+02 3.05E+02 8.99E+01 1.845E+02 2.55E+01 2.320E+01 1.759E+01 2.919E+01 2.321E+00 1.07E+00 1.33E-01 3.95E-01 6.48E-01 3.46E-01 4.60E-01 3.42E-01 1.36E+00 1.02E+00 5.61E-01 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 9.10E-02 2.27E-02 6.73E-02 1.34E-02 7.37E-02 9.92E-01 6.62E-01 1.53E-02 7.60E-02 1.13E-02 6.99E-02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3 7 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7
2.50E-02 8.79E-02 1.53E-02 2.67E-01 3.55E-01 1.97E-01 1.46E-01 8.66E-02 9.48E-03 3.22E-02 1.84E-01 1.85E-02 5.51E-02 1.37E-02 1.36E-02 2.25E-02 4.01E-02 1.42E-01 6.28E-02 8.46E-02 4.70E-02 1.12E-01 1.12E-01 2.80E-02 3.11E-03 4.23E-02 4.45E-02 4.95E-02 7.66E-03 5.36E-03
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
1.21E+02 4.26E+02 3.40E+00 3.37E+00 4.14E-01 4.10E-01
N VI 24.8980 28.7870 *161.220 173.275 *173.93 185.192 *1901 2896.4 *6991.1 9622.0
1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1
3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3
5.158E+03 1.809E+04 2.859E+02 2.697E+02 8.756E+02 8.205E+02 6.780E-01 2.079E-01 8.384E-02 3.276E-02
Oxygen OI 791.973 792.938 792.967 877.798 877.879 922.008
5 1 3 5 5 5
5 3 5 3 5 7
4.94E+00 2.19E+00 1.64E+00 2.85E+00 5.12E+00 1.23E+00
935.193 1028.16 1152.15 1217.65 1302.17 1304.86 1306.03 3823.41 3823.87 3824.35 3825.02 3825.19 3855.01 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3951.93 3952.98 3953.00 3954.52 3954.61 3997.95 4217.09 4222.77 4222.82 4233.27 4368.19 4368.24 4967.38 4967.88 4968.79 5019.29 5020.22 5329.11 5329.69 5330.74 5435.18 5435.77 5436.86 5512.60 5512.77 5554.83 5555.00 5958.39 5958.58 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6155.99 6156.78 6158.19 6324.84 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6726.28 6726.54 7001.92 7002.23
Weights gi gk
10-126
Weights gi gk 5 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5
5 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 7
A 108 s–1 1.33E+00 4.22E-01 5.28E+00 2.06E+00 3.41E+00 2.03E+00 6.76E-01 6.63E-03 1.87E-03 5.19E-03 5.59E-03 8.31E-04 1.63E-02 4.91E-03 4.88E-03 4.87E-03 3.10E-03 1.29E-03 1.03E-03 7.73E-04 2.32E-03 2.41E-02 5.44E-03 2.26E-03 1.81E-03 4.04E-03 7.56E-03 7.59E-03 4.43E-03 8.44E-03 1.27E-02 7.13E-03 9.98E-03 9.48E-03 1.81E-02 2.71E-02 7.74E-03 1.29E-02 1.80E-02 2.69E-03 3.58E-03 5.83E-03 9.71E-03 6.80E-03 9.06E-03 1.05E-02 1.75E-02 3.50E-03 2.67E-02 5.08E-02 7.62E-02 3.76E-05 1.65E-02 2.75E-02 3.85E-02 1.18E-05 6.44E-06 2.65E-02 3.53E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2418.46 2425.57 2433.54 2436.06 2444.25 2445.53 2517.96 2523.21 2526.87 2530.28 2571.46 2575.28 3134.73 3273.43 3377.15 3390.21 3407.28 3712.74 3727.32 3749.48 3833.07 3842.81 3843.58 3847.89 3850.80 3851.03 3851.47 3856.13 3857.16 3863.50 3864.13 3864.43 3864.67 3874.09 3875.80 3882.19 3882.45 3883.14 3893.52 3907.45 3911.96 3912.12 3919.27 3945.04 3954.36 3973.26 3982.71 4069.62 4069.88 4072.15 4075.86 4078.84 4084.65 4085.11 4092.93 4094.14 4096.53 4097.22 4103.00
7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.00 8233.00 8235.35 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.42 9260.81 9260.85 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.78 9265.83 9265.93 9266.01 9482.89 9622.11 9622.16 9625.26 9625.30 9694.66 9694.91 9695.06
3 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 5
3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 1 5 3 7 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 3 3 3 5 7 7 5 3
2.24E-02 3.73E-02 7.45E-03 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 2.33E-04 3.09E-04 4.19E-04 1.41E-04 5.63E-04 2.89E-01 8.13E-02 2.26E-01 2.43E-01 4.86E-02 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 2.93E-01 4.46E-01 3.34E-01 1.56E-01 1.11E-01 2.60E-01 2.97E-01 2.97E-02 1.48E-01 4.45E-01 2.34E-01 5.22E-04 1.57E-03 3.25E-04 1.85E-03 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.54E-04
O II 429.918 430.041 430.176 483.760 483.980 484.027 485.087 485.470 485.518 2290.85 2293.30 2300.33 2302.81 2365.14 2375.72 2406.38 2407.48 2411.60 2411.64 2415.13
4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4
2 4 6 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2
4.25E+01 4.13E+01 4.36E+01 2.05E+01 1.80E+01 3.22E+00 2.60E+01 1.20E+00 1.93E+01 7.41E-02 3.25E-01 4.17E-01 1.67E-01 1.52E-01 1.35E-01 1.85E-01 2.25E-01 2.05E-01 1.10E-01 2.20E-01
Weights gi gk 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 8 8 2 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 6 2 6 6 2 8 8 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2
6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 2 6 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 10 4 8 6 8 4 6 4 2
10-127
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.30E-01 1.77E-01 4.21E-01 1.69E-01 7.56E-02 4.98E-01 7.72E-02 9.63E-02 1.20E-01 8.16E-02 1.15E-01 1.37E-01 1.23E+00 9.99E-01 1.27E+00 1.22E+00 1.02E+00 2.84E-01 5.81E-01 9.31E-01 1.02E-02 7.45E-02 3.55E-02 1.95E-01 6.00E-03 1.59E-01 2.72E-02 2.28E-01 6.59E-02 6.49E-02 9.12E-02 2.15E-01 1.80E-01 3.26E-02 3.38E-02 5.50E-01 8.94E-02 1.13E-01 1.89E-02 8.64E-02 1.09E+00 1.41E-01 1.22E+00 2.05E-01 8.57E-01 1.04E+00 4.27E-01 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.98E+00 2.11E+00 5.52E-01 7.28E-02 4.55E-01 2.65E-01 4.70E-02 1.73E-01 3.62E-01 5.09E-01
4104.72 4104.99 4106.02 4109.84 4110.19 4110.79 4112.02 4113.83 4119.22 4120.28 4120.55 4121.46 4129.32 4132.80 4140.70 4153.30 4156.53 4169.22 4185.44 4189.58 4189.79 4192.51 4196.27 4196.70 4317.14 4319.63 4319.87 4325.76 4327.46 4327.85 4328.59 4331.47 4331.86 4336.86 4345.56 4347.22 4347.41 4349.43 4351.26 4351.46 4359.40 4366.89 4369.27 4395.93 4405.98 4414.90 4416.97 4443.01 4443.52 4447.68 4448.19 4452.38 4466.24 4467.46 4563.18 4590.97 4595.96 4596.18 4638.86
Weights gi gk 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 2 2 4 6 6 4 2
6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 8 8 10 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 2 4 8 6 6 4
A 108 s–1 3.14E-01 9.14E-01 1.70E-02 1.21E-02 2.54E-01 7.70E-01 1.81E-01 2.41E-01 1.33E+00 2.15E-01 2.60E-01 5.60E-01 1.79E-01 9.13E-01 4.09E-02 7.91E-01 2.11E-01 2.71E-01 1.91E+00 7.06E-02 1.98E+00 3.21E-01 3.56E-02 3.56E-01 3.70E-01 2.55E-01 5.62E-01 1.47E-01 6.76E-01 7.24E-02 1.12E+00 4.82E-02 6.50E-01 1.57E-01 8.31E-01 1.19E-01 9.32E-01 6.91E-01 9.89E-01 5.82E-02 1.44E-02 3.98E-01 3.57E-01 3.91E-01 4.30E-02 8.34E-01 7.13E-01 5.05E-01 1.89E-02 2.52E-02 5.10E-01 1.37E-01 9.00E-01 9.00E-01 7.18E-03 8.85E-01 4.87E-02 8.34E-01 3.71E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 263.817 263.861 277.386 279.788 295.942 303.413 303.461 303.517 303.622 303.695 303.800 305.596 305.656 305.702 305.767 305.836 320.978 328.448 345.312 374.073 395.557 507.388 507.680 508.178 525.794 597.814 599.590 702.337 702.838 832.929 835.092 835.289 1679.03 1686.73 1760.41 1764.46 1766.63 1772.28 1772.97 2390.43 2454.97 2665.68 2674.58 2683.66 2686.15 2687.55 2695.48 2794.14 2798.93 2809.66 2818.70 2836.31 2959.69 2983.78 2992.08 2996.48 2997.69 3004.34 3008.78
4641.81 4649.13 4650.84 4661.63 4673.73 4676.23 4690.89 4691.42 4696.35 4698.44 4699.01 4699.22 4701.18 4701.71 4703.16 4705.35 4710.01 4741.70 4751.28 4752.69 4844.92 4856.39 4856.76 4860.97 4864.88 4871.52 4872.02 4890.86 4906.83 4924.53 4941.07 4943.01 4955.71 5159.94 5175.90 5190.50 5206.65 5583.22 5611.07 6627.37 6641.03 6666.66 6677.87 6717.75 6721.39 6810.48 6844.10 6846.80 6869.48 6884.88 6895.10 6906.44 6907.87 6910.56
4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 10 8 4 6
6 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 2 4
5.96E-01 7.81E-01 6.86E-01 4.10E-01 1.35E-01 2.05E-01 1.86E-01 7.43E-01 3.25E-02 6.59E-02 9.88E-01 9.36E-01 9.23E-01 3.69E-01 9.20E-01 1.10E+00 2.98E-01 4.71E-02 6.39E-02 1.45E-02 1.02E-02 5.58E-02 1.00E-01 4.70E-01 8.07E-02 5.60E-01 9.34E-02 4.80E-01 4.54E-01 5.43E-01 5.87E-01 7.78E-01 1.82E-01 3.29E-01 1.49E-01 1.26E-01 3.58E-01 2.17E-02 2.14E-02 1.73E-01 9.88E-02 6.78E-02 3.37E-02 1.33E-01 1.81E-01 1.64E-03 2.97E-03 3.17E-02 5.35E-02 6.12E-02 2.72E-01 2.48E-01 3.03E-01 2.43E-01
O III 263.694 263.727 263.773
1 3 3
3 5 3
3.32E+01 4.48E+01 2.49E+01
Weights gi gk 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5
10-128
7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.97E+01 1.49E+01 9.43E+01 4.25E+01 5.56E+01 4.29E+01 1.29E+02 3.21E+01 3.21E+01 5.34E+01 9.61E+01 1.20E+02 1.62E+02 9.01E+01 2.16E+02 5.40E+01 2.17E+02 1.04E+02 1.35E+02 2.85E+01 2.80E+01 1.61E+01 4.82E+01 8.04E+01 9.60E+01 1.49E+01 5.41E+01 6.06E+00 1.83E+01 3.41E+00 1.44E+00 5.99E+00 6.57E-01 6.48E-01 8.38E-01 2.50E+00 1.11E+00 3.29E+00 1.37E+00 1.62E+00 3.43E+00 6.75E-01 1.11E+00 1.85E+00 1.54E+00 1.84E+00 1.82E+00 1.82E-01 4.52E-02 1.34E-01 2.66E-02 1.46E-01 1.83E+00 2.15E+00 9.32E-02 4.64E-01 6.88E-02 4.27E-01 1.53E-01
3017.62 3023.43 3024.36 3024.54 3035.41 3042.07 3047.10 3059.28 3064.98 3068.13 3068.26 3068.67 3074.14 3074.72 3075.13 3075.95 3083.65 3084.64 3088.04 3095.79 3115.67 3121.63 3132.79 3198.18 3201.14 3202.51 3207.61 3210.58 3216.07 3221.21 3260.86 3265.33 3267.20 3281.83 3284.45 3299.39 3312.33 3326.06 3330.30 3330.32 3332.41 3332.93 3336.67 3336.69 3340.76 3344.20 3344.51 3347.98 3350.62 3350.92 3355.86 3362.31 3376.61 3376.76 3377.26 3382.61 3383.31 3383.81 3384.90
Weights gi gk 7 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 7
7 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 9 7 1 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 9
A 108 s–1 5.38E-01 4.79E-01 9.39E-02 6.16E-01 4.59E-01 1.94E+00 1.49E+00 8.72E-01 2.17E-01 6.49E-01 5.41E-02 2.27E-01 1.84E-01 3.76E-01 1.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.20E-01 2.55E-01 5.30E-01 1.35E-01 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 9.57E-02 4.77E-01 7.08E-02 4.40E-01 1.58E-01 5.58E-01 9.75E-02 1.68E+00 1.88E+00 1.58E+00 2.89E-01 2.06E-01 1.64E-01 4.60E-01 2.65E-01 6.81E-01 4.76E-01 7.92E-01 5.04E-01 3.76E-01 8.77E-02 6.57E-01 1.25E-01 3.48E-01 4.86E-01 1.12E+00 9.91E-01 6.89E-01 6.87E-01 1.49E+00 1.12E+00 5.20E-01 9.86E-01 3.70E-01 8.62E-01 1.48E+00
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 3394.22 3395.43 3406.88 3408.13 3415.26 3428.63 3430.57 3444.05 3446.68 3447.15 3447.97 3450.91 3451.30 3454.84 3454.99 3459.48 3459.94 3466.13 3466.85 3475.24 3520.94 3531.22 3533.38 3534.90 3555.24 3556.78 3695.38 3698.72 3703.36 3704.75 3707.27 3709.54 3712.49 3714.03 3715.09 3720.89 3721.95 3725.31 3728.51 3728.84 3729.80 3732.13 3734.83 3742.63 3746.90 3754.70 3757.23 3759.88 3774.03 3791.28 3810.98 3816.75 3961.57 4072.64 4073.98 4081.02 4089.30 4103.07 4118.60
Weights gi gk 7 7 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 5 7 9 7 9 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 5
7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 5 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 7 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 5 7 3 5 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.88E-01 9.75E-02 1.93E-01 5.79E-01 1.44E-01 1.42E-01 2.37E-01 4.21E-01 9.71E-01 8.09E-01 1.19E+00 1.44E+00 8.06E-01 6.89E-01 1.72E+00 1.14E-01 5.14E-01 2.84E-01 6.82E-02 2.42E-02 1.50E-01 4.45E-01 1.11E-01 1.11E-01 1.82E-01 3.26E-01 4.01E-01 7.62E-01 1.14E+00 8.53E-01 7.34E-01 1.13E+00 6.59E-01 4.06E-01 9.73E-01 3.74E-01 2.80E-01 2.41E-01 1.29E+00 1.45E+00 1.22E+00 2.67E-02 7.40E-02 2.24E-01 1.59E-01 7.53E-01 5.56E-01 9.79E-01 3.91E-01 2.24E-01 2.37E-02 9.63E-02 1.25E+00 3.37E-01 4.54E-01 6.02E-01 2.49E-01 1.48E-01 1.63E-02
4440.09 4447.69 4461.61 4524.22 4532.78 4535.29 4555.39 4557.91 5268.30 5508.24 5592.25
5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3
O IV 238.360 238.570 238.579 279.631 279.933 553.329 554.076 554.513 555.263 608.397 609.829 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.619 625.127 625.853 779.736 779.820 779.912 779.997 787.710 790.112 790.199 921.296 921.365 923.367 923.436 1338.61 1342.99 1343.51 2120.58 2132.64 2493.39 2493.75 2493.99 2499.27 2501.81 2507.73 2509.22 2510.58 2517.37 2781.22 2803.57 2805.87 2812.50
2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 6
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3
4.42E-01 4.40E-01 4.36E-01 3.38E-01 1.40E-01 8.40E-02 2.49E-01 8.27E-02 3.50E-01 1.06E-01 3.27E-01
4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6
2.96E+02 3.54E+02 5.90E+01 2.68E+01 5.34E+01 1.22E+01 4.86E+01 6.06E+01 2.41E+01 1.21E+01 2.40E+01 2.60E+01 2.89E+00 2.89E+01 1.07E+01 2.13E+01 3.19E+01 1.46E+00 1.31E+01 1.36E+01 9.70E-01 5.95E+00 1.18E+00 7.08E+00 2.21E+00 8.83E+00 1.10E+01 4.39E+00 2.17E+00 4.29E-01 2.57E+00 1.05E+00 1.29E+00 1.18E+00 8.48E-01 6.09E-01 4.68E-01 3.73E-01 2.32E+00 1.94E+00 1.19E+00 1.24E+00 1.03E-01 1.26E-01 2.90E-01 3.58E-02
2816.53 2829.17 2836.27 2916.31 2921.46 2926.18 3063.43 3071.60 3177.89 3180.77 3180.99 3185.74 3188.22 3188.64 3194.78 3199.58 3209.65 3216.31 3348.06 3349.11 3354.27 3362.55 3375.40 3378.02 3381.21 3381.30 3385.52 3390.19 3396.80 3405.77 3409.70 3411.30 3411.69 3425.55 3489.89 3492.21 3493.43 3560.39 3563.33 3593.08 3725.89 3725.94 3729.03 3736.68 3736.85 3744.89 3758.39 3930.68 3942.06 3945.31 3956.77 3974.58 3977.09 3995.08 4687.03 4772.60 4779.10 4783.42 4794.18
Weights gi gk
10-129
Weights gi gk 4 8 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4
4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 6 4
A 108 s–1 5.74E-01 1.56E-01 8.43E-01 1.06E+00 1.27E+00 2.11E-01 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 7.59E-02 1.51E-01 7.06E-02 1.21E-01 4.28E-02 1.50E-01 1.71E-01 1.04E-01 2.53E-01 5.56E-02 8.51E-01 1.02E+00 7.71E-01 7.65E-01 7.56E-01 1.66E-01 7.19E-01 4.28E-01 1.02E+00 8.49E-01 5.40E-01 1.67E-01 3.00E-01 1.69E-01 1.02E+00 4.94E-02 7.29E-01 6.06E-01 1.21E-01 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 7.15E-02 5.61E-01 6.01E-01 6.86E-01 2.23E-01 7.95E-01 1.92E-01 1.11E-01 3.80E-02 9.42E-02 1.88E-01 2.98E-02 6.62E-02 9.91E-02 1.52E-01 2.79E-01 1.23E-01 2.45E-01 2.06E-01 1.56E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4213.35 4522.66 4554.53 5114.06 5339.94 5349.74 5372.71 5414.59 5428.38 5471.12 5571.81 5580.12 5583.23 *5589.9 5597.89 5604.27 5607.41 6330.05 6460.12 6466.14 6500.24 6543.77 6601.28 6764.72 6789.62 6817.40 6828.95 6878.76
5 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 3 5 5
O VI *150.10 *173.03 1031.91 1037.61 3811.35 3834.24
4798.27 4813.15 5305.51 5362.51 6876.49 6931.60 7004.11 7061.30
6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4
8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2
2.91E-01 8.65E-02 6.10E-02 6.12E-02 1.88E-02 7.35E-02 8.90E-02 3.48E-02
OV 172.169 *192.85 *215.17 220.353 248.460 629.732 758.677 759.442 760.227 760.446 761.128 762.004 774.518 1371.30 2729.31 2731.45 2743.61 2752.23 2755.13 2769.69 2781.01 *2784.0 2786.99 2789.85 3058.68 3144.66 3219.24 3222.29 3227.54 3239.21 3248.28 3263.54 3275.64 3297.62 3690.17 3698.36 3702.72 3717.31 3725.63 3746.64 3761.58 4119.37 4120.49 4123.96 4125.49 4134.11 4153.27 4158.86 4178.46
1 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5
3 15 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 7 3 3 3 5 5
2.94E+02 6.90E+02 1.83E+02 4.292E+02 5.59E+01 2.872E+01 5.547E+00 7.373E+00 5.514E+00 1.652E+01 2.197E+01 9.125E+00 3.804E+01 3.336E+00 4.52E-01 5.90E-01 4.38E-01 1.82E+00 1.37E+00 7.88E-01 1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.39E+00 8.86E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 3.38E-02 3.28E-01 1.18E-01 1.86E-02 4.76E-01 1.30E-01 1.97E-02 1.03E-01 1.41E-02 9.63E-02 2.91E-02 1.18E-01 1.61E-02 3.66E-01 3.33E-01 4.81E-01 2.70E-01 3.34E-01 1.92E-01 3.39E-01 1.12E-01
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 7 5
1.19E-02 1.02E-02 2.41E-01 1.80E-01 1.85E-02 7.04E-02 1.42E-02 9.29E-03 2.68E-02 4.86E-02 8.33E-02 1.11E-01 6.20E-02 1.49E-01 1.48E-01 3.68E-02 4.08E-03 1.21E-01 9.37E-02 1.01E-01 1.11E-01 1.64E-02 1.14E-02 4.37E-02 5.79E-02 3.00E-02 7.35E-02 1.65E-02
2149.1 2152.9 2154.1 2154.1 2534.0 2535.6 2553.3 2554.9
4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4
2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2
3.18E+00 4.85E-01 1.73E-01 5.8E-01 2.00E-01 9.5E-01 7.1E-01 3.00E-01
P II 1301.9 1304.5 1304.7 1305.5 1309.9 1310.7 4475.3 4499.2 4530.8 4554.8 4588.0 4589.9 4602.1 4943.5 5253.5 5425.9 6024.2 6043.1
1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5
3 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 5 9 5 5 5 5 7
5.0E-01 1.5E+00 3.7E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 9.6E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.9E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E+00 6.9E-01 5.1E-01 6.8E-01
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
2.62E+02 8.78E+02 4.16E+00 4.09E+00 5.14E-01 5.05E-01
P III 1334.8 1344.3 1344.8 4057.4 4059.3 4080.1
2 4 4 4 6 4
4 6 4 4 4 2
5.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E-01 9.0E-01 9.9E-01
O VII 18.6270 21.6020 *120.33 128.411 *128.46 135.820 *1630.3 2448.98 *5933.1 8241.76
1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1
3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3
9.365E+03 3.309E+04 5.334E+02 8.982E+02 1.615E+03 1.523E+03 7.935E-01 2.514E-01 1.002E-01 3.864E-02
Phosphorus PI 1671.7 1674.6 1679.7 1775.0 1782.9 1787.7 2135.5 2136.2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6
2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4
3.9E-01 4.0E-01 3.9E-01 2.17E+00 2.14E+00 2.13E+00 2.11E-01 2.83E+00
Potassium KI 4044.1 4047.2 5084.2 5099.2 5323.3 5339.7 5343.0 5359.6 5782.4 5801.8 5812.2 5831.9 6911.1 6938.8 7664.9 7699.0
2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2
4 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2
1.24E-02 1.24E-02 3.50E-03 7.0E-03 6.3E-03 1.26E-02 4.0E-03 4.6E-03 1.23E-02 2.46E-02 2.8E-03 3.2E-03 2.72E-02 5.4E-02 3.87E-01 3.82E-01
K II 607.93
1
3
1.3E-02
Weights gi gk
10-130
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
K III 2550.0 2635.1 2992.4 3052.1 3202.0 3289.1 3322.4 3421.8
6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2
4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4
2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.8E+00 2.0E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00
K XVI 206.27
1
3
9.4E+01
K XVII 22.020 22.163 22.18 22.60 22.76
2 4 4 2 4
4 6 4 2 2
4.7E+04 5.6E+04 9.3E+03 2.5E+03 4.7E+03
15 13 17 15 13 11 17 15 17 15 13 11 13 15 15 15 15 17 19 21 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 17 15 15 13 11
15 15 19 17 15 13 15 15 17 15 13 13 15 17 13 15 15 15 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13 13 19 15 17 15 13
1.87E-01 1.00E+00 8.4E-01 5.8E-01 5.2E-01 3.91E-01 2.30E-01 1.1E-01 9.0E-02 2.28E-01 1.24E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 4.9E-02 2.5E-02 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 2.78E-01 1.25E-01 3.18E-01 9.5E-02 2.35E-01 1.1E-02 2.24E-01 9.3E-02 2.3E-02 7.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.6E-02 1.9E-02
8 6
6 4
4.8E-02 4.45E-02
Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 4062.8 4100.7 4143.1 4179.4 4222.9 4241.0 4359.8 4405.8 4429.3 4449.8 4468.7 4510.2 4534.2 4734.2 4879.1 4886.0 4912.6 5034.4 5110.8 5135.1 5173.9 5219.1 5220.1 5251.7 5259.7 5292.6 5810.6 5879.3 6200.8 6278.7 6398.0 Rhodium Rh I 3083.96 3114.91
λ Å 3121.76 3123.70 3137.71 3189.05 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3323.09 3331.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3396.82 3399.70 3462.04 3470.66 3478.91 3484.04 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3620.46 3654.87 3657.99 3666.22 3690.70 3692.36 3700.91 3713.02 3788.47 3793.22 3799.31 3806.76 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3872.39 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3984.40 3995.61 4053.44
Weights gi gk 6 10 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 8 4 8 4 6 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 6 6 10 8 4 4 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 4 8 8 4 8 4 6 4 4 2
6 8 6 6 4 6 4 8 8 4 10 2 6 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 6 10 4 8 2 4 8 6 8 4 8 10 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 6 8 2 8 2 8 4 6 2
10-131
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.1E-01 4.6E-02 3.3E-02 3.03E-01 4.35E-02 1.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.36E-01 4.4E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 5.40E-02 3.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 6.5E-01 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 3.32E-01 9.3E-03 2.12E-01 4.3E-01 3.4E-01 8.5E-01 4.65E-01 2.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 5.9E-01 8.90E-01 8.5E-02 6.0E-02 8.8E-01 8.4E-02 3.23E-01 9.1E-01 3.9E-01 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 4.2E-01 5.5E-01 6.2E-02 5.8E-01 8.5E-01 6.2E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.7E-03 3.7E-02 2.5E-03 6.25E-02 1.58E-01 7.15E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 2.8E-02
4056.34 4082.78 4097.52 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4196.50 4211.14 4244.44 4278.60 4288.71 4373.04 4374.80 4379.92 4492.47 4528.72 4548.73 4551.64 4565.19 4569.00 4608.12 4675.03 4721.00 4745.11 4755.58 4842.43 4963.71 4977.75 4979.18 5090.63 5120.69 5130.76 5155.54 5184.19 5212.73 5292.14 5390.44 5424.72 5599.42 5983.60 Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 3032.0 3044.2 3060.2 3082.0 3112.6 3113.1 3157.5 3158.3 3228.0 3229.2 3348.7 3350.8 3587.1 3591.6 4201.8
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
6 6 2 6 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 10 4 4 6 10
4 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 8 2 8 4 6 4 8 2 4 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 10 6 4 8 10
9.5E-03 1.4E-01 7.0E-02 9.8E-02 1.73E-01 1.0E-01 3.9E-02 1.62E-01 6.5E-03 9.2E-03 6.1E-02 1.8E-02 1.64E-01 2.48E-02 4.5E-03 1.35E-02 5.5E-03 4.00E-02 1.1E-02 1.0E-02 2.1E-02 6.4E-03 3.43E-03 5.2E-03 6.0E-03 1.6E-03 3.0E-02 9.8E-03 1.0E-02 5.0E-03 3.1E-03 4.35E-03 9.8E-03 1.6E-03 5.95E-03 3.7E-03 9.5E-03 5.0E-03 1.3E-02 2.1E-02
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
4.13E-05 4.93E-05 8.2E-05 1.05E-04 1.49E-04 2.5E-04 1.3E-04 3.38E-04 2.0E-04 6.4E-04 3.8E-04 1.37E-03 8.9E-04 3.97E-03 2.9E-03 1.8E-02
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4215.5 7800.3 7947.6 Scandium Sc I 2116.7 2120.4 2262.3 2266.6 2270.9 2280.8 2289.6 2311.29 2315.69 2320.32 2324.75 2328.19 2334.67 2346.03 2429.19 2438.63 2468.40 2692.78 2699.02 2706.74 2707.93 2711.34 2965.88 2974.01 2980.76 2988.97 3015.37 3019.35 3030.76 3255.68 3269.90 3273.63 3907.48 3911.81 3933.38 3996.60 4020.39 4023.22 4023.68 4031.38 4036.86 4043.80 4047.80 4051.83 4054.54 4067.00 4067.63 4074.96 4078.56 4080.57 4082.39 4086.66 4087.47
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4093.12 4094.86 4098.36 4132.98 4140.27 4147.38 4161.85 4171.53 4186.42 4187.61 4193.53 4204.52 4205.20 4212.32 4212.48 4216.08 4218.23 4225.54 4225.69 4231.64 4233.59 4238.05 4239.55 4246.14 4542.55 4544.67 4706.94 4709.31 4711.72 4714.30 4719.31 4728.77 4729.20 4729.24 4734.11 4737.65 4741.02 4743.82 4973.67 4980.36 4983.43 4991.91 4995.00 5018.41 5021.52 5064.31 5066.38 5070.17 5072.71 5075.82 5080.22 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.94 5096.72 5099.27 5101.12 5331.79
2 2 2
2 4 2
1.5E-02 3.70E-01 3.40E-01
4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 2 4 6 6 4
4 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 8 8 6 4 4 4 8 6
2.0E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-02 4.8E-01 4.6E-01 2.8E-01 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.1E-02 4.6E-02 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 2.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.9E-02 1.61E-01 2.4E-02 3.1E-01 1.49E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-01 5.4E-01 6.9E-02 7.8E-01 8.7E-01 1.00E-01 3.2E-01 3.13E+00 2.81E+00 1.66E+00 1.79E+00 1.62E-01 1.65E-01 1.63E+00 3.0E-01 1.65E+00 2.9E-01 7.9E-02 3.11E-01 1.54E-01 7.7E-02 1.67E-01 1.91E-01 4.1E-02 3.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.6E-02 2.73E-01 3.7E-01 1.12E-01
Weights gi gk 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 10 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 10 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 8 6 6 2 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 4 10 4
4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 4
10-132
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.23E-01 1.44E-01 8.7E-02 1.19E+00 1.17E+00 1.74E-01 1.77E-01 1.36E-01 8.4E-02 1.28E-01 6.1E-02 3.5E-02 1.12E-01 1.58E-01 8.6E-02 2.36E-01 2.26E-01 9.5E-02 7.6E-02 1.31E-01 4.0E-01 7.1E-01 2.27E-01 1.15E-01 1.28E-01 1.33E-01 2.81E-01 4.0E-01 1.81E-01 2.14E-01 1.04E-01 1.16E-01 2.20E-01 1.93E-01 1.10E+00 8.8E-01 9.1E-01 9.8E-01 8.4E-01 5.6E-01 2.58E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-02 2.09E-01 2.30E-01 7.3E-02 3.6E-02 1.16E-01 2.0E-02 1.15E-01 4.1E-02 7.6E-01 6.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.6E-01 1.69E-01 1.50E-01 8.8E-02 1.11E-01
5339.43 5341.07 5349.34 5350.28 5355.79 5356.10 5375.37 5392.06 5416.16 5416.41 5425.55 5429.42 5432.98 5433.25 5438.28 5439.04 5442.62 5446.20 5451.37 5455.24 5464.95 5468.40 5472.19 5482.01 5484.63 5514.23 5520.52 5526.10 5541.07 5631.04 5671.83 5686.86 5700.19 5708.64 5711.79 5717.31 5724.13 5988.43 6026.16 6146.20 6198.43 6249.96 6262.22 6280.16 6284.16 6284.73 6293.02 7741.16 7800.42
6 4 6 8 6 8 8 10 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 8 6 4 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 10 8 6 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 2 10 8
6 2 4 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 4 4 6 2 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 4 12 10 8 10 6 8 6 6 4 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 2 10 8
1.06E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.8E-02 3.0E-01 5.7E-01 3.4E-01 4.2E-01 4.4E-02 2.0E-02 4.5E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 9.7E-02 3.4E-02 1.74E-01 2.15E-01 2.8E-01 1.50E-01 6.6E-02 3.2E-02 9.7E-02 9.7E-02 5.2E-01 5.2E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 3.0E-02 5.4E-01 4.9E-01 4.6E-01 4.7E-02 4.5E-01 7.5E-02 7.4E-02 6.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.2E-02 3.5E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-02 4.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.1E-02 1.04E-01 3.8E-02 5.1E-02
Sc II 1880.6 2064.3 2068.0 2273.1 2545.20 2552.35 2555.79 2560.23
5 7 5 1 5 7 3 5
3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3
5.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.0E+00 7.7E+00 4.0E-01 2.21E+00 6.9E-01 2.01E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 2563.19 2611.19 2667.70 2746.36 2782.31 2789.15 2801.31 2819.49 2822.12 2826.64 2870.85 2912.98 2979.68 2988.92 3039.92 3045.73 3052.92 3060.54 3065.12 3075.36 3128.27 3133.07 3139.72 3190.98 3199.33 3312.72 3320.40 3343.23 3353.72 3359.67 3361.26 3361.93 3368.94 3372.15 3379.16 3535.71 3558.53 3567.70 3572.53 3576.34 3580.93 3589.63 3590.47 3613.83 3630.74 3642.78 3645.31 3651.80 3859.59 4246.82 4314.08 4320.75 4325.00 4374.46 4400.39 4415.54 4670.41 5031.01 5239.81
Weights gi gk 3 5 3 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 9 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 5 9 7 5 5 5 1
1 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 7 11 9 3 5 7 3 3 7 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 9 7 5 7 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.70E+00 2.2E+00 1.5E+00 3.9E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 2.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 2.9E+00 3.5E+00 3.68E+00 3.92E+00 3.0E-01 4.00E+00 2.5E-01 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.51E+00 2.16E-01 3.4E-01 1.17E+00 8.3E-01 9.9E-01 2.5E+00 6.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.5E-01 1.38E+00 1.06E+00 1.23E+00 4.6E-01 2.9E-01 1.48E+00 1.20E+00 1.13E+00 2.74E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.29E+00 4.1E-01 4.0E-01 4.3E-01 1.48E-01 1.43E-01 1.47E-01 1.16E-01 3.5E-01 1.39E-01
5526.79 5657.91 5669.06
9 5 3
7 5 1
3.3E-01 1.04E-01 1.31E-01
1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 7 5
3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 7 9 5
1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 4.1E-01 3.11E-01 4.16E-01 2.32E-01 5.5E-01 1.38E-01 4.66E-01 6.1E-01 1.21E+00 4.56E-01 1.81E+00 7.7E-01 2.6E-01 9.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.18E-01 1.0E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 8.0E-03 4.2E-02 2.8E-02 1.6E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 3.6E-02 2.2E-02 7.9E-03 3.7E-02 2.3E-02 4.6E-02 5.2E-02 5.1E-02 5.8E-02 7.1E-03
1260.4 1264.7 1304.4 1309.3 1526.7 1533.5 1808.0 2904.3 2905.7 3210.0 4128.1 4130.9 5041.0 5056.0 5957.6 5978.9 6347.1 6371.4 7848.8 7849.7
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6
4 6 2 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 8
2.0E+01 2.3E+01 3.6E+00 7.0E+00 3.73E+00 7.4E+00 3.7E-02 6.7E-01 7.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.32E+00 1.42E+00 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 8.1E-01 7.0E-01 6.9E-01 3.9E-01 4.2E-01
Silicon Si I 1977.6 1979.2 1980.6 1983.2 1986.4 1989.0 2208.0 2210.9 2211.7 2216.7 2218.1 2506.9 2514.3 2516.1 2519.2 2524.1 2528.5 2532.4 2631.3 2881.6 3905.5 4738.8 4783.0 4792.3 4818.1 4821.2 4947.6 5006.1 5622.2 5690.4 5708.4 5754.2 5772.1 5948.5 7226.2 7405.8 7409.1 7680.3 7918.4 7932.3 7944.0 7970.3
2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6
4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 4
6.7E+00 8.0E+00 1.3E+00 6.9E+00 2.8E+01 3.6E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.9E+01
Si III 883.40 994.79 997.39 1141.6 1144.3 1161.6 1206.5 1206.5 1207.5 1294.5 1296.7 1298.9 1299.0 1301.2 1303.3 1328.8 1417.2 1435.8 1589.0 1778.7 1783.1 3241.6 *3486.9 3590.5 4552.6 4554.0 4567.8 4683.0 4716.7 5451.5 5473.1 5716.3 5739.7 7462.6 7466.3 7612.4
5 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 15 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 9 1 5 7 3
7 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 9 7 3 21 5 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 3 3 5 5
6.3E+01 7.89E+00 1.31E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 1.6E+01 2.59E+01 4.89E+01 1.9E+01 5.42E+00 7.19E+00 5.36E+00 1.61E+01 2.13E+01 8.85E+00 2.7E+01 2.60E+01 2.1E+01 1.1E+01 4.4E+00 3.8E+00 2.3E+00 1.8E+00 3.9E+00 1.26E+00 7.6E-01 1.25E+00 9.5E-01 2.8E+00 6.0E-01 7.9E-01 1.9E-01 4.7E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E+00
Si II 989.87 992.68 1020.7 1190.4 1193.3 1194.5 1197.4 1248.4 1251.2
Weights gi gk
10-133
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
Si IV 457.82 458.16 515.12 516.35 *560.50 *749.94 815.05 818.13 *860.74 *1066.6 1122.5 1128.3 1128.3 1393.8 1402.8 *1724.1
2 2 2 4 6 10 2 4 10 10 2 4 4 2 2 10
4 2 2 2 10 14 2 2 6 14 4 4 6 4 2 6
3.6E+00 3.6E+00 4.1E+00 8.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.45E+01 1.23E+01 2.44E+01 1.8E+00 3.91E+01 2.05E+01 4.03E+00 2.42E+01 7.73E+00 7.58E+00 5.5E+00
Si V 96.439 97.143 117.86
1 1 1
3 3 3
4.8E+02 2.0E+03 3.0E+02
Si VI 246.00 249.12
4 2
2 2
1.7E+02 8.5E+01
Si VII 217.83 272.64 274.18 275.35 275.67 276.84 278.45
5 5 3 5 3 1 3
3 3 1 5 3 3 5
4.3E+02 5.1E+01 1.2E+02 8.9E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 2.9E+01
Si VIII 214.76 216.92 232.86 235.56 250.45 250.79 314.31 316.20 319.83
4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4
2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 6
4.1E+02 3.6E+02 8.0E+01 9.7E+01 7.7E+01 1.6E+02 5.2E+01 5.0E+01 4.9E+01
Si IX 223.73 225.03 227.01 227.30 258.10 *294.37 *347.36
1 3 5 5 5 9 9
3 3 3 3 5 9 15
4.2E+01 1.2E+02 2.0E+02 2.3E+02 1.04E+02 5.9E+01 2.2E+01
Si X 253.77 256.57
2 2
4 2
2.9E+01 1.1E+02
λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4747.9 4751.8 4978.5 4982.8 4982.8 5148.8 5153.4 5682.6 5688.2 5688.2 5890.0 5895.9 6154.2 6160.8 8183.3 8194.8 8194.8 11381 11404
2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 2
6.3E-03 1.27E-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-03 4.89E-02 1.17E-02 2.33E-02 1.03E-01 1.2E-01 2.1E-02 6.11E-01 6.10E-01 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 4.53E-01 5.4E-01 9.0E-02 8.9E-02 1.76E-01
Na II 300.15 301.44 372.08
1 1 1
3 3 3
3.0E+01 4.9E+01 3.4E+01
Na III 378.14 380.10 1991.0 2004.2 2011.9 2151.5 2174.5 2230.3 2232.2 2246.7 2459.3 2468.9 2497.0
4 2 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 6
2 2 6 4 8 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 6
7.7E+01 3.7E+01 8.3E+00 4.6E+00 8.4E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 3.7E+00 3.3E+00 2.4E+00 3.0E+00 2.4E+00 1.7E+00
Na V *307.89 *333.46 *369.01 *400.72 *445.14 459.90 461.05 463.26 510.10 511.19
10 6 10 10 6 4 4 4 2 4
6 6 6 10 10 2 4 6 2 4
2.0E+02 5.6E+01 1.2E+02 5.0E+01 7.1E+00 2.3E+01 2.3E+01 2.2E+01 5.6E+01 6.8E+01
Na VI 313.75 361.25 *416.53 *492.80 1550.6 1567.8
5 5 9 9 5 5
3 5 9 15 5 3
1.3E+02 7.7E+01 3.7E+01 1.3E+01 4.35E+00 2.68E+00
258.35 261.05 272.00 277.26 287.08 289.19 292.22 *347.73 *353.09
4 4 2 4 2 4 6 10 6
4 2 2 2 4 4 4 10 10
1.4E+02 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 5.7E+01 2.6E+01 5.0E+01 7.3E+01 4.3E+01 2.1E+01
Si XI 43.763 *49.116 49.222 52.296 303.30 358.29 358.63 361.41 364.50 365.42 368.28 371.48 604.14 2300.8
1 9 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1
3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3
6.11E+03 2.45E+03 8.9E+03 7.6E+02 6.42E+01 1.03E+02 1.38E+01 1.80E+01 1.32E+01 3.90E+01 5.1E+01 2.07E+01 1.12E+01 4.34E-01
Si XII *40.924 *44.118 499.43 520.72 1862 1949 4620 4942
2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4
6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6
4.42E+03 1.4E+04 9.56E+00 8.47E+00 1.15E+00 1.0E+00 4.6E-02 4.5E-02
Silver Ag I 2061.2 2069.9 3280.7 3382.9 5209.1 5465.5 5471.6
2 2 2 2 2 4 4
4 2 4 2 4 6 4
3.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 7.5E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01
Sodium Na I 3302.4 3303.0 4390.0 4393.3 4393.3 4494.2 4497.7 4497.7 4664.8 4668.6 4668.6
2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
4 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6
2.81E-02 2.81E-02 7.7E-03 1.6E-03 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-03 2.33E-02 4.1E-03 2.5E-02
10-134
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4607.3
1
Sr II 2018.7 2051.9 2282.0 2322.4 2324.5 2423.5 2471.6 3464.5 3474.9 4077.7 4161.8 4215.5 4305.5 4414.8 4417.5 4585.9 5303.1 5379.1 5385.5 5723.7 5819.0 8688.9 8719.6 Sulfur SI 1295.7 1296.2 1302.3 1302.9 1303.1 1303.4 1305.9 1401.5 1409.3 1412.9 1425.0 1425.2 1433.3 1433.3 1437.0 1448.2 1473.0 1474.0 1474.4 1474.6 1481.7 1483.0 1483.2 1487.2 1666.7 1687.5 1782.3 1807.3 1820.3 1826.2
1608.5 1649.4 1741.5 1747.5
3 5 3 5
1 5 5 7
2.6E+00 2.05E+00 2.59E+00 3.1E+00
Na VII *94.409 *105.27 353.29 381.30 397.49 399.18 *483.28 486.74 491.95 555.80 777.83
6 6 4 4 4 6 10 2 4 4 4
10 2 4 2 4 4 10 4 6 4 6
2.7E+03 4.5E+02 1.0E+02 4.0E+01 3.5E+01 5.2E+01 2.9E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 6.8E+00
Na VIII *83.34 *89.88 90.536 411.15 1239.4 1802.7 1867.7 2059.1 2558.2 2772.0 3021.0 3108.9 3182.3
9 9 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1
15 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 7 3 3
3.94E+03 8.09E+02 2.86E+03 4.42E+01 3.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.01E+00 1.80E+00 2.26E-02 4.19E-01 4.90E-01 2.58E-01 2.92E-01
Na IX 70.615 70.653 77.764 77.911 681.72 694.17 2487.7 2535.8 6841.8 7103.4
2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4
4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6
1.35E+03 1.35E+03 3.6E+03 4.3E+03 6.63E+00 6.30E+00 8.32E-01 7.89E-01 2.59E-02 2.78E-02
Strontium Sr I 2206.2 2211.3 2217.8 2226.3 2237.7 2253.3 2275.3 2307.3 2354.3 2428.1 2569.5 2931.8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6.6E-03 8.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 6.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01 1.7E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
3
2.01E+00
2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4
2 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4
1.2E-01 2.4E-01 8.3E-01 9.1E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E+00 5.1E-01 1.42E+00 6.5E-01 1.27E+00 1.4E+00 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 7.0E-02 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 3.7E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-01 9.7E-02
4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 6403.6 6408.1 6415.5 *6751.2 7679.6 7686.1 7696.7
5 5 5 3 5 7 15 3 5 7
7 5 3 5 5 5 25 5 5 5
6.7E-03 6.7E-03 6.5E-03 5.7E-03 9.5E-03 1.3E-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02
5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 5 3 1
5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3
4.9E+00 2.7E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 6.6E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 9.1E-01 5.0E-01 1.6E-01 4.5E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 7.3E+00 4.2E-01 1.6E+00 5.0E-01 6.2E-02 1.7E-01 1.2E+00 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.3E+00 9.4E-01 1.9E+00 3.8E+00 2.2E+00 7.2E-01
S II 1124.4 1125.0 1131.0 1131.6 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 4463.6 4483.4 4486.7 4524.7 4525.0 4552.4 4656.7 4716.2 4815.5 4885.6 4917.2 4924.1 4925.3 4942.5 4991.9 5009.5 5014.0 5027.2 5032.4 5047.3 5103.3 5142.3 5201.0 5201.3 5212.6 5212.6 5320.7 5345.7 5345.7 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5526.2 5536.8 5556.0 5564.9 5578.8 5606.1
2 4 2 4 4 4 4 8 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 10
4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 6 8
1.0E+00 4.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.4E+00 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 9.0E-02 2.9E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E-01 6.6E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E-01 1.5E-01 7.0E-01 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.9E-01 7.5E-01 6.5E-02 9.8E-02 8.5E-01 9.2E-01 8.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 6.8E-01 8.5E-01 7.3E-01 4.0E-01 8.1E-02 6.6E-02 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 5.4E-01
Weights gi gk
10-135
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 5616.6 5640.0 5645.6 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5819.2 6305.5 6312.7 S III 2496.2 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2680.5 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2756.9 2785.5 2856.0 2863.5 2872.0 2950.2 2964.8 3662.0 3717.8 3778.9 3831.8 3837.8 3838.3 3860.6 3899.1 4253.6 4285.0
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 6
1.2E-01 6.6E-01 1.8E-02 5.7E-01 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 8.5E-02 1.8E-01 3.0E-01
249.27 388.94 390.86 706.48 712.68 712.84 933.38 944.52
2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
2 2 2 4 6 4 4 2
3.1E+01 4.5E+01 8.8E+01 4.17E+01 4.85E+01 8.1E+00 1.7E+01 1.6E+01
S VII 60.161 60.804 72.029
1 1 1
3 3 3
9.46E+03 5.1E+02 8.61E+02
S VIII 198.55 202.61
4 2
2 2
2.5E+02 1.2E+02
S XI *189.90 190.37 215.95 217.63 239.81 242.57 242.82 246.90 247.12 *288.49
9 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 9
3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 15
4.3E+02 2.8E+02 1.4E+02 7.2E+01 2.6E+01 1.9E+01 1.9E+01 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 2.9E+01
S XII 212.14 215.18 218.20 221.44 227.50 234.48
2 2 4 4 2 4
4 2 4 2 2 2
3.7E+01 1.4E+02 1.7E+02 6.4E+01 3.7E+01 6.8E+01
S XIII 32.236 37.600 256.66 299.89 303.37 307.36 308.91 312.68 316.84 500.42
1 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3
3 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 5
1.09E+04 1.3E+03 8.7E+01 1.78E+01 2.28E+01 1.64E+01 4.82E+01 6.3E+01 2.50E+01 1.43E+01
S XIV *30.434 *32.517 417.67 445.71 1550 1663 3967
2 6 2 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2 4
8.28E+03 2.6E+04 1.2E+01 1.0E+01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E-02
7 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3
4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4
5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5
2.5E+00 2.3E+00 4.5E-01 1.4E+00 6.2E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 6.1E-01 5.1E+00 5.7E+00 4.7E+00 3.0E+00 4.0E+00 6.4E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E-01 5.6E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01
S IV 551.17 554.07 3097.5 3117.7
2 4 2 2
2 2 4 2
2.06E+01 4.08E+01 2.6E+00 2.5E+00
SV 437.37 438.19 439.65 *661.52 *679.01 *690.75 786.48 *854.85
1 3 5 9 9 9 1 9
3 3 3 15 15 9 3 9
1.12E+01 3.33E+01 5.5E+01 6.44E+01 8.6E+01 5.0E+01 5.25E+01 4.18E+01
S VI 248.99
2
4
3.1E+01
Weights gi gk
10-136
A 108 s–1
λ Å 4153 Tantalum Ta I 3127.9 3168.3 3170.3 3205.5 3260.2 3337.8 3383.9 3406.9 3419.7 3463.8 3484.6 3488.8 3497.9 3505.0 3553.4 3607.4 3625.2 3626.6 3642.1 3657.5 3731.0 3754.5 3784.3 3792.1 3826.9 3836.6 3848.1 3858.6 3918.5 3922.8 3996.2 3999.3 4003.7 4006.8 4026.9 4029.9 4030.7 4040.9 4061.4 4064.6 4067.2 4067.9 4097.2 4105.0 4136.2 4147.9 4175.2 4205.9 4303.0 4378.8 4386.1 4402.5 4415.7 4441.0
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
4
6
5.7E-02
4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 10 8 10 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 10 10 4 4 2 4 10 6 4 10 8 10 2 4 6 6 10 6 8 10 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4
6 4 10 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 12 6 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 10 2 4 4 4 8 8 4 10 10 12 4 4 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 6 4 6
5.7E-03 6.0E-03 8.5E-02 5.6E-03 5.8E-03 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 6.8E-02 1.91E-02 2.62E-02 8.5E-03 7.3E-03 4.9E-02 2.72E-02 3.3E-03 4.6E-02 1.0E-02 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 4.3E-03 5.3E-03 6.5E-03 4.3E-02 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 4.0E-03 1.30E-02 2.5E-03 2.5E-02 3.98E-02 3.35E-02 1.8E-02 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 3.60E-02 2.8E-02 2.3E-03 7.3E-03 6.5E-02 3.83E-02 6.8E-03 8.4E-03 2.1E-03 1.1E-02 1.82E-02 1.79E-02 2.8E-02 8.9E-03 2.08E-02 4.8E-03 1.0E-02 2.28E-02 2.53E-02 7.5E-03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 4441.7 4473.5 4511.0 4511.5 4514.2 4521.1 4530.9 4547.2 4553.7 4565.9 4574.3 4580.7 4619.5 4633.1 4669.1 4681.9 4684.9 4685.3 4691.9 4706.1 4740.2 4758.0 4769.0 4780.9 4812.8 4825.4 4832.2 4852.2 4884.0 4904.6 4920.9 4921.3 4926.0 4936.4 4969.7 5012.5 5037.4 5043.3 5067.9 5069.9 5082.3 5087.4 5090.7 5095.3 5136.5 5141.6 5143.7 5147.6 5161.8 5218.7 5235.4 5295.0 5336.1 5349.6 5354.7 5396.0 5402.5 5435.3 5499.4
Weights gi gk 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 4 6 8 4 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 2 6 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 2 4 8 4 4 10 6 8 10 10 6 8 6 2 4 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 10
8 8 12 8 10 10 6 6 8 8 4 10 4 4 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 4 8 10 10 4 4 6 4 4 8 4 6 12 12 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 6 10
A 108 s–1
λ Å
9.0E-03 1.36E-02 1.56E-02 3.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.3E-03 2.42E-02 5.3E-03 9.5E-03 2.5E-02 1.2E-02 2.1E-03 5.3E-02 1.2E-02 2.85E-02 1.5E-02 2.8E-03 3.4E-03 4.08E-02 1.4E-02 5.0E-02 7.5E-03 2.8E-02 2.16E-02 1.2E-02 2.63E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 1.95E-02 2.1E-03 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 4.5E-02 1.0E-02 1.9E-02 4.4E-02 2.73E-02 2.92E-02 1.7E-03 1.9E-03 1.5E-02 9.5E-03 5.0E-03 4.5E-02 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 9.0E-03 6.3E-03 8.2E-03 4.7E-03 7.5E-03 5.5E-03 2.2E-02 6.5E-03 2.5E-03 1.4E-02 1.1E-02 6.1E-03
5518.9 5620.7 5640.2 5645.9 5699.2 5767.9 5780.7 5811.1 5849.7 5877.4 5939.8 5944.0 5997.2 6020.7 6045.4 6047.3 6249.8 6258.7 6309.6 6360.8 6428.6 6430.8 6450.4 6485.4 6514.4 6516.1 6612.0 6673.7 6771.7 6866.2 6927.4 6928.5 6951.3 6953.9 6966.1 6969.5 7407.9 Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2118.9 2129.3 2151.9 2168.6 2237.8 2316.0 2379.7 2507.9 2538.2 2580.1 2609.0 2609.8 2665.6 2709.2 2710.7 2767.9 2826.2 2918.3
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2921.5 3229.8 3519.2 3529.4 3775.7 5350.5
4 4 4 4 2 4
4 2 6 4 2 2
7.6E-02 1.73E-01 1.24E+00 2.20E-01 6.25E-01 7.05E-01
Thulium Tm I 2513.8 2527.0 2596.5 2601.1 2622.5 2841.1 2854.2 2914.8 2933.0 2973.2 3046.9 3081.1 3122.5 3142.4 3172.7 3233.7 3247.0 3251.8 3380.7 3406.0 3410.1 3416.6 3418.6 3563.9 3567.4 3744.1 3751.8 3798.5 3807.7 3883.1 3887.4 3916.5 3949.3 4022.6 4044.5 4094.2 4105.8 4138.3 4158.6 4187.6 4203.7 4222.7 4271.7 4359.9 4386.4 4394.4 4643.1 4681.9 4691.1 5307.1
8 8 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8
10 8 10 6 10 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 10 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 10
6.9E-02 1.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-02 2.0E-01 2.7E-01 7.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.2E-01 8.8E-02 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 3.0E-01 5.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.0E-01 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.8E-02 4.2E-02 9.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E+00 3.9E-01 1.0E+00 3.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.0E+00 4.0E-02 2.9E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 7.0E-01 5.5E-02 6.1E-01 2.5E-01 1.5E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 3.4E-02 3.9E-02 3.9E-02 2.3E-02
8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 10 10 2 4 10 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 2 4 8 10 10 10 6 8 10 6
10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 12 4 6 10 4 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 10 4 8 4 4 4 6 12 8 10 8 8 10 4
3.8E-02 6.0E-03 4.9E-03 1.43E-02 4.2E-03 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 5.7E-03 2.8E-03 2.3E-02 1.6E-02 2.13E-02 2.4E-02 1.0E-02 2.6E-02 9.0E-03 3.5E-03 3.3E-03 1.83E-02 4.6E-03 6.0E-03 2.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.25E-02 1.9E-02 9.0E-03 5.8E-03 2.58E-02 1.01E-02 1.69E-02 3.7E-03 8.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.9E-03 2.0E-02
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4
4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 6
4.0E-02 2.0E-02 5.8E-02 3.1E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.8E-02 4.4E-01 1.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.9E-02 5.7E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.26E+00 8.0E-02 4.2E-01
10-137
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 5658.3 5675.8 5760.2 Tin Sn I 2073.1 2199.3 2209.7 2246.1 2268.9 2286.7 2317.2 2334.8 2354.8 2380.7 2408.2 2421.7 2429.5 2433.5 2455.2 2476.4 2483.4 2491.8 2495.7 2523.9 2546.6 2558.0 2571.6 2594.4 2636.9 2661.2 2706.5 2761.8 2779.8 2785.0 2788.0 2812.6 2813.6 2840.0 2850.6 2863.3 2913.5 3009.1 3032.8 3034.1 3141.8 3175.1 3218.7 3223.6 3262.3 3330.6 3655.8 3801.0 4524.7 5631.7 5970.3 6037.7 6069.0
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6 8 6
1.0E-02 1.3E-02 1.3E-02
1 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 1
8 10 6
3 5 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3
3.6E-02 2.9E-01 5.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.2E+00 3.1E-01 2.0E+00 6.6E-01 1.7E+00 3.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.0E-03 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-02 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 6.6E-01 3.7E-03 1.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.7E+00 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.3E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E+00 1.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.7E-02 1.2E-03 2.7E+00 2.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.8E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-02 9.6E-02 5.0E-02 4.6E-02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6073.5 6171.5
3 3
1 3
6.3E-02 4.9E-02
Sn II 2368.3 2449.0 2487.0 3283.2 3352.0 3472.5 3575.5 5332.4 5562.0 5588.9 5596.2 5797.2 5799.2 6453.5 6761.5 6844.1
4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2
2 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 8 4 2 2
4.4E-03 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 8.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01 1.5E-01 2.8E-01 8.1E-01 1.2E+00 3.2E-01 6.6E-01
Titanium Ti I 2276.75 2280.00 2299.86 2302.75 2305.69 2424.26 2520.54 2529.87 2541.92 2599.91 2605.16 2611.29 2611.47 2619.94 2631.55 2632.42 2641.12 2644.28 2646.65 2733.27 2735.30 2912.07 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2956.80 3186.45 3191.99 3199.92 3341.88 3354.63 3370.44 3371.45 3377.58 3385.94 3635.46
7 9 5 7 9 9 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 9 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 9 7 9 5
5 7 5 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 3 5 7 5 1 7 5 7 9 5 7 9 11 7 9 3 11 5 7 7
1.3E+00 9.4E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 4.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.0E+00 9.3E-01 9.7E-01 1.8E-01 8.0E-01 8.5E-01 9.4E-01 6.5E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 7.2E-01 6.9E-01 5.0E-01 8.04E-01
3642.68 3653.50 3724.57 3725.16 3729.81 3741.06 3752.86 3786.04 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21 3981.76 3989.76 3998.64 4013.24 4055.01 4060.26 4064.20 4065.09 4186.12 4266.23 4284.99 4289.07 4290.93 4295.75 4393.93 4417.27 4449.14 4450.90 4453.31 4453.71 4455.32 4457.43 4465.81 4481.26 4496.15 4518.02 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4534.78 4544.69 4548.76 4552.45 4563.43 4617.27 4623.10 4639.94 4640.43 4645.19 4650.02 4742.79 4758.12 4759.27 4778.26 4805.42 4840.87 4856.01 4885.08
10-138
Weights gi gk 7 9 9 5 5 7 9 5 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 1 3 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 3 9 11 11 9 5 7 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 3 11 9 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 3 3 5 9 11 13 9 5 5 13 11
9 11 9 3 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 3 5 3 1 9 5 5 5 3 1 11 9 11 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 5 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 7 11 9 7 3 1 1 3 9 11 13 9 7 5 15 13
A 108 s–1 7.74E-01 7.54E-01 9.1E-01 7.3E-01 4.27E-01 4.17E-01 5.04E-01 1.4E+00 4.85E-01 3.00E-01 4.05E-01 3.76E-01 3.79E-01 4.08E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 7.0E-01 2.10E-01 3.1E-01 3.2E-01 3.0E-01 4.5E-01 1.3E+00 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 9.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.98E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 3.28E-01 5.7E-01 4.4E-01 1.72E-01 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 8.83E-01 6.87E-01 3.3E-01 2.85E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 8.51E-01 5.74E-01 6.64E-01 5.0E-01 8.57E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01 7.13E-01 7.40E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-01 1.76E-01 5.2E-01 4.90E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2877.47 2884.13 2910.65 2926.64 2931.10 2936.02 2938.57 2941.90 2942.97 2945.30 2952.00 2954.59 2958.80 2979.06 2990.06 3017.17 3022.64 3023.67 3029.76 3056.75 3058.08 3066.34 3071.25 3072.99 3075.23 3078.65 3081.52 3088.04 3089.44 3097.20 3103.81 3105.10 3106.26 3117.67 3119.83 3127.86 3128.50 3161.23 3161.80 3162.59 3168.55 3181.73 3182.54 3189.49 3190.91 3202.56 3224.25 3228.62 3232.29 3234.51 3236.13 3236.58 3239.04 3239.66 3241.99 3251.91 3252.92 3272.07 3278.28
4913.62 4928.34 4981.73 4989.14 4991.07 4999.50 5000.99 5007.21 5014.28 5036.47 5038.40 5062.11 5210.39 5222.69 5224.30 5259.98 5351.07 5503.90 5774.04 5785.98 5804.27 6098.66 6220.46
7 3 11 7 9 7 9 5 3 7 5 5 9 3 11 5 7 11 9 11 13 9 9
9 5 13 5 11 9 7 7 5 9 7 3 9 3 11 7 7 9 11 13 15 7 7
4.44E-01 6.2E-01 6.60E-01 3.25E-01 5.84E-01 5.27E-01 3.52E-01 4.92E-01 6.8E-01 3.94E-01 3.87E-01 2.98E-01 3.57E-02 1.95E-01 3.6E-01 2.3E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01
Ti II 2440.91 2451.18 2525.59 2531.28 2534.63 2535.89 2555.99 2635.44 2638.56 2642.02 2645.86 2746.54 2751.59 2752.68 2757.62 2758.35 2758.79 2764.28 2804.82 2810.30 2817.83 2819.87 2821.26 2827.12 2828.06 2828.64 2828.83 2834.02 2836.47 2839.64 2845.93 2851.11 2856.10 2862.33
4 6 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 6 10 10 8 12 10 2 12 4
4 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 6 4 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 14 6 10 12 8 12 10 4 12 6
5.1E-01 4.5E-01 5.6E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 6.8E-01 3.2E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E+00 1.9E+00 2.7E+00 2.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.1E+00 7.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.4E-01 7.4E-01 4.6E+00 5.1E+00 3.8E+00 6.5E-01 7.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E+00 1.2E+00 9.1E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 8.3E-01 1.2E+00 4.1E-01 1.5E+00 4.0E-01
Weights gi gk 8 10 8 10 6 4 6 8 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 12 10 8 10 2 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 10 8 4 10 2 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 6 4 12 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4
8 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 12 8 12 10 6 8 12 10 8 10 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 10 2 6 10 4 8 6 4 4 4 6 4 4
10-139
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.7E-01 5.2E-01 4.6E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E+00 2.7E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 3.0E-01 4.0E+00 4.0E+00 1.2E+00 5.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 5.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.1E+00 1.25E+00 1.3E+00 4.4E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 4.6E-01 3.9E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.3E-01 9.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.1E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 6.0E-01 1.38E+00 7.0E-01 1.11E+00 9.87E-01 9.4E-01 1.16E+00 3.38E-01 3.9E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01
3278.91 3282.32 3287.66 3315.32 3321.70 3322.94 3329.46 3332.11 3340.34 3361.23 3372.80 3383.77 3452.49 3456.40 3465.56 3483.63 3492.37 3504.90 3510.86 3520.27 3535.41 3641.33 3706.23 3741.64 3757.70 3759.30 3761.33 4911.18
6 2 8 2 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 4 4 10 8 10 8 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 6 6
4 2 10 4 4 10 8 4 4 10 8 6 2 4 2 8 6 10 8 4 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 4
1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.8E-01 7.2E-01 3.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 7.7E-01 8.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.7E-01 9.8E-01 8.2E-01 9.3E-01 4.8E-01 5.5E-01 4.9E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.4E-01 9.9E-01 3.2E-01
Ti III 865.79 1002.37 1004.67 1005.80 1007.16 1008.12 1286.37 1289.30 1291.62 1293.23 1298.97 1327.59 1420.44 1421.63 1422.41 1424.14 1455.19 1498.70 2007.36 2007.60 2010.80 2097.30 2099.86 2104.86 2105.09 2199.22 2237.77 2331.35 2331.66
5 5 7 3 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 7 3 3
3 5 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 1 3
6.6E+01 7.6E+00 4.3E+01 1.3E+01 3.8E+01 5.1E+01 2.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 1.0E+00 4.9E+00 3.2E+00 1.2E+00 4.0E+00 3.0E+00 1.6E+00 6.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E+00 3.3E+00 2.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 5.7E+00 2.4E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2862.60 3576.44
4 4
Ti VIII 249 258.610 269.533 272.037 272.843 276.701 277.813 289.375 478.971 480.376
6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6
2339.00 2346.79 2374.99 2413.99 2516.05 2567.56 2984.75 3066.51 3228.89 3278.31 3320.94 3340.20 3346.18 3354.71 3397.24 3404.46 3417.62 3915.47 4119.14 4213.26 4215.53 4247.62 4248.54 4250.09 4259.01 4269.84 4285.61 4288.66 4296.70 4319.56 4343.25 4378.94 4433.91 4440.66 4533.26 4576.53 4628.07 4652.86 4874.00 4914.32 4971.19 5083.80 5278.33 7506.87
5 7 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 9 11 3 3 3 9 5 9 9 11 5 3 11 9 13 11 11 9 3 3 11 1 3 9 3 7 5 3 9 5 3 11
3 5 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 5 9 11 13 1 3 5 11 5 11 11 13 7 5 13 11 15 13 13 11 1 5 13 3 5 7 1 9 7 3 11 3 3 13
3.0E+00 3.3E+00 4.0E+00 3.8E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 3.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.7E+00 4.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 9.9E-01 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E+00 2.3E+00 9.5E-01 9.4E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 9.7E-01 9.4E-01 1.1E+00
Ti IV 423.49 424.16 433.63 433.76 729.36 1183.64 1195.21 1451.74 1467.34 2067.56 2103.16 2541.79 2546.88
4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6
6 8 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 6 8
4.9E+01 5.3E+01 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.9E+00 1.4E+01 1.8E+01 2.1E+01 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.9E+00 7.4E+00
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2 6
4.1E+00 4.6E+00
4 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 6
1.0E+01 7.5E+02 6.0E+02 4.3E+02 6.2E+01 9.3E+01 3.8E+02 3.6E+01 1.7E+01 1.5E+01
308.250 313.229 318 322.75 323 327.192 332 386.140 408 425.74 446.69 453
3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 3 5
5 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9 1 1 7
1.3E+02 1.6E+02 1.4E+02 1.99E+02 1.8E+02 2.9E+02 3.25E+02 1.48E+02 1.37E+02 1.2E+02 1.2E+02 1.3E+02
Ti XII 52.896 53.140 53.433 53.457 55.181 55.443 59.133 59.435 60.701 60.762 61.286 62.433 62.470 65.540 65.577 67.171 67.555 70.986 71.031 71.545 71.987 82.121 82.307 82.344 82.368 89.844 90.512 90.547 116.497 116.597 116.62 139.884 140.361 141.6 141.7 169.7 169.8 207.2 208.5 252.8 253.1 257.5
2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4
4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2 2 4 6 2 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2
1.61E+02 1.9E+02 2.1E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 2.81E+02 3.72E+02 4.41E+02 3.4E+02 3.5E+02 1.8E+02 2.08E+02 2.22E+02 3.2E+02 3.5E+02 6.2E+02 7.2E+02 5.7E+02 6.1E+02 1.8E+02 3.48E+02 5.9E+02 1.13E+03 5.8E+02 1.2E+03 9.9E+02 1.16E+03 1.9E+02 3.0E+03 3.2E+03 2.1E+02 2.6E+02 2.9E+02 1.7E+02 1.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.9E+02 1.5E+02 1.8E+02 4.8E+02 5.2E+02 2.4E+02
Ti XIII 23.356
1
3
1.02E+05
Weights gi gk
Ti IX 267.941 278.713 281.446 285.128 433.567 439.513 439.745 447.484 447.701 507.174 516.215
5 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 5
7 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 7
5.1E+02 4.7E+02 3.2E+02 4.1E+02 6.9E+00 7.5E+00 2.1E+01 1.6E+01 6.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.9E+00
Ti X 253 254 281 289.579 290.294 291 291 292 293.684 293.798 295.584 296 297 298 302 305 317 355.815 360.133 363 363 365.628 382 385 389.99
4 6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6
6 8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4
2.1E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.5E+02 1.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.97E+02 1.7E+02 2.9E+02 1.4E+02 9.9E+01 4.3E+02 1.6E+02 2.5E+02 1.5E+02 1.3E+02 2.19E+02 2.1E+02 1.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.8E+02 1.8E+02 1.1E+02
Ti XI 65.403 87.725 266
1 1 5
3 3 7
5.1E+02 8.5E+02 1.8E+02
10-140
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 23.698 23.991 26.641 26.960 117.1 117.3 120.2 120.2 128.7
Weights gi gk 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 7 3
3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
1.2E+04 3.4E+02 4.06E+03 3.06E+03 1.3E+02 2.8E+02 5.4E+02 4.4E+02 1.2E+02
145.665 157.812 161.168 163.610 169.740 176.267 178.240
6 4 4 4 4 2 4
Ti XVII 18.05 18.13 18.13 18.176 123.654 124.553 127.782 135.202 136.160 136.393 141.948 142.589 144.405 146.067 154.133 156.54 158.469 159.62 163.049 186.863 207.73
Ti XIV 21.341 21.522 21.657 21.733 21.82 21.883 21.958 22.05 24.592 24.891
4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2
6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2
9.8E+03 4.5E+04 1.3E+04 8.8E+04 6.4E+04 7.0E+04 1.2E+04 1.4E+04 6.1E+03 7.5E+03
Ti XV 20.19 20.234 20.234 20.246 20.250 20.29 20.30 20.30 20.313 20.418 20.538 20.54 20.551 20.689 20.698 20.771 20.897 20.928 21.065 21.079 21.102 22.482 22.936 22.966 23.034
5 5 3 1 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 1
7 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 7 3 1 3 7 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3
6.9E+03 1.9E+04 4.9E+04 4.2E+04 6.5E+03 1.1E+04 3.4E+04 5.8E+04 7.5E+04 8.0E+04 3.8E+04 4.1E+04 1.3E+04 4.3E+04 1.1E+05 1.1E+04 2.85E+04 8.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.58E+04 1.3E+04 6.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 6.3E+03
Ti XVI 110.561 116.198 118.215 121.382 124.805 129.075 134.724 138.800 143.459
4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4
2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4
3.36E+02 1.45E+02 7.4E+02 2.4E+02 6.1E+02 3.81E+02 2.6E+02 3.5E+02 2.8E+02
A 108 s–1
λ Å
6 2 4 2 6 2 4
2.3E+02 1.32E+02 1.2E+02 1.92E+02 1.0E+02 2.45E+02 2.52E+02
3 5 1 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3
3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1
4.5E+04 2.4E+04 8.1E+04 9.2E+04 2.3E+02 5.2E+02 4.6E+02 2.93E+02 1.95E+02 1.14E+02 3.87E+02 1.35E+02 9.4E+01 2.6E+02 1.63E+02 1.44E+02 1.4E+02 1.03E+02 6.2E+02 2.66E+02 1.07E+02
16.46 16.51 16.55 16.61 16.64 16.69 16.71 16.72 16.72 16.74 16.77 16.80 16.85 17.08 17.36
3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 1
3 7 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 7 5 5 3
4.4E+04 1.0E+05 2.7E+04 8.0E+04 5.3E+04 1.02E+05 7.3E+04 3.3E+04 7.3E+04 1.2E+05 2.6E+04 1.81E+05 4.4E+04 8.3E+04 9.5E+04
Ti XVIII 17.22 17.365 17.39 133.852 144.759 150.15 153.15 153.23 159.00 166.225 179.902 189.663 191.23 197.838 208.07
2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 4
4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4
7.3E+04 8.6E+04 1.4E+04 5.2E+01 3.2E+02 1.15E+02 1.97E+02 6.7E+01 1.16E+02 1.54E+02 6.3E+01 9.6E+01 6.6E+01 4.56E+01 1.2E+02
Ti XX 2.629 2.6295 2.631 2.6319 2.632 2.6355 8.621 9.788 10.046 10.109 *10.278 10.620 10.690 *11.452 11.872 11.958 11.958 15.211 15.253 15.907 16.049 16.067 31.586 45.650 45.996
2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4
4 4 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6
4.9E+04 3.2E+06 6.1E+05 1.5E+06 2.7E+06 1.2E+06 1.1E+06 5.26E+03 7.29E+03 8.6E+03 8.4E+03 1.34E+04 1.58E+04 1.7E+04 2.8E+04 3.4E+04 5.6E+03 3.50E+04 3.58E+04 8.84E+04 1.05E+05 1.8E+04 5.49E+03 9.6E+03 1.1E+04
Ti XIX 15.67 15.68 15.74 15.75 15.83 15.86 16.02 16.18 16.41 16.43
3 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 1 3
1 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 5
3.3E+04 2.7E+04 2.7E+04 2.4E+04 3.2E+04 2.9E+04 3.1E+04 3.8E+04 6.1E+04 8.2E+04
Ti XXI 2.0633 2.1108 2.2211 2.497 2.505 2.505 2.507 2.508 2.510 2.510 2.511 2.512 2.512 2.513 2.513
1 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3
3 3 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 1 5
1.32E+05 2.60E+05 6.35E+05 2.4E+06 3.5E+05 1.4E+06 1.4E+06 7.9E+05 6.9E+05 9.6E+05 1.4E+06 1.8E+06 1.4E+06 2.7E+06 2.4E+06
Weights gi gk
10-141
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 3780.8 3809.2 3817.5 3829.1 3835.1 3846.3 3847.5 3864.3 3868.0 3881.4 3968.5 3975.5 4001.4 4008.8 4019.3 4028.8 4045.6 4055.2 4070.0 4070.6 4074.4 4088.3 4102.7 4115.6 4137.5 4171.2 4203.8 4219.4 4244.4 4269.4 4283.8 4294.6 4302.1 4355.2 4361.8 4378.5 4458.1 4466.3 4472.5 4484.2 4492.3 4495.3 4504.8 4552.5 4586.8 4592.6 4609.9 4613.3 4634.8 4659.9 4680.5 4720.4 4729.6 4752.6 4757.5 4757.8 4788.4 4843.8 4886.9
2.514 2.520 2.527 2.539 2.6102 2.6227
5 3 3 3 1 1
3 5 1 1 3 3
1.2E+06 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.40E+06 1.12E+05
Tungsten WI 2879.4 2911.0 2923.5 2935.0 3013.8 3016.5 3017.4 3024.9 3046.4 3049.7 3064.9 3084.9 3093.5 3107.2 3108.0 3145.5 3170.2 3176.6 3183.5 3184.4 3191.6 3198.8 3207.3 3208.3 3215.6 3221.9 3223.1 3232.5 3235.1 3259.7 3300.8 3311.4 3363.3 3371.0 3371.4 3386.1 3413.0 3459.5 3510.0 3545.2 3570.6 3606.1 3617.5 3631.9 3675.6 3682.1 3707.9 3757.9 3760.1 3768.5
1 1 7 3 7 9 7 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 3 7 5 1 7 7 5 9 5 5 9 7 7 7 7 9 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 3 7 3 9 9 7 7 5 3
3 3 9 5 9 11 9 3 5 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 5 5 7 3 3 9 9 5 11 7 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 9 3 3 5 7 5 11 11 7 9 7 3
2.4E-01 7.7E-02 1.54E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-02 9.27E-02 1.21E-01 1.4E-01 5.8E-02 1.7E-01 1.1E-02 1.3E-02 4.4E-02 2.33E-02 1.58E-02 4.8E-03 6.0E-03 2.12E-02 2.64E-03 2.3E-02 3.2E-02 4.6E-02 3.0E-02 4.4E-02 2.1E-01 1.61E-02 3.53E-03 2.4E-02 2.68E-03 1.3E-02 8.1E-02 5.6E-02 6.6E-03 1.0E-02 6.7E-03 2.64E-03 9.7E-03 2.04E-03 5.2E-03 3.2E-02 6.7E-03 9.6E-03 1.1E-01 1.3E-02 1.20E-02 2.0E-02 2.9E-02 1.38E-02 1.99E-02 3.47E-02
Weights gi gk 7 7 7 3 5 3 1 5 7 7 1 9 9 7 5 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 9 11 5 7 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 9 9 7 3 7 13 3 9 11 9 9 1 7 7 9 9 1 7 3 7 3 7 11 9 5 9
5 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 9 7 3 11 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 5 7 3 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 5 7 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 11 5 11 11 7 9 3 9 9 9 9 3 7 5 5 3 5 9 11 5 11
10-142
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.2E-02 9.0E-03 3.1E-02 3.83E-03 5.2E-02 2.14E-02 8.3E-03 5.6E-03 4.6E-02 3.6E-02 5.07E-03 4.1E-03 5.6E-03 1.63E-01 6.7E-03 2.0E-02 2.88E-02 1.79E-03 3.60E-02 5.6E-03 1.0E-01 4.13E-03 4.9E-02 4.8E-03 8.4E-03 8.6E-03 4.9E-03 6.1E-03 1.38E-02 3.04E-02 1.69E-03 1.2E-01 3.6E-02 5.1E-03 1.64E-03 3.48E-03 4.2E-03 1.5E-02 1.55E-03 5.6E-03 3.6E-03 3.3E-03 7.0E-03 1.42E-03 4.20E-03 3.4E-03 1.42E-02 2.9E-03 8.8E-03 1.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.22E-03 7.8E-03 5.20E-03 2.72E-03 4.1E-03 2.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.1E-03
4924.6 4931.6 4948.6 4972.6 4982.6 4986.9 5006.2 5015.3 5040.4 5053.3 5071.5 5117.6 5124.2 5141.2 5224.7 5243.0 5254.5 5268.6 5500.5 5514.7 5537.7 5617.1 5631.9 5660.7 5675.4 5796.5 5891.6 5947.6 5965.9 6021.5 6081.4 6203.5 6285.9 6292.0 6303.2 6404.2 6439.7 6445.1 6532.4 6538.1 6563.2 6814.9 7285.8 7569.9 7664.9 8017.2 8358.7 9381.4
13 7 9 9 1 11 9 7 3 3 13 11 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 9
11 5 11 11 3 9 7 9 5 3 11 11 5 9 5 7 5 9 9 3 11 7 7 11 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7 5 5 9 7 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 3 3 7 7 7
1.75E-03 1.0E-02 1.36E-03 3.9E-03 4.17E-03 6.3E-03 1.2E-02 5.4E-03 5.2E-03 1.9E-02 3.4E-03 1.61E-03 4.0E-03 1.12E-03 1.2E-02 1.1E-02 3.86E-03 1.4E-03 6.9E-03 7.3E-03 2.2E-03 1.47E-03 1.43E-03 6.8E-03 2.20E-03 2.21E-03 1.47E-03 2.40E-03 1.0E-02 8.7E-03 4.7E-03 3.0E-03 6.6E-03 2.26E-03 1.84E-03 1.50E-03 1.29E-03 6.4E-03 4.6E-03 2.7E-03 2.04E-03 1.46E-03 1.47E-03 3.73E-03 3.80E-03 1.6E-03 1.89E-03 1.53E-03
Uranium UI 3553.0 3553.0 3553.4 3554.5 3554.9 3555.3 3555.8 3556.9
13 9 15 11 15 13 13 13
13 7 13 9 17 15 11 11
2.0E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 8.4E-03 7.9E-03 2.7E-02 4.1E-03 7.5E-03
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
λ Å 3075.93 3080.33 3083.54 3087.06 3088.11 3089.13 3093.79 3094.69 3112.92 3183.41 3183.96 3183.98 3185.38 3198.01 3202.39 3205.58 3207.41 3212.43 3218.87 3233.19 3273.03 3284.36 3309.18 3329.85 3356.35 3365.55 3376.05 3377.39 3377.62 3397.58 3400.39 3529.73 3533.68 3533.76 3543.49 3545.33 3553.27 3555.14 3663.60 3667.74 3672.41 3673.41 3676.70 3680.12 3686.26 3687.50 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.34 3695.86 3703.57 3704.70 3705.04 3706.03 3708.71 3790.46 3794.96 3806.79
3557.8 3558.0 3558.6 3559.4 3560.3 3561.4 3561.5 3561.8 3563.7 3563.8 3565.0 3566.0 3566.6 3568.8 3569.1 3569.4 3570.1 3570.2 3570.6 3570.7 3571.2 3571.6 3572.9 3573.9 3574.1 3574.8 3577.1 3577.5 3577.8 3577.9 3578.3 3580.0 3580.2 3580.4 3580.9 3582.6 3584.6 3584.9 3585.4 3585.8 3587.8 3588.3 3589.7 3589.8 3590.7 3591.7 3593.0 3593.2 3593.7
13 11 9 7 9 15 9 13 13 7 13 13 11 13 17 9 13 11 13 15 11 17 13 13 13 13 17 15 11 13 13 9 11 11 13 13 7 13 11 11 9 7 11 15 9 11 11 13 11
13 13 7 9 7 13 9 11 13 7 11 15 11 13 15 9 11 9 15 15 11 15 15 11 15 15 15 13 11 13 11 9 9 13 13 13 5 15 11 9 11 9 13 13 7 9 11 15 11
2.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.9E-02 1.5E-02 6.4E-02 5.5E-02 2.5E-02 5.7E-02 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 2.7E-02 1.2E-02 6.3E-03 1.3E-01 1.5E-02 4.0E-02 3.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.3E-02 7.8E-03 8.3E-03 2.3E-02 2.0E-02 1.2E-02 2.9E-02 7.5E-03 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 2.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 5.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.3E-02 1.4E-02 4.2E-02 7.2E-02
Vanadium VI 3043.12 3050.39 3053.65 3056.33 3060.46 3066.37 3066.53
6 10 4 6 8 10 6
8 8 4 6 8 10 4
2.3E-01 5.3E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E+00 3.2E-01
Weights gi gk 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 14 10 10 12 8 2 6 14 4 10 8 6 10 12 10 10 10
6 4 8 2 6 4 6 4 2 8 10 6 12 6 8 10 10 12 6 8 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 8 4 2 4 6 2 6 8 12 10 14 12 12 14 8 4 6 16 4 8 6 4 10 12 8 10 10
10-143
A 108 s–1
λ Å
2.8E-01 2.7E-01 2.5E-01 9.2E-01 4.9E-01 5.3E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.4E+00 2.5E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.9E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 7.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 3.2E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01 5.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.7E-01 3.7E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E+00 2.7E+00 9.2E-01 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 2.3E-01 2.9E+00 3.5E-01 4.5E-01 5.4E-01 2.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.2E-01 6.6E-01 3.6E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01
3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.36 3855.85 3863.86 3864.86 3871.07 3875.07 3902.26 3921.86 3922.43 3930.02 3934.01 3992.80 3998.73 4050.96 4051.35 4090.57 4092.68 4095.48 4099.78 4102.15 4104.77 4105.16 4109.78 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4116.59 4123.50 4128.06 4131.99 4134.49 4232.46 4232.95 4268.64 4271.55 4276.95 4284.05 4291.82 4296.10 4297.67 4298.03 4379.23 4384.71 4389.98 4395.22 4400.57 4406.64 4407.63 4408.20 4416.47 4452.01 4457.75 4460.33 4462.36 4468.00 4469.71
Weights gi gk 4 6 8 4 10 8 6 10 8 10 4 6 10 8 12 14 10 12 8 8 6 6 4 10 4 2 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 14 10 10 12 8 10
2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 10 8 10 12 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 8 10 8 14 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 16 12 8 14 10 12
A 108 s–1 6.73E-01 5.33E-01 5.48E-01 3.30E-01 5.78E-01 3.1E-01 2.70E-01 2.8E-01 2.36E-01 2.68E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 6.2E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 8.5E-01 2.30E-01 7.2E-01 4.10E-01 7.1E-01 2.1E+00 4.9E-01 5.00E-01 1.01E+00 5.80E-01 3.2E-01 2.90E-01 1.00E+00 7.70E-01 5.5E-01 2.90E-01 9.8E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.6E-01 9.4E-01 1.2E+00 8.8E-01 7.7E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 6.9E-01 5.5E-01 3.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01 6.0E-01 2.6E-01 9.2E-01 2.7E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.2E-01
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 2893.31 2903.07 2906.45 2908.81 2910.01 2910.38 2911.05 2912.46 2915.88 2924.02 2924.63 2930.80 2941.37 2944.57 2948.08 2952.07 2955.58 2968.37 2972.26 2973.98 2985.18 3001.20 3014.82 3016.78 3020.21 3048.21 3063.25 3100.94 3113.56 3122.89 3134.93 3136.50 3139.73 3151.32 3190.69 3250.78 3251.87 3271.12 3276.12 3279.84 3287.71 3337.85 3517.30 3530.77 3545.19 3556.80 3592.01 3618.92
9 3 7 11 5 3 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 7 7 5 9 7 7 5 7 9 11 9 7 11 11 13 11 9 3 9 11 5 7 9 9 5 5 9 5 7 9 7 3
V III 2318.06 2323.82 2330.42 2331.75 2334.21 2337.13 2343.10 2358.73 2366.31
8 6 10 8 6 4 6 6 8
4474.04 4496.06 4514.18 4524.21 4525.17 4529.58 4545.40 4560.72 4571.79 4578.73 4706.16 4757.47 4766.62 4776.36 4786.50 4796.92 4807.52 5193.00 5195.39 5234.08 5240.87 5415.25 5487.91 5507.75 6090.21
10 8 6 12 4 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 12 14 12 8 10 12 12 12 10 8
8 6 4 10 2 8 12 10 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 8 10 12 14 10 8 6
4.7E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 4.1E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.0E-01 6.8E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 5.6E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.8E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-01 4.9E-01 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.60E-01
V II 2527.90 2528.47 2528.83 2554.04 2589.10 2640.86 2677.80 2679.33 2683.09 2687.96 2689.88 2690.25 2690.79 2700.94 2706.17 2734.22 2753.41 2784.20 2787.91 2825.86 2843.82 2847.57 2854.34 2862.31 2868.11 2869.13 2882.49 2884.78 2889.61 2891.64 2892.43 2892.65
13 9 11 9 9 5 3 7 1 9 3 7 5 9 7 9 13 9 7 9 7 9 11 11 5 13 5 3 3 5 9 7
13 9 11 9 9 7 5 7 3 9 1 5 3 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 5 7 9 11 3 11 5 3 1 3 9 5
6.1E-01 5.2E-01 5.3E-01 5.4E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 7.6E-01 9.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 3.4E-01 6.2E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 5.0E-01 1.2E+00 9.9E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 3.6E-01 2.1E+00 4.8E-01 4.2E-01 5.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 3.6E-01 1.3E+00
A 108 s–1
λ Å
7 5 7 9 5 3 9 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 9 9 7 11 9 7 3 5 7 13 11 7 11 13 13 11 9 5 9 9 7 9 11 11 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 5
1.2E+00 3.4E-01 7.8E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 3.7E-01 5.0E-01 4.9E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 5.8E-01 3.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.0E-01 7.2E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 4.4E-01 7.5E-01 8.9E-01 5.0E-01 5.0E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.8E-01 5.0E-01 7.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.3E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 6.9E-01 5.2E-01 5.8E-01 7.5E-01 5.3E-01 3.8E-01 4.5E-01 4.3E-01 5.1E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01
2371.06 2373.06 2382.46 2393.58 2404.18 2516.14 2521.55 2548.21 2554.22 2593.05 2595.10
10 4 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 6 8
12 6 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 6 8
5.2E+00 2.9E+00 5.0E+00 4.3E+00 2.5E+00 3.7E+00 3.5E+00 2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00
10 8 10 8 6 4 8 8 10
4.6E+00 3.8E+00 3.2E+00 2.5E+00 2.2E+00 2.7E+00 3.6E+00 4.2E+00 4.2E+00
V IV 677.345 680.632 681.145 682.455 682.923 684.450 691.530 723.537 724.068 724.809 737.854 750.110 884.146 1071.05 1110.72 1112.20 1112.44 1127.84 1131.26 1194.46 1226.52 1243.72 1247.07 1272.97 1304.17 1305.42 1308.06 1309.50 1312.72 1317.57 1321.92 1326.81 1329.29 1329.97 1330.36 1331.67 1332.46 1334.49 1355.13 1356.53 1395.00 1400.42 1403.62 1412.69 1414.41 1414.84
9 9 7 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 5 1 5 3 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 5
9 7 5 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 1 5 7 9 5 7 7 9 5 5 3 3 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 9 3 7 5
6.7E+00 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 6.5E+00 6.9E+00 7.7E+00 1.1E+01 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 5.6E+00 2.4E+01 1.0E+01 4.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.3E+00 5.0E+00 8.9E+00 9.4E+00 1.0E+01 1.5E+01 9.4E+00 4.7E+00 2.7E+01 1.5E+01 7.0E+00 7.9E+00 8.7E+00 8.6E+00 8.7E+00 9.9E+00 4.0E+00 1.5E+01 4.8E+00 6.0E+00 1.7E+01 7.5E+00 8.3E+00 2.5E+01 4.9E+00 1.4E+01 7.5E+00 8.4E+00 1.1E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00
Weights gi gk
10-144
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å 1418.53 1419.58 1423.72 1426.65 1429.11 1434.84 1451.04 1454.00 1520.14 1522.49 1601.92 1611.88 1806.18 1809.85 1817.68 1825.84 1861.56 1939.07 1951.43 1963.10 1997.72 2084.43 2120.05 2141.20 2146.83 2149.85 2151.09 2155.34 2446.80 2570.72 3284.56 3496.42 3514.25 Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1047.1 1050.1 1056.1 1061.2 1068.2 1085.4 1099.7 1110.7 1129.3 1170.4 1192.0 1250.2 1295.6 1469.6 4501.0 4524.7 4624.3 4671.2 4807.0 7119.6 7967.3 8409.2
Weights gi gk 7 7 3 9 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 7 3 7 5 7 11 9 9 7 7 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 7 1 5
7 9 5 11 5 7 3 3 7 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 11
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 9 3 3
A 108 s–1
λ Å
5.2E+00 1.3E+01 7.1E+00 2.2E+01 5.0E+00 5.4E+00 7.0E+00 1.1E+01 7.2E+00 5.5E+00 1.2E+01 5.2E+00 7.3E+00 7.2E+00 4.8E+00 5.3E+00 6.6E+00 5.8E+00 5.0E+00 4.8E+00 4.7E+00 4.0E+00 8.1E+00 7.0E+00 6.6E+00 5.1E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+01 5.3E+00 7.6E+00 5.3E+00 4.4E+00 4.7E+00
Xe II 4180.1 4330.5 4414.8 4603.0 4844.3 4876.5 5260.4 5262.0 5292.2 5372.4 5419.2 5439.0 5472.6 5531.1 5719.6 5976.5 6036.2 6051.2 6097.6 6270.8 6277.5 6805.7 6990.9
5.9E-01 1.3E+00 8.5E-02 2.45E+00 1.9E-01 3.99E+00 4.10E-01 4.34E-01 1.5E+00 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 6.2E+00 1.4E-01 2.46E+00 2.81E+00 6.2E-03 2.1E-03 7.2E-03 1.0E-02 2.4E-02 6.6E-02 3.0E-03 1.0E-02
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 10
4 8 6 4 8 8 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8
2.2E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 8.2E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 2.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.9E-01 7.1E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 9.9E-02 8.8E-02 6.1E-02 2.8E-01 7.5E-02 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-02 6.1E-02 2.7E-01
Ytterbium Yb I 2464.5 2672.0 3464.4 3988.0 5556.5
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3
9.1E-01 1.18E-01 6.2E-01 1.76E+00 1.14E-02
Yb II 3289.4 3694.2
2 2
4 2
1.8E+00 1.4E+00
Yttrium YI 2948.41 2974.59 2984.25 2995.26 2996.94 3005.26 3022.28 3045.36 3053.95 3155.65 3172.84 3185.96 3209.38 3227.16 3484.05 3549.66 3552.69 4077.36 4083.71 4102.36
4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 6
4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8
3.5E-01 3.5E-01 4.8E-01 5.1E-02 8.4E-02 4.8E-02 6.6E-02 1.07E-01 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 9.9E-03 1.2E-03 3.0E-03 1.10E-03 1.2E-02 1.0E-03 2.3E-01 1.1E+00 2.5E-01 1.3E+00
10-145
λ Å 4128.30 4142.84 4167.51 4235.93 4352.40 4379.33 4385.47 4394.01 4409.70 4417.43 4437.34 4443.65 4459.01 4476.95 4491.74 4514.01 4527.78 4534.09 4544.31 4559.36 4581.33 4613.00 4643.70 4653.78 4674.85 4725.84 4762.96 4780.16 4781.03 4799.30 4804.31 4804.80 4821.63 4845.67 4852.68 4856.71 4859.84 4893.44 4900.08 4906.11 4950.01 4963.49 4981.97 5004.44 5205.01 5258.47 5271.82 5380.63 5381.24 5388.39 5390.81 5401.88 5424.36 5466.24 5466.47 5469.10 5513.65 5519.88 5526.43
Weights gi gk 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 10 6 10 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 10 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 4 6
6 4 6 4 4 4 4 8 6 8 6 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 8 4 4 4 10 8 4 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 4 4 12 6 6 6 4
A 108 s–1 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 2.38E-01 3.0E-01 6.7E-03 7.83E-01 6.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-03 3.2E-02 8.64E-02 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 3.34E-01 8.33E-01 4.4E-02 4.10E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 4.2E-02 8.9E-02 1.0E-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 3.84E-01 1.0E-01 6.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 7.26E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-02 1.4E-02 4.7E-03 1.2E-02 8.4E-03 2.9E-03 1.1E-02 3.2E-01 9.9E-03 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 6.0E-03 3.47E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 3.6E-03 2.39E-01 1.2E-02 3.9E-03
NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITY TABLES (continued) λ Å
Weights gk gi
A 108 s–1
λ Å 3448.81 3467.88 3496.08 3549.01 3584.51 3600.74 3601.91 3611.04 3628.70 3664.62 3710.29 3747.55 3774.34 3776.56 3788.70 3818.34 3832.90 3878.29 3930.66 3950.36 3951.59 3982.60 4124.91 4177.54 4199.27 4204.69 4235.73 4309.62 4358.73 4374.95 4398.01 4422.59 4682.33 4786.58 4823.31 4854.87 4881.44 4883.69 4900.11 4982.13 5087.42
5527.56 5541.63 5551.00 5573.03 5594.12 5606.34 5619.96 5630.14 5641.78 5675.27 5675.64 5693.63 5714.94 5729.25 5732.09 5740.22 5757.59 5788.36 5844.13 5879.93 5902.91 6087.94 6191.72 6222.58 6402.01 6435.02 6437.17 6538.57 6622.48 6815.15 7009.89 7035.15
8 8 4 6 6 10 6 4 2 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 10 10 8 2 2 4
10 8 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 2 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 4
5.4E-01 5.2E-02 6.9E-02 1.8E-02 5.0E-02 5.84E-02 2.0E-02 4.9E-01 1.9E-02 9.3E-02 4.3E-02 1.1E-01 2.0E-02 2.2E-03 7.5E-02 4.0E-02 7.6E-03 9.4E-03 5.6E-03 8.5E-02 4.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 5.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-02 4.8E-02 1.5E-01 4.5E-03 7.18E-02 4.4E-02 6.3E-02
Y II 3112.03 3179.42 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28
1 3 3 5 3 5 7
3 5 3 5 1 3 5
1.3E-02 3.8E-02 8.23E-01 4.8E-01 2.77E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00
Weights gi gk 5 5 1 5 3 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 7 7 9
10-146
5 3 3 7 5 7 3 5 3 5 9 3 7 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 9 9
A 108 s–1
λ Å
4.1E-02 2.7E-02 3.49E-01 3.97E-01 4.02E-01 1.4E+00 1.13E+00 1.04E+00 3.3E-01 3.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 1.1E+00 2.42E-01 8.1E-01 9.70E-02 3.0E-01 2.9E-02 2.1E-02 2.80E-01 1.5E-02 2.7E-01 1.8E-02 5.27E-01 5.36E-03 2.20E-02 2.3E-02 1.29E-01 5.55E-02 9.97E-01 1.16E-01 1.83E-01 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 4.3E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-03 4.7E-01 4.51E-01 1.5E-02 2.0E-01
5119.11 5200.41 5205.73 5289.82 5320.78 5473.39 5480.73 5497.41 5509.90 5544.61 5546.01 5728.89 6613.74 6832.48 7264.16
5 5 7 7 9 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5
7 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 5 3
1.6E-02 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.7E-03 3.9E-03 4.3E-02 7.62E-02 1.2E-01 4.24E-02 1.8E-01 5.8E-02 3.0E-02 1.7E-02 3.3E-03 1.3E-02
Zinc Zn I 748.29 765.60 792.05 793.85 809.92 1109.1 2138.6 3075.9 3282.3 3302.6 3302.9 3345.0 3345.6 3345.9 6362.3 11054
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1
6.0E-02 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 3.05E-01 7.09E+00 3.29E-04 9.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.7E+00 4.0E-01 4.5E-02 4.74E-01 2.43E-01
Zn II 2025.5 2064.2 2099.9 2102.2 4911.6
2 2 4 4 4
4 4 6 4 6
3.3E+00 4.6E+00 5.6E+00 9.3E-01 1.6E+00
Weights gi gk
A 108 s–1
ELECTRON AFFINITIES Thomas M. Miller Electron affinity is defined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron affinity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron affinities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron affinity. Atomic and molecular electron affinities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Electron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions,” p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams,” p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical review of Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron affinity which was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. A great many additional electron affinities have been provided here by G. B. Ellison, W. C. Lineberger, H. Hotop, D. G. Leopold, and K. H. Bowen. Little work has been done on electron affinities for the lanthanides and actinides, but theoretical estimates have been made by Bratch, S. G., Chem. Phys. Lett., 98, 113, 1983, and Bratch, S. G., and Lagowski, J. J., Chem. Phys. Lett., 107, 136, 1984. The development of cluster-ion photodetachment apparatuses has brought an explosion of electron affinity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. [See Arnold, S. T., Eaton, J. G., Patel-Mistra, D., Sarkas, H. W., and Bowen, K. H., in Ion and Cluster Ion Spectroscopy and Structure, Maier, J. P., Ed., Elsevier Science, New York, 1989, p. 417.] The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron affinities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron affinities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higherorder clusters. Additional data on molecular electron affinities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988. For the present tabulation the 1998 CODATA value e/hc = 8065.54477 ± 0.00032 cm-1 eV-1 (http://physics.nist.gov) has been used to convert electron affinities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm-1, into eV for these tables. The 40 ppb uncertainty in e/hc is insignificant compared to uncertainties in the electron affinity measurements. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetachment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; e-scat = electron scattering or attachment; kinetic = dissociation kinetics; Knud=Knudsen cell; CT = charge transfer; CD = collisional detachment; and ZEKE = zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy.
Table 1 Atomic Electron Affinities Atomic number 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Atom H D D T He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V
Electron affinity in eV 0.754195 0.75420812 0.754593 0.75465624 0.75480540 not stable 0.618049 not stable 0.279723 1.262119 not stable 1.4611096 3.401189 not stable 0.547926 not stable 0.43283 1.389521 0.7465 2.077103 3.612724 not stable 0.50147 0.02455 0.188 0.079 0.525
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.000019 — 0.000074 — — — 0.000020 — 0.000025 0.000020 — 0.0000007 0.000003 — 0.000025 — 0.00005 0.000020 0.0003 0.000001 0.000027 — 0.00010 0.00010 0.020 0.014 0.012
LPT calc LPT calc calc calc LPT calc LPES LPT DA LPT LPT calc LPT e-scat LPES LPES LPT LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES
89 205 89 205 205 1 185 1 207 28 1 4 74 1 1 1 208 28 1 1 52 1 1 44 1 1 1
10-147
deuterium deuterium tritium
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 1 Atomic Electron Affinities (continued) Atomic number 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 70 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 89 118 121
Atom Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Yb Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ac ekaradon ekaactinium
Electron affinity in eV
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.666 not stable 0.151 0.662 1.156 1.235 not stable 0.43 1.232712 0.814 2.020670 3.363588 not stable 0.48592 0.048 0.307 0.426 0.893 0.748 0.55 1.05 1.137 0.562 1.302 not stable 0.3 1.112067 1.046 1.9708 3.059037 not stable 0.471626 0.14462 0.47 -0.020 ≈0 0.322 0.815 0.15 1.1 1.5638 2.128 2.30863 not stable 0.2 0.364 0.946 1.9 2.8 not stable 0.46 0.35 0.056 0.57
0.012 — 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.005 — 0.03 0.000015 0.008 0.000025 0.000002 — 0.00002 0.006 0.012 0.014 0.025 0.002 0.20 0.15 0.008 0.005 0.007 — 0.2 0.000015 0.005 0.0003 0.000010 — 0.000025 0.00006 0.02 — — 0.012 0.002 0.15 0.2 0.0005 0.002 0.00003 — 0.2 0.008 0.010 0.3 0.2 — — — 0.01 —
LPES calc LPES LPES LPES LPES e-scat LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc calc LPES LPES LPES e-scat PT LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPT calc calc LPES LPES calc calc LPT LPT LPT e-scat PT LPES LPES calc calc calc calc calc calc calc
1 1 27 27 1 37 1 183 28 200 1 74 1 1 122 1 1 1 127 1 1 1 116 1 1 1 28 108 1 92 1 1 195 184 196 1 1 37 1 1 141 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 82 207 140 207
10-148
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 2 Electron Affinities for Diatomic Molecules
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
Ag2 Al2 AlO AlS As2 AsH AsO Au2 BN BO BeH Bi2 Br2 BrO C2 CH CN CRh CS CaH Cl2 ClO Co2 CoD CoH Cr2 CrD CrH CrO Cs2 CsCl CsO Cu2 CuO F2 FO Fe2 FeD FeH FeO Ge2 I2 IBr IO InP K2 KBr KCl KCs KI KRb LiCl LiD LiH
1.023 1.10 2.60 2.60 0.739 1.0 1.286 1.938 3.160 2.508 0.7 1.271 2.55 2.353 3.269 1.238 3.862 1.46 0.205 0.93 2.38 2.275 1.110 0.680 0.671 0.505 0.568 0.563 1.221 0.469 0.455 0.273 0.836 1.777 3.08 2.272 0.902 0.932 0.934 1.493 2.035 2.55 2.55 2.378 1.95 0.497 0.642 0.582 0.471 0.728 0.486 0.593 0.337 0.342
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
0.007 0.15 0.02 0.03 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.10 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.02 0.021 0.05 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.011 0.005 0.001 0.05 0.10 0.006 0.05 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.012 0.012
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
37 68 143 129 200 2 198 37 189 6 2 119 2 88 87 2 111 206 2 2 2 88 27 29 29 114 29 29 5 104 30 133 37 118 2 88 27 9 9 45 123 2 2 88 137 104 30 30 104 30 104 30 102 102
MgCl MgH MgI MgO MnD MnH MnO MoO NH NO NRh NS Na2 NaBr NaCl NaF NaI NaK NbO Ni2 NiCu NiAg NiD NiH NiO O2 OD OH ORh P2 PH PO Pb2 PbO Pd2 PdCO Pt2 PtN Rb2 RbCl RbCs Re2 S2 SD SF SH SO Sb2 ScO Se2 SeH SeO Si2 SiH
1.589 1.05 1.899 1.630 0.866 0.869 1.375 1.290 0.370 0.026 1.51 1.194 0.430 0.788 0.727 0.520 0.865 0.465 1.29 0.926 0.889 0.979 0.477 0.481 1.470 0.451 1.825533 1.8276534 1.58 0.589 1.028 1.092 1.366 0.722 1.685 0.604 1.898 1.240 0.498 0.544 0.478 1.571 1.670 2.315 2.285 2.314343 1.125 1.282 1.35 1.94 2.212519 1.456 2.201 1.277
10-149
Uncertainty in eV 0.011 0.06 0.018 0.025 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.02 0.011 0.015 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.030 0.02 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.007 0.007 0.003 0.007 0.000037 0.0000037 0.02 0.025 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.008 0.010 0.015 0.010 0.020 0.008 0.015 0.002 0.006 0.000004 0.005 0.008 0.02 0.07 0.000025 0.020 0.010 0.009
Method
Ref.
LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES
31 2 31 178 9 9 158 127 32 73 206 2 104 30 30 30 30 104 174 112 128 128 29 29 146 73 142 142 206 42 2 2 117 105 112 160 112 46 104 30 104 33 53 10 93 47 84 108 171 38 48 41 100 2
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 2 Electron Affinities for Diatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
Sn2 SnO SnPb Te2 TeH TeO
1.962 0.598 1.569 1.92 2.102 1.697
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
0.010 0.006 0.008 0.07 0.015 0.022
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
117 168 117 38 39 40
TiO VO YO ZnH ZnO ZrO
1.30 1.229 1.35 <0.95 2.088 1.3
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.03 0.008 0.02 — 0.010 0.3
LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES
172 170 171 2 179 173
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPES LPES LPES LPES
177 35 14 15 53 53 149 103 34 34 130 192 192 192 192 123 28 35 69 14 15 162 137 137 18 34 34 158 2 154 111 111 58 59 63 90 18 175
Table 3 Electron Affinities for Triatomic Molecules
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
Ag3 AgCN Al3 AlO2 AlP2 Al2P Al2S As3 AsH2 Au3 BO2 B2N Bi3 C3 CCl2 CD2 CDF CF2 CH2 CHBr CHCl CHF CHI C2H C2O COS CS2 C2Ti CoD2 CoH2 CrH2 Cr2D Cr2H CrO2 Cs3 Cu3 CuCN CuCl2
2.32 1.588 1.4 4.23 1.933 2.513 0.80 1.45 1.27 3.7 4.3 3.098 1.60 1.981 1.591 0.645 0.535 0.165 0.652 1.454 1.210 0.542 1.42 2.969 2.289 0.46 0.895 1.542 1.465 1.450 >2.5 1.464 1.474 2.413 0.864 2.11 1.466 4.35
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
0.05 0.010 0.15 0.02 0.007 0.020 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.3 0.2 0.005 0.03 0.020 0.010 0.006 0.005 0.010 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.17 0.006 0.018 0.20 0.020 0.020 0.013 0.014 — 0.005 0.005 0.008 0.030 0.05 0.010 0.05
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
37 163 68 143 191 191 129 200 2 37 98 193 119 11 95 12 95 95 12 95 95 95 95 87 180 2 11 147 34 34 34 107 107 144 18 37 163 177
CuBr2 DCO DNO DO2 DS2 HS2 Fe3 FeCO FeD2 FeH2 FeO2 GaAs2 GaP2 Ga2As Ga2P Ge3 GeH2 HCO HCl2 HNO HO2 I3 InP2 In2P K3 MnD2 MnH2 MnO2 N3 NCN NCO NCS NH2 N2O NO2 (NO)R Na3 Nb3
4.35 0.301 0.330 1.089 1.912 1.907 1.47 1.157 1.038 1.049 2.358 1.894 1.666 2.428 2.481 2.23 1.097 0.313 4.896 0.338 1.078 4.226 1.61 2.36 0.956 0.465 0.444 2.06 2.70 2.484 3.609 3.537 0.771 -0.03 2.273 R = Ar,Kr,Xe 1.019 1.032
10-150
0.05 0.005 0.015 0.017 0.015 0.015 0.08 0.005 0.013 0.014 0.030 0.022 0.027 0.020 0.020 0.01 0.015 0.005 0.005 0.015 0.017 0.013 0.05 0.05 0.050 0.014 0.016 0.03 0.12 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.10 0.005 — 0.060 0.010
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 3 Electron Affinities for Triatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule Ni3 NiCO NiD2 NiH2 NiO2 ONiO NiO2 Ni(O2) O3 O2Ar OClO OIO PH2 PO2
Electron affinity in eV
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
1.41 0.804 1.926 1.934 3.05
0.05 0.012 0.007 0.008 0.01
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
55 2 34 34 214
0.82
0.03
LPES
214
2.1028 0.52 2.140 2.577 1.271 3.42
0.0025 0.02 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.01
LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
2 75 88 88 2 124
Pt3 Pd3 Rb3 S3 SO2 S2O Sb3 SeO2 SiH2 Si2H Si3 Ta3 TiO2 V3 VO2
1.87 <1.5 0.920 2.093 1.107 1.877 1.85 1.823 1.124 2.31 2.29 1.36 1.59 1.107 2.3
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.02 0.1 0.030 0.025 0.008 0.008 0.03 0.050 0.020 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.010 0.2
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT
55 55 18 16 16 16 108 38 2 182 110 169 172 176 101
Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
Agn Aln Al3C AlnOm Al3O AlnSm Ar(H2O)n ArnBr ArnI As4 As5 Aun AuF6 BD3 BH3 B3N Bin Bi4 Br(CO2) Cn (CO2)n (CS)n (CS2)n CCoNO3 CDO2 CF3 CHO2 CH2S CD3NO2
n = 1-10 n = 3-32 2.56 n = 1,2 1.00 n = 1-5 n = 2,6,7 n = 2-9 n = 2-19 <0.8 ≈1.7 n = 2-5 7.5 0.027 0.038 2.098 n = 2-9 1.05 3.582 n = 2-84 n = 1,2 n=2 n = 1,2 1.73 3.510 1.82 3.498 0.465 0.24
Uncertainty in eV — — 0.06 m = 1-5 0.15 m = 1-3 — — — — — — estimate 0.014 0.015 0.035 — 0.010 0.017 — — — — 0.03 0.015 0.05 0.015 0.023 0.08
Method
Ref.
LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES ZEKE ZEKE LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES
37 68 161 143 68 129 77 212 212 200 200 37 98 62 62 193 213 119 131 70 75 75 75 199 109 187 109 53 211
10-151
Co(CO2)NO
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
CH3 CH3I CH3NO2 CH3Si CH3Si CD3O CD3O2 CH3O CH3O2 CD3S CD3S2 CFO2 CF3Br CF3I CH3S CH3S2 CH3SiH2 CO3 CO3(H2O) C2F2 C2DO C2HF C2HO C2D2 C2HD C2H2 C2H2FO C2D2N C2D2N C2H2N C2H2N C2H3 C2D3O C2H3O C2D5O C2H5N C2H5O C2H5O2 C2H5S C2H5S C2H7O2 C3Fe C3H C3HFe C3H2 C3H2F3O C3H3 C3H2D C3D2H C3H3N C3D5 C3H5 C3H5 C3H4D
0.08 0.2 0.26 0.852 2.010 1.559 1.150 1.572 1.162 1.856 1.748 4.277 0.91 1.57 1.867 1.757 1.19 2.69 2.1 2.255 2.350 1.718 2.338 0.492 0.489 0.490 2.22 1.538 1.070 1.543 1.059 0.667 1.81897 1.82476 1.699 0.56 1.712 1.182 1.953 0.868 2.26 1.69 1.858 1.58 1.794 2.625 0.893 0.88 0.907 1.247 0.464 0.481 0.397 0.373
Uncertainty in eV 0.03 0.1 0.08 0.010 0.010 0.004 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.022 0.030 0.2 0.2 0.004 0.022 0.04 0.14 0.2 0.006 0.020 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.09 0.012 0.024 0.014 0.024 0.024 0.00012 0.00012 0.004 0.01 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.051 0.08 0.08 0.023 0.06 0.008 0.010 0.025 0.15 0.023 0.012 0.006 0.008 0.069 0.019
Method
Ref.
LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES CD CD LPES LPES LPT LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT LPES PT LPES LPES LPT LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES kinetic LPES
2 2 211 97 97 194 188 194 188 2 53 131 2 2 166 53 65 2 2 106 13 106 190 83 83 83 2 21 21 21 21 90 22 22 194 2 194 188 2 53 50 132 11 132 153 113 24 24 24 21 138 138 155 25
10-152
CH3-Si CH2=SiH methy-d3 peroxyl radical methyl peroxyl radical
difluorovinylidene fluorovinylidene vinylidene-d2 vinylidene-d1 vinylidene acetyl fluoride enolate cyanomethyl-d2 radical isocyanomethyl-d2 radical cyanomethyl radical isocyanomethyl radical vinyl acetaldehyde-d3 enolate acetaldehyde enolate ethoxide-d3 ethyl nitrine ethoxide ethyl peroxyl radical ethyl sulfide CH3SCH2 MeOHOMe
1,1,1-trifluoroacetone enolate propargyl radical propargyl-d1 radical propargyl-d2 radical CH3CH-CN allyl-d5 allyl cyclopropyl allyl-d1
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule
Electron affinity in eV
C3H5O C3H5O C3H5O2 C3H7O C3H7O C3H7S C3H7S C3O C3O2 C3Ti C4F4O3 C4Fe C4HFe C4H2O3 C4D4 C4H4 C4H4N C4H5O C4H6 C4H6O2 C4H6D C4H7 C4H7O C4H5DO C4H5D2O C4H9O C4H9S C4H9S C4O C4O2 C4Ti C5 C5F5N C5F6O3 C5D5 C5H5 C5H7 C5H7O C5H9O C5H11O C5H11S C5O2 C5Ti C6 C6Br4O2 C6Cl4O2 C6F4O2 C6F5Br C6F5Cl C6F5I C6F5NO2 C6F6 C6F10 C6H2Cl2O2
1.758 1.621 1.80 1.789 1.847 2.00 2.02 1.34 0.85 1.561 0.5 <2.2 1.67 1.44 0.909 0.914 2.39 1.801 0.431 0.69 0.493 0.505 1.67 1.67 1.75 1.909 2.03 2.07 2.05 2.0 1.494 2.853 0.68 1.5 1.790 1.804 0.91 1.598 1.69 1.93 2.09 1.2 1.748 4.180 2.44 2.78 2.70 1.15 0.82 1.41 1.52 0.52 >1.4 2.48
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.019 0.006 0.06 0.033 0.004 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.15 0.015 0.2 0.2 0.06 0.10 0.015 0.015 0.13 0.008 0.006 0.10 0.008 0.006 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.004 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.2 0.020 0.001 0.11 0.2 0.008 0.007 0.03 0.007 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.2 0.050 0.001 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.3 0.10
LPT LPT PT LPES LPES PT PT LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES CT LPES LPES PT LPT LPES CT LPES LPES PT PT PT LPES PT PT LPES LPES LPES LPT CT CD LPES LPES PT LPT PT LPT PT LPES LPES LPT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT
113 113 2 23 194 2 2 11 11 147 2 132 132 61 125 125 2 113 135 61 138 138 2 2 2 194 2 2 11 11 147 99 67 2 11 11 2 113 2 2 2 11 147 8 2 61 61 67 67 67 67 51 2 61
10-153
acetone enolate propionaldehyde enolate methyl acetate enolate propyl oxide isopropyl oxide propyl sulfide isopropyl sulfide
tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride
maleic anhydride vinylvinylidene-d4 vinylvinylidene pyrrolate cyclobutanone enolate trimethylenemethane 2,3-butanedione 2-methylallyl-d7 2-methylallyl butyraldehyde enolate 2-butanone-3-d1 enolate 2-butanone-3,3-d2 enolate tert-butoxyl butyl sulfide tert-butyl sulfide
pentafluoropyridine hexafluoroglutaric anhydride cyclopentadienyl-d5 cyclopentadienyl pentadienyl cyclopentanone enolate 3-penanone enolate neopentoxyl n-pentyl sulfide
tetrabromo-BQ tetrachloro-BQ tetrafluoro-BQ pentafluorobromobenzene pentafluorochlorobenzene pentafluoroiodobenzene pentafluoro-NB hexafluorobenzene perfluorocyclohexane 2,6-dichloro-BQ
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule C6H3F2NO2 C6D4 C6H4 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4BrNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClO C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C6D5 C6D5N C6H5 C6H5N C6H5NO2 C6H5O C6H5S C6H5NH C6H7 C6H8 C6H8Si C6H9 C6H9O C6H10 C6H11O C6H11O C6N4 C7F5N C7F8 C7F14 C7HF5O C7H3N3O4 C7H4F3NO2 C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C7H4N2O2 C7H6Br C7H6Br C7H6Br C7H6Cl C7H6Cl C7H6Cl C7H6F C7H6F C7H6F C7H6FO C7H6FO
Electron affinity in eV 1.17 0.551 0.560 1.16 1.32 1.29 1.14 1.28 1.26 <2.58 1.07 1.23 1.12 1.65 1.65 2.00 1.91 1.092 1.44 1.096 1.429 1.00 2.253 <2.47 1.70 <1.67 0.855 1.435 0.654 1.526 0.645 1.755 1.82 2.3 1.11 0.86 1.08 1.10 2.16 1.41 1.61 1.56 1.72 1.308 1.307 1.229 1.257 1.272 1.174 1.091 1.173 0.937 2.218 2.176
Uncertainty in eV 0.10 0.010 0.010 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.020 0.02 0.006 0.011 0.01 0.006 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.010 0.004 0.010 0.010 0.015 +0.05/-0.005 0.06 0.3 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.010
Method
Ref.
CT LPES LPES CT CT CT CT CT CT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPT LPES LPES PT PT PT LPES LPT LPES LPT LPES LPT PT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT
61 36 36 61 61 61 61 61 61 2 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 26 96 26 115 164 26 2 2 2 203 65 203 113 126 113 2 2 67 67 61 67 61 61 61 61 61 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 167 2 2
10-154
2,4-difluoro-NB o-benzyne-d4 o-benzyne o-bromo-NB m-bromo-NB p-bromo-NB o-chloro-NB m-chloro-NB p-chloro-NB o-chloroperoxide o-fluoro-NB m-fluoro-NB p-fluoro-NB o-diNB m-diNB p-diNB 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) phenyl-d5 phenylnitrene-d5 phenyl phenylnitrene nitrobenzene (NB) phenoxyl thiophenoxide anilide methylcyclopentadienyl (CH2)2C-C(CH2)2 C6H5SiH3 CH2=C(CH3)-C(CH2)2 cyclohexanone enolate tert-butyl vinylidene pinacolone enolate 3,3-dimethylbutananl enolate TCNE pentafluorobenzonitrile octafluorotoluene perfluoromethylcyclohexane pentafluorobenzaldehyde 3,5-(NO2)2-benzonitrile m-trifluoromethyl-NB o-cyano-NB m-cyno-NB p-cyano-NB o-bromobenzyl m-bromobenzyl p-bromobenzyl o-chlorobenzyl m-chlorobenzyl p-chlorobenzyl o-fluorobenzyl m-fluorobenzyl p-fluorobenzyl m-fluoroacetophenone enolate p-fluoroacetophenone enolate
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule C7H6FeO3 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO3 C7H7NO3 C7H7O C7H7O C7H7O2 C7H8FO C7H9 C7H9O C7H9Si C7H11O C7H11O C7H13O C7H13O C8F14N2 C8H3F5O C8H3F6NO2 C8H4O3 C8H6 C8H7 C8H7O C8H7O C8H8 C8H8 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H13O C9H8FeO3 C9H9O C9H9SiN C9H11NO2 C9H15O C10H4Cl2O2 C10H6N2O4 C10H6N2O4 C10H6O2 C10H7 C10H7NO2 C10H7NO2
Electron affinity in eV 0.990 1.77 1.77 1.60 1.55 0.912 0.868 0.962 1.286 0.39 3.046 >1.140 0.92 0.99 0.95 1.04 0.91 <2.36 2.14 1.85 <3.05 1.27 1.61 1.33 1.598 1.49 1.72 1.46 1.89 0.88 1.79 1.21 1.044 1.091 2.057 2.10 0.55 0.919 1.21 2.61 0.86 1.63 0.76 2.030 1.43 0.70 1.69 2.19 1.78 1.77 1.81 1.403 1.23 1.18
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.04 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.007 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.08 0.02 0.008 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.010 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.015 0.10 0.10
CT PT PT PT PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT CT CT CT PT PT CT PT PT PT LPT LPT PT PT PT CT CT CT CT LPES LPES PT LPT CT LPES PT PT CT PT CT LPT PT CT PT CT CT CT CT LPES CT CT
120 60 60 60 60 26 136 136 136 136 136 136 61 61 61 61 61 2 50 61 50 2 2 65 113 2 2 2 51 67 61 61 148 134 2 2 134 139 60 60 61 2 120 2 2 61 2 61 61 61 61 197 61 61
10-155
h4-1,3-butadiene-Fe(CO)3 3,4-dintrotoluene 2,3-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene 2,6-dinitrotoluene benzyl 1-quadricyclanide 2-quadricyclanide norbornadienide cycloheptatrienide 1-(1,6-heptadiynide) 3-(1,6-heptadiynide) o-methyl-NB m-methyl-NB p-methyl-NB m-OCH3-NB p-OCH3-NB o-methyl phenoxide benzyloxide o-CH3-BQ PhCH2OHF heptatrienyl 2-norbornanone enolate C6H5(CH3)SiH cycloheptanone enolate 2,5-dimethyl-cyclopentanone enolate 4-heptanone enolate diisopropyl ketone enolate 1,4-(CN)2C6F4 pentafluoroacetophenone 3,5-(CF3)2-NB phthalic anhydride
acetophenone enolate phenylacetaldehyde enolate cycooctatetraene m-xylylene 3,5-dimethyl-NB 2,6-dimethyl-NB 2,3-dimethyl-NB cyclooctanone enolate h4-1,3-cyclohexadiene-Fe(CO)3 m-methylacetophenone enolate trimethylsilylnitrene 2,4,6-trimethyl-NB cyclononanone enolate 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone 1,3-dinitronaphthalene 1,5-dinitronaphthalene 1,4-naphthoquinone 1-naphthyl radical 1-nitronaphthalene 2-nitronaphthalene
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule C10H8 C10H8CrO3 C10H8FeO3 C10H17O C11H8FeO3 C12F10 C12H4N4 C12H9 C12H15O C12H21O C13F10O C13H9F C13H10O C14H9NO2 C14H10 C18H12 C20H12 C20H12 C22H14 C44Cl28FeN4 C44Cl8F20FeN4 C44Cl9F20FeN4 C44H8F20FeN4 C44H8ClF20FeN4 C44H8Cl21FeN4 C44H12Cl17FeN4 C44H20Cl8FeN4 C44H20Cl9FeN4 C44H28FeN4 C44H28NiN4 C44H28ClFeN4 C44H30N4 C45H29NiN4O C52H39FeN7O C60 C60F2 C64H64FeN8O4 C70F2 CeF4 Cl(CO2) CoF4 Cr(CO)3 CrO3 Cun Cun(CN)m Fen Fe(CO)2 Fe(CO)3 Fe(CO)4 FeF3 FeF4 FenOm Ga2As3 Ga2P3
Electron affinity in eV 0.69 0.93 0.98 1.83 1.29 0.82 2.8 1.07 2.032 1.90 1.52 0.64 0.62 1.43 0.57 1.04 0.79 0.97 1.35 2.59 3.21 3.35 2.15 3.14 2.93 3.14 1.86 2.10 1.87 1.51 2.15 1.69 1.74 1.97 2.65 2.74 2.07 2.80 3.8 3.907 6.4 1.349 3.6 n = 1-41 n = 1-6 n = 3-24 1.22 1.8 2.4 3.6 6.0 n = 1-4 2.783 2.991
Uncertainty in eV
Method
Ref.
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.11 0.3 0.10 0.010 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.03 0.23 0.03 0.03 0.19 0.03 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.4 0.010 0.3 0.006 0.2 — m = 1-6 — 0.02 0.2 0.3 0.1 estimate m = 1-6 0.024 0.026
CT CT CT PT CT CT CD PT LPT PT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT LPT Knud CT Knud CT LPES CT LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES LPES LPES
61 120 120 2 120 67 2 2 2 2 67 61 61 61 66 66 66 66 66 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 201 202 186 202 98 131 98 94 98 37 159 149 2 2 2 98 98 152 192 192
10-156
azulene h4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene Cr(CO)3 h4-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene-Fe(CO)3 cyclodecanone enolate h4-1,3-butadiene- Fe(CO)3 decafluorobiphenyl TCNQ perinaphthenyl tert-butylacetophenone enolate cyclododecanone enolate decafluorobenzophenone 4-fluorobenzophenone benzophenone 9-nitroanthracene anthracene tetracene benz[a]pyrene perylene pentacene FeTPPCl28 FeTPPβCl8 FeTPPF20βCl8Cl FeTPPF20 FeTPPF20Cl FeTPPoCl20Cl FeTPPoCl8bCl8Cl FeTPPoCl8 FeTPPoCl8Cl iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) nickel tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) FeTPPCl H2 tetraphenylporphyrin NiTPPCHO FeTPP-val
FeTPP-piv
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule Gen GexAsy GeH3 H(NH3)n HNO3 (H2O)n I(CO2) InxPy IrF4 IrF6 Kn MnF4 MnO3 Mo(CO)3 MoF5 MoF6 MoO3 N2CD N2CH (NH3)n NH2(NH3)n NO(H2O)n NO3 NO(N2O)n (NO)2 (N2O)n Nan (NaF)n Na(NaF)n Nbn Nb8 Nb3O Ni(CO)2 Ni(CO)3 NiO2 NiO2 OH(H2O) OH(N2O) OH(N2O)n OsF4 OsF6 PBr3 PBr2Cl PCl2Br PCl3 PF5 PO3 POCl2 POCl3 PtF4 PtF6 ReF6 RhF4 RuF4
Electron affinity in eV
Uncertainty in eV
n = 3-15 n = 5-30 <1.74 n = 1,2 0.57 n = 2-19 3.225 n = 2-8 4.7 6.5 n = 2-7 5.5 3.335 1.337 3.5 3.8 2.9 2.622 2.622 n = 41-1100 n = 1,2 n = 1,2 3.937 n = 1,2 >2.1 n = 1,2 n = 2-5 n = 1-7,12 n = 5,7-12 n = 6-17 1.513 1.393 0.643 1.077 3.05 0.82 <2.95 2.14 n = 1-5 3.9 6.0 1.59 1.63 1.52 0.82 0.75 4.95 3.83 1.41 5.5 7.0 4.7 5.4 4.8
— n = x+y 0.04 — 0.15 — 0.001 n = x+y 0.3 0.4 — 0.2 0.010 0.006 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.005 0.005 — — — 0.014 — — — — — — — 0.008 0.006 0.014 0.013 0.01 0.03 0.15 0.02 — 0.3 0.3 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.03 0.25 0.20 0.3 0.4 estimate 0.3 0.3
10-157
Method
Ref.
LPES LPES PT LPES CD LPES LPES LPES CT CT LPES CT LPES LPES CT CT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES CT CT CD CD CD CD CT CT CD CD CT CT CT CT CT
71 72 2 76 2 77 131 137 98 98 18 98 158 94 98 98 98 154 154 77 78 75 85 79 75 81 18 64 64 181 157 169 2 2 145 145 2 209 209 98 98 2 2 2 2 121 156 2 2 98 98 98 98 98
NCND NCNH
ONiO Ni(O2)
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) Table 4 Electron Affinities for Larger Polyatomic Molecules (continued)
Molecule RuF5 RuF6 SF4 SF5 SF6 SO3 (SO2)2 Sbn SeF6 Si4 Si5 Si7 Sin SiD3 SiF3 SiH3 Si3H Si4H SinNam Ta3O TeF6 Tin TiO3 UF5 UF6 UO3 Vn VF4 V3O V4O10 W(CO)3 WF5 WF6 WO3 WO3
Electron affinity in eV 5.2 7.5 1.5 4.23 1.05 1.97 0.6 n = 2-9 2.9 2.13 2.59 1.85 n = 3-20 1.386 <2.95 1.406 2.53 2.68 n = 4-11 1.583 3.34 n = 3-65 4.2 3.7 5.1 <2.1 n = 3-65 3.5 1.218 4.2 1.859 1.25 >3.5 3.33 3.9
Uncertainty in eV 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.2 — 0.2 0.01 0.02 0.02 — 0.022 0.10 0.014 0.01 0.01 m = 1-3 0.010 0.17 — — 0.2 0.2 — — 0.2 0.008 0.6 0.006 0.3 — +0.04/-0.15 0.2
Method
Ref.
CT CT CT e-scat CT LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CD LPES LPES CT CT CT LPES CT LPES CT LPES CD CT LPT CT
98 98 91 204 56 165 80 213 2 110 110 110 71 43 17 43 182 182 210 169 2 151 172 98 98 98 150 98 169 101 94 18 19 86 98
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985. Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984, p. 167. Schulz, P. A., Mead, R. D., Jones, P. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 77, 1153, 1982. Neumark, D. M., Lykke, K. R., Anderson, T., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. A, 32, 1890, 1985. EA(O) = 11,784.645 ± 0.008 cm-1. Wenthold, P. G., Gunion, R. F., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 258, 101, 1996. Wenthold, P. G., Kim, J. B., Jonas, K. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 4472, 1997. Klein, R., McGinnis, R. P., and Leone, S. R., Chem. Phys. Lett ., 100, 475, 1983. Arnold, D. W., Bradforth, S. E., Kitsopoulos, T. N., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys., 95, 8753, 1991; linear Cn. Stevens, A. E., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 78, 5420, 1983. Breyer, F., Frey, P., and Hotop, H., Z. Phys., A 300, 7, 1981. Oakes, J. M., and Ellison, G. B., Tetrahedron, 42, 6263, 1986. Leopold, D. G., Murray, K. K., Miller, A. E. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 83, 4849, 1985.
10-158
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
22.
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
Oakes, J. M., Jones, M.E., Bierbaum, V. M., and Ellison, G. B., J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4810, 1983. Ellis, H. B., Jr. and Ellison, G. B., J. Chem. Phys., 78, 6541, 1983. Oakes, J. M., Harding, L. B., and Ellison, G. B., J. Chem. Phys., 83, 5400, 1985. Nimlos, M. E., and Ellison, G. B., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 2574, 1986. Richardson, L. M., Stephenson, L. M., and Brauman, J. I., Chem. Phys. Lett., 30, 17, 1975. McHugh, K. M., Eaton, J. G., Lee, G. H., Sarkas, H. W., Kidder, L. H., Snodgrass, J. T., Manaa, M. R., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 91, 3792, 1989. See also Ref. 104. Viggiano, A. A., Paulson, J. F., Dale, F., Henchman, M., Adams, N. G., and Smith, D., J. Phys. Chem., 89, 2264, 1985. The upper limit given in this paper (£3.4 eV) was later found to be incorrect when rapid charge transfer from HCO2- to WF6 was observed (unpublished). Burnett, S. M., Stevens, A. E., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 100, 124, 1983. Moran, S., Ellis, H. B., DeFrees, D. J., McLean, A. D., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 5996, 1987; Moran, S., Ellis, H. B., DeFrees, D. J., McLean, A. D., Paulson, S. E., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 6004, 1987; see also Lykke, K. R., Neumark, D. M., Andersen, T., Trapa, V. J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 6842, 1987. Mead, R. D., Lykke, K. R., Lineberger, W. C., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., J. Chem. Phys., 81, 4883, 1984; Lykke, K. R., Mead, R. D., and Lineberger, W. C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 2221, 1984. The EAs are 14,717.7 ± 1.0 cm-1 for acetaldehyde enolate and 14,671.0 ± 1.0 cm-1 for acetaldehyde-d3 enolate. Ellison, G. B., Engelking, P. C., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 86, 4873, 1982. Oakes, J. M., and Ellison, G. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 105, 2969, 1983. Ellison, G. B., and Oakes, J. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 7734, 1984. EA(allyl) and EA(allyl-d5) are 0.119 and 0.083 eV too low, respectively, in this work, according to Ref. 138. Therefore, EA(allyl-d1) is likely too low by a similar amount. Gunion, R. F., Gilles, M. K., Polak, M. L., and Lineberger, W. C., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 117, 601, 1992; also, Miller, A. E. S., and Lineberger, W. C., unpublished. See also Ref. 136. Leopold, D. G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 51, 1986. Scheer, M., Bilodeau, R. C., Brodie, C. A., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. A, 58, 2844, 1998. Miller, A. E. S., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 87, 1549, 1987. Miller, T. M., Leopold, D. G., Murray, K. K., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 85, 2368, 1986. Miller, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., Chem. Phys. Lett., 146, 364, 1988. Neumark, D. M., Lykke, K. R., Andersen, T., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 83, 4364, 1985. Leopold, D. G., Miller, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 108, 178, 1986. Miller, A. E. S., Fiegerle, C. S., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 84, 4127, 1986. Murray, K. K., Miller, T. 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10-159
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 61. Chowdhury, S., Heinis, T., Grimsrud, E. P., and Kebarle, P., J. Phys. Chem., 90, 2747, 1986. The uncertainty and other results are quoted in Ref. 60. 62. Wickham-Jones, C. T., Moran, S., and Ellison, G. B., J. Chem. Phys., 90, 795, 1989. 63. Ervin, K. M., Ho, J., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem., 92, 5405, 1988. 64. Miller, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 102, 239, 1990. 65. Wetzel, D. M., Salomon, K. E., Berger, S., and Brauman, J. I., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 3835, 1989. 66. Crocker, L., Wang, T., and Kebarle, P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 7818, 1993. 67. Dillow, G. W., and Kebarle, P., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 5592, 1989. 68. Gantefor, G., Gausa, M., Meiwes-Broer, K. H., and Lutz, H. O., Z. Phys. D, 9, 253, 1988; Taylor, K. J., Petteitte, C. L., Craycraft, M. J., Chesnovsky, O., and Smalley, R. E., Chem. Phys. Lett., 152, 347, 1988. 69. Metz, R. B., Kitsopoulos, T., Weaver, A., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. 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10-160
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136.
137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142.
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10-161
ELECTRON AFFINITIES (continued) 164. Defrançois, C., Périquet, V., Lyapustina, S. A., Lippa, T. P., Robinson, D. W., Bowen, K. H., Nonaka, H., and Compton, R. N., J. Chem. Phys., 111, 4569, 1999. 165. Dobrin, S., Boo, B. H., Alconcel, L. S., and Continetti, R. E., J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 10695, 2000. 166. Schwartz, R. L., Davico, G. E., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Electron Spectros. and Related Phenomena, 108, 163, 2000. 167. Kim, J. B., Wenthold, P. G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem., 103, 10833, 1999. 168. Davico, G. E., Ramond, T. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 113, 8852, 2000. 169. Green, S. M. E., Alex, S., Fleischer, N. L., Millam, E. L., Marcy, T. P., and Leopold, D. G., J. Chem. Phys., 114, 2653, 2001. 170. Wu, H., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 108, 5310, 1998. 171. Wu, H., and Wang, L.-S., J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 9129, 1998. 172. Wu, H., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 8221, 1997. 173. Thomas, O. C., Xu, S. J., Lippa, T. P., and Bowen, K. H., J. Cluster Science 10, 525, 1999. 174. Wang, L.-S., private communication quoted in Ref. 169. 175. Marcy, T. P., PhD dissertation, quoted in Ref. 169. 176. Alex, S., Green, M. E., and Leopold, D. G., unpublished, quoted in Ref. 169. 177. Wang, X.-B., Wang, L.-S., Brown, R., Schwerdtfeger, P., Schröder, D., and Schwarz, H., J. Chem. Phys. 114, 7388, 2001. 178. Kim, J. H., Li, X., Wang, L.-S., de Clercq, H. L., Fancher, C. A., Thomas, O. C., and Bowen, K. H., J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 5709, 2001. 179. Fancher, C. A., de Clerq, H. L., Thomas, O. C., Robinson, D. W., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 8426, 1998. 180. Zengin, V., Persson, B. J., Strong, K. M., and Continetti, R. E., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 9740, 1996. 181. Kietzmann, H., Morenzin, J., Bechthold, P. S., Ganteför, G., and Eberhardt, W., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 2275, 1998. 182. Xu, C., Taylor, T. R., Burton, G. R., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys. 108, 7645, 1998. 183. Williams, W. W., Carpenter, D. L., Covington, A. M., Koepnick, M. C., Calabrese, D., and Thompson, J. S., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 31, L341, 1998. 184. Covington, A. M., Calabrese, D., Thompson, J. S., and Kvale, T. J., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 31, L855, 1998. 185. Haeffler, G., Hanstrorp, D., Kiyan, I., Klinkmueller, A. E., Ljungblad, U., Pegg, D. J., Phys. Rev. A 53, 4127, 1996. 186. Chen, H. L., Ellis, Jr., P. E., Wijesekera, T., Hagan, T. E., Groh, S. E., Lyons, J. E., and Ridge, D. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116, 1086, 1994. 187. Deyerl, H.-J., Alconcel, L. S., and Continetti, R. E., J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 552, 2001. 188. Blanksby, S. J., Ramond, T. M., Davico, G. E., Nimlos, M. R., Kato, S., Bierbaum, V. M., Lineberger, W. C., Ellison, G. B., Okumura, M., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 9585, 2001. 189. Asmis, K. R., Taylor, T. R., Xu, C., and Neumark, D. M., Chem. Phys. Lett . 295, 75, 1998. 190. Schäfer-Bung, B., Engels, B., Taylor, T. R., Neumark, D. M., Botschwina, P., and Peric, M., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 1777, 2001. 191. Gómez, H., Taylor, T. R., and Neumark, D. M., J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 6886, 2001. 192. Taylor, T. R., Gómez, H., Asmis, K. R., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 4620, 2001. 193. Asmis, K. R., Taylor, T. R., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 8838, 1999 and 111, 10491, 1999. 194. Ramond, T. M., Davico, G. E., Schwartz, R. L., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys. 112, 1158, 2000. 195. Petrunin, V. V., Voldstad, J. D., Balling, P., Kristensen, P., Andersen, T., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1911, 1995. 196. Dzuba, V. A., and Gribakin, G. F., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 31, L483, 1998. 197. Ervin, K. M., Ramond, T. M., Davico, G. E., Schwartz, R. L., Casey, S. M., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. 105, 10822, 2001. 198. Lippa, T. P., Xu, S.-J., Lyapustina, S. A., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 9263, 1998. 199. Turner, N. J., Martel, A. A., and Waller, I. M., J. Phys. Chem. 98, 474, 1994. 200. Lippa, T. P., Xu, S.-J., Lyapustina, S. A., Nilles, J. M., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 10727, 1998. 201. Wang, L.-S., Concericao, J., Changming, C., and Smalley, R. E., Chem. Phys. Lett . 182, 5, 1991. 202. Boltalina, O. V., Sidorov, L. N., Sukhanova, E. V., and Sorokin, I. D., Chem. Phys. Lett . 230, 567, 1994. 203. Clifford, E. P., Wenthold, P. G., Lineberger, W. C., Ellison, G. B., Wang, C. X., Grabowski, J. J., Vila, F., and Jordan, K. D., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 1015, 1998. 204. P. Spanel, S. Matejcik, and D. Smith, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 28 2941 (1995). See Miller, A. E. S., Miller, T. M., Viggiano, A. A., Morris, R. A., Van Doren, J. M., Arnold, S. T., and Paulson, J. F., J. Chem. Phys. 102, 8865, 1995 for interpretation in terms of EA(SF5). 205. Kinghom, D. B., and Adamowicz, L., J. Chem. Phys. 106, 4589, 1997. EA(H) = 6083.0994 cm-1, EA(D) = 6086.7137 cm-1, and EA(T) = 6087.9168 cm-1. 206. Xi, L., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5264, 1998. 207. Ephraim, E., Shmulyian, S., Kaldor, U., and Isikawa, Y., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 3954, 1998. Also EA(La) = 0.35 eV. 207. Scheer, M., Bilodeau, R. C., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2562, 1998. 208. Scheer, M., Bilodeau, R. C., Thogersen, J., and Haugen, H. K., Phys. Rev. A 57, R1493, 1998. 209. Kim, J. B., Wenthold, P. G., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Chem. Phys., 108, 830, 1998. 210. Kishi, R., Kawamata, H., Negishi, Y., Iwata, S., Nakajima, A., and Kaya, K., J. Chem. Phys., 107, 10029, 1997. 211. Compton, R. N., Carman, Jr., H. S., Desfrançois, C., Abdoul-Carmine, J., Schermann, J. P., Hendricks, J. H., Lyapustina, S. A., and Bowen, K. H., J. Chem. Phys., 105, 3472, 1996. 212. Yourshaw, I., Zhao, Y., and Neumark, D. M., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 351, 1996. 213. Gausa, M., Kaschner, R., Seifert, G., Faehrmann, J. H., Lutz, H. O., and Meiwes-Broer, K., J. Chem. Phys. 104, 9719, 1996. 214. Wu, H., and Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 16, 1997; Moravec, V. D., and Jarrold, C. C., J. Chem. Phys. 108, 1804, 1998.
10-162
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES Thomas M. Miller The polarizability of an atom or molecule describes the response of the electron cloud to an external field. The atomic or molecular energy shift ∆W due to an external electric field E is proportional to E2 for external fields which are weak compared to the internal electric fields between the nucleus and electron cloud. The electric dipole polarizability α is the constant of proportionality defined by ∆W = - α E2/2. The induced electric dipole moment is αE. Hyperpolarizabilities, coefficients of higher powers of E, are less often required. Technically, the polarizability is a tensor quantity but for spherically symmetric charge distributions reduces to a single number. In any case, an average polarizability is usually adequate in calculations. Frequency-dependent or dynamic polarizabilities are needed for electric fields which vary in time, except for frequencies which are much lower than electron orbital frequencies, where static polarizabilities suffice. Polarizabilities for atoms and molecules in excited states are found to be larger than for ground states and may be positive or negative. Molecular polarizabilities are very slightly temperature dependent since the size of the molecule depends on its rovibrational state. Only in the case of dihydrogen has this effect been studied enough to warrant consideration in Table 3. Polarizabilities are normally expressed in cgs units of cm3. Ground state polarizabilities are in the range of 10-24 cm3 = 1 Å3 and hence are often given in Å3 units. Theorists tend to use atomic units of ao3 where ao is the Bohr radius. The conversion is α(cm3) = 0.148184 × 10-24 × α (ao3). Polarizabilities are only recently encountered in SI units, C⋅m2/V = J/(V/m)2. The conversion from cgs units to SI units is α(C⋅m2/V) = 4πεo × 10-6 × α(cm3), where εo is the permittivity of free space in SI units and the factor 10-6 simply converts cm3 into m3. Thus, α(C⋅m2/V) = 1.11265 × 10-16 × α(cm3). Persons measuring excited state polarizabilities by optical methods tend to use units of MHz/(V/cm)2, where the energy shift, ∆W, is expressed in frequency units with a factor of h understood. The polarizability is -2 ∆W/E 2. The conversion into cgs units is α(cm 3) = 5.95531 × 10-16 × α[MHz/(V/cm) 2]. The polarizability appears in many formulas for low-energy processes involving the valence electrons of atoms or molecules. These formulas are given below in cgs units: the polarizability α is in cm3; masses m or µ are in grams; energies are in ergs; and electric charges are in esu, where e = 4.8032 × 10-10 esu. The symbol α(ν) denotes a frequency (ν) dependent polarizability, where α(ν) reduces to the static polarizability α for ν = 0. For further information and references, see Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, 13, 1, 1977. Details on polarizabilityrelated interactions, especially in regard to hyperpolarizabilities and nonlinear optical phenomena, are given by Bogaard, M. P., and Orr, B. J., in Physical Chemistry, Series Two, Vol. 2, Molecular Structure and Properties, Buckingham, A. D., Ed., Butterworths, London, 1975, pp. 149-194. A tabulation of tensor and hyperpolarizabilities is included. The gas number density, n, in Table 1 is usually taken to be that of 1 atm at 0°C in reporting experimental data.
Table 1 Formulas Involving Polarizability Description Lorentz-Lorenz relation
Refraction by polar molecules
Formula α( ν) =
α( ν) +
Remarks
2 3 η ( ν) – 1 2 4 πn η ( ν) + 2
2 d2 3 η ( ν) – 1 = 2 3kT 4 πn η ( ν) + 2
For a gas of atoms or nonpolar molecules; the index of refraction is η(ν)
The dipole moment is d, in esu.cm (= 10-18 D)
Dielectric constant (dimensionless)
κ( ν) = 1 + 4 πn α( ν)
From the Lorentz-Lorenz relation for the usual case of κ(υ)≈1
Index of refraction (dimensionless)
η( ν) = 1 + 2 πn α( ν)
From η2(ν) = κ(ν)
Diamagnetic susceptibility
Long-range electron- or ion-molecule interaction energy Ion mobility in a gas
χ m = e 2 ( ao Nα )
1/ 2
/ 4 me c 2
V (r ) = – e 2 α / 2 r 4
κ = 13.87 / (αµ )
1/ 2
cm 2 / V ⋅ s
10-163
From the approximation that the static polarizability is given by the variational formula α = (4/9ao)Σ(Niri2)2; N is the number of electrons, me is the electron mass; a crude approximation is χm=(Ei/4mec2)α, where Ei is the ionization energy The target molecule polarizability is α
This one formula is not in cgs units. Enter α in Å3 or 10-24 cm3 units and the reduced mass µ of the ionmolecule pair in amu. Classical limit; pure polarization potential
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 1 Formulas Involving Polarizability (continued) Description Langevin capture cross section
Formula σ( v o ) = (2 πe/vo )(α / µ )
k = 2 πe(α / µ )
Dipole-quadrupole constant between two systems A, B
van der Waals constant between an atom and a surface
Relation between α(ν) and oscillator strengths
Dynamic polarizability
Rayleigh scattering cross section
Collisional rate coefficient for an ion-molecule reaction
1/ 2
[
k d = 2 πe (α / µ )
+ cd (2 / µπkT )
1/ 2
1/ 2
σ(k ) = 4 πA 2
Modified effective range cross section for electronneutral scattering van der Waals constant between two systems A, B
+32 π µe αAk / 3h 4
2
]
The dipole moment of the neutral is d in esu.cm; the number c is a “locking factor” that depends on α and d, and is between 0 and 1 Here, k is the electron momentum divided by h/2π, where h is Planck’s constant; A is called the “scattering length”; the reduced mass is µ
2
+L
3 α Aα B E A E B 2 EA + EB
For the interaction potential term V6(r)= - C6r6; EA,B represents average dipole transition energies and αA,B the respective polarizabilities of A, B
C8 =
A B A B 15 α α q E Eq A B 4 E + Eq
+
A B A B 15 α q α Eq E A 4 Eq + E B
For the interaction potential term V8(r) = –C8r8; EqA,B represents average quadrupole transition energies and αqA,B are the respective quadrupole polarizabilities of A, B
C6 =
C3 =
α( v) =
(
8 E +E A
S
For an interaction potential V3(r) = –C3r3; EA,S are characteristic energies of the atom and surface; g = 1 for a free-electron metal and g = (ε∞ – 1)/ (ε∞ + 1) for an ionic crystal
)
fk e2h2 Σ 4 π 2 me Ek2 – (hv) 2
α( ν) =
α ( ν) =
[
αgE A E S
αE r 2
E r – (hν) 2
8π (2 πν) 4 9c 4
V ( ν) =
Here, fk is the oscillator strength from the ground state to an excited state k, with excitation energy Ek. This formula is often used to estimate static polarizabilities (ν = 0) Approximate variation of the frequency-dependent polarizability α(ν) from ν = 0 up to the first dipoleallowed electronic transition, of energy Er; the static dipole polarizability is α(0); infrared contributions ignored
2
]
× 3α 2 ( ν) + 2 γ 2 ( ν) / 3 Verdet constant
The relative velocity of approach for an ionmolecule pair is vo; the target molecular polarizability is α and the reduced mass of the ion-molecule pair is µ
1/ 2
Langevin reaction rate coefficient Rate coefficient for polar molecules
Remarks
νn dα( ν) 2 m e c 2 dν
10-164
The photon frequency is ν; the polarizability anisotropy (the difference between polarizabilities parallel and perpendicular to the molecular axis) is γ(ν) Defined from θ = V(ν)B, where θ is the angle of rotation of linearly polarized light through a medium of number density n, per unit length, for a longitudinal magnetic field strength B (Faraday effect)
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 2 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabiilities for Ground State Atoms (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Atomic number
Atom
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
49
In
Polarizability 0.666793 0.204956 0.2050 24.3 5.60 3.03 1.76 1.10 0.802 0.557 0.3956 24.08 10.6 6.8 5.38 3.63 2.90 2.18 1.6411 43.4 22.8 25.0 17.8 14.6 12.4 11.6 9.4 8.4 7.5 6.8 6.1 5.75 5.6 8.12 6.07 4.31 3.77 3.05 2.4844 47.3 27.6 22.7 17.9 15.7 12.8 11.4 9.6 8.6 4.8 7.2 7.36 7.2 10.2 9.1
Estimated accuracy (%)
Method
Ref.
“exact” “exact” 0.1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.1 0.4 2 4.4 2 2 2 2 0.05 2 2 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0.12 25 2 2 2 2 2 0.05 2 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0.24 25 12 25
calc calc index/diel beam calc calc calc calc/index calc/index calc diel interferom calc beam calc calc calc calc index/diel beam calc beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc index calc calc calc calc calc calc diel beam beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc index calc beam calc
MB77 MB77 NB65/OC67 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 OC67 ESCHP94 MB77 MMD90 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 NB65/OC67 MB77 MB77 MB77 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 GHM96 D84 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 MB77 OC67 MB77 MB77 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 GH95 D84 GMBSJ84 D84
10-165
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 2 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabiilities for Ground State Atoms (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Atomic number
Atom
50 51 52 53
Sn Sb Te I
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
81
Tl
82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es
Polarizability 7.7 6.6 5.5 5.35 4.7 4.044 59.6 39.7 31.1 29.6 28.2 31.4 30.1 28.8 27.7 23.5 25.5 24.5 23.6 22.7 21.8 21.0 21.9 16.2 13.1 11.1 9.7 8.5 7.6 6.5 5.8 5.02 5.7 7.6 7.5 6.8 7.4 6.8 6.0 5.3 48.7 38.3 32.1 32.1 25.4 24.9 24.8 24.5 23.3 23.0 22.7 20.5 19.7
Estimated accuracy (%) 25 25 25 25 25 0.5 2 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0.05 25 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 6 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
10-166
Method calc calc calc index calc diel beam beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc index calc beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc beam calc calc calc calc calc calc calc
Ref. D84 D84 D84 A56 D84 MB77 MB77 MB77 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 GH96 D84 NYU84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 KB94 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84 D84
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 2 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabiilities for Ground State Atoms (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Atomic number 100 101 102
Atom
Estimated accuracy (%)
Polarizability
Fm Md No
23.8 18.2 17.5
25 25 25
Method
Ref.
calc calc calc
D84 D84 D84
Note: calc = calculated value; beam = atomic beam deflection technique; interferom = atomic beam interference; index = determination based on the measured index of refraction; diel = determination based on the measured dielectric constant.
REFERENCES A56. D84.
ESCHP94. GH95. GH96. GHM96. GMBSJ84. KB94. MB77. MMD90. NB65. NYU84. OC67.
Atoji, M., J. Chem. Phys., 25, 174, 1956. Semiempirical method based on molecular polarizabilities and atomic radii. Doolen, G. D., Los Alamos National Laboratory, unpublished. A relativistic linear response method was used. The method is that described by Zangwill, A., and Soven, P., Phys. Rev. A, 21, 1561, 1980. Adjustments of less than 10% across the periodic table have been made to these results to bring them into agreement with accurate experimental values where avaialble, for the purpose of presenting “recommended” polarizabilities in Table 2. Ekstrom, C. R., Schmiedmayer, J., Chapman, M. S., Hammond, T. D., and Pritchard, D. E., Phys. Rev. Lett., in press, 1994. Goebel, D., and Holm, U., Phys. Rev. A, 52, 3691, 1995. Goebel, D., and Holm, U., J. Chem. Phys., 100, 7710, 1996. Goebel, D., Holm, U., and Maroulis, G., Phys. Rev. A, 54, 1973, 1996. Guella, T. P., Miller, T. M., Bederson, B., Stockdale, J. A. D., and Jaduszliwer, B., Phys. Rev. A, 29, 2977, 1984. Kadar-Kallen, M. A., and Bonin, K. D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 828, 1994. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Adv. At. Mol. Phys., 13, 1, 1977. For simplicity, any value in Table 2 which has not changed since this 1977 review is referenced as MB77. Persons interested in original references and further details should consult MB77. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A, 42, 5150, 1990. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. D., J. Appl. Phys., 36, 3751, 1965. Preliminary value from the New York University group. See GMBSJ84. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 697, 1967; see also the later references from this group, given following the tables.
Table 3 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Diatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Polarizability
Ref.
Al2 BH Br2 CO Cl2 Cs2 CsK D2 (v = 0,J = 0) D2 (293 K) DCl F2 H2 (v = 0,J = 0) H2 (293 K) H2 (293 K) H2 (322 K) HBr HCl
19 3.32* 7.02 1.95 4.61 104 89 0.7921* 0.7954 2.84 1.38* 0.8023* 0.8045* 0.8042 0.8059 3.61 2.63 2.77 0.7976* 0.80
23 1 2 3 3 22 22 5 6 2 7 5 5 6 8 3 3 2 5 27
HD (v = 0,J = 0) HF
Molecule HI HgCl ICl K2 Li2 LiCl LiF LiH
N2 NO Na2 NaK NaLi O2 Rb2
10-167
Polarizability
Ref.
5.44 5.35 7.4* 12.3 77 72 34 3.46* 10.8* 3.84* 3.68* 3.88* 1.7403 1.70 40 38 51 40 1.5812 79
3 2 9 2 22 21 22 10 11 12 13 14 6,8 2 22 21 22 4 6 22
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 4 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Triatomic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Polarizability
Ref.
Molecule
BeH2 CO2 CS2
4.34* 2.911 8.74 8.86 1.26 1.45 3.78 3.95
14 8 3 2 2 2 3 2
HCN
D2O H2O H2S
Polarizability
Ref.
Molecule
3 2 2 2 2 8 2† 21
O3 OCS
2.59 2.46 14.5 11.6 19.1 3.03 3.02 70
HgBr2 HgCl2 HgI2 N2O NO2 Na3
Polarizability
Ref.
3.21 5.71 5.2 3.72 4.28
SO2
2 2 15 3 2
Table 5 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Inorganic Polyatomic Molecules (Larger than Triatomic) (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Polarizability
Ref.
Molecule
AsCl3 AsN3 BCl3 BF3 (BN3)2 (BH2N)3 ClF3 (CsBr)2 (CsCl)2 (CsF)2 (CsI)2 GanAsm GeCl4 GeH3Cl (HgCl)2 Kn (KBr)2 (KCl)2 (KF)2 (KI)2 (LiBr)2 (LiCl)2 (LiF)2 (LiI)2 ND3 NF3 NH3
14.9 5.75 9.38 3.31 5.73 8.0 6.32 54.5 42.4 28.4 51.8 n + m = 4-30 15.1 6.7 14.7 n = 2,5,7-9,11,20 42.0 32.1 21.0 36.3 18.9 13.1 6.9 23.4 1.70 3.62 2.81 2.10 2.26 6.69
2 2 20 2 2 2† 2 16 16 16 16 28 2 2† 9 21 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 2 2 20 2 3 2
Nan (NaBr)2 (NaCl)2 (NaF)2 (NaI)2 OsO4 PCl3 PF5 PH3 (RbBr)2 (RbCl)2 (RbF)2 (RbI)2 SF6 (SF5)2 SO3 SO2Cl2 SeF6 SiF4 SiH4 (SiH3)2 SiHCl3 SiH2Cl2 SiH3Cl SnBr4 SnCl4
(NO2)2
SnI4 TeF6 TiCl4 UF6
10-168
Polarizability n = 1-40 26.8 23.4 20.7 26.9 8.17 12.8 6.10 4.84 48.2 43.2 40.7 46.3 6.54 13.2 4.84 10.5 7.33 5.45 5.44 11.1 10.7 8.92 7.02 22.0 18.0 13.8 32.3 9.00 16.4 12.5
Ref. 21 16 16 16 16 2 2 2 2 16 16 16 16 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 2 2 2 2
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 6 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Hydrocarbon Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Name
CH4 C2H2
methane acetylene
C2H4 C2H6
ethylene ethane
C3H4 C3H6
propyne propene cyclopropane propane
C3H8 C4H6 C4H8
C4H10 C5H6 C5H8
C5H10
C5H12 C6H6
C6H10
1-butyne 1,3-butadiene 1-butene trans-2-butene 2-methylpropene butane isobutane 1,3-cyclopentadiene 1-pentyne trans-1,3-pentadiene isoprene cyclopentane 1-pentene 2-pentene pentane neopentane benzene
C6H12
1-hexyne 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene cyclohexene cyclohexane
C6H14 C7H8
1-hexene hexane toluene
C7H12 C7H14 C7H16 C8H8
1-heptyne methylcyclohexane 1-heptene heptane styrene
Polarizability 2.593 3.33 3.93 4.252 4.47 4.43 6.18 6.26 5.66 6.29 6.37 7.41 8.64 7.97 8.52 8.49 8.29 8.20 8.14 8.64 9.12 10.0 9.99 9.15 9.65 9.84 9.99 10.20 10.0 10.32 10.74 10.9 11.8 11.8 12.1 11.8 10.7 11.0 10.87 11.7 11.9 11.8 12.26 12.3 12.8 13.1 13.5 13.7 15.0 14.4
Ref.
Molecule
8 3 2 8 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2† 2 2 2 2 2 2 27 2 2 2 2 18 27 27 2 18 25 3 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 18 15 27 2 25 15 2 2† 2 27 2 2 27
C8H10
Name ethylbenzene o-xylene p-xylene
C8H16 C8H18
C9H10 C9H12
m-xylene ethylcyclohexane n-octane 3-methylheptane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane α-methylstyrene isopropylbenzene mesitylene
C9H18 C9H20 C10H8
isopropylcyclohexane nonane napthalene
C10H14
durene tert-butylbenzene
C10H20 C10H22 C11H10
tert-butylcyclohexane decane α-methylnaphthalene β-methylnaphthalene α,β,β-trimethylstyrene pentamethylbenzene undecane acenaphthene α-ethylnaphthalene β-ethylnaphthalene hexamethylbenzene dodecane fluorene anthracene
C11H14 C11H16 C11H24 C12H10 C12H12 C12H18 C12H26 C13H10 C14H10
phenanthrene C14H22 C16H10 C17H12 C18H12
C18H30 C24H12
10-169
p-di-tert-butylbenzene pyrene 2,3-benzfluorene napthacene 1,2-benzanthracene chrysene triphenylene 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylbenzene coronene
Polarizability 14.2 14.9 14.1 13.7 14.2 14.9 14.2 15.9 15.9 15.4 15.4 16.05 16.0 15.5 16.1 17.2 17.4 16.5 17.5 17.3 17.2 17.8 19.8 19.1 19.35 19.52 19.64 19.1 21.0 20.6 21.19 21.36 20.9 22.8 21.7 25.4 25.9 36.8* 24.7 24.5 28.2 30.2 32.3 32.9 33.1 31.1 31.8 42.50
Ref. 2 2 15 25 15 2 15 2 2 27 27 27 2_ 25 27 2 27 17 27 25 25 2† 2 27 27 27 27 25 27 27 27 27 25 27 27 17 27 17 27 25 27 27 27 27 27 27 25 27
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Name
Polarizability
CBr2F2 CClF3
dibromodifluoromethane chlorotrifluoromethane
CCl2F2
dichlorodifluoromethane
CCl2O CCl2S CCl3F CCl3NO2 CCl4
phosgene thiophosgene trichlorofluoromethane trichloronitromethane carbon tetrachloride
CF4 CF2O CHBr3 CHBrF2 CHClF2
carbon tetrafluoride carbonylfluoride bromoform bromodifluoromethane chlorodifluoromethane
CHCl2F CHCl3
dichlorofluoromethane chloroform
CHF3
fluoroform
CHFO CHI3 CH2Br2
fluoroformaldehyde iodoform dibromomethane
CH2ClNO2 CH2Cl2
chloronitromethane dichloromethane
CH2I2 CH3Br
diiodomethane bromomethane
CH3Cl
chloromethane
CH3F CH3I C2ClF5 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3N C2F6 C2HBr C2HCl C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2
fluoromethane iodomethane chloropentafluoroethane 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane trichloroacetonitrile hexafluoroethane bromoacetylene chloroacetylene pentachloroethane 1,1-dichloroethylene trans-1,2-dichloroethylene cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethane chloroacetyl chloride 1,2,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane chloroacetonitrile 1,1-difluoroethylene bromoethylene chloroethylene
C2H2Cl2F2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl3F C2H2Cl4 C2H2ClN C2H2F2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl
10-170
9.0 5.72 5.59 7.93 7.81 7.29 10.2 9.47 10.8 11.2 10.5 3.838 1.88* 11.8 5.7 6.38 5.91 6.82 9.5 8.23 3.52 3.57 1.76* 18.0 9.32 8.62 6.9 6.48 7.93 12.90 5.87 6.03 5.55 5.35 4.72 2.97 7.97 6.3 8.5 10.42 6.82 7.39 6.07 14.0 7.83 8.15 8.03 8.4 8.92 10.2 12.1 6.10 5.01 7.59 6.41
Ref. 2† 20 2 20 2 2 2 2 2† 2 3 8 17 27 2† 20 2 2 8 27 20 8 17 17 2 27 2† 3 2 27 20 2 15 20 8 8 2 2† 2† 18 2 2 2 2 27 27 27 2† 2 2† 2† 18 20 2 2
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F3 C2H3I C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4ClNO2 C2H4Cl2
Name
Polarizability
C2H5Br
1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane acetyl chloride methyl chloroformate 1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,1,1-trifluoroethane iodoethylene 1-bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-dibromomethane 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane 1-chloro-1-nitroethane 1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-dichloroethane bromoethane
C2H5Cl
chloroethane
C2H5ClO
2-chloroethanol
C2H5F C2H5I C3H4Cl2 C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H3ClO2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H7Br
chloromethyl methyl ether fluoroethane iodoethane dichloropropene chloropropene chloroacetone ethyl chloroformate 1-chloro-1-nitropropane dichloropropane 1-bromopropane
C3H7Cl C3H7ClO
C3H7I C4H5Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO2
C4H8Cl2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl
C4H9ClO
C4H9I C5H9ClO2
2-bromopropane chloropropane β-chloroethyl methyl ether 2-chloro-1-propanol 3-chloro-1-propanol 1-iodopropane 4-chloro-1,2-butadiene 1-chloro-2-methylpropene 2-chlorobutyric acid 3-chlorobutyric acid 4-chlorobutyric acid 1,4-dichlorobutane bromobutane 1-chlorobutane 1-chloro-2-methylpropane 2-chloro-2-methylpropane 2-chlorobutane β-chloroethyl ethyl ether 2-chloro-1-butanol 3-chloro-1-butanol 1-iodobutane methyl 2-chlorobutanoate methyl 3-chlorobutanoate
10-171
8.05 6.62 7.1 10.7 4.4 9.3 9.5 10.7 6.5 10.9 8.64 8.0 8.05 7.28 7.27 8.29 6.4 7.1 6.88 7.1 4.96 10.0 10.1 8.3 8.4 9.0 10.4 10.9 9.4 9.07 9.6 10.0 8.71 8.89 8.84 11.5 10.0 10.8 10.7 10.7 10.6 12.0 13.9 10.86 11.3 11.1 12.5 12.4 10.56 10.70 10.38 13.3 12.65 12.33 12.31
Ref. 2 2 2† 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2 2 2† 2 27 20 2 15 2† 27 2† 2 2 2† 2 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 27 2† 2 27 27 27 2† 2† 2 27 27 27 2† 2 27 2 2 2† 2 27 27 27 2† 27 27 27
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule
Name
Polarizability
C6H5Br
methyl 4-chlorobutanoate 2-chloropentanoic acid 3-chloropentanoic acid 4-chloropentanoic acid 1-bromopentane 1-chloropentane fluoropentane hexafluorobenzene pentafluorobenzene 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone 1,2,3,4-tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene p-bromofluorobenzene chloronitrobenzene o-dichlorobenzene m-dichlorobenzene p-dichlorobenzene p-fluoroiodobenzene p-fluoronitrobenzene o-difluorobenzene m-difluorobenzene p-difluorobenzene bromobenzene
C6H5Cl
chlorobenzene
C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H11ClO2
chlorophenol fluorobenzene iodobenzene ethyl 2-chlorobutanoate ethyl 3-chlorobutanoate ethyl 4-chlorobutanoate bromohexane fluorohexane p-bromotoluene p-chlorotoluene p-fluorotoluene p-iodotoluene 1-bromoheptane
C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11F C6F6 C6HF5 C6H2Cl2O2 C6H2F4 C6H3F3 C6H4BrF C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2
C6H4FI C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2
C6H13Br C6H13F C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7I C7H15Br C7H15F C8H17Br C8H17F C9H19Br C9H19F C10F8 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H7I C10H21Br C10H21F
fluoroheptane bromooctane fluorooctane bromononane fluorononane octafluoronaphthalene α-bromonaphthalene α-chloronaphthalene β-chloronaphthalene α-iodonaphthalene β-iodonaphthalene bromodecane fluorodecane
10-172
12.27 12.69 12.57 12.53 13.1 12.0 9.95 9.58 9.63 18.4 9.69 9.69 9.74 13.4 14.6 14.17 14.23 14.20 15.5 12.8 9.80 10.3 9.80 14.7 13.62 14.1 12.3 13.0 10.3 15.5 14.16 14.13 14.11 14.44 11.80 14.80 13.70 11.70 17.10 16.8 16.23 13.66 18.02 15.46 19.81 17.34 17.64 20.34 19.30 19.58 22.41 22.95 21.60 19.18
Ref. 27 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 27 27 2 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 27 27 2† 2† 27 2† 27 2 27 2 15 2† 2 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 7 Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Ground State Organic Halides (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule C11H23F C12H25Br C12H25F C12H8Br2O C12H9BrO C13H11BrO C14H9Br C14H9Cl C14H9F C14H29F C16H33Br C18H37Br
Name
Polarizability
fluoroundecane bromododecane fluorododecane 4,4′−dibromodiphenyl ether 4-bromodiphenyl ether p-bromophenyl-p-tolyl ether 9-bromoanthracene 9-chloroanthracene fluoranthracene fluorotetradecane bromohexadecane bromooctadecane
21.00 25.18 22.83 27.8 24.2 26.6 28.32 27.35 28.34 26.57 32.34 35.92
Ref. 27 27 27 2† 2† 2† 27 27 27 27 27 27
Table 8 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) Molecule
Name
CN4O8 CH2O
tetranitromethane formaldehyde
CH2O2 CH3NO
formic acid formamide
CH3NO2 CH4O
nitromethane methanol
CH5N
methyl amine
C2N2 C2H2O C2H3N
cyanogen ketene acetonitrile
C2H4O
acetaldehyde
C2H4O2 C2H4O4 C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O
ethylene oxide acetic acid methyl formate formic acid dimer acetamide N-methyl formamide nitroethane ethyl nitrite ethanol methyl ether
C2H6O2
ethylene glycol
C2H6O2S
dimethyl sulfone
10-173
Polarizability
Ref.
15.3 2.8 2.45 3.4 4.2 4.08 7.37 3.29 3.23 3.32 4.7 4.01 7.99 4.4 4.40 4.48 4.6 4.59 4.43 5.1 5.05 12.7 5.67 5.91 9.63 7.0 5.41 5.11 5.29 5.84 5.16 5.7 5.61 7.3
2 2† 18 2† 2† 18 2 2 15 18 2 19 2 2† 2† 18 2† 18 18 2† 27 2 18 18 2 15 2 18 20 2 15 2† 27 2†
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 8 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule C2H6S C2H7N
Name
Polarizability
C2H8N2 C3H2N2 C3H3N C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H5N
ethanethiol ethyl amine dimethyl amine ethylene diamine malononitrile acrylonitrile pyrazole propenal propionitrile
C3H6O
acetone
C3H6O2
allyl alcohol propionaldehyde propionic acid ethyl formate methyl acetate
C3H6O3 C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O
C3H8O2 C3H9N
C4H2N2 C4H4N2
C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H6N2 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H7N C4H8O
C4H8O2
dimethyl carbonate N-methyl acetamide N,N-dimethyl formamide nitropropane 2-propanol 1-propanol ethyl methyl ether dimethoxymethane ethylene glycol monoethyl ether propylamine isopropylamine trimethylamine fumaronitrile succinonitrile pyrimidene pyridazine diketene thiophene methacrylonitrile trans-crotononitrile N-methylpyrazole crotonaldehyde methacrylaldehyde biacetyl acetic anhydride divinyl sulfide butyronitrile isobutyronitrile butanal methyl ethyl ketone trans-2,3-epoxy butane ethyl acetate
10-174
7.41 7.10 6.37 7.2 5.79 8.05 7.23 6.38 6.70 6.24 6.33 6.4 6.39 7.65 6.50 6.9 8.01 6.88 6.94 6.81 7.7 7.82 7.81 8.5 7.61 6.97 6.74 7.93 7.7 7.44 7.70 9.20 7.77 8.15 11.8 8.1 8.53* 9.27* 8.0 9.67 8.0 8.2 8.99 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.9 10.9 8.4 8.05 8.2 8.13 8.22* 9.7 8.62
Ref. 2 2 2 2† 18 2 27 2† 2 18 15 2† 18 2 2 2† 2 27 2 27 2† 18 18 2† 2 18 2 2 2† 27 27 2 27 2 2 2† 17 17 2† 2 2† 2† 27 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 2† 18 2† 15 17 2 27
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 8 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule
C4H9NO2 C4H10O
C4H10O2 C4H10S C4H11N
C5H5N
Name
Polarizability
1,4-dioxane p-dioxane 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane butyric acid methyl propionate 1-nitrobutane 2-methyl-2-nitropropane ethyl ether 1-butanol 2-methylpropanol methyl propyl ether ethylene glycol monoethyl ether ethyl sulfide butylamine diethylamine pyridine
C5H10O3 C5H12O C5H12O4 C6H4N2O4 C6H4O2 C6H5NO2
4-cyano-1,2-butadiene 1,5-dimethylpyrazole acetyl acetone valeronitrile 22-DMPN diethyl ketone methyl propyl ketone ethyl propionate methyl butanoate diethyl carbonate ethyl propyl ether tetramethyl orthocarbonate p-dinitrobenzene p-benzoquinone nitrobenzene
C6H6O
phenol
C6H7N C6H8N2
aniline phenylenediamine phenylhydrazine 1-ethyl-5-methylpyrazole ethyl acetoacetate dimethylketazine cyclohexanol amyl formate paraldehyde propyl ether
C5H8N2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10O C5H10O2
C6H10N2 C6H10O3 C6H12N2 C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H15N
1,1-diethoxyethane 1,2-diethoxyethane triethylamine
C7H4N2O2 C7H5N
dipropylamine p-cyanonitrobenzene benzonitrile
10-175
10.0 8.60 9.44 8.38 8.97 10.4 10.3 10.2 8.73 8.88 8.92 8.86 9.28 10.8 13.5 10.2 9.61 9.5 9.18 10.5 10.72 10.5 10.4 9.59 9.93 9.93 10.41 10.41 11.3 10.68 13.0 18.4 14.5 14.7 12.92 11.1 9.94* 12.1 13.8 12.91 12.50 12.9 15.6 11.56 14.2 17.9 12.8 12.5 13.2 11.3 13.1 13.38 13.29 19.0 12.5
Ref. 2 18 15 27 27 2† 2† 2 15 2 2 27 27 2 2 2 27 15 27 2† 27 2† 2 18 15 15 27 27 2 27 2† 2 2 2 15 2† 17 2† 2† 27 27 2† 2 18 2 2 2 15 2† 2† 2 27 27 2 2†
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) Table 8 Static Average Electric Dipole Polarizabilities for Other Ground State Organic Molecules (in Units of 10-24 cm3) (continued) Molecule C7H7NO3 C7H8O C7H9NO C7H10N2 C7H14O C7H14O2 C8H4N2 C8H6N2 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H10O C8H11N C8H12N2 C8H12O2 C8H14O4 C8H18O C9H7N C9H10O2 C9H21N C10H9N
C10H10Fe C10H10N2 C10H14BeO4 C11H8O C14H8O2 C12H8N2 C12H9NO3 C14H14O C15H21AlO6 C15H21CrO6 C15H21FeO6 C20H28O8Th C60
Name
Polarizability
nitroanisole anisole o-anisidine 1,1-methylphenylhydrazine cyclohexyl methyl ether 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone pentyl acetate p-dicyanobenzene quinoxaline acetophenone 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone phenetole N-dimethylaniline 1,1-ethylphenylhydrazine ethyl sorbate tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-dione diethyl succinate butyl ether quinoline isoquinoline ethyl benzoate tripropylamine α-naphthylamine β-naphthylamine 1-methylquinoline 1-methylisoquinoline ferrocene 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline beryllium acetylacetonate 1-naphthaldehyde 2-naphthaldehyde anthraquinone phenazine 4-nitrodiphenyl ether di-p-tolyl ether aluminum acetylacetonate chromium acetylacetonate ferric acetylacetonate thorium acetylacetonate buckminsterfullerene
15.7 13.1 14.2 14.81 13.4 13.5 14.9 19.2 15.13 15.0 18.8 14.9 16.2 16.62 17.2 18.6 16.8 17.2 15.70 16.43 16.9 18.87 19.50 19.73 18.65 18.28 17.1 18.70 34.1 19.75 20.06 24.46 23.43 24.7 24.9 51.9 53.7 58.1 79.0 ∼80
Ref. 2† 2† 2† 27 2† 15 2 2 27 2 2 2 2† 27 2† 2 2† 2 27 27 2† 27 27 27 27 27 26 27 2 27 27 27 27 2† 2† 2 2 2 2 24
Note: All polarizabilities in the tables are experimental values except those values marked by an asterisk (*), which indicates a calculated result. The experimental polarizabilities are mostly determined by measurements of a dielectric constant or refractive index which are quite accurate (0.5% or better). However, one should treat many of the results with several percent of caution because of the age of the data and because some of the results refer to optical frequencies rather than static. Comments given with the references are intended to allow one to judge the degree of caution required. Interested persons should consult these references. In many cases, the reference given is to a theoretical paper in which the experimental results are quoted. These papers, noted in the References, contain valuable information on polarizability calculations and experimental data which often includes the tensor components of the polarizability.
10-176
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR POLARIZABILITIES (continued) REFERENCES
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
Kagawa, H., Ichimura, A., Kamka, N. A., and Mori, K., J. Mol. Structure (Theochem), 546, 127, 2001. Parameters were developed for rapid estimation of molecular polarizabilities; this paper contains references for the measured polarizabilities of 371 molecules. McCullough, E. A., Jr., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 5050, 1975. This calculation is for the parallel component, not the average polarizability. Maryott, A. A., and Buckley, F., U. S. National Bureau of Standards Circular No. 537, 1953. A tabulation of dipole moments, dielectric constants, and molar refractions measured between 1910 and 1952, and used here to determine polarizabilities if no more recent result exists. The polarizability is 3/(4πNo) times the molar polarization or molar refraction, where No is Avogadro’s number. The value 3/(4πNo) = 0.3964308 × 10-24 cm3 was used for this conversion. A dagger (†) following the reference number in the tables indicates that the polarizability was derived from the molar refraction and hence may not include some low-frequency contributions to the static polarizability; these “static” polarizabilities are therefore low by 1 to 30%. Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtis, C. F., and Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1954, p. 950. Fundamental information on molecular polarizabilities. Miller, T. M., and Bederson, B., Adv. At. Mol. Phys., 13, 1, 1977. Review emphasizing atomic polarizabilities and measurement techniques. The data quoted in Table 3 are accurate to 8 to 12%. Kolos, W., and Wolniewicz, L., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 1426, 1967. Highly accurate molecular hydrogen calculations. Newell, A. C., and Baird, R. C., J. Appl. Phys., 36, 3751, 1965. Highly accurate refractive index measurements at 47.7 GHz (essentially static). Jao, T. C., Beebe, N. H. F., Person, W. B., and Sabin, J. R., Chem. Phys. Lett., 26, 474, 1974. Tensor polarizabilities, derivatives, and other results are reported. Orcutt, R. H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 46, 697, 1967 (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, H2, N2); Sutter, H., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 132, 1970 (CF3H, CFH3, CClF3, CClH3); Bose, T. K., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 52, 140, 1970 (CO2), and 54, 3829, 1971 (C2H4); Nelson, R. D., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 4033, 1971 (SF6, CClF3); Bose, T. K., Sochanski, J. S., and Cole, R. H., J. Chem. Phys., 57, 3592, 1972 (CH4, CF4); Kirouac, S., and Bose, T. K., J. Chem. Phys., 59, 3043, 1973 (N2O), and 64, 1580, 1976 (He). Highly accurate dielectric constant measurements. These modern data give the most accurate polarizabilities available. A criticism of the interpretation of these data in the case of polar molecules is given in Ref. 20, p. 2905. Huestis, D. L., Technical Report #MP 78-25, SRI International (project PYU 6158), Menlo Park, CA 94025. Molar refractions for mercurychlorine compounds are analyzed. Bounds, D. G., Clarke, J. H. R., and Hinchliffe, A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 45, 367, 1977. Theoretical tensor polarizability for LiCl. Kolker, H. J., and Karplus, M., J. Chem. Phys., 39, 2011, 1963. Theoretical. Cutschick, V. P., and McKoy, V., J. Chem. Phys., 58, 2397, 1973. Theoretical tensor polarizabilities. Gready, J. E., Bacskay, G. B., and Hush, N. S., Chem. Phys., 22, 141, 1977, and 23, 9, 1977. Theoretical. Amos, A. T., and Yoffe, J. A., J. Chem. Phys., 63, 4723, 1975. Theoretical. Stuart, H. A., Landolt-Börnstein Zahlenwerte and Funktionen, Vol. 1, Part 3, Eucken, A., and Hellwege, K. H., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1951, p. 511. Tabulation of molecular polarizabilities. Two misprints in the chemical symbols have been corrected. Guella, T., Miller, T. M., Stockdale, J. A. D., Bederson, B., and Vuskovic, L., J. Chem. Phys., 94, 6857, 1991. Beam measurements with accuracies between 12-24%. Marchese, F. T., and Jaff, Theoret. Chim. Acta (Berlin), 45, 241, 1977. Theoretical and experimental tensor polarizabilities are tabulated in this paper. Applequist, J., Carl, J. R., and Fung, K.-K., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94, 2952, 1972. Excellent reference on the calculation of molecular polarizabilities, including extensive tables of tensor polarizabilities, both theoretical and experimental, at 589.3 nm wavelength. Bridge, N. J., and Buckingham, A. D., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A295, 334, 1966. Measured tensor polarizabilities at 633 nm wavelength. Barnes, A. N. M., Turner, D. J., and Sutton, L. E., Trans. Faraday Soc., 67, 2902, 1971. Dielectric constants yielding polarizabilities accurate from 0.3-8%. Knight, W. D., Clemenger, K., de Heer, W. A., and Saunders, W. A., Phys. Rev. B, 31, 2539, 1985. These data probably correspond to a very low internal temperature. Tarnovsky, V., Bunimovicz, M., Vuskovic, L., Stumpf, B., and Bederson, B., J. Chem. Phys., 98, 3894, 1993. These data correspond to internal temperatures 480-948 K. Milani, P., Moullet, I., and de Heer, W. A., Phys. Rev. A, 42, 5150, 1990. Beam measurements accurate to 11%. Bonin, K. D., and Kadar-Kallen, M. A., Int. J. Mod. Phys., 8, 3313, 1994. Review article. Aroney, M. J., and Pratten, S. J., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 80, 1201, 1984. Uncertainties in the range 1-3%. Le Fevre, R. J. W., Murthy, D. S. N., and Saxby, J. D., Aust. J. Chem., 24, 1057, 1971. Kerr effect. No, K. T., Cho, K. H., Jhon, M. S., and Scheraga, H. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 2005, 1993. Theoretical; these results are quoted in numerous valuable papers on calculated polarizabilities, e.g., Miller, K. J., and Savchik, J. A., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101, 7206, 1979. Schlecht, S., Schäfer, R., Woenckhaus, J., and Becker, J. A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 246, 315, 1995.
10-177
IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS The ionization potentials of neutral and partially ionized atoms are listed in this table. Data were obtained from the compilations cited below, supplemented by results from the recent research literature. All values have been corrected to the currently recommended value of the conversion factor from wave number to energy, namely 1 eV = 8065.541 cm–1 (Reference 5). Values are given in eV. Following the traditional spectroscopic notation, columns are headed I, II, III, etc. up to XXX, where I indicates the neutral atom, II the singly ionized atom, III the doubly ionized atom, etc. The first section of the table includes spectra I to VIII of all the elements; subsequent sections cover higher spectra (ionization stages) for those elements for which data are available. REFERENCES 1. Moore, C. E., Ionization Potentials and Ionization Limits Derived from the Analysis of Optical Spectra, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) No. 34, 1970. 2. Martin, W. C., Zalubas, R., and Hagan, L., Atomic Energy Levels — The Rare Earth Elements, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), No. 60, 1978. 3. Sugar, J. and Corliss, C., Atomic Energy Levels of the Iron Period Elements: Potassium through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol.14, Suppl. 2, 1985. 4. References to papers in J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, in the period 1973—91 covering other elements may be found in the cumulative index to that journal. 5. Cohen, E. R. and Taylor, B. N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, 1795, 1988. 6. Martin, W.C., and Wiese, W.L., in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Handbook, Drake, G.W.F., Ed., AIP Press, New York, 1996. 7. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., and Kotochigova, S., Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for Neutral Atoms, (Web Version 1.2.2), , National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, December 2002. Neutral Atoms to +7 Ions Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Element H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr
I 13.59844 24.58741 5.39172 9.3227 8.29803 11.26030 14.53414 13.61806 17.42282 21.5646 5.13908 7.64624 5.98577 8.15169 10.48669 10.36001 12.96764 15.75962 4.34066 6.11316 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.43402 7.9024 7.8810 7.6398 7.72638 9.3942 5.99930 7.8994 9.7886 9.75238 11.81381 13.99961 4.17713 5.6949 6.2171 6.63390
II
III
IV
54.41778 75.64018 18.21116 25.15484 24.38332 29.6013 35.11730 34.97082 40.96328 47.2864 15.03528 18.82856 16.34585 19.7694 23.3379 23.814 27.62967 31.63 11.87172 12.79967 13.5755 14.66 16.4857 15.63999 16.1878 17.083 18.16884 20.29240 17.96440 20.5142 15.93462 18.633 21.19 21.8 24.35985 27.285 11.03013 12.24 13.13
122.45429 153.89661 37.93064 47.8878 47.44924 54.9355 62.7084 63.45 71.6200 80.1437 28.44765 33.49302 30.2027 34.79 39.61 40.74 45.806 50.9131 24.75666 27.4917 29.311 30.96 33.668 30.652 33.50 35.19 36.841 39.723 30.71 34.2241 28.351 30.8204 36 36.950 40 42.89 20.52 22.99
217.71865 259.37521 64.4939 77.4735 77.41353 87.1398 97.12 98.91 109.2655 119.992 45.14181 51.4439 47.222 53.4652 59.81 60.91 67.27 73.4894 43.2672 46.709 49.16 51.2 54.8 51.3 54.9 57.38 59.4 64 45.7131 50.13 42.9450 47.3 52.5 52.6 57 60.597 34.34
10-178
V
VI
VII
340.22580 392.087 97.8902 113.8990 114.2428 126.21 138.40 141.27 153.825 166.767 65.0251 72.5945 67.8 75.02 82.66 84.50 91.65 99.30 65.2817 69.46 72.4 75.0 79.5 76.06 79.8 82.6
489.99334 552.0718 138.1197 157.1651 157.93 172.18 186.76 190.49 205.27 220.421 88.0530 97.03 91.009 99.4 108.78 110.68 119.53 128.13 90.6349 95.6 99.1 102.0 108 103 108
667.046 739.29 185.186 207.2759 208.50 225.02 241.76 246.5 263.57 280.948 114.1958 124.323 117.56 127.2 138.0 140.8 150.6 160.18 119.203 124.98 128.9 133 139 134
871.4101 953.9112 239.0989 264.25 265.96 284.66 303.54 309.60 328.75 348.28 143.460 154.88 147.24 158.1 170.4 173.4 184.7 194.5 151.06 157.8 162 166 174
127.6 81.7 88.6 78.5 84.4 90.8 93.0
155.4 103.0 111.0 99.2 106 116
192.8 125.802 136 122.3 129
93.5 62.63 68.3 59.7 64.7 71.0 71.6 77.0 80.348
VIII
IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS (continued) Z 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104
Element Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf
I 6.75885 7.09243 7.28 7.36050 7.45890 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.78636 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.45126 12.1298 3.89390 5.21170 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6436 5.6704 6.1501 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.18431 6.25416 5.4259 6.82507 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9587 9.2255 10.43750 6.1082 7.41666 7.2856 8.417 10.74850 4.0727 5.2784 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.19405 6.2657 6.0262 5.9738 5.9915 6.1979 6.2817 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9 6.0
II
III
IV
V
14.32 16.16 15.26 16.76 18.08 19.43 21.49 16.90832 18.8698 14.63225 16.53051 18.6 19.1313 21.20979 23.15745 10.00390 11.060 10.85 10.55 10.73 10.90 11.07 11.241 12.09 11.52 11.67 11.80 11.93 12.05 12.1761 13.9 14.9
25.04 27.13 29.54 28.47 31.06 32.93 34.83 37.48 28.03 30.50260 25.3 27.96 33 32.1230
19.1773 20.198 21.624 22.1 22.3 23.4 24.92 20.63 21.91 22.8 22.84 22.74 23.68 25.05 20.9594 23.3
49.95 36.758 38.98 40.41 41.1 41.4 42.7 44.0 39.79 41.47 42.5 42.7 42.7 43.56 45.25 33.33
61.6 65.55 57.53
18.563 20.5 18.756 20.428 15.0322 16.69
34.2 29.83 31.9373 25.56
42.32 45.3
68.8 56.0
10.14716 12.1 11.5
20.0
28.8
VI
VII
VIII
143.6
38.3 46.4
50.55 54.49
102.057 68.8276
125 125.664
54 40.73502 44.2 37.41
72.28 56 58.75
108 70.7
137
10-179
77.6
66.8
88.3
IONIZATION POTENTIALS OF ATOMS AND ATOMIC IONS (continued) +8 Ions to +15 Ions Z 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 36 37 38 39 42
Element F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Kr Rb Sr Y Mo
IX 1103.1176 1195.8286 299.864 328.06 330.13 351.12 372.13 379.55 400.06 422.45 175.8174 188.54 180.03 192.1 205.8 209.3 221.8 233.6 186.13 193 199 203 230.85 150 162 146.2 164.12
X
1362.1995 1465.121 367.50 398.75 401.37 424.4 447.5 455.63 478.69 503.8 211.275 225.18 215.92 230.5 244.4 248.3 262.1 275.4 224.6 232 238 268.2 277.1 177 191 186.4
XI
XII
1648.702 1761.805 442.00 476.36 479.46 504.8 529.28 538.96 564.7 591.9 249.798 265.07 255.7 270.8 286.0 290.2 305 321.0 265.3 274 308
1962.6650 2085.98 523.42 560.8 564.44 591.99 618.26 629.4 657.2 687.36 291.500 308.1 298.0 314.4 330.8 336 352 369 310.8 350
324.1 206 209.3
374.0 230.28
XIII
2304.1410 2437.63 611.74 652.2 656.71 686.10 714.6 726.6 756.7 787.84 336.277 354.8 343.6 361.0 379 384 401 419.7 391
279.1
XIV
XV
2673.182 2816.91 707.01 749.76 755.74 786.6 817.6 830.8 863.1 896.0 384.168 403.0 392.2 411 430 435 454 447
3069.842 3223.78 809.40 854.77 861.1 894.5 927.5 941.9 976 1010.6 435.163 457 444 464 484 490 492
302.60
544.0
XVI
3494.1892 3658.521 918.03 968 974 1009 1044 1060 1097 1134.7 489.256 511.96 499 520 542 541
570
+16 Ions to +23 Ions Z 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 36 42
Element
XVII
XVIII
XIX
Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Kr Mo
3946.2960 4120.8857 1033.4 1087 1094 1131 1168 1185 1224 1266 546.58 571.08 557 579 592 636
4426.2296 4610.8 1157.8 1213 1221 1260 1299 1317 1358 1397.2 607.06 633 619 641 702
4934.046 5128.8 1287.97 1346 1355 1396 1437 1456 1504.6 1541 670.588 698 786 767
XX
5469.864 5674.8 1425.4 1486 1496 1539 1582 1603 1648 1697 738 833 833
XXI
6033.712 6249.0 1569.6 1634 1644 1689 1735 1756 1804 1856 884 902
XXII
XXIII
6625.82 6851.3 1721.4 1788 1799 1846 1894 1916 937 968
XXIV
7246.12 7481.7 1879.9 1950 1962 2011 2060
7894.81 8140.6 2023 2119 2131 2182
998 1020
1051 1082
+24 Ions to +29 Ions Z 25 26 27 28 29 36 42
Element Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Kr Mo
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
8571.94 8828 2219.0 2295 2308 1151 1263
9277.69 9544.1 2399.2 2478 1205.3 1323
10012.12 10288.8 2587.5 2928 1387
10775.40 11062.38 3070 1449
11567.617 3227 1535
3381 1601
10-180
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES Sharon G. Lias This table presents values for the first ionization energies (IP) of approximately 1000 molecules and atoms. Substances are listed by molecular formula in the modified Hill order (see introduction). Values enclosed in parentheses are considered not to be well established. Data appearing in the 1988 reference, were updated in 1996 for inclusion in the database of ionization energies available at the Internet site of the Standard Reference Data program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (http://webbook.nist.gov). The list appearing here includes these updates. The list also includes values for enthalpies of formation of the ions at 298 K, ∆fHion, given according to the ion convention used by mass spectrometrists; to convert these values to the electron convention used by thermodynamicists, add 6 kJ/mol. Details on the calculation of ∆fHion as well as data for a much larger number of molecules, may be found in the reference and on the Internet site. REFERENCE Lias, S.G., Bartmess, J.E., Liebman, J.F., Holmes, J.L., Levin, R.D., and Mallard, W.G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. No. 1, 1988.
Mol. Form.
Name
IP/eV
∆f Hion kJ/mol
Substances not containing carbon Ac Ag AgCl AgF Al AlBr AlBr3 AlCl AlCl3 AlF AlF3 AlI AlI3 Am Ar As AsCl3 AsF3 AsH3 Au B BBr3 BCl3 BF BF3 BH BH3 BI3 BO2 B2H6 B2O3 B4H10 B5H9 B6H10 Ba BaO Be BeO Bi BiCl3 Bk
Actinium Silver Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Aluminum Aluminum monobromide Aluminum tribromide Aluminum monochloride Aluminum trichloride Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum trifluoride Aluminum monoiodide Aluminum triiodide Americium Argon Arsenic Arsenic(III) chloride Arsenic(III) fluoride Arsine Gold Boron Boron tribromide Boron trichloride Fluoroborane Difluoroborane Boron trifluoride Boron monohydride Borane Boron triiodide Boron dioxide Diborane Boron oxide Tetraborane Pentaborane(9) Hexaborane Barium Barium oxide Beryllium Beryllium oxide Bismuth Bismuth trichloride Berkelium
5.17 7.57624 (≤ 10.08) (11.0 ± 0.3) 5.98577 (9.3) (10.4) 9.4 (12.01) 9.73 ± 0.01 ≤ 15.45 9.3 ± 0.3 (9.1) 5.9738 ± 0.0002 15.75962 9.8152 (10.55 ± 0.025) (12.84 ± 0.05) (9.89) 9.22567 8.29803 (10.51) 11.60 ± 0.02 11.12 ± 0.01 (9.4) 15.7 ± 0.3 (9.77) 12.026 ± 0.024 (9.25 ± 0.03) (13.5 ± 0.3) 11.38 ± 0.05 13.5 ± 0.15 10.76 ± 0.04 9.90 ± 0.04 (9.0) 5.21170 6.91 ± 0.06 9.32263 (10.1 ± 0.4) 7.2855 (10.4) 6.23
10-181
905 1016 ≤ 1065 1071 905 913 593 855 573 673 ≤ 282 965 673 860 1521 1250 754 452 1021 1254 1363 809 718 957 317 365 1385 1261 964 1001 1134 460 1105 1028 965 683 543 1224 1111 908 736 911
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. Br BrCl BrF BrF5 BrH BrH3Si BrI BrK BrLi BrNO BrNa BrO BrRb BrTl Br2 Br2Hg Br2Sn Br3Ga Br3P Br4Hf Br4Sn Br4Ti Br4Zr Ca CaCl CaO Cd Ce Cf Cl ClCs ClF ClFO3 ClF2 ClF3 ClF5S ClH ClHO ClH3Si ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClNO ClNO2 ClNa ClO ClO2 ClRb ClTl Cl2 Cl2CrO2 Cl2Ge Cl2H2Si Cl2Hg Cl2O Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2Pb Cl2S
Name
IP/eV
Bromine (atomic) Bromine chloride Bromine fluoride Bromine pentafluoride Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane Iodine bromide Potassium bromide Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide Sodium bromide Bromine monoxide Rubidium bromide Thallium(I) bromide Bromine Mercury(II) bromide Tin(II) bromide Gallium(III) bromide Phosphorus(III) bromide Hafnium(IV) bromide Tin(IV) bromide Titanium(IV) bromide Zirconium(IV) bromide Calcium Calcium monochloride Calcium oxide Cadmium Cerium Californium Chlorine (atomic) Cesium chloride Chlorine fluoride Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine difluoride Chlorine trifluoride Sulfur chloride pentafluoride Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Chlorosilane Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitrosyl chloride Nitryl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine monoxide Chlorine dioxide Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Chlorine Chromyl chloride Germanium(II) chloride Dichlorosilane Mercury(II) chloride Chlorine oxide Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Lead(II) chloride Sulfur dichloride
11.81381 11.01 11.86 13.172 ± 0.002 11.66 ± 0.03 10.6 9.790 ± 0.004 7.85 ± 0.1 (8.7) 10.17 ± 0.03 8.31 ± 0.1 10.46 ± 0.02 7.94 ± 0.03 9.14 ± 0.02 10.516 ± 0.005 10.560 ± 0.003 9.0 10.40 9.7 (10.9) 10.6 10.3 (10.7) 6.11316 5.86 ± 0.07 6.66 ± 0.18 8.99367 5.5387 6.30 12.96764 (7.84 ± 0.05) 12.66 ± 0.01 (12.945 ± 0.005) (12.77 ± 0.05) (12.65 ± 0.05) (12.335 ± 0.005) 12.749 ± 0.009 (11.12 ± 0.01) 11.4 10.088 ± 0.01 (9.51) (8.0 ± 0.4) 9.57 10.87 ± 0.01 (11.84) 8.92 ± 0.06 10.95 10.33 ± 0.02 (8.50 ± 0.03) 9.70 ± 0.03 11.480 ± 0.005 11.6 (10.20 ± 0.05) 11.4 11.380 ± 0.003 10.94 10.96 12.05 (10.2) 9.45 ± 0.03
10-182
∆f Hion kJ/mol 1252 1079 1086 840 1087 943 986 578 685 1065 660 1135 583 844 1046 935 839 711 798 366 709 375 388 768 462 668 980 957 805 1373 510 1171 1224 1128 1057 144 1137 993 899 991 842 557 727 1099 1155 681 1159 1093 590 869 1108 580 813 765 952 1135 844 807 791 895
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. Cl2Si Cl2Sn Cl3Ga Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3OV Cl3P Cl3PS Cl3Sb Cl4Ge Cl4Hf Cl4Si Cl4Sn Cl4Ti Cl4V Cl4Zr Cl5Mo Cl5Nb Cl5P Cl5Ta Cl6W Cm Co Cr Cs CsF CsNa Cu CuF Dy Er Es Eu F FGa FH FHO FH3Si FI FIn FNO FNO2 FNS FO FO2 FS FTl F2 F2Ge F2HN F2H2Si F2Mg F2N F2N2 F2O F2OS F2O2S F2Pb F2S
Name
IP/eV
Dichlorosilylene Tin(II) chloride Gallium(III) chloride Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Vanadyl trichloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trichloride Antimony(III) chloride Germanium(IV) chloride Hafnium(IV) chloride Tetrachlorosilane Tin(IV) chloride Titanium(IV) chloride Vanadium(IV) chloride Zirconium(IV) chloride Molybdenum(V) chloride Niobium(V) chloride Phosphorus(V) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride Tungsten(VI) chloride Curium Cobalt Chromium Cesium Cesium fluoride Cesium sodium Copper Copper(I) fluoride Dysprosium Erbium Einsteinium Europium Fluorine (atomic) Gallium monofluoride Hydrogen fluoride Hypofluorous acid Fluorosilane Iodine fluoride Indium monofluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine monoxide Fluorine superoxide (FOO) Sulfur fluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Fluorine Germanium(II) fluoride Difluoramine Difluorosilane Magnesium fluoride Difluoroamidogen trans-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Sulfuryl fluoride Lead(II) fluoride Sulfur difluoride
10-183
(10.93 ± 0.10) (10.0) 11.52 (11.7) (10.12 ± 0.1) 11.36 ± 0.02 (11.6) 9.91 9.71 ± 0.03 (≤ 10.7) 11.68 ± 0.05 (11.7) 11.79 ± 0.01 11.7 ± 0.2 (11.5) (9.2) (11.2) (8.7) (10.97) (10.2) (11.08) (9.5) 6.02 7.8810 6.76664 3.89390 (8.80 ± 0.10) (4.05 ± 0.04) 7.72638 10.15 ± 0.02 5.9389 6.1078 6.42 5.6704 17.42282 (9.6 ± 0.5) 16.044 ± 0.003 12.71 ± 0.01 11.7 10.54 ± 0.01 (9.6 ± 0.5) 12.63 ± 0.03 (13.09) 11.51 ± 0.04 12.78 ± 0.03 (12.6 ± 0.2) 10.09 10.52 15.697 ± 0.003 (≤ 11.65) (11.53 ± 0.08) (12.2) (13.6 ± 0.3) 11.628 ± 0.01 (12.8) 13.11 ± 0.01 12.25 13.04 ± 0.01 (11.5) (10.08)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 887 760 664 648 1244 540 425 668 573 s719 629 246 527 656 349 361 210 392 356 608 303 348 966 1187 1050 452 489 535 1084 984 862 907 753 723 1761 700 1276 1130 752 922 740 1152 1154 1090 1342 1228 986 835 1515 551 1046 386 588 1155 1315 1290 688 501 679 676
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. F2Si F2Sn F2Xe F3HSi F3N F3NO F3OP F3P F3PS F3Si F4Ge F4N2 F4S F4Si F4Xe F5I F5P F5S F6Mo F6S F6U Fe Fm Ga GaI3 Gd Ge GeH4 GeI4 GeO GeS H HI HLi HN HNO HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HO HO2 HS H2 H2N H2O H2O2 H2S H2Se H2Si H3N H3NO H3P H3Sb H4N2 H4Si H4Sn H6Si2 H8Si3 He Hf
Name
IP/eV
Difluorosilylene Tin(II) fluoride Xenon difluoride Trifluorosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Trifluorosilyl Germanium(IV) fluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine Sulfur tetrafluoride Tetrafluorosilane Xenon tetrafluoride Iodine pentafluoride Phosphorus(V) fluoride Sulfur pentafluoride Molybdenum(VI) fluoride Sulfur hexafluoride Uranium(VI) fluoride Iron Fermium Gallium Gallium(III) iodide Gadolinium Germanium Germane Germanium(IV) iodide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Hydrogen (atomic) Hydrogen iodide Lithium hydride Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Hydroxyl Hydroperoxy Mercapto Hydrogen Amidogen Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen selenide Silylene Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphine Stibine Hydrazine Silane Stannane Disilane Trisilane Helium Hafnium
10-184
10.78 ± 0.05 (11.1) 12.35 ± 0.01 (14.0) 13.00 ± 0.02 13.31 ± 0.06 12.76 ± 0.01 11.60 ± 0.05 ≤ 11.05 ± 0.035 (9.99) (15.5) 11.94 ± 0.03 12.0 ± 0.3 15.24 ± 0.14 12.65 ± 0.1 12.943 ± 0.005 (15.1) 9.60 ± 0.05 (14.5 ± 0.1) 15.32 ± 0.02 14.00 ± 0.10 7.9024 6.50 5.99930 9.40 6.1500 7.900 ≤ 10.53 (9.42) 11.25 ± 0.01 (9.98) 13.59844 10.386 ± 0.001 7.7 ≤ 13.49 ± 0.01 (10.1) ≤ 11.3 11.95 ± 0.01 10.72 ± 0.025 13.0170 ± 0.0002 11.35 ± 0.01 10.4219 ± 0.0004 15.42593 ± 0.00005 11.14 ± 0.01 12.6206 ± 0.0020 10.58 ± 0.04 10.457 ± 0.012 9.892 ± 0.005 8.244 ± 0.025 10.070 ± 0.020 (10.00) 9.869 ± 0.002 9.54 ± 0.03 8.1 ± 0.15 11.00 ± 0.02 (10.75) 9.74 ± 0.02 (9.2) 24.58741 6.82507 ± 0.00004
∆f Hion kJ/mol 450 586 1083 150 1125 1121 -24 161 ≤ 58 - 32 307 1119 399 -144 1016 408 -137 10 -159 258 -796 1177 627 851 765 991 1139 ≤ 1108 850 1044 1055 1530 1028 882 1678 1075 ≤ 1011 1019 1328 1294 1106 1145 1488 1264 976 885 989 984 1084 925 923 958 1067 877 1095 1200 1019 1009 2372 1278
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. Hg HgI2 Ho I IK ILi INa ITl I2 I4Ti I4Zr In Ir K KLi KNa K2 Kr La Li LiNa LiO LiRb Li2 Lu Md Mg MgO Mn Mo N NO NO2 NP NS N2 N2O N2O4 N2O5 Na NaRb Na2 Nb Nd Ne Ni No Np O OPb OS OS2 OSi OSn OSr O2 O2S O2Th O2Ti O2U
Name
IP/eV
Mercury Mercury(II) iodide Holmium Iodine (atomic) Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Iodine Titanium(IV) iodide Zirconium(IV) iodide Indium Iridium Potassium Lithium potassium Potassium sodium Dipotassium Krypton Lanthanum Lithium Lithium sodium Lithium monoxide Lithium rubidium Dilithium Lutetium Mendelevium Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Molybdenum Nitrogen (atomic) Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen sulfide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen pentoxide Sodium Rubidium sodium Disodium Niobium Neodymium Neon Nickel Nobelium Neptunium Oxygen (atomic) Lead(II) oxide Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Thorium(IV) oxide Titanium(IV) oxide Uranium(IV) oxide
10.43750 9.5088 ± 0.0022 6.0216 10.45126 (7.21 ± 0.3) (7.5) 7.64 ± 0.02 8.47 ± 0.02 9.3074 ± 0.0002 (9.1) (9.3) 5.78636 9.1 4.34066 4.57 ± 0.04 4.41636 ± 0.00017 4.0637 ± 0.0002 13.99961 5.5770 5.39172 5.05 ± 0.04 (8.44) 4.3 ± 0.1 5.1127 ± 0.0003 5.42585 6.58 7.64624 (8.76 ± 0.22) 7.43402 7.09243 14.53414 9.26438 ± 0.00005 9.586 ± 0.002 11.84 ± 0.04 8.87 ± 0.01 15.5808 12.886 (10.8) (11.9) 5.13908 4.32 ± 0.04 4.894 ± 0.003 6.75885 5.5250 21.56454 7.6398 6.65 6.2657 ± 0.0003 13.61806 9.08 ± 0.10 10.294 ± 0.004 10.584 ± 0.005 11.49 ± 0.20 9.60 ± 0.02 6.6 ± 0.2 12.0697 ± 0.0002 12.349 ± 0.001 (8.7 ± 0.15) (9.54 ± 0.1) (5.4 ± 0.1)
10-185
∆f Hion kJ/mol 1069 900 882 1115 570 633 659 826 960 602 500 802 1543 508 512 561 519 1351 969 680 571 894 486 709 950 635 885 901 998 1343 1875 985 958 1247 1119 1503 1325 1050 1161 603 480 614 1384 859 2081 1167 642 1069 1563 939 998 971 1008 944 623 1165 894 342 623 57
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. O3 O3S O3U O4Os O4Ru O7Re2 Os P P2 Pa Pb PbS Pd Pm Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S SSn S2 Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr
Name
IP/eV
Ozone Sulfur trioxide Uranium(VI) oxide Osmium(VIII) oxide Ruthenium(VIII) oxide Rhenium(VII) oxide Osmium Phosphorus Diphosphorus Protactinium Lead Lead(II) sulfide Palladium Promethium Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulfur Tin(II) sulfide Disulfur Antimony Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium
∆f Hion kJ/mol
12.43 12.82 ± 0.03 (10.5 ± 0.5) (12.32) 12.15 ± 0.03 (12.7 ± 0.2) 8.7 10.48669 10.53 5.89 7.41666 (8.5 ± 0.5) 8.3367 5.55 5.464 9.0 6.025 5.27892 4.17713 7.88 7.45890 10.74850 7.36050 10.36001 (8.8) 9.356 ± 0.002 8.64 6.56144 9.75238 8.15169 5.6437 7.34381 5.69484 7.89 5.8639 7.28 9.0096 6.308 ± 0.003 6.8282 6.10829 6.18431 6.19405 6.746 ± 0.002 7.98 12.12987 6.217 6.25416 9.39405 6.63390
1342 841 214 850 988 125 1630 1328 1160 1133 911 954 1181 536 883 1433 926 668 484 1530 1276 1037 1355 1277 966 1031 1096 1010 1168 1238 751 1011 713 1544 955 1380 1066 1207 1127 771 827 1129 1166 1621 1170 1022 754 1037 1251
11.26030 (11.21) (10.6) (11.40) 11.03 ± 0.04 (10.31 ± 0.02) (8.9 ± 0.2) 12.6 ± 0.2
1803 642 980 451 683 1079 1244 505
Substances containing carbon C CBrClF2 CBrCl3 CBrF3 CBr2F2 CBr4 CCl CClF3
Carbon Bromochlorodifluoromethane Bromotrichloromethane Bromotrifluoromethane Dibromodifluoromethane Tetrabromomethane Chloromethylidyne Chlorotrifluoromethane
10-186
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
CClN CCl2 CCl2F2 CCl2O CCl3F CCl4 CF CFN CF2 CF2O CF3 CF3I CH CHBrCl2 CHBr2Cl CHBr3 CHCl CHClF2 CHCl2F CHCl3 CHF CHF3 CHI3 CHN CHN CHNO CHNO CHO CH2 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3N3 CH3O CH4 CH4N2O CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CH6Si CN CNO CO
Cyanogen chloride Dichloromethylene Dichlorodifluoromethane Carbonyl chloride Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Fluoromethylidyne Cyanogen fluoride Difluoromethylene Carbonyl fluoride Trifluoromethyl Trifluoroiodomethane Methylidyne Bromodichloromethane Chlorodibromomethane Tribromomethane Chloromethylene Chlorodifluoromethane Dichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Fluoromethylene Trifluoromethane Triiodomethane Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen isocyanide Isocyanic acid Fulminic acid Oxomethyl (HCO) Methylene Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Methyl Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl azide Methoxy Methane Urea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Methylsilane Cyanide Cyanate Carbon monoxide
IP/eV 12.34 ± 0.01 (9.27) 12.05 ± 0.24 (11.5) 11.77 ± 0.02 11.47 ± 0.01 9.11 ± 0.01 13.34 ± 0.02 11.44 ± 0.03 13.035 ± 0.030 8.7 ± 0.2 10.23 10.64 ± 0.01 10.6 10.59 ± 0.01 10.48 ± 0.02 9.84 (12.2) (11.5) 11.37 ± 0.02 10.06 ± 0.05 (13.86) 9.25 ± 0.02 13.60 ± 0.01 (12.5 ± 0.1) 11.595 ± 0.005 (10.83) (8.55) 10.396 ± 0.003 10.77 ± 0.01 (10.50 ± 0.02) 11.71 ± 0.01 11.32 ± .01 12.71 9.46 ± 0.02 8.999 ± 0.001 (10.4) 10.88 ± 0.01 11.33 ± 0.01 9.843 ± 0.002 11.14 ± 0.02 10.541 ± 0.003 11.22 ± 0.01 (11.36 ± 0.03) 12.47 ± 0.02 9.538 10.16 ± 0.06 11.08 ± 0.07 9.81 ± 0.02 (10.72) 12.61 ± 0.01 9.7 10.85 ± 0.01 9.44 ± 0.005 (8.80) 7.7 ± 0.15 (10.7) 13.5984 11.76 ± 0.01 14.014 ± 0.0003
10-187
∆f Hion kJ/mol 1329 1058 685 888 868 1010 1134 1325 899 617 379 397 1622 973 1030 1035 1247 693 829 992 1121 643 1010 1447 1407 1016 1263 826 1392 1085 1013 870 996 774 1030 1098 1137 941 715 1095 962 979 1001 548 956 936 796 994 1227 1050 1143 690 845 888 826 835 1003 1748 1290 1242
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. COS COSe CO2 CS CS2 C2 C2Br2F4 C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4O C2Cl6 C2F3N C2F4 C2F6 C2H C2HBr C2HBrClF3 C2HCl C2HClF2 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3 C2HF3O2 C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H2S2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3ClO C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4Br2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2
Name
IP/eV
Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon dioxide Carbon sulfide Carbon disulfide Dicarbon 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chloropentafluoroethane Dichloroacetylene 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,1,1-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Trichloroacetyl chloride Hexachloroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene Hexafluoroethane Ethynyl Bromoacetylene 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chloroacetylene 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene Trichloroethylene Dichloroacetyl chloride Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethylene Trifluoroacetic acid Acetylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethylene cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene Ketene Glyoxal Thiirene Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetic acid 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethylene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Acetonitrile Methylisocyanate Ethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane
10-188
11.18 ± 0.01 10.36 ± 0.01 13.773 ± 0.002 11.33 ± 0.01 10.0685 ± 0.0020 (11.4 ± 0.3) (11.1) 9.81 ± 0.03 (12.6) 9.9 12.2 11.5 11.99 ± 0.02 9.326 ± 0.001 (11.3) (11.0) (11.1) 13.93 ± 0.07 10.12 ± 0.02 (13.6) (11.61 ± 0.07) 10.31 ± 0.02 (11.0) 10.58 ± 0.02 9.80 ± 0.04 9.46 ± 0.02 (10.9) (11.0) 11.26 10.14 11.46 11.400 ± 0.002 9.81 ± 0.04 9.66 ± 0.01 9.64 ± 0.02 (≤ 10.3) (11.1) (≤ 11.62) 10.29 ± 0.01 10.23 ± 0.02 9.617 ± 0.003 10.2 8.61 9.83 ± 0.02 9.99 ± 0.02 (11.98) 10.82 ± 0.04 (10.48) (10.7) (11.0) (11.0) 10.36 ± 0.01 (11.5) 13.3 ± 0.5 12.20 ± 0.01 (10.67) 10.5138 ± 0.0006 10.35 ± 0.04 11.04 ± 0.02 11.04 ± 0.02
∆f Hion kJ/mol 936 929 935 1361 1089 2000 280 373 99 1165 252 386 429 887 563 827 920 845 315 -30 1685 1242 363 1276 628 894 809 919 1195 489 75 1328 949 936 934 815 920 ≤ 971 650 690 880 773 892 1028 985 626 801 815 597 917 911 861 667 536 1253 900 1067 961 935 931
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3F6 C3F6O C3F8 C3HN C3H2O C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5F C3H5N C3H5NO C3H6 C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2
Name
IP/eV
1,1-Difluoroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen Perfluoropropene Perfluoroacetone Perfluoropropane Cyanoacetylene 2-Propynal 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 2-Propenenitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Allene Propyne Cyclopropene Imidazole Propargyl alcohol Acrolein Cyclopropanone Propenoic acid 2-Oxetanone 3-Bromopropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Methyl chloroacetate 3-Fluoropropene Propanenitrile Acrylamide Propene Cyclopropane 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane
(11.87) 10.229 ± 0.0007 10.56 ± 0.01 10.65 ± 0.02 10.835 ± 0.005 10.29 ± 0.01 10.98 ± 0.02 (10.5) (11.78) 9.3492 ± 0.0006 (9.5 ± 0.3) 9.65 ± 0.03 9.83 ± 0.04 10.88 ± 0.05 11.56 ± 0.02 (10.7) 10.43 ± 0.05 10.025 ± 0.025 9.10 ± 0.03 10.16 9.31 ± 0.03 8.69 ± 0.02 (7.4 ± 0.3) 8.86 ± 0.02 8.24 ± 0.08 8.96 (8.6) 7.29 ± 0.05 13.37 ± 0.01 10.60 ± 0.03 (11.57 ± 0.13) (13.38) 11.64 ± 0.01 (10.7 ± 0.1) (10.9) 10.91 ± 0.01 (9.9) (9.93) 9.692 ± 0.004 10.37 ± 0.01 9.67 ± 0.01 (8.81) 10.49 ± 0.02 10.103 ± 0.006 (9.1 ± 0.1) 10.60 (9.70 ± 0.01) (9.96) 10.04 ± 0.01 (10.64) (10.3) (10.11) 11.84 ± 0.02 (9.5) 9.73 ± 0.02 9.86 (10.1) (≤ 10.2) 10.8 ± 0.1 10.89 ± 0.04
10-189
∆f Hion kJ/mol 643 821 966 595 690 931 947 756 873 893 1044 693 760 948 1031 576 772 783 727 593 851 801 690 808 777 664 812 787 1597 -103 -282 -491 1475 1145 437 1237 940 1038 1126 1187 1209 997 1060 900 895 701 653 1008 965 919 575 821 1194 720 959 1005 903 ≤ 919 886 892
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C4H2O3 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4O3 C4H4O4 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O
Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Fluoropropane 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine Propyleneimine N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether Dimethoxymethane 1-Propanethiol 2-Propanethiol Ethyl methyl sulfide Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol Maleic anhydride 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Succinic anhydride Fumaric acid Thiophene Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Cyclopropanecarbonitrile 1,2-Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene 1-Butyne 2-Butyne Cyclobutene Divinyl ether trans-2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal
IP/eV 9.67 ± 0.05 8.95 ± 0.01 9.96 ± 0.01 9.703 ± 0.006 (10.22) 9.65 ± 0.01 10.525 ± 0.003 10.61 ± 0.01 10.25 ± 0.02 (9.9) (10.3) 10.18 ± 0.01 10.10 ± 0.03 10.81 ± 0.01 10.79 ± 0.02 (11.3) (11.08) 9.25 ± 0.01 9.19 ± 0.02 (8.76) (8.8) (9.0) (9.12) (10.81) (10.71) 10.95 ± 0.05 10.18 ± 0.06 10.17 ± 0.02 9.72 ± 0.07 9.7 9.20 ± 0.01 9.145 ± 0.005 (8.55) (10.0) (10.15) (8.78) (8.72) 7.82 ± 0.06 (9.0) (10.8) 9.58 ± 0.02 (12.1 ± 0.25) 9.23 8.67 ± 0.03 8.883 ± 0.003 (9.6 ± 0.02) (10.6) (10.7) 8.86 ± 0.02 10.34 8.207 ± 0.005 (10.25) (9.03) 9.082 ± 0.004 10.19 ± 0.02 9.59 ± 0.03 9.43 ± 0.02 (8.7) 9.73 ± 0.01 (9.92)
10-190
∆f Hion kJ/mol 808 763 772 719 892 851 568 639 579 658 528 898 877 911 896 806 776 860 845 891 926 960 688 919 894 952 727 709 722 588 819 806 765 65 624 777 758 731 651 645 1230 1377 1087 1112 822 736 500 355 970 1127 900 1173 1034 986 1148 1071 1067 827 835 834
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O4 C4H6S C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Br2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2
Name
IP/eV
Cyclobutanone cis-Crotonic acid trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Acetic anhydride Dimethyl oxalate 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Cyclobutane Methylcyclopropane 1,4-Dibromobutane Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 1,3-Dioxane 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Tetrahydrothiophene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane 2-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Butane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether Isopropyl methyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether
10-191
(9.35 (10.08) (9.9) (10.15) 9.19 ± 0.05 (9.9) (10.0) (10.0) (8.4) (11.2) (11.3) (9.2) 9.55 ± 0.06 9.11 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 9.239 ± 0.003 (9.82 ± 0.05) (9.46) (10.15) (8.98) (≤ 10.15) 9.84 ± 0.02 9.71 ± 0.01 9.52 ± 0.04 9.38 ± 0.05 10.17 ± 0.05 10.33 ± 0.03 10.52 ± 0.02 10.01 ± 0.05 10.15 ± 0.03 9.8 9.19 ± 0.01 (9.8) 8.38 (10.12) 10.01 ± 0.02 10.09 ± 0.02 9.92 ± 0.03 10.67 ± 0.03 10.53 10.73 ± 0.07 (10.61) 9.23 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.02 9.19 ± 0.01 (9.02) (8.0) 8.81 ± 0.03 (8.2) 10.53 ± 0.10 (10.57) 9.99 ± 0.05 9.88 ± 0.03 10.02 ± 0.04 9.90 ± 0.02 9.51 ± 0.03 9.41 ± 0.07 9.45 ± 0.04 (9.6) (9.3)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 815 625 604 611 572 641 398 287 898 1110 1115 674 921 871 866 875 976 936 879 709 862 742 721 678 721 509 516 555 522 548 607 571 577 774 869 845 861 823 875 857 877 842 840 815 824 798 769 616 841 890 886 689 658 683 642 666 670 661 529 558
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H12Si C4H12Sn C4NiO4 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6S C5H6S C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2
Name
IP/eV 9.14 ± 0.01 (9.10) (9.12) (9.03) (8.43) (8.8) (8.7) (8.27) 8.7 ± 0.1 8.46 ± 0.1 8.46 ± 0.1 8.50 ± 0.1 7.85 ± 0.1 9.80 ± 0.04 8.89 ± 0.05 8.27 ± 0.04 9.22 ± 0.01 9.25 9.00 ± 0.01 9.14 ± 0.04 9.05 ± 0.01 9.25 ± 0.02 8.55 ± 0.02 8.38 ± 0.02 (8.64) (8.14) (8.40) 8.63 ± 0.03 8.59 ± 0.02 9.60 ± 0.02 8.84 ± 0.01 10.10 ± 0.01 9.01 ± 0.01 (9.26) (≤ 9.46) 9.26 ± 0.01 8.35 ± 0.01 (≤ 10.3) (9.7) 8.85 ± 0.01 (≤ 9.17) 9.51 ± 0.01 9.01 ± 0.03 9.04 ± 0.01 9.12 ± 0.01 9.52 ± 0.01 8.69 ± 0.01 (10.33 ± 0.15) 9.51 ± 0.01 (9.72) 9.74 ± 0.04 9.38 ± 0.01 9.31 ± 0.01 9.30 ± 0.01 9.25 ± 0.01 (≤ 10.53) (≤ 10.51) 10.52 ± 0.02 (≤ 9.92) 9.99 ± 0.03
1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Methyl propyl sulfide Isopropyl methyl sulfide Diethyl disulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane Nickel carbonyl Furfural Pyridine 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,4-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene Spiropentane Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 2,2-Dimethylpropanal Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate
10-192
∆f Hion kJ/mol 794 781 783 762 730 767 749 724 748 711 695 721 684 713 837 200 739 1031 1119 1137 1128 1152 955 729 763 867 893 914 905 1032 928 1119 905 1078 796 701 681 617 589 469 ≤ 676 896 843 841 844 891 796 918 675 695 709 646 640 635 670 ≤ 527 ≤ 499 584 501 482
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11I C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12S C5H12S C5H12S C6BrF5 C6ClF5 C6Cl6 C6F6 C6F12 C6HF5 C6HF5O C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6N2O2
Name
IP/eV
Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate Thiacyclohexane 1-Bromopentane 1-Iodopentane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol Butyl methyl ether Methyl tert-butyl ether Ethyl propyl ether tert-Butyl methyl sulfide Ethyl propyl sulfide Ethyl isopropyl sulfide Bromopentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene Hexafluorobenzene Perfluorocyclohexane Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene p-Benzoquinone Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene m-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene o-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Benzene Fulvene o-Chloroaniline m-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline o-Nitroaniline
(10.00) (10.07) (8.2) 10.10 ± 0.01 9.20 ± 0.01 8.03 ± 0.11 ≤ 8.41 ± 0.02 10.28 ± 0.10 10.32 ± 0.05 (≤ 10.2) (10.00) (9.78) 9.78 (9.86) (9.8) (9.88 ± 0.13) (9.4 ± 0.1) (9.24) (9.45) (8.38) (8.50) (8.35) (9.67) (9.72) (8.98) 9.89 ± 0.04 (13.2) (9.63) (9.20) (9.53) (9.53) (9.35) (9.04) 9.32 ± 0.02 (9.92 ± 0.1) (9.96 ± 0.1) 9.06 ± 0.02 9.10 ± 0.02 8.92 ± 0.02 (9.90) 9.29 ± 0.01 9.33 ± 0.01 9.1589 ± 0.0003 10.01 ± 0.06 9.00 ± 0.02 9.07 ± 0.02 8.655 ± 0.001 (≤ 8.69) 9.20 ± 0.01 8.685 9.86 ± 0.02 (9.1) (9.0) (9.1) 9.24378 ± 0.00007 (8.36) (8.50) (8.09) (≤ 8.18) (8.27)
10-193
∆f Hion kJ/mol 500 520 728 846 817 726 ≤ 809 845 843 ≤ 818 668 630 628 649 615 637 648 608 640 687 716 689 222 126 822 8 -1095 122 -71 284 263 254 880 899 995 999 907 906 885 826 602 591 577 844 971 930 680 ≤ 692 772 1003 1019 782 755 761 975 1031 883 835 ≤ 844 861
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O4 C6H11NO C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13I C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2
Name
IP/eV
m-Nitroaniline p-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine o-Phenylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine p-Phenylenediamine 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Diethyl oxalate Caprolactam 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene trans-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 2-Methyl-2-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Hexanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 3-Methyl-2-pentanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 2-Methyl-3-pentanone 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate 1-Iodohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether Methyl pentyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane
10-194
(8.31) (8.34) 8.49 ± 0.02 7.94 ± 0.01 (8.32) 7.720 ± 0.002 (9.02) (9.04) (9.04) (7.2) (7.14) (6.87 ± 0.05) 9.27 ± 0.05 10.03 ± 0.05 9.90 ± 0.04 8.945 ± 0.01 9.14 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 (9.8) (9.07 ± 0.02) 9.44 ± 0.04 (8.97 ± 0.01) (8.97 ± 0.01) (9.08 ± 0.01) 9.45 ± 0.01 (8.58) 8.98 ± 0.01 (8.97 ± 0.01) (9.06 ± 0.02) (9.07 ± 0.01) 8.27 ± 0.01 9.86 ± 0.03 (9.85) 9.72 ± 0.05 9.3 ± 0.1 9.12 ± 0.02 9.21 ± 0.01 9.30 ± 0.01 9.10 ± 0.01 9.12 ± 0.02 (9.75) ≤ 10.12 (9.92 ± .05) 9.90 (9.90 ± 0.04) 9.179 (8.86) 10.13 (10.12) (10.08) (10.06) (10.02) (9.89) (9.80 ± 0.03) (9.63 ± 0.03) (9.27) 9.20 ± 0.05 (9.36) (≤ 9.67) (9.2)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 865 859 723 503 915 832 970 979 976 787 777 759 978 1089 1060 859 656 694 205 629 869 818 814 817 862 761 809 804 818 812 729 828 845 691 626 600 600 609 592 589 651 ≤ 463 471 453 466 794 750 810 802 801 787 791 639 611 599 602 569 610 ≤ 657 434
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H14O3 C6H14S C6H14S C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C7H3F5 C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10O C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H16 C7H16O
Name
IP/eV
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipropyl sulfide Diisopropyl sulfide Hexylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene Benzoyl chloride (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid p-Bromotoluene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene Benzamide o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine Dicyclopropyl ketone 1-Heptene trans-3-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 1-Heptanal 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 1-Methylcyclohexanol Heptane 1-Heptanol
10-195
≤ 9.8 8.30 ± 0.02 (8.2 ± 0.2) (8.63 ± 0.05) (7.84 ± 0.02) (7.73 ± 0.03) (7.50 ± 0.02) (7.9) (9.4) (9.53) (≤ 9.60) 9.685 ± 0.005 9.70 ± 0.01 9.49 ± 0.02 (9.3) 8.67 ± 0.02 (8.7 ± 0.1) (8.83) (8.69) 9.10 ± 0.02 8.91 ± 0.01 8.91 ± 0.01 8.79 ± 0.01 (9.25) 9.24 9.45 ± 0.1 9.46 ± 0.05 8.8276 ± 0.0006 (8.24) 8.29 ± 0.07 (8.3) (8.3) 8.22 ± 0.03 (8.64) (7.44 ± 0.02) (7.50 ± 0.02) (7.24 ± 0.02) 7.34 ± 0.04 (8.85 ± 0.02) (8.85 ± 0.03) (≤ 8.80 ± 0.05) 8.86 ± 0.03 (≤ 9.15) (≤ 9.25) (9.1) 9.34 ± 0.10 (8.92) 9.97 9.64 (9.92 ± 0.05) 9.7 ± 0.2 (9.65) 9.28 ± 0.10 9.18 ± 0.08 9.10 ± 0.06 (9.28) 8.95 ± 0.01 (9.8 ± 0.2) 9.93 ± 0.10 (9.84)
∆f Hion kJ/mol ≤ 448 676 649 699 641 602 631 206 64 815 ≤ 914 335 1154 878 604 908 856 869 855 897 709 709 701 792 946 941 942 901 670 668 675 701 725 917 772 778 753 792 922 918 ≤ 916 913 ≤ 953 ≤ 965 1041 839 790 844 775 828 799 668 594 589 577 586 552 586 771 614
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N
Name
IP/eV
2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Ethyl pentyl ether Phthalic anhydride Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid 2-Methylbenzonitrile 3-Methylbenzonitrile 4-Methylbenzonitrile Indole Styrene p-Tolualdehyde Acetophenone o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Ethylphenol 2,3-Xylenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol Phenetole 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 1-Octyne 2-Octyne 3-Octyne 4-Octyne 1-Octene Cyclooctane Ethylcyclohexane 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-pentanone Octane 2-Methylheptane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane Dibutyl ether Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Di-tert-butyl sulfide Diisobutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine
10-196
(9.70) (9.68) (9.61) (≤ 9.49) (10.1) (9.98) (9.86) (≤ 9.38) (≤ 9.34) 9.32 ± 0.02 7.7602 ± 0.0006 8.464 ± 0.001 (9.33) 9.29 ± 0.03 (9.1) (9.43) (9.23) (8.26) 9.32 ± 0.03 8.77 ± 0.01 8.56 ± 0.01 8.56 ± 0.01 8.44 ± 0.01 (7.84) (8.26) (8.0) (8.05) (8.09) (8.13) (≤ 8.9) (≤ 7.67) 7.12 ± 0.02 (9.95 ± 0.02) 9.31 ± 0.01 9.22 ± 0.01 9.20 ± 0.01 9.43 ± 0.01 9.75 ± 0.05 (9.54) (9.42) (<9.78) 9.41 (<9.98) 9.53 (<9.93) (9.56) (9.34) (8.80) 9.80 ± 0.10 (9.84) (9.86) 9.8 (9.28) (9.11) 8.88 ± 0.07 (8.2) (8.0) (8.34) (7.69) (7.8)
∆f Hion kJ/mol 580 578 572 ≤ 602 603 268 232 1085 1085 1083 908 964 825 810 558 579 560 479 611 876 844 843 832 613 640 609 615 624 683 ≤ 880 ≤ 794 787 1040 961 952 946 829 816 748 728 772 728 778 743 782 738 753 511 737 734 713 720 s 560 511 493 624 583 625 586 574
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C8H20Si C9H7N C9H7N C9H8 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H13N C9H14O C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O C9H20 C10F8 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H10O4 C10H12 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20 C10H22 C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H24 C11H24 C12H8 C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2O
Name
IP/eV
Tetraethylsilane Quinoline Isoquinoline Indene o-Methylstyrene m-Methylstyrene p-Methylstyrene Cyclopropylbenzene Indan Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene N,N-Dimethyl-o-toluidine Isophorone Butylcyclopentane Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane 2-Nonanone 5-Nonanone 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonane Perfluoronaphthalene 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Dimethyl phthalate 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene p-tert-Butylphenol α-Pinene Camphor cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Decane 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene p-tert-Butyltoluene Undecane 2-Methyldecane Acenaphthylene Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl trans-Azoxybenzene
(8.9) 8.62 ± 0.01 8.53 ± 0.03 8.14 ± 0.01 (8.20) (8.15) (8.1) (8.35) (8.3) (8.9) 8.713 ± 0.010 8.73 ± 0.01 8.42 ± 0.02 8.27 ± 0.01 8.41 ± 0.01 7.40 ± 0.02 (≤ 9.07) (9.95) (9.46) (9.33) (9.16) (9.07) 9.01 ± 0.06 9.71 ± 0.10 8.85 8.08 ± 0.03 (8.13) 8.1442 ± 0.0009 7.38 ± 0.05 7.76 ± 0.03 7.87 ± 0.06 (9.64 ± 0.07) 8.46 ± 0.02 8.69 ± 0.02 8.68 ± 0.02 8.68 ± 0.05 8.69 ± 0.02 (8.29) (≤ 8.51) (8.49) (8.40) 8.04 ± 0.02 (7.8) (8.07) (8.76) 9.36 ± 0.04 9.34 ± 0.04 9.42 ± 0.05 (9.41) (9.65) 7.97 ± 0.03 7.91 ± 0.08 (8.12) (9.56) (9.7) (8.22) (7.57) 7.75 ± 0.07 8.23 ± 0.10 (8.1)
10-197
∆f Hion kJ/mol 595 1041 1032 949 908 899 895 956 864 537 848 847 803 784 796 814 ≤ 670 793 720 704 545 530 512 709 -368 955 906 936 1001 719 729 277 841 826 820 816 817 771 ≤ 804 798 790 730 552 808 577 734 720 786 695 682 882 877 730 650 658 1053 961 903 977 1123
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF GAS-PHASE MOLECULES (continued) Mol. Form. C12H10O C12H11N C12H18 C12H18 C12H22 C12H27N C13H10 C13H10O C13H12 C14H10 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H12 C14H14 C16H10 C16H10 C18H12 C18H14 C18H14 C18H14 C20H12 C24H12
Name
IP/eV
Diphenyl ether Diphenylamine 5,7-Dodecadiyne Hexamethylbenzene Cyclohexylcyclohexane Tributylamine 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Diphenylmethane Anthracene Phenanthrene Diphenylacetylene cis-Stilbene trans-Stilbene 1,2-Diphenylethane Fluoranthene Pyrene Chrysene o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl p-Terphenyl Perylene Coronene
(8.09) 7.16 ± 0.04 (8.67) 7.85 ± 0.01 (9.41) (7.4) 7.91 ± 0.02 9.08 ± 0.05 (8.55) 7.439 ± 0.006 7.8914 ± 0.0006 7.94 ± 0.03 (7.80) 7.656 ± 0.001 8.9 ± 0.1 7.9 ± 0.1 7.4256 ± 0.0006 7.60 ± 0.01 (7.99) (8.01) 7.80 ± 0.03 6.960 ± 0.001 7.29 ± 0.01
10-198
∆f Hion kJ/mol 766 908 1079 670 690 492 952 926 963 948 966 1168 1005 973 1002 1052 935 1017 1056 1057 1037 981 1026
X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS The energy levels in this tables are the values recommended by Bearden and Burr on the basis of a thorough review of the literature on x-ray wavelengths and related data. All values are in electron volts (eV). Values in parentheses are interpolated, and an asterisk * indicates a level which is not resolved from the level above it. See Reference 1 for uncertainties in the levels and a complete description of how the recommended values were obtained. REFERENCES 1. Bearden, J. A., and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys., 39, 125, 1967; also published as X-Ray Wavelengths and X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 14, 1967. 2. Gray, D. E., Editor, American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, pp. 7-158 to 7-167, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
Level K LI LII,III Level K LI LII,III Level K LI LII LIII MI MII,III MIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII
1H
2He
13.59811
24.58678
3Li
54.75
9F
10Ne
11Na
685.4 (31) 8.6
866.9 (45) 18.3
1072.1 63.3 31.1
18Ar
19K
3202.9 320 247.3 245.2 25.3 12.4
3607.4 377.1 296.3 293.6 33.9 17.8
26Fe
27Co
17Cl
2822.4 270.2 201.6 200.0 17.5 6.8
25Mn
6539.0 769.0 651.4 640.3 83.9 48.6 48.6* 3.3 33As
7112.0 846.1 721.1 708.1 92.9 54.0 54.0* 3.6
7708.9 925.6 793.6 778.6 100.7 59.5 59.5* 2.9
4Be
111.0
12Mg
1305.0 89.4 51.4 20Ca
4038.1 437.8 350.0 346.4 43.7 25.4
28Ni
8332.8 1008.1 871.9 854.7 111.8 68.1 68.1* 3.6
34Se
35Br
36Kr
11866.7 1526.5 1358.6 1323.1 203.5 146.4 140.5 41.2 41.2*
12657.8 1653.9 1476.2 1435.8 231.5 168.2 161.9 56.7 56.7*
14325.6 1921.0 1727.2 1674.9
2.5 2.5*
5.6 5.6*
13473.7 1782.0 1596.0 1549.9 256.5 189.3 181.5 70.1 69.0 27.3 5.2 4.6
222.7 213.8 88.9 88.9* 24.0 10.6 10.6*
10-196
5B
6C
7N
188.0
283.8
401.6
4.7
6.4
9.2
13Al
1559.6 117.7 73.1 21Sc
4492.8 500.4 406.7 402.2 53.8 32.3 6.6 29Cu
8978.9 1096.1 951.0 931.1 119.8 73.6 73.6* 1.6 37Rb
15199.7 2065.1 1863.9 1804.4 322.1 247.4 238.5 111.8 110.3 29.3 14.8 14.0
14Si
1838.9 148.7 99.2 22Ti
4966.4 563.7 461.5 455.5 60.3 34.6 3.7 30Zn
9658.6 1193.6 1042.8 1019.7 135.9 86.6 86.6* 8.1 38Sr
16104.6 2216.3 2006.8 1939.6 357.5 279.8 269.1 135.0 133.1 37.7 19.9 19.9*
8O
532.0 23.7 7.1
15P
16S
2145.5 189.3 132.2
2472.0 229.2 164.8
23V
24Cr
5465.1 628.2 520.5 512.9 66.5 37.8 2.2
5989.2 694.6 583.7 574.5 74.1 42.5 2.3
31Ga
32Ge
10367.1 1297.7 1142.3 1115.4 158.1 106.8 102.9 17.4
11103.1 1414.3 1247.8 1216.7 180.0 127.9 120.8 28.7
39Y
40Zr
17038.4 2372.5 2155.5 2080.0 393.6 312.4 300.3 159.6 157.4 45.4 25.6 25.6*
17997.6 2531.6 2306.7 2222.3 430.3 344.2 330.5 182.4 180.0 51.3 28.7 28.7*
X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV OI OII OIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV,V NVI,VII OI OII,III Level K LI LII LIII MI
41Nb
18985.6 2697.7 2464.7 2370.5 468.4 378.4 363.0 207.4 204.6 58.1 33.9 33.9* 3.2 49In
27939.9 4237.5 3938.0 3730.1 825.6 702.2 664.3 450.8 443.1 121.9 77.4 77.4* 16.2 16.2* 0.1 0.8 0.8* 57La
38924.6 6266.3 5890.6 5482.7 1361.3 1204.4 1123.4 848.5 831.7 270.4 205.8 191.4 98.9 32.3 14.4 65Tb
51995.7 8708.0 8251.6 7514.0 1967.5
42Mo
43Tc
19999.5 2865.5 2625.1 2520.2 504.6 409.7 392.3 230.3 227.0 61.8 34.8 34.8* 1.8
21044.0 3042.5 2793.2 2676.9
50Sn
51Sb
29200.1 4464.7 4156.1 3928.8 883.8 756.4 714.4 493.3 484.8 136.5 88.6 88.6* 23.9 23.9* 0.9 1.1 1.1*
30491.2 4698.3 4380.4 4132.2 943.7 811.9 765.6 536.9 527.5 152.0 98.4 98.4* 31.4 31.4* 6.7 2.1 2.1*
58Ce
59Pr
60Nd
41990.6 6834.8 6440.4 5964.3 1511.0 1337.4 1242.2 951.1 931.0 304.5 236.3 217.6 113.2 2.0 37.4 22.3
43568.9 7126.0 6721.5 6207.9 1575.3 1402.8 1297.4 999.9 977.7 315.2 243.3 224.6 117.5 1.5 37.5 21.1
67Ho
68Er
55617.7 9394.2 8917.8 8071.1 2128.3
57485.5 9751.3 9264.3 8357.9 2206.5
40443.0 6548.8 6164.2 5723.4 1434.6 1272.8 1185.4 901.3 883.3 289.6 223.3 207.2 110.0 0.1 37.8 19.8 66Dy
53788.5 9045.8 8580.6 7790.1 2046.8
444.9 425.0 256.4 252.9 38.9 38.9*
44Ru
22117.2 3224.0 2966.9 2837.9 585.0 482.8 460.6 283.6 279.4 74.9 43.1 43.1* 2.0 52Te
31813.8 4939.2 4612.0 4341.4 1006.0 869.7 818.7 582.5 572.1 168.3 110.2 110.2* 39.8 39.8* 11.6 2.3 2.3*
10-197
45Rh
23219.9 3411.9 3146.1 3003.8 627.1 521.0 496.2 311.7 307.0 81.0 47.9 47.9* 2.5
46Pd
24350.3 3604.3 3330.3 3173.3 669.9 559.1 531.5 340.0 334.7 86.4 51.1 51.1* 1.5
53I
54Xe
33169.4 5188.1 4852.1 4557.1 1072.1 930.5 874.6 631.3 619.4 186.4 122.7 122.7* 49.6 49.6* 13.6 3.3 3.3*
34561.4 5452.8 5103.7 4782.2
61Pm
62Sm
45184.0 7427.9 7012.8 6459.3 1471.4 1356.9 1051.5 1026.9 242 242* 120.4
69Tm
59389.6 10115.7 9616.9 8648.0 2306.8
999.0 937.0 672.3 146.7 146.7*
46834.2 7736.8 7311.8 6716.2 1722.8 1540.7 1419.8 1106.0 1080.2 345.7 265.6 247.4 129.0 5.5 37.4 21.3 70Yb
61332.3 10486.4 9978.2 8943.6 2398.1
47Ag
25514.0 3805.8 3523.7 3351.1 717.5 602.4 571.4 372.8 366.7 95.2 62.6 55.9 3.3 55Cs
35984.6 5714.3 5359.4 5011.9 1217.1 1065.0 997.6 739.5 725.5 230.8 172.3 161.6 78.8 76.5 22.7 13.1 11.4 63Eu
48519.0 8052.0 7617.1 6976.9 1800.0 1613.9 1480.6 1160.6 1130.9 360.2 283.9 256.6 133.2 0.0 31.8 22.0 71Lu
63313.8 10870.4 10348.6 9244.1 2491.2
48Cd
26711.2 4018.0 3727.0 3537.5 770.2 650.7 616.5 410.5 403.7 107.6 66.9 66.9* 9.3 56Ba
37440.6 5988.8 5623.6 5247.0 1292.8 1136.7 1062.2 796.1 780.7 253.0 191.8 179.7 92.5 89.9 39.1 16.6 14.6 64Gd
50239.1 8375.6 7930.3 7242.8 1880.8 1688.3 1544.0 1217.2 1185.2 375.8 288.5 270.9 140.5 0.1 36.1 20.3 72Hf
65350.8 11270.7 10739.4 9560.7 2600.9
X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI,VII OI OII OIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII OIV,V Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII
65Tb
1767.7 1611.3 1275.0 1241.2 397.9 310.2 385.0 147.0 147.0* 2.6 39.0 25.4 25.4* 73Ta
67416.4 11681.5 11136.1 9881.1 2708.0 2468.7 2194.0 1793.2 1735.1 565.5 464.8 404.5 241.3 229.3 25.0 25.0* 71.1 44.9 36.4 5.7 81Tl
85530.4 15346.7 14697.9 12657.5 3704.1 3415.7 2956.6 2485.1 2389.3 845.5 721.3 609.0 406.6 386.2 122.8 118.5 136.3 99.6 75.4
66Dy
1841.8 1675.6 1332.5 1294.9 416.3 331.8 292.9 154.2 154.2* 4.2 62.9 26.3 26.3* 74W
69525.0 12099.8 11544.0 10206.8 2819.6 2574.9 2281.0 1871.6 1809.2 595.0 491.6 425.3 258.8 245.4 36.5 33.6 77.1 46.8 35.6 6.1 82Pb
88004.5 15860.8 15200.0 13035.2 3850.7 3554.2 3066.4 2585.6 2484.0 893.6 763.9 644.5 435.2 412.9 142.9 138.1 147.3 104.8 86.0
67Ho
1922.8 1741.2 1391.5 1351.4 435.7 343.5 306.6 161.0 161.0* 3.7 51.2 20.3 20.3* 75Re
71676.4 12526.7 11958.7 10535.3 2931.7 2681.6 2367.3 1948.9 1882.9 625.0 517.9 444.4 273.7 260.2 40.6 40.6* 82.8 45.6 34.6 3.5
68Er
2005.8 1811.8 1453.3 1409.3 449.1 366.2 320.0 176.7 167.6 4.3 59.8 29.4 29.4* 76Os
73870.8 12968.0 12385.0 10870.9 3048.5 2792.2 2457.2 2030.8 1960.1 654.3 546.5 468.2 289.4 272.8 46.3 46.3* 83.7 58.0 45.4
83Bi
84Po
90525.9 16387.5 15711.1 13418.6 3999.1 3696.3 3176.9 2687.6 2579.6 938.2 805.3 678.9 463.6 440.0 161.9 157.4 159.3 116.8 92.8
93105.0 16939.3 16244.3 13813.8 4149.4 3854.1 3301.9 2798.0 2683.0 995.3 851 705 500.2 473.4
10-198
69Tm
2089.8 1884.5 1514.6 1467.7 471.7 385.9 336.6 179.6 179.6* 5.3 53.2 32.3 32.3* 77Ir
76111.0 13418.5 12824.1 11215.2 3173.7 2908.7 2550.7 2116.1 2040.4 690.1 577.1 494.3 311.4 294.9 63.4 60.5 95.2 63.0 50.5 3.8 85At
95729.9 17493 16784.7 14213.5 (4317) 4008 3426 2908.7 2786.7 (1042) 886 740 533.2
70Yb
2173.0 1949.8 1576.3 1527.8 487.2 396.7 343.5 198.1 184.9 6.3 54.1 23.4 23.4* 78Pt
78394.8 13879.9 13272.6 11563.7 3296.0 3026.5 2645.4 2201.9 2121.6 722.0 609.2 519.0 330.8 313.3 74.3 71.1 101.7 65.3 51.7 2.2 86Rn
98404 18049 17337.1 14619.4 (4482) 4159 3538 3021.5 2892.4 (1097) 929 768 566.6
71Lu
72Hf
2263.5 2023.6 1639.4 1588.5 506.2 410.1 359.3 204.8 195.0 6.9 56.8 28.0 28.0*
2365.4 2107.6 1716.4 1661.7 538.1 437.0 380.4 223.8 213.7 17.1 64.9 38.1 30.6
79Au
80Hg
80724.9 14352.8 13733.6 11918.7 3424.9 3147.8 2743.0 2291.1 2205.7 758.8 643.7 545.4 352.0 333.9 86.4 82.8 107.8 71.7 53.7 2.5 87Fr
101137 18639 17906.5 15031.2 (4652) 4327 3663 3136.2 2999.9 (1153) 980 810 603.3 577
83102.3 14839.3 14208.7 12283.9 3561.6 3278.5 2847.1 2384.9 2294.9 800.3 676.9 571.0 378.3 359.8 102.2 98.5 120.3 80.5 57.6 6.4 88Ra
103921.9 19236.7 18484.3 15444.4 4822.0 4489.5 3791.8 3248.4 3104.9 1208.4 1057.6 879.1 635.9 602.7 298.9 298.9* 254.4 200.4 152.8
X-RAY ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS (continued) Level OIV OV PI PII,III Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII NIV NV NVI NVII OI OII OIII OIV OV PI PII PIII Level K LI LII LIII MI MII MIII MIV MV NI NII NIII OI
81Tl
15.3 13.1
89Ac
106755.3 19840 19083.2 15871.0 (5002) 4656 3909 3370.2 3219.0 (1269) 1080 890 674.9
97Bk
131590 25275 24385 19452 6556 6147 4977 4366 4132 1755 1554 1235 398
82Pb
21.8 19.2 3.1 0.7 90Th
109650.9 20472.1 19693.2 16300.3 5182.3 4830.4 4046.1 3490.8 3332.0 1329.5 1168.2 967.3 714.1 676.4 344.4 335.2 290.2 229.4 181.8 94.3 87.9 59.5 49.0 43.0 98Cf
135960 26110 25250 19930 6754 6359 5109 4497 4253 1799 1616 1279 419
83Bi
26.5 24.4
84Po
85At
86Rn
87Fr
31.4 31.4*
67.2 67.2* 43.5 18.8
2.7 91Pa
112601.4 21104.6 20313.7 16733.1 5366.9 5000.9 4173.8 3611.2 3441.8 1387.1 1224.3 1006.7 743.4 708.2 371.2 359.5 309.6 222.9 222.9* 94.1 94.1*
99Es
139490 26900 26020 20410 6977 6574 5252 4630 4374 1868 1680 1321 435
92U
115606.1 21757.4 20947.6 17166.3 5548.0 5182.2 4303.4 3727.6 3551.7 1440.8 1272.6 1044.9 780.4 737.7 391.3 380.9 323.7 259.3 195.1 105.0 96.3 70.7 42.3 32.3 100Fm
143090 27700 26810 20900 7205 6793 5397 4766 4498 1937 1747 1366 454
10-199
88Ra
93Np
118678 22426.8 21600.5 17610.0 5723.2 5366.2 4434.7 3850.3 3665.8 1500.7 1327.7 1086.8 815.9 770.3 415.0 404.4 283.4 206.1 109.3 101.3
101Md
146780 28530 27610 21390 7441 7019 5546 4903 4622 2010 1814 1410 472
94Pu
121818 23097.2 22266.2 18056.8 5932.9 5541.2 4556.6 3972.6 3778.1 1558.6 1372.1 1114.8 848.9 801.4 445.8 432.4 351.9 274.1 206.5 116.0 105.4
102No
150540 29380 28440 21880 7675 7245 5688 5037 4741 2078 1876 1448 484
95Am
125027 23772.9 22944.0 18504.1 6120.5 5710.2 4667.0 4092.1 3886.9 1617.1 1411.8 (1135.7) 878.7 827.6
96Cm
128220 24460 23779 18930 6288 5895 4797 4227 3971 1643 1440 1154
385
115.8 103.3
103Lr
154380 30240 29280 22360 7900 7460 5710 5150 4860 2140 1930 1480 490
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS Gwyn P. Williams This table gives the binding energies in electron volts (eV) for selected electronic levels of the elements. For metallic elements the binding energy is referred to the Fermi level; for semiconductors, to the valence band maximum; and for gases and insulators, to the vacuum level. The atomic number is listed after the element name. REFERENCES 1. Fluggle and Martensson, J. Elect. Spect., 21, 275, 1980. 2. Cardona, M. and Ley, L., Photoemission from Solids, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1978. 3. Bearden, J. A. and Burr, A. F., Rev. Mod. Phys., 39, 125, 1967.
Actinium (89) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
Argon (18) 106755 19840 19083 15871 5002 4656 3909 3370 3219 1269a 1080a 890a 675a 639a 319a 319a 272a 215a 167a 80a 80a — — —
Aluminum (13) K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
1559.0 117.8a 72.9a 72.5a
Antimony (51) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
30419 4698 4380 4132 946b 812.7b 766.4b 537.5b 528.2b 153.2b 95.6b,c 95.6b 33.3b 32.1b
K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
3205.9a 326.3a 250.6a 248.4a 29.3a 15.9a 15.7a
Arsenic (33) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
11867 1527.0a,d 1359.1a,d 1323.6a,d 204.7a 146.2a 141.2a 41.7a 41.7a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
95730 17493 16785 14214 4317 4008 3426 2909 2787 1042a 886a 740a 533a 507a 210a 210a 195a 148a 115a 40a 40a
1s 2s 2p1/2
5247 1293a,d 1137a,d 1063a,d 795.7a 780.5a 253.5b 192 178.6b 92.6b 89.9b — — 30.3b 17.0b 14.8b
Beryllium (4) K
1s
111.5a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
90526 16388 15711 13419 3999 3696 3177 2688 2580 939b 805.2b 678.8b 464.0b 440.1b 162.3b 157.0b 159.3a,d 119.0b 92.6b 26.9b 23.8b
Boron (5)
Barium (56) K LI L II
2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
Bismuth (83)
Astatine (85) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
37441 5989 5624
K
1s
188a
Bromine (35) K
10-200
1s
13474
LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
1782a 1596a 1550a 257a 189a 182a 70a 69a
Cadmium (48) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
26711 4018 3727 3538 772.0b 652.6b 618.4b 411.9b 405.2b 109.8b 63.9b,c 63.9b,c 11.7b 10.7b
Calcium (20) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
4038.5a 438.4b 349.7b 346.2b 44.3b 25.4b 25.4b
Carbon (6) K
1s
284.2a
Cerium (58) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
40443 6548 6164 5723 1436 a,d 1274 a,d 1187 a,d 902.4a 883.8a
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
291.0a 223.3 206.5a 109 a — 0.1 0.1 37.8 19.8a 17.0a
Cesium (55) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
35985 5714 5359 5012 1211a,d 1071a 1003 a 740.5a 726.6a 232.3a 172.4a 161.3a 79.8a 77.5a — — 22.7 14.2a 12.1a
Chlorine (17) K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
2822.0 270 a 202 a 200 a
Chromium(24) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
5989 696.0b 583.8b 574.1b 74.1b 42.2b 42.2b
L II L III MI M II M III
952.3b 932.5b 122.5b 77.3b 75.1b
2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
Dysprosium (66) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
53789 9046 8581 7790 2047 1842 1676 1333 1292 a 414.2a 333.5a 293.2a 153.6a 153.6a 8.0a 4.3a 49.9a 26.3 26.3
Erbium (68) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
57486 9751 9264 8358 2206 2006 1812 1453 1409 449.8a 366.2 320.2a 167.6a 167.6a — 4.7a 50.6a 31.4a 24.7a
Cobalt (27) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
7709 925.1b 793.2b 778.1b 101.0b 58.9b 58.9b
Copper (29) K LI
1s 2s
8979 1096.7b
Europium (63) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s
48519 8052 7617 6977 1800 1614 1481 1158.6a 1127.5a 360
N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
284 257 133 1227a 0 0 32 22 22
Gallium (31) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
Fluorine (9) K
696.7a
1s
Francium (87) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
101137 18639 17907 15031 4652 4327 3663 3136 3000 1153a 980a 810a 603a 577a 268a 268a 234a 182a 140a 58a 58a 34 15 15
Gadolinium (64) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
10-201
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
50239 8376 7930 7243 1881 1688 1544 1221.9a 1189.6a 378.6a 286 271 — 142.6a 8.6a 8.6a 36 20 20
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
10367 1299.0a,d 1143.2b 1116.4b 159.5b 103.5b 100.0b 18.7b 18.7b
Germanium (32) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
11103 1414.6a,d 1248.1a,d 1217.0a,d 180.1a 124.9a 120.8a 29.8a 29.2a
Gold (79) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
80725 14353 13734 11919 3425 3148 2743 2291 2206 762.1b 642.7b 546.3b 353.2b 335.1b 87.6b 83.9b 107.2a,d 74.2b 57.2b
Hafnium (72) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2
65351 11271 10739 9561 2601 2365 2107 1176 1662 538a 438.2b 380.7b 220.0b 211.5b 15.9b
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) N VII OI O II O III
4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
14.2b 64.2b 38a 29.9b
N III N IV NV
4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
123a 50a 50a
Iridium (77) Helium (2) K
1s
24.6a
Holmium (67) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
55618 9394 8918 8071 2128 1923 1741 1392 1351 432.4a 343.5 308.2a 160a 160a 8.6a 5.2a 49.3a 30.8a 24.1a
Hydrogen (1) K
1s
13.6
Indium (49) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
27940 4238 3938 3730 827.2b 703.2b 665.3b 451.4b 443.9b 122.9b 73.5b,c 73.5b,c 17.7b 16.9b
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 52 5p1/2 5p3/2
76111 13419 12824 11215 3174 2909 2551 2116 2040 691.1b 577.8b 495.8b 311.9b 296.3b 63.8b 60.8b 95.2a,d 63.0a,d 48.0b
Iron (26) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
7112 844.6b 719.9b 706.8b 91.3b 52.7b 52.7b
Krypton (36) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
33169 5188 4852 4557 1072a 931a 875a 631a 620a 186a 123a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2
4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
196.0a 105.3a 102.5a — — 34.3a 19.3a 16.8a
Lead (82) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
1s
38925 6266 5891 5483 1362a,d 1209a,d 1128a,d 853a 836a 247.7a 205.8
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
63314 10870 10349 9244 2491 2264 2024 1639 1589 506.8a 412.4a 359.2a 206.1a 196.3a 8.9a 7.5a 57.3a 33.6a 26.7a
Magnesium (12) K LI L II L III
10-202
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
6539 769.1b 649.9b 638.7b 82.3b 47.2b 47.2b
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p3/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
83102 14839 14209 12284 3562 3279 2847 2385 2295 802.2b 680.2b 576.6b 378.2b 358.8b 104.0b 99.9b 127b 83.1b 64.5b 9.6b 7.8b
Molybdenum (42) 54.7a
Lutetium 14326 1921 1730.9a 1678.4a 292.8a 222.2a 214.4a 95.0a 93.8a 27.5a 14.1a 14.1a
Manganese (25)
Mercury (80) 88005 15861 15200 13055 3851 3554 3066 2586 2484 891.8b 761.9b 643.5b 434.3b 412.2b 141.7b 136.9b 147a,d 106.4b 83.3b 20.7b 18.1b
Lithium (3) K
Lanthanum (57)
Iodine (53) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1303.0b 88.6a 49.6b 49.2a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
20000 2866 2625 2520 506.3b 411.6b 394.0b 231.1b 227.9b 63.2b 37.6b 35.5b
Neodymium (60) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2
43569 7126 6722 6208 1575 1403 1297 1003.3a 980.4a 319.2a 243.3 224.6 120.5a
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
120.5a 1.5 1.5 37.5 21.1 21.1
Neon (10) K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
5p3/2
44.5b
Oxygen (8) K LI
1s 2s
543.1a 41.6a
Palladium (46) 870.2a 48.5a 21.7a 21.6a
Nickel (28) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
O III
8333 1008.6b 870.0b 852.7b 110.8b 68.0b 66.2b
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
24350 3604 3330 3173 671.6b 559.9b 532.3b 340.5b 335.2b 87.1a,d 55.7b,c 50.9b,c
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
18986 2698 2465 2371 466.6b 376.1b 360.6b 205.0b 202.3b 56.4b 32.6b 30.8b
Nitrogen (7) K LI
1s 2s
409.9a 37.3a
Osmium (76) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2
73871 12968 12385 10871 3049 2792 2457 2031 1960 658.2b 549.1b 470.7b 293.1b 278.5b 53.4b 50.7b 84a 58a
K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
2145.5 189a 136a 135a
Platinum (78) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
78395 13880 13273 11564 3296 3027 2645 2202 2122 725.4b 609.1b 519.4b 331.6b 314.6b 74.5b 71.2b 101.7a,d 65.3a,b 51.7b
Polonium (84) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s
851a 705a 500a 473a 184a 184a 177a 132a 104a 31a 31a
4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
Potassium (19) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
3608.4a 378.6a 297.3a 294.6a 34.8a 18.3a 18.3a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
Praseodymium (59)
Phosphorus (15) Niobium (41)
N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
93105 16939 16244 13814 4149 3854 3302 2798 2683 995a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
41991 6835 6440 5964 1511 1337 1242 948.3a 928.8a 304.5 236.3 217.6 115.1a 115.1a 2.0 2.0 37.4 22.3 22.3
Promethium (61) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
45184 7428 7013 6459 — 1471.4 1357 1052 1027 — 242 242 120 120
Protactinium (91) K
10-203
1s
112601
LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
21105 20314 16733 5367 5001 4174 3611 3442 1387a 1224a 1007a 743a 708a 371a 360a 310a 232a 232a 94a 94a — — —
Radium (88) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
103922 19237 18484 15444 4822 4490 3792 3248 3105 1208a 1058 879a 636a 603a 299a 299a 254a 200a 153a 68a 68a 44 19 19
Radon (86) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
98404 18049 17337 14619 4482 4159 3538 3022 2892
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI
4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s
1097a 929a 768a 567a 541a 238a 238a 214a 164a 127a 48a 48a 26
Rhenium (75) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
71676 12527 11959 10535 2932 2682 2367 1949 1883 625.4b 518.7b 446.8b 273.9b 260.5b 42.9a 40.5a 83b 45.6b 34.6a,d
Rhodium (45) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
23220 3412 3146 3004 628.1b 521.3b 496.5b 311.9b 307.2b 81.4a,d 50.5b 47.3b
Rubidium (37) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
NI N II N III
4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
30.5a 16.3a 15.3a
Silicon (14) K LI L II L III
Ruthenium (44) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
22117 3224 2967 2838 586.2b 483.3b 461.5b 284.2b 280.0b 75.0b 46.5b 43.2b
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
46834 7737 7312 6716 1723 1541 1419.8 1110.9a 1083.4a 347.2a 265.6 247.4 129.0 129.0 5.2 5.2 37.4 21.3 21.3
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
K LI L II L III
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
25514 3806 3524 3351 719.0b 603.8b 573.0b 374.0b 368.0b 97.0b 63.7b 58.3b
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
1070.8b 63.5b 30.4b 30.5a
Strontium (38) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
4492 498.0a 403.6a 389.7a 51.1a 28.3a 28.3a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
16105 2216 2007 1940 358.7b 280.3b 270.0b 136.0b 134.2b 38.9b 21.6b 20.1b
Sulfur (16) K LI L II L III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
2472 230.9a,d 163.6a 162.5a
Tantalum (73)
Selenium (34) 15200 2065 1864 1804 326.7a 248.7a 239.1a 113.0a 112a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
Sodium (11)
Scandium (21) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1839 149.7a,d 99.8a 99.2a
Silver (47)
Samarium (62) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2
12658 1652.0a,d 1474.3a,d 1433.9a,d 229.6a 166.5a 160.7a 55.5a 54.6a
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II
10-204
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2
67416 11682 11136 9881 2708 2469 2194 1793 1735 563.4b 463.4b
N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
400.9b 237.9b 226.4b 23.5b 21.6b 69.7b 42.2a 32.7b
4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
Technetium (43) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
21044 3043 2793 2677 586.1a 447.6a 417.7a 257.6a 253.9a 69.5a 42.3a 39.9a
Tellurium (52) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
31814 4939 4612 4341 1006b 870.8b 820.0b 583.4b 573.0b 169.4b 103.3b,c 103.3b,c 41.9b 40.4b
Terbium (65) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
51996 8708 8252 7514 1968 1768 1611 1267.9a 1241.1a 396.0a 322.4a 284.1a 150.5a 150.5a 7.7a 2.4a 45.6a 28.7a 22.6a
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS (continued) Thallium (81) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2
85530 15347 14698 12658 3704 3416 2957 2485 2389 846.2b 720.5b 609.5b 405.7b 385.0b 122.2b 117.8b 136a,d 94.6b 73.5b 14.7b 12.5b
Thorium (90) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
109651 20472 19693 16300 5182 4830 4046 3491 3332 1330a 1168a 966.4b 712.1b 675.2b 342.4b 333.1b 290a,c 229a,c 182a,c 92.5b 85.4b 41.4b 24.5b 16.6b
Thulium (69) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV a b c d
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2
59390 10116 9617 8648 2307 2090 1885 1515
MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
Uranium (92)
3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
1468 470.9a 385.9a 332.6a 175.5a 175.5a — 4.6 54.7a 31.8a 25.0a
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2
29200 4465 4156 3929 884.7b 756.5b 714.6b 493.2b 484.9b 137.1b 83.6b,c 83.6b,c 24.9b 23.9b
Tin (50) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV
Titanium (22) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
4966 560.9b 460.2b 453.8b 58.7b 32.6b 32.6b
Tungsten (74) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
69525 12100 11544 10207 2820 2575 2281 1949 1809 594.1b 490.4b 423.6b 255.9b 243.5b 33.6a 31.4b 75.6b 453a,d 36.8b
K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III O IV OV PI P II P III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2 5d3/2 5d5/2 6s 6p1/2 6p3/2
115606 21757 20948 17166 5548 5182 4303 3728 3552 1439a,d 1271a,d 1043b 778.3b 736.2b 388.2a 377.4b 321a,c,d 257a,c,d 192a,c,d 102.8b 94.2b 43.9b 26.8b 16.8b
Vanadium (23) K LI L II L III MI M II M III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2
5465 626.7b 519.8b 521.1b 66.3b 37.2b 37.2b
Xenon (54) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
34561 5453 5107 4786 1148.7a 1002.1a 940.6a 689.0a 676.4a 213.2a 146.7 145.5a 69.5a 67.5a — — 23.3a 13.4a 12.1a
Ytterbium (70) K
Reference 1. Reference 2 (remaining values from Reference 3). One-particle approximation not valid. Derived using energy differences from Reference 3.
10-205
1s
61332
LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III N IV NV N VI N VII OI O II O III
2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2 4d3/2 4d5/2 4f5/2 4f7/2 5s 5p1/2 5p3/2
10486 9978 8944 2398 2173 1950 1576 1528 480.5a 388.7a 339.7a 191.2a 182.4a 2.5a 1.3a 52.0a 30.3a 24.1a
Yttrium (39) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
17038 2373 2156 2080 392.0a,d 310.6a 298.8a 157.7b 155.8b 43.8a 24.4a 23.1a
Zinc (30) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2
9659 1196.2a 1044.9a 1021.8a 139.8a 91.4a 88.6a 10.2a 10.1a
Zirconium (40) K LI L II L III MI M II M III M IV MV NI N II N III
1s 2s 2p1/2 2p3/2 3s 3p1/2 3p3/2 3d3/2 3d5/2 4s 4p1/2 4p3/2
17998 2532 2307 2223 430.3b 343.5b 329.8b 181.1b 178.8b 50.6b 28.5b 27.1b
NATURAL WIDTH OF X-RAY LINES Natural widths of K X-ray lines in eV: Element
Kα1
Kα2
Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ge Se Kr Sr Zr Mo Ru Pd Cd Sn Te Xe Ba
1.00 1.45 2.05 2.45 3.00 3.40 3.75 4.10 4.23 5.17 5.70 6.82 7.41 8.80 9.80 11.20 12.80 14.20 16.10
0.98 2.13 2.64 3.20 3.70 3.96 4.18 4.43 4.62 4.97 5.25 6.80 7.96 9.20 10.40 12.40 14.20 15.10 16.80
Kβ1
Kβ3
11.80 13.30 15.30 18.15
Element
Kα1
Kα2
Kβ1
Kβ3
Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb Hf W Os Pt Hg Pb Po Rn Ra Th U
18.60 21.50 26.00 29.50 33.90 35.00 38.80 42.70 46.80 49.00 54.10 64.75 67.10 73.20 80.00 87.00 94.70 103.00
19.50 21.50 24.70 28.00 32.20 35.50 40.60 44.30 48.00 49.40 54.30 68.20 72.30 75.10 81.50 88.20 95.00 104.30
20.60 23.25 25.65 29.37 32.73 36.20 41.43 46.00 51.83 55.90 59.98 65.75 72.20 78.60 85.50 94.20 99.70 105.00
18.60 21.33 24.65 28.00 32.00 35.70 41.15 46.10 51.50 55.95 62.13 68.95 73.80 80.10 86.50 95.50 101.00 107.30
11.00 13.10 14.50 16.70
From Salem, S. I. and Lee, P. L., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 18, 233, 1976. Natural widths of L X-ray lines in eV: Element
Lα1
Lα2
Lβ1
Lβ2
Lβ3
Lβ4
Lγ1
Zr Mo Ru Pd Gd Sn Tc Xe Ba Ce Nd Sm Cd Dy Er Yb Hf W Os Pt Hg Pb Po Rn Ra Th U Pu Cm
1.68 1.86 2.03 2.21 2.43 2.62 2.88 3.15 3.39 3.70 3.93 4.13 4.46 4.81 5.17 5.40 5.83 6.50 7.04 7.60 8.10 8.82 9.50 10.03 11.00 11.90 12.40 13.20 14.80
1.52 1.80 1.98 2.16 2.40 2.62 2.88 3.15 3.45 3.78 4.08 4.50 4.90 5.35 5.73 6.22 6.70 7.20 7.70 8.28 8.80 9.35 9.95 10.50 11.20 11.80 12.40 13.00 13.60
1.87 2.03 2.18 2.36 2.54 2.75 2.96 3.20 3.45 3.73 4.00 4.33 4.63 5.03 5.45 5.90 6.36 6.90 7.42 8.00 8.70 9.35 10.10 10.65 11.60 12.40 13.50 14.10 15.70
5.13 5.30 5.45 5.63 5.82 6.10 6.25 6.43 6.70 6.86 7.18 7.42 7.70 7.90 8.28 8.58 8.92 9.06 9.60 9.95 10.40 10.75 11.25 11.65 12.20 12.80 13.30 13.90 14.60
5.50 5.90 6.35 6.80 7.23 7.70 8.22 8.70 9.20 9.70 10.30 10.80 11.20 11.50 11.85 12.20 12.40 13.10 14.60 16.10 17.40 18.65 19.90 21.00 22.00 22.85 23.70 24.10 25.00
5.60 5.78 5.96 6.18 6.28 6.60 6.82 7.15 7.42 7.82 8.15 8.60 9.08 9.60 10.03 11.00 12.80 14.60 16.50 18.00 19.70 21.30 22.70 24.00 25.20 26.35 27.50 28.30 29.40
3.34 3.76 4.15 4.50 4.83 5.23 5.60 5.95 6.35 6.75 7.16 7.50 7.83 8.30 8.75 9.20 9.63 10.20 10.65 11.20 11.80 12.30 13.05 13.55 14.30 15.00 15.70 16.40 17.10
10-206
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS Martin J. Berger and John H. Hubbell This table gives mass attenuation coefficients for photons for all elements at energies between 1 keV (soft x-rays) and 1 GeV (hard gamma rays). The mass attenuation coefficient µ describes the attenuation of radiation as it passes through matter by the relation I(x)/Io = e–µρx where Io is the initial intensity, I(x) the intensity after path length x, and ρ is the mass density of the element in question. To a high approximation the mass attenuation coefficient is additive for the elements present, independent of the way in which they are bound in chemical compounds. The power of ten is indicated beside each number in the table; i.e., 7.41 + 03 means 7.41 × 103. A vertical line between two columns indicates that an absorption edge lies between those energy values. The various edges are labeled at the bottom of the table. The attenuation coefficients were calculated with the computer program XCOM (Reference 1), which uses a cross-section database compiled at the Photon and Charged Particle Data Center at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Their accuracy has been confirmed at all energies by extensive comparisons with experimental attenuation coefficients. Such comparisons for X-ray energies up to 100 keV can be found in Reference 2. REFERENCES 1. Berger, M. J. and Hubbell, J. H., National Bureau of Standards Report NBSIR-87-3597, 1987. 2. Saloman, E. B., Hubbell, J. H., and Scofield, J. H., Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 38, 1, 1988.
10-207
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV Atomic no. H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
0.001
0.002
7.21 + 00 6.08 + 01 2.34 + 02 6.04 + 02 1.23 + 03 2.21 + 03 3.31 + 03 4.59 + 03 5.65 + 03 7.41 + 03 6.54 + 02 9.22 + 02 1.19 + 03 1.57 + 03 1.91 + 03 2.43 + 03 2.83 + 03 3.18 + 03 4.06 + 03 4.87 + 03 5.24 + 03 5.87 + 03 6.50 + 03 7.40 + 03 8.09 + 03 9.09 + 03 9.80 + 03 9.86 + 03 1.06 + 04 1.55 + 03 1.70 + 03 1.89 + 03 2.12 + 03 2.32 + 03 2.62 + 03 2.85 + 03 3.17 + 03 3.49 + 03 3.86 + 03 4.21 + 03 4.60 + 03 4.94 + 03 5.36 + 03 5.72 + 03 6.17 + 03 6.54 + 03 7.04 + 03 7.35 + 03 7.81 + 03 8.16 + 03
1.06 + 00 6.86 + 00 2.71 + 01 7.47 + 01 1.60 + 02 3.03 + 02 4.77 + 02 6.95 + 02 9.05 + 02 1.24 + 03 1.52 + 03 1.93 + 03 2.26 + 03 2.78 + 03 3.02 + 02 3.85 + 02 4.52 + 02 5.12 + 02 6.59 + 02 8.00 + 02 8.70 + 02 9.86 + 02 1.11 + 03 1.28 + 03 1.42 + 03 1.63 + 03 1.78 + 03 2.05 + 03 2.15 + 03 2.37 + 03 2.52 + 03 2.71 + 03 2.93 + 03 3.10 + 03 3.41 + 03 3.60 + 03 3.41 + 03 2.59 + 03 7.42 + 02 8.12 + 02 8.89 + 02 9.60 + 02 1.04 + 03 1.12 + 03 1.21 + 03 1.29 + 03 1.40 + 03 1.47 + 03 1.58 + 03 1.66 + 03
0.005 4.19-01 5.77-01 1.62 + 00 4.37 + 00 9.68 + 00 1.91 + 01 3.14 + 01 4.79 + 01 6.51 + 01 9.34 + 01 1.19 + 02 1.58 + 02 1.93 + 02 2.45 + 02 2.86 + 02 3.49 + 02 3.90 + 02 4.23 + 02 5.19 + 02 6.03 + 02 6.31 + 02 6.84 + 02 9.29 + 01 1.08 + 02 1.21 + 02 1.40 + 02 1.54 + 02 1.79 + 02 1.90 + 02 2.12 + 02 2.27 + 02 2.47 + 02 2.71 + 02 2.90 + 02 3.21 + 02 3.43 + 02 3.74 + 02 4.06 + 02 4.42 + 02 4.76 + 02 5.13 + 02 5.45 + 02 5.84 + 02 6.17 + 02 6.59 + 02 6.91 + 02 7.39 + 02 7.69 + 02 8.13 + 02 8.47 + 02 L3
0.01
0.02
3.85-01 2.48-01 3.40-01 6.47-01 1.25 + 00 2.37 + 00 3.88 + 00 5.95 + 00 8.21 + 00 1.20 + 01 1.56 + 01 2.11 + 01 2.62 + 01 3.39 + 01 4.04 + 01 5.01 + 01 5.73 + 01 6.32 + 01 7.91 + 01 9.34 + 01 9.95 + 01 1.11 + 02 1.22 + 02 1.39 + 02 1.51 + 02 1.71 + 02 1.84 + 02 2.09 + 02 2.16 + 02 2.33 + 02 3.42 + 01 3.74 + 01 4.12 + 01 4.41 + 01 4.91 + 01 5.26 + 01 5.77 + 01 6.27 + 01 6.87 + 01 7.42 + 01 8.04 + 01 8.58 + 01 9.23 + 01 9.80 + 01 1.05 + 02 1.11 + 02 1.19 + 02 1.24 + 02 1.32 + 02 1.38 + 02
L1
3.69-01 1.96-01 1.86-01 2.25-01 3.01-01 4.42-01 6.18-01 8.65-01 1.13 + 00 1.61 + 00 2.06 + 00 2.76 + 00 3.44 + 00 4.46 + 00 5.35 + 00 6.71 + 00 7.74 + 00 8.63 + 00 1.09 + 01 1.31 + 01 1.41 + 01 1.59 + 01 1.77 + 01 2.04 + 01 2.25 + 01 2.57 + 01 2.80 + 01 3.22 + 01 3.38 + 01 3.72 + 01 3.93 + 01 4.22 + 01 4.56 + 01 4.82 + 01 5.27 + 01 5.55 + 01 5.98 + 01 6.39 + 01 6.86 + 01 7.24 + 01 7.71 + 01 1.31 + 01 1.41 + 01 1.50 + 01 1.61 + 01 1.70 + 01 1.84 + 01 1.92 + 01 2.04 + 01 2.15 + 01
0.05 3.36-01 1.70-01 1.49-01 1.55-01 1.66-01 1.87-01 1.98-01 2.13-01 2.21-01 2.58-01 2.80-01 3.29-01 3.68-01 4.38-01 4.92-01 5.85-01 6.48-01 7.01-01 8.68-01 1.02 + 00 1.09 + 00 1.21 + 00 1.35 + 00 1.55 + 00 1.71 + 00 1.96 + 00 2.14 + 00 2.47 + 00 2.61 + 00 2.89 + 00 3.08 + 00 3.34 + 00 3.63 + 00 3.86 + 00 4.26 + 00 4.52 + 00 4.92 + 00 5.31 + 00 5.76 + 00 6.17 + 00 6.64 + 00 7.04 + 00 7.52 + 00 7.92 + 00 8.45 + 00 8.85 + 00 9.45 + 00 9.78 + 00 1.03 + 01 1.07 + 01 K EDGE
L2
10-208
0.1 2.94-01 1.49-01 1.29-01 1.33-01 1.39-01 1.51-01 1.53-01 1.55-01 1.50-01 1.60-01 1.59-01 1.69-01 1.70-01 1.84-01 1.87-01 2.02-01 2.05-01 2.04-01 2.34-01 2.57-01 2.58-01 2.72-01 2.88-01 3.17-01 3.37-01 3.72-01 3.95-01 4.44-01 4.58-01 4.97-01 5.20-01 5.55-01 5.97-01 6.28-01 6.86-01 7.22-01 7.80-01 8.37-01 9.05-01 9.66-01 1.04 + 00 1.10 + 00 1.17 + 00 1.23 + 00 1.31 + 00 1.38 + 00 1.47 + 00 1.52 + 00 1.61 + 00 1.68 + 00
0.2
0.5
2.43-01 1.22-01 1.06-01 1.09-01 1.14-01 1.23-01 1.23-01 1.24-01 1.18-01 1.24-01 1.20-01 1.24-01 1.22-01 1.28-01 1.25-01 1.30-01 1.27-01 1.20-01 1.32-01 1.38-01 1.31-01 1.31-01 1.32-01 1.38-01 1.39-01 1.46-01 1.48-01 1.58-01 1.56-01 1.62-01 1.62-01 1.66-01 1.72-01 1.74-01 1.84-01 1.87-01 1.96-01 2.04-01 2.15-01 2.24-01 2.34-01 2.42-01 2.53-01 2.62-01 2.74-01 2.83-01 2.97-01 3.04-01 3.17-01 3.26-01
1.73-01 8.71-02 7.53-02 7.74-02 8.07-02 8.72-02 8.72-02 8.73-02 8.27-02 8.66-02 8.37-02 8.65-02 8.44-02 8.75-02 8.51-02 8.78-02 8.45-02 7.96-02 8.60-02 8.85-02 8.31-02 8.19-02 8.07-02 8.28-02 8.19-02 8.41-02 8.32-02 8.70-02 8.36-02 8.45-02 8.24-02 8.21-02 8.26-02 8.13-02 8.33-02 8.23-02 8.36-02 8.44-02 8.61-02 8.69-02 8.83-02 8.85-02 8.97-02 8.99-02 9.13-02 9.13-02 9.32-02 9.25-02 9.37-02 9.37-02
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficient, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn
Atomic no.
1.0
2.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
500.0
1000.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
1.26-01 6.36-02 5.50-02 5.65-02 5.89-02 6.36-02 6.36-02 6.37-02 6.04-02 6.32-02 6.10-02 6.30-02 6.15-02 6.36-02 6.18-02 6.37-02 6.13-02 5.76-02 6.22-02 6.39-02 5.98-02 5.89-02 5.79-02 5.93-02 5.85-02 5.99-02 5.91-02 6.16-02 5.90-02 5.94-02 5.77-02 5.73-02 5.73-02 5.62-02 5.73-02 5.63-02 5.69-02 5.71-02 5.80-02 5.81-02 5.87-02 5.84-02 5.88-02 5.85-02 5.89-02 5.85-02 5.92-02 5.83-02 5.85-02 5.80-02
8.77-02 4.42-02 3.83-02 3.94-02 4.11-02 4.44-02 4.45-02 4.46-02 4.23-02 4.43-02 4.28-02 4.43-02 4.32-02 4.48-02 4.36-02 4.50-02 4.33-02 4.07-02 4.40-02 4.52-02 4.24-02 4.18-02 4.11-02 4.21-02 4.16-02 4.26-02 4.20-02 4.39-02 4.20-02 4.24-02 4.11-02 4.09-02 4.09-02 4.01-02 4.09-02 4.02-02 4.06-02 4.08-02 4.14-02 4.15-02 4.18-02 4.16-02 4.19-02 4.16-02 4.20-02 4.16-02 4.21-02 4.14-02 4.15-02 4.11-02
5.05-02 2.58-02 2.26-02 2.35-02 2.48-02 2.71-02 2.74-02 2.78-02 2.66-02 2.82-02 2.75-02 2.87-02 2.84-02 2.97-02 2.91-02 3.04-02 2.95-02 2.80-02 3.05-02 3.17-02 3.00-02 2.98-02 2.96-02 3.06-02 3.04-02 3.15-02 3.13-02 3.29-02 3.18-02 3.22-02 3.16-02 3.16-02 3.19-02 3.14-02 3.23-02 3.20-02 3.25-02 3.29-02 3.35-02 3.38-02 3.44-02 3.44-02 3.48-02 3.48-02 3.53-02 3.52-02 3.58-02 3.54-02 3.56-02 3.55-02
3.25-02 1.70-02 1.53-02 1.63-02 1.76-02 1.96-02 2.02-02 2.09-02 2.04-02 2.20-02 2.18-02 2.31-02 2.32-02 2.46-02 2.45-02 2.59-02 2.55-02 2.45-02 2.70-02 2.84-02 2.72-02 2.73-02 2.74-02 2.86-02 2.87-02 2.99-02 3.00-02 3.18-02 3.10-02 3.18-02 3.13-02 3.16-02 3.21-02 3.19-02 3.29-02 3.28-02 3.36-02 3.41-02 3.50-02 3.55-02 3.63-02 3.65-02 3.71-02 3.73-02 3.80-02 3.80-02 3.88-02 3.85-02 3.90-02 3.90-02
2.15-02 1.18-02 1.11-02 1.23-02 1.37-02 1.58-02 1.67-02 1.77-02 1.77-02 1.95-02 1.97-02 2.13-02 2.17-02 2.34-02 2.36-02 2.53-02 2.52-02 2.45-02 2.74-02 2.90-02 2.80-02 2.84-02 2.88-02 3.03-02 3.07-02 3.22-02 3.26-02 3.48-02 3.41-02 3.51-02 3.48-02 3.53-02 3.60-02 3.60-02 3.74-02 3.74-02 3.85-02 3.93-02 4.05-02 4.12-02 4.22-02 4.26-02 4.35-02 4.39-02 4.48-02 4.50-02 4.61-02 4.59-02 4.65-02 4.66-02
1.42-02 8.61-03 8.68-03 1.02-02 1.19-02 1.43-02 1.57-02 1.71-02 1.75-02 1.96-02 2.03-02 2.23-02 2.31-02 2.52-02 2.58-02 2.79-02 2.81-02 2.76-02 3.11-02 3.32-02 3.23-02 3.30-02 3.36-02 3.56-02 3.63-02 3.83-02 3.88-02 4.17-02 4.10-02 4.24-02 4.22-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.41-02 4.60-02 4.61-02 4.75-02 4.87-02 5.03-02 5.13-02 5.27-02 5.33-02 5.45-02 5.50-02 5.63-02 5.66-02 5.81-02 5.79-02 5.88-02 5.90-02
1.19-02 7.78-03 8.21-03 9.94-03 1.19-02 1.46-02 1.63-02 1.79-02 1.86-02 2.11-02 2.19-02 2.42-02 2.52-02 2.76-02 2.84-02 3.08-02 3.11-02 3.07-02 3.46-02 3.71-02 3.62-02 3.71-02 3.78-02 4.01-02 4.09-02 4.33-02 4.40-02 4.73-02 4.66-02 4.82-02 4.80-02 4.89-02 5.01-02 5.03-02 5.24-02 5.26-02 5.43-02 5.56-02 5.75-02 5.87-02 6.03-02 6.10-02 6.24-02 6.30-02 6.45-02 6.49-02 6.67-02 6.64-02 6.75-02 6.78-02
1.14-02 7.79-03 8.61-03 1.08-02 1.32-02 1.64-02 1.85-02 2.06-02 2.14-02 2.43-02 2.53-02 2.81-02 2.93-02 3.23-02 3.33-02 3.62-02 3.67-02 3.62-02 4.09-02 4.40-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.49-02 4.76-02 4.86-02 5.15-02 5.23-02 5.61-02 5.53-02 5.72-02 5.70-02 5.80-02 5.95-02 5.97-02 6.22-02 6.25-02 6.45-02 6.61-02 6.83-02 6.98-02 7.17-02 7.26-02 7.43-02 7.51-02 7.69-02 7.73-02 7.93-02 7.91-02 8.04-02 8.07-02
1.16-02 7.95-03 8.87-03 1.12-02 1.37-02 1.70-02 1.92-02 2.13-02 2.21-02 2.51-02 2.62-02 2.90-02 3.03-02 3.34-02 3.45-02 3.75-02 3.80-02 3.75-02 4.24-02 4.56-02 4.45-02 4.56-02 4.65-02 4.93-02 5.04-02 5.33-02 5.41-02 5.81-02 5.72-02 5.91-02 5.89-02 6.00-02 6.15-02 6.17-02 6.43-02 6.46-02 6.67-02 6.83-02 7.06-02 7.22-02 7.42-02 7.51-02 7.68-02 7.77-02 7.94-02 8.00-02 8.20-02 8.18-02 8.32-02 8.35-02
10-209
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficients, cm2/g Photon energy, MeV Atomic no. Sb Te I Xe Cs ZB La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
0.001
0.002
8.58 + 03 8.43 + 03 9.10 + 03 9.41 + 03 9.37 + 03 8.54 + 03 9.09 + 03 9.71 + 03 1.06 + 04 6.63 + 03 2.06 + 03 2.11 + 03 2.22 + 03 2.29 + 03 2.40 + 03 2.49 + 03 2.62 + 03 2.75 + 03 2.90 + 03 3.02 + 03 3.19 + 03 3.34 + 03 3.51 + 03 3.68 + 03 3.87 + 03 4.03 + 03 4.24 + 03 4.43 + 03 4.65 + 03 4.83 + 03 5.01 + 03 5.21 + 03 5.44 + 03 5.72 + 03 5.87 + 03 5.83 + 03 6.08 + 03 6.20 + 03 6.47 + 03 6.61 + 03 6.53 + 03 6.63 + 03 6.95 + 03 7.19 + 03 7.37 + 03 7.54 + 03 7.84 + 03 7.89 + 03 7.79 + 03 7.13 + 03 N5
0.005
1.77 + 03 1.83 + 03 2.00 + 03 2.09 + 03 2.23 + 03 2.32 + 03 2.46 + 03 2.61 + 03 2.77 + 03 2.88 + 03 3.05 + 03 3.12 + 03 3.28 + 03 3.36 + 03 3.51 + 03 3.47 + 03 3.59 + 03 3.52 + 03 3.69 + 03 3.80 + 03 3.45 + 03 3.60 + 03 3.77 + 03 3.92 + 03 3.77 + 03 2.22 + 03 1.03 + 03 1.08 + 03 1.14 + 03 1.18 + 03 1.23 + 03 1.29 + 03 1.35 + 03 1.42 + 03 1.49 + 03 1.49 + 03 1.56 + 03 1.62 + 03 1.70 + 03 1.74 + 03 1.83 + 03 1.86 + 03 1.96 + 03 2.04 + 03 2.10 + 03 2.15 + 03 2.25 + 03 2.31 + 03 2.40 + 03 2.46 + 03 M5 M4
N4
8.85 + 02 9.01 + 02 8.43 + 02 6.39 + 02 2.30 + 02 2.41 + 02 2.58 + 02 2.74 + 02 2.92 + 02 3.06 + 02 3.26 + 02 3.36 + 02 3.54 + 02 3.65 + 02 3.84 + 02 3.99 + 02 4.17 + 02 4.36 + 02 4.57 + 02 4.72 + 02 4.94 + 02 5.11 + 02 5.33 + 02 5.53 + 02 5.76 + 02 5.93 + 02 6.18 + 02 6.40 + 02 6.66 + 02 6.87 + 02 7.07 + 02 7.30 + 02 7.58 + 02 7.93 + 02 8.25 + 02 8.16 + 02 8.49 + 02 8.74 + 02 8.69 + 02 8.88 + 02 8.76 + 02 8.89 + 02 9.32 + 02 9.65 + 02 9.90 + 02 1.02 + 03 1.06 + 03 9.27 + 02 9.59 + 02 9.77 + 02 M3 M2
0.01 1.46 + 02 1.50 + 02 1.63 + 02 1.69 + 02 1.79 + 02 1.86 + 02 1.97 + 02 2.08 + 02 2.21 + 02 2.30 + 02 2.44 + 02 2.50 + 02 2.63 + 02 2.69 + 02 2.82 + 02 2.90 + 02 3.01 + 02 3.13 + 02 2.83 + 02 2.94 + 02 2.21 + 02 2.30 + 02 2.38 + 02 9.69 + 01 1.01 + 02 1.04 + 02 1.09 + 02 1.13 + 02 1.18 + 02 1.22 + 02 1.26 + 02 1.31 + 02 1.36 + 02 1.43 + 02 1.49 + 02 1.48 + 02 1.54 + 02 1.59 + 02 1.65 + 02 1.69 + 02 1.77 + 02 1.79 + 02 1.87 + 02 1.94 + 02 1.98 + 02 2.03 + 02 2.10 + 02 2.15 + 02 2.22 + 02 2.26 + 02
0.02 2.27 + 01 2.34 + 01 2.54 + 01 2.65 + 01 2.82 + 01 2.94 + 01 3.12 + 01 3.31 + 01 3.53 + 01 3.68 + 01 3.92 + 01 4.03 + 01 4.24 + 01 4.36 + 01 4.59 + 01 4.76 + 01 4.98 + 01 5.20 + 01 5.45 + 01 5.63 + 01 5.88 + 01 6.09 + 01 6.33 + 01 6.57 + 01 6.84 + 01 7.04 + 01 7.32 + 01 7.57 + 01 7.88 + 01 8.12 + 01 8.36 + 01 8.64 + 01 8.95 + 01 9.35 + 01 9.70 + 01 9.56 + 01 9.93 + 01 1.02 + 02 1.06 + 02 9.37 + 01 7.03 + 01 7.11 + 01 7.45 + 01 7.71 + 01 7.93 + 01 8.14 + 01 8.39 + 01 8.58 + 01 4.01 + 01 4.09 + 01 L3
0.05
0.1
1.12 + 01 1.14 + 01 1.23 + 01 1.27 + 01 1.34 + 01 1.38 + 01 1.45 + 01 1.52 + 01 1.60 + 01 1.65 + 01 1.73 + 01 1.77 + 01 1.85 + 01 3.86 + 00 4.06 + 00 4.23 + 00 4.43 + 00 4.63 + 00 4.87 + 00 5.04 + 00 5.28 + 00 5.48 + 00 5.72 + 00 5.95 + 00 6.21 + 00 6.41 + 00 6.69 + 00 6.95 + 00 7.26 + 00 7.50 + 00 7.75 + 00 8.04 + 00 8.38 + 00 8.80 + 00 9.19 + 00 9.12 + 00 9.52 + 00 9.85 + 00 1.03 + 01 1.05 + 01 1.10 + 01 1.12 + 01 1.18 + 01 1.22 + 01 1.25 + 01 1.28 + 01 1.34 + 01 1.37 + 01 1.42 + 01 1.45 + 01
1.76 + 00 1.80 + 00 1.94 + 00 2.01 + 00 2.12 + 00 2.20 + 00 2.32 + 00 2.45 + 00 2.59 + 00 2.69 + 00 2.84 + 00 2.90 + 00 3.04 + 00 3.11 + 00 3.25 + 00 3.36 + 00 3.49 + 00 3.63 + 00 3.78 + 00 3.88 + 00 4.03 + 00 4.15 + 00 4.30 + 00 4.44 + 00 4.59 + 00 4.70 + 00 4.86 + 00 4.99 + 00 5.16 + 00 5.28 + 00 5.40 + 00 5.55 + 00 5.74 + 00 5.99 + 00 6.17 + 00 6.09 + 00 1.66 + 00 1.71 + 00 1.79 + 00 1.83 + 00 1.92 + 00 1.95 + 00 2.05 + 00 2.13 + 00 2.19 + 00 2.25 + 00 2.35 + 00 2.41 + 00 2.51 + 00 2.57 + 00
L1
N3 N2 N1
10-210
3.38-01 3.43-01 3.66-01 3.76-01 3.94-01 4.05-01 4.24-01 4.45-01 4.69-01 4.84-01 5.10-01 5.19-01 5.43-01 5.54-01 5.77-01 5.95-01 6.18-01 6.41-01 6.68-01 6.86-01 7.13-01 7.34-01 7.60-01 7.84-01 8.12-01 8.33-01 8.63-01 8.90-01 9.22-01 9.46-01 9.69-01 9.99-01 1.03 + 00 1.08 + 00 1.12 + 00 1.10 + 00 1.14 + 00 1.17 + 00 1.21 + 00 1.23 + 00 1.29 + 00 1.30 + 00 1.35 + 00 1.39 + 00 1.42 + 00 1.44 + 00 1.50 + 00 1.52 + 00 1.57 + 00 1.59 + 00 K EDGE
L2
M1
0.2
0.5 9.45-02 9.33-02 9.70-02 9.70-02 9.91-02 9.92-02 1.01-01 1.04-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.12-01 1.11-01 1.14-01 1.14-01 1.17-01 1.18-01 1.20-01 1.23-01 1.26-01 1.27-01 1.30-01 1.32-01 1.35-01 1.38-01 1.41-01 1.43-01 1.46-01 1.49-01 1.53-01 1.56-01 1.58-01 1.61-01 1.66-01 1.71-01 1.77-01 1.73-01 1.78-01 1.82-01 1.87-01 1.90-01 1.97-01 1.98-01 2.05-01 2.10-01 2.14-01 2.18-01 2.25-01 2.29-01 2.36-01 2.39-01
PHOTON ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mass attenuation coefficients, cm2/g Photon Energy, MeV Atomic no. Sb Te I Xe Cs ZB La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
1.0 5.80-02 5.67-02 5.84-02 5.78-02 5.85-02 5.80-02 5.88-02 5.96-02 6.07-02 6.07-02 6.19-02 6.11-02 6.19-02 6.12-02 6.20-02 6.20-02 6.26-02 6.32-02 6.40-02 6.40-02 6.48-02 6.50-02 6.57-02 6.62-02 6.69-02 6.71-02 6.79-02 6.86-02 6.95-02 6.99-02 7.03-02 7.10-02 7.21-02 7.39-02 7.54-02 7.30-02 7.45-02 7.53-02 7.69-02 7.71-02 7.94-02 7.90-02 8.13-02 8.26-02 8.33-02 8.41-02 8.62-02 8.70-02 8.89-02 8.94-02
2.0 4.10-02 4.01-02 4.12-02 4.08-02 4.12-02 4.08-02 4.12-02 4.18-02 4.24-02 4.24-02 4.31-02 4.24-02 4.28-02 4.23-02 4.27-02 4.26-02 4.29-02 4.32-02 4.36-02 4.35-02 4.39-02 4.39-02 4.41-02 4.43-02 4.46-02 4.46-02 4.50-02 4.52-02 4.57-02 4.57-02 4.58-02 4.61-02 4.66-02 4.75-02 4.82-02 4.65-02 4.72-02 4.75-02 4.82-02 4.81-02 4.93-02 4.88-02 4.99-02 5.05-02 5.06-02 5.08-02 5.18-02 5.20-02 5.28-02 5.28-02
5.0
10.0
20.0
50.0
100.0
500.0
1000.0
3.56-02 3.49-02 3.61-02 3.58-02 3.64-02 3.61-02 3.66-02 3.73-02 3.80-02 3.81-02 3.88-02 3.83-02 3.88-02 3.84-02 3.89-02 3.90-02 3.93-02 3.96-02 4.01-02 4.00-02 4.05-02 4.05-02 4.08-02 4.10-02 4.14-02 4.13-02 4.17-02 4.20-02 4.24-02 4.25-02 4.25-02 4.27-02 4.32-02 4.40-02 4.46-02 4.30-02 4.36-02 4.38-02 4.44-02 4.42-02 4.52-02 4.46-02 4.56-02 4.60-02 4.60-02 4.60-02 4.68-02 4.68-02 4.74-02 4.72-02
3.92-02 3.86-02 4.00-02 3.99-02 4.06-02 4.04-02 4.11-02 4.19-02 4.29-02 4.30-02 4.40-02 4.35-02 4.42-02 4.38-02 4.45-02 4.46-02 4.50-02 4.55-02 4.61-02 4.61-02 4.66-02 4.68-02 4.72-02 4.75-02 4.79-02 4.79-02 4.84-02 4.87-02 4.93-02 4.94-02 4.94-02 4.97-02 5.03-02 5.12-02 5.20-02 5.01-02 5.08-02 5.10-02 5.17-02 5.15-02 5.26-02 5.19-02 5.30-02 5.34-02 5.34-02 5.34-02 5.42-02 5.42-02 5.48-02 5.45-02
4.70-02 4.64-02 4.82-02 4.82-02 4.91-02 4.90-02 5.00-02 5.10-02 5.23-02 5.26-02 5.38-02 5.34-02 5.42-02 5.38-02 5.47-02 5.49-02 5.55-02 5.61-02 5.70-02 5.70-02 5.77-02 5.80-02 5.85-02 5.89-02 5.95-02 5.96-02 6.02-02 6.06-02 6.14-02 6.15-02 6.16-02 6.21-02 6.28-02 6.40-02 6.49-02 6.26-02 6.35-02 6.38-02 6.47-02 6.45-02 6.59-02 6.51-02 6.65-02 6.71-02 6.70-02 6.70-02 6.81-02 6.81-02 6.89-02 6.86-02
5.96-02 5.89-02 6.13-02 6.12-02 6.25-02 6.25-02 6.37-02 6.52-02 6.68-02 6.72-02 6.89-02 6.84-02 6.96-02 6.91-02 7.03-02 7.06-02 7.14-02 7.23-02 7.35-02 7.35-02 7.45-02 7.48-02 7.56-02 7.62-02 7.70-02 7.71-02 7.80-02 7.86-02 7.95-02 7.98-02 8.00-02 8.06-02 8.15-02 8.32-02 8.44-02 8.14-02 8.26-02 8.31-02 8.43-02 8.40-02 8.60-02 8.49-02 8.68-02 8.76-02 8.77-02 8.77-02 8.92-02 8.92-02 9.04-02 9.00-02
6.85-02 6.77-02 7.04-02 7.04-02 7.19-02 7.19-02 7.34-02 7.50-02 7.69-02 7.74-02 7.94-02 7.88-02 8.02-02 7.97-02 8.11-02 8.15-02 8.24-02 8.34-02 8.48-02 8.49-02 8.60-02 8.64-02 8.73-02 8.80-02 8.89-02 8.90-02 9.01-02 9.08-02 9.19-02 9.22-02 9.24-02 9.31-02 9.42-02 9.61-02 9.76-02 9.42-02 9.56-02 9.61-02 9.75-02 9.72-02 9.95-02 9.83-02 1.01-01 1.01-01 1.02-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.05-01 1.05-01
8.16-02 8.07-02 8.40-02 8.40-02 8.58-02 8.58-02 8.76-02 8.96-02 9.19-02 9.25-02 9.48-02 9.41-02 9.57-02 9.51-02 9.67-02 9.72-02 9.83-02 9.95-02 1.01-01 1.01-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.05-01 1.06-01 1.06-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.09-01 1.10-01 1.10-01 1.11-01 1.12-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.12-01 1.14-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.16-01 1.19-01 1.17-01 1.20-01 1.21-01 1.21-01 1.21-01 1.24-01 1.24-01 1.25-01 1.25-01
8.44-02 8.35-02 8.69-02 8.69-02 8.88-02 8.88-02 9.06-02 9.27-02 9.50-02 9.56-02 9.81-02 9.73-02 9.90-02 9.83-02 1.00-01 1.00-01 1.02-01 1.03-01 1.04-01 1.04-01 1.06-01 1.06-01 1.07-01 1.08-01 1.09-01 1.10-01 1.11-01 1.12-01 1.13-01 1.13-01 1.14-01 1.15-01 1.16-01 1.18-01 1.20-01 1.16-01 1.18-01 1.19-01 1.20-01 1.20-01 1.23-01 1.21-01 1.24-01 1.25-01 1.25-01 1.26-01 1.28-01 1.28-01 1.29-01 1.29-01
10-211
BLACK BODY RADIATION The total power radiated from an ideal black body and the wavelength corresponding to maximum power are given here as a function of absolute temperature. Constants used in the calculation are taken from the table “Fundamental Physical Constants” in Section 1. The radiated power in a band ∆λ at λmax may be calculated from: Pmax = 0.657548 (∆λ/λmax) Ptot T/K 50 100 150 200 250 273 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730
Ptot 0.354 W/m2 5.671 28.707 90.728 221.504 314.973 348.541 401.064 459.311 523.684 594.596 672.478 757.771 850.931 952.428 1.063 kW/m2 1.182 1.312 1.452 1.602 1.764 1.939 2.125 2.325 2.539 2.767 3.010 3.269 3.544 3.836 4.146 4.474 4.822 5.189 5.577 5.986 6.417 6.871 7.349 7.851 8.379 8.933 9.514 10.122 10.760 11.427 12.124 12.853 13.615 14.410 15.239 16.103
λmax/µm
T/K
57.955 28.978 19.318 14.489 11.591 10.614 10.349 9.992 9.659 9.348 9.055 8.781 8.523 8.279 8.049 7.832 7.626 7.430 7.244 7.068 6.899 6.739 6.586 6.439 6.299 6.165 6.037 5.914 5.796 5.682 5.573 5.467 5.366 5.269 5.175 5.084 4.996 4.911 4.830 4.750 4.674 4.600 4.528 4.458 4.391 4.325 4.261 4.200 4.140 4.081 4.025 3.970
740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500
Ptot 17.004 17.942 18.918 19.934 20.989 22.087 23.226 24.410 25.638 26.911 28.232 29.600 31.018 32.486 34.006 35.578 37.204 38.886 40.623 42.418 44.272 46.187 48.162 50.201 52.303 54.471 56.705 61.379 66.337 71.589 77.147 83.022 89.227 95.773 102.672 109.939 117.584 125.621 134.063 142.924 152.217 161.955 172.154 182.827 193.989 205.655 217.838 230.556 243.822 257.652 272.063 287.070
10-214
λmax/µm
T/K
Ptot
λmax/µm
3.916 3.864 3.813 3.763 3.715 3.668 3.622 3.577 3.534 3.491 3.450 3.409 3.369 3.331 3.293 3.256 3.220 3.184 3.150 3.116 3.083 3.050 3.018 2.987 2.957 2.927 2.898 2.841 2.786 2.734 2.683 2.634 2.587 2.542 2.498 2.456 2.415 2.375 2.337 2.300 2.264 2.229 2.195 2.163 2.131 2.100 2.070 2.041 2.012 1.985 1.958 1.932
1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160 2180 2200 2220 2240 2260 2280 2300 2320 2340 2360 2380 2400 2420 2440 2460 2480 2500 2550 2600
302.689 318.937 335.831 353.387 371.623 390.555 410.202 430.581 451.710 473.607 496.290 519.779 544.093 569.249 595.267 622.168 649.970 678.694 708.359 738.987 770.597 803.210 836.848 871.531 907.282 944.121 982.071 1.021 MW/m2 1.061 1.103 1.145 1.189 1.234 1.281 1.328 1.377 1.428 1.479 1.532 1.587 1.643 1.700 1.759 1.819 1.881 1.945 2.010 2.077 2.145 2.215 2.398 2.591
1.906 1.882 1.858 1.834 1.811 1.789 1.767 1.746 1.725 1.705 1.685 1.665 1.646 1.628 1.610 1.592 1.575 1.558 1.541 1.525 1.509 1.494 1.478 1.464 1.449 1.435 1.420 1.407 1.393 1.380 1.367 1.354 1.342 1.329 1.317 1.305 1.294 1.282 1.271 1.260 1.249 1.238 1.228 1.218 1.207 1.197 1.188 1.178 1.168 1.159 1.136 1.115
BLACK BODY RADIATION (continued) T/K 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250 3300 3350 3400 3450 3500 3550
Ptot 2.796 3.014 3.243 3.485 3.741 4.011 4.294 4.593 4.907 5.237 5.583 5.946 6.326 6.725 7.142 7.578 8.033 8.509 9.006
λmax/µm
T/K
1.093 1.073 1.054 1.035 1.017 0.999 0.982 0.966 0.950 0.935 0.920 0.906 0.892 0.878 0.865 0.852 0.840 0.828 0.816
3600 3650 3700 3750 3800 3850 3900 3950 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000
Ptot
λmax/µm
T/K
0.805 0.794 0.783 0.773 0.763 0.753 0.743 0.734 0.724 0.707 0.690 0.674 0.659 0.644 0.630 0.617 0.604 0.591 0.580
5100 5200 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000
9.524 10.065 10.627 11.214 11.824 12.458 13.118 13.804 14.517 16.024 17.645 19.386 21.254 23.253 25.389 27.670 30.101 32.689 35.441
Ptot 38.362 41.461 44.743 48.217 51.889 55.767 59.858 64.170 68.712 73.490 101.222 136.149 179.418 232.264 296.004 372.042 461.867 567.051
λmax/µm 0.568 0.557 0.547 0.537 0.527 0.517 0.508 0.500 0.491 0.483 0.446 0.414 0.386 0.362 0.341 0.322 0.305 0.290
The curves below show, for various temperatures, the fraction of radiant power as a function of wavelength. The function plotted is Pλ/∆λ Ptot, where Pλ is the power at wavelength λ in a small interval ∆λ (in µm), and Ptot is the total power.
0.25
Fraction of Radiant Power
0.20
1000 K
0.15
500 K
0.10
300 K
0.05 200 K 100 K
0
0
5
10
15 20 25 Wavelength in µm
10-215
30
35
40
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED DETECTORS This graph summarizes the wavelength response of some semiconductors used as detectors for infrared radiation. The quantity D*(λ) is the signal to noise ratio for an incident radiant power density of 1 W/cm2 and a bandwidth of 1 Hz (60° field of view). The Ge, InAs, and InSb detectors are photovoltaics, while the HgCdTe series are photoconductive devices. The cutoff wavelength of the latter can be varied by adjusting the relative amounts of Hg, Cd, and Te (three examples are shown at 77 K). The graph also shows the theoretical background limited sensitivity for ideal detectors which introduce no intrinsic noise. REFERENCE Infrared Detectors 1995, EG&G Judson, Montgomeryville, PA. 1014 Ge 77 K
1013 Ideal Photovoltaic (BLIP Limit) Ge -30°C
1012
Ideal Photoconductor (BLIP Limit)
D*(λ)
InAs 77 K InSb 77 K
Ge 22°C
1011
HgCdTe -55°C HgCdTe 77 K
1010
HgCdTe 77 K
InAs -30°C
HgCdTe 77 K
Doped Ge 4 K
109 InAs 22°C
108
HgCdTe -75°C
1
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 10 Wavelength (µm)
10-216
12
20
30
REFRACTIVE INDEX AND TRANSMITTANCE OF REPRESENTATIVE GLASSES Typical values of the index of refraction and internal transmittance (fraction of light transmitted through a one centimeter thickness) are tabulated here for selected types of glasses, as well as for synthetic fused (vitreous) silica. Nominal compositions are given in the first part of the table. The second part gives the index of refraction, relative to air, and the internal transmittance for representative samples of each glass at wavelengths in the infrared, visible, and near-ultraviolet regions. It should be emphasized that wide variation of these parameters may be found among subtypes of each glass. More detailed data may be found in Reference 3. Assuming that the Lambert-Beer Law is followed, the transmittance of a glass plate of thickness d (in centimeters) can be obtained by raising the transmittance value in the table to the power d. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Weber, M.J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL ,1988. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. Schott Optical Glass, Schott Glass Technologies, Inc., 400 York Ave., Duryea, PA 18642. Kaye, G.W.C., and Laby, T.H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th Edition, Longman, London, 1986.
Type PK PSK BK K ZK BaK SK KF BaLF SSK LLF BaF LF F BaSF SF KzFS SiO2
Name Phosphate crown Dense phosphate crown Borosilicate crown Crown Zinc crown Barium crown Dense crown Crown flint Barium light flint Extra dense crown Extra light flint Barium flint Light flint Flint Dense barium flint Dense flint Short flint Fused silica
Type PK PSK BK K ZK BaK SK KF BaLF SSK LaK LLF BaF LF F BaSF SF KzFS SiO2 a b
SiO2
70 74 71 60 39 67 51 35 63 46 53 47 43 33
B2O3
Al2O3
3 3 10
10 5
3 15
10
Composition in percent by mass Na2O K2O CaO BaO 12 8 9 17 3
5 2
16 6
8 11
5 4 1 6
5 2 1
PbO
12 5
10
19 41
5
20 42
3 14 8
16
8
11
5
8 8 8 7 7 5
P2O5 70 60
28 3
5 5
ZnO
12 4 24 22 34 44 33 62
100
1.060 µm
Index of refraction 546.1 nm 365.0 nm
1.51519 1.54154 1.50669 1.50091 1.52220 1.55695 1.59490 1.50586 1.57579 1.60402 1.69710 1.52775 1.56873 1.56594 1.58636 1.60889 1.71350 1.59680 1.44968
1.52736 1.55440 1.51872 1.51314 1.53534 1.57124 1.60994 1.51978 1.59166 1.61993 1.71616 1.54344 1.58565 1.58482 1.60718 1.62987 1.74620 1.61639 1.46008
1.54503 1.57342 1.53627 1.53189 1.55588 1.59407 1.63398 1.54251 1.61804 1.64595 1.74573 1.57038 1.61524 1.61926 1.64606 1.66926 1.8145 1.64849 1.47435a
312.6 nm 1.5574 1.5868 1.5486 1.5454 1.5708 1.6108 1.5600
1.6739 1.53430b
At 366.3 nm. At 213.9 nm.
10-217
1.060 µm 0.997 0.996 0.999 0.998 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.996 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.999 0.999 0.997 0.999 0.998
Transmittance of 1 cm plate 546.1 nm 365.0 nm 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998
0.987 0.984 0.987 0.988 0.976 0.986 0.959 0.989 0.933 0.915 0.882 0.990 0.992 0.981 0.959 0.857 0.650 0.672
310 nm 0.46 0.46 0.35 0.40 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.49 0.010 0.010 0.17 0.32 0.004 0.008
0.012
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF WATER This table gives the index of refraction of liquid water at atmospheric pressure, relative to a vacuum, at several temperatures and wavelengths. It is generated from the formulation in Reference 1, which covers a wide range of temperature, pressure, and wavelength.The wavelengths listed here correspond to prominent lines of cadmium (226.50 and 361.05 nm), potassium (404.41 nm), sodium (589.00 nm), Ne (632.80 nm, from a helium neon laser), and mercury (1.01398 µm). REFERENCES 1. Schiebener, P., Straub, J., Levelt Sengers, J.M.H., and Gallagher, J.S., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 19, 677 (1990); 19, 1617, 1990. 2. Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. T/°C
226.50 nm
361.05 nm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1.39450 1.39422 1.39336 1.39208 1.39046 1.38854 1.38636 1.38395 1.38132 1.37849 1.37547
1.34896 1.34870 1.34795 1.34682 1.34540 1.34373 1.34184 1.33974 1.33746 1.33501 1.33239
404.41 nm
589.00 nm
1.34415 1.34389 1.34315 1.34205 1.34065 1.33901 1.33714 1.33508 1.33284 1.33042 1.32784
1.33432 1.33408 1.33336 1.33230 1.33095 1.32937 1.32757 1.32559 1.32342 1.32109 1.31861
10-218
632.80 nm 1.33306 1.33282 1.33211 1.33105 1.32972 1.32814 1.32636 1.32438 1.32223 1.31991 1.31744
1.01398 µm 1.32612 1.32591 1.32524 1.32424 1.32296 1.32145 1.31974 1.31784 1.31576 1.31353 1.31114
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF LIQUIDS FOR CALIBRATION PURPOSES This table gives the index of refraction of six liquids which are available in highly pure form and whose index of refraction has been accurately measured as a function of wavelength and temperature. They are therefore useful for calibration of refractometers. The estimated uncertainty in the values is: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Hexadecane trans-Bicyclo[4.0.0]decane 1-Methylnaphthalene Toluene Methylcyclohexane
±0.00003 ±0.00008 ±0.00008 ±0.00008 ±0.00003 ±0.00003
Full details are given in the references. This table is reprinted from Reference 1 by permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. REFERENCES 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987. 2. Tilton, L. W., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 32, 71, 1941.
λ nm
20°C
667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83
1.38916 1.38945 1.39145 1.39316 1.39544 1.39639 1.40029
λ nm
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 25°C 30°C 1.38670 1.38698 1.38898 1.39068 1.39294 1.39389 1.39776
1.38424 1.38452 1.38650 1.38820 1.39044 1.39138 1.39523
trans-Bicyclo[4.4.0]decane 20°C 25°C 30°C
20°C
Hexadecane 25°C
30°C
1.43204 1.43235 1.43453 1.43640 1.43888 1.43993 1.44419
1.43001 1.43032 1.43250 1.43436 1.43684 1.43788 1.44213
1.42798 1.42829 1.43047 1.43232 1.43480 1.43583 1.44007
20°C
1-Methylnaphthalene 25°C 30°C
667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83
1.46654 1.46688 1.46932 1.47141 1.47420 1.47535 1.48011
1.46438 1.46472 1.46715 1.46923 1.47200 1.47315 1.47789
1.46222 1.46256 1.46498 1.46705 1.46980 1.47095 1.47567
1.60828 1.60940 1.61755 1.62488 1.63513 1.63958
λ nm
20°C
Toluene 25°C
30°C
20°C
667.81 656.28 589.26 546.07 501.57 486.13 435.83
1.49180 1.49243 1.49693 1.50086 1.50620 1.50847 1.51800
1.48903 1.48966 1.49413 1.49803 1.50334 1.50559 1.51506
1.48619 1.48682 1.49126 1.49514 1.50041 1.50265 1.51206
1.42064 1.42094 1.42312 1.42497 1.42744 1.42847 1.43269
10-219
1.60592 1.60703 1.61512 1.62240 1.63259 1.63701 1.65627
1.60360 1.60471 1.61278 1.62005 1.63022 1.63463 1.65386
Methylcyclohexane 25°C 30°C 1.41812 1.41842 1.42058 1.42243 1.42488 1.42590 1.43010
1.41560 1.41591 1.41806 1.41989 1.42233 1.42334 1.42752
INDEX OF REFRACTION OF AIR This is a table of the index of refraction n of dry air at 15°C and a pressure of 101.325 kPa and containing 0.045% by volume of carbon dioxide (“standard air”). The index of refraction is defined by n = λvac/λair where λ is the wavelength of the radiation. The index is calculated from the expression (n-1) × 108 = 8342.54 + 2406147(130 - σ2)-1 + 15998(38.9 - σ2)-1 where σ = 1/λvac and λvac has units of µm. The equation is valid for λvac from 200 nm to 2 µm. The table also gives the correction (n-1)λair which must be added to the wavelength in air to obtain λvac. If the air is at a temperature t in °C (ITS-90) and a pressure p in pascals, a value of (n-1) from this table should be multiplied by p[1 + p(60.1 – 0.972t) × 10-10]/96095.43(1 + 0.003661t)
REFERENCES 1. Birch, K. P., and Downs, M. J., Metrologia, 31, 315, 1994. 2. Edlen, B., Metrologia 2, 71, 1966. λvac 200 nm 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530
(n-1) × 108 32409 31748 31226 30801 30447 30148 29892 29670 29477 29307 29157 29023 28904 28796 28700 28612 28532 28460 28393 28332 28276 28224 28177 28132 28091 28053 28018 27985 27954 27925 27897 27872 27848 27825
λvac – λair
λvac
(n-1) × 108
λvac – λair
λvac
(n-1) × 108
λvac – λair
0.06480 nm 0.06665 0.06868 0.07082 0.07305 0.07535 0.07769 0.08009 0.08251 0.08497 0.08745 0.08995 0.09247 0.09500 0.09755 0.10011 0.10269 0.10527 0.10786 0.11046 0.11307 0.11569 0.11831 0.12094 0.12357 0.12620 0.12885 0.13149 0.13414 0.13679 0.13945 0.14211 0.14477 0.14743
540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870
27804 27784 27765 27747 27730 27714 27698 27684 27670 27657 27644 27632 27621 27610 27600 27590 27581 27572 27563 27555 27547 27539 27532 27525 27518 27511 27505 27499 27493 27488 27482 27477 27472 27467
0.15010 0.15277 0.15544 0.15811 0.16079 0.16347 0.16614 0.16882 0.17151 0.17419 0.17688 0.17956 0.18225 0.18494 0.18763 0.19032 0.19301 0.19570 0.19840 0.20109 0.20379 0.20649 0.20918 0.21188 0.21458 0.21728 0.21998 0.22268 0.22538 0.22808 0.23079 0.23349 0.23619 0.23890
880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990
27462 27458 27454 27449 27445 27441 27437 27434 27430 27427 27423 27420
0.24160 0.24431 0.24701 0.24972 0.25243 0.25513 0.25784 0.26055 0.26326 0.26597 0.26868 0.27138
1.00 µm 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00
27417 27402 27390 27379 27370 27361 27354 27347 27341 27336 27331 27327 27323 27319 27316 27313 27310 27307 27305 27303 27301
0.0002741 µm 0.0002876 0.0003012 0.0003148 0.0003283 0.0003419 0.0003555 0.0003691 0.0003827 0.0003963 0.0004099 0.0004234 0.0004370 0.0004506 0.0004642 0.0004778 0.0004914 0.0005050 0.0005187 0.0005323 0.0005459
10-224
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES William F. Krupke Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation was first demonstrated by Maiman in 1960, the result of a population inversion produced between energy levels of chromium ions in a ruby crystal when irradiated with a xenon flashlamp. Since then population inversions and coherent emission have been generated in literally thousands of substances (neutral and ionized gases, liquids, and solids) using a variety of incoherent excitation techniques (optical pumping, electrical discharges, gas-dynamic flow, electron-beams, chemical reactions, nuclear decay). The extrema of laser output parameters which have been demonstrated to date and the laser media used are summarized in Table 1. Note that the extreme power and energy parameters listed in this table were attained with laser systems rather than with simple laser oscillators. Laser sources are commonly classified in terms of the state-of-matter of the active medium: gas, liquid, and solid. Each of these classes is further subdivided into one or more types as shown in Table 2. A well-known representative example of each type of laser is also given in Table 2 together with its nominal operation wavelength and the methods by which it is pumped. The various lasers together cover a wide spectral range from the far ultraviolet to the far infrared. The particular wavelength of emission (usually a narrow line) is presented for some six dozen lasers in Figures 1A and 1B. By suitably designing the excitation source and/or by controlling the laser resonator structure, laser systems can provide continuous or pulsed radiation as shown in Table 3. Besides the method of excitation and the temporal behavior of a laser, there are many other parameters that characterize its operation and efficiency, as shown in Tables 4 and 5. Although many lasers only emit in one or more narrow spectral “lines”, an increasing number of lasers can be tuned by changing the composition or the pressure of the medium, or by varying the wavelength of the pump bands. The spectral regions in which these tunable lasers operate are presented in Figure 2. REFERENCE Krupke, W. F., in Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. I, Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.
TABLE 1 Extrema of Output Parameters of Laser Devices or Systems Parameter
Value
Peak power Peak power density Pulse energy Average power Pulse duration
1 × 1014 W (collimated) 1018 W/cm2 (focused) >105 J 105 W 3 × 10–15 s continuous wave (cw)
Wavelength Efficiency (nonlaser pumped) Beam quality Spectral linewidth Spatial coherence
60 nm ↔ 385 µm 70% Diffraction limited 20 Hz (for 10–1 s) 10 m
10-221
Laser medium Nd:glass Nd:glass CO2, Nd:glass CO2 Rh6G dye; various gases, liquids, solids Many required CO Various gases, liquids, solids Neon-helium Ruby
TABLE 2 Classes, Types, and Representative Examples of Laser Sources
Class Gas
Solid
Nominal operating wavelength (nm)
10-222
Atom, neutral (electronic transition) Atom, ionic (electronic transition) Molecule, neutral (electronic transition)
Neon-Helium (Ne-He) Argon (Ar+) Krypton fluoride (KrF)
633 488 248
Molecule, neutral (vibrational transition)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
10600
Molecule, neutral (rotational transition) Molecule, ionic (electronic transition) Organic solvent (dye-chromophore)
Methyl fluoride (CH3F) Nitrogen ion (N2+) Rhodamine dye (Rh6G)
496000 420 580–610
Organic solvent (rare earth chelate) Inorganic solvent (trivalent rare earth ion) Insulator, crystal (impurity) Insulator, crystal (stoichiometric) Insulator, crystal (color center) Insulator, amorphous (impurity) Semiconductor (p-n junction) Semiconductor (electron-hole plasma)
Europium:TTF Neodymium:POCl4 Neodymium:YAG Neodymium:UP(NdP5O14) F2–:LiF Neodymium:glass GaAs GaAs
612 1060 1064 1052 1120 1061 820 890
Method(s) of excitation Glow discharge Arc discharge Glow discharge; ebeam Glow discharge; gasdynamic flow Laser pumping E-beam Flashlamp; laser pumping Flashlamp Flashlamp Flashlamp, arc lamp Flashlamp Laser pumping Flashlamp Injection current E-beam, laser pumping
Table 3 Temporal Characteristics of Lasers and Laser Systems
Form Continuous wave Pulsed Q-Switched Cavity dumped Mode locked
Technique Excitation is continuous; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value Excitation is pulsed; resonator Q is held constant at some moderate value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very low value to a moderate value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; resonator Q is switched from a very high value to a low value Excitation is continuous or pulsed; phase or loss of the resonator modes is modulated at a rate related to the resonator transit time
Pulse width range (s)
∞ 10–8–10–3 10–8–10–6 10–7–10–5
10–12–10–9
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)
Liquid
Representative example
Type (characteristic)
Table 4 Properties and Performance of Some Continuous Wave (CW) Lasers Gas Parameter Excitation method Gain medium composition Gain medium density
a b
Junction thickness:width:length. Pressure dependent.
Torr ions/cm3 nm cm–2 s s nm W cm–2 s cm–3 cm–1 W cm–3 W cm–3 cm:cm A/V A cm–2 W W %
Neon helium
Argon ion
Carbon dioxide
DC discharge Neon:helium 0.1:1.0
DC discharge Argon 0.4
DC discharge CO2:N2:He 0.4:0.8:5.0
633 3(-13) ;1(-7) ;1(-7) 2(-3) Inhomogeneous
488 1.6(-12) 7.5(-9) ;5.0(-9) 5(-3) Inhomogeneous
;1(-8) ; 1(9) ;1(-3)
;4(-10) 2(10) ;3(-2)
10600 1.5(-16) 4(-3) ;4(-3) 1.6(-2) Homogeneous ; 20 ;5(-6) b 2(15) 1(-2)
Solid Nd:YAG
GaAs
Ar+ laser pump Rh 6G:H2O
Krypton arc lamp Nd:YAG
DC injection p:n:GaAs
2(18):2(22) 590 1.8(-16) 6.5(-9) 6.0(-9) 80 Homogeneous 3(5) <1(-12) 2(16) 4
1.5(20):2(22) 1064 7(-19) 2.6(-4) 2.3(-4) 0.5 Homogeneous 2.3(3) <1(-7) 6(16) 5(-2)
2(19):3(18):3(22) 810 ;6(-15) ;1(-9) ;1(-9) 10 Homogeneous ; 2(4) <1(-12) 1(16) 40
3
900
0.15
1(6)
150
7(7)
2.6(-3) 0.5:100 3(-2):2(3) 0.15 60 0.06 0.1
;1 0.3:100 30:300 600 9(3) 10 0.1
2(-2) 5.0:600 0.1:1.5(4) 6(-3) 1.5(3) 240 13
3(5) 1(-3):0.3
95 0.6:10 90:125 140 1.1(4) 300 2.6
5(6) 5(-4):7(-3);2(-2)a 1.0/1.7 4.5(3) 1.7 0.12 7
4 0.3 7
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)
10-223
Wavelength Laser cross-section Radiative lifetime (upper level) Decay lifetime (upper level) Gain bandwidth Type, gain saturation Homogeneous saturation flux Decay lifetime (lower level) Inversion density Small signal gain coefficient Pump power density Output power density Laser size (diameter:length) Excitation current/voltage Excitation current density Excitation power Output power Efficiency
Unit
Liquid Rhodamine 6G dye
Table 5 Properties and Performance of Some Pulsed Lasers Gas Parameter Excitation method Gain medium composition Gain medium density
a b
torr ions/cm3 nm cm–2 s s nm J/cm2 s cm–3 cm–1 J/cm3 J/cm3 cm:cm:cm A/V A cm2 W J s W %
Carbon dixoxide
Krypton fluoride
TEA-discharge CO2:N2:He 100:50:600
E-beam/sust. CO2:N2:He 240:240:320
Glow discharge He:Kr:F2 1070:70:3
E-beam Ar:Kr:F2 1235:52:3
10600 2(-18) 4(-3) ;1(-4) 1 0.2 5(-8)a 3(17) 2(-2) 0.1 2(-2) 4.5:4.5:87 6(4)/3.3(3) 8.5 2(8) 35 1(-6) 3.5(7) 17
10600 2(-18) 4(-3) 5(-5) 1 0.2 1(-8)a 6(17) 4(-2) 0.36 1.8(-2) 10:10:100 2.4(4)/4(4) 22 9(8) 180 4(-6) 4(7) 5
249 2(-16) 7(-9) 2(-9) 2 4(-3) <1(-12) 4(14) 8–92) 0.15 1.5(-3) 1.5:4.5:100 2.5(4)/1.5(5) 170 4(9) 1 2.5(-8) 4(7) 1
249 2(-16) 7(-9) 3(-9) 2 4(-3) <1(-12) 2(14) 4(-2) 0.13 1.2(-2) 8.5:10:100 1.2(4)/2.5(5) 11.5 3(9) 102 6(-7) 2(8) 10b
Pressure dependent. Intrinsic efficiency ≡ energy output/energy deposited in gas.
Liquid Rhodamine 6G
Nd:YAG
Solid
Xenon flashlamp Rh6G:alcohol
Xenon flashlamp Nd:YAG
1(18):1.5(22) 590 1.8(-16) 6.5(-9) 6.0(-9) 80 2(-3) <1(-12) 2(16) 4 2.8 0.85 1.2φ25 2(5)/2.5(4) 2.6(3) 5.4(9) 32 3.2(-6) 1(7) 0.2
1.5(20):1(22) 1064 7(-19) 2.6(-4) 2.3(-4) 0.5 0.6 <1(-7) 4(17) 0.3 0.15 5(-2) 0.6φ7.5
Xenon flashlamp Nd:Glass 3(20):2(22) 1061 2.8(-20) 4.1(-4) 3.7(-4) 26 ;5 <1(-8) 3(18) 8(-2) 0.6 2(-2) 0.6φ8.3
4(4) 0.1 2(-8) 5(6) 1.5
9(4) 1.0 1(-4) 1(4) 3.7
Nd:glass
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER SOURCES (continued)
10-224
Wavelength Laser cross-section Radiative lifetime (upper level) Decay lifetime (upper level) Gain bandwidth Homogeneous saturation fluence Decay lifetime (lower level) Inversion density Small signal gain coefficient Medium excitation energy density Output energy density Laser dimensions Excitation current/voltage Excitation current density Excitation peak power Output pulse energy Output pulse length Output pulse power Efficiency
Unit
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES Arthur Maki The CO2 laser has been the subject of a number of very accurate frequency measurements. Most of the earlier measurements are given by Bradley et al.1 That analysis was based on a single absolute frequency measurement and many laser frequency differences. New measurements of the methane frequency2-4 have made it necessary to slightly revise that single absolute frequency measurement. In addition, there have been several other absolute frequency measurements5-7 that have been used here to improve the accuracy of the present tables. New frequency difference measurements have also been added to the database used for the present tables.8 REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Bradley, L. C., Soohoo, K. L., and Freed, C., IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-22, 234-267, 1986. Clairon, A., Dahmani, B., Filimon, A., and Rutman, J., IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas., IM-34, 265-268, 1985. Weiss, C. O., Kramer, G., Lipphardt, B., and Garcia, E., IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-24, 1970-1972, 1988. Bagayev, S. N., Baklanov, A. E., Chebotayev, V. P., and Dychkov, A. S., Appl. Phys., B-48, 31-35, 1989. Blaney, T. G., Bradley, C. C., Edwards, G. J., Jolliffe, B. W., Knight, D. J. E., Rowley, W. R. C., Shotten, K. C., and Woods, P. T., Proc. R. Soc. Lond., A-355, 61-88, 1977. 6. Chardonnet, Ch., Van Lerberghe, A., and Bordé, Ch. J., Opt. Comm., 58, 333-337, 1986. 7. Clairon, A., Acef, O., Chardonnet, Ch., and Bordé, Ch. J., Frequency Standards and Metrology, De Marchi, A., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989, p. 212. 8. Evenson, K., private communication. Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6)
26721305.4647 26794232.6712 26866318.8073 26937571.7234 27007998.9216 27077607.5643 27146404.4834 27214396.1873 27281588.8696 27347988.4161 27413600.4119 27478430.1487 27542482.6310 27605762.5826 27668274.4525 27730022.4206 27791010.4036 27851242.0594 27910720.7927 27969449.7593 28027431.8708 28084669.7981 28141165.9762 28196922.6067 28251941.6622 28306224.8888 28359773.8090 28412589.7245 28464673.7184 28516026.6574 28566649.1935 28616541.7661 28665704.6027
0.1680 0.1217 0.0867 0.0606 0.0415 0.0279 0.0185 0.0121 0.0081 0.0057 0.0043 0.0036 0.0032 0.0030 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0014 0.0012 0.0011 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008
10-228
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6)
29789856.3783 29861850.7690 29933216.1760 30003944.2861 30074026.9127 30143456.0039 30212223.6504 30280322.0930 30347743.7306 30414481.1273 30480527.0196 30545874.3239 30610516.1429 30674445.7724 30737656.7080 30800142.6511 30861897.5150 30922915.4310 30983190.7534 31042718.0652 31101492.1833 31159508.1631 31216761.3029 31273247.1487 31328961.4978 31383900.4028 31438060.1749 31491437.3872 31544028.8776 31595831.7516 31646843.3843 31697061.4225 31746483.7868
0.0308 0.0192 0.0122 0.0086 0.0072 0.0066 0.0061 0.0055 0.0049 0.0044 0.0041 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)
28714137.7205 28761840.9272 28832026.2198 28877902.4382 28923046.4303 28967457.0657 29011133.0054 29054072.7010 29096274.3935 29137736.1129 29178455.6759 29218430.6852 29257658.5269 29296136.3689 29333861.1583 29370829.6191 29407038.2491 29442483.3168 29477160.8582 29511066.6733 29544196.3221 29576545.1205 29608108.1360 29638880.1831 29668855.8183 29698029.3350 29726394.7582 29753945.8385 29780676.0464 29806578.5659 29831646.2878 29855871.8032 29879247.3960 29901765.0357 29923416.3695 29944192.7145 29964085.0488 29983084.0036
0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0019 0.0022 0.0024 0.0027 0.0032 0.0037 0.0042 0.0047 0.0052 0.0058 0.0074 0.0113 0.0186 0.0302 0.0475 0.0720
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)
31795108.6724 31842934.5511 31913172.5691 31958996.0621 32004017.3822 32048236.2498 32091652.6619 32134266.8917 32176079.4878 32217091.2721 32257303.3386 32296717.0510 32335334.0408 32373156.2044 32410185.7003 32446424.9459 32481876.6140 32516543.6293 32550429.1641 32583536.6340 32615869.6937 32647432.2320 32678228.3665 32708262.4386 32737539.0081 32766062.8469 32793838.9334 32820872.4463 32847168.7576 32872733.4269 32897572.1935 32921690.9701 32945095.8355 32967793.0268 32989788.9322 33011090.0831 33031703.1467 33051634.9172
0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0045 0.0055 0.0071 0.0099 0.0141 0.0202 0.0288 0.0407 0.0567 0.0780 0.1060 0.1423
Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46)
25523832.1808 25590013.4703 25655543.6502 25720428.2487 25784672.4840 25848281.2771 25911259.2627 25973610.8005 26035339.9857 26096450.6582 26156946.4123
0.7836 0.5415 0.3629 0.2339 0.1430 0.0810 0.0405 0.0157 0.0045 0.0079 0.0101
10-229
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46)
28512082.5283 28585121.9396 28657449.4180 28729056.6374 28799935.4147 28870077.7187 28939475.6771 29008121.5846 29076007.9109 29143127.3077 29209472.6164
1.2894 0.9194 0.6420 0.4375 0.2897 0.1853 0.1135 0.0659 0.0357 0.0180 0.0090
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66)
26216830.6053 26276106.3655 26334776.6003 26392844.0030 26450311.0599 26507180.0565 26563453.0836 26619132.0428 26674218.6515 26728714.4479 26782620.7952 26835938.8858 26888669.7451 26940814.2347 26992373.0555 27043346.7508 27093735.7083 27143540.1624 27192760.1962 27241395.7431 27289446.5880 27336912.3682 27407012.8882 27453013.4589 27498426.5430 27543251.1200 27587486.0225 27631129.9356 27674181.3963 27716638.7917 27758500.3577 27799764.1770 27840428.1773 27880490.1283 27919947.6395 27958798.1567 27997038.9591 28034667.1551 28071679.6785 28108073.2842 28143844.5432 28178989.8377 28213505.3554 28247387.0838 28280630.8035 28313232.0818 28345186.2652 28376488.4720 28407133.5839 28437116.2372 28466430.8141 28495071.4324 28523031.9357 28550305.8819 28576886.5323 28602766.8393
0.0101 0.0090 0.0077 0.0068 0.0063 0.0061 0.0060 0.0058 0.0055 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048 0.0047 0.0046 0.0045 0.0043 0.0040 0.0037 0.0034 0.0031 0.0029 0.0029 0.0029 0.0029 0.0030 0.0029 0.0029 0.0028 0.0028 0.0027 0.0027 0.0026 0.0026 0.0026 0.0028 0.0033 0.0046 0.0083 0.0161 0.0301 0.0531 0.0887 0.1419 0.2188 0.3271 0.4763 0.6781 0.9467
10-230
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66)
29275036.8754 29339813.3270 29403795.4243 29466976.8383 29529351.4635 29590913.4252 29651657.0844 29711577.0447 29770668.1566 29828925.5239 29886344.5074 29942920.7308 29998650.0838 30053528.7271 30107553.0955 30160719.9016 30213026.1388 30264469.0839 30315046.2994 30364755.6359 30413595.2335 30461563.5231 30531879.5415 30577664.6138 30622575.1885 30666611.0128 30709772.1257 30752058.8571 30793471.8269 30834011.9425 30873680.3976 30912478.6694 30950408.5159 30987471.9732 31023671.3517 31059009.2327 31093488.4642 31127112.1569 31159883.6793 31191806.6529 31222884.9469 31253122.6730 31282524.1795 31311094.0452 31338837.0736 31365758.2858 31391862.9147 31417156.3972 31441644.3679 31465332.6516 31488227.2557 31510334.3631 31531660.3243 31552211.6497 31571995.0017 31591017.1868
0.0058 0.0050 0.0044 0.0037 0.0032 0.0029 0.0028 0.0028 0.0031 0.0035 0.0041 0.0046 0.0051 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054 0.0055 0.0056 0.0057 0.0057 0.0056 0.0054 0.0051 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0043 0.0045 0.0046 0.0048 0.0053 0.0061 0.0077 0.0108 0.0173 0.0295 0.0505 0.0845 0.1366 0.2138 0.3247 0.4800 0.6932 0.9805 1.3619
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued) Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 12C18O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38)
27045326.3119 27114914.0922 27183635.7945 27251496.4118 27318500.7361 27384653.3618 27449958.6881 27514420.9224 27578044.0828 27640832.0010 27702788.3248 27763916.5206 27824219.8762 27883701.5029 27942364.3379 28000211.1464 28057244.5242 28113466.8992 28168880.5335 28223487.5256 28277289.8118 28330289.1679 28382487.2111 28433885.4012 28484485.0420 28534287.2828 28583293.1193 28631503.3952 28678918.8025 28725539.8830 28771367.0288 28816400.4829 28860640.3403 28904086.5477 28946738.9048 29009228.1702 29049894.0586 29089764.2368 29128837.8426 29167113.8668 29204591.1529 29241268.3964 29277144.1444 29312216.7955 29346484.5984 29379945.6517 29412597.9024 29444439.1458 29475467.0236 29505679.0230 29535072.4755 29563644.5557 29591392.2794 29618312.5023 29644401.9182
0.4540 0.3324 0.2392 0.1688 0.1165 0.0783 0.0510 0.0319 0.0191 0.0108 0.0059 0.0035 0.0028 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0022 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019 0.0017 0.0016 0.0015 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014 0.0015 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023 0.0028
10-231
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38)
30695237.5856 30755520.2231 30815311.4928 30874607.2084 30933403.2309 30991695.4724 31049479.9009 31106752.5446 31163509.4964 31219746.9183 31275461.0455 31330648.1908 31385304.7490 31439427.2006 31493012.1163 31546056.1605 31598556.0954 31650508.7847 31701911.1970 31752760.4093 31803053.6105 31852788.1043 31901961.3125 31950570.7773 31998614.1649 32046089.2669 32092994.0036 32139326.4254 32185084.7154 32230267.1907 32274872.3041 32318898.6455 32362344.9434 32405210.0652 32447493.0185 32509824.0580 32550648.1723 32590887.7542 32630542.4457 32669612.0295 32708096.4282 32745995.7040 32783310.0573 32820039.8258 32856185.4827 32891747.6358 32926727.0254 32961124.5220 32994941.1249 33028177.9594 33060836.2743 33092917.4394 33124422.9429 33155354.3878 33185713.4894
0.0858 0.0570 0.0364 0.0223 0.0131 0.0075 0.0049 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0039 0.0038 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0037 0.0038 0.0038 0.0038 0.0038 0.0037 0.0037 0.0036 0.0036 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0041 0.0042 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0043 0.0046 0.0049
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)
29669657.0575 29694074.2853 29717649.7992 29740379.6276 29762259.6274 29783285.4820 29803452.6988 29822756.6072 29841192.3558 29858754.9100 29875439.0495 29891239.3658 29906150.2589 29920165.9352 29933280.4042 29945487.4756
0.0036 0.0053 0.0082 0.0128 0.0200 0.0307 0.0461 0.0681 0.0985 0.1401 0.1960 0.2702 0.3673 0.4930 0.6540 0.8581
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66) P(68) P(70)
33215502.0716 33244722.0637 33273375.4969 33301464.5003 33328991.2976 33355958.2027 33382367.6161 33408222.0209 33433523.9780 33458276.1228 33482481.1601 33506141.8605 33529261.0556 33551841.6335 33573886.5352 33595398.7493
0.0056 0.0068 0.0092 0.0134 0.0199 0.0294 0.0427 0.0607 0.0848 0.1165 0.1576 0.2104 0.2775 0.3621 0.4679 0.5992
Frequencies for the 00°1-(10°0,02°0)I and 00°1-(10°0,02°0)II Bands of 13C18O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4)
25967863.7652 26033448.2798 26098273.9159 26162346.4813 26225671.5466 26288254.4494 26350100.2984 26411213.9778 26471600.1504 26531263.2618 26590207.5442 26648437.0195 26705955.5026 26762766.6051 26818873.7378 26874280.1143 26928988.7531 26983002.4809 27036323.9351 27088955.5657 27140899.6384 27192158.2363 27242733.2620 27292626.4396 27341839.3165 27390373.2651 27438229.4843 27485409.0008 27531912.6704 27577741.1795 27622895.0455 27667374.6182 27711180.0803 27754311.4480
1.1146 0.8152 0.5860 0.4129 0.2844 0.1906 0.1237 0.0772 0.0459 0.0258 0.0138 0.0077 0.0057 0.0055 0.0055 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 0.0055 0.0054 0.0051 0.0049 0.0047 0.0044 0.0042 0.0040 0.0037 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0031 0.0031 0.0033 0.0034
10-232
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(70) P(68) P(66) P(64) P(62) P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48) P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4)
28960476.2278 29022326.9578 29083661.3546 29144473.5795 29204757.8761 29264508.5768 29323720.1086 29382386.9988 29440503.8809 29498065.4997 29555066.7172 29611502.5178 29667368.0132 29722658.4475 29777369.2022 29831495.8006 29885033.9125 29937979.3584 29990328.1139 30042076.3132 30093220.2534 30143756.3978 30193681.3793 30242992.0038 30291685.2529 30339758.2870 30387208.4477 30434033.2603 30480230.4356 30525797.8725 30570733.6593 30615036.0750 30658703.5912 30701734.8727
0.4069 0.2861 0.1961 0.1303 0.0833 0.0507 0.0290 0.0152 0.0073 0.0038 0.0032 0.0031 0.0031 0.0034 0.0039 0.0044 0.0049 0.0053 0.0054 0.0055 0.0055 0.0054 0.0053 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048 0.0046 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(2) R(0) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50) R(52) R(54) R(56) R(58) R(60) R(62) R(64) R(66) R(68) R(70)
27796768.5718 27859189.3155 27899959.0889 27940052.7921 27979469.5315 28018208.2478 28056267.7161 28093646.5448 28130343.1757 28166355.8825 28201682.7706 28236321.7757 28270270.6628 28303527.0249 28336088.2817 28367951.6781 28399114.2823 28429572.9843 28459324.4940 28488365.3390 28516691.8625 28544300.2211 28571186.3823 28597346.1222 28622775.0223 28647468.4672 28671421.6417 28694629.5272 28717086.8993 28738788.3239 28759728.1540 28779900.5263 28799299.3572 28817918.3393 28835750.9374 28852790.3843 28869029.6768
0.0036 0.0036 0.0035 0.0033 0.0031 0.0028 0.0026 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0024 0.0024 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0028 0.0029 0.0029 0.0031 0.0032 0.0032 0.0038 0.0071 0.0148 0.0286 0.0510 0.0852 0.1355 0.2075 0.3078 0.4447 0.6283 0.8707 1.1863
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(2) P(0) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50) P(52) P(54) P(56) P(58) P(60) P(62) P(64) P(66) P(68) P(70)
30744128.7785 30806522.5414 30847319.2956 30887476.2168 30926993.0424 30965869.7046 31004106.3298 31041703.2379 31078660.9408 31114980.1420 31150661.7340 31185706.7976 31220116.5992 31253892.5891 31287036.3991 31319549.8396 31351434.8973 31382693.7318 31413328.6728 31443342.2165 31472737.0219 31501515.9074 31529681.8467 31557237.9646 31584187.5329 31610533.9656 31636280.8146 31661431.7650 31685990.6298 31709961.3449 31733347.9642 31756154.6537 31778385.6867 31800045.4375 31821138.3761 31841669.0622 31861642.1394
0.0045 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0042 0.0043 0.0043 0.0044 0.0043 0.0043 0.0042 0.0042 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0040 0.0042 0.0046 0.0057 0.0088 0.0151 0.0261 0.0434 0.0693 0.1068 0.1594 0.2317 0.3291 0.4581 0.6268
Frequencies for the 011e1-(111e0,031e0)I and 011e1-(111e0,031e0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(59) P(57) P(55) P(53) P(51) P(49) P(47) P(45) P(43) P(41) P(39) P(37) P(35)
26125213.2723 26191576.6703 26257240.7898 26322208.2302 26386481.4313 26450062.6783 26512954.1076 26575157.7109 26636675.3402 26697508.7115 26757659.4084 26817128.8857 26875918.4726
1.6633 1.0880 0.6844 0.4094 0.2286 0.1155 0.0498 0.0191 0.0160 0.0182 0.0177 0.0160 0.0144
10-233
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(59) P(57) P(55) P(53) P(51) P(49) P(47) P(45) P(43) P(41) P(39) P(37) P(35)
30427055.2899 30494640.3229 30561557.5929 30627802.0344 30693368.7014 30758252.7710 30822449.5469 30885954.4624 30948763.0834 31010871.1119 31072274.3882 31132968.8940 31192950.7549
0.1962 0.1332 0.0865 0.0530 0.0306 0.0175 0.0123 0.0114 0.0109 0.0100 0.0091 0.0091 0.0102
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(33) P(31) P(29) P(27) P(25) P(23) P(21) P(19) P(17) P(15) P(13) P(11) P(9) P(7) P(5) P(3) R(1) R(3) R(5) R(7) R(9) R(11) R(13) R(15) R(17) R(19) R(21) R(23) R(25) R(27) R(29) R(31) R(33) R(35) R(37) R(39) R(41) R(43) R(45) R(47) R(49) R(51) R(53)
26934029.3751 26991462.6787 27048219.3509 27104300.2431 27159706.0925 27214437.5237 27268495.0505 27321879.0769 27374589.8987 27426627.7040 27477992.5747 27528684.4867 27578703.3113 27628048.8151 27676720.6609 27724718.4080 27841759.7696 27887393.2105 27932349.2934 27976627.0108 28020225.2521 28063142.8031 28105378.3457 28146930.4576 28187797.6116 28227978.1750 28267470.4088 28306272.4666 28344382.3939 28381798.1267 28418517.4902 28454538.1976 28489857.8477 28524473.9240 28558383.7917 28591584.6963 28624073.7602 28655847.9806 28686904.2261 28717239.2334 28746849.6038 28775731.7988 28803882.1361
0.0131 0.0119 0.0106 0.0096 0.0093 0.0097 0.0104 0.0108 0.0108 0.0104 0.0098 0.0096 0.0101 0.0113 0.0127 0.0141 0.0152 0.0146 0.0135 0.0124 0.0115 0.0110 0.0109 0.0109 0.0107 0.0103 0.0099 0.0099 0.0107 0.0122 0.0141 0.0165 0.0213 0.0312 0.0486 0.0754 0.1131 0.1644 0.2328 0.3239 0.4465 0.6142 0.8465
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(33) P(31) P(29) P(27) P(25) P(23) P(21) P(19) P(17) P(15) P(13) P(11) P(9) P(7) P(5) P(3) P(1) P(3) P(5) P(7) P(9) P(11) P(13) P(15) P(17) P(19) P(21) P(23) P(25) P(27) P(29) P(31) P(33) P(35) P(37) P(39) P(41) P(43) P(45) P(47) P(49) P(51) P(53)
31252216.2430 31310761.7788 31368583.9339 31425679.4328 31482045.1550 31537678.1367 31592575.5725 31646734.8172 31700153.3868 31752828.9602 31804759.3803 31855942.6551 31906376.9582 31956060.6304 32004992.1796 32053170.2819 32170312.0391 32215845.0845 32260620.8121 32304638.8261 32347898.8990 32390400.9714 32432145.1513 32473131.7137 32513361.0997 32552833.9153 32591550.9309 32629513.0796 32666721.4564 32703177.3164 32738882.0732 32773837.2976 32808044.7156 32841506.2063 32874223.8000 32906199.6761 32937436.1606 32967935.7238 32997700.9775 33026734.6728 33055039.6965 33082619.0689 33109475.9403
0.0118 0.0134 0.0147 0.0155 0.0157 0.0154 0.0147 0.0137 0.0127 0.0119 0.0113 0.0113 0.0116 0.0122 0.0129 0.0136 0.0149 0.0151 0.0152 0.0152 0.0150 0.0148 0.0145 0.0142 0.0140 0.0140 0.0141 0.0143 0.0144 0.0142 0.0136 0.0136 0.0174 0.0279 0.0462 0.0735 0.1114 0.1624 0.2292 0.3151 0.4238 0.5595 0.7272
Frequencies for the 011f1-(111f0,031f0)I and 011f1-(111f0,031f0)II Bands of 12C16O2 with the Estimated 2-σ Uncertainties
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48)
26051570.0104 26120964.4932 26189552.8496 26257339.6006 26324329.0344 26390525.2136 26455931.9824
4.4521 3.0629 2.0516 1.3305 0.8289 0.4901 0.2698
10-234
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(60) P(58) P(56) P(54) P(52) P(50) P(48)
30355115.0204 30425283.5969 30494732.8293 30563455.6325 30631445.1076 30698694.5456 30765197.4310
0.2752 0.1926 0.1301 0.0840 0.0512 0.0292 0.0163
INFRARED LASER FREQUENCIES (continued)
Line
Band I Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) R(2) R(4) R(6) R(8) R(10) R(12) R(14) R(16) R(18) R(20) R(22) R(24) R(26) R(28) R(30) R(32) R(34) R(36) R(38) R(40) R(42) R(44) R(46) R(48) R(50)
26520552.9722 26584391.6075 26647451.1105 26709734.5057 26771244.6242 26831984.1067 26891955.4069 26951160.7945 27009602.3576 27067282.0045 27124201.4662 27180362.2977 27235765.8792 27290413.4182 27344305.9494 27397444.3368 27449829.2733 27501461.2824 27552340.7179 27602467.7649 27651842.4399 27700464.5912 27748333.8988 27864709.8633 27909939.2762 27954412.3294 27998127.7801 28041084.2173 28083280.0620 28124713.5668 28165382.8151 28205285.7213 28244420.0302 28282783.3158 28320372.9812 28357186.2574 28393220.2023 28428471.6994 28462937.4565 28496614.0042 28529497.6934 28561584.6939 28592870.9914 28623352.3850 28653024.4839 28681882.7038 28709922.2632 28737138.1785
0.1334 0.0551 0.0181 0.0151 0.0174 0.0157 0.0126 0.0105 0.0096 0.0092 0.0090 0.0089 0.0090 0.0093 0.0096 0.0097 0.0096 0.0096 0.0101 0.0111 0.0125 0.0139 0.0148 0.0146 0.0135 0.0122 0.0112 0.0107 0.0108 0.0110 0.0112 0.0111 0.0110 0.0114 0.0129 0.0149 0.0168 0.0175 0.0165 0.0142 0.0163 0.0309 0.0593 0.1054 0.1779 0.2907 0.4635 0.7231
10-235
Line
Band II Frequency (MHz)
Uncertainty (MHz)
P(46) P(44) P(42) P(40) P(38) P(36) P(34) P(32) P(30) P(28) P(26) P(24) P(22) P(20) P(18) P(16) P(14) P(12) P(10) P(8) P(6) P(4) P(2) P(2) P(4) P(6) P(8) P(10) P(12) P(14) P(16) P(18) P(20) P(22) P(24) P(26) P(28) P(30) P(32) P(34) P(36) P(38) P(40) P(42) P(44) P(46) P(48) P(50)
30830947.4444 30895938.4662 30960164.5794 31023620.0723 31086299.4415 31148197.3941 31209308.8510 31269628.9481 31329153.0395 31387876.6994 31445795.7236 31502906.1318 31559204.1695 31614686.3091 31669349.2515 31723189.9280 31776205.5007 31828393.3642 31879751.1463 31930276.7092 31979968.1497 32028823.8002 32076842.2290 32193218.1935 32238298.4853 32282538.0393 32325936.7244 32368494.6458 32410212.1438 32451089.7941 32491128.4063 32530329.0234 32568692.9211 32606221.6061 32642916.8154 32678780.5147 32713814.8971 32748022.3813 32781405.6101 32813967.4482 32845710.9809 32876639.5111 32906756.5580 32936065.8540 32964571.3426 32992277.1760 33019187.7118 33045307.5105
0.0111 0.0104 0.0105 0.0105 0.0107 0.0114 0.0126 0.0138 0.0147 0.0151 0.0149 0.0141 0.0128 0.0113 0.0098 0.0086 0.0081 0.0085 0.0095 0.0107 0.0120 0.0131 0.0139 0.0150 0.0151 0.0153 0.0153 0.0154 0.0155 0.0155 0.0154 0.0152 0.0149 0.0147 0.0144 0.0140 0.0133 0.0120 0.0106 0.0122 0.0212 0.0385 0.0646 0.1015 0.1518 0.2184 0.3048 0.4152
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS Arthur Maki Aside from the CO2 laser transitions, the absorption spectrum of CO has been more accurately and thoroughly measured than any other spectrum. A bibliography of earlier measurements on CO is given by Maki and Wells,1 and the present tables were calculated from the measurements referred to in that work. In addition, some new and very accurate frequency measurements2,3 have been made and were incorporated in the present tables. The frequencies of the rotational transitions of HF and HCl were calculated from constants obtained from fitting the measurements of Evenson et al.4,5 and Jennings and Wells.6 A new report on infrared wavenumber standards from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, may be found in Reference 7. REFERENCES 1. Maki, A. G. and Wells, J. S., Wavenumber Calibration Tables from Heterodyne Frequency Measurements, NIST Special Publication 821, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1991. 2. Evenson, K. and Stroh, F., private communication. 3. George, T., Urban, W., and co-workers, private communication. 4. Jennings, D. A., Evenson, K. M., Zink, L. R., Demuynck, C., Destombes, J. L., Lemoine, B., and Johns, J. W. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 122, 477480, 1987. 5. Nolt, I. G., Radostitz, J. V., DiLonardo, G., Evenson, K. M., Jennings, D. A., Leopold, K. R., Vanek, M. D., Zink, L. R., Hinz, A., and Chance, K. V., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 125, 274-287, 1987. 6. Jennings, D. A. and Wells, J. S., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 130, 267-268, 1988. 7. High Resolution Wavenumber Standards for the Infrared, Pure Appl. Chemistry, 68, 193, 1996. Wavenumbers for the v = 1-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1
2139.426071(01) 2135.546178(01) 2131.631574(01) 2127.682404(01) 2123.698816(01) 2119.680957(01) 2115.628973(01) 2111.543012(01) 2107.423221(01) 2103.269746(01) 2099.082734(01) 2094.862333(01) 2090.608688(01) 2086.321947(01) 2082.002256(01) 2077.649762(01) 2073.264612(01) 2068.846952(01) 2064.396929(01) 2059.914688(02) 2055.400377(02) 2050.854140(02) 2046.276126(03) 2041.666479(03) 2037.025345(03) 2032.352870(04) 2027.649200(04) 2022.914480(04) 2018.148857(05) 2013.352474(05) 2008.525477(06) 2003.668012(06) 1998.780224(07) 1993.862257(09)
Transition
Wavenumber (unc) cm–1
Transition
P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) P( 5) P( 6) P( 7) P( 8) P( 9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34)
2147.081132(01) 2150.856006(01) 2154.595581(01) 2158.299710(01) 2161.968245(01) 2165.601041(01) 2169.197949(01) 2172.758824(01) 2176.283519(01) 2179.771887(01) 2183.223782(01) 2186.639057(01) 2190.017565(01) 2193.359161(01) 2196.663698(01) 2199.931030(01) 2203.161010(01) 2206.353492(01) 2209.508331(02) 2212.625379(02) 2215.704492(02) 2218.745522(02) 2221.748326(03) 2224.712755(03) 2227.638666(03) 2230.525912(04) 2233.374349(04) 2236.183829(04) 2238.954210(05) 2241.685344(05) 2244.377088(06) 2247.029296(07) 2249.641824(08) 2252.214527(10) 2254.747262(14)
R( 0) R( 1) R( 2) R( 3) R( 4) R( 5) R( 6) R( 7) R( 8) R( 9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32) R(33) R(34)
10-236
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1 1988.914257(11) 1983.936367(14) 1978.928733(18) 1973.891500(25) 1968.824811(34) 1963.728813(46) 1958.603648(61) 1953.449462(82)
Transition
Wavenumber (unc) cm–1
Transition
P(35) P(36) P(37) P(38) P(39) P(40) P(41) P(42)
2257.239883(18) 2259.692248(24) 2262.104213(33) 2264.475634(45) 2266.806368(61) 2269.096273(81) 2271.345206(106) 2273.553027(139)
R(35) R(36) R(37) R(38) R(39) R(40) R(41) R(42)
* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses. Wavenumbers for the v = 2-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1
4256.217140(02) 4252.302244(02) 4248.317633(02) 4244.263453(02) 4240.139852(02) 4235.946975(02) 4231.684972(02) 4227.353987(02) 4222.954169(02) 4218.485665(02) 4213.948620(02) 4209.343182(02) 4204.669499(02) 4199.927716(02) 4195.117980(02) 4190.240439(02) 4185.295239(02) 4180.282526(02) 4175.202447(02) 4170.055149(03) 4164.840777(03) 4159.559478(03) 4154.211398(03) 4148.796683(04) 4143.315479(04) 4137.767932(04) 4132.154187(05) 4126.474391(06) 4120.728689(07) 4114.917226(09) 4109.040148(12) 4103.097600(16) 4097.089728(21) 4091.016676(29) 4084.878591(40) 4078.675618(54) 4072.407901(73) 4066.075588(97) 4059.678822(127)
Transition
Wavenumber (unc) cm–1
Transition
P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) P( 5) P( 6) P( 7) P( 8) P( 9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34) P(35) P(36) P(37) P(38) P(39)
4263.837198(02) 4267.542066(02) 4271.176630(02) 4274.740746(02) 4278.234264(02) 4281.657039(02) 4285.008924(02) 4288.289772(02) 4291.499437(02) 4294.637773(02) 4297.704631(02) 4300.699868(02) 4303.623334(02) 4306.474886(02) 4309.254375(02) 4311.961657(02) 4314.596584(02) 4317.159011(02) 4319.648791(02) 4322.065779(03) 4324.409829(03) 4326.680794(03) 4328.878530(03) 4331.002889(04) 4333.053728(04) 4335.030899(05) 4336.934259(06) 4338.763661(07) 4340.518961(09) 4342.200014(11) 4343.806675(16) 4345.338799(21) 4346.796243(29) 4348.178862(40) 4349.486513(54) 4350.719052(73) 4351.876336(96) 4352.958224(127) 4353.964572(166) 4354.895240(214)
R( 0) R( 1) R( 2) R( 3) R( 4) R( 5) R( 6) R( 7) R( 8) R( 9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32) R(33) R(34) R(35) R(36) R(37) R(38) R(39)
* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses.
10-237
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Wavenumbers for the v = 3-0 Band of CO Wavenumber (unc)* cm–1
6346.594000(13) 6342.644103(13) 6338.589491(13) 6334.430309(13) 6330.166705(13) 6325.798826(13) 6321.326819(13) 6316.750831(12) 6312.071008(12) 6307.287498(12) 6302.400447(12) 6297.410003(12) 6292.316311(13) 6287.119520(13) 6281.819775(13) 6276.417224(13) 6270.912012(13) 6265.304287(13) 6259.594194(13) 6253.781880(13) 6247.867492(14) 6241.851176(14) 6235.733077(14) 6229.513342(15) 6223.192117(15) 6216.769547(16) 6210.245778(17) 6203.620957(19) 6196.895229(23) 6190.068739(28) 6183.141633(37) 6176.114058(50) 6168.986159(67) 6161.758082(90)
Transition
P( 1) P( 2) P( 3) P( 4) P( 5) P( 6) P( 7) P( 8) P( 9) P(10) P(11) P(12) P(13) P(14) P(15) P(16) P(17) P(18) P(19) P(20) P(21) P(22) P(23) P(24) P(25) P(26) P(27) P(28) P(29) P(30) P(31) P(32) P(33) P(34)
Wavenumber (unc) cm–1
Transition
6354.179057(13) 6357.813923(13) 6361.343487(13) 6364.767599(13) 6368.086115(13) 6371.298887(13) 6374.405768(12) 6377.406611(12) 6380.301271(12) 6383.089600(12) 6385.771452(12) 6388.346680(13) 6390.815139(13) 6393.176681(13) 6395.431160(13) 6397.578430(13) 6399.618344(13) 6401.550757(13) 6403.375523(13) 6405.092495(14) 6406.701527(14) 6408.202474(14) 6409.595189(15) 6410.879527(15) 6412.055343(16) 6413.122491(17) 6414.080825(19) 6414.930201(23) 6415.670474(28) 6416.301500(37) 6416.823133(50) 6417.235231(67) 6417.537649(90)
R( 0) R( 1) R( 2) R( 3) R( 4) R( 5) R( 6) R( 7) R( 8) R( 9) R(10) R(11) R(12) R(13) R(14) R(15) R(16) R(17) R(18) R(19) R(20) R(21) R(22) R(23) R(24) R(25) R(26) R(27) R(28) R(29) R(30) R(31) R(32)
* The uncertainty in the last digits (twice the standard error) is given in parentheses. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of CO Frequency MHz 115271.2029 230538.0016 345795.9923 461040.7712 576267.9350 691473.0809 806651.8065 921799.7104 1036912.3919 1151985.4515 1267014.4906 1381995.1119 1496922.9195
Uncertainty* MHz 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 0.0019 0.0021 0.0023 0.0025 0.0027 0.0029 0.0031 0.0034 0.0038
J′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10-238
J″ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Wavenumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
3.84503345 7.68991999 11.53451273 15.37866477 19.22222923 23.06505926 26.90700800 30.74792863 34.58767438 38.42609848 42.26305422 46.09839491 49.93197392
0.00000001 0.00000003 0.00000004 0.00000005 0.00000006 0.00000007 0.00000008 0.00000008 0.00000009 0.00000010 0.00000010 0.00000011 0.00000013
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Frequency MHz 1611793.5189 1726602.5173 1841345.5237 1956018.1486 2070616.0050 2185134.7075 2299569.8733 2413917.1217 2528172.0747 2642330.3567 2756387.5949 2870339.4194 2984181.4631 3097909.3621 3211518.7558 3325005.2869 3438364.6013 3551592.3489 3664684.1829 3777635.7608 3890442.7435 4003100.7965 4115605.5892 4227952.7954 4340138.0932 4452157.1657 4564005.7001
Uncertainty* MHz
J′
J″
Wavenumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
0.0042 0.0047 0.0052 0.0057 0.0061 0.0065 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0074 0.0075 0.0077 0.0080 0.0085 0.0090 0.0096 0.0102 0.0107 0.0111 0.0118 0.0137 0.0179 0.0254 0.0370 0.0531 0.0746 0.1025
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
53.76364468 57.59326065 61.42067535 65.24574239 69.06831542 72.88824816 76.70539441 80.51960806 84.33074306 88.13865346 91.94319341 95.74421713 99.54157896 103.33513334 107.12473480 110.91023800 114.69149772 118.46836884 122.24070637 126.00836545 129.77120137 133.52906952 137.28182546 141.02932487 144.77142361 148.50797766 152.23884318
0.00000014 0.00000016 0.00000017 0.00000019 0.00000020 0.00000022 0.00000023 0.00000024 0.00000024 0.00000025 0.00000025 0.00000026 0.00000027 0.00000028 0.00000030 0.00000032 0.00000034 0.00000036 0.00000037 0.00000039 0.00000046 0.00000060 0.00000085 0.00000123 0.00000177 0.00000249 0.00000342
* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of HF Frequency MHz
Uncertainty* MHz
1232476.21 2463428.09 3691334.81 4914682.58 6131968.11 7341702.00 8542412.1 9732646.8 10910978.2 12076004.8 13226355.2 14360689.8 15477704.4 16576131.8 17654744.4 18712356.5 19747825.6 20760054.3 21747991.7 22710634.7 23647028.7 24556268.8 25437499.9
0.12 0.19 0.25 0.51 1.10 2.00 3.21 4.72 6.51 8.55 10.81 13.25 15.86 18.61 21.48 24.44 27.43 30.32 32.91 34.94 36.08 35.93 34.12
J′ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
J″ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
10-239
Wavenumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
41.110981 82.171116 123.129676 163.936165 204.540439 244.892818 284.944197 324.646153 363.951056 402.81216 441.18372 479.02105 516.28065 552.92024 588.89888 624.17703 658.71656 692.4809 725.4349 757.5452 788.7800 819.1090 848.5037
0.000004 0.000006 0.000008 0.000017 0.000037 0.000067 0.000107 0.000157 0.000217 0.000285 0.000361 0.00044 0.00053 0.00062 0.00072 0.00082 0.00092 0.00101 0.00110 0.00117 0.00120 0.00120 0.00114
INFRARED AND FAR-INFRARED ABSORPTION FREQUENCY STANDARDS (continued) Frequency MHz 26289917.4 27112767.2 27905345.6 28666999.3 29397124.8 30095168.2 30760624.2 31393035.7
Uncertainty* MHz 30.32 24.41 16.88 10.80 14.65 24.62 33.36 36.17
J′ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
J″ 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Wavenumber cm–1 876.9373 904.38457 930.82214 956.22817 980.58253 1003.86676 1026.0640 1047.1590
Uncertainty* cm–1 0.00101 0.00081 0.00056 0.00036 0.00049 0.00082 0.00111 0.00121
* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H35Cl Frequency MHz
Uncertainty* MHz
1876226.517 2499864.439 3121986.563 3742216.601 4360180.042 4975504.51 5587820.10 6196759.76 6801959.63 7403059.41 7999702.7 8591537.3 9178215.8
0.065 0.066 0.064 0.076 0.098 0.11 0.12 0.22 0.50 1.02 1.8 3.1 4.8
J′ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
J″ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Wavemumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
62.584180 83.386502 104.138262 124.826909 145.439951 165.964966 186.389615 206.701656 226.888951 246.939481 266.841359 286.582837 306.152324
0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000003 0.000003 0.000004 0.000004 0.000007 0.000017 0.000034 0.000062 0.000103 0.000161
* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error. Frequencies and Wavenumbers for the Rotational Lines of H37Cl Frequency MHz
Uncertainty* MHz
1873410.72 2496115.33 3117308.69 3736615.64 4353662.84 4968079.04 5579495.53 6187546.42 6791869.04 7392104.3 7987896.9 8578896.1
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.45 0.9 1.6 2.7
J′ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
J″ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
* The uncertainty given is twice the standard error.
10-240
Wavenumber cm–1
Uncertainty* cm–1
62.490255 83.261445 103.982225 124.640082 145.222561 165.717279 186.111938 206.394332 226.552365 246.574057 266.447561 286.161170
0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000002 0.000003 0.000003 0.000003 0.000006 0.000015 0.000030 0.000054 0.000089
SENSITIVITY OF THE HUMAN EYE TO LIGHT OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS The human eye responds to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from about 360 nm (violet) to 820 nm (red), with a peak sensitivity near 555 nm. While the detailed shape of this response curve depends on the individual person, studies on representative samples of human subjects have led to adoption of a standard function relating the perceived brightness (luminous flux) to the actual power of the spectral radiation. This function is referred to as V(λ), the photopic spectral luminous efficiency function, and it plays an important role in photometry. The function V(λ), as adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is tabulated and plotted below.
REFERENCES 1. The Basis for Physical Photometry, CIE Publication #18.2, 1983. 2. CIE Standard Colorimetric Observers, ISO/CIE #10527, 1991. 3. Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, Sixteenth Edition, Longman Group Ltd., Harlow, Essex, 1995. λ/nm 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510
V(λ) 0.000004 0.000012 0.000039 0.000120 0.000396 0.001210 0.004000 0.011600 0.023000 0.038000 0.060000 0.090980 0.139020 0.208020 0.323000 0.503000
λ/nm 520 530 540 550 555 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660
V(λ) 0.710000 0.862000 0.954000 0.994950 1.000000 0.995000 0.952000 0.870000 0.757000 0.631000 0.503000 0.381000 0.265000 0.175000 0.107000 0.061000
10-217
λ/nm
V(λ)
670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820
0.032000 0.017000 0.008210 0.004102 0.002091 0.001047 0.000520 0.000249 0.000120 0.000060 0.000030 0.000015 0.000007 0.000004 0.000002 0.000001
1
SUMMARY TABLES OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES Extracted from the Particle Listings of the
Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table Z
Review of Particle Physics
Published in Eur. Jour. Phys. C3, 1 (1998) Available at http://pdg.lbl.gov Particle Data Group Authors:
C. Caso, G. Conforto, A. Gurtu, M. Aguilar-Benitez, C. Amsler, R.M. Barnett, P.R. Burchat, C.D. Carone, O. Dahl, M. Doser, S. Eidelman, J.L. Feng, M. Goodman, C. Grab, D.E. Groom, K. Hagiwara, K.G. Hayes, J.J. Hernandez, K. Hikasa, K. Honscheid, F. James, M.L. Mangano, A.V. Manohar, K. Monig, H. Murayama, K. Nakamura, K.A. Olive, A. Piepke, M. Roos, R.H. Schindler, R.E. Shrock, M. Tanabashi, N.A. Tornqvist, T.G. Trippe, P. Vogel, C.G. Wohl, R.L. Workman, W.-M. Yao Technical Associates: B. Armstrong, J.L. Casas Serradilla, B.B. Filimonov, P.S. Gee, S.B. Lugovsky, S. Mankov, F. Nicholson
Other Authors who have made substantial contributions to reviews since the 1994 edition:
K.S. Babu, D. Besson, O. Biebel, R.N. Cahn, R.L. Crawford, R.H. Dalitz, T. Damour, K. Desler, R.J. Donahue, D.A. Edwards, J. Erler, V.V. Ezhela, A. Fasso, W. Fetscher, D. Froidevaux, T.K. Gaisser, L. Garren, S. Geer, H.-J. Gerber, F.J. Gilman, H.E. Haber, C. Hagmann, I. Hinchli e, C.J. Hogan, G. Hohler, J.D. Jackson, K.F. Johnson, D. Karlen, B. Kayser, K. Kleinknecht, I.G. Knowles, C. Kolda, P. Kreitz, P. Langacker, R. Landua, L. Littenberg, D.M. Manley, J. March-Russell, T. Nakada, H. Quinn, G. Ra elt, B. Renk, M.T. Ronan, L.J. Rosenberg, M. Schmitt, D.N. Schramm, D. Scott, T. Sjostrand, G.F. Smoot, S. Spanier, M. Srednicki, T. Stanev, M. Suzuki, N.P. Tkachenko, G. Valencia, K. van Bibber, R. Voss, L. Wolfenstein, S. Youssef
c Regents of the University of California
(Approximate closing date for data: January 1, 1998)
J=1 Charge = 0 Mass m = 91:187 0:007 GeV [c ] Full width , = 2:490 0:007 GeV , ,,`+ `, = 83:83 0:27 MeV [b] ,,invisible = 498:3 4:2 MeV [d ] ,,hadrons =, 1740:7 5:9 MeV ,,+ , /,, e + e , = 1:000 0:005 , + , /, e + e , = 0:998 0:005 [e ] Average charged multiplicity
Ncharged = 21:00 0:13 Couplings to leptons g `V = , 0:0377 0:0007 g `A = , 0:5008 0:0008 g e = 0:53 0:09 g = 0:502 0:017 Asymmetry parameters [f ] Ae = 0:1519 0:0034 A = 0:102 0:034 A = 0:143 0:008 Ac = 0:59 0:19 Ab = 0:89 0:11 Charge asymmetry (%) at Z pole `) A(0 FB = 1:59 0:18 (0 AFBu ) = 4:0 7:3 s) A(0 FB = 9:9 3:1 (S = 1.2) (0 AFBc ) = 7:32 0:58 b) A(0 FB = 10:02 0:28
Z DECAY MODES
e+ e,
+ , + , `+ `,
GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS
Mass m < 2 10,16 eV Charge q < 5 10,30 e Mean life = Stable
g
invisible hadrons (uu+cc )/2 (dd +ss +bb)/3 cc bb ggg
I(J PC ) = 0,1(1 , , )
0 ! 0 (958)
W W J = (1S)X
I(J P ) = 0(1, )
or gluon
Mass m = 0 [a] SU(3) color octet
W
J=1 Charge = 1 e Mass m = 80:41 0:10 GeV m Z , m W = 10:78 0:10 GeV m W + , m W , = , 0:2 0:6 GeV Full width , = 2:06 0:06 GeV
(2S)X
c 1 (1P)X c 2 (1P)X
W , modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. W + DECAY MODES
`+
e+
+ +
hadrons
+
p
Fraction (,i /,) Con dence level (MeV/c) [b] (10:74 0:33) % { (10:9 0:4 ) % 40205 (10:2 0:5 ) % 40205 (11:3 0:8 ) % 40185 (67:8 1:0 ) % { < 2:2 10,4 95% 40205
(1S) X +(2S) X +(3S) X (1S)X (2S)X (3S)X (D 0 /D 0 ) X D X D (2010) X B 0s X anomalous + hadrons e+ e, + , + , `+ `,
qq
p
Fraction (,i /,) Con dence level (MeV/c) ( 3:366 0:008) % 45594 ( 3:367 0:013) % 45593 ( 3:360 0:015) % 45559 [b] ( 3:366 0:006) % { (20:01 0:16 ) % { (69:90 0:15 ) % { (10:1 1:1 ) % { (16:6 0:6 ) % { (12:4 0:6 ) % { (15:16 0:09 ) % { < 1:1 % 95% { < 5:2 10,5 95% 45593 < 5:1 10,5 95% 45592 < 6:5 10,4 95% 45590 < 4:2 10,5 95% 45588 < 5:2 10,5 95% 45594 < 1:0 10,5 95% 45594 [g ] < 7 10,5 95% 10139 [g ] < 8:3 10,5 95% 10114 ( 3:66 0:23 ) 10,3 { ( 1:60 0:29 ) 10,3 { ( 2:9 0:7 ) 10,3 { < 3:2 10,3 90% { ( 1:0 0:5 ) 10,4 { 5:5 10,5 1:39 10,4 9:4 10,5 (20:7 2:0 ) % (12:2 1:7 ) % [g ] (11:4 1:3 ) % seen [h] < 3:2 10,3 [h] < 5:2 10,4 [h] < 5:6 10,4 [h] < 7:3 10,4 [i ] < 6:8 10,6 [i ] < 5:5 10,6 < < <
95% 95% 95%
95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%
{ { { { { { { {
45594 45593 45559
{ {
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS I (J PC ) = 0,1(1 − − )
γ Mass m < 2 × 10−16 eV Charge q < 5 × 10−30 e Mean life τ = Stable
g
I (J P ) = 0(1− )
or gluon
Mass m = 0 [a] SU(3) color octet
W
J =1 Charge = ± 1 e Mass m = 80.41 ± 0.10 GeV m Z − m W = 10.78 ± 0.10 GeV m W + − m W − = − 0.2 ± 0.6 GeV Full width Γ = 2.06 ± 0.06 GeV W − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below.
W + DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
`+ ν e+ ν µ+ ν τ+ν hadrons π+ γ
[b]
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 1
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
(10.74±0.33) % (10.9 ±0.4 ) % (10.2 ±0.5 ) % (11.3 ±0.8 ) % (67.8 ±1.0 ) % < 2.2 × 10−4
– 40205 40205 40185
– 95%
40205
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Z
J =1 Charge = 0 Mass m = 91.187 ± 0.007 GeV [c] Full width Γ = 2.490 ± 0.007 GeV + − Γ ` ` = 83.83 ± 0.27 MeV [b] Γ invisible = 498.3 ± 4.2 MeV [d ] Γ hadrons = 1740.7 ± 5.9 MeV + − + − Γ µ µ /Γ e e = 1.000 ± 0.005 + − + − Γ τ τ /Γ e e = 0.998 ± 0.005 [e] Average charged multiplicity
Ncharged = 21.00 ± 0.13 Couplings to leptons g `V = − 0.0377 ± 0.0007 g `A = − 0.5008 ± 0.0008 g νe = 0.53 ± 0.09 g νµ = 0.502 ± 0.017 Asymmetry parameters [f ] Ae Aµ Aτ Ac Ab
= 0.1519 ± 0.0034 = 0.102 ± 0.034 = 0.143 ± 0.008 = 0.59 ± 0.19 = 0.89 ± 0.11
Charge asymmetry (%) at Z pole (0`)
AFB = 1.59 ± 0.18 (0u)
AFB = 4.0 ± 7.3 (0s)
AFB = 9.9 ± 3.1 (0c) AFB (0b) AFB
(S = 1.2)
= 7.32 ± 0.58 = 10.02 ± 0.28
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 2
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Z DECAY MODES
e+ e− µ+ µ− τ+τ− `+ `− invisible hadrons (u u + cc )/2 (d d + ss + b b )/3 cc bb ggg π0 γ ηγ ωγ η 0(958) γ γγ γγγ π± W ∓ ρ± W ∓ J/ψ(1S )X ψ(2S )X χc1 (1P) X χc2 (1P) X Υ(1S ) X +Υ(2S ) X +Υ(3S ) X Υ(1S ) X Υ(2S ) X Υ(3S ) X (D 0 / D 0 ) X D± X D ∗ (2010)± X B 0s X anomalous γ + hadrons e+ e− γ µ+ µ− γ τ+τ−γ `+ `− γ γ qqγγ ννγγ e ± µ∓ e± τ ∓ µ± τ ∓
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
[b]
( 3.366±0.008) ( 3.367±0.013) ( 3.360±0.015) ( 3.366±0.006) (20.01 ±0.16 ) (69.90 (10.1 (16.6 (12.4 (15.16 < < < < < <
±0.15 ±1.1 ±0.6 ±0.6 ±0.09
1.1 5.2 5.1 6.5 4.2 5.2
) ) ) ) )
Confidence level (MeV/c) p % 45594 % 45593 % 45559 – % % – % % % % % % × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5
× 10−5 × 10−5 [g] < 8.3 × 10−5 ( 3.66 ±0.23 ) × 10−3 ( 1.60 ±0.29 ) × 10−3 ( 2.9 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 < 3.2 × 10−3 < 1.0 [g] < 7
( 1.0
±0.5
< 5.5
[g]
) × 10−4
× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5
< 1.39 < 9.4 (20.7 ±2.0
)%
±1.7 ±1.3
)% )%
(12.2 (11.4
95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%
45593 45592 45590 45588 45594
95% 95%
45594 10139
95%
10114
90%
95% 95% 95%
seen
LF LF LF
[h] [h] [h] [h]
< < < <
3.2 5.2 5.6 7.3
[i] [i] [i] [g] [g] [g]
< < < < < <
6.8 5.5 3.1 1.7 9.8 1.2
Page 3
× 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−5
– – – – – –
95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95%
– – – – – – – – – – – – – 45594 45593 45559
– – 45594 45593 45576 45576
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Higgs Bosons — H 0 and H ± , Searches for H 0 Mass m > 77.5 GeV, CL = 95% H 01 in Supersymmetric Models (m H 0 <m H 0 ) 1
2
Mass m > 62.5 GeV, CL = 95% A0 Pseudoscalar Higgs Boson in Supersymmetric Models Mass m > 62.5 GeV, CL = 95% tanβ >1
[j]
H ± Mass m > 54.5 GeV, CL = 95% See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of Higgs Bosons.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 4
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Heavy Bosons Other Than Higgs Bosons, Searches for Additional W Bosons WR — right-handed W Mass m > 549 GeV (assuming light right-handed neutrino) 0 W with standard couplings decaying to e ν, µν Mass m > 720 GeV, CL = 95% Additional Z Bosons 0 Z SM with standard couplings Mass m > 690 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 779 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) ZLR of SU(2)L ×SU(2)R ×U(1) (with gL = gR ) Mass m > 630 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 389 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zχ of SO(10) → SU(5)×U(1)χ (coupling constant derived from G.U.T.) Mass m > 595 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 321 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zψ of E6 → SO(10)×U(1)ψ (coupling constant derived from G.U.T.) Mass m > 590 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 160 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zη of E6 → SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)×U(1)η (coupling constantp derived from p G.U.T.); charges are Qη = 3/8Qχ − 5/8Qψ ) Mass m > 620 GeV, CL = 95% (p p direct search) Mass m > 182 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Scalar Leptoquarks Mass m > 225 GeV, CL = 95% (1st generation, pair prod.) Mass m > 237 GeV, CL = 95% (1st gener., single prod.) Mass m > 119 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., pair prod.) Mass m > 73 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd gener., single prod.) Mass m > 99 GeV, CL = 95% (3rd gener., pair prod.) (See the Particle Listings for assumptions on leptoquark quantum numbers and branching fractions.)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 5
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Axions (A0 ) and Other Very Light Bosons, Searches for The standard Peccei-Quinn axion is ruled out. Variants with reduced couplings or much smaller masses are constrained by various data. The Particle Listings in the full Review contain a Note discussing axion searches. The best limit for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay with Majoron emission is > 7.2 × 1024 years (CL = 90%). NOTES [a] Theoretical value. A mass as large as a few MeV may not be precluded. [b] ` indicates each type of lepton (e, µ, and τ ), not sum over them. [c] The Z -boson mass listed here corresponds to a Breit-Wigner resonance parameter. It lies approximately 34 MeV above the real part of the position of the pole (in the energy-squared plane) in the Z -boson propagator. [d ] This partial width takes into account Z decays into ν ν and any other possible undetected modes. [e] This ratio has not been corrected for the τ mass. [f ] Here A ≡ 2gV gA /(g2V +g2A ). [g ] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [h] See the Z Particle Listings for the γ energy range used in this measurement. [i ] For m γ γ = (60 ± 5) GeV. [j] The limits assume no invisible decays.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 6
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
LEPTONS e
J =
1 2
Mass m = 0.51099907 ± 0.00000015 MeV [a] = (5.485799111 ± 0.000000012) × 10−4 u −8 , CL = 90% (m e + − m e − )/m < 4 × 10 q + + q − e < 4 × 10−8 e e Magnetic moment µ = 1.001159652193 ± 0.000000000010 µB (g e + − g e − ) / gaverage = (− 0.5 ± 2.1) × 10−12 Electric dipole moment d = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−26 e cm Mean life τ > 4.3 × 1023 yr, CL = 68% [b]
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 1
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
µ
J =
1 2
Mass m = 105.658389 ± 0.000034 MeV [c] = 0.113428913 ± 0.000000017 u Mean life τ = (2.19703 ± 0.00004) × 10−6 s τ µ+ /τ µ− = 1.00002 ± 0.00008 cτ = 658.654 m Magnetic moment µ = 1.0011659230 ± 0.0000000084 e¯h/2m µ (g µ+ − g µ− ) / g average = (− 2.6 ± 1.6) × 10−8 Electric dipole moment d = (3.7 ± 3.4) × 10−19 e cm Decay parameters [d ] ρ = 0.7518 ± 0.0026 η = − 0.007 ± 0.013 δ = 0.749 ± 0.004 ξPµ = 1.003 ± 0.008 [e] ξPµ δ/ρ > 0.99682, CL = 90% ξ 0 = 1.00 ± 0.04 ξ 00 = 0.7 ± 0.4 α/A = (0 ± 4) × 10−3 α0 /A = (0 ± 4) × 10−3 β/A = (4 ± 6) × 10−3 β 0 /A = (2 ± 6) × 10−3 η = 0.02 ± 0.08
[e]
µ+ modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. µ− DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
e − ν e νµ e − ν e νµ γ e − ν e νµ e + e − e− ν
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
≈ 100%
53
[f ]
(1.4±0.4) %
53
[g]
(3.4±0.4) × 10−5
53
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes
e νµ − e γ e− e+ e− e − 2γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
LF
[h] < 1.2
LF LF LF
< 4.9 < 1.0 < 7.2
Page 2
%
90%
53
× 10−11 × 10−12 × 10−11
90% 90% 90%
53 53 53
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
τ
J =
1 2
0.29 Mass m = 1777.05 + − 0.26 MeV Mean life τ = (290.0 ± 1.2) × 10−15 s cτ = 86.93 µm Magnetic moment anomaly > − 0.052 and < 0.058, CL = 95% Electric dipole moment d > − 3.1 and < 3.1 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Weak dipole moment −17 e cm, CL = 95% Re(d w τ ) < 0.56 × 10 −17 e cm, CL = 95% Im(d w τ ) < 1.5 × 10
Weak anomalous magnetic dipole moment −3 Re(αw τ ) < 4.5 × 10 , CL = 90% −3 Im(αw τ ) < 9.9 × 10 , CL = 90% Decay parameters See the τ Particle Listings for a note concerning τ -decay parameters. ρτ (e or µ) = 0.748 ± 0.010 ρτ (e) = 0.745 ± 0.012 ρτ (µ) = 0.741 ± 0.030 ξ τ (e or µ) = 1.01 ± 0.04 ξ τ (e) = 0.98 ± 0.05 ξ τ (µ) = 1.07 ± 0.08 η τ (e or µ) = 0.01 ± 0.07 η τ (µ) = − 0.10 ± 0.18 (δξ)τ (e or µ) = 0.749 ± 0.026 (δξ)τ (e) = 0.733 ± 0.033 (δξ)τ (µ) = 0.78 ± 0.05 ξ τ (π) = 0.99 ± 0.05 ξ τ (ρ) = 0.996 ± 0.010 ξ τ (a1 ) = 1.02 ± 0.04 ξ τ (all hadronic modes) = 0.997 ± 0.009 τ + modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. “h± ” stands for π± or K ± . “`” stands for e or µ. “Neutral” means neutral hadron whose decay products include γ’s and/or π0 ’s.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 3
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
τ − DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Modes with one charged particle ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0L ντ (84.71± 0.13) % (“1-prong”) particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0 ντ (85.30± 0.13) % − µ ν µ ντ [i] (17.37± 0.09) % − µ ν µ ντ γ [g] ( 3.0 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 − [i] (17.81± 0.07) % e ν e ντ − 0 h ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K L ντ (49.52± 0.16) % − 0 (12.32± 0.12) % h ≥ 0K L ντ − h ντ (11.79± 0.12) % π − ντ [i] (11.08± 0.13) % K − ντ [i] ( 7.1 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 h− ≥ 1 neutralsντ (36.91± 0.17) % h − π 0 ντ (25.84± 0.14) % − 0 π π ντ [i] (25.32± 0.15) % π− π 0 non-ρ(770)ντ ( 3.0 ± 3.2 ) × 10−3 − 0 K π ντ [i] ( 5.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 h− ≥ 2π 0 ντ (10.79± 0.16) % h− 2π0 ντ ( 9.39± 0.14) % − 0 0 h 2π ντ (ex.K ) ( 9.23± 0.14) % π− 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 9.15± 0.15) % K − 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 8.0 ± 2.7 ) × 10−4 h− ≥ 3π0 ντ ( 1.40± 0.11) % h− 3π0 ντ ( 1.23± 0.10) % − 0 0 π 3π ντ (ex.K ) [i] ( 1.11± 0.14) %
particle−
K − 3π0 ν
τ
(ex.K 0 )
h− 4π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− 4π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,η) − 0 K ≥ 0π ≥ 0K 0 ντ K − ≥ 1 (π 0 or K 0 ) ντ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
[i]
[i]
−4 ( 4.3 +10.0 − 2.9 ) × 10 ( 1.7 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.1 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.66± 0.10) % ( 9.5 ± 1.0 ) × 10−3
Page 4
S=1.2
–
S=1.2
– 885
– 889 S=1.2 S=1.5 S=1.5 S=1.4 S=1.2 S=1.1 S=1.1
– – – 883 820
– – 878 878 814
S=1.2 S=1.2
– – –
S=1.2
862
S=1.2
796 S=1.1 S=1.1
– – 836 766
– – – –
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K 0 (particles)− ντ h− K 0 ≥ 0 neutrals h − K 0 ντ π− K 0 ν π− K 0
Modes with K 0 ’s ≥
0K 0L ντ
τ
(non- K ∗ (892)− )ντ − K K 0 ντ h − K 0 π 0 ντ π − K 0 π 0 ντ K 0 ρ− ν τ K − K 0 π 0 ντ π − K 0 π 0 π 0 ντ K − K 0 π 0 π 0 ντ π − K 0 K 0 ντ π− K 0S K 0S ντ π− K 0S K 0L ντ π− K 0S K 0S π 0 ντ π− K 0S K 0L π0 ντ K − K 0 ≥ 0 neutrals ντ 0 + K h h− h− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ K 0 h + h − h − ντ
( 1.66± 0.09) % ( 1.62± 0.09) % ( 9.9 ± 0.8 ) × 10−3 [i] ( 8.3 ± 0.8 ) × 10−3 < 1.7 × 10−3 [i]
( ( ( (
1.59± 5.5 ± 3.9 ± 1.9 ±
( ( < [i] ( (
1.51± 6 ± 3.9 1.21± 3.0 ±
[i] [i]
0.24) × 10−3 0.5 ) × 10−3 0.5 ) × 10−3 0.7 ) × 10−3 0.29) × 10−3 4 ) × 10−4 × 10−4 0.21) × 10−3 0.5 ) × 10−4
( 6.0 ± 1.0 ) × 10−4 < 2.0 × 10−4 ( 3.1 ± 1.2 ) × 10−4 ( 3.1 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.7 × 10−3 ( 2.3 ± 2.0 ) × 10−4
Modes with three charged particles ≥ 0neut. ντ (“3-prong”) (15.18± 0.13) % − − + h h h ≥ 0 neutrals ντ (14.60± 0.13) % (ex. K 0S → π + π − ) π− π+ π− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ (14.60± 0.14) % − − + h h h ντ ( 9.96± 0.10) % − − + 0 h h h ντ (ex.K ) ( 9.62± 0.10) % h− h− h+ ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) ( 9.57± 0.10) % − + − π π π ντ ( 9.56± 0.11) % π− π+ π− ντ (ex.K 0 ) ( 9.52± 0.11) % − + − 0 π π π ντ (ex.K ,ω) [i] ( 9.23± 0.11) % − − + h h h ≥ 1 neutrals ντ ( 5.18± 0.11) %
h− h− h+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 5
S=1.4 S=1.4
– – –
S=1.5 S=1.4
812
CL=95%
812 737
– 794
– 685 CL=95% S=1.2 S=1.2 S=1.2 CL=95%
CL=95%
S=1.2 S=1.2
S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.1 S=1.2
– – 682
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) h− h− h+ ≥ 1 neutrals ντ (ex. K 0S → π + π − ) h − h − h + π 0 ντ h− h− h+ π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− h− h+ π0 ντ (ex. K 0 , ω) π − π + π − π 0 ντ π− π+ π− π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π− π+ π− π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω) h− (ρ π )0 ντ (a1 (1260) h )− ντ h − ρ π 0 ντ h − ρ+ h − ν τ h − ρ− h + ν τ − h h− h+ 2π0 ντ h− h− h+ 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− h− h+ 2π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,ω,η) h− h− h+ ≥ 3π0 ντ
[i]
S=1.2
–
( ( ( (
S=1.1 S=1.1
– – – – – – – – – – – – – –
4.50± 4.31± 2.59± 4.35±
0.09) % 0.09) % 0.09) % 0.10) %
( 4.22± 0.10) % ( 2.49± 0.10) % ( 2.88± 0.35) % < 2.0 % ( ( ( ( (
[i] [i]
h− h− h+ 3π0 ντ − K h+ h− ≥ 0 neutrals ντ K − π+ π− ≥ 0 neutrals
ντ − + − K π π ντ K − π + π − ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − π + π − π 0 ντ K − π + π − π0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − π+ K − ≥ 0 neut. ντ K − K + π − ≥ 0 neut. ντ K − K + π − ντ K − K + π − π 0 ντ − K K + K − ≥ 0 neut. ντ K − K + K − ντ π− K + π− ≥ 0 neut. ντ − e e − e + ν e ντ µ− e − e + ν µ ντ
( 4.98± 0.11) %
[i]
[i]
[i] [i]
0.20) % 2.2 ) × 10−3 0.23) % 0.4 ) × 10−3 0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 1.1 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3
0.9 ) × 10−3 0.7 0.8 ) × 10−4 0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 2.3 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 1.8 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 8 ± 4 ) × 10−4 ( 1.4 + − ( 2.9 ± ( 5.4 ±
4.3 −4 ( 2.4 + − 1.6 ) × 10 < 9 × 10−4 ( ( ( < < < ( <
2.3 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 1.61± 0.26) × 10−3 6.9 ± 3.0 ) × 10−4 2.1 × 10−3 1.9 × 10−4 2.5 × 10−3 2.8 ± 1.5 ) × 10−5 3.6 × 10−5
Modes with five charged particles 3h− 2h+ ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 9.7 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 0 − + (ex. K S → π π ) (“5-prong”) 3h− 2h+ ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 7.5 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 3h− 2h+ π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) [i] ( 2.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−4 − + 0 3h 2h 2π ντ < 1.1 × 10−4
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
CL=95%
1.35± 4.5 ± 1.17± 5.4 ± 5.3 ±
Page 6
S=1.5
S=1.1 S=1.1
– – – – – – – –
CL=95%
– – 685
CL=95% CL=90% CL=95%
– – – –
CL=90%
889 885
–
CL=90%
– – –
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Miscellaneous other allowed modes (5π )− ντ ( 7.4 ± 0.7 ) × 10−3 4h− 3h+ ≥ 0 neutrals ντ < 2.4 × 10−6 (“7-prong”) ∗ K (892)− ≥ 0(h0 6= K 0S )ντ ( 1.94± 0.31) % ∗ − K (892) ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 1.33± 0.13) % ∗ − K (892) ντ ( 1.28± 0.08) % K ∗ (892)0 K − ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 3.2 ± 1.4 ) × 10−3 K ∗ (892)0 K − ντ ( 2.1 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 ∗ 0 − K (892) π ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 3.8 ± 1.7 ) × 10−3 ∗ 0 − K (892) π ντ ( 2.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 (K ∗ (892)π )− ντ → ( 1.1 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 − 0 0 π K π ντ ( 4 ± 4 ) × 10−3 K1 (1270)− ντ − ( 8 ± 4 ) × 10−3 K1 (1400) ντ ∗ − K 2 (1430) ντ < 3 × 10−3 η π − ντ < 1.4 × 10−4 − 0 η π π ντ [i] ( 1.74± 0.24) × 10−3 − 0 0 η π π π ντ ( 1.4 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 η K − ντ ( 2.7 ± 0.6 ) × 10−4 + − − η π π π ≥ 0 neutrals ντ < 3 × 10−3 η π − π + π − ντ ( 3.4 ± 0.8 ) × 10−4 − − 0 η a1 (1260) ντ → η π ρ ντ < 3.9 × 10−4 − η η π ντ < 1.1 × 10−4 η η π − π 0 ντ < 2.0 × 10−4 0 − η (958) π ντ < 7.4 × 10−5 η 0(958) π− π 0 ντ < 8.0 × 10−5 − φ π ντ < 2.0 × 10−4 − φ K ντ < 6.7 × 10−5 f1 (1285)π− ντ ( 5.8 ± 2.3 ) × 10−4 − f1 (1285) π ντ → ( 1.9 ± 0.7 ) × 10−4 η π − π + π − ντ − h ω ≥ 0 neutrals ντ ( 2.36± 0.08) % − h ω ντ [i] ( 1.93± 0.06) % − 0 h ω π ντ [i] ( 4.3 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3 − 0 h ω 2π ντ ( 1.9 ± 0.8 ) × 10−4
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 7
CL=90%
– – – – 665
– 539
– 653
– 433 335 CL=95%
317
CL=95%
798 778 746 720
CL=90%
– – –
CL=95% CL=95%
637 559
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
– –
CL=90%
CL=90%
585
– – – – – – –
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Lepton Family number (LF ), Lepton number (L), or Baryon number (B) violating modes (In the modes below, ` means a sum over e and µ modes) L means lepton number violation (e.g. τ − → e + π− π− ). Following common usage, LF means lepton family violation and not lepton number violation (e.g. τ − → e − π+ π− ). B means baryon number violation. LF < 2.7 × 10−6 CL=90% LF < 3.0 × 10−6 CL=90%
e− γ µ− γ e − π0 µ− π0 e− K 0 µ− K 0 e− η µ− η e − ρ0 µ− ρ0 e − K ∗ (892)0 µ− K ∗ (892)0 e − K ∗ (892)0 µ− K ∗ (892)0 e− φ µ− φ π− γ π− π0 e− e+ e− e − µ+ µ− e + µ− µ− µ− e + e − µ+ e − e − µ− µ+ µ− e − π+ π− e + π− π− µ− π+ π− µ+ π− π− e − π+ K − e − π− K + e + π− K − e− K + K − e+ K − K − µ− π+ K − µ− π− K + µ+ π− K −
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
LF LF LF
< 3.7 < 4.0 < 1.3
LF LF LF LF LF LF
< < < < < <
LF
< 7.5
LF LF
< 7.4 < 7.5
LF LF L
< 6.9 < 7.0 < 2.8
L LF LF LF
< < < <
3.7 2.9 1.8 1.5
LF LF LF LF L LF L LF LF L LF
< < < < < < < < < < <
1.7 1.5 1.9 2.2 1.9 8.2 3.4 6.4 3.8 2.1 6.0
L LF LF L
< < < <
3.8 7.5 7.4 7.0
1.0 8.2 9.6 2.0 6.3 5.1
Page 8
× 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6
888 885
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
883 880 819
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
815 804 800 722 718 663
CL=90%
657
CL=90% CL=90%
663 657
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
596 590 883
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
878 888 882 882
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
885 885 873 877 877 866 866 814 814 814 739
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
739 800 800 800
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) µ− K + K − µ+ K − K − e − π0 π0 µ− π0 π0 e− η η µ− η η e − π0 η µ− π0 η pγ p π0 pη e − light boson µ− light boson
× 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5
LF L LF LF LF LF LF LF
< < < < < < < <
1.5 6.0 6.5 1.4 3.5 6.0 2.4 2.2
L,B L,B L,B LF LF
< < < < <
2.9 6.6 1.30 2.7 5
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
699 699 878 867 700 654 798 784
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=95% CL=95%
641 632 476
– –
Heavy Charged Lepton Searches L± – charged lepton Mass m > 80.2 GeV, CL = 95%
mν ≈ 0
L± – stable charged heavy lepton Mass m > 84.2 GeV, CL = 95%
Neutrinos See the Particle Listings for a Note “Neutrino Mass” giving details of neutrinos, masses, mixing, and the status of experimental searches.
νe
J =
1 2
Mass m: Unexplained effects have resulted in significantly negative m2 in the new, precise tritium beta decay experiments. It is felt that a real neutrino mass as large as 10–15 eV would cause observable spectral distortions even in the presence of the end-point count excesses. Mean life/mass, τ /m νe > 7 × 109 s/eV (solar) Mean life/mass, τ /m νe > 300 s/eV, CL = 90% (reactor) Magnetic moment µ < 1.8 × 10−10 µB , CL = 90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 9
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
νµ
J =
1 2
Mass m < 0.17 MeV, CL = 90% Mean life/mass, τ /m νµ > 15.4 s/eV, CL = 90%
Magnetic moment µ < 7.4 × 10−10 µB , CL = 90%
ντ
J =
1 2
Mass m < 18.2 MeV, CL = 95% Magnetic moment µ < 5.4 × 10−7 µB , CL = 90% Electric dipole moment d < 5.2 × 10−17 e cm, CL = 95%
Number of Light Neutrino Types (including νe , νµ, and ντ ) Number N = 2.994 ± 0.012 (Standard Model fits to LEP data) Number N = 3.07 ± 0.12 (Direct measurement of invisible Z width)
Massive Neutrinos and Lepton Mixing, Searches for For excited leptons, see Compositeness Limits below. See the Particle Listings for a Note “Neutrino Mass” giving details of neutrinos, masses, mixing, and the status of experimental searches. While no direct, uncontested evidence for massive neutrinos or lepton mixing has been obtained, suggestive evidence has come from solar neutrino observations, from anomalies in the relative fractions of νe and νµ observed in energetic cosmic-ray air showers, and possibly from a ν e appearance experiment at Los Alamos. Sample limits are: Stable Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits Mass m > 45.0 GeV, CL = 95% (Dirac) Mass m > 39.5 GeV, CL = 95% (Majorana) Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits Mass m > CL = 95% 69.0 2 GeV,−12 with U` j > 10 ) Mass m > 58.2 = 95% GeV, 2 CL −12 µ, τ with U` j > 10 ) HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 10
(Dirac νL coupling to e, µ, τ (Majorana νL coupling to e,
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Solar Neutrinos
&
&
Detectors using gallium (Eν 0.2 MeV), chlorine (Eν 0.8 MeV), ˆ and Cerenkov effect in water (Eν 7 MeV) measure significantly lower neutrino rates than are predicted from solar models. The deficit in the solar neutrino flux compared with solar model calculations could be explained by oscillations with ∆m2 ≤ 10−5 eV2 causing the disappearance of νe .
&
Atmospheric Neutrinos Underground detectors observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere have measured a νµ/νe ratio much less than expected and also a deficiency of upward going νµ compared to downward. This could be explained by oscillations leading to the disappearance of νµ with ∆m2 ≈ 10−3 to 10−2 eV2 . ν oscillation: ν e 6→ ν e (θ = mixing angle) ∆m2 < 9 × 10−4 eV2 , CL = 90% (if sin2 2θ = 1) sin2 2θ < 0.02, CL = 90% (if ∆(m2 ) is large) ν oscillation: νµ (ν µ ) → νe (ν e ) (any combination) ∆m2 < 0.075 eV2 , CL = 90% (if sin2 2θ = 1) sin2 2θ < 1.8 × 10−3 , CL = 90% (if ∆(m2 ) is large)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 11
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] The uncertainty in the electron mass in unified atomic mass units (u) is ten times smaller than that given by the 1986 CODATA adjustment, quoted in the Table of Physical Constants (Section 1). The conversion to MeV via the factor 931.49432(28) MeV/u is more uncertain because of the electron charge uncertainty. Our value in MeV differs slightly from the 1986 CODATA result. [b] This is the best “electron disappearance” limit. The best limit for the mode e − → ν γ is > 2.35 × 1025 yr (CL=68%). [c] The muon mass is most precisely known in u (unified atomic mass units). The conversion factor to MeV via the factor 931.49432(28) MeV/u is more uncertain because of the electron charge uncertainty. [d ] See the “Note on Muon Decay Parameters” in the µ Particle Listings for definitions and details. [e] Pµ is the longitudinal polarization of the muon from pion decay. In standard V −A theory, Pµ = 1 and ρ = δ = 3/4. [f ] This only includes events with the γ energy > 10 MeV. Since the e − ν e νµ and e − ν e νµ γ modes cannot be clearly separated, we regard the latter mode as a subset of the former. [g ] See the µ Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [h] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [i ] Basis mode for the τ .
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 12
Created: 6/12/1998 14:32
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
QUARKS The u-, d -, and s-quark masses are estimates of so-called “currentquark masses,” in a mass-independent subtraction scheme such as MS at a scale µ ≈ 2 GeV. The c- and b-quark masses are estimated from charmonium, bottomonium, D, and B masses. They are the “running” masses in the MS scheme. These can be different from the heavy quark masses obtained in potential models. I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
u Mass m = 1.5 to 5 MeV m u /m d = 0.20 to 0.70
[a]
Charge =
2 3
e
Iz = + 12
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
d
Mass m = 3 to 9 MeV [a] Charge = − 13 e m s /m d = 17 to 25 m = (m u +m d )/2 = 2 to 6 MeV
Iz = − 12
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
s
[a] Mass m = 60 to 170 MeV Charge = − 13 e Strangeness = −1 (m s – (m u + m d )/2) (m d − m u ) = 34 to 51
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
c Mass m = 1.1 to 1.4 GeV
Charge =
2 3
e
Charm = +1
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
b Mass m = 4.1 to 4.4 GeV
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Charge = − 13 e Bottom = −1
Page 1
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
t
Charge =
2 3
e
Top = +1
Mass m = 173.8 ± 5.2 GeV (direct observation of top events) Mass m = 170 ± 7 (+ 14) GeV (Standard Model electroweak fit, assuming MH = MZ . Number in parentheses is shift from changing MH to 300 GeV.
b 0 (4th Generation) Quark, Searches for Mass m > 128 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 46.0 GeV, CL = 95%
(p p, charged current decays) (e + e − , all decays)
Free Quark Searches All searches since 1977 have had negative results. NOTES [a] The ratios m u /m d and m s /m d are extracted from pion and kaon masses using chiral symmetry. The estimates of u and d masses are not without controversy and remain under active investigation. Within the literature there are even suggestions that the u quark could be essentially massless. The s-quark mass is estimated from SU(3) splittings in hadron masses.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 2
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS (S = C = B = 0)
√ For I = 1 (π, b, ρ, a): u d, (u u−d d)/ 2, d u; for I = 0 (η, η 0 , h, h0 , ω, φ, f , f 0 ): c1 (u u + d d ) + c2 (s s) I G (J P ) = 1− (0− )
π±
Mass m = 139.56995 ± 0.00035 MeV Mean life τ = (2.6033 ± 0.0005) × 10−8 s cτ = 7.8045 m
(S = 1.2)
π ± → `± ν γ form factors [a] FV = 0.017 ± 0.008 FA = 0.0116 ± 0.0016 (S = 1.3) 0.009 R = 0.059 + − 0.008 π− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. π+ DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
µ+ νµ µ+ νµ γ e + νe e + νe γ e + νe π 0 e + νe e + e − e + νe ν ν
[b]
(99.98770±0.00004) %
[c]
( 1.24
±0.25
[b]
( 1.230
±0.004
[c]
( 1.61 ( 1.025 ( 3.2
±0.23 ±0.034 ±0.5
< 5
) × 10−4 ) × 10−4
) × 10−7 ) × 10−8 ) × 10−9 × 10−6 90%
30 30 70 70 4 70 70
Lepton Family number (LF) or Lepton number (L) violating modes µ+ ν e µ+ νe µ− e + e + ν
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
L LF LF
[d ] < 1.5 [d ] < 8.0 < 1.6
Page 1
× 10−3 90% × 10−3 90% × 10−6 90%
30 30 30
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 − + )
π0
Mass m = 134.9764 ± 0.0006 MeV m π± − m π0 = 4.5936 ± 0.0005 MeV Mean life τ = (8.4 ± 0.6) × 10−17 s (S = 3.0) cτ = 25.1 nm π0 DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
2γ e+ e− γ γ positronium + e e+ e− e− e+ e− 4γ νν νe ν e νµ ν µ ντ ν τ
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
(98.798±0.032) % ( 1.198±0.032) %
1.82 ±0.29 ) × 10−9 3.14 ±0.30 ) × 10−5 7.5 ±2.0 ) × 10−8 2 × 10−8 8.3 × 10−7 1.7 × 10−6 < 3.1 × 10−6 < 2.1 × 10−6
( ( ( < [e] < <
S=1.1 S=1.1
67 67
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
67 67 67 67 67 67
CL=90%
67
CL=90%
67
Charge conjugation (C ) or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes 3γ µ+ e − + e − µ+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
C LF
< 3.1 < 1.72
Page 2
× 10−8 CL=90% × 10−8 CL=90%
67 26
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
η
Mass m = 547.30 ± 0.12 MeV Full width Γ = 1.18 ± 0.11 keV
[f ]
(S = 1.8)
C-nonconserving decay parameters π + π− π 0 Left-right asymmetry = (0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π+ π− π 0 Sextant asymmetry = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 π+ π− π 0 Quadrant asymmetry = (− 0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π+ π− γ Left-right asymmetry = (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 + − π π γ β (D-wave) = 0.05 ± 0.06 (S = 1.5) Dalitz plot parameter α = − 0.039 ± 0.015 π0 π0 π0 η DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Neutral modes
(71.5 ±0.6 ) %
neutral modes 2γ 3π0 π0 2γ other neutral modes
[f ]
(39.21±0.34) % (32.2 ±0.4 ) % ( 7.1 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 < 2.8 %
S=1.4
–
S=1.4 S=1.3
274 178 257
CL=90%
–
S=1.4 S=1.4 S=1.3
–
Charged modes charged modes π+ π− π0 π+ π− γ e+ e− γ µ+ µ− γ e+ e− µ+ µ−
(28.5 ±0.6 ) % (23.1 ±0.5 ) % ( 4.77±0.13) % ( 4.9 ±1.1 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 < 7.7 × 10−5 ( 5.8 ±0.8 ) × 10−6
π+ π− e + e −
−3 ( 1.3 +1.2 −0.8 ) × 10 < 2.1 × 10−3 < 6 × 10−4 < 3 × 10−6
π+ π− 2γ π+ π− π0 γ π0 µ+ µ− γ
CL=90%
173 235 274 252 274 252 235
CL=90% CL=90%
235 173 210
CL=90% CL=95% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
235 274 257 210 263
Charge conjugation (C ), Parity (P), Charge conjugation × Parity (CP), or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes
π+ π− 3γ π0 e + e − π0 µ+ µ− µ+ e − + µ− e +
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
P,CP C C C LF
< < [g] < [g] < <
9 5 4 5 6
Page 3
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−6
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
f0 (400–1200) [h]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
or σ
Mass m = (400–1200) MeV Full width Γ = (600–1000) MeV f0 (400–1200) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ γγ
dominant seen
p (MeV/c)
– –
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 − − )
ρ(770) [i]
Mass m = 770.0 ± 0.8 MeV (S = 1.8) Full width Γ = 150.7 ± 1.1 MeV Γee = 6.77 ± 0.32 keV ρ(770) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ
∼ 100
π± γ π± η π± π+ π− π0 π+ π− γ π0 γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
%
358
ρ(770)± decays ( < <
4.5 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 6 × 10−3 2.0 × 10−3
S=2.2 CL=84% CL=84%
372 146 249
ρ(770)0 decays ( (
ηγ µ+ µ− e+ e− π+ π− π0 π+ π− π+ π− π+ π− π0 π0
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
( [j] [j]
( ( < < <
Page 4
9.9 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 6.8 ±1.7 ) × 10−4 −4 2.4 +0.8 −0.9 ) × 10 4.60±0.28) × 10−5 4.49±0.22) × 10−5 1.2 × 10−4 2 × 10−4 4
× 10−5
358 372 S=1.6
189
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
369 384 319 246 252
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
ω(782)
Mass m = 781.94 ± 0.12 MeV (S = 1.5) Full width Γ = 8.41 ± 0.09 MeV Γee = 0.60 ± 0.02 keV ω(782) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
π+ π− π0 π0 γ π+ π−
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
(88.8 ±0.7 ) % ( 8.5 ±0.5 ) % ( 2.21±0.30) % −3 ( 5.3 +8.7 −3.5 ) × 10 ( 6.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4 ( 5.9 ±1.9 ) × 10−4 ( 9.6 ±2.3 ) × 10−5 ( 7.07±0.19) × 10−5
neutrals (excluding π 0 γ ) ηγ π0 e + e − π0 µ+ µ− e+ e− π+ π− π0 π0 π+ π− γ π+ π− π+ π− π0 π0 γ µ+ µ− 3γ
< < < (
2 % 3.6 × 10−3 1 × 10−3 7.2 ±2.5 ) × 10−5 < 1.8 × 10−4 < 1.9 × 10−4
327 379 365
–
S=1.1 CL=90% CL=95% CL=90%
199 379 349 391 261 365 256 367
CL=90% CL=95%
376 391
CL=90% CL=90%
162 329
Charge conjugation (C ) violating modes η π0 3π0
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
C C
< 1 < 3
Page 5
× 10−3 × 10−4
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
η 0 (958)
Mass m = 957.78 ± 0.14 MeV Full width Γ = 0.203 ± 0.016 MeV η0 (958) DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
π+ π− η ρ0 γ (including nonresonantπ+ π − γ ) π0 π0 η ωγ γγ 3π0 µ+ µ− γ π+ π− π0 π 0 ρ0 π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π− π − neutrals π+ π+ π− π− π0 6π π+ π− e + e − π0 γ γ 4π0 e+ e− π+ π− π0 π0
(S = 1.3)
(43.8 ±1.5 ) % (30.2 ±1.3 ) %
S=1.1 S=1.1
232 169
(20.7 ±1.3 ) %
S=1.2
239
S=1.2
160 479 430
( 3.01±0.30) % ( 2.11±0.13) % ( 1.54±0.26) × 10−3 ( 1.03±0.26) × 10−4
467 427 118
< 5 < 4
% %
CL=90% CL=90%
< 1 < 1
% %
CL=90% CL=95%
372
< < < <
% % × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−7
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
298 189 458 469
CL=90% CL=90%
379 479
1 1 6 8
< 5 < 2.1
–
Charge conjugation (C ) or Parity (P) violating modes
π0 e + e − η e+ e− 3γ µ+ µ− π0 µ+ µ− η
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
P,CP P,CP C C C C C
< 2 < 9 [g] < 1.3 [g] < 1.1 < 1.0 [g] < 6.0 [g] < 1.5
Page 6
% × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90%
458 459
% % × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
469 322 479 445 274
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
f0 (980) [k]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
Mass m = 980 ± 10 MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 100 MeV p Confidence level (MeV/c)
f0 (980) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ KK γγ e+ e−
dominant seen (1.19±0.33) × 10−5 <3 × 10−7
a0 (980) [k]
470
– 490 90%
490
I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 + + )
Mass m = 983.4 ± 0.9 MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 100 MeV a0 (980) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ηπ KK γγ
dominant seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 7
p (MeV/c) 321
– 492
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
φ(1020)
Mass m = 1019.413 ± 0.008 MeV Full width Γ = 4.43 ± 0.05 MeV φ(1020) DECAY MODES
K+K− K 0L K 0S ρ π + π+ π− π0 ηγ π0 γ e+ e− µ+ µ− η e+ e− π+ π−
(49.1 ±0.8 ) %
S=1.3
127
(34.1 ±0.6 ) %
S=1.2
110
(15.5 ±0.7 ) % ( 1.26±0.06) % ( 1.31±0.13) × 10−3 ( 2.99±0.08) × 10−4 ( 2.5 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 −4 ( 1.3 +0.8 −0.6 ) × 10
S=1.5 S=1.1
–
S=1.2
) × 10−5
S=1.5
490
CL=84%
210
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
219 490 39
CL=90% CL=90% CL=95% CL=90%
492 410 341 501
CL=90% CL=90%
346 36
( 8
ωγ ργ π+ π− γ f0 (980)γ π0 π0 γ π+ π− π+ π− π+ π+ π− π− π0 π0 e + e − π0 η γ a0 (980)γ η 0(958) γ
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
+5 −4
< 5 < 7 < 3 < 1 < < < <
1 8.7 1.5 1.2
< 2.5 < 5
% × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3
363
−4 ( 1.2 +0.7 −0.5 ) × 10 ( 2.3 ±1.0 ) × 10−5
µ+ µ− γ
h1 (1170)
363 501 510 499
– –
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 + − )
Mass m = 1170 ± 20 MeV Full width Γ = 360 ± 40 MeV h1 (1170) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ
seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 8
p (MeV/c) 310
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
b1 (1235)
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 + − )
Mass m = 1229.5 ± 3.2 MeV (S = 1.6) Full width Γ = 142 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.2) b1 (1235) DECAY MODES
ωπ
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) dominant
348
[D/S amplitude ratio = 0.29 ± 0.04]
π± γ ηρ π+ π+ π− π0 (K K )± π0 K 0S K 0L π± K 0S K 0S π± φπ
a1 (1260) [l]
( 1.6±0.4) × 10−3 seen < 50 % < 8 %
84% 90%
536 248
< 6
%
90%
238
< 2
%
90%
238
< 1.5
%
84%
146
608
–
I G (J PC ) = 1− (1 + + )
Mass m = 1230 ± 40 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 250 to 600 MeV a1 (1260) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ
dominant
356
seen possibly seen
607 575
[D/S amplitude ratio = − 0.100 ± 0.028]
πγ π (ππ)S -wave
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 9
p (MeV/c)
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
f2 (1270)
Mass m = 1275.0 ± 1.2 MeV 3.8 Full width Γ = 185.5 + − 2.7 MeV f2 (1270) DECAY MODES
(S = 1.5) Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (84.6 +2.5 −1.3 ) % ( 7.2 +1.5 −2.7 ) %
ππ π+ π− 2π0 KK 2π+ 2π− ηη 4π0
( ( ( (
γγ
(
ηππ K 0 K − π+ + c.c. e+ e−
< < <
±0.4 ) % ±0.4 ) % ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 −5 1.32 +0.17 −0.16 ) × 10 8 × 10−3 3.4 × 10−3 9 × 10−9 4.6 2.8 4.5 3.0
S=1.3
622
S=1.3
562
S=2.8 S=1.2 S=2.4
403 559 327 564 637
CL=95% CL=95% CL=90%
475 293 637
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + )
f1 (1285)
Mass m = 1281.9 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.7) Full width Γ = 24.0 ± 1.2 MeV (S = 1.4) (4π = ρ (ππ)P wave ) f1 (1285) DECAY MODES
4π π0 π0 π+ π− 2π+ 2π− ρ0 π + π − 0 4π ηππ a0 (980)π [ignoring a0 (980) → K K] η π π [excluding a0 (980)π] KKπ K K ∗ (892) γ ρ0 φγ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (35 ± 4 ) % (23.5± 3.0) %
S=1.6 S=1.6
563 566
(11.7± 1.5) % (11.7± 1.5) % < 7 × 10−4 (50 ±18 ) % (34 ± 8 ) %
S=1.6 S=1.6 CL=90% S=1.2
563 340 568 479 234
(15 ± 7 ) % ( 9.6± 1.2) % not seen ( 5.4± 1.2) % ( 7.9± 3.0) × 10−4
S=1.1 S=1.5
308
Page 10
– –
S=2.3
410 236
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
η(1295)
Mass m = 1297.0 ± 2.8 MeV Full width Γ = 53 ± 6 MeV η(1295) DECAY MODES
η π+ π− a0 (980)π η π0 π0 η (ππ)S -wave
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen seen seen
488 245
– –
seen
I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 − + )
π(1300)
Mass m = 1300 ± 100 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 200 to 600 MeV π(1300) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ π (ππ)S -wave
seen
406
seen
–
a2 (1320)
p (MeV/c)
I G (J PC ) = 1− (2 + + )
Mass m = 1318.1 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 107 ± 5 MeV [m] (K ± K 0S and η π modes) a2 (1320) DECAY MODES
ρπ ηπ ωππ KK η 0(958) π π± γ γγ π+ π− π− e+ e−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (70.1±2.7) % (14.5±1.2) %
S=1.2
419 535
(10.6±3.2) % ( 4.9±0.8) % ( 5.3±0.9) × 10−3 ( 2.8±0.6) × 10−3 ( 9.4±0.7) × 10−6
S=1.3
362 437 287
< 8 < 2.3
Page 11
%
× 10−7
CL=90%
652 659 621
CL=90%
659
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
f0 (1370) [k]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
Mass m = 1200 to 1500 MeV Full width Γ = 200 to 500 MeV f0 (1370) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ 4π 4π0 2π+ 2π− π+ π− 2π 0 2(ππ)S -wave ηη KK γγ e+ e−
seen seen seen
f1 (1420) [n]
p (MeV/c)
– – – – – – – – – –
seen seen seen seen seen seen not seen
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + )
Mass m = 1426.2 ± 1.2 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 55.0 ± 3.0 MeV f1 (1420) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KKπ K K ∗ (892) + c.c. ηππ
dominant dominant possibly seen
ω(1420) [o]
p (MeV/c) 439 155 571
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Mass m = 1419 ± 31 MeV Full width Γ = 174 ± 60 MeV ω(1420) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ
dominant
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 12
p (MeV/c) 488
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
η(1440) [p]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
Mass m = 1400 - 1470 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 50 - 80 MeV [m] η(1440) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KKπ K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. ηππ a0 (980)π η (ππ)S -wave 4π
seen seen seen
a0 (1450)
p (MeV/c)
– – – – – –
seen seen seen
I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 + + )
Mass m = 1474 ± 19 MeV Full width Γ = 265 ± 13 MeV a0 (1450) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
πη π η 0 (958) KK
seen
613
seen seen
392 530
ρ(1450) [q]
p (MeV/c)
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 − − )
Mass m = 1465 ± 25 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 310 ± 60 MeV [m] ρ(1450) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ππ 4π ωπ e+ e− ηρ φπ KK
seen seen <2.0 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
seen <4 % <1 % <1.6 × 10−3
Page 13
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
95%
719 665 512
95%
732 317 358 541
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
f0 (1500) [r]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
Mass m = 1500 ± 10 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 112 ± 10 MeV f0 (1500) DECAY MODES η η 0(958)
ηη 4π 4π0 2π+ 2π− 2π π+ π− 2π0 KK
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
–
seen seen seen seen seen seen
513
– 690 686
–
seen seen seen
f 02 (1525)
737 738 563
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
Mass m = 1525 ± 5 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 76 ± 10 MeV [m] f 02 (1525) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(88.8 ±3.1 ) % (10.3 ±3.1 ) %
KK ηη ππ γγ
( 8.2 ±1.5 ) × 10−3 ( 1.32±0.21) × 10−6
ω(1600) [s]
581 531 750 763
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Mass m = 1649 ± 24 MeV (S = 2.3) Full width Γ = 220 ± 35 MeV (S = 1.6) ω(1600) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ ωππ e+ e−
seen seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 14
p (MeV/c) 637 601 824
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
ω3 (1670)
I G (J PC ) = 0− (3 − − )
Mass m = 1667 ± 4 MeV Full width Γ = 168 ± 10 MeV
[m]
ω3 (1670) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρπ ωππ b1 (1235)π
seen seen possibly seen
π2 (1670)
p (MeV/c) 647 614 359
I G (J PC ) = 1− (2 − + )
Mass m = 1670 ± 20 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 258 ± 18 MeV [m]
(S = 1.7)
π2 (1670) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
3π f2 (1270) π ρπ f0 (1370) π K K ∗ (892)+ c.c.
(95.8±1.4) % (56.2±3.2) %
806 325
(31 ±4 ) % ( 8.7±3.4) %
649
( 4.2±1.4) %
453
p (MeV/c)
–
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
φ(1680)
Mass m = 1680 ± 20 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 150 ± 50 MeV [m] φ(1680) DECAY MODES
K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. K 0S K π KK e+ e− ωππ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
dominant seen
463 620
seen seen not seen
681 840 622
Page 15
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
ρ3 (1690)
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (3 − − )
J P from the 2π and K K modes. Mass m = 1691 ± 5 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 160 ± 10 MeV
[m]
(S = 1.5)
ρ3 (1690) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
4π π± π+ π− π0 ωπ ππ KKπ KK η π+ π−
(71.1 (67 (16 (23.6 ( 3.8
ρ(1700) [q]
± 1.9 ±22 ± 6 ± 1.3 ± 1.2
p Scale factor (MeV/c)
)% )% )% )% )%
( 1.58± 0.26) % seen
788 788 656 834 628 1.2
686 728
I G (J PC ) = 1+ (1 − − )
Mass m = 1700 ± 20 MeV [m] (η ρ0 and π + π − modes) Full width Γ = 240 ± 60 MeV [m] (η ρ0 and π + π − modes) ρ(1700) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ρππ 2(π+ π− ) ρ0 π + π − ρ± π ∓ π 0 + π π− π− π0 K K ∗ (892)+ c.c. ηρ KK e+ e− π0 ω
dominant large large large
640 792 640 642
seen seen seen
838 839 479
seen seen seen seen
533 692 850 662
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 16
p (MeV/c)
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (even + + )
fJ (1710) [t]
Mass m = 1712 ± 5 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 133 ± 14 MeV (S = 1.2) fJ (1710) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KK ηη ππ
seen seen seen
p (MeV/c) 690 648 837
I G (J PC ) = 1− (0 − + )
π(1800)
Mass m = 1801 ± 13 MeV (S = 1.9) Full width Γ = 210 ± 15 MeV π(1800) DECAY MODES
π+ π− π− f0 (980) π − f0 (1370) π − ρ π− η η π− a0 (980)η f0 (1500) π − η η 0(958)π− K ∗0 (1430) K − K ∗ (892) K −
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
–
seen seen seen
623
–
not seen seen seen
728
seen seen
240
– 459
– –
seen not seen
560
I G (J PC ) = 0− (3 − − )
φ3 (1850) Mass m = 1854 ± 7 MeV 28 Full width Γ = 87 + − 23 MeV
(S = 1.2)
φ3 (1850) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KK K K ∗ (892)+ c.c.
seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Page 17
p (MeV/c) 785 602
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
f2 (2010)
Seen by one group only. 60 Mass m = 2011 + − 80 MeV Full width Γ = 202 ± 60 MeV f2 (2010) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
φφ
seen
a4 (2040)
p (MeV/c)
–
I G (J PC ) = 1− (4 + + )
Mass m = 2020 ± 16 MeV Full width Γ = 387 ± 70 MeV a4 (2040) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
KK π+ π− π0 η π0
seen seen seen
p (MeV/c) 892
– 941
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (4 + + )
f4 (2050)
Mass m = 2044 ± 11 MeV (S = 1.4) Full width Γ = 208 ± 13 MeV (S = 1.2) f4 (2050) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(26 ±6 ) %
ωω ππ
(17.0±1.5) % −3 ( 6.8 +3.4 −1.8 ) × 10 ( 2.1±0.8) × 10−3
KK ηη 4π0
< 1.2
%
658 1012 895 863 977
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
f2 (2300)
Mass m = 2297 ± 28 MeV Full width Γ = 149 ± 40 MeV f2 (2300) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
φφ
seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 18
p (MeV/c) 529
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
f2 (2340)
Mass m = 2339 ± 60 MeV 80 Full width Γ = 319 + − 70 MeV f2 (2340) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
φφ
seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 19
p (MeV/c) 573
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
STRANGE MESONS (S = ±1, C = B = 0) K + = u s, K 0 = d s, K 0 = d s, K − = u s,
similarly for K ∗ ’s
I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
K±
Mass m = 493.677 ± 0.016 MeV [u] (S = 2.8) Mean life τ = (1.2386 ± 0.0024) × 10−8 s (S = 2.0) cτ = 3.713 m Slope parameter g
[v ]
(See Particle Listings for quadratic coefficients) K + → π+ π+ π− = − 0.2154 ± 0.0035 (S = 1.4) K − → π− π− π+ = − 0.217 ± 0.007 (S = 2.5) K ± → π± π0 π0 = 0.594 ± 0.019 (S = 1.3) K ± decay form factors [a,w] K+ e3 λ+ = 0.0286 ± 0.0022 K+ µ3
λ+ = 0.032 ± 0.008
(S = 1.6)
K+ µ3
λ0 = 0.006 ± 0.007 (S = 1.6) fS /f+ = 0.084 ± 0.023 (S = 1.2) K+ e3 fT /f+ = 0.38 ± 0.11 (S = 1.1) K+ e3 fT /f+ = 0.02 ± 0.12 K+ µ3 K + → e + νe γ FA + FV = 0.148 ± 0.010 K + → µ+ νµ γ FA + FV < 0.23, CL = 90% K + → e + νe γ FA − FV < 0.49 K + → µ+ νµ γ FA − FV = − 2.2 to 0.3 K − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. K + DECAY MODES
µ+ νµ e + νe π+ π0 π+ π+ π− π+ π0 π0 π0 µ+ νµ Called K + µ3 . HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (63.51±0.18) %
( 1.55±0.07) × 10−5 (21.16±0.14) % ( 5.59±0.05) % ( 1.73±0.04) % ( 3.18±0.08) %
Page 20
S=1.3
236
S=1.1 S=1.8 S=1.2 S=1.5
247 205 125 133 215
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) π 0 e + νe Called K + e3. 0 0 + π π e νe π + π − e + νe π+ π− µ+ νµ π 0 π 0 π 0 e + νe π+ γ γ π+ 3γ µ+ νµ ν ν e + νe ν ν µ+ νµ e + e −
( 4.82±0.06) %
S=1.3
( 2.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−5 ( 3.91±0.17) × 10−5 ( 1.4 ±0.9 ) × 10−5
< 3.5 × 10−6 [x ] ( 1.10±0.32) × 10−6 [x ] < 1.0 × 10−4 < 6.0 × 10−6 × 10−5 ( 1.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−7
< 6
e + νe e + e −
−8 ( 3.0 +3.0 −1.5 ) × 10 < 4.1 × 10−7
µ+ νµ µ+ µ− µ+ νµ γ π+ π0 γ π+ π0 γ (DE) π+ π+ π− γ
[x,y ]
π+ π0 π0 γ
[x,y ]
π0 µ+ νµ γ π 0 e + νe γ π0 e + νe γ (SD) π 0 π 0 e + νe γ
[x,y ]
[x,y ] [x,z] [x,y ]
[x,y ] [aa]
206 203 151 CL=90%
135 227
CL=90% CL=90%
227 236
CL=90%
247 236 247
CL=90%
( 5.50±0.28) × 10−3 ( 2.75±0.15) × 10−4 ( 1.8 ±0.4 ) × 10−5
( 1.04±0.31) × 10−4 −6 ( 7.5 +5.5 −3.0 ) × 10 < 6.1 × 10−5 ( 2.62±0.20) × 10−4 < 5.3 × 10−5 < 5
× 10−6
S1
µ− ν e + e + µ+ νe π+ µ+ e − π+ µ− e + π− µ+ e + π− e + e + π− µ+ µ+ µ+ ν e π0 e + ν e
LF LF LF LF L L L L L
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
−10 ( 4.2 +9.7 −3.5 ) × 10 < 2.0 × 10−8 [d ] < 4 × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−10 < 7 × 10−9 < < [d ] < [d ] < <
7 1.0 1.5 3.3 3
Page 21
× 10−9 × 10−8 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3
185 236 205 205 125 133
CL=90%
215
CL=90%
228 228
CL=90%
206
Lepton Family number (LF ), Lepton number (L), ∆S = ∆Q (SQ) violating modes, or ∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes + + π π e− νe SQ < 1.2 × 10−8 CL=90% + + − −6 π π µ νµ SQ < 3.0 × 10 CL=95% + + − −7 π e e S1 ( 2.74±0.23) × 10 S1 ( 5.0 ±1.0 ) × 10−8 π+ µ+ µ− π+ ν ν
228
203 151 227 172 227
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
236 236 214 214 214 227 172 236 228
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
K0
50% KS , 50% KL Mass m = 497.672 ± 0.031 MeV m K 0 − m K ± = 3.995 ± 0.034 MeV m 0 − m 0 / m average < 10−18 K K
(S = 1.1) [bb]
I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
K 0S
Mean life τ = (0.8934 ± 0.0008) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.6762 cm CP-violation parameters [cc] Im(η +−0 ) = − 0.002 ± 0.009 Im(η 000 )2 < 0.1, CL = 90% K 0 DECAY MODES S
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
π+ π− π0 π0 π+ π− γ γγ
(68.61±0.28) % (31.39±0.28) %
[y,dd ]
π+ π− π0 3π0 π± e ∓ ν π± µ∓ ν µ+ µ−
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
[ee] [ee]
( 1.78±0.05) × 10−3 ( 2.4 ±0.9 ) × 10−6 −7 ( 3.2 +1.2 −1.0 ) × 10 < 3.7 × 10−5 ( 6.70±0.07) × 10−4 ( 4.69±0.06) × 10−4
S=1.2 S=1.2
206 209 206 249 133
CL=90% S=1.1 S=1.1
139 229 216
CL=90%
225
CL=90% CL=90%
249 231
∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes
e+ e− π0 e + e −
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
S1
< 3.2
S1 S1
< 1.4 < 1.1
Page 22
× 10−7 × 10−7 × 10−6
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
K 0L
m KL − m KS = (0.5301 ± 0.0014) × 1010 ¯h s− 1 = (3.489 ± 0.009) × 10−12 MeV Mean life τ = (5.17 ± 0.04) × 10−8 s (S = 1.1) cτ = 15.51 m Slope parameter g
[v ]
(See Particle Listings for quadratic coefficients) K 0L → π + π− π0 = 0.670 ± 0.014 (S = 1.6) KL decay form factors [w] K 0e3 λ+ = 0.0300 ± 0.0016
(S = 1.2)
K 0µ3
λ+ = 0.034 ± 0.005
K 0µ3
λ0 = 0.025 ± 0.006 (S = 2.3) fS /f+ < 0.04, CL = 68% fT /f+ < 0.23, CL = 68% fT /f+ = 0.12 ± 0.12
K 0e3 K 0e3 K 0µ3
KL → e + e − γ:
(S = 2.3)
αK ∗ = − 0.28 ± 0.08
CP-violation parameters
[cc]
δ = (0.327 ± 0.012)% η 00 = (2.275 ± 0.019) × 10−3 (S = 1.1) η +− = (2.285 ± 0.019) × 10−3 η 00 /η +− = 0.9956 ± 0.0023 [ff ] (S = 1.8) 0 / = (1.5 ± 0.8) × 10−3
[ff ]
(S = 1.8)
φ+− = (43.5 ± 0.6)◦ φ00 = (43.4 ± 1.0)◦ φ00 − φ+− = (− 0.1 ± 0.8)◦ j for K 0L → π + π − π0 = 0.0011 ± 0.0008 η +−γ = (2.35 ± 0.07) × 10−3 φ+−γ = (44 ± 4)◦ 0 +−γ / < 0.3, CL = 90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 23
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆S = −∆Q in K 0`3 decay Re x = 0.006 ± 0.018 (S = 1.3) Im x = − 0.003 ± 0.026 (S = 1.2) CPT-violation parameters Re ∆ = 0.018 ± 0.020 Im ∆ = 0.02 ± 0.04 K0 L DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
3π0 π+ π− π0 π± µ∓ ν Called K 0µ3 . π ± e ∓ νe Called K 0e3. 2γ 3γ π0 2γ π0 π± e ∓ ν (π µatom)ν π ± e ∓ νe γ
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
[gg]
(21.12 ±0.27 ) % (12.56 ±0.20 ) % (27.17 ±0.25 ) %
S=1.1 S=1.7 S=1.1
139 133 216
[gg]
(38.78 ±0.27 ) %
S=1.1
229
( 5.92 ±0.15 ) × 10−4 < 2.4 × 10−7 CL=90% [hh] ( 1.70 ±0.28 ) × 10−6 [gg] ( 5.18 ±0.29 ) × 10−5 ( 1.06 ±0.11 ) × 10−7
249 231 207
−3 ( 3.62 +0.26 −0.21 ) × 10 [y,hh] ( 4.61 ±0.14 ) × 10−5 < 5.6 × 10−6
[y,gg,hh]
π+ π− γ π0 π0 γ
249
– 229 206 209
Charge conjugation × Parity (CP, CPV ) or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes, or ∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes + − π π CPV ( 2.067±0.035) × 10−3 S=1.1 206 0 0 −4 π π CPV ( 9.36 ±0.20 ) × 10 209 S1 ( 7.2 ±0.5 ) × 10−9 S=1.4 225 µ+ µ− + − −7 µ µ γ S1 ( 3.25 ±0.28 ) × 10 225 e+ e− S1 < 4.1 × 10−11 CL=90% 249 e+ e− γ S1 ( 9.1 ±0.5 ) × 10−6 249 + − −7 e e γγ S1 [hh] ( 6.5 ±1.2 ) × 10 249 π+ π− e + e − S1 [hh] < 4.6 × 10−7 CL=90% 206 µ+ µ− e + e − e+ e− e+ e− π0 µ+ µ−
π0 e + e − π0 ν ν e ± µ∓ e ± e ± µ∓ µ∓
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
S1
( 2.9
S1 CP,S1 [ii] CP,S1 [ii] CP,S1 [jj] LF [gg] LF [gg]
( < < < < <
4.1 5.1 4.3 5.8 3.3 6.1
Page 24
+6.7 −2.4 ±0.8
) × 10−9 ) × 10−8 S=1.2 × 10−9 CL=90% × 10−9 CL=90% × 10−5 CL=90% × 10−11 CL=90% × 10−9 CL=90%
225 249 177 231 231 238
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (1− )
K ∗ (892) K ∗ (892)± K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)± K ∗ (892)0
mass m = 891.66 ± 0.26 MeV mass m = 896.10 ± 0.28 MeV (S = 1.4) full width Γ = 50.8 ± 0.9 MeV full width Γ = 50.5 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) p Confidence level (MeV/c)
K ∗ (892) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Kπ K0γ K±γ K ππ
∼ 100 % ( 2.30±0.20) × 10−3 ( 9.9 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 < 7 × 10−4
K1 (1270)
95%
291 310 309 224
I (J P ) = 12 (1+ )
Mass m = 1273 ± 7 MeV [m] Full width Γ = 90 ± 20 MeV [m] K1 (1270) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Kρ K ∗0 (1430) π K ∗ (892) π Kω K f0 (1370)
(42 ±6 ) %
K1 (1400)
p (MeV/c) 76
(28 ±4 ) %
–
(16 ±5 ) %
301
(11.0±2.0) % ( 3.0±2.0) %
– –
I (J P ) = 12 (1+ )
Mass m = 1402 ± 7 MeV Full width Γ = 174 ± 13 MeV
(S = 1.6)
K1 (1400) DECAY MODES K ∗ (892) π
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (94 ±6 ) %
401
Kρ K f0 (1370) Kω K ∗0 (1430) π
( 3.0±3.0) % ( 2.0±2.0) %
298
( 1.0±1.0) % not seen
285
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 25
p (MeV/c)
– –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (1− )
K ∗ (1410)
Mass m = 1414 ± 15 MeV (S = 1.3) Full width Γ = 232 ± 21 MeV (S = 1.1) K ∗ (1410) DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
K ∗ (892) π Kπ Kρ
> 40
K ∗0 (1430) [kk]
%
95%
408
( 6.6±1.3) % < 7 %
95%
611 309
I (J P ) = 12 (0+ )
Mass m = 1429 ± 6 MeV Full width Γ = 287 ± 23 MeV K∗ 0 (1430) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Kπ
(93±10) %
K ∗2 (1430) K ∗2 (1430)± K ∗2 (1430)0 K ∗2 (1430)± K ∗2 (1430)0
p (MeV/c) 621
I (J P ) = 12 (2+ ) mass m = 1425.6 ± 1.5 MeV (S = 1.1) mass m = 1432.4 ± 1.3 MeV full width Γ = 98.5 ± 2.7 MeV (S = 1.1) full width Γ = 109 ± 5 MeV (S = 1.9)
K∗ 2 (1430) DECAY MODES
Kπ K ∗ (892) π K ∗ (892) π π Kρ Kω K+γ Kη K ωπ K0γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (49.9±1.2) % (24.7±1.5) %
622 423
(13.4±2.2) % ( 8.7±0.8) % ( 2.9±0.8) % ( 2.4±0.5) × 10−3 −3 ( 1.5 +3.4 −1.0 ) × 10 < 7.2 × 10−4 < 9 × 10−4
Page 26
375 S=1.2 S=1.1
331 319 627
S=1.3
492
CL=95% CL=90%
110 631
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
K ∗ (1680)
I (J P ) = 12 (1− )
Mass m = 1717 ± 27 MeV (S = 1.4) Full width Γ = 322 ± 110 MeV (S = 4.2) K ∗ (1680) DECAY MODES
Kπ
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(38.7±2.5) % (31.4 +4.7 −2.1 ) %
Kρ K ∗ (892) π
779 571
(29.9 +2.2 −4.7 ) %
K2 (1770) [ll]
615
I (J P ) = 12 (2− )
Mass m = 1773 ± 8 MeV Full width Γ = 186 ± 14 MeV K2 (1770) DECAY MODES
K ππ K ∗2 (1430)π K ∗ (892)π K f2 (1270) Kφ Kω
K ∗3 (1780)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
– dominant
287
seen seen
653
seen seen
441 608
–
I (J P ) = 12 (3− )
Mass m = 1776 ± 7 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 159 ± 21 MeV (S = 1.3) K ∗ (1780) DECAY MODES 3
Kρ K ∗ (892) π Kπ Kη K ∗2 (1430) π
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (31 ± 9 ) % (20 ± 5 ) % (18.8± 1.0) %
612 651 810
(30 ±13 ) % < 16 %
715 284
Page 27
95%
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
K2 (1820) [mm]
I (J P ) = 12 (2− )
Mass m = 1816 ± 13 MeV Full width Γ = 276 ± 35 MeV K2 (1820) DECAY MODES K ∗2 (1430) π K ∗ (892) π
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
K f2 (1270) Kω
K ∗4 (2045)
p (MeV/c)
seen
325
seen
680
seen seen
186 638
I (J P ) = 12 (4+ )
Mass m = 2045 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 198 ± 30 MeV K∗ 4 (2045) DECAY MODES
Kπ K ∗ (892) π π K ∗ (892) π π π ρK π ωK π φK π φ K ∗ (892)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(9.9±1.2) %
958
(9 ±5 ) %
800
(7 ±5 ) %
764
(5.7±3.2) % (5.0±3.0) % (2.8±1.4) %
742 736 591
(1.4±0.7) %
363
Page 28
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
CHARMED MESONS (C = ±1) D + = cd, D 0 = cu, D 0 = c u, D − = c d,
similarly for D ∗ ’s
I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
D±
Mass m = 1869.3 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ = (1.057 ± 0.015) × 10−12 s cτ = 317 µm CP-violation decay-rate asymmetries ACP (K + K − π± ) = − 0.017 ± 0.027 ACP (K ± K ∗0 ) = − 0.02 ± 0.05 ACP (φ π ± ) = − 0.014 ± 0.033 ACP (π + π − π ± ) = − 0.02 ± 0.04 D + → K ∗ (892)0 `+ ν` form factors r2 = 0.72 ± 0.09 rv = 1.85 ± 0.12 ΓL /ΓT = 1.23 ± 0.13 Γ+ /Γ− = 0.16 ± 0.04 D − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D + DECAY MODES
e + anything K − anything K 0 anything + K 0 anything K + anything η anything
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Inclusive modes (17.2 (24.2 (59 ( 5.8 [nn] < 13
Page 29
±1.9 ±2.8 ±7 ±1.4
)% )% )% )% %
S=1.4
CL=90%
– – – – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Leptonic and semileptonic modes µ+ ν
µ 0 + K ` ν` K 0 e+ ν
< 7.2 [oo]
e 0 + K µ νµ
K − π + e + νe K ∗ (892)0 e + νe × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K − π+ e + νe nonresonant − K π+ µ+ νµ K ∗ (892)0 µ+ νµ × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K − π+ µ+ νµ nonresonant (K ∗ (892)π )0 e + νe (K π π)0 e + νe non- K ∗ (892) K − π+ π0 µ+ νµ π 0 `+ ν `
× 10−4
868 868
( 7.0 +3.0 −2.0 ) % ( 4.1 +0.9 −0.7 ) % ( 3.2 ±0.33) %
865 863 720 CL=90% S=1.1
863 851
( 2.9 ±0.4 ) %
715
( 2.7 ±1.1 ) × 10−3
851
< 1.2 < 9 < 1.4
%
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90%
846 825
( 3.1 ±1.5 ) × 10−3
Page 30
714
CL=90%
Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K ∗ (892)0 `+ ν` [oo] ( 4.7 ±0.4 ) % ( 4.8 ±0.5 ) % K ∗ (892)0 e + νe ∗ 0 + K (892) µ νµ ( 4.4 ±0.6 ) % S=1.1 0 + −3 ρ e νe ( 2.2 ±0.8 ) × 10 ρ0 µ+ νµ ( 2.7 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 φ e + νe < 2.09 % CL=90% + φ µ νµ < 3.72 % CL=90% + −3 η ` ν` < 5 × 10 CL=90% 0 + −3 η (958) µ νµ < 9 × 10 CL=90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
932
( 6.8 ±0.8 ) % ( 6.7 ±0.9 ) %
< 7 × 10−3 ( 3.2 ±0.4 ) %
[pp]
CL=90%
930
720 720 715 776 772 657 651
– 684
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a K or K K K K 0 π+ ( 2.89±0.26) % − + + K π π [qq] ( 9.0 ±0.6 ) % K ∗ (892)0 π + ( 1.27±0.13) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) ∗ K 0 (1430)0 π + ( 2.3 ±0.3 ) % ∗ 0 − + × B(K 0 (1430) → K π ) ∗ K (1680)0 π + ( 3.7 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ∗ 0 − + × B(K (1680) → K π ) − K π+ π+ nonresonant ( 8.5 ±0.8 ) % 0 K π+ π0 [qq] ( 9.7 ±3.0 ) % K 0 ρ+ ( 6.6 ±2.5 ) % ∗ 0 + K (892) π ( 6.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ∗0 0 0 × B(K → K π ) 0 K π+ π0 nonresonant ( 1.3 ±1.1 ) % − K π+ π+ π0 [qq] ( 6.4 ±1.1 ) % K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ total ( 1.4 ±0.9 ) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K 1 (1400)0 π + ( 2.2 ±0.6 ) % 0 − + 0 × B(K 1 (1400) → K π π ) K − ρ+ π+ total ( 3.1 ±1.1 ) % − + + K ρ π 3-body ( 1.1 ±0.4 ) % ∗ 0 + 0 K (892) π π total ( 4.5 ±0.9 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π 0 3-body ( 2.8 ±0.9 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)− π+ π+ 3-body ( 7 ±3 ) × 10−3 ∗− − 0 × B(K → K π ) K − π+ π+ π0 nonresonant [rr] ( 1.2 ±0.6 ) % 0 + + − [qq] ( 7.0 ±0.9 ) % K π π π K 0 a1 (1260)+ ( 4.0 ±0.9 ) % + + + − × B(a1 (1260) → π π π ) K 1 (1400)0 π + ( 2.2 ±0.6 ) % × B(K 1 (1400)0 → K 0 π+ π− ) K ∗ (892)− π+ π+ 3-body ( 1.4 ±0.6 ) % × B(K ∗− → K 0 π− ) K 0 ρ0 π+ total ( 4.2 ±0.9 ) % 0 0 + K ρ π 3-body ( 5 ±5 ) × 10−3 0 + + − K π π π nonresonant ( 8 ±4 ) × 10−3
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 31
S=1.1
862 845 712 368 65 845
S=1.1
845 680 712 845 816 423 390 616 616 687 687 688 816 814 328 390 688 614 614 814
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K − π+ π+ π+ π− K ∗ (892)0 π + π+ π− × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ )
[qq]
K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 π+ × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π + π− no- ρ × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) − K ρ0 π + π + K − π+ π+ π+ π− nonresonant K − π+ π+ π0 π0
( 7.2 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 5.4 ±2.3 ) × 10−3
772 642
−3 ( 1.9 +1.1 −1.0 ) × 10
242
( 2.9 ±1.1 ) × 10−3
642
( 3.1 ±0.9 ) × 10−3 < 2.3 × 10−3
529 772
CL=90%
( 2.2 +5.0 −0.9 ) % ( 5.4 +3.0 −1.4 ) %
K 0 π+ π+ π− π0 K 0 π+ π+ π+ π− π− K − π+ π+ π+ π− π0 K0K0K+
775 773
( 8 ±7 ) × 10−4 ( 2.0 ±1.8 ) × 10−3 ( 1.8 ±0.8 ) %
714 718 545
Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes.
K 0 ρ+ K 0 a1 (1260)+ K 0 a2 (1320)+ K ∗ (892)0 π+ K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ total K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ S-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ P-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ D-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ+ D-wave longitudinal K 1 (1270)0 π+ K 1 (1400)0 π+ K ∗ (1410)0 π+ K ∗0 (1430)0 π+ K ∗ (1680)0 π+ K ∗ (892)0 π+ π0 total K ∗ (892)0 π + π0 3-body K ∗ (892)− π+ π+ 3-body − K ρ+ π+ total K − ρ+ π+ 3-body 0 K ρ0 π+ total K 0 ρ0 π+ 3-body
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 6.6 ±2.5 ) % ( 8.0 ±1.7 ) %
× 10−3
< 3 [rr] [rr]
CL=90%
( 1.90±0.19) % ( 2.1 ±1.3 ) %
199 712 423
( 1.6 ±1.6 ) % < 1 × 10−3 (10 ±7 ) × 10−3 < 7 × 10−3
CL=90%
423 423 423
CL=90%
423
× 10−3
CL=90%
487
( 4.9 ±1.2 ) % < 7 × 10−3
CL=90%
390 382
< 7
[rr]
680 328
( 3.7 ±0.4 ) %
368
( 1.43±0.30) % ( 6.7 ±1.4 ) %
65 687
( 4.2 ±1.4 ) %
687
( ( ( ( (
2.0 3.1 1.1 4.2 5
Page 32
±0.9 ±1.1 ±0.4 ±0.9 ±5
)% )% )% )% ) × 10−3
CL=90%
688 616 616 614 614
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K 0 f0 (980) π + K ∗ (892)0 π+ π+ π− K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 π + K ∗ (892)0 π + π+ π− no- ρ K − ρ0 π + π + π+ π0 π+ π+ π− ρ0 π + π+ π+ π−
< 5 × 10−3 ( 8.1 ±3.4 ) × 10−3 −3 ( 2.9 +1.7 −1.5 ) × 10 ( 4.3 ±1.7 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ±0.9 ) × 10−3
CL=90% S=1.7
461 642
S=1.8
242 642 529
Pionic modes
nonresonant
π+ π+ π− π0 η π+ × B(η → π+ π− π0 ) ω π+ × B(ω → π + π− π0 ) π+ π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π+ π− π− π0
( ( ( (
2.5 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 3.6 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 1.05±0.31) × 10−3 2.2 ±0.4 ) × 10−3
( 1.9 +1.5 −1.2 ) % ( 1.7 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 6 × 10−3
( 2.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−3
925 908 769 908 882 848 CL=90%
−3 ( 2.9 +2.9 −2.0 ) × 10
799
Fractions of some of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. ( 7.5 ±2.5 ) × 10−3 ( 1.05±0.31) × 10−3 < 7 × 10−3 CL=90%
η π+ ρ0 π + ω π+ η ρ+ η 0(958) π+ η 0(958) ρ+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
764 845
< 1.2 < 9
% × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90%
848 769 764 658 680
< 1.5
%
CL=90%
355
Page 33
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a K K pair K+K0 K + K − π+ φ π+ × B(φ → K + K ∗ (892)0
K + K −)
× B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K + K − π + nonresonant 0 K K 0 π+ K ∗ (892)+ K 0 × B(K ∗+ → K 0 π+ ) K + K − π+ π0 φ π+ π0 × B(φ → K + K − ) φ ρ+ × B(φ → K + K − ) K + K − π + π0 non-φ K + K 0 π+ π− K 0 K − π+ π+ K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0 × B2 (K ∗+ → K 0 π + ) 0 K K − π+ π+ non-K ∗+ K ∗0 K + K − π+ π+ π− φ π+ π+ π− × B(φ → K + K − ) K + K − π + π+ π− nonresonant
[qq]
( 7.4 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 8.8 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 3.0 ±0.3 ) × 10−3 ( 2.8 ±0.4 ) × 10−3
792 744 647 610
( 4.5 ±0.9 ) × 10−3 —
744 741
( 2.1 ±1.0 ) %
611
( < ( < (
— 1.1 ±0.5 ) % 7 × 10−3 1.5 +0.7 −0.6 ) % 2 % 1.0 ±0.6 ) %
CL=90%
682 CL=90%
( 1.2 ±0.5 ) %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
678 678 273
× 10−3
CL=90%
< 1
× 10−3
678 600
CL=90%
565
< 3
%
CL=90%
600
< 7.9 —
Fractions of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. ( 6.1 ±0.6 ) × 10−3
φ π+ φ π+ π0 φ ρ+ φ π+ π+ π− K + K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)+ K 0 K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0
682 619 268
( 2.3 ±1.0 ) % < 1.4 % < 2 × 10−3 ( 4.2 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 3.2 ±1.5 ) % ( 2.6 ±1.1 ) %
Page 34
CL=90% CL=90%
647 619 268 565 610 611 273
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Doubly Cabibbo suppressed (DC ) modes, ∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton Family number (LF ) or Lepton number (L) violating modes + DC ( 6.8 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 K π+ π− + 0 K ρ DC ( 2.5 ±1.2 ) × 10−4 K ∗ (892)0 π + DC ( 3.6 ±1.6 ) × 10−4 + + − K π π nonresonant DC ( 2.4 ±1.2 ) × 10−4 + + − K K K DC < 1.4 × 10−4 CL=90% + −4 φK DC < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% π+ e + e − C1 < 6.6 × 10−5 CL=90% + + − −5 π µ µ C1 < 1.8 × 10 CL=90% ρ+ µ+ µ− C1 < 5.6 × 10−4 CL=90% K + e+ e− [ss] < 2.0 × 10−4 CL=90% + + − K µ µ [ss] < 9.7 × 10−5 CL=90% π+ e + µ− LF < 1.1 × 10−4 CL=90% + − + −4 LF < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% π e µ K + e + µ− LF < 1.3 × 10−4 CL=90% + − + −4 K e µ LF < 1.2 × 10 CL=90% π− e + e + L < 1.1 × 10−4 CL=90% π− µ+ µ+ L < 8.7 × 10−5 CL=90% − + + −4 π e µ L < 1.1 × 10 CL=90% ρ− µ+ µ+ L < 5.6 × 10−4 CL=90% − + + −4 K e e L < 1.2 × 10 CL=90% K − µ+ µ+ L < 1.2 × 10−4 CL=90% − + + −4 K e µ L < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% ∗ − + + −4 K (892) µ µ L < 8.5 × 10 CL=90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 35
845 681 712 845 550 527 929 917 759 869 856 926 926 866 866 929 917 926 759 869 856 866 703
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
D0
Mass m = 1864.6 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ± − m D 0 = 4.76 ± 0.10 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ = (0.415 ± 0.004) × 10−12 s µm cτ = 124.4 m 0 − m 0 < 24 × 1010 ¯h s− 1 , CL = 90% D1 D2 Γ 0 – Γ 0 /Γ 0 < 0.20, CL = 90% [tt] D D D 1
[tt]
2
Γ(K + `− ν ` (via D 0 ))/Γ(K − `+ ν` ) < 0.005, CL = 90% Γ(K + π− or K + π− π+ π− (viaD 0 )) Γ(K − π+ or K − π+ π+ π− ) 90% [uu]
< 0.0085 (or < 0.0037), CL =
CP-violation decay-rate asymmetries ACP (K + K − ) = 0.026 ± 0.035 ACP (π + π − ) = − 0.05 ± 0.08 ACP (K 0S φ) = − 0.03 ± 0.09 ACP (K 0S π 0 ) = − 0.018 ± 0.030 D 0 modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D 0 DECAY MODES
e + anything µ+ anything K − anything K 0 anything + K 0 anything
Inclusive modes ( 6.75±0.29) % ( 6.6 ±0.8 ) % (53 ±4 ) % (42 ±5 ) % ( 3.4 +0.6 −0.4 ) %
K + anything η anything K − `+ ν ` K − e + νe K − µ+ νµ K − π 0 e + νe K 0 π − e + νe K ∗ (892)− e + νe × B(K ∗− → K 0 π− ) K ∗ (892)− `+ ν`
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
S=1.3
– – – – –
%
CL=90%
–
( 3.50±0.17) % ( 3.66±0.18) % ( 3.23±0.17) %
S=1.3
867 867 863
[nn] < 13
Semileptonic modes [oo]
( 1.6 +1.3 −0.5 ) % ( 2.8 +1.7 −0.9 ) % ( 1.35±0.22) % —
Page 36
861 860 719
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K ∗ (892)0 π− e + νe K − π+ π− µ+ νµ (K ∗ (892)π )− µ+ νµ π − e + νe
— < 1.2 < 1.4
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
708 821
CL=90%
693
( 3.7 ±0.6 ) × 10−3
927
A fraction of the following resonance mode has already appeared above as a submode of a charged-particle mode. ∗ ( 2.02±0.33) % K (892)− e + νe
Hadronic modes with a K or K K K K − π+ ( 3.85±0.09) % 0 0 K π ( 2.12±0.21) % K 0 π+ π− [qq] ( 5.4 ±0.4 ) % K 0 ρ0 ( 1.21±0.17) % K 0 f0 (980) ( 3.0 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 × B(f0 → π + π− ) 0 K f2 (1270) ( 2.4 ±0.9 ) × 10−3 + − × B(f2 → π π ) 0 K f0 (1370) ( 4.3 ±1.3 ) × 10−3 + − × B(f0 → π π ) ∗ K (892)− π+ ( 3.4 ±0.3 ) % ∗− 0 − × B(K → K π ) K ∗0 (1430)− π+ ( 6.4 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 × B(K ∗0 (1430)− → K 0 π− ) K 0 π+ π− nonresonant ( 1.47±0.24) % − + 0 [qq] (13.9 ±0.9 ) % K π π (10.8 ±1.0 ) % K − ρ+ ∗ − + K (892) π ( 1.7 ±0.2 ) % × B(K ∗− → K − π0 ) K ∗ (892)0 π 0 ( 2.1 ±0.3 ) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K − π+ π0 nonresonant ( 6.9 ±2.5 ) × 10−3 — K 0 π0 π0 K ∗ (892)0 π 0 ( 1.1 ±0.2 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K 0 π 0 ) K 0 π0 π0 nonresonant ( 7.9 ±2.1 ) × 10−3
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 37
S=1.1 S=1.2
719
861 860 842 676 549 263
– 711 364
S=1.3
842 844 678 711 709 844 843 709 843
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K − π+ π+ π− [qq] ( 7.6 ±0.4 ) % − + 0 K π ρ total ( 6.3 ±0.4 ) % K − π+ ρ0 3-body ( 4.8 ±2.1 ) × 10−3 K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 ( 9.8 ±2.2 ) × 10−3 ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) − K a1 (1260)+ ( 3.6 ±0.6 ) % + + + − × B(a1 (1260) → π π π ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π− total ( 1.5 ±0.4 ) % ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π − 3-body ( 9.5 ±2.1 ) × 10−3 ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) K1 (1270)− π+ [rr] ( 3.6 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 − − + × B(K1 (1270) → K π π− ) K − π+ π+ π− nonresonant ( 1.76±0.25) % 0 K π+ π− π0 [qq] (10.0 ±1.2 ) % K 0 η × B(η → π+ π− π0 ) ( 1.6 ±0.3 ) × 10−3 K 0 ω × B(ω → π + π − π0 ) ( 1.9 ±0.4 ) % K ∗ (892)− ρ+ ( 4.1 ±1.6 ) % ∗− 0 − × B(K → K π ) ∗ 0 0 K (892) ρ ( 4.9 ±1.1 ) × 10−3 ∗0 0 0 × B(K → K π ) K1 (1270)− π+ [rr] ( 5.1 ±1.4 ) × 10−3 − 0 − × B(K1 (1270) → K π π 0 ) K ∗ (892)0 π + π− 3-body ( 4.8 ±1.1 ) × 10−3 ∗0 0 0 × B(K → K π ) 0 K π+ π− π 0 nonresonant ( 2.1 ±2.1 ) % − + 0 0 K π π π (15 ±5 ) % ( 4.1 ±0.4 ) % K − π+ π+ π− π0 ∗ 0 + − 0 K (892) π π π ( 1.2 ±0.6 ) % × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) K ∗ (892)0 η ( 2.9 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 × B(K ∗0 → K − π+ ) × B(η → π+ π− π0 ) K − π+ ω × B(ω → π+ π− π0 ) ( 2.7 ±0.5 ) % K ∗ (892)0 ω ( 7 ±3 ) × 10−3 ∗0 − + × B(K → K π ) × B(ω → π+ π− π0 ) 0 + K π π+ π− π− ( 5.8 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 K 0 π+ π− π0 π0 (π 0 ) K0K+K− K 0 φ × B(φ → K + K − ) K 0 K + K − non-φ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(10.6 +7.3 −3.0 ) %
( 9.4 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 4.3 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 5.1 ±0.8 ) × 10−3
Page 38
S=1.1
812 612 612 418 327 683 683 483 812 812 772 670 422 418 483 683 812 815 771 641 580
605 406
768 771 544 520 544
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K 0S K 0S K 0S K + K − K − π+
( 8.4 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 ( 2.1 ±0.5 ) × 10−4
K + K − K 0 π0
−3 ( 7.2 +4.8 −3.5 ) × 10
538 434 435
Fractions of many of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. (Modes for which there are only upper limits and K ∗ (892) ρ submodes only appear below.) ( 7.1 ±1.0 ) × 10−3
K0η K 0 ρ0 K − ρ+ K0ω K 0 η 0 (958) K 0 f0 (980) K0φ K − a1 (1260)+ K 0 a1 (1260)0 K 0 f2 (1270) K − a2 (1320)+ K 0 f0 (1370) K ∗ (892)− π + K ∗ (892)0 π0 K ∗ (892)0 π+ π− total K ∗ (892)0 π + π− 3-body K − π+ ρ0 total K − π+ ρ0 3-body K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 transverse K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 S-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 S-wave long. K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 P-wave K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 D-wave K ∗ (892)− ρ+ K ∗ (892)− ρ+ longitudinal K ∗ (892)− ρ+ transverse K ∗ (892)− ρ+ P-wave − K π+ f0 (980) K ∗ (892)0 f0 (980) K1 (1270)− π+ K1 (1400)− π+ K 1 (1400)0 π0
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 1.21±0.17) % (10.8 ±1.0 ) % ( 2.1 ±0.4 ) % ( 1.72±0.26) %
S=1.2
( 5.7 ±1.6 ) × 10−3 ( 8.6 ±1.0 ) × 10−3
( 7.3 ±1.1 ) % < 1.9 %
( 4.2 ±1.5 ) × 10−3 < 2 × 10−3 ( 7.0 ±2.1 ) × 10−3 ( 5.1 ±0.4 ) %
772 676 678 670 565 549 520
CL=90%
327 322
CL=90%
263 197
– S=1.2
711
( 3.2 ±0.4 ) %
709
( 2.3 ±0.5 ) % ( 1.43±0.32) %
683 683
( 6.3 ±0.4 ) % ( 4.8 ±2.1 ) × 10−3
612 612
( 1.47±0.33) % ( 1.5 ±0.5 ) % ( 2.8 ±0.6 ) %
418 418 418
< 3
× 10−3 × 10−3
< 3 ( 1.9 ±0.6 ) % ( 6.1 ±2.4 ) %
CL=90%
418
CL=90%
418 418 422
( 2.9 ±1.2 ) % ( 3.2 ±1.8 ) % < 1.5 < 1.1
% %
< 7 × 10−3 [rr] ( 1.06±0.29) % < 1.2 % < 3.7
Page 39
%
422 422 CL=90% CL=90%
422 459
CL=90%
–
CL=90%
483 386
CL=90%
387
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K ∗ (1410)− π+ K ∗0 (1430)− π+ K ∗2 (1430)− π+ K ∗2 (1430)0 π0 K ∗ (892)0 π+ π− π0 K ∗ (892)0 η K − π+ ω K ∗ (892)0 ω K − π+ η 0(958) K ∗ (892)0 η 0(958) π+ π− π0 π0 π+ π− π0 π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π− π− π0 π+ π+ π+ π− π− π−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
< 1.2 % ( 1.04±0.26) % × 10−3 × 10−3
< 8 < 4
CL=90%
378 364
CL=90%
367
CL=90%
363
( 1.8 ±0.9 ) % ( ( ( (
1.9 3.0 1.1 7.0
±0.5 ±0.6 ±0.5 ±1.8
< 1.1
)% )% )% ) × 10−3 × 10−3
641 580 605 406 479 CL=90%
99
Pionic modes
( 1.53±0.09) × 10−3 ( 8.5 ±2.2 ) × 10−4 ( ( ( (
1.6 7.4 1.9 4.0
Page 40
±1.1 ±0.6 ±0.4 ±3.0
)% ) × 10−3 )% ) × 10−4
922 922 S=2.7
907 879 844 795
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K+K− K0K0 K 0 K − π+ K ∗ (892)0 K 0 × B(K ∗0 →
Hadronic modes with a K K pair
( 4.27±0.16) × 10−3 ( 6.5 ±1.8 ) × 10−4 ( 6.4 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3
K − π+ )
K ∗ (892)+ K − × B(K ∗+ → K 0 π+ ) K 0 K − π+ nonresonant 0 K K + π− K ∗ (892)0 K 0 × B(K ∗0 → K + π− ) ∗ K (892)− K + × B(K ∗− → K 0 π− )
K + K −)
→ 0 φ ρ × B(φ → K + K − ) K + K − ρ0 3-body K ∗ (892)0 K − π + +c.c. × B(K ∗0 → K + π− ) ∗ K (892)0 K ∗ (892)0 × B2 (K ∗0 → K + π − ) K + K − π + π− non- φ K + K − π + π− nonresonant K 0 K 0 π+ π− K + K − π+ π− π0
791 788 739
CL=90%
605
( 2.3 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
610
( 2.3 ±2.3 ) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 < 5 × 10−4
739 739 605
CL=90%
( 1.2 ±0.7 ) × 10−3
K 0 K + π− nonresonant K + K − π0 K 0S K 0S π0 K + K − π+ π− φ π+ π− × B(φ
S=1.2 S=1.1
610
−3 ( 3.9 +2.3 −1.9 ) × 10 ( 1.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 5.9 × 10−4 [vv ]
739 742 739
( 2.52±0.24) × 10−3 ( 5.3 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 ( 3.0 ±1.6 ) × 10−4
676 614 260
( 9.1 ±2.3 ) × 10−4 [ww] < 5 × 10−4 ( 6
±2
309 528
) × 10−4
— < 8 × 10−4 ( 6.9 ±2.7 ) × 10−3 ( 3.1 ±2.0 ) × 10−3
257
CL=90%
600
Fractions of most of the following modes with resonances have already appeared above as submodes of particular charged-particle modes. K ∗ (892)0 K 0 < 1.6 × 10−3 CL=90%
K ∗ (892)+ K − K ∗ (892)0 K 0 K ∗ (892)− K + φ π0 φη φω φ π+ π− φ ρ0 φ π+ π− 3-body K ∗ (892)0 K − π+ + c.c. K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)0
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 3.5 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 < 8 × 10−4 (
1.8 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 1.4 × 10−3 2.8 × 10−3 2.1 × 10−3 1.08±0.29) × 10−3
< < < ( ( 6
) × 10−4 ( 7 ±5 ) × 10−4 [ww] < 8 × 10−4 ( 1.4 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
Page 41
676 676 673
605 610
CL=90%
605 610
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
644 489 239 614 260
±3
614 CL=90%
– 257
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Doubly Cabibbo suppressed (DC ) modes, ∆C = 2 forbidden via mixing (C2M) modes, ∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes + − 0 K ` ν ` (via D ) C2M < 1.7 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −3 K π or C2M < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% K + π− π+ π − (via D 0 ) K + π− DC ( 2.8 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 + − 0 K π (via D ) < 1.9 × 10−4 CL=90% + − + − K π π π DC ( 1.9 ±2.7 ) × 10−4 K + π− π+ π − (via D 0 ) < 4 × 10−4 CL=90% − 0 µ anything (via D ) < 4 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −5 e e C1 < 1.3 × 10 CL=90% + − −6 µ µ C1 < 4.1 × 10 CL=90% π0 e + e − C1 < 4.5 × 10−5 CL=90% 0 + − −4 π µ µ C1 < 1.8 × 10 CL=90% η e+ e− C1 < 1.1 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −4 ηµ µ C1 < 5.3 × 10 CL=90% 0 + − −4 C1 < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% ρ e e ρ0 µ+ µ− C1 < 2.3 × 10−4 CL=90% + − −4 C1 < 1.8 × 10 CL=90% ωe e C1 < 8.3 × 10−4 CL=90% ω µ+ µ− C1 < 5.2 × 10−5 CL=90% φ e+ e− + − φµ µ C1 < 4.1 × 10−4 CL=90% 0 + − −4 K e e [ss] < 1.1 × 10 CL=90% 0 + − −4 K µ µ [ss] < 2.6 × 10 CL=90% K ∗ (892)0 e + e − [ss] < 1.4 × 10−4 CL=90% ∗ 0 + − −3 K (892) µ µ [ss] < 1.18 × 10 CL=90% π+ π− π0 µ+ µ− C1 < 8.1 × 10−4 CL=90% µ± e ∓ LF [gg] < 1.9 × 10−5 CL=90% 0 ± ∓ −5 π e µ LF [gg] < 8.6 × 10 CL=90% η e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 1.0 × 10−4 CL=90% 0 ± ∓ −5 ρ e µ LF [gg] < 4.9 × 10 CL=90% ω e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 1.2 × 10−4 CL=90% φ e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 3.4 × 10−5 CL=90% 0 ± ∓ −4 K e µ LF [gg] < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% K ∗ (892)0 e ± µ∓ LF [gg] < 1.0 × 10−4 CL=90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 42
– – 861 861 812 812
– 932 926 927 915 852 838 773 756 768 751 654 631 866 852 717 698 863 929 924 848 769 764 648 862 712
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
D ∗ (2007)0
I (J P ) = 12 (1− ) I, J, P need confirmation.
Mass m = 2006.7 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗0 − m D 0 = 142.12 ± 0.07 MeV Full width Γ < 2.1 MeV, CL = 90% D ∗ (2007) 0 modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D ∗ (2007) 0 DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
D 0 π0 D0 γ
(61.9±2.9) % (38.1±2.9) %
p (MeV/c) 43 137
I (J P ) = 12 (1− ) I, J, P need confirmation. Mass m = 2010.0 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗ (2010)+ − m D + = 140.64 ± 0.10 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗ (2010)+ − m D 0 = 145.397 ± 0.030 MeV Full width Γ < 0.131 MeV, CL = 90%
D ∗ (2010)±
D ∗ (2010) − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D ∗ (2010) ± DECAY MODES
D 0 π+ D + π0
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(68.3±1.4) % (30.6±2.5) % ( 1.1 +2.1 −0.7 ) %
D+ γ
D1 (2420)0
39 38 136
I (J P ) = 12 (1+ ) I, J, P need confirmation.
Mass m = 2422.2 ± 1.8 MeV (S = 1.2) 4.6 Full width Γ = 18.9 + − 3.5 MeV D 1 (2420) 0 modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D1 (2420) 0 DECAY MODES D ∗ (2010)+ π−
D + π−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
355
not seen
474
Page 43
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
D ∗2 (2460)0
I (J P ) = 12 (2+ )
J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored (ALBRECHT 89B). Mass m = 2458.9 ± 2.0 MeV Full width Γ = 23 ± 5 MeV
(S = 1.2)
0 D∗ 2 (2460) modes are charge conjugates of modes below. D ∗ (2460) 0 DECAY MODES 2
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
D + π− D ∗ (2010)+ π−
seen seen
D ∗2 (2460)±
p (MeV/c) 503 387
I (J P ) = 12 (2+ )
J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored (ALBRECHT 89B). Mass m = 2459 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.7) m D ∗ (2460)± − m D ∗ (2460)0 = 0.9 ± 3.3 MeV (S = 1.1) 2
2
8 Full width Γ = 25 + − 7 MeV − D∗ 2 (2460) modes are charge conjugates of modes below. ± D∗ 2 (2460) DECAY MODES
D 0 π+ D ∗0 π+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
508
seen
390
Page 44
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
CHARMED, STRANGE MESONS (C = S = ±1) − D+ s = cs, D s = c s,
D± s
similarly for D ∗s ’s
I (J P ) = 0(0− )
was F ±
Mass m = 1968.5 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ± − m D ± = 99.2 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1) s
Mean life τ = (0.467 ± 0.017) × 10−12 s cτ = 140 µm D+ s form factors r2 = 1.6 ± 0.4 rv = 1.5 ± 0.5 ΓL /ΓT = 0.72 ± 0.18 Branching fractions for modes with a resonance in the final state include all the decay modes of the resonance. D − s modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D+ s DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Inclusive modes
K − anything K 0 anything
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
+
K 0 anything
(13
+14 −12
)%
–
(39
±28 +18 −14 ±17
)%
–
)%
–
)%
–
)%
–
)%
–
K + anything
(20
non- K K anything
(64
e + anything
( 8
+ 6 − 5
φ anything
(18
+15 −10
Leptonic and semileptonic modes µ+ νµ
2.2 ) × 10−3 2.0 4 )% 0.5 ) %
τ + ντ φ `+ ν ` η `+ ν` + η 0(958) `+ ν` η `+ ν ` η 0 (958)`+ ν`
[xx ]
( 4.0 + − ( 7 ± ( 2.0 ±
[xx ]
( 3.4 ± 1.0 ) %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 45
( 2.5 ± 0.7 ) % ( 8.8 ± 3.4 ) × 10−3
S=1.4
981 182
– – – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Hadronic modes with a K K pair (including from a φ) K+K0
( 3.6 ± 1.1 ) %
K + K − π+ φ π+ K + K ∗ (892)0 f0 (980) π + K + K ∗0 (1430)0 fJ (1710) π+ → K + K − π+ K + K − π + nonresonant K 0 K 0 π+ K ∗ (892)+ K 0 + K K − π+ π0 φ π+ π0 φ ρ+ φ π+ π0 3-body K + K − π + π0 non-φ + K K 0 π+ π− K 0 K − π+ π+ K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0 K 0 K − π+ π+ non-K ∗+ K ∗0 K + K − π+ π+ π− φ π+ π+ π−
[qq] [yy ] [yy ]
( 4.4 ± 1.2 ) % ( 3.6 ± 0.9 ) % ( 3.3 ± 0.9 ) %
S=1.1
805 712 682
[yy ] [yy ]
( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) % ( 7 ± 4 ) × 10−3 ( 1.5 ± 1.9 ) × 10−3
S=1.3
732 186
[zz]
[yy ] [yy ] [yy ] [yy ]
[yy ]
[yy ]
204
) × 10−3
± 4 — ( 4.3 ± 1.4 ) % — ( 9 ± 5 )% ( 6.7 ± 2.3 ) % < 2.6 % < 9 % < 2.8 % ( 9
K + K − π + π+ π− non- φ π+ π+ π− ρ0 π +
850
( 4.3 ± 1.5 ) % ( 5.8 ± 2.5 ) % < 2.9 % ( 8.3 ± ( 1.18± ( 3.0 + −
3.3 ) × 10−3 0.35) % 3.0 ) × 10−3 2.0
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
805 802 683 748 687 407 687 748 744
CL=90%
744 412 744 673 640 673
Hadronic modes without K ’s
f0 (980) π + f2 (1270) π + f0 (1500) π + → π + π− π+ π+ π+ π− nonresonant + π π+ π− π0 η π+ ω π+ π+ π+ π+ π− π− π+ π+ π− π0 π0 η ρ+ η π+ π0 3-body + π π+ π+ π− π− π0 η 0 (958)π + + π π+ π+ π− π− π0 π0 η 0 (958)ρ+ η 0 (958)π + π 0 3-body
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 1.0 ± 0.4 ) % < 8 × 10−4 [yy ] ( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) % [yy ] ( 2.3 ± 1.3 ) × 10−3 [aaa] ( 2.8 ± 1.6 ) × 10−3
< 2.8 × 10−3 < 12 % [yy ] ( 2.0 ± 0.6 ) % [yy ] ( 3.1 ± 1.4 ) × 10−3 ( 6.9 ± 3.0 ) × 10−3 — [yy ] (10.3 ± 3.2 ) % [yy ] < 3.0 % ( 4.9 ± 3.2 ) % [yy ] ( 4.9 ± 1.8 ) % [yy ]
(12
[yy ] < 3.1
Page 46
— ± 4
S=1.2 CL=90% S=1.7
559 391 CL=90% CL=90%
959 935 902 822 899 902 727
CL=90%
886 856 743 803 470
)% %
959 827 732
CL=90%
720
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Modes with one or three K ’s
8 × 10−3 1.0 ± 0.4 ) % 2.9 × 10−3 6.5 ± 2.8 ) × 10−3 6 × 10−4 [yy ] < 5 × 10−4
K 0 π+ K + π+ π− K + ρ0 K ∗ (892)0 π + K+K+K− φK+
< ( < [yy ] ( <
CL=90%
CL=90%
916 900 747 773 628
CL=90%
607
CL=90%
∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton number (L) violating modes
π+ µ+ µ− K + µ+ µ− K ∗ (892)+ µ+ µ− π− µ+ µ+ K − µ+ µ+ K ∗ (892)− µ+ µ+
C1 C1
D ∗± s
[ss] < 4.3 < 5.9 < 1.4
L L
< 4.3 < 5.9
L
< 1.4
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
968 909 765
CL=90% CL=90%
968 909
CL=90%
765
I (J P ) = 0(?? ) J P is natural, width and decay modes consistent with 1− . Mass m = 2112.4 ± 0.7 MeV (S = 1.1) m D ∗± − m D ± = 143.8 ± 0.4 MeV s
s
Full width Γ < 1.9 MeV, CL = 90% D ∗− s modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. D ∗+ s DECAY MODES
D+ s γ 0 D+ s π
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
(94.2±2.5) %
139
( 5.8±2.5) %
48
Page 47
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ds1 (2536)±
I (J P ) = 0(1+ ) J, P need confirmation.
Mass m = 2535.35 ± 0.34 ± 0.5 MeV Full width Γ < 2.3 MeV, CL = 90% Ds1 (2536)− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Ds1 (2536)+ DECAY MODES D ∗ (2010)+ K 0
D ∗ (2007)0 K + D+ K 0 D0 K + D ∗+ s γ
DsJ (2573)±
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
150
seen not seen not seen
169 382 392
possibly seen
389
I (J P ) = 0(?? )
J P is natural, width and decay modes consistent with 2+ . Mass m = 2573.5 ± 1.7 MeV 5 Full width Γ = 15 + − 4 MeV DsJ (2573)− modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. DsJ (2573)+ DECAY MODES D0 K +
D ∗ (2007)0 K +
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
436
not seen
245
Page 48
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
BOTTOM MESONS (B = ±1) B + = u b, B 0 = d b, B 0 = d b, B − = u b,
similarly for B ∗ ’s
B-particle organization Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B ± section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections: “B ± /B 0 Admixture” for Υ(4S ) results and “B ± /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon Admixture” for results at higher energies. Most inclusive decay branching fractions are found in the Admixture sections. B 0 -B 0 mixing data are found in the B 0 section, while B 0s -B 0s mixing data and B-B mixing data for a B 0 /B 0s admixture are found in the B 0s section. CP-violation data are found in the B 0 section. b-baryons are found near the end of the Baryon section.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 49
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
The organization of the B sections is now as follows, where bullets indicate particle sections and brackets indicate reviews. [Production and Decay of b-flavored Hadrons] • B± mass, mean life branching fractions 0 •B mass, mean life branching fractions polarization in B 0 decay B 0 -B 0 mixing [CP Violation in B Decay] CP violation ± • B B 0 Admixtures branching fractions ± • B /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon Admixtures mean life production fractions branching fractions • B∗ mass 0 • Bs mass, mean life branching fractions polarization in B 0s decay B 0s -B 0s mixing B-B mixing (admixture of B 0 , B 0s ) At end of Baryon Listings: • Λb mass, mean life branching fractions • b-baryon Admixture mean life branching fractions
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 50
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
B±
I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B ± = 5278.9 ± 1.8 MeV Mean life τ B ± = (1.65 ± 0.04) × 10−12 s cτ = 495 µm B − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the B are listed in the B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE section. The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B 0 B 0 and 50% B + B − production at the Υ(4S ). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed Υ(4S ) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D, Ds , D ∗ , and ψ branching ratios to current values whenever this would affect our averages and best limits significantly. Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching fractions to the final state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractions can exceed that of the final state. B + DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Semileptonic and leptonic modes `+ ν
` anything D 0 `+ ν ` D ∗ (2007)0 `+ ν` π 0 e + νe ω `+ ν ` ρ0 `+ ν ` e + νe µ+ νµ τ + ντ e + νe γ µ+ νµ γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
[pp]
(10.3 ±0.9 ) %
( 1.86±0.33) % ( 5.3 ±0.8 ) % < 2.2 × 10−3 [pp] < 2.1 × 10−4 [pp] < 2.1 × 10−4 < 1.5 × 10−5
– – –
[pp] [pp]
< 2.1 < 5.7 < 2.0 < 5.2
Page 51
× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5
CL=90%
2638
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
– –
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2639 2638 2340
– –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D 0 π+ D 0 ρ+ D 0 π+ π+ π− D 0 π+ π+ π− nonresonant D 0 π + ρ0 D 0 a1 (1260)+ ∗ D (2010)− π+ π + D − π+ π+ D ∗ (2007)0 π + D ∗ (2010)+ π0 D ∗ (2007)0 ρ+ D ∗ (2007)0 π + π + π − D ∗ (2007)0 a1 (1260)+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π0 D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π+ π− D ∗1 (2420)0 π + D ∗1 (2420)0 ρ+ D ∗2 (2460)0 π + D ∗2 (2460)0 ρ+ D0 D+ s D 0 D ∗+ s D ∗ (2007)0 D + s D ∗ (2007)0 D ∗+ s 0 D+ π s 0 D ∗+ s π D+ s η D ∗+ s η 0 D+ s ρ 0 D ∗+ s ρ D+ s ω D ∗+ s ω 0 D+ s a1 (1260) 0 D ∗+ s a1 (1260) D+ s φ D ∗+ s φ 0 D+ s K 0 D ∗+ s K ∗ 0 D+ s K (892)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
D, D ∗ , or Ds modes
( 5.3 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
2308
( ( ( ( ( (
2238 2289 2289 2209 2123 2247
1.34±0.18) % 1.1 ±0.4 ) % 5 ±4 ) × 10−3 4.2 ±3.0 ) × 10−3 5 ±4 ) × 10−3 2.1 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 1.4 × 10−3 ( 4.6 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.7 × 10−4
CL=90%
2299 2256
CL=90%
2254 2183
( 1.55±0.31) %
( 9.4 ±2.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.9 ±0.5 ) %
2236 2062
( 1.5 ±0.7 ) % < 1 % ( 1.5 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 1.4 × 10−3
CL=90% S=1.3
2235 2217 2081
CL=90%
1997
< 1.3
CL=90%
2064
CL=90%
1979
× 10−3 × 10−3
< 4.7
( 1.3 ±0.4 ) % ( 9
±4
1815
) × 10−3
1734
( 1.2 ±0.5 ) %
1737
( 2.7 ±1.0 ) %
1650
< 2.0 < 3.3 < 5 < 8 < 4 < 5 < 5 < 7 < 2.2 < 1.6 < 3.2 < 4
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90%
2270
CL=90%
2214
CL=90%
2235
CL=90%
2177
CL=90%
2198
CL=90%
2139
CL=90%
2195
CL=90%
2136
CL=90%
2079
CL=90%
2014
CL=90%
2141
CL=90%
2079
CL=90%
2241
< 1.1
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
2184
< 5
× 10−4
CL=90%
2171
< 1.1
Page 52
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∗ 0 D ∗+ s K (892) + + D− s π K + + D ∗− s π K + ∗ + D− s π K (892) + ∗ + D ∗− s π K (892)
J/ψ(1S )K + J/ψ(1S )K + π+ π− J/ψ(1S )K ∗ (892)+ J/ψ(1S )π+ J/ψ(1S )ρ+ J/ψ(1S )a1 (1260)+ ψ(2S )K + ψ(2S )K ∗ (892)+ ψ(2S )K + π+ π− χc1 (1P) K + χc1 (1P) K ∗ (892)+ K 0 π+ K + π0 η0 K + η 0 K ∗ (892)+ ηK+ η K ∗ (892)+ K ∗ (892)0 π+ K ∗ (892)+ π 0 K + π− π+ nonresonant K − π+ π+ nonresonant K1 (1400)0 π+ K ∗2 (1430)0 π+ K + ρ0 K 0 ρ+ K ∗ (892)+ π + π− K ∗ (892)+ ρ0 K1 (1400)+ ρ0 K ∗2 (1430)+ ρ0
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
< 4 < 8
× 10−4 × 10−4
< 6
× 10−3 × 10−3
< 8
× 10−3
< 1.2
CL=90%
2110
CL=90%
2222
CL=90%
2164
CL=90%
2137
CL=90%
2075
Charmonium modes
( 9.9 ±1.0 ) × 10−4 ( 1.4 ±0.6 ) × 10−3
( 1.47±0.27) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ±1.5 ) × 10−5 < 7.7 × 10−4 < 1.2 × 10−3 ( 6.9 ±3.1 ) × 10−4 < 3.0 × 10−3 ( 1.9 ±1.2 ) × 10−3 ( 1.0 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−3
1683 1612
CL=90%
1571 1727 1613
CL=90% S=1.3 CL=90%
1414 1284 1115 909
CL=90%
1411 1265
K or K ∗ modes
( 2.3 ±1.1 ) × 10−5 < 1.6 × 10−5 ( 6.5 ±1.7 ) × 10−5 < 1.3 × 10−4 < 1.4 < 3.0 < 4.1 < 9.9 < 2.8 < 5.6 < 2.6 < 6.8 < 1.9 < 4.8 < 1.1 < 9.0 < 7.8 < 1.5
Page 53
× 10−5 × 10−5
× 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3
× 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3
2614 CL=90% CL=90%
2615 2528 2472
CL=90% CL=90%
2587 2534
CL=90% CL=90%
2561 2562
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2609 2451
CL=90%
2443
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2559 2559 2556
CL=90% CL=90%
2505 2389
CL=90%
2382
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K+K0 K + K − π+ nonresonant K+K−K+ K+φ K + K − K + nonresonant K ∗ (892)+ K + K − K ∗ (892)+ φ K1 (1400)+ φ K ∗2 (1430)+ φ K + f0 (980) K ∗ (892)+ γ K1 (1270)+ γ K1 (1400)+ γ K ∗2 (1430)+ γ K ∗ (1680)+ γ K ∗3 (1780)+ γ K ∗4 (2045)+ γ
< < < < <
2.1 7.5 2.0 1.2 3.8
< 1.6 < 7.0 < 1.1 < 3.4 < ( < < <
× 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3
8 × 10−5 5.7 ±3.3 ) × 10−5 7.3 × 10−3 2.2 × 10−3 1.4 × 10−3
< 1.9 < 5.5 < 9.9
× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2592
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2466 2460 2339
CL=90%
2332
CL=90%
2524
CL=90%
2564 2486
CL=90% CL=90%
2453 2447
CL=90%
2361
CL=90%
2343
CL=90%
2243
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2636 2630 2582
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2547 2483
CL=90% CL=90%
2631 2582
CL=90% CL=90%
2621 2525
CL=90% CL=90%
2494 2494
CL=90% CL=90%
2580 2609
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2550 2493 2554 2608 2434
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2411 2592 2335
– 2522 2516 2516
Light unflavored meson modes π+ π0 π+ π+ π− ρ0 π +
< 2.0 < 1.3 < 4.3
π+ f0 (980) π+ f2 (1270) π+ π− π+ nonresonant π+ π0 π0 ρ+ π 0 π+ π− π+ π0 ρ+ ρ0 a1 (1260)+ π0 a1 (1260)0 π + ω π+ η π+ η 0 π+ η 0 ρ+ η ρ+ π+ π+ π+ π− π− ρ0 a1 (1260)+ ρ0 a2 (1320)+ π+ π+ π+ π− π− π0 a1 (1260)+ a1 (1260)0
< 1.4 < 2.4 < 4.1
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
< 8.9 < 7.7 < 4.0 < 1.0 < 1.7 < 9.0 < 4.0 < 1.5 < < < < <
3.1 4.7 3.2 8.6 6.2
< 7.2 < 6.3 < 1.3
Page 54
× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 %
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Baryon modes p p π+ p p π+ nonresonant p p π+ π+ π− p p K + nonresonant pΛ p Λπ+ π− ∆0 p ∆++ p + Λ− c pπ − Λc p π+ π0 + + − Λ− c pπ π π − Λc p π+ π+ π− π 0
< 1.6 < 5.3 < 5.2 < < < < <
8.9 6 2.0 3.8 1.5
× 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
( 6.2 ±2.7 ) × 10−4 < 3.12 × 10−3
CL=90%
< 1.46
× 10−3
CL=90%
< 1.34
%
CL=90%
2439
– 2369
– 2430 2367 2402 2402
– – – –
Lepton Family number (LF ) or Lepton number (L) violating modes, or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes + + − π e e B1 < 3.9 × 10−3 CL=90% 2638 + + − −3 B1 < 9.1 × 10 CL=90% 2633 π µ µ B1 < 6 × 10−5 CL=90% 2616 K + e+ e− + + − −5 B1 < 1.0 × 10 CL=90% 2612 K µ µ ∗ + + − −4 K (892) e e B1 < 6.9 × 10 CL=90% 2564 B1 < 1.2 × 10−3 CL=90% 2560 K ∗ (892)+ µ+ µ− + + − −3 LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2637 π e µ LF < 6.4 × 10−3 CL=90% 2637 π+ e − µ+ + + − −3 K e µ LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2615 + − + −3 K e µ LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2615 π− e + e + L < 3.9 × 10−3 CL=90% 2638 π− µ+ µ+ L < 9.1 × 10−3 CL=90% 2633 − + + π e µ LF < 6.4 × 10−3 CL=90% 2637 K − e+ e+ L < 3.9 × 10−3 CL=90% 2616 − + + K µ µ L < 9.1 × 10−3 CL=90% 2612 − + + −3 K e µ LF < 6.4 × 10 CL=90% 2615
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 55
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 (0− )
B0
I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B 0 = 5279.2 ± 1.8 MeV m B 0 − m B ± = 0.35 ± 0.29 MeV (S = 1.1) Mean life τ B 0 = (1.56 ± 0.04) × 10−12 s cτ = 468 µm τ B + /τ B 0 = 1.02 ± 0.04 (average of direct and inferred) τ B + /τ B 0 = 1.04 ± 0.04 (direct measurements) 0.15 τ B + /τ B 0 = 0.95 + (inferred from branching fractions) − 0.12 B 0 -B 0 mixing parameters χd = 0.172 ± 0.010 ∆m B 0 = m B 0 − m B 0 = (0.464 ± 0.018) × 1012 ¯h s− 1 H
L
xd = ∆m B 0 /ΓB 0 = 0.723 ± 0.032 CP violation parameters Re( 0 ) = 0.002 ± 0.008 B B 0 modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. Modes which do not identify the charge state of the B are listed in the B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE section. The branching fractions listed below assume 50% B 0 B 0 and 50% B + B − production at the Υ(4S ). We have attempted to bring older measurements up to date by rescaling their assumed Υ(4S ) production ratio to 50:50 and their assumed D, Ds , D ∗ , and ψ branching ratios to current values whenever this would affect our averages and best limits significantly. Indentation is used to indicate a subchannel of a previous reaction. All resonant subchannels have been corrected for resonance branching fractions to the final state so the sum of the subchannel branching fractions can exceed that of the final state. B 0 DECAY MODES
`+ ν` anything D − `+ ν ` D ∗ (2010)− `+ ν` ρ− `+ ν ` π − `+ ν ` K + anything HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) [pp] [pp] [pp] [pp]
(10.5 ± ( 2.00± ( 4.60± ( 2.5 + − ( 1.8 ±
0.8 ) % 0.25) % 0.27) % 0.8 ) × 10−4 1.0 0.6 ) × 10−4
– – – – –
Inclusive modes (78
Page 56
±80
)%
–
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D, D ∗ , or Ds modes
D − π+ D − ρ+ D 0 π+ π− D ∗ (2010)− π+ − D π+ π+ π− (D − π+ π+ π− ) nonresonant D − π + ρ0 D − a1 (1260)+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π 0 D ∗ (2010)− ρ+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π− (D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π− ) nonresonant D ∗ (2010)− π+ ρ0 D ∗ (2010)− a1 (1260)+ D ∗ (2010)− π+ π + π− π0 D ∗2 (2460)− π+ D ∗2 (2460)− ρ+ D− D+ s D ∗ (2010)− D + s D − D ∗+ s D ∗ (2010)− D ∗+ s − D+ π s − D ∗+ s π − D+ s ρ − D ∗+ s ρ − D+ s a1 (1260) − D ∗+ s a1 (1260) + D− s K + D ∗− s K ∗ + D− s K (892) ∗ + D ∗− s K (892) + 0 D− s π K + 0 D ∗− s π K + ∗ 0 D− s π K (892) + ∗ 0 D ∗− s π K (892) D 0 π0 D 0 ρ0 D0 η
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 3.0 ± 0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 7.9 ± 1.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.6 × 10−3 ( 2.76± 0.21) × 10−3
2306 CL=90%
( 8.0 ± 2.5 ) × 10−3 ( 3.9 ± 1.9 ) × 10−3 ( 1.1 ± 1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 6.0 ± 3.3 ) × 10−3 ( 1.5 ± 0.5 ) % ( 6.7 ± 3.3 ) × 10−3 ( 7.6 ± 1.7 ) × 10−3 ( 0.0 ± 2.5 ) × 10−3
2236 2301 2254 2287 2287 2207 2121
S=1.3
2247 2181 2235 2235
( 5.7 ± 3.1 ) × 10−3
2151
( 1.30± 0.27) %
2061
( 3.4 ± 1.8 ) %
2218
< 2.2 < 4.9
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
2064
CL=90%
1979
( 8.0 ± 3.0 ) × 10−3 ( 9.6 ± 3.4 ) × 10−3
1812 1735
( 1.0 ± 0.5 ) %
1731
( 2.0 ± 0.7 ) %
1649
< 2.8 < 5 < 7 < 8 < 2.6 < 2.2 < 2.4 < 1.7 < 9.9 < 1.1 < 5 < 3.1 < 4 < 2.0 < 1.2 < 3.9 < 1.3
Page 57
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90%
2270
CL=90%
2214
CL=90%
2198
CL=90%
2139
CL=90%
2079
CL=90%
2014
CL=90%
2242
CL=90%
2185
CL=90%
2172
CL=90%
2112
CL=90%
2221
CL=90%
2164
CL=90%
2136
CL=90%
2074
CL=90% CL=90%
2308 2238
CL=90%
2274
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) D 0 η0 D0 ω D ∗ (2007)0 π 0 D ∗ (2007)0 ρ0 D ∗ (2007)0 η D ∗ (2007)0 η 0 D ∗ (2007)0 ω D ∗ (2010)+ D ∗ (2010)− D ∗ (2010)+ D − D + D ∗ (2010)− J/ψ(1S )K 0
J/ψ(1S )K + π− J/ψ(1S )K ∗ (892)0 J/ψ(1S )π0 J/ψ(1S )η J/ψ(1S )ρ0 J/ψ(1S )ω ψ(2S )K 0 ψ(2S )K + π− ψ(2S ) K ∗ (892)0 χc1 (1P) K 0 χc1 (1P) K ∗ (892)0
< 9.4 < 5.1 < 4.4 < 5.6 < 2.6 < 1.4 < 7.4 < 2.2 < 1.8 < 1.2
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2198 2235 2256
CL=90% CL=90%
2183 2220
CL=90% CL=90%
2141 2180
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
1711 1790 1790
Charmonium modes
( 8.9 ± 1.2 ) × 10−4 ( 1.1 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 1.35± 0.18) × 10−3
< 5.8 < 1.2 < 2.5 < 2.7
× 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4
< 8 × 10−4 < 1 × 10−3 ( 1.4 ± 0.9 ) × 10−3 < 2.7 × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−3
1683 1652 1570 CL=90% CL=90%
1728 1672
CL=90%
1614
CL=90%
1609
CL=90% CL=90%
1283 1238 1113
CL=90% CL=90%
1411 1263
K or K ∗ modes K + π− K 0 π0 η0 K 0 η 0 K ∗ (892)0 η K ∗ (892)0 ηK0 K+K− K0K0 K + ρ− K 0 ρ0 K 0 f0 (980) K ∗ (892)+ π− K ∗ (892)0 π 0 K ∗2 (1430)+ π−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
0.5 −5 ( 1.5 + − 0.4 ) × 10 < 4.1 × 10−5 2.8 −5 ( 4.7 + − 2.2 ) × 10 < 3.9 × 10−5 < 3.0 × 10−5 < 3.3 × 10−5 < 4.3 < < < <
1.7 3.5 3.9 3.6
< 7.2 < 2.8 < 2.6
Page 58
× 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3
2615 CL=90%
2614 2528
CL=90% CL=90%
2472 2534
CL=90% CL=90%
2593 2593
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2592 2559 2559 2523
CL=90%
2562
CL=90% CL=90%
2562 2445
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) K0K+K− K0φ K − π+ π+ π− K ∗ (892)0 π + π− K ∗ (892)0 ρ0 K ∗ (892)0 f0 (980) K1 (1400)+ π − K − a1 (1260)+ K ∗ (892)0 K + K − K ∗ (892)0 φ K1 (1400)0 ρ0 K1 (1400)0 φ K ∗2 (1430)0 ρ0 K ∗2 (1430)0 φ K ∗ (892)0 γ K1 (1270)0 γ K1 (1400)0 γ K ∗2 (1430)0 γ K ∗ (1680)0 γ K ∗3 (1780)0 γ K ∗4 (2045)0 γ φφ π+ π−
< < [bbb] < < <
1.3 8.8 2.3 1.4 4.6
< 1.7 < 1.1 [bbb] < 2.3 < 6.1 < 4.3 < 3.0 < 5.0 < 1.1 < 1.4
× 10−3 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4
× 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−4
× 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
( 4.0 ± 1.9 ) × 10−5 < 7.0 × 10−3 < 4.3 × 10−3 < 4.0 × 10−4 < 2.0 × 10−3 < 1.0 < 4.3 < 3.9
% × 10−3 × 10−5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2522 2516 2600 2556 2504
CL=90%
2467
CL=90% CL=90%
2451 2471
CL=90% CL=90%
2466 2459
CL=90% CL=90%
2389 2339
CL=90%
2380
CL=90%
2330 2564
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2486 2453 2445
CL=90% CL=90%
2361 2343
CL=90%
2244
CL=90%
2435
CL=90%
2636
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2636 2609 2582
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2551 2460 2522 2493 2554 2631 2582 2582 2621
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2525 2494 2473
Light unflavored meson modes
π0 π0 η π0 ηη η 0 π0 η0 η0 η0 η η 0 ρ0 η ρ0 π+ π− π0 ρ0 π 0 ρ∓ π ± π+ π− π+ π− ρ0 ρ0 a1 (1260)∓ π± a2 (1320)∓ π±
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
< 1.5 < 9.3 < 8 < 1.8 < < < < < < < [gg] < <
1.1 4.7 2.7 2.3 1.3 7.2 2.4 8.8 2.3
< 2.8 [gg] < 4.9 [gg] < 3.0
Page 59
× 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) π+ π− π0 π0 ρ+ ρ− a1 (1260)0 π 0 ω π0 + π π+ π− π− π0 a1 (1260)+ ρ− a1 (1260)0 ρ0 + π π+ π+ π− π− π− a1 (1260)+ a1 (1260)− + π π+ π+ π− π− π− π0
< 3.1 < 2.2 < 1.1 < < < <
4.6 9.0 3.4 2.4
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2622 2525 2494
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2580 2609 2434 2434
< 3.0 < 2.8
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90% CL=90%
2592 2336
< 1.1
%
CL=90%
2572
CL=90%
2467
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2406 2401 2334 2334
CL=90%
1839
Baryon modes pp p p π+ π− p Λπ− ∆0 ∆0 ∆++ ∆−− ++ Σ −− c ∆ + − Λ− c pπ π Λ− c p 0 Λ− c pπ + − 0 Λ− c pπ π π + − + − Λ− c pπ π π π
× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
< 1.8 < < < <
2.5 1.8 1.5 1.1
× 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3 × 10−4
× 10−3 ( 1.3 ± 0.6 ) × 10−3 < 2.1 × 10−4 < 5.9 × 10−4 < 5.07 × 10−3 < 1.0
< 2.74
× 10−3
– CL=90%
2021
CL=90%
– – –
CL=90% CL=90%
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes, or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes γγ e+ e− µ+ µ− K 0 e+ e− K 0 µ+ µ− K ∗ (892)0 e + e − K ∗ (892)0 µ+ µ− K ∗ (892)0 ν ν e ± µ∓ e± τ ∓ µ± τ ∓
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
B1 B1
< 3.9 < 5.9
B1 B1 B1
< 6.8 < 3.0 < 3.6
B1 B1 B1 LF
< < < [gg] <
2.9 2.3 1.0 5.9
LF LF
[gg] < 5.3 [gg] < 8.3
Page 60
× 10−5 × 10−6 × 10−7 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−6 × 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90%
2640 2640
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2637 2616 2612
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
2564 2559 2244 2639
CL=90% CL=90%
2341 2339
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
B ± /B 0 ADMIXTURE The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of B mesons at the Υ(4S ). The values quoted assume that B(Υ(4S ) → B B) = 100%. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D ± anything, the treatment of multiple D’s in the final state must be defined. One possiblity would be to count the number of events with one-or-more D’s and divide by the total number of B’s. Another possibility would be to count the total number of D’s and divide by the total number of B’s, which is the definition of average multiplicity. The two definitions are identical when only one of the specified particles is allowed in the final state. Even though the “one-or-more” definition seems sensible, for practical reasons inclusive branching fractions are almost always measured using the multiplicity definition. For heavy final state particles, authors call their results inclusive branching fractions while for light particles some authors call their results multiplicities. In the B sections, we list all results as inclusive branching fractions, adopting a multiplicity definition. This means that inclusive branching fractions can exceed 100% and that inclusive partial widths can exceed total widths, just as inclusive cross sections can exceed total cross sections. B modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing. B DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Semileptonic and leptonic modes
B → [ccc] e anything + B → p e νe anything B → µ+ νµ anything [ccc] + B → ` ν` anything [pp,ccc] − + [pp] B → D ` ν` anything B → D 0 `+ ν` anything [pp] ∗∗ + B → D ` ν` [pp,ddd] + B → D 1 (2420) ` ν` anything B → D π `+ ν` anything + D ∗ π `+ ν` anything B → D ∗2 (2460) `+ ν` anything B → D ∗− π+ `+ ν` anything e+ ν
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( (
2.7 ±0.7 ) % 7.4 ±1.6 ) × 10−3
– – – – – – – –
(
2.3 ±0.4 ) %
–
( 10.41±0.29) %
< 1.6 × 10−3 ( 10.3 ±0.5 ) %
S=1.2 CL=90%
( 10.45±0.21) % ( 2.7 ±0.8 ) % ( 7.0 ±1.4 ) %
< (
Page 61
6.5
× 10−3
1.00±0.34) %
CL=95%
– –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) + B → D− s ` ν` anything + + B → D− s ` ν` K anything + 0 B → D− s ` ν` K anything B → K + `+ ν` anything B → K − `+ ν` anything B → K 0 / K 0 `+ ν` anything
6
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
9
× 10−3
CL=90%
[pp] <
9
[pp] < [pp] < [pp] [pp] [pp]
CL=90%
( 6.0 ±0.5 ) % ( 10 ±4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.4 ±0.5 ) %
– – – – – –
D, D ∗ , or Ds modes
B → D ± anything B → D 0 / D 0 anything B → D ∗ (2010)± anything B → D ∗ (2007)0 anything B → D± s anything b → ccs B → Ds D , D ∗s D , Ds D ∗ , or D ∗s D ∗ B → D ∗ (2010) γ ∗+ − − B → D+ s π , Ds π , ∗+ − + 0 − D+ s ρ , Ds ρ , Ds π , + ∗+ 0 D ∗+ s π , Ds η , Ds η , ∗+ 0 + 0 D+ s ρ , Ds ρ , Ds ω , D ∗+ s ω B → Ds1 (2536)+ anything
( 24.1 ±1.9 ) % ( 63.1 ±2.9 ) % ( 22.7 ±1.6 ) % ( 26.0 ±2.7 ) % [gg]
( 10.0 ±2.5 ) %
[gg]
( 22 ±4 ) % ( 4.9 ±1.3 ) % <
5
× 10−3 × 10−4
CL=90%
– –
9.5
× 10−3
CL=90%
–
1.1
[gg] <
<
Charmonium modes B → J/ψ(1S )anything ( 1.13±0.06) % B → J/ψ(1S )(direct) any( 8.0 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 thing B → ψ(2S )anything ( 3.5 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 B → χc1 (1P)anything ( 4.2 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 B → χc1 (1P) (direct) any( 3.7 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 thing B → χc2 (1P)anything < 3.8 × 10−3 < 9 × 10−3 B → ηc (1S )anything K ± anything
CL=90%
– – – – – CL=90% CL=90%
– –
K or K ∗ modes
B → B → K + anything B → K − anything B → K 0 /K 0 anything B → K ∗ (892)± anything B → K ∗ (892)0 /K ∗ (892)0 anything HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
S=1.1
– – – – – – –
[gg]
78.9 66 13 64
±2.5 ±5 ±4 ±4
[gg]
( ( ( (
[gg]
( 18 ±6 ) % ( 14.6 ±2.6 ) %
Page 62
)% )% )% )%
– – – – – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B
→ → → → → → →
K1 (1400) γ K ∗2 (1430) γ K2 (1770) γ K ∗3 (1780) γ K ∗4 (2045) γ b → sγ b → s gluon
→ → → → →
π±
anything η anything ρ0 anything ω anything φ anything
→ → → → → → → → → ×
Λ± c anything + Λ− c e anything Λ− c p anything + Λ− c p e νe Σ −− c anything Σ− c anything Σ 0c anything Σ 0c N (N = p or n) Ξ 0c anything B(Ξ 0c → Ξ − π+ ) Ξ+ c anything − + + B(Ξ + c → Ξ π π )
B → × B → B → B → B → B → B → B → B →
4.1 8.3
<
1.2
<
3.0
<
1.0
( <
2.3 ±0.7 ) × 10−4 6.8 %
× 10−3 × 10−3
CL=90%
– – – – – – –
CL=90% S=1.8
– – – – –
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
Light unflavored meson modes [gg,eee]
p / p anything p / p (direct) anything Λ/ Λ anything Ξ − /Ξ + anything baryons anything p p anything Λp / Λp anything ΛΛ anything
B → e+ e− s B → µ+ µ− s B → e ± µ∓ s
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−3
< <
(359 ( 17.6 ( 21 < 81 ( 3.5
±7 ) % ±1.6 ) % ±5 ) % % ±0.7 ) %
Baryon modes ( < ( < ( < ( < (
6.4 ±1.1 ) % 3.2
× 10−3
CL=90%
3.6 ±0.7 ) % × 10−3 4.2 ±2.4 ) × 10−3 9.6 × 10−3 4.6 ±2.4 ) × 10−3
1.5
× 10−3 1.4 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
– – – – – – – – –
(
−4 4.5 +1.3 −1.2 ) × 10
–
[gg]
(
8.0 ±0.4 ) %
[gg] [gg]
( (
5.5 ±0.5 ) % 4.0 ±0.5 ) %
[gg]
(
2.7 ±0.6 ) × 10−3
[gg]
( ( (
6.8 ±0.6 ) % 2.47±0.23) % 2.5 ±0.4 ) %
– – – – – – – –
<
5
× 10−3
CL=90%
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
B1 B1 LF
< < <
5.7 5.8 2.2
Page 63
× 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
– – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
B ± /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon ADMIXTURE These measurements are for an admixture of bottom particles at high energy (LEP, Tevatron, Sp pS). Mean life τ = (1.564 ± 0.014) × 10−12 s Mean life τ = (1.72 ± 0.10) × 10−12 s Charged b-hadron admixture Mean life τ = (1.58 ± 0.14) × 10−12 s Neutral b-hadron admixture τ charged b−hadron /τ neutral b−hadron = 1.09 ± 0.13 The branching fraction measurements are for an admixture of B mesons and baryons at energies above the Υ(4S ). Only the highest energy results (LEP, Tevatron, Sp pS) are used in the branching fraction averages. The production fractions give our best current estimate of the admixture at LEP. For inclusive branching fractions, e.g., B → D ± anything, the treatment of multiple D’s in the final state must be defined. One possiblity would be to count the number of events with one-or-more D’s and divide by the total number of B’s. Another possibility would be to count the total number of D’s and divide by the total number of B’s, which is the definition of average multiplicity. The two definitions are identical when only one of the specified particles is allowed in the final state. Even though the “one-or-more” definition seems sensible, for practical reasons inclusive branching fractions are almost always measured using the multiplicity definition. For heavy final state particles, authors call their results inclusive branching fractions while for light particles some authors call their results multiplicities. In the B sections, we list all results as inclusive branching fractions, adopting a multiplicity definition. This means that inclusive branching fractions can exceed 100% and that inclusive partial widths can exceed total widths, just as inclusive cross sections can exceed total cross sections. The modes below are listed for a b initial state. b modes are their charge conjugates. Reactions indicate the weak decay vertex and do not include mixing.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 64
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
b DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
PRODUCTION FRACTIONS The production fractions for weakly decaying b-hadrons at the Z have been calculated from the best values of mean lives, mixing parameters, and branching fractions in this edition by the LEP B Oscillation Working Group as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons” in the B ± Particle Listings. Values assume B(b → B + ) = B(b → B 0 ) B(b → B + ) + B(b → B 0 ) +B(b → B 0 s ) + B(b → Λb ) = 100 %. The notation for production fractions varies in the literature (f 0 , f (b → B B 0 ), Br(b → B 0 )). We use our own branching fraction notation here, B(b → B 0 ).
B+
1.8 ( 39.7 + − 2.2 ) %
–
B0
( 39.7 + − ( 10.5 + − ( 10.1 + −
–
B 0s Λb
1.8 ) % 2.2 1.8 ) % 1.7 3.9 ) % 3.1
– –
DECAY MODES Semileptonic and leptonic modes ν anything `+ ν` anything [pp,ccc] + e νe anything [ccc] µ+ νµ anything [ccc] − + D ` ν` anything [pp] 0 + D ` ν` anything [pp] D ∗− `+ ν` anything [pp] 0 + D j ` ν` anything [pp,fff ] − + D j ` ν` anything [pp,fff ] D ∗2 (2460)0 `+ ν` anything D ∗2 (2460)− `+ ν` anything + τ ντ anything c → `− ν ` anything [pp]
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 23.1 ± 1.5 ) % ( 10.99± 0.23) % ( 10.9 ± 0.5 ) % ( 10.8 ± 0.5 ) % ( ( (
2.02± 0.29) % 6.5 ± 0.6 ) % 2.76± 0.29) %
seen seen seen seen ( (
Page 65
2.6 ± 0.4 ) % 7.8 ± 0.6 ) %
– – – – – – – – – – – – –
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Charmed meson and baryon modes D 0 anything D − anything
( 60.1 ± 3.2 ) % ( 23.7 ± 2.3 ) %
D s anything Λc anything c / c anything
( 18 ± 5 ) % ( 9.7 ± 2.9 ) % (117 ± 4 ) %
[eee]
– – – – –
Charmonium modes J/ψ(1S )anything ψ(2S )anything χc1 (1P) anything
( (
1.16± 0.10) % 4.8 ± 2.4 ) × 10−3
(
1.8 ± 0.5 ) %
– – –
K or K ∗ modes
< 5.4 × 10−4 ( 88 ±19 ) % ( 29.0 ± 2.9 ) %
sγ K ± anything K 0S anything
90%
– – –
Pion modes
π0 anything
[eee]
(278
±60
)%
–
± 6
)%
–
± 7
)%
–
Baryon modes p /p anything
( 14
Other modes charged anything
[eee]
(497
hadron+ hadron−
(
charmless
(
1.0 −5 1.7 + − 0.7 ) × 10 7 ±21 ) × 10−3
– –
Baryon modes Λ/ Λ anything µ+ µ− anything
(
5.9 ± 0.6 ) %
–
∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes
B∗
B1
<
3.2
× 10−4
90%
–
I (J P ) = 12 (1− )
I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B ∗ = 5324.9 ± 1.8 MeV m B ∗ − m B = 45.78 ± 0.35 MeV B ∗ DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Bγ
dominant
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 66
p (MeV/c) 46
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
BOTTOM, STRANGE MESONS (B = ±1, S = ∓1) B 0s = sb, B 0s = s b,
similarly for B ∗s ’s I (J P ) = 0(0− )
B 0s
I , J, P need confirmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Mass m B 0 = 5369.3 ± 2.0 MeV s
Mean life τ = (1.54 ± 0.07) × 10−12 s cτ = 462 µm B 0s -B 0s mixing parameters χB at high energy = fd χd +fs χs = 0.118 ± 0.006 ∆m B 0 = m B 0 – m B 0 > 9.1 × 1012 ¯h s− 1 , CL = 95% s
sH
sL
xs = ∆m B 0 /ΓB 0 > 14.0, CL = 95% s s χs > 0.4975, CL = 95% 0 These branching fractions all scale with B(b → B 0 s ), the LEP B s production fraction. The first four were evaluated using B(b → B 0 ) = s 0 ) = 12%. (10.5 +1.8 )% and the rest assume B(b → B −1.7 s − + The branching fraction B(B 0 s → D s ` ν` anything) is not a pure measurement since the measured product branching fraction B(b → B 0 s) × − 0 0 + B(B s → D s ` ν` anything) was used to determine B(b → B s ), as described in the note on “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 67
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
B0 s DECAY MODES D− s anything + D− s ` ν` anything + D− s π
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (92 [ggg]
±33 ) %
– –
( 8.1 ± 2.5) % < 13
%
( 9.3 ± 3.3) × 10−4 < 1.2 × 10−3 < 3.8 × 10−3 seen < 1.7 × 10−4 < 2.1 × 10−4 < 1.0 × 10−3 < 1.5 × 10−3
J/ψ(1S )φ J/ψ(1S )π0 J/ψ(1S )η ψ(2S )φ π+ π− π0 π0 η π0 ηη π+ K − K+K− pp γγ φγ
µ+ µ− e+ e− e ± µ∓ φν ν
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
< 2.1 < 5.9 < 5.9 < 1.48 < 7
× 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4
2321 1590 90% 90%
1788 1735 1122
90% 90% 90% 90%
1122 2861 2655 2628
90% 90%
2660 2639
90% 90% 90%
2515 2685 2588
90% 90% 90%
2682 2864 2864
90%
–
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes or ∆B = 1 weak neutral current (B1 ) modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
B1 B1 LF
< 2.0 < 5.4 [gg] < 4.1
B1
< 5.4
Page 68
× 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−5 × 10−3
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
cc MESONS I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 − + )
ηc (1S )
Mass m = 2979.8 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 2.1) 3.8 Full width Γ = 13.2 + − 3.2 MeV ηc (1S ) DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Decays involving hadronic resonances η 0(958) π π (4.1 ±1.7) % ρρ (2.6 ±0.9) % ∗ 0 − + K (892) K π + c.c. (2.0 ±0.7) % K ∗ (892) K ∗ (892) (8.5 ±3.1) × 10−3 φφ (7.1 ±2.8) × 10−3 a0 (980)π <2 % a2 (1320)π <2 % ∗ K (892) K + c.c. < 1.28 % f2 (1270)η < 1.1 % ωω < 3.1 × 10−3
1319 1275 1273 1193 90%
1086 1323
90% 90% 90%
1193 1307 1142
90%
1268
Decays into stable hadrons KKπ ηππ π+ π− K + K − 2(K + K − ) 2(π+ π− ) pp KKη π+ π− p p ΛΛ
(5.5 ±1.7) % (4.9 ±1.8) % (2.0 +0.7 −0.6 ) %
1378 1425 1342
(2.1 ±1.2) % (1.2 ±0.4) %
(1.2 ±0.4) × 10−3 < 3.1 % < 1.2 % <2 × 10−3
1053 1457 90% 90% 90%
1157 1262 1023 987
Radiative decays γγ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(3.0 ±1.2) × 10−4
Page 69
1489
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
J/ψ(1S )
Mass m = 3096.88 ± 0.04 MeV Full width Γ = 87 ± 5 keV Γe e = 5.26 ± 0.37 keV (Assuming Γe e = Γµ µ ) J/ψ(1S ) DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
hadrons virtual γ → hadrons + e e− µ+ µ−
(87.7 ±0.5 ) % (17.0 ±2.0 ) %
– –
( 6.02±0.19) % ( 6.01±0.19) %
1548 1545
Decays involving hadronic resonances ρπ ρ0 π 0 a2 (1320)ρ ω π+ π+ π− π− ω π+ π− ω f2 (1270) K ∗ (892)0 K ∗2 (1430)0 + c.c. ω K ∗ (892)K + c.c. K + K ∗ (892)− + c.c. K 0 K ∗ (892)0 + c.c. ω π0 π0 b1 (1235)± π ∓ ω K ± K 0S π∓ b1 (1235)0 π0 φ K ∗ (892)K + c.c. ωK K ω fJ (1710) → ω K K φ 2(π+ π− ) ∆(1232)++ p π − ωη φK K φ fJ (1710) → φ K K ppω ∆(1232)++ ∆(1232)−− Σ (1385)− Σ (1385)+ (or c.c.) p p η 0 (958) φ f 02 (1525) φ π+ π−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 1.27±0.09) % ( 4.2 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 1.09±0.22) % ( 8.5 ±3.4 ) × 10−3 ( 7.2 ±1.0 ) × 10−3
1449 1449 1125 1392 1435
( 4.3 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 6.7 ±2.6 ) × 10−3
[gg] [gg]
1143 1005
( 5.3 ±2.0 ) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.2 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 3.4 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 3.0 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
1098 1373 1371 1436 1299
( 3.0 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 2.3 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 ( 2.04±0.28) × 10−3
1210 1299 969
( 1.9 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.8 ±1.1 ) × 10−4 ( 1.60±0.32) × 10−3 ( 1.6 ±0.5 ) × 10−3
1.58±0.16) × 10−3 1.48±0.22) × 10−3 3.6 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 1.30±0.25) × 10−3 ( 1.10±0.29) × 10−3 ( 1.03±0.13) × 10−3 ( 9 ±4 ) × 10−4 ( 8 ±4 ) × 10−4 ( ( ( (
[gg]
( 8.0 ±1.2 ) × 10−4
Page 70
1268 878
S=1.3
1318 1030 1394 1179 875 769
S=1.7
938 692 596
S=2.7
871 1365
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) φ K ± K 0S π∓ ω f1 (1420) φη Ξ (1530)− Ξ + p K − Σ (1385)0 ω π0 φ η 0(958) φ f0 (980) Ξ (1530)0 Ξ 0 Σ (1385)− Σ + (or c.c.) φ f1 (1285) ρη ω η 0(958) ω f0 (980) ρ η 0(958) ppφ a2 (1320)± π∓ K K ∗2 (1430)+ c.c. K ∗2 (1430)0 K ∗2 (1430)0 K ∗ (892)0 K ∗ (892)0 φ f2 (1270) ppρ φ η(1440) → φ η π π ω f 02 (1525) Σ (1385)0 Λ ∆(1232)+ p Σ0 Λ φ π0 2(π+ π− )π0
[gg]
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
1114 1062 1320
( 5.9 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 ( 5.1 ±3.2 ) × 10−4
[gg]
( 4.2 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 ( 3.3 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 ( 3.2 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 ( 3.2 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 ( 3.1 ±0.5 ) × 10−4
2.6 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.93±0.23) × 10−4 1.67±0.25) × 10−4 1.4 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.05±0.18) × 10−4 ( 4.5 ±1.5 ) × 10−5 [gg] < 4.3 × 10−3 < 4.0 × 10−3 ( ( ( ( (
< 2.9 < 5 < 3.7 < 3.1 < 2.5 < 2.2 < 2 < 1 < 9 < 6.8
× 10−3 × 10−4
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5
× 10−6
597 645 S=1.4
1447 1192
S=1.9
1182 608 857
S=1.1
1032 1398 1279 1271 1283
CL=90%
527 1263
CL=90%
1159
CL=90%
588
CL=90%
1263
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
1036 779 946
CL=90%
1003
CL=90%
911
CL=90% CL=90%
1100 1032
CL=90%
1377
Decays into stable hadrons ( 3.37±0.26) %
3(π+ π− )π0 π+ π− π0 π+ π− π0 K + K −
4(π+ π− )π0 π+ π− K + K − KKπ p p π+ π− 2(π+ π− ) 3(π+ π− ) n n π+ π− Σ0 Σ0 2(π+ π− )K + K − p p π+ π− π0
( 7.2 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 ( 6.8 ±2.4 ) × 10−4 ( 6.5 ±0.7 ) × 10−4
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
[hhh]
( ( ( (
2.9 ±0.6 ) % 1.50±0.20) % 1.20±0.30) % 9.0 ±3.0 ) × 10−3 7.2 ±2.3 ) × 10−3 6.1 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 6.0 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 4.0 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 4.0 ±2.0 ) × 10−3 4 ±4 ) × 10−3 1.27±0.17) × 10−3 3.1 ±1.3 ) × 10−3 2.3 ±0.9 ) × 10−3
Page 71
1496 1433 1533 1368 1345 1407 1440 S=1.3
S=1.9
1107 1517 1466 1106 992 1320 1033
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) pp ppη p n π− nn ΞΞ ΛΛ p p π0 ΛΣ − π+ (or c.c.) pK−Λ 2(K + K − ) pK−Σ0 K+K− ΛΛ π0 π+ π− K 0S K 0L ΛΣ + c.c. K 0S K 0S
[gg]
2.14±0.10) × 10−3 2.09±0.18) × 10−3 2.00±0.10) × 10−3 1.9 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 1.8 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 1.35±0.14) × 10−3 1.09±0.09) × 10−3 1.06±0.12) × 10−3 ( 8.9 ±1.6 ) × 10−4 ( 7.0 ±3.0 ) × 10−4 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
S=1.8 S=1.2
876 1131
2.9 ±0.8 ) × 10−4 2.37±0.31) × 10−4 2.2 ±0.7 ) × 10−4 1.47±0.23) × 10−4 1.08±0.14) × 10−4
< 1.5 < 5.2
× 10−4 × 10−6
1232 948 1174 1231 818 1074 1176 945
820 1468 998 1542 1466 CL=90% CL=90%
1032 1466
Radiative decays γ ηc (1S ) γ π+ π− 2π0 γηππ γ η(1440) → γ η(1440) → γ η(1440) → γ ρρ γ η 0(958) γ 2π+ 2π− γ f4 (2050) γωω γ η(1440) → γ f2 (1270)
( 1.3 ±0.4 ) %
γKK π γ γ ρ0 γ η π+ π−
γ ρ0 ρ0
[p]
( 4.5 ±0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 4.31±0.30) × 10−3 ( 2.8 ±0.5 ) × 10−3 ( 2.7 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 1.59±0.33) × 10−3 ( 1.7 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 (
1.38±0.14) × 10−3 −4 8.5 +1.2 −0.9 ) × 10 8.6 ±0.8 ) × 10−4 8.3 ±1.5 ) × 10−4
γ fJ (1710) → γ K K
(
γη γ f1 (1420) → γ K K π γ f1 (1285)
( (
γ f 02 (1525)
( 4.7 +0.7 −0.5 ( 4.0 ±1.2 ( 3.8 ±1.0 ( 2.9 ±0.6
γ φφ γpp γ η(2225)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
116
( 8.3 ±3.1 ) × 10−3 ( 6.1 ±1.0 ) × 10−3 ( 9.1 ±1.8 ) × 10−4 ( 6.4 ±1.4 ) × 10−5 ( 3.4 ±0.7 ) × 10−4
1518 1487 1223 1223
– 1343 S=1.9
S=1.3
1400 1517 874 1337 1223 1286
S=1.2
1075 1500 1220
( 6.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4
1283
) × 10−4
1173
Page 72
) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4
S=2.1
1166 1232 834
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) γ η(1760) → γ ρ0 ρ0 γ π0 γ p p π+ π− γγ γ ΛΛ 3γ γ fJ (2220) γ f0 (1500) γ e+ e−
1.3 ±0.9 ) × 10−4 3.9 ±1.3 ) × 10−5 7.9 × 10−4 CL=90% −4 5 × 10 CL=90% 1.3 × 10−4 CL=90% −5 5.5 × 10 CL=90% −3 > 2.50 × 10 CL=99.9% ( 5.7 ±0.8 ) × 10−4 ( 8.8 ±1.4 ) × 10−3
( ( < < < <
1048 1546 1107 1548 1074 1548
– 1184
–
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + )
χc0 (1P)
Mass m = 3417.3 ± 2.8 MeV Full width Γ = 14 ± 5 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES c0
2(π+ π− )
π+ π− K + K − ρ0 π + π − 3(π+ π− ) K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. π+ π− K+K− π+ π− p p pp
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Hadronic decays (3.7±0.7) %
1679
(3.0±0.7) % (1.6±0.5) % (1.5±0.5) %
1580 1608 1633
(1.2±0.4) % (7.5±2.1) × 10−3 (7.1±2.4) × 10−3 (5.0±2.0) × 10−3 < 9.0 × 10−4
1522 1702
90%
1635 1320 1427
Radiative decays γ J/ψ(1S ) γγ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(6.6±1.8) × 10−3 <5 × 10−4
Page 73
303 95%
1708
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + )
χc1 (1P)
Mass m = 3510.53 ± 0.12 MeV Full width Γ = 0.88 ± 0.14 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES c1
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
Hadronic decays
3(π+ π− ) 2(π+ π− )
π+ π− K + K − ρ0 π + π − K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. π+ π− p p pp π+ π− + K + K −
( 2.2±0.8) % ( 1.6±0.5) %
1683 1727
9 ±4 ) × 10−3 3.9±3.5) × 10−3 3.2±2.1) × 10−3 1.4±0.9) × 10−3 8.6±1.2) × 10−5 < 2.1 × 10−3 ( ( ( ( (
1632 1659 1576 1381 1483
–
Radiative decays γ J/ψ(1S )
(27.3±1.6) %
389
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + )
χc2 (1P)
Mass m = 3556.17 ± 0.13 MeV Full width Γ = 2.00 ± 0.18 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES c2
2(π+ π− ) π+ π− K + K − 3(π+ π− ) ρ0 π + π − K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. π+ π− p p π+ π− K+K− pp J/ψ(1S )π+ π− π0
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Hadronic decays ( 2.2±0.5) % ( 1.9±0.5) %
1751 1656
( 1.2±0.8) % ( 7 ±4 ) × 10−3 ( 4.8±2.8) × 10−3 ( 3.3±1.3) × 10−3 ( 1.9±1.0) × 10−3
1707 1683 1601 1410 1773 1708
( 1.5±1.1) × 10−3 (10.0±1.0) × 10−5 < 1.5
%
90%
1510 185
Radiative decays γ J/ψ(1S ) γγ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(13.5±1.1) % ( 1.6±0.5) × 10−4
Page 74
430 1778
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
ψ(2S )
Mass m = 3686.00 ± 0.09 MeV Full width Γ = 277 ± 31 keV (S = 1.1) Γe e = 2.14 ± 0.21 keV (Assuming Γe e = Γµ µ ) ψ(2S ) DECAY MODES
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
hadrons virtual γ → hadrons + e e− µ+ µ−
– –
(98.10±0.30) % ( 2.9 ±0.4 ) %
( 8.5 ±0.7 ) × 10−3 ( 7.7 ±1.7 ) × 10−3
1843 1840
Decays into J/ψ(1S )and anything J/ψ(1S )anything J/ψ(1S )neutrals J/ψ(1S )π + π− J/ψ(1S )π0 π0 J/ψ(1S )η J/ψ(1S )π0 J/ψ(1S )µ+ µ− 3(π+ π− )π0
2(π+ π− )π0 π+ π− K + K −
π+ π− p p K + K ∗ (892)0 π− + c.c. 2(π+ π− ) ρ0 π + π − pp 3(π+ π− ) p p π0 K+K− π+ π− π0 ρπ + π π− ΛΛ Ξ− Ξ+ K + K − π0 K + K ∗ (892)− + c.c.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(54.2 ±3.0 ) % (22.8 ±1.7 ) % (30.2 ±1.9 ) %
– – 477
(17.9 ±1.8 ) % ( 2.7 ±0.4 ) % ( 9.7 ±2.1 ) × 10−4 (10.0 ±3.3 ) × 10−3
481 S=1.7
200 527
–
Hadronic decays ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( < ( < < <
) × 10−3 ) × 10−3 ) × 10−3 ) × 10−4 6.7 ±2.5 ) × 10−4 4.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4 4.2 ±1.5 ) × 10−4 1.9 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 1.5 ±1.0 ) × 10−4
3.5 3.0 1.6 8.0
±1.6 ±0.8 ±0.4 ±2.0
1.4 ±0.5 1.0 ±0.7 9 ±5 8.3 8 ±5 4 2 2.96
< 5.4
Page 75
) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−5 × 10−5 ) × 10−5 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−5
1746 1799 1726 1491 1673 1817 1751 1586 1774
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
1543 1776 1830 1760 1838 1467 1285 1754
CL=90%
1698
CL=90%
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Radiative decays γ χc0 (1P) γ χc1 (1P) γ χc2 (1P) γ ηc (1S ) γ η 0(958) γγ γ η(1440) → γ K K π
( 9.3 ±0.9 ) %
261
( 8.7 ±0.8 ) % ( 7.8 ±0.8 ) % ( 2.8 ±0.6 ) × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3
CL=90%
1719
< 1.6 < 1.2
CL=90% CL=90%
1843 1569
× 10−4 × 10−4
171 127 639
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
ψ(3770)
Mass m = 3769.9 ± 2.5 MeV (S = 1.8) Full width Γ = 23.6 ± 2.7 MeV (S = 1.1) Γee = 0.26 ± 0.04 keV (S = 1.2) p Scale factor (MeV/c)
ψ(3770) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
DD e+ e−
dominant (1.12±0.17) × 10−5
ψ(4040) [iii]
1.2
242 1885
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 4040 ± 10 MeV Full width Γ = 52 ± 10 MeV Γee = 0.75 ± 0.15 keV ψ(4040) DECAY MODES
e+ e− D0 D0 D ∗ (2007)0 D 0 + c.c. D ∗ (2007)0 D ∗ (2007)0
ψ(4160) [iii]
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (1.4±0.4) × 10−5
p (MeV/c) 2020
seen
777
seen seen
578 232
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 4159 ± 20 MeV Full width Γ = 78 ± 20 MeV Γee = 0.77 ± 0.23 keV ψ(4160) DECAY MODES
e+ e−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (10±4) × 10−6
Page 76
p (MeV/c) 2079
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
ψ(4415) [iii]
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 4415 ± 6 MeV Full width Γ = 43 ± 15 MeV Γee = 0.47 ± 0.10 keV ψ(4415) DECAY MODES
hadrons e+ e−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(S = 1.8)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) dominant
p (MeV/c)
(1.1±0.4) × 10−5
Page 77
– 2207
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
bb MESONS I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Υ(1S )
Mass m = 9460.37 ± 0.21 MeV Full width Γ = 52.5 ± 1.8 keV Γee = 1.32 ± 0.05 keV Υ(1S ) DECAY MODES
τ+τ− e+ e− µ+ µ−
(S = 2.7)
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (2.67 +0.14 −0.16 ) % (2.52±0.17) % (2.48±0.07) %
4384
S=1.1
4730 4729
(1.1 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 <2 × 10−4 <5 × 10−4 <5 × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
4698 4728 4704
<5
CL=90%
4636
Hadronic decays J/ψ(1S )anything ρπ π+ π− K+K− pp
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Page 78
× 10−4
4223
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) γ 2h+ 2h− γ 3h+ 3h− γ 4h+ 4h− γ π+ π− K + K − γ 2π+ 2π− γ 3π+ 3π−
Radiative decays
) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 ) × 10−4 (2.4 ±1.2 ) × 10−4 (1.5 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 (4 ±6 ) × 10−5 (2.0 ±2.0 ) × 10−5 < 1.3 × 10−3 < 3.5 × 10−4 < 1.4 × 10−4 (7.0 (5.4 (7.4 (2.9 (2.5 (2.5
γ 2π+ 2π− K + K − γ π+ π− p p γ 2π+ 2π− p p γ 2K + 2K − γ η 0(958) γη γ f 02 (1525) γ f2 (1270) < 1.3 γ η(1440) < 8.2 γ fJ (1710) → γ K K < 2.6 + − γ f0 (2200) → γ K K <2 γ fJ (2220) → γ K + K − < 1.5 γ η(2225) → γ φ φ <3 γX <3 X = pseudoscalar with m< 7.2 GeV) γX X <1 X X = vectors with m< 3.1 GeV)
χb0 (1P) [jjj]
±1.5 ±2.0 ±3.5 ±0.9 ±0.9 ±1.2
4720 4703 4679 4686 4720 4703
CL=90% CL=90%
4658 4604 4563 4601 4682 4714
CL=90%
4607
CL=90%
4644
CL=90%
4624
CL=90% CL=90%
4576 4475
× 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−5
CL=90% CL=90% CL=90%
4469 4469
× 10−3
CL=90%
–
× 10−4 × 10−5
× 10−4 × 10−4
–
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + ) J needs confirmation.
Mass m = 9859.8 ± 1.3 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES b0
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(1S )
<6 %
χb1 (1P) [jjj]
p Confidence level (MeV/c) 90%
391
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + ) J needs confirmation.
Mass m = 9891.9 ± 0.7 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES b1
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(1S )
(35±8) %
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Page 79
p (MeV/c) 422
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
χb2 (1P) [jjj]
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + ) J needs confirmation.
Mass m = 9913.2 ± 0.6 MeV χ (1P) DECAY MODES b2
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(1S )
(22±4) %
p (MeV/c) 443
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Υ(2S )
Mass m = 10.02330 ± 0.00031 GeV Full width Γ = 44 ± 7 keV Γee = 0.520 ± 0.032 keV Υ(2S ) DECAY MODES
Υ(1S )π+ π − Υ(1S )π0 π0 τ+τ− µ+ µ− e+ e− Υ(1S )π0 Υ(1S )η J/ψ(1S )anything
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (18.5 ±0.8 ) % ( 8.8 ±1.1 ) %
475 480
( 1.7 ±1.6 ) % ( 1.31±0.21) % ( 1.18±0.20) %
4686 5011 5012
< 8 < 2 < 6
× 10−3 × 10−3 × 10−3
90% 90% 90%
531 127 4533
Radiative decays γ χb1 (1P) γ χb2 (1P) γ χb0 (1P) γ fJ (1710) γ f 02 (1525) γ f2 (1270)
( 6.7 ±0.9 ) % ( 6.6 ±0.9 ) %
χb0 (2P) [jjj]
131 110
( 4.3 ±1.0 ) % < 5.9 × 10−4 < 5.3 × 10−4
90%
162 4866
90%
4896
< 2.41
90%
4931
× 10−4
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (0 + + ) J needs confirmation.
Mass m = 10.2321 ± 0.0006 GeV χ (2P) DECAY MODES b0
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(2S ) γ Υ(1S )
(4.6±2.1) %
210
(9 ±6 ) × 10−3
746
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Page 80
p (MeV/c)
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I G (J PC ) = 0+ (1 + + ) J needs confirmation. Mass m = 10.2552 ± 0.0005 GeV m χb1 (2P) − m χb0 (2P) = 23.5 ± 1.0 MeV
χb1 (2P) [jjj]
p Scale factor (MeV/c)
χ (2P) DECAY MODES b1
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(2S ) γ Υ(1S )
(21 ±4 ) %
1.5
229
( 8.5±1.3) %
1.3
764
I G (J PC ) = 0+ (2 + + ) J needs confirmation. Mass m = 10.2685 ± 0.0004 GeV m χb2 (2P) − m χb1 (2P) = 13.5 ± 0.6 MeV
χb2 (2P) [jjj]
χ (2P) DECAY MODES b2
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
γ Υ(2S ) γ Υ(1S )
(16.2±2.4) % ( 7.1±1.0) %
p (MeV/c) 242 776
I G (J PC ) = 0− (1 − − )
Υ(3S )
Mass m = 10.3553 ± 0.0005 GeV Full width Γ = 26.3 ± 3.5 keV Υ(3S ) DECAY MODES
Υ(2S )anything Υ(2S ) π+ π − Υ(2S ) π0 π 0 Υ(2S ) γ γ Υ(1S )π+ π − Υ(1S )π0 π0 Υ(1S )η µ+ µ− e+ e−
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (10.6 ±0.8 ) % ( 2.8 ±0.6 ) %
S=2.2
296 177
( 2.00±0.32) % ( 5.0 ±0.7 ) %
190 327
( 4.48±0.21) % ( 2.06±0.28) %
814 816
< 2.2 × 10−3 ( 1.81±0.17) %
CL=90%
– 5177
seen
5177
Radiative decays γ χb2 (2P) γ χb1 (2P) γ χb0 (2P)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(11.4 ±0.8 ) % (11.3 ±0.6 ) %
S=1.3
87 100
( 5.4 ±0.6 ) %
S=1.1
123
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Υ(4S ) or Υ(10580)
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 10.5800 ± 0.0035 GeV Full width Γ = 10 ± 4 MeV Γee = 0.248 ± 0.031 keV (S = 1.3) Υ(4S ) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
BB non- B B e+ e− J/ψ(3097)anything D ∗+ anything + c.c. φ anything Υ(1S ) anything
> 96 < 4
Υ(10860)
( ( < < <
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
% %
2.8±0.7) × 10−5 2.2±0.7) × 10−3 7.4 % 2.3 × 10−3 4 × 10−3
95% 95%
– – 5290
– 90% 90% 90%
5099 5240 1053
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 10.865 ± 0.008 GeV (S = 1.1) Full width Γ = 110 ± 13 MeV Γee = 0.31 ± 0.07 keV (S = 1.3) Υ(10860) DECAY MODES
e+ e−
Υ(11020)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (2.8±0.7) × 10−6
p (MeV/c) 5432
I G (J PC ) = ??(1 − − )
Mass m = 11.019 ± 0.008 GeV Full width Γ = 79 ± 16 MeV Γee = 0.130 ± 0.030 keV Υ(11020) DECAY MODES
e+ e−
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Fraction (Γi /Γ) (1.6±0.5) × 10−6
Page 82
p (MeV/c) 5509
Created: 7/30/1998 10:47
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] See the “Note on π± → `± ν γ and K ± → `± ν γ Form Factors” in the π± Particle Listings for definitions and details. [b] Measurements of Γ(e + νe )/Γ(µ+ νµ ) always include decays with γ’s, and measurements of Γ(e + νe γ) and Γ(µ+ νµ γ) never include low-energy γ’s. Therefore, since no clean separation is possible, we consider the modes with γ’s to be subreactions of the modes without them, and let [Γ(e + νe ) + Γ(µ+ νµ )]/Γtotal = 100%. [c] See the π± Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement; low-energy γ’s are not included. [d ] Derived from an analysis of neutrino-oscillation experiments. [e] Astrophysical and cosmological arguments give limits of order 10−13 ; see the π 0 Particle Listings. [f ] See the “Note on the Decay Width Γ(η → γ γ)” in our 1994 edition, D50, 1 August 1994, Part I, p. 1451. Phys. Rev. D50 [g ] C parity forbids this to occur as a single-photon process. [h] See the “Note on scalar mesons” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings . The interpretation of this entry as a particle is controversial. [i ] See the “Note on ρ(770)” in the ρ(770) Particle Listings . [j] The e + e − branching fraction is from e + e − → π + π − experiments only. The ω ρ interference is then due to ω ρ mixing only, and is expected to be small. If e µ universality holds, Γ(ρ0 → µ+ µ− ) = Γ(ρ0 → e + e − ) × 0.99785. [k] See the “Note on scalar mesons” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings . [l ] See the “Note on a1 (1260)” in the a1 (1260) Particle Listings . [m] This is only an educated guess; the error given is larger than the error on the average of the published values. See the Particle Listings for details. [n] See the “Note on the f1 (1420)” in the η(1440) Particle Listings. [o] See also the ω(1600) Particle Listings. [p] See the “Note on the η(1440)” in the η(1440) Particle Listings. [q] See the “Note on the ρ(1450) and the ρ(1700)” in the ρ(1700) Particle Listings. [r] See the “Note on non-q q mesons” in the Particle Listings (see the index for the page number). [s] See also the ω(1420) Particle Listings. [t] See the “Note on fJ (1710)” in the fJ (1710) Particle Listings . [u] See the note in the K ± Particle Listings.
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [v] The definition of the slope parameter g of the K → 3π Dalitz plot is as follows (see also “Note on Dalitz Plot Parameters for K → 3π Decays” in the K ± Particle Listings): 2 M = 1 + g(s3 − s0 )/m2 + · · · . + π
[w] For more details and definitions of parameters see the Particle Listings. [x] See the K ± Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [y] Most of this radiative mode, the low-momentum γ part, is also included in the parent mode listed without γ’s. [z] Direct-emission branching fraction. [aa] Structure-dependent part. [bb] Derived from measured values of φ+− , φ00 , η , m K 0 − m K 0 , and L
S
τ K 0 , as described in the introduction to “Tests of Conservation Laws.” S
[cc] The CP-violation parameters are defined as follows (see also “Note on CP Violation in KS → 3π” and “Note on CP Violation in K 0L Decay” in the Particle Listings): A(K 0L → π + π − ) iφ = + 0 η +− = η +− e +− = 0 + − A(K S → π π ) η 00
δ=
A(K 0L → π 0 π 0 ) iφ 00 = η 00 e = = − 20 0 0 0 A(K S → π π ) Γ(K 0L → π − `+ ν) − Γ(K 0L → π+ `− ν) Γ(K 0L → π − `+ ν) + Γ(K 0L → π+ `− ν)
Im(η +−0
Im(η 000
)2
)2
=
=
Γ(K 0S → π+ π − π 0 )CP Γ(K 0L → π+ π − π 0 ) Γ(K 0S → π 0 π 0 π 0 ) Γ(K 0L → π0 π 0 π 0 )
,
viol.
,
.
where for the last two relations CPT is assumed valid, i.e., Re(η +−0 ) ' 0 and Re(η 000 ) ' 0. [dd ] See the K 0S Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [ee] Calculated from K 0L semileptonic rates and the K 0S lifetime assuming ∆S = ∆Q. [ff ] 0 / is derived from η 00 /η +− measurements using theoretical input on phases.
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [gg ] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [hh] See the K 0L Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [ii ] Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. [jj] Violates CP in leading order. Test of direct CP violation since the indirect CP-violating and CP-conserving contributions are expected to be suppressed. [kk] See the “Note on f0 (1370)” in the f0 (1370) Particle Listings and in the 1994 edition. [ll ] See the note in the L(1770) Particle Listings in Reviews of Modern Physics 56 No. 2 Pt. II (1984), p. S200. See also the “Note on K2 (1770) and the K2 (1820)” in the K2 (1770) Particle Listings . [mm] See the “Note on K2 (1770) and the K2 (1820)” in the K2 (1770) Particle Listings . [nn] This is a weighted average of D ± (44%) and D 0 (56%) branching fractions. See “D + and D 0 → (η anything) / (total D + and D 0 )” under “D + Branching Ratios” in the Particle Listings. [oo] This value averages the e + and µ+ branching fractions, after making a small phase-space adjustment to the µ+ fraction to be able to use it as an e + fraction; hence our `+ here is really an e + . [pp] An ` indicates an e or a µ mode, not a sum over these modes. [qq] The branching fraction for this mode may differ from the sum of the submodes that contribute to it, due to interference effects. See the relevant papers in the Particle Listings. [rr] The two experiments measuring this fraction are in serious disagreement. See the Particle Listings. [ss] This mode is not a useful test for a ∆C=1 weak neutral current because both quarks must change flavor in this decay. [tt] The D 01 -D 02 limits are inferred from the D 0 -D 0 mixing ratio Γ(K + `− ν ` (via D 0 )) / Γ(K − `+ ν` ). [uu] The larger limit (from E791) allows interference between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and mixing amplitudes; the smaller limit (from E691) doesn’t. See the papers for details. [vv] The experiments on the division of this charge mode amongst its submodes disagree, and the submode branching fractions here add up to considerably more than the charged-mode fraction. [ww] However, these upper limits are in serious disagreement with values obtained in another experiment.
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) [xx] For now, we average together measurements of the X e + νe and X µ+ νµ branching fractions. This is the average, not the sum. [yy] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the final-state resonance. [zz] This value includes only K + K − decays of the fJ (1710), because branching fractions of this resonance are not known. [aaa] This value includes only π+ π − decays of the f0 (1500), because branching fractions of this resonance are not known. [bbb] B 0 and B 0s contributions not separated. Limit is on weighted average of the two decay rates. [ccc] These values are model dependent. See ‘Note on Semileptonic Decays’ in the B + Particle Listings. [ddd ] D ∗∗ stands for the sum of the D(1 1P1 ), D(1 3P0 ), D(1 3P1 ), D(1 3P2 ), D(2 1S0 ), and D(2 1S1 ) resonances. [eee] Inclusive branching fractions have a multiplicity definition and can be greater than 100%. [fff ] Dj represents an unresolved mixture of pseudoscalar and tensor D ∗∗ (Pwave) states. [ggg] Not a pure measurement. See note at head of B 0s Decay Modes. [hhh] Includes p p π+ π− γ and excludes p p η, p p ω, p p η 0 . [iii ] J PC known by production in e + e − via single photon annihilation. I G is not known; interpretation of this state as a single resonance is unclear because of the expectation of substantial threshold effects in this energy region. [jjj] Spectroscopic labeling for these states is theoretical, pending experimental information.
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N BARYONS (S = 0, I = 1/2) p, N + = u u d;
n, N 0 = u d d I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
p
Mass m = 938.27231 ± 0.00028 MeV [a] 1.007276470 ± 0.000000012 u q p q= /( p ) = 1.0000000015 ± 0.0000000011 mp mp qp + qp /e < 2 × 10−5 qp + qe /e < 1.0 × 10−21 [b]
Magnetic moment µ = 2.79284739 ± 0.00000006 µN Electric dipole moment d = (− 4 ± 6) × 10−23 e cm Electric polarizability α = (12.1 ± 0.9) × 10−4 fm3 Magnetic polarizability β = (2.1 ± 0.9) × 10−4 fm3 Mean life τ > 1.6 × 1025 years (independent of mode) > 1031 to 5 × 1032 years [c] (mode dependent)
Below, for N decays, p and n distinguish proton and neutron partial lifetimes. See also the “Note on Nucleon Decay” in our 1994 edition (Phys. D50, 1673) for a short review. Rev. D50 The “partial mean life” limits tabulated here are the limits on τ /Bi , where τ is the total mean life and Bi is the branching fraction for the mode in question.
p DECAY MODES
N → N → N → p→ p→ n→ N → N → N → p→
Partial mean life (1030 years)
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Antilepton + meson e+ π µ+ π νπ e+ η µ+ η νη e+ ρ µ+ ρ νρ e+ ω
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
> 130 (n), > 550 (p)
90%
459
> 100 (n), > 270 (p) > 100 (n), > 25 (p) > 140 > 69 > 54
90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
453 459 309 296 310
> 58 (n), > 75 (p) > 23 (n), > 110 (p) > 19 (n), > 27 (p)
90% 90% 90%
153 119 153
> 45
90%
142
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Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) p → µ+ ω n → νω N → e+ K p → e + K 0S p → e + K 0L N → µ+ K p → µ+ K 0S p → µ+ K 0L N → νK p → e + K ∗ (892)0 N → ν K ∗ (892) p p n p p n n
→ → → → → → →
e + π+ π− e + π0 π0
e + π− π0 µ+ π+ π− µ+ π0 π 0 µ+ π− π0 e + K 0 π−
→ → → → → →
e − π+ µ− π+
p n p n p p
→ → → → → →
e − π+ π+
p p n p
→ → → νγ → e+ γ γ
n n n n n n
e − ρ+ µ− ρ+ e− K + µ− K +
e − π+ π0 µ− π+ π+ µ− π+ π0
e − π+ K + µ− π+ K +
> 57 > 43 > 1.3 (n), > 150 (p)
90% 90% 90%
104 144 337
> 76
90%
337
> 44
90%
337
> 1.1 (n), > 120 (p)
90%
326
> 64
90%
326
> 44
90%
326
> 86 (n), > 100 (p)
90%
339
> 52
90%
45
> 22 (n), > 20 (p)
90%
45
90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
448 449 449 425 427 427 319
> 65 > 49
90% 90%
459 453
> 62 >7
90% 90%
154 120
> 32 > 57
90% 90%
340 330
> 30
90%
448
> 29 > 17 > 34 > 20 >5
90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
449 425 427 320 279
> 460
90%
469
> 380 > 24 > 100
90% 90% 90%
463 470 469
Antilepton + mesons > 21 > 38 > 32 > 17 > 33 > 33 > 18
Lepton + meson
Lepton + mesons
Antilepton + photon(s) e+ γ µ+ γ
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Page 2
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
p p p n n n p p p p n
→ → → → → → → → → → →
e+ e+ e−
e + µ+ µ− e+ ν ν e+ e− ν µ+ e − ν µ+ µ− ν µ+ e + e − µ+ µ+ µ− µ+ ν ν e − µ+ µ+ 3ν
N → e + anything N → µ+ anything N → e + π 0 anything
Three (or more) leptons > 510
90%
469
> 81 > 11 > 74 > 47 > 42
90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
457 469 470 464 458
> 91 > 190 > 21
90% 90% 90%
464 439 463
>6 > 0.0005
90% 90%
457 470
90% 90% 90%
– – –
90% 90% 90%
– – – – – – – – – – –
Inclusive modes > 0.6 (n, p) > 12 (n, p) > 0.6 (n, p)
∆B = 2 dinucleon modes pp pn nn nn pp pp pp pn pn nn nn
→ → → → → → → → → → →
The following are lifetime limits per iron nucleus. π+ π+ > 0.7 + 0 π π >2 > 0.7 π+ π− 0 0 π π > 3.4 e+ e+ > 5.8 e + µ+ > 3.6
µ+ µ+ e+ ν µ+ ν νe ν e νµ ν µ
90% 90% 90%
> 1.7 > 2.8 > 1.6
90% 90% 90%
> 0.000012 > 0.000006
90% 90%
p DECAY MODES p DECAY MODES
p p p p p
→ → → → →
e− γ e − π0 e− η e − K 0S e − K 0L
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Partial mean life (years)
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
> 1848 > 554 > 171 > 29
95% 95% 95% 95%
469 459 309 337
>9
95%
337
Page 3
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
n
Mass m = 939.56563 ± 0.00028 MeV [a] = 1.008664904 ± 0.000000014 u m n − m p = 1.293318 ± 0.000009 MeV = 0.001388434 ± 0.000000009 u Mean life τ = 886.7 ± 1.9 s (S = 1.2) cτ = 2.658 × 108 km Magnetic moment µ = − 1.9130428 ± 0.0000005 µN Electric dipole moment d < 0.97 × 10−25 e cm, CL = 90% 0.19 −3 fm3 (S = 1.1) Electric polarizability α = (0.98 + − 0.23 ) × 10 Charge q = (− 0.4 ± 1.1) × 10−21 e Mean n n-oscillation time > 1.2×108 s, CL = 90% [d ] (bound n) > 0.86 × 108 s, CL = 90% (free n) Decay parameters [e] p e− νe g A /g V = − 1.2670 ± 0.0035 (S = 1.9) " A = − 0.1162 ± 0.0013 (S = 1.8) " B = 0.990 ± 0.008 " a = − 0.102 ± 0.005 " φAV = (180.07 ± 0.18)◦ [f ] " D = (− 0.5 ± 1.4) × 10−3 n DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p e− νe
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
100 %
1.19
Charge conservation (Q) violating mode p νe ν e
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Q
<
8 × 10−27
Page 4
68%
1.29
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1440) P11
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1430 to 1470 (≈ 1440) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈ 350) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 31.0 mb pbeam = 0.61 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1345 to 1385 (≈ 1365) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 160 to 260 (≈ 210) MeV N(1440) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2
60–70 % 30–40 % 20–30 %
N(1520) D13
p (MeV/c) 397 342 143 †
<8 % 5–10 %
–
0.035–0.048 %
414
0.035–0.048 % 0.009–0.032 % 0.009–0.032 %
414 413 413
I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1515 to 1530 (≈ 1520) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 110 to 135 (≈ 120) MeV pbeam = 0.74 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 23.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1505 to 1515 (≈ 1510) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 110 to 120 (≈ 115) MeV N(1520) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 p γ , helicity=3/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2 n γ , helicity=3/2
50–60 % 40–50 % 15–25 % 15–25 % <8 %
456 410 228 †
0.46–0.56 %
470
0.001–0.034 % 0.44–0.53 % 0.30–0.53 % 0.04–0.10 % 0.25–0.45 %
470 470 470 470 470
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 5
p (MeV/c)
–
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1535) S11
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1520 to 1555 (≈ 1535) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 100 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 22.5 mb pbeam = 0.76 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1495 to 1515 (≈ 1505) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 90 to 250 (≈ 170) MeV N(1535) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nη N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave N(1440) π pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2
35–55 % 30–55 % 1–10 %
467 182 422
<1 % <4 % <3 %
242 †
<7 % 0.15–0.35 % 0.15–0.35 %
† 481 481
0.004–0.29 % 0.004–0.29 %
480 480
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 6
p (MeV/c)
–
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1650) S11
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1640 to 1680 (≈ 1650) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 145 to 190 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 16.4 mb pbeam = 0.96 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1640 to 1680 (≈ 1660) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 150 to 170 (≈ 160) MeV N(1650) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nη ΛK N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave N(1440) π pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2
55–90 % 3–10 % 3–11 %
547 346 161
10–20 % 1–7 % 4–12 % <4 %
511 344 †
<5 % 0.04–0.18 %
147 558
0.04–0.18 % 0.003–0.17 %
558 557
0.003–0.17 %
557
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 7
p (MeV/c)
–
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1675) D15
I (J P ) = 12 ( 52 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1670 to 1685 (≈ 1675) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 140 to 180 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 15.4 mb pbeam = 1.01 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1655 to 1665 (≈ 1660) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 125 to 155 (≈ 140) MeV N(1675) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ ΛK N ππ ∆π Nρ pγ pγ, pγ, nγ nγ , nγ ,
40–50 % <1 % 50–60 %
563 209 529
50–60 % < 1–3 % 0.004–0.023 % 0.0–0.015 %
364 † 575 575
0.0–0.011 % 0.02–0.12 %
575 574
0.006–0.046 % 0.01–0.08 %
574 574
helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2 helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 8
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1680) F15
I (J P ) = 12 ( 52 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1675 to 1690 (≈ 1680) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 120 to 140 (≈ 130) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 15.2 mb pbeam = 1.01 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1665 to 1675 (≈ 1670) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 105 to 135 (≈ 120) MeV N(1680) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 p γ , helicity=3/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2 n γ , helicity=3/2
60–70 % 30–40 % 5–15 %
N(1700) D13
p (MeV/c) 567 532 369 †
3–15 % 5–20 %
–
0.21–0.32 %
578
0.001–0.011 % 0.20–0.32 % 0.021–0.046 %
578 578 577
0.004–0.029 %
577
0.01–0.024 %
577
I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1650 to 1750 (≈ 1700) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 50 to 150 (≈ 100) MeV pbeam = 1.05 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 14.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1630 to 1730 (≈ 1680) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 50 to 150 (≈ 100) MeV N(1700) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ ΛK N ππ Nρ pγ pγ, pγ, nγ nγ , nγ ,
helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2
5–15 % <3 % 85–95 % <35 % 0.01–0.05 % 0.0–0.024 % 0.002–0.026 %
580 250 547 † 591 591 591
helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2
0.01–0.13 % 0.0–0.09 % 0.01–0.05 %
590 590 590
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 9
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(1710) P11
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1680 to 1740 (≈ 1710) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 50 to 250 (≈ 100) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 14.2 mb pbeam = 1.07 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1670 to 1770 (≈ 1720) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 80 to 380 (≈ 230) MeV N(1710) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ ΛK N ππ ∆π Nρ N (ππ )IS=0 -wave pγ p γ , helicity=1/2 nγ n γ , helicity=1/2
10–20 % 5–25 % 40–90 %
587 264 554
15–40 % 5–25 % 10–40 %
393 48
0.002–0.05% 0.002–0.05% 0.0–0.02%
598 598 597
0.0–0.02%
597
N(1720) P13
p (MeV/c)
–
I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1650 to 1750 (≈ 1720) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 100 to 200 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 1.09 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 13.9 mb Re(pole position) = 1650 to 1750 (≈ 1700) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 110 to 390 (≈ 250) MeV N(1720) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ ΛK N ππ Nρ pγ pγ, pγ, nγ nγ , nγ ,
10–20 % 1–15 % >70 % 70–85 % 0.003–0.10 % 0.003–0.08 % 0.001–0.03 % 0.002–0.39 %
594 278 561 104 604 604 604 603
0.0–0.002 % 0.001–0.39 %
603 603
helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2 helicity=1/2 helicity=3/2
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 10
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(2190) G17
I (J P ) = 12 ( 72 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2100 to 2200 (≈ 2190) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 350 to 550 (≈ 450) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 6.21 mb pbeam = 2.07 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1950 to 2150 (≈ 2050) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 350 to 550 (≈ 450) MeV N(2190) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
10–20 %
N(2220) H19
p (MeV/c) 888
I (J P ) = 12 ( 92 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2180 to 2310 (≈ 2220) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 320 to 550 (≈ 400) MeV pbeam = 2.14 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 5.97 mb Re(pole position) = 2100 to 2240 (≈ 2170) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 370 to 570 (≈ 470) MeV N(2220) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
10–20 %
N(2250) G19
p (MeV/c) 905
I (J P ) = 12 ( 92 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2170 to 2310 (≈ 2250) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 290 to 470 (≈ 400) MeV pbeam = 2.21 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 5.74 mb Re(pole position) = 2080 to 2200 (≈ 2140) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 280 to 680 (≈ 480) MeV N(2250) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
5–15 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 11
p (MeV/c) 923
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
N(2600) I1,11
− I (J P ) = 12 ( 11 2 )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2550 to 2750 (≈ 2600) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 500 to 800 (≈ 650) MeV pbeam = 3.12 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 3.86 mb N(2600) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
5–10 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 12
p (MeV/c) 1126
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
∆ BARYONS (S = 0, I = 3/2) ∆++ = u u u, ∆+ = u u d, ∆0 = u d d, ∆− = d d d
∆(1232) P33
I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 + )
Breit-Wigner mass (mixed charges) = 1230 to 1234 (≈ 1232) MeV Breit-Wigner full width (mixed charges) = 115 to 125 (≈ 120) MeV pbeam = 0.30 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 94.8 mb Re(pole position) = 1209 to 1211 (≈ 1210) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 98 to 102 (≈ 100) MeV ∆(1232) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
>99 % 0.52–0.60 % 0.11–0.13 %
227 259 259
0.41–0.47 %
259
∆(1600) P33
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1550 to 1700 (≈ 1600) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈ 350) MeV pbeam = 0.87 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 18.6 mb Re(pole position) = 1500 to 1700 (≈ 1600) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV ∆(1600) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ N(1440) π Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
10–25 %
512
75–90 % 40–70 % <25 % 10–35 % 0.001–0.02 %
473 301 † 74 525
0.0–0.02 % 0.001–0.005 %
525 525
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 13
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
∆(1620) S31
I (J P ) = 32 ( 12 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1615 to 1675 (≈ 1620) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 120 to 180 (≈ 150) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 17.7 mb pbeam = 0.91 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1580 to 1620 (≈ 1600) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 100 to 130 (≈ 115) MeV ∆(1620) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2
20–30 % 70–80 % 30–60 %
526 488 318
7–25 % 0.004–0.044 % 0.004–0.044 %
† 538 538
∆(1700) D33
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1670 to 1770 (≈ 1700) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV pbeam = 1.05 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 14.5 mb Re(pole position) = 1620 to 1700 (≈ 1660) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 150 to 250 (≈ 200) MeV ∆(1700) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
10–20 % 80–90 % 30–60 % 30–55 % 0.12–0.26 %
580 547 385 † 591
0.08–0.16 % 0.025–0.12 %
591 591
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 14
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
∆(1905) F35
I (J P ) = 32 ( 52 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1870 to 1920 (≈ 1905) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 280 to 440 (≈ 350) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.62 mb pbeam = 1.45 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1800 to 1860 (≈ 1830) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 230 to 330 (≈ 280) MeV ∆(1905) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
5–15 % 85–95 % <25 %
713 687 542
>60 % 0.01–0.03 % 0.0–0.1 % 0.004–0.03 %
421 721 721 721
∆(1910) P31
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 32 ( 12 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1870 to 1920 (≈ 1910) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 190 to 270 (≈ 250) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.54 mb pbeam = 1.46 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1830 to 1880 (≈ 1855) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 500 (≈ 350) MeV ∆(1910) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2
15–30 % 0.0–0.2 % 0.0–0.2 %
∆(1920) P33
p (MeV/c) 716 725 725
I (J P ) = 32 ( 32 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1900 to 1970 (≈ 1920) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 150 to 300 (≈ 200) MeV pbeam = 1.48 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.37 mb Re(pole position) = 1850 to 1950 (≈ 1900) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV ∆(1920) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
5–20 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 15
p (MeV/c) 722
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
∆(1930) D35
I (J P ) = 32 ( 52 − )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1920 to 1970 (≈ 1930) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 (≈ 350) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.21 mb pbeam = 1.50 GeV/c Re(pole position) = 1840 to 1940 (≈ 1890) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 200 to 300 (≈ 250) MeV ∆(1930) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
10–20 %
729
0.0–0.02 % 0.0–0.01 %
737 737
0.0–0.01 %
737
∆(1950) F37
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 32 ( 72 + )
Breit-Wigner mass = 1940 to 1960 (≈ 1950) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 290 to 350 (≈ 300) MeV pbeam = 1.54 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 8.91 mb Re(pole position) = 1880 to 1890 (≈ 1885) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 210 to 270 (≈ 240) MeV ∆(1950) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ N ππ ∆π Nρ Nγ N γ , helicity=1/2 N γ , helicity=3/2
35–40 %
∆(2420) H3,11
p (MeV/c)
20–30 % <10 % 0.08–0.13 % 0.03–0.055 %
741 716 574 469 749 749
0.05–0.075 %
749
+ I (J P ) = 32 ( 11 2 )
Breit-Wigner mass = 2300 to 2500 (≈ 2420) MeV Breit-Wigner full width = 300 to 500 (≈ 400) MeV pbeam = 2.64 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 4.68 mb Re(pole position) = 2260 to 2400 (≈ 2330) MeV − 2Im(pole position) = 350 to 750 (≈ 550) MeV ∆(2420) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Nπ
5–15 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 16
p (MeV/c) 1023
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ BARYONS (S = −1, I = 0) Λ0 = u d s I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Λ
Mass m = 1115.683 ± 0.006 MeV Mean life τ = (2.632 ± 0.020) × 10−10 s (S = 1.6) cτ = 7.89 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 0.613 ± 0.004 µN Electric dipole moment d < 1.5 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Decay parameters p π− α− = 0.642 ± 0.013 " φ− = (− 6.5 ± 3.5)◦ " γ− = 0.76 [g] " ∆− = (8 ± 4)◦ [g] n π0 α0 = + 0.65 ± 0.05 − p e νe g A /g V = − 0.718 ± 0.015 Λ DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p π− n π0 nγ p π− γ p e− νe p µ− ν µ
(63.9 ±0.5 ) % (35.8 ±0.5 ) %
[e]
p (MeV/c)
( 1.75±0.15) × 10−3 [h] ( 8.4 ±1.4 ) × 10−4 ( 8.32±0.14) × 10−4 ( 1.57±0.35) × 10−4
Λ(1405) S01
101 104 162 101 163 131
I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )
Mass m = 1407 ± 4 MeV Full width Γ = 50.0 ± 2.0 MeV Below K N threshold Λ(1405) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Σπ
100 %
152
Page 17
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ(1520) D03
I (J P ) = 0( 32 − )
Mass m = 1519.5 ± 1.0 MeV [i] Full width Γ = 15.6 ± 1.0 MeV [i] pbeam = 0.39 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 82.8 mb Λ(1520) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λπ π Σ ππ Λγ
45 ± 1% 42 ± 1% 10 ± 1%
244 267 252
0.9 ± 0.1% 0.8 ± 0.2%
152 351
Λ(1600) P01
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Mass m = 1560 to 1700 (≈ 1600) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 0.58 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 41.6 mb Λ(1600) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ
15–30 % 10–60 %
Λ(1670) S01
p (MeV/c) 343 336
I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )
Mass m = 1660 to 1680 (≈ 1670) MeV Full width Γ = 25 to 50 (≈ 35) MeV pbeam = 0.74 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 28.5 mb Λ(1670) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λη
15–25 % 20–60 %
414 393
15–35 %
64
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 18
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ(1690) D03
I (J P ) = 0( 32 − )
Mass m = 1685 to 1695 (≈ 1690) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 70 (≈ 60) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 26.1 mb pbeam = 0.78 GeV/c Λ(1690) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λπ π Σ ππ
20–30 % 20–40 % ∼ 25 % ∼ 20 %
Λ(1800) S01
p (MeV/c) 433 409 415 350
I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )
Mass m = 1720 to 1850 (≈ 1800) MeV Full width Γ = 200 to 400 (≈ 300) MeV pbeam = 1.01 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 17.5 mb Λ(1800) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)
25–40 % seen
528 493
seen
345
seen
†
Λ(1810) P01
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Mass m = 1750 to 1850 (≈ 1810) MeV Full width Γ = 50 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 1.04 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 17.0 mb Λ(1810) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)
20–50 % 10–40 %
537 501
seen 30–60 %
356 †
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 19
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ(1820) F05
I (J P ) = 0( 52 + )
Mass m = 1815 to 1825 (≈ 1820) MeV Full width Γ = 70 to 90 (≈ 80) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 16.5 mb pbeam = 1.06 GeV/c Λ(1820) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π
55–65 % 8–14 % 5–10 %
Λ(1830) D05
p (MeV/c) 545 508 362
I (J P ) = 0( 52 − )
Mass m = 1810 to 1830 (≈ 1830) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 110 (≈ 95) MeV pbeam = 1.08 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 16.0 mb Λ(1830) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π
3–10 %
553
35–75 % >15 %
515 371
Λ(1890) P03
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 0( 32 + )
Mass m = 1850 to 1910 (≈ 1890) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 200 (≈ 100) MeV pbeam = 1.21 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 13.6 mb Λ(1890) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)
20–35 % 3–10 % seen
599 559 420
seen
233
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 20
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Λ(2100) G07
I (J P ) = 0( 72 − )
Mass m = 2090 to 2110 (≈ 2100) MeV Full width Γ = 100 to 250 (≈ 200) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 8.68 mb pbeam = 1.68 GeV/c Λ(2100) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λη ΞK Λω N K ∗ (892)
25–35 % ∼5% <3 % <3 % <8 % 10–20 %
Λ(2110) F05
p (MeV/c) 751 704 617 483 443 514
I (J P ) = 0( 52 + )
Mass m = 2090 to 2140 (≈ 2110) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 250 (≈ 200) MeV pbeam = 1.70 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 8.53 mb Λ(2110) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ Λω Σ (1385)π N K ∗ (892)
5–25 % 10–40 % seen seen 10–60 %
Λ(2350) H09
p (MeV/c) 757 711 455 589 524
I (J P ) = 0( 92 + )
Mass m = 2340 to 2370 (≈ 2350) MeV Full width Γ = 100 to 250 (≈ 150) MeV pbeam = 2.29 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 5.85 mb Λ(2350) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Σπ
∼ 12 % ∼ 10 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 21
p (MeV/c) 915 867
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ BARYONS (S = −1, I = 1) Σ + = u u s, Σ 0 = u d s, Σ − = d d s I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )
Σ+
Mass m = 1189.37 ± 0.07 MeV (S = 2.2) Mean life τ = (0.799 ± 0.004) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.396 cm Magnetic moment µ = 2.458 ± 0.010 µN (S = 2.1) Γ Σ + → n `+ ν /Γ Σ − → n `− ν < 0.043 Decay parameters 0.017 α0 = − 0.980 + p π0 − 0.015 " φ0 = (36 ± 34)◦ " γ0 = 0.16 [g] " ∆0 = (187 ± 6)◦ [g] n π+ α+ = 0.068 ± 0.013 " φ+ = (167 ± 20)◦ (S = 1.1) " γ+ = − 0.97 [g] 133 ◦ [g] " ∆+ = (− 73 + − 10 ) pγ αγ = − 0.76 ± 0.08 Σ + DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p π0 n π+ pγ n π+ γ Λe + νe
[h]
(51.57±0.30) %
189
(48.31±0.30) % ( 1.23±0.05) × 10−3 ( 4.5 ±0.5 ) × 10−4 ( 2.0 ±0.5 ) × 10−5
185 225 185 71
∆S = ∆Q (SQ) violating modes or ∆S = 1 weak neutral current (S1 ) modes n e + νe n µ+ νµ p e+ e−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
SQ
< 5
SQ
< 3.0
S1
< 7
Page 22
× 10−6 × 10−5 × 10−6
90%
224
90%
202 225
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )
Σ0
Mass m = 1192.642 ± 0.024 MeV m Σ − − m Σ 0 = 4.807 ± 0.035 MeV (S = 1.1) m Σ 0 − m Λ = 76.959 ± 0.023 MeV Mean life τ = (7.4 ± 0.7) × 10−20 s cτ = 2.22 × 10−11 m Transition magnetic moment µ Σ Λ = 1.61 ± 0.08 µN Σ 0 DECAY MODES
Λγ Λγ γ Λe + e −
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) 100 % < 3% [j] 5 × 10−3
Σ−
90%
74 74 74
I (J P ) = 1( 12 + ) Mass m = 1197.449 ± 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2) m Σ − − m Σ + = 8.08 ± 0.08 MeV (S = 1.9) m Σ − − m Λ = 81.766 ± 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life τ = (1.479 ± 0.011) × 10−10 s (S = 1.3) cτ = 4.434 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 1.160 ± 0.025 µN (S = 1.7) Decay parameters n π− α− = − 0.068 ± 0.008 " φ− = (10 ± 15)◦ " γ− = 0.98 [g] 12 ◦ [g] " ∆− = (249 + − 120 ) n e− νe g A /gV = 0.340 ± 0.017 [e] " f2 (0) f1 (0) = 0.97 ± 0.14 " D = 0.11 ± 0.10 − Λe ν e g V /g A = 0.01 ± 0.10 [e] (S = 1.5) " g WM /g A = 2.4 ± 1.7 [e]
Σ − DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
n π− n π− γ n e− νe n µ− ν µ Λe − ν e
[h] ( 4.6 ±0.6 ) × 10−4 ( 1.017±0.034) × 10−3 ( 4.5 ±0.4 ) × 10−4 ( 5.73 ±0.27 ) × 10−5
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 23
(99.848±0.005) %
193 193 230 210 79
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ (1385) P13
I (J P ) = 1( 32 + )
Σ (1385)+ mass m = 1382.8 ± 0.4 MeV (S = 2.0) Σ (1385)0 mass m = 1383.7 ± 1.0 MeV (S = 1.4) Σ (1385)− mass m = 1387.2 ± 0.5 MeV (S = 2.2) Σ (1385)+ full width Γ = 35.8 ± 0.8 MeV Σ (1385)0 full width Γ = 36 ± 5 MeV Σ (1385)− full width Γ = 39.4 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 1.7) Below K N threshold Σ (1385) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Λπ Σπ
88±2 %
208
12±2 %
127
Σ (1660) P11
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )
Mass m = 1630 to 1690 (≈ 1660) MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 200 (≈ 100) MeV pbeam = 0.72 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 29.9 mb Σ (1660) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ
10–30 %
405
seen seen
439 385
Σ (1670) D13
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 1( 32 − )
Mass m = 1665 to 1685 (≈ 1670) MeV Full width Γ = 40 to 80 (≈ 60) MeV pbeam = 0.74 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 28.5 mb Σ (1670) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ
7–13 % 5–15 % 30–60 %
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 24
p (MeV/c) 414 447 393
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ (1750) S11
I (J P ) = 1( 12 − )
Mass m = 1730 to 1800 (≈ 1750) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 160 (≈ 90) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 20.7 mb pbeam = 0.91 GeV/c Σ (1750) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ Ση
10–40 % seen <8 % 15–55 %
Σ (1775) D15
p (MeV/c) 486 507 455 81
I (J P ) = 1( 52 − )
Mass m = 1770 to 1780 (≈ 1775) MeV Full width Γ = 105 to 135 (≈ 120) MeV pbeam = 0.96 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 19.0 mb Σ (1775) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ Σ (1385)π Λ(1520) π
37–43% 14–20%
508 525
2–5% 8–12%
474 324
17–23%
198
Σ (1915) F15
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 1( 52 + )
Mass m = 1900 to 1935 (≈ 1915) MeV Full width Γ = 80 to 160 (≈ 120) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 12.8 mb pbeam = 1.26 GeV/c Σ (1915) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ Σ (1385)π
5–15 %
618
seen seen <5 %
622 577 440
Page 25
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ (1940) D13
I (J P ) = 1( 32 − )
Mass m = 1900 to 1950 (≈ 1940) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 300 (≈ 220) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 12.1 mb pbeam = 1.32 GeV/c Σ (1940) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ Σ (1385)π Λ(1520) π ∆(1232)K N K ∗ (892)
<20 % seen seen seen
637 639 594 460
seen seen seen
354 410 320
Σ (2030) F17
p (MeV/c)
I (J P ) = 1( 72 + )
Mass m = 2025 to 2040 (≈ 2030) MeV Full width Γ = 150 to 200 (≈ 180) MeV pbeam = 1.52 GeV/c 4π¯ λ¯2 = 9.93 mb Σ (2030) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ ΞK Σ (1385)π Λ(1520) π ∆(1232)K N K ∗ (892)
17–23 %
702
17–23 % 5–10 % <2 %
700 657 412
5–15 % 10–20 %
529 430
10–20 % <5 %
498 438
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 26
p (MeV/c)
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Σ (2250)
I (J P ) = 1(?? )
Mass m = 2210 to 2280 (≈ 2250) MeV Full width Γ = 60 to 150 (≈ 100) MeV 4π¯ λ¯2 = 6.76 mb pbeam = 2.04 GeV/c Σ (2250) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
NK Λπ Σπ
<10 % seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 27
p (MeV/c) 851 842 803
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ξ BARYONS (S = −2, I = 1/2) Ξ 0 = u ss,
Ξ − = d ss I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
Ξ0
P is not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1314.9 ± 0.6 MeV m Ξ − − m Ξ 0 = 6.4 ± 0.6 MeV Mean life τ = (2.90 ± 0.09) × 10−10 s cτ = 8.71 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 1.250 ± 0.014 µN Decay parameters Λπ 0 α = − 0.411 ± 0.022 (S = 2.1) " φ = (21 ± 12)◦ " γ = 0.85 [g] 12 ◦ [g] " ∆ = (218 + − 19 ) Λγ α = 0.4 ± 0.4 0 α = 0.20 ± 0.32 Σ γ Ξ 0 DECAY MODES
Λπ0 Λγ Σ0 γ Σ + e− νe Σ + µ− ν µ
Σ − e + νe Σ − µ+ νµ p π− p e− νe p µ− ν µ
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ) (99.54±0.05) %
( 1.06±0.16) × 10−3 ( 3.5 ±0.4 ) × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3 < 1.1 × 10−3
135
90%
184 117 120
90%
64
90% 90%
112 49
90%
299 323 309
∆S = ∆Q (SQ) violating modes or ∆S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
SQ SQ
< 9 < 9
S2 S2 S2
< 4 < 1.3 < 1.3
Page 28
× 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−5 × 10−3 × 10−3
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ξ−
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + ) P is not yet measured; + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1321.32 ± 0.13 MeV Mean life τ = (1.639 ± 0.015) × 10−10 s cτ = 4.91 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 0.6507 ± 0.0025 µN Decay parameters Λπ − α = − 0.456 ± 0.014 (S = 1.8) " φ = (4 ± 4)◦ " γ = 0.89 [g] " ∆ = (188 ± 8)◦ [g] − Λe ν e g A /g V = − 0.25 ± 0.05 [e]
Ξ − DECAY MODES
Λπ− Σ−γ Λe − ν e Λµ− ν
(99.887±0.035) %
139
(
118
( (
µ
Σ 0 e− νe Σ 0 µ− ν µ Ξ 0 e− νe n π− n e− νe n µ− ν µ p π− π− p π− e − ν e p π− µ− ν µ p µ− µ−
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
( <
1.27 ±0.23 ) × 10−4 5.63 ±0.31 ) × 10−4 −4 3.5 +3.5 −2.2 ) × 10 8.7 ±1.7 ) × 10−5 8 × 10−4
< 2.3
× 10−3
190 163
90%
122 70
90%
6
90% 90% 90%
303 327 314
90% 90%
223 304
90%
250
90%
272
∆S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
S2 S2 S2
< 1.9 < 3.2 < 1.5
S2 S2
< 4 < 4
S2
< 4
L
< 4
Page 29
× 10−5 × 10−3 % × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 + )
Ξ (1530) P13
Ξ (1530)0 mass m = 1531.80 ± 0.32 MeV Ξ (1530)− mass m = 1535.0 ± 0.6 MeV Ξ (1530)0 full width Γ = 9.1 ± 0.5 MeV 1.7 Ξ (1530)− full width Γ = 9.9 + − 1.9 MeV Ξ (1530) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Ξπ Ξγ
100 %
(S = 1.3)
p Confidence level (MeV/c) 152
<4 %
200
I (J P ) = 12 (?? )
Ξ (1690) Mass m = 1690 ± 10 MeV Full width Γ < 50 MeV
[i]
Ξ (1690) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK ΣK Ξ − π+ π−
seen seen possibly seen
Ξ (1820) D13
90%
p (MeV/c) 240 51 214
I (J P ) = 12 ( 32 − )
Mass m = 1823 ± 5 MeV [i] 15 [i] Full width Γ = 24 + − 10 MeV Ξ (1820) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK ΣK Ξπ Ξ (1530) π
large small small
400 320 413
small
234
Page 30
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ξ (1950)
I (J P ) = 12 (?? )
Mass m = 1950 ± 15 MeV [i] Full width Γ = 60 ± 20 MeV [i] Ξ (1950) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK ΣK Ξπ
seen possibly seen seen
Ξ (2030)
p (MeV/c) 522 460 518
I (J P ) = 12 ( ≥ 52 ? )
Mass m = 2025 ± 5 MeV [i] 15 [i] Full width Γ = 20 + − 5 MeV Ξ (2030) DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK ΣK Ξπ Ξ (1530) π ΛK π ΣKπ
∼ 20 % ∼ 80 %
589 533
small small
573 421
small small
501 430
Page 31
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p (MeV/c)
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ω BARYONS (S = −3, I = 0) Ω − = sss
Ω−
I (J P ) = 0( 32 + ) J P is not yet measured; 32 + is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 1672.45 ± 0.29 MeV Mean life τ = (0.822 ± 0.012) × 10−10 s cτ = 2.46 cm Magnetic moment µ = − 2.02 ± 0.05 µN Decay parameters ΛK − α = − 0.026 ± 0.026 0 − Ξ π α = 0.09 ± 0.14 − 0 α = 0.05 ± 0.21 Ξ π
Ω − DECAY MODES
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK − Ξ 0 π− Ξ − π0
(67.8±0.7) % (23.6±0.7) % ( 8.6±0.4) % −4 ( 4.3 +3.4 −1.3 ) × 10 −4 ( 6.4 +5.1 −2.0 ) × 10 ( 5.6±2.8) × 10−3 < 4.6 × 10−4
Ξ − π+ π− Ξ (1530)0 π − Ξ 0 e− νe Ξ− γ
211 294 290 190 17
90%
319 314
90%
449
∆S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes
Λπ −
S2
Ω(2250)−
< 1.9
× 10−4
I (J P ) = 0(?? )
Mass m = 2252 ± 9 MeV Full width Γ = 55 ± 18 MeV Ω(2250)− DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Ξ − π+ K − Ξ (1530)0 K −
seen seen
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 32
p (MeV/c) 531 437
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
CHARMED BARYONS (C = +1) ++ 0 Λ+ = u u c, Σ + c = u d c, Σ c c = u d c, Σ c = d d c, 0 0 Ξ+ c = u s c, Ξ c = d s c, Ω c = s s c
Λ+ c
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + ) J not confirmed;
1 2
is the quark model prediction.
Mass m = 2284.9 ± 0.6 MeV Mean life τ = (0.206 ± 0.012) × 10−12 s cτ = 61.8 µm Decay asymmetry parameters Λπ + α = − 0.98 ± 0.19 + 0 α = − 0.45 ± 0.32 Σ π 0.11 + Λ` ν` α = − 0.82 + − 0.07 Nearly all branching fractions of the Λ+ c are measured relative to the p K − π+ mode, but there are no model-independent measurements of this branching fraction. We explain how we arrive at our value of B(Λ+ c → − + p K π ) in a Note at the beginning of the branching-ratio measurements, in the Listings. When this branching fraction is eventually well determined, all the other branching fractions will slide up or down proportionally as the true value differs from the value we use here. Λ+ c DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Scale factor/ p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Hadronic modes with a p and one K p K0
p K − π+ p K ∗ (892)0 ∆(1232)++ K − Λ(1520) π + p K − π+ nonresonant p K0 η
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
[k] [l]
[l]
( ( ( (
2.5 5.0 1.8 8
± ± ± ±
( 4.5 + − ( 2.8 ± ( 1.3 ±
Page 33
0.7 1.3 0.6 5
)% )% )% ) × 10−3
2.5 ) × 10−3 2.1 0.9 ) % 0.4 ) %
872 822 681 709 626 822 567
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) p K 0 π+ π− p K − π+ π0 p K ∗ (892)− π + p (K − π+ )nonresonant π0 ∆(1232)K ∗ (892) p K − π+ π+ π− p K − π+ π0 π0 p K − π+ π0 π0 π0 p π+ π−
[l]
( 2.4 ± 1.1 ) % seen ( 1.1 ± 0.6 ) %
753 758 579
( 3.6 ± 1.2 ) % seen
758 416
( 1.1 ± 0.8 ) × 10−3 ( 8 ± 4 ) × 10−3 ( 5.0 ± 3.4 ) × 10−3
670 676 573
Hadronic modes with a p and zero or two K ’s
p f0 (980) p π+ π+ π− π− pK+K− pφ
[l]
[l]
( 3.5 ± 2.0 ) × 10−3 ( 2.8 ± 1.9 ) × 10−3 ( 1.8 ± 1.2 ) × 10−3 ( 2.3 ± 0.9 ) × 10−3 ( 1.2 ± 0.5 ) × 10−3
926 621 851 615 589
Hadronic modes with a hyperon ( 9.0 ± 2.8 ) × 10−3
Λπ + Λπ+ π0 Λρ+ Λπ+ π+ π− Λπ+ η Σ (1385)+ η ΛK + K 0 Σ 0 π+ Σ + π0 Σ+η Σ + π+ π− Σ + ρ0 Σ − π+ π+ Σ 0 π+ π0 Σ 0 π+ π+ π− Σ + π+ π− π0 Σ+ ω
( 3.6 ± 1.3 ) % < 5 % ( 3.3 ± 1.0 ) % [l]
[l]
[l]
Ξ0 K+ Ξ − K + π+
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
( 1.7 ± 0.6 ) % ( 8.5 ± 3.3 ) × 10−3 ( 6.0 ± 2.1 ) × 10−3 ( 9.9 ± 3.2 ) × 10−3
< 1.4 % ( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) % ( 1.8 ± 0.8 ) %
Σ + K + π−
Ξ (1530)0 K +
CL=95%
[l]
( 1.1 ± 0.4 — ( 2.7 ± 1.0 4.1 ( 3.0 + − 2.1 ( 3.5 ± 1.2
)%
441 824 826 712 803 CL=95%
578 798 802
)%
762 766 568
) × 10−3
707
) × 10−3 1.7 ) × 10−3 6 −3 4 ) × 10 1.4 ) × 10−3
( 3.5 ± ( 7 + − ( 3.9 ± ( 4.9 ± 1.7 ) × 10−3 ( 2.6 ± 1.0 ) × 10−3
Page 34
843 638 806 690 569
( 1.00± 0.34) % ( 5.5 ± 2.3 ) × 10−3 ( 3.4 ± 1.0 ) %
Σ + π+ π+ π− π− Σ+K+K− Σ+ φ
863
346 292 668 652 564 471
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Semileptonic modes Λ`+ ν` Λe + νe Λµ+ νµ e + anything p e + anything Λe + anything
[m]
( 2.0 ± 0.6 ) % ( 2.1 ± 0.6 ) %
– – – – – – – –
( 2.0 ± 0.7 ) % ( 4.5 ± 1.7 ) % ( 1.8 ± 0.9 ) % — — —
Λµ+ anything Λ`+ ν` anything
Inclusive modes p anything p anything (no Λ) p hadrons n anything n anything (no Λ) Λ anything Σ ± anything
p µ+ µ− Σ − µ+ µ+
[n]
(50 (12
±16 ±19
)% )%
(50 (29 (35
— ±16 ±17 ±11
)% )% )%
(10
± 5
)%
S=1.4
– – – – – – –
∆C = 1 weak neutral current (C1 ) modes, or Lepton number (L) violating modes
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
C1 L
< 3.4 < 7.0
Page 35
× 10−4 × 10−4
CL=90% CL=90%
936 811
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 0( 12 − )
Λc (2593)+
The spin-parity follows from the fact that Σc (2455)π decays, with little available phase space, are dominant. Mass m = 2593.9 ± 0.8 MeV m − m Λ+ = 308.9 ± 0.6 MeV
(S = 1.1)
c
2.0 Full width Γ = 3.6 + − 1.3 MeV Λ+ c π π and its submode Σc (2455) π — the latter just barely — are the only strong decays allowed to an excited Λ+ having this mass; and the c + Λ+ π+ π− mode seems to be largely via Σ ++ π− or Σ 0 cπ . c c Λc (2593) + DECAY MODES + − Λ+ c π π Σc (2455)++ π− Σc (2455)0 π + + − Λ+ c π π 3-body 0 Λ+ c π Λ+ c γ
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
[o] ≈ 67 %
124
24 ± 7 %
17
24 ± 7 %
23
18 ± 10 %
124
not seen
261
not seen
290
I (J P ) = 0(?? )
Λc (2625)+ J P is expected to be 3/2−.
Mass m = 2626.6 ± 0.8 MeV (S = 1.2) m − m Λ+ = 341.7 ± 0.6 MeV (S = 1.6) c
Full width Γ < 1.9 MeV, CL = 90% Λ+ π π and its submode Σ (2455) π are the only strong decays allowed to c an excited Λ+ c having this mass. Λc (2625) + DECAY MODES + − Λ+ c π π Σc (2455)++ π− Σc (2455)0 π + + − Λ+ c π π 3-body 0 Λ+ c π + Λc γ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
184
small small
100 101
large
184
not seen
293
not seen
319
Page 36
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = 1( 12 + )
Σc (2455)
J P not confirmed; 12 + is the quark model prediction. Σc (2455)++mass m = 2452.8 ± 0.6 MeV Σc (2455)+ mass m = 2453.6 ± 0.9 MeV Σc (2455)0 mass m = 2452.2 ± 0.6 MeV m Σ ++ − m Λ+ = 167.87 ± 0.19 MeV c
c
m Σ + − m Λ+ = 168.7 ± 0.6 MeV c
c
c
c
m Σ 0 − m Λ+ = 167.30 ± 0.20 MeV m Σ ++ − m Σ 0 = 0.57 ± 0.23 MeV c
c
m Σ + − m Σ 0 = 1.4 ± 0.6 MeV c
c
Λ+ c π is the only strong decay allowed to a Σc having this mass. Σc (2455) DECAY MODES Λ+ c π
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
≈ 100 %
90
I (J P ) = 1(?? )
Σc (2520)
Σc (2520)++mass m = 2519.4 ± 1.5 MeV Σc (2520)0 mass m = 2517.5 ± 1.4 MeV m Σ (2520)++ − m Λ+ = 234.5 ± 1.4 MeV c
mΣ
0 c (2520)
c
− m Λ+ = 232.6 ± 1.3 MeV c
++ − m Σ (2520)0 c (2520) c (2520)++full width Γ =
mΣ
= 1.9 ± 1.9 MeV
Σc 18 ± 5 MeV 0 Σc (2520) full width Γ = 13 ± 5 MeV
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 37
Created: 6/10/1998 16:02
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
Ξ+ c
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + ) I (J P ) not confirmed; 12 ( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2465.6 ± 1.4 MeV 0.07 −12 s Mean life τ = (0.35 + − 0.04 ) × 10 cτ = 106 µm
Ξ+ c DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK − π+ π+ ΛK ∗ (892)0 π+ Σ (1385)+ K − π+ Σ + K − π+ Σ + K ∗ (892)0 Σ 0 K − π+ π+ Ξ 0 π+ Ξ − π+ π+ Ξ (1530)0 π + 0 Ξ π+ π0 Ξ 0 π+ π+ π− Ξ 0 e + νe
p (MeV/c)
seen not seen not seen
784 601 676
seen seen
808 653
seen seen
733 875
seen not seen
850 748
seen seen
854 817
seen
882
I (J P ) = 12 ( 12 + )
Ξ 0c
I (J P ) not confirmed; 12 ( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2470.3 ± 1.8 MeV (S = 1.3) m Ξ 0 − m Ξ + = 4.7 ± 2.1 MeV (S = 1.2) c
c
0.023 −12 s Mean life τ = (0.098 + − 0.015 ) × 10 cτ = 29 µm Ξ0 c DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
ΛK 0 Ξ − π+ Ξ − π+ π+ π− p K − K ∗ (892)0 Ω− K + Ξ − e + νe Ξ − `+ anything
seen seen seen seen seen seen seen
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p (MeV/c) 864 875 816 406 522 882
–
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) I (J P ) = ?(?? )
Ξc (2645)
Ξc (2645)+ mass m = 2644.6 ± 2.1 MeV Ξc (2645)0 mass m = 2643.8 ± 1.8 MeV m Ξ (2645)+ − m Ξ 0 = 174.3 ± 1.1 MeV c
mΞ
0 c (2645) (2645)+
(S = 1.2)
c
− m Ξ + = 178.2 ± 1.1 MeV c
Ξc full width Γ < 3.1 MeV, CL = 90% 0 Ξc (2645) full width Γ < 5.5 MeV, CL = 90% Ξc π is the only strong decay allowed to a Ξc resonance having this mass. Ξc (2645) DECAY MODES Ξ 0c π+ − Ξ+ c π
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
seen
101
seen
107
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Ω 0c
I (J P ) not confirmed; 0( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 2704 ± 4 MeV (S = 1.8) Mean life τ = (0.064 ± 0.020) × 10−12 s cτ = 19 µm Ω0 c DECAY MODES
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
Σ + K − K − π+ Ξ − K − π+ π+ Ω − π+ Ω − π− π+ π+
seen seen seen
697 838 827
seen
759
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
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p (MeV/c)
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BOTTOM BARYONS (B = −1) Λ0b = u d b, Ξ 0b = u s b, Ξ − b = dsb I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Λ0b
I (J P ) not yet measured; 0( 12 + ) is the quark model prediction. Mass m = 5624 ± 9 MeV (S = 1.8) Mean life τ = (1.24 ± 0.08) × 10−12 s cτ = 372 µm These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Z decay (or high-energy p p), branching ratios, and detection efficiencies. They scale with the LEP Λb production fraction B(b → Λb ) and are evaluated for our value B(b → Λb ) = (10.1 +3.9 −3.1 )%. The branching fractions B(b -baryon → Λ `− ν ` anything) and B(Λ0 b → + Λ `− ν ` anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying c measured products of these with B(b → Λb ) were used to determine B(b → Λb ), as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”
Λ0 b DECAY MODES
(4.7±2.8) × 10−4
J/ψ(1S )Λ − Λ+ c π − Λ+ c a1 (1260) − Λ+ c ` ν ` anything
p π− pK−
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
p Confidence level (MeV/c)
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
[p]
1744
seen
2345
seen
2156
(9.0 +3.1 −3.8 ) % < 5.0 < 5.0
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–
× 10−5 × 10−5
90% 90%
2732 2711
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b-baryon ADMIXTURE (Λb , Ξb , Σb , Ωb ) Mean life τ = (1.20 ± 0.07) × 10−12 s These branching fractions are actually an average over weakly decaying b-baryons weighted by their production rates in Z decay (or high-energy p p), branching ratios, and detection efficiencies. They scale with the LEP Λb production fraction B(b → Λb ) and are evaluated for our value B(b → Λb ) = (10.1 +3.9 −3.1 )%. The branching fractions B(b -baryon → Λ `− ν ` anything) and B(Λ0 b → + − Λ ` ν ` anything) are not pure measurements because the underlying c measured products of these with B(b → Λb ) were used to determine B(b → Λb ), as described in the note “Production and Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons.”
b-baryon ADMIXTURE (Λb ,Ξb ,Σb ,Ωb )
p µ− ν anything Λ`− ν
` anything
Λ/ Λ anything Ξ − `− ν ` anything
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Fraction (Γi /Γ)
p (MeV/c)
( 4.9± 2.4) % 1.0 ( 3.1 + − 1.2 ) % (35 +12 −14 ) % 2.0 −3 ( 5.5 + − 2.4 ) × 10
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] The masses of the p and n are most precisely known in u (unified atomic mass units). The conversion factor to MeV, 1 u = 931.49432 ± 0.00028 MeV, is less well known than are the masses in u. [b] The limit is from neutrality-of-matter experiments; it assumes qn = qp + qe . See also the charge of the neutron. [c] The first limit is geochemical and independent of decay mode. The second entry, a range of limits, assumes the dominant decay modes are among those investigated. For antiprotons the best limit, inferred from the observation of cosmic ray p’s is τ p > 107 yr, the cosmic-ray storage time, but this limit depends on a number of assumptions. The best direct observation of stored antiprotons gives τ p /B(p → e − γ) > 1848 yr. [d ] There is some controversy about whether nuclear physics and model dependence complicate the analysis for bound neutrons (from which the best limit comes). The second limit here is from reactor experiments with free neutrons. [e] The parameters g A , g V , and g WM for semileptonic modes are defined by B f [γλ (g V + g A γ5 ) + i (g WM /m Bi ) σλν qν ]Bi , and φAV is defined by g A /g V = g A /g V eiφAV . See the “Note on Baryon Decay Parameters” in the neutron Particle Listings. [f ] Time-reversal invariance requires this to be 0◦ or 180◦ . [g] The decay parameters γ and ∆ are calculated from α and φ using p p 1 γ = 1−α2 cosφ , tan∆ = − α 1−α2 sinφ . See the “Note on Baryon Decay Parameters” in the neutron Particle Listings. [h] See the Particle Listings for the pion momentum range used in this measurement. [i ] The error given here is only an educated guess. It is larger than the error on the weighted average of the published values. [j] A theoretical value using QED. [k] See the “Note on Λ+ c Branching Fractions” in the Branching Fractions + of the Λc Particle Listings. [l ] This branching fraction includes all the decay modes of the final-state resonance. [m] An ` indicates an e or a µ mode, not a sum over these modes. [n] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. 0 0 [o] Assuming isospin conservation, so that the other third is Λ+ c π π . [p] Not a pure measurement. See note at head of Λ0b Decay Modes. HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
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SEARCHES FOR MONOPOLES, SUPERSYMMETRY, COMPOSITENESS, etc. Magnetic Monopole Searches Isolated supermassive monopole candidate events have not been confirmed. The most sensitive experiments obtain negative results. Best cosmic-ray supermassive monopole flux limit: < 1.0 × 10−15 cm− 2 sr− 1 s− 1 for 1.1 × 10−4 < β < 0.1
Supersymmetric Particle Searches Limits are based on the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. e0 (or e Assumptions include: 1) χ γ ) is lightest supersymmetric particle; 1 2) R-parity is conserved; 3) All scalar quarks (except etL and etR ) are degenerate in mass, and m qeR = m qeL . 4) Limits for selectrons and smuons refer to the e`R states. See the Particle Listings for a Note giving details of supersymmetry. e 0 , and H e 0) χ e0 — neutralinos (mixtures of e γ, Z i i Mass m χ e 0 > 10.9 GeV, CL = 95% 1
Mass m χ e 0 > 45.3 GeV, CL = 95% 2 Mass m χ e 0 > 75.8 GeV, CL = 95%
[tanβ >1]
Mass m χ e 0 > 127 GeV, CL = 95%
[tanβ >3]
[tanβ >1]
3 4
f ± and H e ±) χ e± — charginos (mixtures of W i i Mass m χ > 65.7 GeV, CL = 95% [m χ e± e ± –m χ e 0 ≥ 2 GeV] 1
1
Mass m χ e ± > 99 GeV, CL = 95%
1
[GUT relations assumed]
2
νe — scalar neutrino (sneutrino) Mass m > 37.1 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 43.1 GeV, CL = 95%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
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[one flavor] [three degenerate flavors]
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) e e — scalar electron (selectron) Mass m > 58 GeV, CL = 95%
[m eeR –m χ e 0 ≥ 4 GeV] 1
µ e — scalar muon (smuon) Mass m > 55.6 GeV, CL = 95%
[m µeR –m χ e 0 ≥ 4 GeV] 1
τe — scalar tau (stau) Mass m > 45 GeV, CL = 95%
[if m χ e 0 < 38 GeV] 1
e q — scalar quark (squark) These limits include the effects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a fixed value of the parameters µ and tanβ. The limits are weakly sensitive to these parameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT relations between gaugino masses and the gauge coupling; in particular that for µ not small, m χ e 0 ≈ m ge /6. 1
Mass m > 176 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 224 GeV, CL = 95%
[any m ge <300 GeV, µ = − 250 GeV, tanβ = 2] [m ge ≤ m qe , µ = − 400 GeV, tanβ = 4]
ge — gluino
.
There is some controversy on whether gluinos in a low-mass window (1 m ge 5 GeV) are excluded or not. See the Supersymmetry Listings for details.
.
&
The limits summarised here refere to the high-mass region (m ge 5 GeV), and include the effects of cascade decays, evaluated assuming a fixed value of the parameters µ and tanβ. The limits are weakly sensitive to these parameters over much of parameter space. Limits assume GUT relations between gaugino masses and the gauge coupling; in particular that for µ not small, m χ e 0 ≈ m ge /6. 1
Mass m > 173 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 212 GeV, CL = 95%
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[any m qe , µ = − 200 GeV, tanβ = 2] [m ge ≥ m qe , µ = − 250 GeV, tanβ = 2]
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Quark and Lepton Compositeness, Searches for Scale Limits Λ for Contact Interactions (the lowest dimensional interactions with four fermions) If the Lagrangian has the form ±
g2 2Λ2
ψL γµ ψL ψ L γ µ ψL
(with g 2 /4π set equal to 1), then we define Λ ≡ Λ± LL . For the full definitions and for other forms, see the Note in the Listings on Searches for Quark and Lepton Compositeness in the full Review and the original literature. Λ+ LL (e e e e)
> 2.4 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e e e)
> 3.6 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (e e µµ)
> 2.6 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e µµ)
> 2.9 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (e e τ τ )
> 1.9 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e τ τ )
> 3.0 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (` ` ` `)
> 3.5 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (` ` ` `)
> 3.8 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (e e q q)
> 2.5 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e q q)
> 3.7 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (e e b b)
> 3.1 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (e e b b)
> 2.9 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ+ LL (µµq q)
> 2.9 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ− LL (µµq q)
> 4.2 TeV, CL = 95%
Λ± LR (νµ νe µe) > 3.1 TeV, CL = 90% Λ± LL (q q q q)
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
> 1.6 TeV, CL = 95%
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Excited Leptons The limits from `∗+ `∗− do not depend on λ (where λ is the ` `∗ transition coupling). The λ-dependent limits assume chiral coupling, except for the third limit for e ∗ which √ is for nonchiral coupling. For chiral coupling, this limit corresponds to λγ = 2. e ∗± — excited electron Mass m > 85.0 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 91 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 194 GeV, CL = 95%
(from e ∗+ e ∗− ) (if λZ > 1) (if λγ = 1)
µ∗± — excited muon Mass m > 85.3 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 91 GeV, CL = 95%
(from µ∗+ µ∗− ) (if λZ > 1)
τ ∗± — excited tau Mass m > 84.6 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 90 GeV, CL = 95%
(from τ ∗+ τ ∗− ) (if λZ > 0.18)
ν ∗ — excited neutrino Mass m > 84.9 GeV, CL = 95% (from ν ∗ ν ∗ ) Mass m > 91 GeV, CL = 95% (if λZ > 1) Mass m = none 40–96 GeV, CL = 95% (from e p → ν ∗ X) q ∗ — excited quark Mass m > 45.6 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 88 GeV, CL = 95% Mass m > 570 GeV, CL = 95%
(from q ∗ q ∗ ) (if λZ > 1) (p p → q ∗ X)
Color Sextet and Octet Particles Color Sextet Quarks (q6 ) Mass m > 84 GeV, CL = 95%
(Stable q6 )
Color Octet Charged Leptons (`8 ) Mass m > 86 GeV, CL = 95%
(Stable `8 )
Color Octet Neutrinos (ν8 ) Mass m > 110 GeV, CL = 90%
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
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TESTS OF CONSERVATION LAWS Revised by L. Wolfenstein and T.G. Trippe, May 1998. In keeping with the current interest in tests of conservation laws, we collect together a Table of experimental limits on all weak and electromagnetic decays, mass differences, and moments, and on a few reactions, whose observation would violate conservation laws. The Table is given only in the full Review of Particle Physics, not in the Particle Physics Booklet. For the benefit of Booklet readers, we include the best limits from the Table in the following text. Limits in this text are for CL=90% unless otherwise specified. The Table is in two parts: “Discrete Space-Time Symmetries,” i.e., C, P , T , CP , and CP T ; and “Number Conservation Laws,” i.e., lepton, baryon, hadronic flavor, and charge conservation. The references for these data can be found in the the Particle Listings in the Review. A discussion of these tests follows. CP T INVARIANCE General principles of relativistic field theory require invariance under the combined transformation CP T . The simplest tests of CP T invariance are the equality of the masses and lifetimes of a particle and its antiparticle. The 0 best test comes from the limit on the mass difference between K 0 and K . Any such difference contributes to the CP -violating parameter . Assuming CP T invariance, φ , the phase of should be very close to 44◦ . (See the “Note on CP Violation in KL0 Decay” in the Particle Listings.) In contrast, 0 if the entire source of CP violation in K 0 decays were a K 0 − K mass difference, φ would be 44◦ + 90◦ . Assuming that there is no other source of CP T violation than this mass difference, it is possible to deduce that [1] m
K
0
− mK 0 ≈
2(mK 0 − mK 0 ) |η| ( 32 φ+− + 31 φ00 − φ0 ) L
S
sin φ0
,
where φ0 = 43.5◦ with an uncertainty of less than 0.1◦ . Using our best values of the CP -violation parameters, we get |(m 0 −mK 0 )/mK 0 | ≤ 10−18 . Limits K can also be placed on specific CP T -violating decay amplitudes. Given the small value of (1 − |η00 /η+− |), the value of φ00 − φ+− provides a measure of HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
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CP T violation in KL0 → 2π decay. Results from CERN [1] and Fermilab [2] indicate no CP T -violating effect. CP AND T INVARIANCE Given CP T invariance, CP violation and T violation are equivalent. So far the only evidence for CP or T violation comes from the measurements of η+− , η00 , and the semileptonic decay charge asymmetry for KL, e.g., |η+−| = |A(KL0 → π+ π− )/A(KS0 → π+ π− )| = (2.285±0.019)×10−3 and [Γ(KL0 → π − e+ ν) − Γ(KL0 → π+ e− ν)]/[sum] = (0.333 ± 0.014)%. Other searches for CP or T violation divide into (a) those that involve weak interactions or parity violation, and (b) those that involve processes otherwise allowed by the strong or electromagnetic interactions. In class (a) the most sensitive are probably the searches for an electric dipole moment of the neutron, measured to be < 1.0 × 10−25 e cm, and the electron (−0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−26 e cm. A nonzero value requires both P and T violation. Class (b) includes the search for C violation in η decay, believed to be an electromagnetic process, e.g., as measured by Γ(η → µ+ µ− π 0 )/Γ(η → all) < 5 × 10−6 , and searches for T violation in a number of nuclear and electromagnetic reactions. CONSERVATION OF LEPTON NUMBERS Present experimental evidence and the standard electroweak theory are consistent with the absolute conservation of three separate lepton numbers: electron number Le, muon number Lµ, and tau number Lτ . Searches for violations are of the following types: a) ∆L = 2 for one type of lepton. The best limit comes from the search for neutrinoless double beta decay (Z, A) → (Z + 2, A) + e− + e− . The best laboratory limit is t1/2 > 1.1 × 1025 yr (CL=90%) for 76 Ge. b) Conversion of one lepton type to another. For purely leptonic processes, the best limits are on µ → eγ and µ → 3e, measured as Γ(µ → eγ)/Γ(µ →all) < 5 × 10−11 and Γ(µ → 3e)/Γ(µ → all) < 1.0 × 10−12 . For semileptonic processes, the best limit comes from the coherent conversion process in a muonic atom, µ− + (Z, A) → e− + (Z, A), measured as Γ(µ− Ti → e− Ti)/Γ(µ− Ti → all) < 4 × 10−12 . Of special interest is the case in which the hadronic flavor also changes, as in KL → eµ and K + → π + e− µ+ , measured as Γ(KL → eµ)/Γ(KL → all) < 3.3 × 10−11 and Γ(K + → π+ e− µ+ )/Γ(K + → all) < 2.1 × 10−10 . Limits on the conversion of τ into e or µ are found in τ decay and are much less stringent than HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
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those for µ → e conversion, e.g., Γ(τ → µγ)/Γ(τ → all) < 3.0 × 10−6 and Γ(τ → eγ)/Γ(τ → all) < 2.7 × 10−6 . c) Conversion of one type of lepton into another type of antilepton. The case most studied is µ− + (Z, A) → e+ + (Z − 2, A), the strongest limit being Γ(µ−Ti → e+ Ca)/Γ(µ−Ti → all) < 9 × 10−11 . d) Relation to neutrino mass. If neutrinos have mass, then it is expected even in the standard electroweak theory that the lepton numbers are not separately conserved, as a consequence of lepton mixing analogous to Cabibbo quark mixing. However, in this case lepton-number-violating processes such as µ → eγ are expected to have extremely small probability. For small neutrino masses, the lepton-number violation would be observed first in neutrino oscillations, which have been the subject of extensive experimental searches. For example, searches for ν e disappearance, which we label as ν e 6→ ν e , give measured limits ∆(m2 ) < 9 × 10−4 eV2 for sin2 (2θ) = 1, and sin2 (2θ) < 0.02 for large ∆(m2 ), where θ is the neutrino mixing angle. Possible evidence for mixing has come from two sources. The deficit in the solar neutrino flux compared with solar model calculations could be explained by oscillations with ∆(m2 ) ≤ 10−5 eV2 causing the disappearance of νe . In addition underground detectors observing neutrinos produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere have measured a νµ /νe ratio much less than expected and also a deficiency of upward going νµ compared to downward. This could be explained by oscillations leading to the disappearance of νµ with ∆(m2 ) of the order 10−2 –10−3 eV2 . CONSERVATION OF HADRONIC FLAVORS In strong and electromagnetic interactions, hadronic flavor is conserved, i.e. the conversion of a quark of one flavor (d, u, s, c, b, t) into a quark of another flavor is forbidden. In the Standard Model, the weak interactions violate these conservation laws in a manner described by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing (see the section “Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Mixing Matrix”). The way in which these conservation laws are violated is tested as follows: a) ∆S = ∆Q rule. In the semileptonic decay of strange particles, the strangeness change equals the change in charge of the hadrons. Tests come from limits on decay rates such as Γ(Σ+ → ne+ ν)/Γ(Σ+ → all) < 5 × 10−6 , and from a detailed analysis of KL → πeν, which yields the parameter x,
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measured to be (Re x, Im x) = (0.006±0.018, −0.003±0.026). Corresponding rules are ∆C = ∆Q and ∆B = ∆Q. b) Change of flavor by two units. In the Standard Model this occurs only in second-order weak interactions. The classic example is ∆S = 2 via 0 K 0 − K mixing, which is directly measured by m(KS ) − m(KL ) = (3.489 ± 0 0.009)×10−12 MeV. There is now evidence for B 0 −B mixing (∆B = 2), with the corresponding mass difference between the eigenstates (mB 0 − mB 0 ) = (3.05 ± 0.12) × 10−10
0 Bs0 –B s
H
L
MeV, and for mixing, with (0.723 ± 0.032)ΓB 0 = −9 (mB 0 –mB 0 ) > 14ΓBs0 or > 6 × 10 MeV (CL=95%). No evidence exists sH
sL
0
for − D mixing, which is expected to be much smaller in the Standard Model. c) Flavor-changing neutral currents. In the Standard Model the neutral-current interactions do not change flavor. The low rate Γ(KL → µ+ µ− )/Γ(KL → all) = (7.2 ± 0.5) × 10−9 puts limits on such interactions; the nonzero value for this rate is attributed to a combination of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. The best test should come from K + → π+ νν, which occurs in the Standard Model only as a second-order weak process with a branching fraction of (1 to 8)×10−10 . Observation of one event has been reported [4], yielding Γ(K + → π+ νν)/Γ(K + → all) −10 . Limits for charm-changing or bottom-changing neutral = (4.2+9.7 −3.5 ) × 10 currents are much less stringent: Γ(D0 → µ+ µ− )/Γ(D0 → all) < 4 × 10−6 and Γ(B 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γ(B 0 → all) < 7 × 10−7 . One cannot isolate flavorchanging neutral current (FCNC) effects in non leptonic decays. For example, the FCNC transition s → d + (u + u) is equivalent to the charged-current transition s → u + (u + d). Tests for FCNC are therefore limited to hadron decays into lepton pairs. Such decays are expected only in second-order in the electroweak coupling in the Standard Model. D0
References 1. R. Carosi et al., Phys. Lett. B237, 303 (1990). 2. M. Karlsson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2976 (1990); L.K. Gibbons et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1199 (1993). 3. B. Schwingenheuer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4376 (1995). 4. S. Adler et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2204 (1997). HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
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TESTS OF DISCRETE SPACE-TIME SYMMETRIES
CHARGE CONJUGATION (C ) INVARIANCE <3.1 × 10−8 , CL = 90%
Γ(π0 → 3γ)/Γtotal η C-nonconserving decay parameters π+ π− π0 left-right asymmetry parameter π+ π− π0 sextant asymmetry parameter π+ π− π0 quadrant asymmetry parameter π+ π− γ left-right asymmetry parameter π+ π− γ parameter β (D-wave)
(0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 (−0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 0.05 ± 0.06 (S = 1.5) <5 × 10−4 , CL = 95%
Γ(η → 3γ)/Γtotal Γ(η → π0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(η → π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(ω(782) → η π0 )/Γtotal Γ(ω(782) → 3π0 )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → η e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → 3γ)/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → µ+ µ− π0 )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → µ+ µ− η)/Γtotal
[a] <4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [a] <5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
[a] <1.3 × 10−2 , CL = 90% [a] <1.1 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [a] <6.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [a] <1.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
PARITY (P) INVARIANCE (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−26 e cm (3.7 ± 3.4) × 10−19 e cm > −3.1 and < 3.1 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2 × 10−2 , CL = 90%
e electric dipole moment µ electric dipole moment τ electric dipole moment (dτ ) Γ(η → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π0 π0 )/Γtotal
<9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% (−4 ± 6) × 10−23 e cm <0.97 × 10−25 e cm, CL = 90% <1.5 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95%
p electric dipole moment n electric dipole moment Λ electric dipole moment
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) TIME REVERSAL (T ) INVARIANCE Limits on e, µ, τ , p, n, and Λ electric dipole moments under Parity Invariance above are also tests of Time Reversal Invariance. µ decay parameters transverse e + polarization normal to plane of µ spin, e + momentum α0 /A β 0 /A τ electric dipole moment (dτ ) Im(ξ) in K ± µ3 decay (from transverse µ pol.) Im(ξ) in K 0 decay (from transverse µ pol.) µ3 n → p e − ν decay parameters
(0 ± 4) × 10−3 (2 ± 6) × 10−3 > −3.1 and < 3.1 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% −0.017 ± 0.025 −0.007 ± 0.026 [b] (180.07 ± 0.18)◦
φAV , phase of g A relative to g V triple correlation coefficient D triple correlation coefficient D for Σ − → n e − ν e
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
0.007 ± 0.023
(−0.5 ± 1.4) × 10−3 0.11 ± 0.10
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Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CP INVARIANCE Re(d w τ ) w Im(d ) τ Γ(η → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π+ π− )/Γtotal Γ(η0 (958) → π0 π0 )/Γtotal K ± → π± π+ π− rate difference/average K ± → π± π0 π0 rate difference/average K ± → π± π0 γ rate difference/average (g + − g − ) / (g + + g − ) for K ± → π± π+ π− τ τ τ τ CP-violation parameters in K 0 S decay 0 Im(η+−0 ) = Im(A(K → π+ π− π0 , CPS + − 0 violating) / A(K 0 L → π π π )) Im(η000 )2 = Γ(K 0 → 3π0 ) / S 0) Γ(K 0 → 3π L + − 0 charge asymmetry j for K 0 L → π π π 0 0 + − +−γ / for K L → π π γ 0 + − Γ(K 0 L → π µ µ )/Γtotal 0 + − Γ(K 0 L → π e e )/Γtotal 0 Γ(K 0 L → π ν ν)/Γtotal ACP (K + K − π± ) in D ± → K + K − π± ACP (K ± K ∗0 ) in D + → K + K ∗0 and D − → K − K ∗0 ACP (φπ± ) in D ± → φπ± ACP (π+ π− π± ) in D ± → π+ π− π± ACP (K + K − ) in D 0 , D 0 → K + K − ACP (π+ π− ) in D 0 , D 0 → π+ π− 0 0 0 ACP (K 0 S φ) in D , D → K S φ ACP (K 0 π0 ) in D 0 , D 0 → K 0 π0 S S Re( 0 ) B α− (Λ) + α+ (Λ) / α− (Λ) − α+ (Λ)
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<0.56 × 10−17 e cm, CL = 95% <1.5 × 10−17 e cm, CL = 95% <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% (0.07 ± 0.12)% (0.0 ± 0.6)% (0.9 ± 3.3)% (−0.7 ± 0.5)% −0.002 ± 0.008 <0.1, CL = 90% 0.0011 ± 0.0008 <0.3, CL = 90% [c] <5.1 × 10−9 , CL = 90% [c] <4.3 × 10−9 , CL = 90% [d ] <5.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% −0.017 ± 0.027 −0.02 ± 0.05 −0.014 ± 0.033 −0.02 ± 0.04 0.026 ± 0.035 −0.05 ± 0.08 −0.03 ± 0.09 −0.018 ± 0.030 0.002 ± 0.008 −0.03 ± 0.06
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CP VIOLATION OBSERVED K0 L branching ratios charge asymmetry in K 0 `3 decays − + δ(µ) = [Γ(π µ νµ ) − Γ(π+ µ− ν µ )]/sum δ(e) = [Γ(π− e + νe ) − Γ(π+ e − ν e )]/sum parameters for K 0 → 2π decay L η = A(K 0 → 2π0 ) / 00 L A(K 0 → 2π0 ) S 0 → π+ π− ) / A(K 0 → η +− = A(K S L π+ π− ) 0 / ≈ Re(0 /) = (1− η00 /η+− )/3 φ+− , phase of η+−
(0.304 ± 0.025)% (0.333 ± 0.014)% (2.275 ± 0.019) × 10−3 (S = 1.1) (2.285 ± 0.019) × 10−3 [e] (1.5 ± 0.8) × 10−3 (S = 1.8) (43.5 ± 0.6)◦ (43.4 ± 1.0)◦
φ00 , phase of η00 parameters for K 0 → π+ π− γ decay L 0 + − η +−γ = A(K L → π π γ , CP + − violating)/A(K 0 S → π π γ)
(2.35 ± 0.07) × 10−3
φ+−γ = phase of η+−γ + − Γ(K 0 L → π π )/Γtotal 0 0 Γ(K 0 L → π π )/Γtotal
(2.067 ± 0.035) × 10−3 (S = 1.1) (9.36 ± 0.20) × 10−4
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(44 ± 4)◦
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Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) CPT INVARIANCE − m − ) / m average W+ W (m + − m − ) / m average e e q e + q e+ e− (g + − g − ) / gaverage e e (τ + − τ − ) / τ average µ µ (g + − g − ) / g average µ µ (m + − m − ) / m average π π (τ + − τ − ) / τ average π π (m + − m − ) / m average K K (τ + − τ − ) / τ average K K K ± → µ± νµ rate difference/average K ± → π± π0 rate difference/average m 0 − m 0 / m average K K phase difference φ00 − φ+−
−0.002 ± 0.007 <4 × 10−8 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−8
(m
(−0.5 ± 2.1) × 10−12 (2 ± 8) × 10−5 (−2.6 ± 1.6) × 10−8 (2 ± 5) × 10−4 (6 ± 7) × 10−4 (−0.6 ± 1.8) × 10−4 (0.11 ± 0.09)% (S = 1.2) (−0.5 ± 0.4)% [f ] (0.8 ± 1.2)% [g] <10−18 (−0.1 ± 0.8)◦
CPT-violation parameters in K 0 decay real part of ∆
0.018 ± 0.020 0.02 ± 0.04 (1.5 ± 1.1) × 10−9
imaginary part of ∆ qp qp q ( m – m )/ m average p p q + q e p p (µ p + µ p ) µ average
<2 × 10−5 (−2.6 ± 2.9) × 10−3 (9 ± 5) × 10−5
(m n − m n ) / m average (m Λ − m ) m Λ Λ (τ Λ − τ ) / τ average Λ (µ + + µ − ) µ average Σ Σ (m − − m + ) / m average Ξ Ξ (τ − − τ + ) / τ average Ξ Ξ (m − − m + ) / m average Ω Ω
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(−1.0 ± 0.9) × 10−5 0.04 ± 0.09 0.014 ± 0.015 (1.1 ± 2.7) × 10−4 0.02 ± 0.18 (0 ± 5) × 10−4
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998)
TESTS OF NUMBER CONSERVATION LAWS
LEPTON FAMILY NUMBER Lepton family number conservation means separate conservation of each of Le , Lµ , Lτ . Γ(Z → e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(Z → e ± τ ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(Z → µ± τ ∓ )/Γtotal limit on µ− → e − conversion σ(µ− 32 S → e − 32 S) / σ(µ− 32 S → νµ 32 P∗ ) σ(µ− Ti → e − Ti) / σ(µ− Ti → capture) σ(µ− Pb → e − Pb) / σ(µ− Pb → capture) limit on muonium → antimuonium conversion Rg = GC / GF − Γ(µ → e − νe ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(µ− → e − γ)/Γtotal Γ(µ− → e − e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(µ− → e − 2γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − K 0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− K 0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − η)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− η)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − ρ0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− ρ0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− K ∗ (892)0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − φ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ− φ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e − µ+ µ− )/Γtotal
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[h] <1.7 × 10−6 , CL = 95% [h] <9.8 × 10−6 , CL = 95% [h] <1.2 × 10−5 , CL = 95% <7 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <4.3 × 10−12 , CL = 90% <4.6 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <0.018, CL = 90% [i] <1.2 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <4.9 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−12 , CL = 90% <7.2 × 10−11 , CL = 90% <2.7 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<3.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <3.7 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <4.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
<1.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <8.2 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <9.6 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <2.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<6.3 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <5.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <6.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <2.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(τ − → e + µ− µ− )/Γtotal <1.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− e + e − )/Γtotal <1.7 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ+ e − e − )/Γtotal <1.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− µ+ µ− )/Γtotal <1.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π+ π− )/Γtotal <2.2 × 10−6 , CL = 90% − − + − Γ(τ → µ π π )/Γtotal <8.2 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π+ K − )/Γtotal <6.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π− K + )/Γtotal <3.8 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − K + K − )/Γtotal <6.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− π+ K − )/Γtotal <7.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% − − − + Γ(τ → µ π K )/Γtotal <7.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− K + K − )/Γtotal <1.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − π0 π0 )/Γtotal <6.5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− π0 π0 )/Γtotal <1.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − η η)/Γtotal <3.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− η η)/Γtotal <6.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% − − 0 Γ(τ → e π η)/Γtotal <2.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → µ− π0 η)/Γtotal <2.2 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → e − light boson)/Γtotal <2.7 × 10−3 , CL = 95% Γ(τ − → µ− light boson)/Γtotal <5 × 10−3 , CL = 95% ν oscillations. (For other lepton mixing effects in particle decays, see the Particle Listings.) ν e 6→ ν e ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 <9 × 10−4 eV2 , CL = 90% sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) <0.02, CL = 90% νe → ντ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )
<9 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.25, CL = 90%
νe → ν τ sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ → νe ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )
<0.7, CL = 90% <0.09 eV2 , CL = 90% <3.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
νµ → νe ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ (ν µ ) → νe (ν e ) ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )
<0.14 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.004, CL = 95% <0.075 eV2 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
νµ → ντ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ → ντ
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<0.9 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.004, CL = 90%
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Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ (ν µ ) → ντ (ν τ ) ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1
<2.2 eV2 , CL = 90% <4.4 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <1.5 eV2 , CL = 90% <8 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νe 6→ νe ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 )
<0.17 eV2 , CL = 90% <7 × 10−2 , CL = 90%
νµ 6→ νµ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for ∆(m 2 ) = 100eV2
<0.23 or >1500 eV2 [j] <0.02, CL = 90%
ν µ 6→ ν µ ∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 sin2 (2θ) for 190 eV2 < ∆(m 2 ) < 320 eV2 Γ(π+ → µ+ νe )/Γtotal Γ(π+ → µ− e + e + ν)/Γtotal Γ(π0 → µ+ e − + e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(η → µ+ e − + µ− e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → µ− ν e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → µ+ νe )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ µ+ e − )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ µ− e + )/Γtotal ± ∓ Γ(K 0 L → e µ )/Γtotal ± ± ∓ ∓ Γ(K 0 L → e e µ µ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π+ e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π+ e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K + e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K + e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → µ± e ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → η e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ρ0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ω e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → φe ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → K 0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π+ e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π+ e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + e + µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + e − µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π− e + µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K − e + µ+ )/Γtotal
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<7 or >1200 eV2 [k] <0.02, CL = 90% [l] <8.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <1.6 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<1.72 × 10−8 , CL = 90% <6 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<2.0 × 10−8 , CL = 90% [l] <4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <2.1 × 10−10 , CL = 90%
<7 × 10−9 , CL = 90% [h] <3.3 × 10−11 , CL = 90% [h] <6.1 × 10−9 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
[h] <1.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [h] <8.6 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [h] <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <4.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
[h] <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <3.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% [h] <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
<6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(B 0 → e ± µ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → e ± τ ∓)/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → µ± τ ∓ )/Γtotal Γ(B → e ± µ∓ s)/Γtotal ± ∓ Γ(B 0 s → e µ )/Γtotal
[h] <5.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% [h] <5.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [h] <8.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.2 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
[h] <4.1 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
TOTAL LEPTON NUMBER Violation of total lepton number conservation also implies violation of lepton family number conservation. limit on µ− → e + conversion σ(µ− 32 S → e + 32 Si∗ ) / σ(µ− 32 S → νµ 32 P∗ ) σ(µ− 127 I → e + 127 Sb∗ ) / σ(µ− 127 I → anything) − σ(µ Ti → e + Ca) / σ(µ− Ti → capture)
<9 × 10−10 , CL = 90% <3 × 10−10 , CL = 90% <8.9 × 10−11 , CL = 90%
Γ(τ − → π− γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → π− π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e + π− π− )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ+ π− π− )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e + π− K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → e + K − K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ+ π− K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → µ+ K − K − )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → p γ)/Γtotal Γ(τ − → p π0 )/Γtotal Γ(τ − → p η)/Γtotal νe → (ν e )L α∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 α2 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) νµ → (ν e )L α∆(m 2 ) for sin2 (2θ) = 1 α2 sin2 (2θ) for “Large” ∆(m 2 ) Γ(π+ → µ+ ν e )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π− µ+ e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π− e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(K + → µ+ ν e )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π0 e + ν e )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π− e + e + )/Γtotal
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
<2.8 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <3.7 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <3.4 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <2.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <3.8 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <7.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <6.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90%
<2.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <6.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.30 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <0.14 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.032, CL = 90%
<0.16 eV2 , CL = 90% <0.001, CL = 90% [l] <1.5 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <7 × 10−9 , CL = 90%
<1.0 × 10−8 , CL = 90% [l] <1.5 × 10−4 , CL = 90% [l] <3.3 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
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Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(D + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π− e + µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → ρ− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K − e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K − e + µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → K ∗ (892)− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal s Γ(D + → K − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal s Γ(D + → K ∗ (892)− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal s Γ(B + → π− e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π− µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K − e + e + )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p µ− µ− )/Γtotal Γ(Λ+ → Σ − µ+ µ+ )/Γtotal c
<8.7 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <8.5 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <4.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.9 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <9.1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.9 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <9.1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <7.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
BARYON NUMBER Γ(τ − → p γ)/Γtotal <2.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → p π0 )/Γtotal <6.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% Γ(τ − → p η)/Γtotal <1.30 × 10−3 , CL = 90% p mean life >1.6 × 1025 years A few examples of proton or bound neutron decay follow. For limits on many other nucleon decay channels, see the Baryon Summary Table. τ (N → e + π) > 130 (n), > 550 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% + τ (N → µ π) > 100 (n), > 270 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% τ (N → e + K ) > 1.3 (n), > 150 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% τ (N → µ+ K ) > 1.1 (n), > 120 (p) × 1030 years, CL = 90% [m] >1.2 × 108 s, CL = 90% limit on n n oscillations (bound n) limit on n n oscillations (free n) >0.86 × 108 s, CL = 90%
ELECTRIC CHARGE (Q) [n] >4.3 × 1023 yr, CL = 68% <8 × 10−27 , CL = 68%
e mean life / branching fraction Γ(n → p νe ν e )/Γtotal
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Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆S = ∆Q RULE Allowed in second-order weak interactions. Γ(K + → π+ π+ e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ π+ µ− ν µ )/Γtotal
<1.2 × 10−8 , CL = 90% <3.0 × 10−6 , CL = 95%
x = A(K 0 → π− `+ ν)/A(K 0 → π− `+ ν) = A(∆S=−∆Q)/A(∆S=∆Q) real part of x 0.006 ± 0.018 (S = 1.3) imaginary part of x −0.003 ± 0.026 (S = 1.2) <0.043 Γ Σ + → n `+ ν /Γ Σ − → n `− ν Γ(Σ + → n e + νe )/Γtotal <5 × 10−6 , CL = 90% Γ(Σ + → n µ+ νµ )/Γtotal <3.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% Γ(Ξ 0 → Σ − e + νe )/Γtotal <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% 0 − + Γ(Ξ → Σ µ νµ )/Γtotal <9 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
∆S = 2 FORBIDDEN Allowed in second-order weak interactions. Γ(Ξ 0 → p π− )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ 0 → p e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ 0 → p µ− ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → n π− )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → n e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → n µ− ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p π− π− )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p π− e − ν e )/Γtotal Γ(Ξ − → p π− µ− ν µ )/Γtotal Γ(Ω − → Λ π− )/Γtotal
<4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−3
<1.3 × 10−3 <1.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <3.2 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <1.5 × 10−2 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <4 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
∆S = 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. (0.5301 ± 0.0014) × 1010 ¯ h s−1
m 0 −m 0 KL KS
(3.489 ± 0.009) × 10−12 MeV
m 0 −m 0 KL KS
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 15
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆C = 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. m − m 0 D 01 D2 Γ 0 – Γ 0 /Γ 0 mean life difference/average D D1 D2 + − Γ K ` ν ` (via D 0 ) /Γ K − `+ ν` Γ K + π− or K + π− π+ π− (via D 0 ) /Γ K − π+ or K − π+ π+ π− Γ(D 0 → K + `− ν ` (via D 0 ))/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → K + π− or K + π− π+ π− (via D 0 ))/Γtotal
[o] <24 × 1010 ¯ h s−1 , CL = 90% [o] <0.20, CL = 90% <0.005, CL = 90% [p] < 0.0085 (or < 0.0037), CL = 90% <1.7 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
∆B = 2 VIA MIXING Allowed in second-order weak interactions, e.g. mixing. 0.172 ± 0.010
χ d ∆m 0 = m 0 − m 0 B BH BL xd = ∆m 0 /Γ 0 B B χ at high energy B
(0.464 ± 0.018) × 1012 ¯ h s−1 0.723 ± 0.032 0.118 ± 0.006 >9.1 × 1012 ¯ h s−1 , CL = 95%
∆m 0 = m 0 – m 0 Bs Bs H Bs L xs = ∆m 0 /Γ 0 Bs Bs χ s
>14.0, CL = 95% >0.4975, CL = 95%
∆S = 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(K + → π+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(K + → π+ ν ν)/Γtotal + − Γ(K 0 S → µ µ )/Γtotal Γ(K 0 → e + e − )/Γtotal S 0 + − Γ(K 0 S → π e e )/Γtotal Γ(K 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γtotal L + − Γ(K 0 L → µ µ γ)/Γtotal + − Γ(K 0 L → e e )/Γtotal Γ(K 0 → e + e − γ)/Γtotal L
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
(2.74 ± 0.23) × 10−7 (5.0 ± 1.0) × 10−8 −10 (4.2 +9.7 −3.5 ) × 10 <3.2 × 10−7 , CL = 90% <1.4 × 10−7 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% (7.2 ± 0.5) × 10−9 (S = 1.4) (3.25 ± 0.28) × 10−7 <4.1 × 10−11 , CL = 90% (9.1 ± 0.5) × 10−6
Page 16
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 → L Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 → L Γ(K 0 L → Γ(K 0 L → Γ(Σ + →
e + e − γ γ)/Γtotal π+ π− e + e − )/Γtotal µ+ µ− e + e − )/Γtotal e + e − e + e − )/Γtotal π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal π0 e + e − )/Γtotal π0 ν ν)/Γtotal p e + e − )/Γtotal
[q] (6.5 ± 1.2) × 10−7 [q] <4.6 × 10−7 , CL = 90% −9 (2.9 +6.7 −2.4 ) × 10 (4.1 ± 0.8) × 10−8 (S = 1.2) <5.1 × 10−9 , CL = 90% <4.3 × 10−9 , CL = 90% <5.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <7 × 10−6
∆C = 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(D + → π+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D + → π+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D + → ρ+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → η e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → η µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ρ0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ρ0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ω e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → ω µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → φe + e − )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → φµ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(D 0 → π+ π− π0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal + + − Γ(D + s → K µ µ )/Γtotal ∗ + + − Γ(D + s → K (892) µ µ )/Γtotal Γ(Λ+ → p µ+ µ− )/Γtotal c
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
<6.6 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.3 × 10−5 , CL = 90%
<4.1 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <4.5 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.8 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <8.3 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.2 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <4.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <8.1 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <5.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.4 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
Page 17
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) ∆B = 1 WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT FORBIDDEN Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. Γ(B + → π+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B + → π+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K + µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K ∗ (892)+ e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B + → K ∗ (892)+ µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → γ γ)/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K 0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K 0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 e + e − )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 µ+ µ− )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 → K ∗ (892) 0 ν ν)/Γtotal Γ(B → e + e − s)/Γtotal Γ(B → µ+ µ− s)/Γtotal Γ(b → µ+ µ− anything)/Γtotal + − Γ(B 0 s → µ µ )/Γtotal + − Γ(B 0 s → e e )/Γtotal Γ(B 0 s → φν ν)/Γtotal
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
<3.9 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <9.1 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <6 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <6.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <1.2 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <3.9 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.9 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <6.8 × 10−7 , CL = 90% <3.0 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <3.6 × 10−4 , CL = 90%
<2.9 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.3 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <1.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% <5.7 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.8 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <3.2 × 10−4 , CL = 90% <2.0 × 10−6 , CL = 90% <5.4 × 10−5 , CL = 90% <5.4 × 10−3 , CL = 90%
Page 18
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
Review of Particle Physics: C. Caso et al. (Particle Data Group), European Physical Journal C3, 1 (1998) NOTES [a] C parity forbids this to occur as a single-photon process. [b] Time-reversal invariance requires this to be 0◦ or 180◦ . [c] Allowed by higher-order electroweak interactions. [d ] Violates CP in leading order. Test of direct CP violation since the indirect CP-violating and CP-conserving contributions are expected to be suppressed. [e] 0 / is derived from η 00 /η +− measurements using theoretical input on phases. [f ] Neglecting photon channels. See, e.g., A. Pais and S.B. Treiman, Phys. D12, 2744 (1975). Rev. D12 [g] Derived from measured values of φ+− , φ00 , η , m K 0 − m K 0 , and L
S
τ K 0 , as described in the introduction to “Tests of Conservation Laws.” S
[h] The value is for the sum of the charge states of particle/antiparticle states indicated. [i ] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [j] ∆(m2 ) = 100 eV2 . [k] 190 eV2 < ∆(m2 ) < 320 eV2 . [l ] Derived from an analysis of neutrino-oscillation experiments. [m] There is some controversy about whether nuclear physics and model dependence complicate the analysis for bound neutrons (from which the best limit comes). The second limit here is from reactor experiments with free neutrons. [n] This is the best “electron disappearance” limit. The best limit for the mode e − → ν γ is > 2.35 × 1025 yr (CL=68%). [o] The D 01 -D 02 limits are inferred from the D 0 -D 0 mixing ratio Γ(K + `− ν ` (via D 0 )) / Γ(K − `+ ν` ). [p] The larger limit (from E791) allows interference between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and mixing amplitudes; the smaller limit (from E691) doesn’t. See the papers for details. [q] See the K 0L Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 19
Created: 6/12/1998 14:35
482_Frame_11.020 Page 50 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF THE ISOTOPES Norman E. Holden This table presents an evaluated set of values for the experimental quantities which characterize the decay of radioactive nuclides. A list of the major references used in this evaluation is given below. When uncertainties are not listed, they are assumed to be five or less in the last digit quoted. If they exceed five in the last digit, the value is prefaced by an approximate sign. The effective literature cutoff date for data in this edition of the Table is December, 2000.
Table Layout Column No. 1
2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Column Title Isotope or Element
Description For elements, the atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, the mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2. Isotopic Abundance in atom percent. Atomic Mass or Atomic Weight Atomic mass relative to 12C = 12. Atomic weight is given on the same scale. Half-life Half-life in decimal notation. µs = microseconds; ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; m = minutes; h = hours; d = days; and y = years. Decay Mode/Energy Decay modes are α = alpha particle emission; β¯ = negative beta emission; β+ = positron emission; EC = orbital electron capture; IT = isomeric transition from upper to lower isomeric state; n = neutron emission; SF = spontaneous fission. Total disintegration energy in MeV units. Particle Energy/Intensity End point energies of beta transitions and discrete energies of alpha particles in MeV and their intensities in percent. Spin and Parity Nuclear spin or angular momentum of the nuclides in units of h/2π; parity is positive or negative. Magnetic Dipole Moment Magnetic dipole moments in nuclear magneton units. Electric Quadrupole Moment Electric quadrupole moments in barn units (10¯24 cm2). Gamma Ray Energy/Intensity Gamma ray energies in MeV and intensities in percent. Ann. rad. refers to the 511.006 keV photons emitted in the annihilation of positrons in matter.
General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented, along with subsequent published journals and reports: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, A.H. Wapstra, The Nubase Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties, Nuclear Physics A624, 1 (1997). International Commission on Atomic Weights, Atomic Weights of the Elements - 1999, Pure & Applied Chemistry 73, to be published (2000). J.R. Parrington, H.D. Knox, S. Breneman, E.M. Baum, F. Feiner, Chart of the Nuclides, 15th Edition, Knolls Atomic Power Lab. (1996). N.E. Holden, Total and Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Uranium, Plutonium, Americium and Curium Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 61, 1483 (1989). N.E. Holden, Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990). N.E. Holden, Review of Thermal Neutron Cross Sections and Isotopic Composition of the Elements, BNL-NCS-42224 (March 1989). P. Raghavan, Table of Nuclear Moments, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 42, 189 (1989). E. Brown, R. Firestone, Radioactivity Handbook, Wiley Interscience Press (1986). J.K. Tuli, Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (Jan. 2000). N.E. Holden, D.C. Hoffman, Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72, 1525 (2000). N. Stone, Table of New Nuclear Moments, private communication, www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/stone_moments/moments.html (Dec. 2000).
*This research was carried out under the auspices of the US Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886.
11-50
482_Frame_11.020 Page 51 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. n 1H 1H 2H 3H 4H
Natural Abundance (%)
o
H H 2He 3He 4He 5He
99.985(1) 0.015(1)
5 6
1.37x10-4 ≈100.
Atomic Mass or Weight 1.008664924 1.00794(7) 1.007825032 2.014101778 3.016049268 4.0278 5.040 6.0449 4.002602(2) 3.016029309 4.002603250 5.01222
He He 8He
6.018888 7.02803 8.03392
He He 3Li 4Li 5Li
9.0438 10.0524 6.941(2) 4.0272 5.01254
6 7
9
10
Li Li 8Li
1/2+
-1.913043
β¯/0.01859 n/
0.01860/100. /100
1/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 2-
+2.79285 +0.85744 +2.97896
n/
/100
1/2+ 0+ 3/2-
-2.12762
12.33 y 1.9x10-22 s 8.x10-23 s 3.x10-22 s
7.6x10-22 s 0.807 s 3.x10-21 s 0.119 s 7.x10-21 s 3.x10-21 s 9.x10-23 s ≈3.x10-22 s
Li Li
10.03590 11.04380
4.x10-22 s 8.4 ms
Li Be 5Be 6Be
12.054 9.012182(3) 5.041 6.01973
Be Be
7.0169293 8.00530509
4
Be Be 11Be 9
100.
10
9.0121822 10.0135338 11.02166
Be Be
12.02692 13.0361
Be B 7B 8B 9B 10B 11B 12B
14.0428 10.811(7) 7.0299 8.024607 9.013329 10.0129371 11.0093055 12.014352
13
0.782/100.
0.178 s
12
12
β¯/0.78235
9.026789
11
8
614. s
Li
10
7
Spin (h/2p)
0.84 s
7
9
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
6.0151223 7.0160041 8.022486
6
7.5(2) 92.5(2)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
14
5
B
13
19.9(2) 80.1(2)
13.017780
n, α β¯/3.508,d n β¯/10.65, t n/ n 2n
3.510/100.
p/ p/
/100
β–/16.004 α/ β¯/13.606 β¯/ β¯/20.84 β¯/20.6 n,2n,3n,α
13/88. /12. /100 /100
12.5/100. α(1.6) 13.5/75. 11/25.
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
+2.86 mb
0+ (3/2)0+
0.9807/84. 0.4776/5.
(1/2–) 0+ 23/21+ 3/22+
+0.82205 +3.25644 +1.6536
-0.8 mb -0.041 +0.032
3/2-
3.439
-0.027
3/2(-)
3.668
-0.031
n//106.
3.367/35. (0.22-2.81)
<0.01 µs
5.0x10-21 s 53.28 d ≈7.x10-17 s
2p,α
0+
EC/0.8618 2α/0.046
3/20+
0.4776/10.4
1.52x106 y 13.8 s
β¯/0.5559 β¯,β¯α/11.51
0.555/100. 11.48/61.
3/20+ 1/2+
24. ms ≈ 3.x10-21 s 4.3 ms
β¯,(n)/11.71
n//0.5
0+
β¯,(n)/16.2
n//100.
0+
4.x10-22 s 0.770 s 8x10-19 s
p β+, 2α/17.979 p2α/
13.7(β+)/93.
2+ 3/23+ 3/21+
1.0355
0.068
+1.8006 +2.6886 +1.0027
+0.085 +0.0406 0.0132
3/2-
+3.17778
0.037
0.0202 s 0.0174 s
β¯/13.369 β¯ α/1.6/ β¯/13.437 β¯ n/0.25/
11-51
13.4 2.43(n)/0.09 3.55(n)/0.16
-1.1776
+0.0529 2.125/35.5 (0.478-7.97) (0.95 - 4.4)
ann.rad.
4.438/1.3 3.215/0.00065 3.68/7.6
482_Frame_11.020 Page 52 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
B 15B 16B
14.02540 15.03110 16.0398
B B 19B 6C 8C
17.0469 18.056 19.0637 12.0107(8) 8.03768
C C
9.031040 10.0168532
14
17 18
9
10
98.93(8)
C
1.07(8)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
14. ms 10.4 ms <1.9x10-10 s 5.1 ms <0.026 µs 3.3 ms
β¯/20.64 β¯,(n)/19.09
2.0x10-21 s 127. ms 19.3 s
p β+,p, 2α/16.498 β+/3.648
1.865
20.3 m
β+,EC/1.982
0.9608/99.
Spin (h/2p) 2(3/2-)
β¯,(n)/22.7 β¯,(n)/26.5
(3/2-) 0+
-1.391
3/20+
-0.964
1/2-
+0.70241
16.014701 17.02258
0.75 s 0.19 s
β¯,n/8.012 β¯,n/13.17
0+
C C 20C 21C 22C 7N 10N 11N 12N
18.02676 19.0353 20.0403 21.0493 22.056 14.0067(2) 10.0426 11.0268 12.018613
0.09 s 0.05 s 0.01 s <0.03 µs 9 ms
β¯,n/11.81 n
0+
C
14
15
16 17
18 19
6.094/90.
5715. y
β¯/0.15648
0.1565/100.
0+
2.45 s
β¯/9.772
4.51/68. 9.82/32.
1/2+
0.0333
1.32
ann.rad. ann.rad. 0.71829/100. ann.rad.
5.298/68. (7.30-9.05) 1.375 1.849 1.906
0+ β–,n
n//99.
0+
5.x10-22 s 11.00 ms
β+,β+α/17.338
16.38/95.
1+
+0.457
+10. mb
13.0057386 14.00307400 7 15.00010897 16.006100
9.97 m
β+/2.2204
1.190/100.
1/21+
0.3222 +0.40376
+0.0200
1/22-
-0.28319
N
17.00845
4.17 s
1/2-
0.352
N
18.01408
0.62 s
1-
0.328
0.012
19.01703 20.02337 21.0271 22.0344 23.0405 24.050 15.9994(3) 12.03440
0.32 s 0.14 s 0.08 s 0.02 s 15 ms <0.052 µs
β¯/12.53 β¯/17.97
0.822/61. 1.65/60.5 1.982/98. (0.535-7.13) (0.096-3.14)
≈1.x10-21 s 8.9 ms
2p (3/2-)
1.389
0.026
ann.rad.
N N
13 14
N N
15 16
17
18
N N 21N 22N 23N 24N 8O 12O 19 20
13
0.0298 0.038
0+
C C
13
1.185 2.66
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
n//125.
C
12
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
2.54
11.011433 12.00000000 0 13.00335483 8 14.00324199 1 15.010599
11
C C
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
O
99.632(7) 0.368(7)
13.02481
7.13 s
β¯/10.419 β¯, α β¯,β¯ n/8.68 0.4-1.7n/95. β¯ α/ β¯/13.90
β–,n
4.27/68. 10.44/26. 1.85/.0012 3.7/100. 8.0, 8.2 9.4/100.
ann.rad. 4.438/2.
6.129/68.8 7.115/4.7 (0.99-8.87) 0.871/3. 2.1842/0.3
n//80.
β+,p/17.77
11-52
1.56 (p)/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 53 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
14.0085953
70.60 s
β+/5.1430
1.81/99.
0+
15.0030655 15.99491462 2 16.9991315 17.999160 19.003579
122.2 s
β+/2.754
1.723/100.
1/20+
0.7195
-1.8938
-0.026
26.9 s
β¯/4.820
5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
1.5320
3.7 mb
O O 22O 23O 24O
20.004076 21.00866 22.00997 23.0157 24.0204
13.5 s 3.4 s 2.2 s 0.08 s ≈65 ms
β¯/3.814 β¯/8.11 β¯/6.5
O O 9F
<0.05 µs <0.04 µs
F F 16F
25.029 26.038 18.9984032( 5) 14.036 15.0180 16.01147
F F 19F 20F
17.0020952 18.000938 18.9984032 19.9999813
Elem. or Isot. 14
O
15
O O
16
O O 19O 17 18
Natural Abundance (%)
99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14)
20 21
25 26
14 15
17 18
100.
Atomic Mass or Weight
β–,n
3.25/60. 4.60/40.
n//18.
5.x10-22 s ≈1.x10-20 s 64.5 s 1.830 h
p p β+/2.761 β+,EC/1.656
1.75/ 0.635/97.
11.00 s
β¯/7.0245
5.398/100. 3.7/8. 5.0/63. 5.4/29. 3.48/15. 4.67/7. 5.50/62.
20.999949
4.16 s
β¯/5.684
22
F
22.00300
4.23 s
β¯/10.82
23
F
23.00357
2.2 s
β¯/8.5
24
F F
24.0081 25.0121
0.3 s ≈50 ms
β¯/13.5 β–,(n)
n//14.
F
26.0196
10 ms
β–,(n)
n//11.
1.83/28 0.52/14. 1.31/12.
5/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 2+
+4.721
0.058
+2.62887 +2.0934
0.072 0.042
5/2+
3.9
4+
5/2+
F F 31F 10Ne 16Ne 17Ne
27.0269 29.043
5. ms 3. ms
β–,(n) β–,(n)
n//90. n//100.
20.1797(6) 16.02575 17.01770
4.x10-21 s 109. ms
2p β+ .p/14.53
1.4-10.6/
0+ 1/2-
18
Ne
18.005697
1.67 s
β+/4.446
3.416/92.
0+
19
Ne
19.001880
17.22 s
β+/3.238
2.24/99.
1/2+
20
Ne
90.48(3)
21
Ne
0.27(1)
27 29
0.197/95.9 1.3569/50.4 (0.11-4.18) 1.057/100. (0.28-4.6) (0.64-1.86)
(1/2+) 0-
F
26
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 4.438/0.56 ann.rad. 2.312/99.4 ann.rad.
0+
21
25
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
19.99244017 6 20.99384674
-1.885
11-53
-0.66180
1.634/100. 3.33/0.009 0.3507/90. 1.395/15. (1.746-4.684) 1.2746/100. 2.0826/82. (0.82-4.37) 1.701/48. 2.129/34. (0.493-3.83) 1.9816/ 1.70/39. (0.57-2.19) 2.02/67. 1.67/19.
ann.rad./ 0.495 ann.rad./ 1.0413/7.8 (0.658-1.70) ann.rad./ (0.11-1.55)
0+ 3/2+
ann.rad. ann.rad.
+0.103
482_Frame_11.020 Page 54 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Ne 23Ne
9.25(3)
22
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
21.9913855 22.9944673
37.2 s
β¯/4.376
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 3.95/32. 4.39/67. 1.10/8. 1.98/92. 6.3/ 7.3/
Spin (h/2p) 0+ 5/2+
24
Ne
23.99362
3.38 m
β¯/2.47
25
Ne
24.99779
0.61 s
β¯/7.30
Ne Ne 28Ne
26.00046 27.0076 28.0121
197 ms 32 ms 18. ms
β¯/7.3 β¯, n/12.7 β¯, n/12.3
n//11.
0+ (3/2+) 0+
Ne
29.0194
15. ms
β¯,(n)/15.4
n//27.
(3/2+)
30.024 31.033 32.040 22.989770(2) 18.0272 19.01388 20.00735
7. ms >0.26 µs >0.20 µs
β–, (n)
n//9.
0+
0.03 s 0.446 s
β+,p/11.18 β+/13.89 α β+/3.547
26 27
29
Ne Ne 32Ne 11Na 18Na 19Na 20Na 30 31
Na
20.997655
22.48 s
22
Na
21.9944366
2.605 y
β+/90/2.842 EC/10/
23.9909633
20.2 ms 14.96 h
I.T.,β¯ β¯/5.5158
Na Na 24Na 23
100.
0.545/90.
3+
+1.746 +2.21752
1.389/>99.
3/2+ 1+ 4+
5/2+
+3.683
-0.10
7.95/
3+ 5/2+
+2.851 +3.90
-0.08 0.24
12.3/
1+
+2.43
-0.02
11.5/
3/2+
+2.45
-1.3
2 (3/2-)
+2.08 +2.31
0+ 5/2+ 0+
22.9897697
26
Na Na
25.99259 26.99401
1.07 s 0.290 s
28
Na
27.9989
31. ms
29
Na
29.0028
44. ms
β¯/9.31 β¯/9.01 β¯,n/ β¯/14.0 β¯,n/ β¯,n/13.3
30
Na Na
30.0092 31.0136
50. ms 17.2 ms
32.0197 33.027 34.035 35.044 24.3050(6) 20.01886 21.01171 21.999574
13.5 ms 8.1 ms 5. ms 1.5 ms
β¯/17.5 /15.9 β¯,n β¯/19.1 β¯/20. β¯/24. β¯/24
96. ms 122. ms 3.86 s
β+,p/10.73 β+,p/13.10 β+/4.786
3.05/
11.32 s
β+/4.057
3.09/92.
Mg Mg 25Mg 26Mg 27Mg 23 24
78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3)
22.994125 23.9850419 24.9858370 25.9825930 26.9843407
9.45 m
2.06/19. 0.86/3. 2.92/54. (0.22-1.18)
+2.3863
β¯/3.835
Na Na 34Na 35Na 12Mg 20Mg 21Mg 22Mg
1/2+
3/2+
59.3 s
33
0+
+0.3694
24.989954
32
0.440/33. (1.64-2.98) 0.4723/100. 0.874/7.9 0.0895/96. (0.98-3.69) 0.233/
2+
Na
31
-0.19 -1.08
2.15/ 2.50/95.
25
27
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
21
24m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
β¯/2.6103
11-54
2.6/7. 3.15/25. 4.0/65.
1.59/41.
3/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 1/2+
+0.05
ann.rad./ 1.634/79. ann.rad./ 0.351/5. ann.rad./ 1.2745/99.9
+0.104
+1.690
0.536
1.25
-0.85545
+0.199
0.4723/100. 1.3686/100. 2.754/100. (0.997-4.238) 0.3897/12.7 0.5850/13. 0.9747/14.9 (0.836-2.80) 1.809/98.9 0.9847/87.4 1.698/11.9 1.473/37. 2.389/18.6 2.560/36. (1.04-3.99) 1.483/46. 1.483/14. (0.05-3.54) 0.886/60. 0.886/16. 0.886/60.
0.332/51. 0.0729/60. 0.5820/100. (1.28-1.93) 0.440/8.2
0.17068/0.9
482_Frame_11.020 Page 55 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
3/2+
Spin (h/2p)
28
Mg
27.983877
20.9 h
β¯/1.832
1.75/58. 2.65/0.3 0.459/95.
29
Mg
28.98855
1.3 s
β¯/7.55
5.4/
Mg Mg 32Mg 33Mg 34Mg 35Mg 36Mg 37Mg 38Mg 13Al 21Al 22Al
29.9905 30.9966 31.9992 33.0056 34.0091 35.0175 36.022 37.031
0.32 s 0.24 s 0.12 s 0.09 s 0.02 s 0.07 s >0.2 µs >0.26 µs
β¯/7.0 β¯/11.7 β¯/10.3 β¯/13.7 β¯/11.3
0+ (3/2+) 0+
β+/18.6 β+,p,2p,α/ β+,p/0.17
4+
30 31
23m
26.981538(2) 21.028 <0.035 µs 22.0195 59. ms ≈0.35 s
Al
24
Al
23.999941
2.07 s
β+/12.24 β+,p/ I.T./0.4259 β+ β+/13.878,p
25
Al
24.990429
7.17 s
Al Al
25.9868917
23
Al
24m
23.00727
Al
0.129 s
Al Al 29Al 27 28
100.
0+ (7/2-) 0+ (7/2-) 0+
1+ 4+
β+/4.277
3.27/
5/2+
3.646
6.345 s 7.1x105 y
β+ / β+/82/4.0042 EC/18/
3.2/ 1.16/
0+ 5+
+2.804
+0.17
26.9815384 27.9819102 28.980445
2.25 m 6.5 m
β¯/4.6422 β¯/3.680
2.865/100. 1.4/30. 2.5/70.
+3.64151 3.24
+0.140 0.18
Al
29.98296
3.68 s
β¯/8.56
5.05/
31
Al
30.98395
0.64 s
β¯/8.00
6.25/
Al Al 34Al 35Al 36Al 37Al 38Al 39Al 40Al
31.9881 32.9909 33.9969 34.9999 36.0064 37.010 38.0169 39.022
33. ms 41. ms ≈42. ms 30 ms 0.09 s >1 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs
β¯/13.0
33
ann.rad./ 0.554 0.839 ann.rad./
30
32
β¯/17.1
11-55
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.84376/72. 1.01443/28. 0.0306/95. 0.4006/36. 0.9418/36. 1.342/54. 0.960/15. 1.398/16. 2.224/36. 0.224/85. 1.61/26. 2.765/25. 1.848/
13.3 3.40/48. 4.42/41. 6.80/3. 8.74/8.
26m 26
0.47 s
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
5/2+ 3+ 5/2+
3+
1+
1.3686/5.3 1.078(2)/16. 1.368(2)/96. 2.753(2)/43. 4.315(3)/15. 5.392(3)/20. 7.0662(2)/41. ann.rad./ 1.6115(2)/100. 0.975(2)/5. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.8087/99.8 1.7778(6)/100. 1.2732(8)/89. 2.0282(8)/4. 2.4262(8)/7. 1.26313(3)/35. 2.23525(5)/65. 0.75223(3)/18. 1.69473(3)/59. 2.31664(4)/73.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 56 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Al 14Si 22Si 23Si 24Si
28.0855(3) 22.0345 23.0255 24.01155
29. ms 40.7 ms 0.14 s
β+,p β+,p/5.9 β+,p/10.81
Si Si
25.00411 25.992330
221 ms 2.23 s
β+,p/12.74 β+/5.066
Si
26.9867048
4.14 s
β+/4.8118
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
41
25 26
27
Si Si 30Si 31Si 32Si 33Si
0+
ann.rad./
3.282/
5/2+ 0+
3.85/100.
5/2+
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.8294(8)/22. ann.rad./ 2.211(5)/0.2
2.62 h 1.6x102 y 6.1 s
β¯/1.4920 β¯/0.224 β¯/5.85
1.471/99.9 0.213/100. 3.92
0+ 1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ (3/2+)
33.97858
2.8 s
β¯/4.60
3.09/
0+
34.98458 35.9867 36.9930 37.9960 39.0023 40.0058 41.013 42.016 30.973761(2) 24.0344 25.0203 26.0118 26.99919 27.992312
0.9 s 0.5 s ≈0.09 s >1 µs >1 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs
β¯/10.50 β¯/7.9
<0.03 µs ≈20. ms 0.3 s 270. ms
β+,p/18.1 β+,p/11.63 β+/14.332
P
28.981801
4.14 s
β+/4.9431
3.945/98.
1/2+
P
29.9783138
2.50 m
β+/4.2323
3.245/99.9
1+
30.9737615 31.9739071 32.971725 33.973636
14.28 d 25.3 d 12.4 s
β¯/1.7106 β¯/0.249 β¯/5.374
P P
34.973314 35.97826
47. s 5.7 s
β¯/3.989 β¯/10.41
1.710/100. 0.249/100. 3.2/15. 5.1/85. 2.34/100.
P
36.97961
2.3 s
β¯/7.90
P
37.9845
0.6 s
β¯/12.4
P
38.9864
≈0.16 s
29
34
0+
27.97692653 28.97649472 29.97377022 30.9753633 31.974148 32.97800
28
92.22(2) 4.69(1) 3.09(1)
1.99/20 1.32,2.40,2.83 1.51,4.09,1.73 1.13-4.38
Si
Si Si 37Si 38Si 39Si 40Si 41Si 42Si 15P 24P 25P 26P 27P 28P 35 36
29
30
P P 33P 34P 31 32
35 36
37
38
39
100.
-0.8554
-0.5553 1.2662(5)/0.05 1.21
1.4313(5)/13. 1.8477/100. 2.538(2)/10. 0.42907(5)/60. 1.17852(2)/64. 1.60756(5)/36.
0+ 0+ 0+ 0+
11-56
3.94/13. 5.25/13. 6.96/16. 8.8/7. 11.49/52.
3+ 1/2+ 3+
1/2+ 1+ 1/2+ 1+ 1/2+
1.2349
ann.rad./ 1.779(2)/98. 2.839(2)/2.8 3.040(2)/3.2 4.498(2)/12. 7.537(2)/9. ann.rad./ 1.273/1.32 2.426/0.39 ann.rad./ 2.230(3)/0.07
+1.13160 -0.2524 1.78-4.1/ 2.127(5)/15. 1.572(1)/100. 0.902/77. 3.291/100. 0.6462/ 1.5829/ 1.2923/ 2.224/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 57 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life ≈0.26 s 0.12 s 0.11 s 33. ms >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
P 41P 42P 43P 44P 45P 46P 16S 26S 27S 28S 29S
39.9911 40.9948 42.0001 43.0033 44.010 45.015 46.024 32.065(5) 26.0278 27.0188 28.99661
≈ 10 ms 21. ms 0.13 s 0.188 s
S
29.984903
1.18 s
β+/13.79 β+,p/ β+/6.138
S
30.979555
2.56 s
β+/5.396
40
30
31
S S 34S 35S 36S 37S
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0+ β+, 2p/18.3 0+ 5/2+ 4.42/78. 5.08/20. 4.39/99.
ann.rad./
0+ 1/2+
β¯/0.1672
0.1674/100.
5.05 m
β¯/4.8653
S
37.97116
2.84 h
β¯/2.94
1.64/94. 4.75/5.6 1.00/
39
S
38.97514
11.5 s
β¯/6.64
S S 42S 43S 44S 45S 46S 47S 48S 49S 17Cl 28Cl 29Cl 30Cl 31Cl 32Cl
39.9755 40.9800 41.9815 42.987 43.9883 44.9948 45.9996 47.008 48.013 49.022 35.453(2) 28.0285 29.0141 30.0048 30.99242 31.98569
9. s ≈2.6 s ≈0.56 s 0.22 s 0.12 s 0.08 s >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.2 µs <0.2 µs
β¯/4.7
0+
β,(n)/
0+
β¯, n/9. β–,n/
0+
<0.02 µs <0.03 µs 0.15 s 297. ms
β+,p/11.98 β+/12.69
1.52 4.75/25. 6.18/10. 7.48/14. 9.47/50. 11.6/1.
3/2+ 1+
1.11
Cl
32.977452
2.511 s
β+/5.583
4.51/98.
3/2+
+0.752
32.2 m
β+/
1.35/24. 2.47/28.
3+
0.02(1)
38
40 41
33
34m
Cl
0+ 3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/2-
ann.rad./ 0.678/79. ann.rad./ 1.2662(5)/1.2
0.48793
87.2 d
33
+0.64382
-0.68
+1.00
+0.047 0.9083(4)/0.06 3.1033(2)/94.2 0.1962(4)/0.2 1.9421(3)/84. 1.301/52. 1.697/44.
0+
0+ 0+
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.548(2)/3.5 2.2305(1)/92. 2.4638(1)/4. 2.885(1)/1. 4.770(1)/20. ann.rad./ 0.8409/0.52 1.966/0.45 2.866/0.44 ann.rad./
I.T./ 34 35
Cl Cl
75.78(4)
33.9737620 34.96885271
1.528 s
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
β–,(n)/
31.9720707 32.9714585 33.9678668 34.9690321 35.9670809 36.9711257
32
94.93(31) 0.76(2) 4.29(28)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β+/5.4922
11-57
4.50/100.
0+ 3/2+
0.1457(8)/42. 2.1276(5)/42. ann.rad./ +0.82187
-0.0825
482_Frame_11.020 Page 58 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 36
Natural Abundance (%)
Cl
Cl 38mCl 38Cl 37
Atomic Mass or Weight 35.9683069
24.22(4)
Half-Life 3.01x105 y
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
β¯/0.7086
0.7093/98.
0+
+1.28547
-0.018
β+,EC/1.1421
0.115/0.002 3/2+ 52-
+0.68412
-0.0649
36.96590260 37.9680106
0.715 s 37.2 m
I.T./ β¯/4.9168
1.11/31. 2.77/11. 4.91/58. 1.91/85. 2.18/8. 3.45/7.
39
Cl
38.968008
55.6 m
β¯/3.442
40
Cl
39.97042
1.38 m
β¯/7.48
Cl Cl 43Cl 44Cl 45Cl 46Cl 47Cl 48Cl 49Cl 50Cl 51Cl 18Ar 30Ar 31Ar
40.9707 41.9732 42.9742 43.9785 44.980 45.984 46.988 47.995 48.9999 50.008 51.014 39.948(1) 30.0216 31.0121
34. s 6.8 s 3.3 s ≈0.43 s 0.40 s 0.22 s >0.2 µs >0.2 µs >0.17 s
β¯/5.7 β¯/9.4 β¯/8.0 β¯,n/12.3 β¯, n/11. β¯, n/14.9 β¯, n/15.
3.8/
<0.02 µs ≈14.1 ms
p/2.08/100. p/1.42/37 p/0.45-11.67
Ar Ar
31.99766 32.98993
98. ms 174. ms
34
Ar
33.980270
0.844 s
β+/18.4 β+, 2p/<10-4 β+, 3p/<10-3 β+,p/11.2 β+/11.62 β+,p/ β+/6.061
35
Ar
34.975257
1.77 s
β+/5.965
35.0 d
EC/.813
41 42
32 33
Ar Ar 38Ar 39Ar 40Ar
0.3365(30)
>0.2 µs 0+ 5/2
3.12/
0+ 1/2+
5.0/95.
0+
4.94/93.
3/2+
42
Ar Ar
41.96305 42.9657
33. y 5.4 m
β¯/0.60 β¯/4.6
Ar Ar
43.96537 44.96809
11.87 m 21.5 s
β¯/3.55 β¯/6.9
0+ 7/2-
Ar Ar
45.96809 46.9722
8.4 s ≈0.7 s
β¯/5.70 β–
0+
43
44 45
46 47
99.6003(30)
0.25026(1)/47. 1.26720(5)/54. 0.986-1.517 0.6431(3)/6. 1.4608(1)/77. 2.8402(2)/17. (0.167-1.359)
2-
Ar
0.0632(5)
0.6714/100 1.64216(1)/31. 2.16760(2)/42.
2.05
3/2+
41
37
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./
35.9675463 36.9667759 37.9627322 38.964313 39.96238312 3 40.964501
36
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/20+
268. y
β¯/0.565
0.565/100.
1.82 h
β¯/2.492
1.198/
7/2-
0.60/100.
0+
11-58
-0.72
+0.633
-0.08
+1.15
+0.076
-1.59
-0.12
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.810(2)/48. ann.rad./ 0.6658(1)/2.5 3.1290(1)/1.3 ann.rad./ 1.2185(5)/1.22 1.763(1)/0.25 2.964(1)/0.2
1.29364(5)/99. 1.6770(3)/0.05 0.4791(2)/10. 0.7380(1)/43. 0.9752(1)/100. 1.4400(3)/39. 0.182-1.866 0.0610/25. 1.020/35. 3.707/34. 1.944/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 59 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Ar 49Ar 50Ar 51Ar 52Ar 53Ar 19K 32K 33K 34K 35K
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
47.9751 48.9822 49.986 50.993 51.998 52.994 39.0983(1) 32.0219 33.0073 33.9984 34.98801
<0.025 µs <0.04 µs 0.19 s
K
35.98129
0.342 s
β+/12.81
5.3/42. 9.9/44.
2+
+0.548
K
36.9733769
1.23 s
β+/6.149
5.13/
3/2+
+0.2032
K K
37.969080
0.924 s 7.63 m
β+/6.742 β+/5.913
5.02/100. 2.60/99.8
0+ 3+
+1.37
1.26x109 y
β¯/1.3111
1.312/89.
3/2+ 4-
+0.39146 -1.29810
+0.049 -0.061
β+,EC/1.505
1.50/10.7 3/2+ 2-
+0.21487 -1.1425
+0.060
3/2+
+0.163
2-
-0.856
48
36
37
38m 38
>0.17 µs >0.17 µs >0.2 µs 10 ms
β– β– β– β– β–
β+/11.88 β+,p/
3/2+
K K
93.2581(44) 0.0117(1)
38.9637069 39.9639987
K 42K
6.7302(44)
40.9618260 41.9624031
12.36 h
β¯/3.525
K
42.96072
22.3 h
β¯/1.82
K
43.96156
22.1 m
β¯/5.66
K
44.96070
17.8 m
β¯/4.20
1.1/23. 2.1/69. 4.0/8.
3/2+
+0.173
K
45.96198
1.8 m
β¯/7.72
6.3/
2-
-1.05
K
46.96168
17.5 s
β¯/6.64
4.1/99. 6.0/1.
1/2+
+1.93
K
47.96551
6.8 s
β¯/12.09
5.0/
(2-)
49
K
48.9675
1.26 s
β¯/11.0
K K 52K 53K 54K
49.9728 50.9764 51.983 52.987 53.994
0.472 s 0.365 s 0.105 s 30. ms 10. ms
β¯/14.2 β¯/ β¯ β¯ β¯
39 40
41
43
44
45
46
47
48
50 51
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
11-59
1.97/19. 3.523/81. 0.465/8. 0.825/87. 1.24/3.5 1.814/1.3 5.66/34.
ann.rad./ 1.751/14. 2.5698/26. 2.9827/51. ann.rad./ 1.97044(5)/82. 2.20783(5)/30. 2.43343(2)/32. ann.rad./ 2.7944(8)/2. 3.602(2)/0.05 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 2.1675(3)/99.8 3.9356(5)/0.2 ann.rad./ 1.4608/10.5
3/2+
0.31260(2)/0.3 1.5246(3)/18. 0.2211(2)/4. 0.3729(2)/88. 0.3971(2)/11. 0.6178(2)/81. 0.36821/2.2 1.15700(1)/58. 2.15079(2)/22. 0.1743(5)/80. 1.2607(8)/7. 1.7056(6)/69. 2.3542(5)/14. 1.347(1)/91. 3.700(5)/28. 0.56474(3)/15. 0.58575(3)/85. 2.0131/100 0.67122(1)/4. 0.6723(5)/20. 0.78016(1)/32. 3.83153(7)/80. 2.025/ 2.252/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 60 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Ca 34Ca 35Ca
40.078(4) 34.0141 35.0048
<0.035 µs 25.7 ms
β+,p/15.6
36
Ca
35.99309
0.10 s
37
Ca
36.98587
0.18 s
38
Ca
37.976319
0.44 s
β+,(p)/10.99 β+,n/ β+/11.64 β+,n/ β+/6.74
38.970718 39.9625912 40.9622783
0.861 s
β+/6.531
1.02x105 y
EC/0.4214
3/2+ 0+ 7/2-
β¯/0.257 β–β–
0.257/100.
46.954546
162.7 d >0.4×1016 y 4.536 d
0+ 7/20+ 7/20+
β¯/1.992
0.684/84. 1.98/16.
47.952533 48.955673
4.3×1019 y 8.72 m
β–β– β¯/5.262
49.95752
14. s
β¯/4.97
50.9615 51.9651 52.9701 53.975 54.981 55.986 44.955910(8) 36.0149 37.0030 37.9947 38.98479 39.977964
10. s 4.6 s 0.09 s
β¯/7.3 β¯/8.0 β¯/10.9
<0.3 µs <0.3 µs 0.182 s
p β+/14.320
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
20
Ca Ca 41Ca 39 40
Ca Ca 44Ca 45Ca 46Ca 42 43
47
Ca
48
Ca Ca
49
50
96.941(156)
0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3)
0.187(21)
Ca
Ca Ca 53Ca 54Ca 55Ca 56Ca 21Sc 36Sc 37Sc 38Sc 39Sc 40Sc 51 52
41.9586183 42.9587668 43.955481 44.956186 45.953693
Sc Sc
40.9692513
0.596 s 61.6 s
β+/6.4953 β+/
Sc Sc
41.9655168 42.961151
0.682 s 3.89 h
β+/6.4259 β+,EC/2.221
58.2 h 3.93 h
I.T./0.27 EC/3.926 β+, EC/3.653
18.7 s 83.81 d
I.T./0.14253 β¯/2.367
41
42m
42 43
44m
Sc
Sc
43.959403
44
Sc Sc 46Sc 45
100.
p/1.43/49 1.9-8.8 2.52 3.103
5.49/100.
0.89/7. 1.95/92. 3.12/
45.955170
11-60
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ 3/2+
ann.rad./ 1.369 ann.rad./ 1.5677(5)/25. 3.210(2)/1. ann.rad./
0+
7/2-
1.02168 -1.5948
-0.08
-1.3173
-0.05
-1.327
+0.05
-1.38
+0.02
0+ 3/2-
1.297/75 (0.041-1.88) 3.0844(1)/92. 4.0719(1)/7. 0.2569/98. (0.0715 -1.59)
0+ (3/2-)
5.73/50. 7.53/15. 8.76/15. 9.58/20. 5.61/100. 2.82/
4-
+5.431
-0.156
0+ 7/2-
+4.62
-0.26
6+
+3.88
1.47/
2+
+2.56
+0.10
+4.75649
-0.220
0.357/100.
7/214+
+3.03
+0.12
5.32/100. 0.82/22. 1.22/78.
44.955910
46m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7/27+
ann.rad./ 0.752/41. 3.732/99.5 (1.12-3.92) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4375(5)/100. 1.2270(5)/100. 1.5245(5)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3729(1)/22. 0.27124(1)/87. (1.00-1.16) ann.rad./ 1.157/100 0.14253(2)/62. 0.8893/100 1.121/100
482_Frame_11.020 Page 61 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Sc
46.952408
3.349 d
β¯/0.600
Sc
47.95224
43.7 h
β¯/3.99
Sc Sc
48.950024 49.95219
57.3 m 1.71 m
Sc
50.95360
Sc Sc 54mSc 54Sc
51.9566 52.9592
Sc Sc 57Sc 58Sc 22Ti 38Ti 39Ti 40Ti
54.967 55.973 56.977 57.983 47.867(1) 38.0098 39.0013 39.9905
<0.12 µs 28. ms 52. ms
Ti
40.98313
80. ms
β+,p/12.93
42
Ti
41.97303
0.20 s
β+/7.000
43
Ti Ti
42.96852 43.959690
0.50 s 60. y
β+/6.87 EC/0.268
5.80/
7/20+
0.85
Ti
44.958124
3.078 h
β+/86/2.062 EC/14/
1.04
7/2-
0.095
0.015
-0.78848
+0.30
-1.10417
+0.24
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
47
48
49 50
51
52 53
53.9630
55 56
41
44
45
Ti Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti 51Ti 46 47
8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)
0.439/69. 0.601/31. 0.655/
7/2-
β¯/2.006 β¯/6.89
2.00/99.9. 3.05/76. 3.60/24.
7/2(5+)
12.4 s
β¯/6.51
4.4/ 5.0/
7/2-
8.2 s > 3. ms ≈ 7 µs 0.23 s
β¯/9.0 β¯/8.1 β¯/11.6
0.12 s
β¯/13
β+/15.4 β+/11.7 β+,p
45.952630 46.951764 47.947947 48.947871 49.944792 50.946616
5.76 m
β¯/2.471
p/2.17/28 3.73/23 1.7/22 0.242-5.74 p/4.73/107 3.10/67 3.75/39 0.744-6.73 6.0/
52
Ti
51.94690
1.7 m
β¯/1.97
53
Ti
52.9497
33. s
β¯/5.0
(2.2-3)/
Ti Ti 56Ti 57Ti 58Ti 59Ti
53.9509 54.9551 55.9580 56.963 57.966 58.972
1.5 s 0.32 s 0.19 s 0.06 s ≈47 ms 0.06 s
β¯/4.3 β¯/7.4 β¯/7.0 β¯/11.
55
11-61
+5.34
-0.22
6+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.15938(1)/68. 0.9835/100 1.03750(1)/97. 1.3121/100 1.7619(3)/0.05 0.5235(1)/88. 1.1210(1)/100. 1.5537(2)/100. 1.4373(4)/52. 0.718-2.144
(3+)
1.50/92. 2.13/ 1.8/100.
54
Spin (h/2p)
(5+)
0.110/IT 0.100/50 1.70/40 0.50/40
3/2+
ann.rad./
0+ 5/20+ 7/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-
ann.rad./ 0.6107(5)/56. ann.rad./ 0.06787/91 0.07832/97 ann.rad./ (0.36-1.66)
0.3197(2)/93. 0.6094-0.9291 0.0170(5)/100. 0.1245/100 0.1008(1)/20. 0.1276(1)/45. 0.2284(1)/39. 1.6755(5)/45. (1.72-2.8)/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 62 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs
Ti 61Ti 23V 40V 41V 42V 43V 44V 45V 46V 47V
59.976 60.982 50.9415(1) 40.0111 40.9997 41.9912 42.9807 43.9744 44.96578 45.960200 46.954907
<0.055 µs >0.8 s 0.09 s 0.54 s 0.4223 s 32.6 m
β+/11.3 β+,α/13.7 β+/7.13 β+/7.051 β+,EC/2.928
6.03/100. 1.90/99.+
7/20+ 3/2-
V
47.952254
15.98 d
β+/4.012
0.698/50.
4+
2.01
337. d >1.4x1017 y
EC/0.602 EC, β¯
7/26+
4.47 +3.34569
7/2-
+5.14870 6
60
48
V V
0.250(4)
48.948517 49.947163
V
99.750(4)
50.943964
49 50
51
ann.rad./
V V
51.944780 52.944342
3.76 m 1.56 m
β¯/3.976 β¯/3.436
2.47/ 2.52/
V V
53.94644
0.9 µs 49.8 s
β¯/7.04
V
54.9472
6.5 s
β¯/6.0
1.00/5. 2.00/12. 2.95/45. 5.20/11. 6.0/
V
55.9504
0.23 s
β¯/9.1
V
56.9524
0.33 s
β¯/8.1
V V 60V 61V 62V 63V 64V 24Cr 42Cr 43Cr 44Cr 45Cr 46Cr 47Cr 48Cr
57.9567 58.9593 59.965 60.967 61.973 62.977
0.20 s 0.13 s 0.20 s 0.04 s ≈ 65 ms >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/11.6 β¯/9.9 β¯/14.
51.9961(6) 42.0064 42.9977 43.9855 44.9792 45.96836 46.96291 47.95404
>0.35 µs 21. ms 53. ms 0.05 s 0.3 s 0.51 s 21.6 h
β+,(p)/10.3 β+,p/12.5 β+/7.60 β+/7.45 EC/1.66
p/0.95-3.1
49
Cr
48.951341
42.3 m
β+,EC/2.631
1.39/ 1.45/ 1.54/
50
Cr
52 53
54m 54
55
56
57
58 59
4.345(13)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
49.946050
3+ 7/2-
+0.21 -0.04 1.4341(1)/100. 1.0060(5)/90. 1.2891(3)/10. 0.108/IT 0.8348/97. 0.9887/80. 2.259/46. (0.56-3.38) 0.5177/73. (0.224-1.21) 0.70/50. 0.34/40. 1.00/30. 0.30/60. 0.60/30. 0.80/30.
(5+) 3+
(7/2-)
0.90/80. 0.102-0.208 0.646
7/23/2-
5/2-
0+
11-62
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.7949(8)/0.19 (0.2-2.16) ann.rad./ 0.9835/100 (1.3-2.4)
0.476
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.116(2)/95. 0.305(10)/100. ann.rad./ 0.09064(1)/51. 0.15293(1)/27. (0.062-1.6)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 63 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. Cr 52Cr 53Cr 54Cr 55Cr
Natural Abundance (%)
51
83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
27.70 d
EC/0.7527
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
50.944772 51.940512 52.940653 53.938885 54.940844
3.497 m
β¯/2.603
2.5/
7/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-
56
Cr
55.94065
5.9 m
β¯/1.62
1.50/100.
0+
57
Cr
56.9438
21. s
β¯/5.1
3.3/ 3.5/
3/2-
58
Cr Cr
57.9443
7.0 s 0.10 ms
β¯/4.0
Cr Cr 61Cr 62Cr 63Cr 64Cr 65Cr 66Cr 67Cr 25Mn 44Mn 45Mn 46Mn 47Mn 48Mn
58.9487 59.9497 60.9541 61.9558 62.962 63.964 64.970
1.0 s 0.6 s 0.26 s 0.19 s 0.11 s 0.04 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/7.7 β¯/6.0 β¯/8.8 β¯/7.3
59m
59 60
49
54.938049(9) 44.0069 <0.105 µs 44.9945 <0.07 µs 45.9867 ≈41. ms 46.9761 ≈0.1 s 47.9689 0.15 s
51
β+/17.1 β+/12.3 β+/13.5
0.0834
48.95962
0.38 s 1.74 m
β+/7.72 β+/7.887
Mn Mn
49.954244 50.948215
0.283 s 46.2 m
β+/7.6330 β+,EC/3.208
6.61/ 2.2/
0+ 5/2-
3.568
21.1 m
β+/98/5.09 I.T./2/0.378
2.631/
2+
0.0076
0.575/
6+
+3.063
+0.5
7/23+ 5/23+
5.024 +3.282 +3.4687 +3.2266
+0.33 +0.32
Mn
5.591 d
β+/4.712 EC/
Mn Mn 55Mn 56Mn
52.941294 53.940363 54.938049 55.938909
3.7x106 y 312.1 d
EC/0.5970 EC/1.377
2.579 h
β¯/3.6954
Mn Mn
56.938287 57.93999
1.45 m 65 s
β¯/2.691 β¯/6.25
Mn
58.94045
4.6 s
β¯/5.19
4.5/
1.77 s
β¯/IT
5.7/
53 54
59
1.5282(2)/0.04 (0.13-2.37) 0.026(2)/100. 0.083(3)/100. 0.850/8. (0.083-2.62) (0.131-0.683) 0.208/IT 0.193 0.102 1.236 0.354-1.860 0.285
51.945570
58
-0.15
(9/2+)
Mn
57
-0.47454
60m
Mn
100.
11-63
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3201/10.2
Mn Mn
52m
52
-0.934
5.79/58. 4.43/10. 6.69/ 3.54/
50m
50
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.718/18. 1.028/34.
3.8/ 5.1/
4+ 5/25+
5/23+
3+
0.4
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.0980/94. 0.783/91. (0.66-3.11) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.7491(1)/0.26 (1.148-1.164) ann.rad./ 0.3778 (I.T.) 1.43406(1)/98. (0.7-4.8) ann.rad./ 0.74421(1)/90. 1.4341/100 0.8340/100 0.84675/99 1.81072(4)/27. 2.113/14.5 0.45916(2)/20. 0.81076(1)/82. 1.32309(5)/53. 0.471/ 0.531-0.726 0.824/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 64 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Mn 61Mn 62Mn
59.9433 60.9446 61.9480
50. s 0.67 s 0.67 s
β¯/8.6 β¯/7.4 β¯/10.4
Mn Mn 64Mn 65Mn 66Mn 67Mn 68Mn 69Mn 26Fe 45Fe 46Fe 47Fe 48Fe 49Fe 50Fe 51Fe 52mFe
62.9498
0.28 s > 0.1 ms 87 ms 0.09 s 66 ms 42 ms 28 ms 14 ms
β¯/8.8
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
60
63
64m
63.9537 64.9561 65.961 66.964
55.845(2) 45.0146 46.0008 46.9929 47.9806 48.9763 49.9630 50.95683
Fe
51.94812
52
53m
Fe
Fe
52.945312
53
Fe Fe 56Fe 57Fe 58Fe 59Fe 54
5.845(35)
55
91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)
53.939615 54.938298 55.934942 56.935398 57.933280 58.934880
>0.35 µs ≈0.02 s ≈0.03 s ≈ 44. ms 70. ms 0.15 s 0.31 s 46. s
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0+ (5/2)(3+)
β+/13.1 β+/15.6 β+/11.2 β+/13.0 β+/8.2 β+/8.02 β+/4.4
2.6 m
8.51 m
β+/3.743
2.40/42. 2.80/57.
2.73 y
EC/0.2314
44.51 d
β¯/1.565
0.273/48. 0.475/51.
1.5x106 y 0.25 µs
β¯/0.237
0.184/100.
Fe
60.93675
6.0 m
β¯/3.98
Fe Fe
61.93677 62.9404
68. s 6. s
β¯/2.53 β¯/6.3
2.5/13. 2.63/54. 2.80/31. 2.5/100.
63.9411
2.0 s 0.4 µs 1.3 s 0.44 s ≈0.04 ms 0.48 s 0.15 s 0.17 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/4.9
62 63
Fe Fe 65Fe 66Fe 67mFe 67Fe 68Fe 69Fe 70Fe 71Fe 64
65m
64.9449 65.9460 66.9500 67.953 68.958
0+
19/2-
59.934077
61
7/2-
0+ 3/20+ 1/20+ 3/2-
0+ (9/2+)
0+ 5/2-
11-64
+0.0906 - 0.336
0.16 1.099/57 1.292/43. (0.14-1.48) 0.0586/100 0.654/IT 0.207 1.205/44. 1.028/43. (0.12-3.37) 0.5061(1)/100. 0.995/ (1.365-1.427)
(5/2-)
0.364/IT
(5/2-)
0.471-1.425 0.367/IT 0.189
β¯/7.9 β¯/5.7 β¯/8.8 β¯/≈7.6
ann.rad./ 0.651 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.622-2.286)/ ann.rad./ 0.16868(1)/99. 0.377 (I.T.)/ 0.7011(1)/99. 1.0115(1)/87. 1.3281(1)/87. 2.3396(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.3779(1)/42. (1.2 - 3.2)
(5/2-) (12+)
Fe Fe
60
61m
0.877/ 0.942-1.299 0.356,0.450 0.135/IT 0.746 0.366 0.471
(7/2-)
0.804/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.969/
β¯/11.8 β¯/10.
β+/57/2.37 EC/43/ I.T./ I.T./3.0407
8.28 h
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 65 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
>0.15 µs 58.933200(9) 48.0018 48.990 <0.035 µs 49.9812 44. ms 50.9705 >0.2 µs 51.9632 0.12 s 0.25 s 52.95423 0.26 s 1.46 m
Fe 27Co 48Co 49Co 50Co 51Co 52Co 53mCo 53Co 54mCo 72
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β+/17.0 β+/12.8 β+/14.0 β+,p/ β+/8.30 β+/8.44
2.03-2.79
4.25/100.
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
19/27/27+
Co Co
53.948464 54.942003
0.1932 s 17.53 h
β+/8.2430 β+/3.4513 EC/
7.34/100. 0.53/ 1.03/ 1.50/
0+ 7/2-
+4.822
56
Co
55.939844
77.3 d
β+/4.566 EC/
1.459/18.
4+
3.85
+0.25
57
Co
56.936296
271.8 d
EC/0.8361
7/2-
+4.72
+0.5
Co Co
57.935757
9.1 h 70.88 d
I.T./ β+/2.307 EC/
5+ 2+
+4.04
+0.22
10.47 m
7/22+
+4.63 +4.40
+0.41 +0.3
0.315/99.7
5+
+3.799
+0.44
54 55
58m 58
59
Co Co
100.
58.933200
60
Co
59.933822
5.271 y
I.T./99.8/0.059 β¯/0.2/1.56 β¯/2.824
61
Co
60.932479
1.650 h
β¯/1.322
1.22/95.
7/2-
13.9 m
β¯/
0.88/25. 2.88/75.
5+
1.03/10. 1.76/5. 2.9/20. 4.05/60. 3.6/
2+
60m
62m
Co
62
Co
61.93405
1.50 m
β¯/5.32
63
Co
62.93362
27.5 s
β¯/3.67
63.93581 64.93648
0.30 s 1.14 s >0.1 ms
β¯/7.31 β¯/5.96
Co Co 66m2Co 64 65
Co Co 67Co 68Co 69Co 70Co 71Co 72Co 73Co 74Co
66m1 66
65.9398 66.9406 67.9444 68.9452 69.950 70.952 71.956
1.2 µs 0.25 s 0.43 s 0.19 s 0.20 s 0.09 s 0.21 s 0.09 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
7.0/
7/2-
1+ (7/2)(8-)
(5+) β¯/10.0 β¯/8.4 β¯/11.7 β¯/9.3 β¯ 13. β β
11-65
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.849-1.942 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.411(1)/99. 1.130(1)/100. 1.408(1)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092-3.11) ann.rad./ 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26-3.61) 0.12206/86 (0.014-0.706) 0.02489/0.035 ann.rad./ 0.81076/99 0.0586/2.0 1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842-0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156-2.17
0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245-1.425) 0.694
482_Frame_11.020 Page 66 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ni
58
Ni
59
Ni
60
Ni
26.2231(77)
Ni Ni 63Ni 64Ni 65Ni
1.1399(6) 3.6345(17)
66
49.9959 50.9877 51.9757 52.9685 53.95791 54.95134 55.94214
>0.35 µs >0.3 µs >0.2 µs 38. ms 0.05 s 0.14 s 0.20 s 6.08 d
56.939800
35.6 h
68.0769(89) 58.934351
0.9256(9)
60.931060 61.928348 62.929673 63.927969 64.930088
Ni Ni
65.92912
Ni
66.93157
67m
67
68m2 68m1
68
67.93185
69m2
Ni Ni
69m1 69
70m
71
68.9352
β+/3.264 EC/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
69.9361 70.9400 71.9413 72.946 73.948 74.953 75.955 76.961 77.964 63.546(3) 51.9972
7/27.66/
7/20+
0.712/10. 0.849/76.
3/2-
EC/
0+
β¯/0.066945
0.065/
2.517 h
β¯/2.137
0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.
54.6 h 13.3 µs
β¯/0.23
21. s
β¯/3.56
3.5 s 11. s
6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 1.1 s ≈ 0.47 s ≈ 0.24 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
- 0.798
3/2-
100. y
29. s 0.44 µs
ann.rad./ 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695-0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127-3.177)
0+
3/20+ 1/20+ 5/2-
-0.75002
0.69
0+ 9/2+ 3.8/
1/2-
0+ (5-)
+0.601
+0.16
0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23. 0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10-1.98) 0.511 0.814/IT 2.033
β¯/2.06 (17/2)
β¯/5.4
0.21 µs
Ni
Ni Ni 72Ni 73Ni 74Ni 75Ni 76Ni 77Ni 78Ni 29Cu 52Cu 70
57.93534 8 ≈7.6x104 y 59.93079 0
β+/16.0 β+/11.7 β+,p/13.3 β+/8.80 β+/8.70 EC/2.14 β+/< 10-6
0.34 µs 0.86 ms
Ni Ni
Ni Ni
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
58.6934(2)
57
62
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
>0.15 µs
Co 28Ni 49Ni 50Ni 51Ni 52Ni 53Ni 54Ni 55Ni 56Ni
75
61
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
(8+)
β¯/3.5 β¯/6.9 β¯/5.2 β¯/9. β¯/7.
11-66
0.148/IT 0.593 1.959 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207-1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259
482_Frame_11.020 Page 67 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
52.9856 53.9767 54.9655 55.9586
<0.3 µs <0.075 µs >0.2 µs 0.08 s
β+/13.2 β+/15.3
Cu Cu
56.94922 57.944541
196. ms 3.21 s
β+/8.77 β+/8.563 EC/
59
Cu
58.939504
1.36 m
β+/4.800
1.9/ 3.75/
3/2-
60
Cu
59.937368
23.7 m
β+/6.127 EC/
2.00/69. 3.00/18. 3.92/6.
2+
+1.219
61
Cu
60.933462
3.35 h
β+/2.237
3/2-
+2.14
62
Cu
61.932587
9.67 m
β+/98/3.948 EC/
0.56/3. 0.94/5. 1.15/2. 1.220/51. 2.93/98.
1+
-0.380
63
Cu Cu
69.17(3)
62.929601 63.929768
β¯/39/0.579 β+/19/1.6751 EC/41/
0.578/ 0.65/
3/21+
+2.2233 -0.217
-0.211
12.701 h
Cu Cu
30.83(3)
64.927794 65.928873
β¯/2.642
+2.3817 -0.282
66.92775
2.580 d
β¯/0.58
1.65/6. 2.7/94. 0.395/56. 0.484/23. 0.577/20.
3/21+
-0.195
5.09 m
3.79 m
I.T./86/ β¯/14/1.8
31. s
β¯/4.46
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Cu 54Cu 55Cu 56Cu 53
57 58
64
65 66
67
Cu
68m
68
Cu
69m
69
67.92964
68.92943
Cu
Cu
69.93241
4.5/15. 7.439/83.
3/21+
3/2-
6-
3.5/40. 4.6/31.
1+
(13/ 2+)
2.8 m
β¯/2.68
2.48/80.
3/2-
47. s
β¯/
2.52/10.
5-
5. s
β¯/6.60
5.42/54. 6.09/46.
1+
11-67
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.511/233 2.700/100 1.23-2.78
0.36 µs
Cu
Cu
70m
70
Cu
Spin (h/2p)
+2.84
0.77-3.01 ann.rad./ 0.0403(4)/5. 1.4483(2)/11. 1.4546(2)/16. ann.rad./ 0.3393(1)/8. 0.8780(1)/12. 1.3015(1)/15. (0.4 - 2.6) ann.rad./ 1.3325/88. 1.7915/45. (0.12-5.048) ann.rad./ 0.2830/13. 0.6560/11. (0.067-2.123) ann.rad./ 1.17302(1)/0.6 (0.87-3.37) ann.rad./ 1.3459(3)/0.6
0.8330(1)/0.22 1.0392(2)/9.2 0.09125(1)/7. 0.09325(1)/17. 0.18453(1)/47. 0.0843(5)/70. 0.1112(5)/18. 0.5259(5)/74. (0.64-1.34) 1.0774(5)/58. 1.2613(5)/17. (0.15-2.34) 0.075/IT 0.190/IT 0.680 1.871 0.5307(3)/3. 0.8340(5)/6. 1.0065(8)/10. 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017(2)/90. 1.2517(5)/60. (0.39-3.06) 0.8848(2)/54.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 68 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 71m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0.28 µs
Cu
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(19/2)
0.133/IT 0.494 0.939 1.189 0.490/ 0.051/IT 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307-1.559
Cu Cu
70.93262
20. s 1.76 µs
β¯/4.56
Cu Cu
71.9357 72.9365
6.6 s 4.2 s
β¯/8.2 β¯/6.3
Cu Cu 76Cu 77Cu 78Cu 79Cu 80Cu 30Zn 54Zn 55Zn 56Zn 57Zn 58Zn 59Zn
73.9401 74.9414 75.9455 76.947 77.952 78.954 79.962 65.39(2) 53.9929 54.9840 55.9724 56.9649 57.9546 58.94927
1.6 s 1.2 s 0.64 s 0.47 s 0.34 s 0.19 s >0.15 µs
β¯/9.9 β¯/7.9 β¯/11. β¯/≈10. β¯/12. β¯/11.
Zn
59.94183
2.40 m
β+/97/4.16 EC/3/
Zn
60.93951
1.485 m
β+/5.64
4.38/68.
3/2-
Zn
61.93433
9.22 h
β+/3/1.63 EC/93/
0.66/7.
0+
Zn
62.933215
38.5 m
β+/93/3.367 EC/7/
1.02/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84.
3/2-
-0.28164
+0.29
63.929146 64.929245
243.8 d
β+/98/1.3514 EC/1.5/
0.325/
0+ 5/2-
+0.7690
-0.023
+0.8755
+0.15
71
72m
72 73
74 75
60
61
62
63
Zn Zn
48.63(60)
Zn Zn 68Zn 69mZn 69Zn 70Zn 71mZn
27.90(27) 4.10(13) 18.75(51)
65.926036 66.927131 67.924847
0.62(3)
68.926553 69.925325
64 65
66 67
0.04 s 0.04 s 0.09 s 183. ms
β+,p/14.6 β+ β+,p/9.09
0.905/99.9
3.97 h
β¯/
1.45/
2.4 m
β¯/2.81
Zn
71.92686
46.5 h
β¯/0.46
11-68
(7/2-)
ann.rad./
3/2-
ann.rad./ (0.491-0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062-0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15-3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20-1.526)/ ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24-3.1)
0+
I.T./99+/0.439 β¯/0.906
70.92773
72
(1+) 5.8/43 6.25/42
13.76 h 56. m
Zn
71
3/2(4-)
8.1/
0+ 5/20+ 9/2+ 1/20+ 9/2+
1/2-
0.25/14. 0.30/86.
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
ann.rad./ 1.116/50.8
0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/ 0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099-2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12-2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4
482_Frame_11.020 Page 69 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
72.92978
6. s 24. s
β¯/4.29
I.T./0.196 4.7/
(7/2+) (1/2-)
Zn
73.92946
1.60 m
β¯/2.3
2.1/
Zn Zn 77mZn 77Zn 78mZn 78Zn 79Zn 80Zn
74.9329 75.9334
10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s >0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s 0.54 s
β¯/6.0 β¯/4.2 β¯/ β¯/7.3
Zn Zn 83Zn 31Ga 56Ga 57Ga 58Ga 59Ga 60Ga 61Ga 62Ga
80.9505 81.9548
0.29 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/11.9
69.723(1) 55.9949 56.9829 57.9742 58.9634 59.9571 60.9492 61.94418
0.15 s 0.116 s
Ga
62.9391
32. s
β+/9.0 β+/9.17 EC/ β+/5.5 EC/
Ga Ga
63.936838
0.022 ms 2.63 m
65
Ga
64.9394
66
Ga
67
Atomic Mass or Weight
Zn 73Zn
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
73m
74
75 76
76.9371 77.9386 78.9421 79.9444
81 82
63
64m
(1/2-) 4.8/
β¯/6.4 β¯/8.6 β¯/7.3
8.3/
3/20+
0+
15.2 m
β+/86/3.255 EC/
0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.
3/2-
65.931592
9.5 h
β+/56/5.175 EC/43/
0.74/1. 1.84/54. 4.153/51.
0+
Ga
66.928205
3.260 d
EC/1.001
68
Ga
67.927983
1.130 h
β+/90/2.921 EC/10/
69
Ga
70
Ga
71 72
Ga Ga
60.108(9)
39.892(9)
1.83/
68.925581 69.926027 70.924707 71.926372
21.1 m
14.10 h
EC/0.2/0.655 β¯/99.8/1.656
1.65/99.
β¯/4.001
0.64/40.
11-69
ann.rad./
4.5/
2.79/ 6.05/
3/2-
+1.8507
0.20
1+
0.01175
0.028
3/2-
+2.01659
+0.17
1+ 3/23-
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496-0.911 0.0565/ 0.1401/ (0.05-0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/ 0.713/ 0.2248/
3.6/
β+/7.165
64
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06-2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28-5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091-0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57-2.33)/
0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48 +2.56227 -0.13224
+0.11 +0.5
0.62986(5)/24.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 70 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.51/9. 2.52/8. 3.15/11. Ga
72.92517
74.87 h
β¯/1.59
Ga Ga
73.92694
10. s 8.1 m
I.T./ β¯/5.4
2.6/
1+ 3-
75
Ga
74.92650
2.10 m
β¯/3.39
3.3/
3/2-
76
Ga
75.9289
29. s
β¯/7.0
77
Ga
76.9293
13.0 s
β¯/5.3
78
Ga
77.9317
5.09 s
β¯/8.2
Ga Ga 81Ga 82Ga 83Ga 84Ga 85Ga 86Ga 32Ge 58Ge 59Ge 60Ge 61Ge 63Ge 64Ge
78.9329 79.9366 80.9377 81.9432 82.9469 83.952
2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s 0.599 s 0.308 s ≈0.085 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/7.0 β¯/10.4 β¯/8.3 β¯/12.6 β¯/≈ 11.5 β¯/14
72.64(1) 57.9910 58.9817 59.9702 60.9638 62.9496 63.9416
0.04 s 0.10 s 1.06 m
β+/13.6 β¯/9.8 β+/4.4 EC/ β+,p
65
Ge
64.9394
31. s
β+/6.2 EC/ EC,p
66
Ge
65.93385
2.26 h
β+/27/2.10 EC/73/
67
Ge
66.932738
19.0 m
β+/96/4.225 EC/4/
68
Ge Ge
67.92810 68.927973
270.8 d 1.63 d
EC/0.11 β+/36/2.2273 EC/64/
73
74m 74
79 80
69
Ge Ge 71Ge 72Ge 70
20.84(87)
27.54(34)
3-
5.2/ 3+ 4.6/ 10./ 5.1/
70.924954 71.922076
20.4 ms 11.2 d
0+
1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/
I.T./0.0234 EC/0.229
11-70
0+
0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.
69.924250
71m
2.2016(2)/26. 2.5077(2)/12.8 (0.11-3.3)/ 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01-1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23-3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12-2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34-4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 0.465/ 0.659/ 0.217/ 1.348/
3/2-
3.0/
1/2-
0+ 5/2-
0+ 9/2+ 1/20+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.735
0.02
ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19-3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022-1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25-3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2-2.04) 0.1749
+0.547
482_Frame_11.020 Page 71 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ge 74Ge 75mGe 75Ge
7.73(5) 36.28(73)
72.923460 73.921178
Ge Ge
7.61(38)
73
76
74.922860 75.921403
77m
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
48. s 1.380 h
I.T./ β¯/1.177
≈1×1021y 53. s
β–β– I.T./20/ β¯/80/2.861
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
1.19/
9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ 1/2-
76.923549
11.25 h
β¯/2.702
0.71/23. 1.38/35. 2.19/42.
7/2+
78
Ge
77.922853
1.45 h
β¯/0.95
0.70/
0+
Ge Ge
78.9254
39. s 19.1 s
β¯/IT β¯/4.2
Ge
79.92545
29.5 s
β¯/2.67
2.4/
0+
≈7.6 s
β¯/
3.75/
1/2+
80.9288
≈7.6 s
β¯/6.2
3.44/
9/2+
81.9296 82.9345 83.9373 84.943 85.946
4.6 s 1.9 s 0.98 s 0.54 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/4.7 β¯/8.9 β¯/7.7 β¯/10.
80
81m
81
Ge
Ge
Ge Ge 84Ge 85Ge 86Ge 87Ge 88Ge 89Ge 33As 60As 61As 62As 63As 64As 65As 66m2As 66m1As 66As 67As 82 83
74.92160(2) 59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9495
4.0/20. 4.3/80.
0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2
+0.510
1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195-1.482 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15-2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4.
7/2+ 1/2-
0.1096/21. (0.10-2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/
0+
65.94410 66.9392
>1.2 µs 0.19 s 1.9 µs 0.018 ms 95.8 ms 42. s
As
67.9368
2.53 m
β+/8.1
As
68.93228
15.2 m
β+/98/4.01 EC/2/
2.95/
5/2-
1.6
As
69.93093
52.6 m
1.44/
4+
+2.1061
+0.09
As
70.927114
2.72 d
β+/84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+/32/2.013 EC/68/
5/2-
+1.6735
-0.02
68
69
70
71
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
-0.17
2.9/
Ge
79
-0.879467
0+ 1/2-
77
79m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
β+/9.4
β+/9.55 β+/6.0 EC/
11-71
5.0/
5/2-
3+
0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61-3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17-4.4)/ ann.rad./ 0.1749(2)/84.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 72 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
As
71.926753
26.0 h
β+/77/4.356
As
72.923825
80.3 d
EC/0.341
As
73.923829
17.78 d
β+/31/2.562 EC/37/ β¯/1.353
0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.
0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
72
73
74
As As 76As
74.921597 75.922394
26.3 h
β¯/2.962
As
76.920648
38.8 h
β¯/0.683
As
77.92183
1.512 h
β¯/4.21
77
78
79m
2-
100.
2-
-1.597
3/22-
+1.43947 -0.903
3/2-
+1.295
3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.
2-
9/2+
As
78.92095
9.0 m
β¯/2.28
1.80/95.
3/2-
As
79.92258
16. s
β¯/5.64
3.38/
1+
As
80.92213
33. s
β¯/3.856
13.7 s
β¯/
3.6/
5-
7.2/80.
1+
80
81
82m
As
3/2-
As As
81.9246 82.9250
19. s 13.4 s
β¯/7.4 β¯/5.5
As As
83.9291
0.6 s 4. s
β¯ β¯, n/7.2
1-
85
As
84.9318
2.03 s
β¯, n/8.9
3/2-
As As 88As 89As 90As 91As 92As 34Se 65Se
85.9362 86.9396 87.945 88.949
78.96(3) 64.965
Se 67Se
65.9552 66.9501
82 83
84m 84
86 87
66
-0.08
3/2-
1.21 µs
As
79
-2.1566
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./ 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1-4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.
0.017 s
75m 75
0.669/5. 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.95 0.49 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s s µs µs µs µs µs
0.011 s
0.06 s
β¯, n/11.4 β¯, n/10.
β+/60/14. β+ , p β+/10.2 β+,(p)/
11-72
+0.31 0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3-2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5-3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/72. 0.8186(4)/27. 1.7313(2)/27. 1.8954(2)/38. 0.6544(1)/15. 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28. 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325-5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/
3.55/ ann.rad./ 0.352
482_Frame_11.020 Page 73 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
68
Se
67.9419
36. s
β+/4.7
69
Se
68.93956
27.4 s
β+/6.78 EC/
70
Se
69.9335
41.1 m
β+/2.4
71
Se
70.9319
4.7 m
β+/4.4 EC/
72
Se Se
71.92711
8.5 d 40. m
EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+/27/2.77
73
Se
72.92678
7.1 h
β+/65/2.74 EC/35/
74
Se Se
0.89(4)
73.922477 74.922524
119.78 d
EC/0.864
Se Se 77Se 78Se 79mSe 79Se 80Se 81mSe
9.37(29)
17.4 s
I.T./
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
73m
75
76
Se
82
Se Se
7.63(16) 23.77(28)
76.919915 77.917310
49.61(41)
78.918500 79.916522
8.73(22)
3.4/36.
0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.
5/2-
0+ 3/2-
9/2+
0.86
0+ 5/2+
0.67
I.T./ β¯/0.151
57.3 m
I.T./99/0.1031
80.917993
18.5 m
β¯/1.585
81.916700
≈1×1020 y 1.17 m
β–β– β¯/3.96
1.6/98.
2.88/ 3.92/
1/2-
0+ 1/2-
Se
82.919119
22.3 m
β¯/3.668
0.93/ 1.51/
9/2+
84
Se Se
83.91847 84.92225
3.3 m 32. s
β¯/1.83 β¯/6.18
1.41/100. 5.9/
0+ 5/2+
86
Se
85.92428
15. s
β¯/5.10
87
Se
86.92853
5.4 s
Se Se 90Se 91Se
87.93143 88.9360 89.9394 90.945
1.5 s 0.41s >0.15 µs 0.27 s
β¯/7.28 n/ β¯,n/6.85 β¯,n/9.0
88 89
β¯,n/8.
11-73
1.0
0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024-0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.
+0.53506 0.09573(3)/9.5
7/2+ 0+ 7/2+
83
85
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ (0.050-0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6-1.5)
0+
0+ 7/2+ 1/20+
3.92 m 1.1x106 y
83m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
5.006/
75.919214
77m
81
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
5/2+
-1.018
+0.8 0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32 0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19-3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21-2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 74 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Se 93Se 94Se 35Br 67Br 68Br 69Br 70Br 71Br 72Br 73Br
91.949
92
74m
Atomic Mass or Weight
79.904(1) 66.9648 67.958 68.9502 69.9446 70.9392 71.9365 72.9318
Br
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
<1.2 µs <0.024 µs 79. ms 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m
β+/9.6 β+/10.0 β+/6.9 β+/8.7 β+/4.7
46. m
β+/
/0.75 3 3/2-
≈0.55
3.7/ 4.5/
4-
1.82
+0.75
Br
73.92989
25.4 m
β+/6.91
75
Br
74.92578
1.62 h
β+/76/3.03
3/2-
1.4 s
I.T./5.05
4+
76
Br
Br
75.92454
16.0 h
β+/57/4.96
Br Br
76.921380
4.3 m 2.376 d
I.T./0.1059 EC/99/1.365
Br
77.921146
6.45 m
β+/92/3.574 EC/8/
4.86 s
I.T./0.207
77m 77
78
Br Br
79m 79
80m
50.69(7)
80
Br
81
Br
79.918530
49.31(7)
4.42 h
I.T./0.04885
17.66 m
β¯/92/2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+/2.6/
82
Br
81.916805
1.471 d
83
Br
82.915181
2.40 h
β¯/0.972
6.0 m
β¯/4.97
84m
Br
Br
1.2/ 2.5/
6.1 m
11-74
1-
0.54821
0.270
9/2+ 3/2-
0.973
+0.53
1+
0.13
9/2+ 3/2-
1.38 β¯/7.6 1.99 β¯/82 0.85 β+/2.8
80.916291 I.T./98/0.046 β¯/2/3.139 β¯/3.093
82m
1.9/ 3.68/
78.918338
Br
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
74
76m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+2.10640 0
+0.331
5-
+1.3177
+0.75
1+
0.5140
0.196
3/2-
+2.27056 2
+0.276
20.444/
5-
0.395/1 0.925/99 2.2/100
3/2(6-)
+1.6270
0.751
0.4547-1.3167 ann.rad 0.065-0.700 ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2 - 4.38) ann.rad 0.6341 0.6348 (0.2-4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1-1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4-4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08-1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7-3.0) 0.2072
Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64-1.45)
0.046/0.24 (0.62-2.66) 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013-1.96) 0.52964 (0.12-0.68) 0.4240/100
482_Frame_11.020 Page 75 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
84
Br
83.91651
31.8 m
β¯/4.65
85
Br
84.91561
2.87 m
β¯/2.87
86
Br
85.91880
55.5 s
β¯/7.63
3.3 7.4
(2-)
87
Br
86.92072
55.6 s
β¯/6.85 n/
6.1/
3/2-
Br Br
87.92407
5.1 µs 16.3 s
89
Br
88.92640
4.35 s
90
Br
89.9306
1.91 s
91
Br
90.9339
0.54 s
92
Br
91.9392
0.31 s
Br Br 95Br 96Br 97Br 36Kr 69Kr 70Kr 71Kr 72Kr
92.9431 93.9487
83.80(1) 68.9653 69.9560 70.9505 71.9419
0.03 s >1.2 µs 100. ms 17. s
73
Kr
72.9389
28. s
74
Kr
73.9333
11.5 m
75
Kr
74.93104
4.3 m
β+/4.90 EC/
76
Kr
75.92595
14.8 h
EC/1.31
77
Kr
76.92467
1.24 h
β+/80/3.06 EC/20/
88m 88
93 94
0.10 0.07 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s s µs µs µs
2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57
2-
1-
β¯/8.16 n/ β¯/10.4 n/
3/2-
2.
0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1-6.99) 0.7753 1.0978 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740
2-
β¯/90/9.80 β¯ n/10/ β¯/12.20 β¯ n/ β¯ n/11.1 β¯ n/
β+,(p)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23-4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09-2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5-6.8) 1.41983 1.4762 (0.2-6.1)
3/2-
β¯/8.96 n/
8.3/ 9.8/
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
4.07/
β+,EC/10.1 β+/5.0 EC/
β+/6.7 EC/ β+,p/ β+/3.1 EC/
11-75
0+
5/2/0.25 0+
3.2/
5/2+
- 0.531
+ 1.1
- 0.583
+ 0.9
0+
5/2+ 1.55/ 1.70/
(0.198-0.207) ann.rad 0.3100/29 0.4150/36 (0.12-0.58) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06-0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010-1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02-1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03-1.07) ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38
482_Frame_11.020 Page 76 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
0.35(1)
77.92039
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.87/ 78
Kr Kr Kr
79m 79
Kr Kr 81Kr 80
78.920083
2.28(6)
80.916593
Kr Kr
11.58(14)
Kr Kr 85mKr
11.49(6) 57.00(4)
83 84
Kr Kr 87Kr 86
17.30(22)
I.T./0.1299 β+/7/1.626 EC/93/
7/2+ 1/2-
- 0.786 + 0.536
13.1 s 2.1x105 y
I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807
0+ 1/27/2+
+ 0.586 - 0.908
1.86 h
I.T./0.0416
0+ 1/2-
+ 0.591
82.914137 83.911508
84.912530 85.910615 86.913359
10.73 y
β¯/79/ I.T./21/0.305 β¯/0.687
1.27 h
β¯/3.887
4.48 h
85
0+
81.913485
83m
(0.02-2.3)
β–β–
79.916379
81m
82
>0.9×1020 y 53. s 1.455 d
0.83/79 0.15/0.4 1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30
9/2+ 0+ 5/2+
1.005
+0.43
-1.023
- 0.30
- 0.330
+ 0.16
+ 0.30
2.84 h
β¯/2.91
89
Kr
88.91764
3.15 m
β¯/4.99
3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/
5/2+
90
Kr
89.91953
32.3 s
β¯/4.39
2.6/77 2.8/6
0+
91
Kr
90.9234
8.6 s
β¯/6.4
4.33/ 4.59/
5/2+
- 0.583
92
Kr
91.92611
1.84 s
93
Kr
92.9312
1.29 s
β¯/5.99 n/ β¯/8.6 n/
7.1/
1/2+
- 0.413
94
Kr
93.9343
0.21 s
β¯/7.3
Kr 96Kr 97Kr 98Kr 99Kr 100Kr 37Rb 71Rb 72Rb
94.9397 95.9431 96.9486
0.78 s > 50 ms < 0.1 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/9.7
<1.2 µs
11-76
0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760
+0.253
0+
- 0.410
Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04-1.3)
Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03216
+ 0.633
87.91445
85.4678(3) 70.9653 71.9591
+ 0.63
-0.970699
Kr
β¯
+ 0.40
9/2+ 0+ 1/2-
88
95
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.30487 0.15118 0.51399 0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13-3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03-2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2-4.7) 0.12182/32.9 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1 - 4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2-4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14 - 3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057-4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098-0.985)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 77 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
<0.03 µs 65. ms 19. s
β+/10.4 β+/7.02
2.31/
75.93508
39. s
β+/8.50
4.7/
1-
-0.372623
+0.4
76.93041
3.8 m
β+/5.34
3.86/
3/2-
+0.65446 8
+0.70
Atomic Mass or Weight
Rb 74Rb 75Rb
72.9504 73.9445 74.93857
76
Rb
77
Rb
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
73
78m
Rb
5.7 m
I.T./0.1034 β+/ EC/ β+/7.22 EC/
78
Rb
77.92814
17.7 m
79
Rb
78.92400
23. m
β+/84/3.65 EC/16/
80
Rb
79.92252
34. s
β+/5.72
30.5 m
I.T./0.85 β+,EC/ β+/27/2.24 EC/73
81m
81
Rb
82m
82
Rb 80.91900
Rb
Rb
81.91821
4.57 h
Spin (h/2p)
4-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+2.549
+0.81
5/2+
+0.3358
-0.10
3.4 0+
4.1/22 4.7/74 1.4
1+
-0.0836
+0.35
9/2+
+5.598
-0.74
1.05/
3/2-
+2.060
+0.40
6.47 h
β+/26/ EC/74/
0.80/
5-
+1.5100
+1.0
1.258 m
β+/96/4.40
3.3/
1+
+0.55450 8
+0.19
EC/4/ 83
Rb
84m
84
82.91511
Rb
Rb
Rb Rb 86Rb 87Rb 85
83.914387
72.17(2)
86.2 d
EC/0.91
5/2-
+1.425
+0.20
20.3 m
I.T./0.216
6-
+0.2129
+0.6
32.9 d
β+/22/2.681 EC/75/ β¯/3/0.894
2-
-1.32412
-0.015
I.T./0.5560 β¯/1.775 β¯/0.283
1.774/8.8 0.273/100
5/2623/2-
+1.353 +1.815 -1.6920 +2.7512
+0.23 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13
β¯/5.316
5.31
2-
0.508
1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18 1.7/ 6.5/
3/2-
+2.304
+0.14
4-
+1.616
+0.20
84.911792
88
Rb
87.911323
1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88x1010 y 17.7 m
89
Rb
88.91229
15.4 m
β¯/4.50
4.3 m
β¯/4.50
86m
90m
Rb
27.83(2)
0.780/11 1.658/11 0.893/
85.911170 86.909186
11-77
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann. rad. 0.179 ann.rad. 0.4240/92. (0.064-1.68) ann.rad. 0.0665/59 (0.04 - 2.82) ann.rad. 0.4553/81. (0.103-4.01) ann.rad. 0.4553/63. (0.42-5.57) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017-3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25. ann.rad. (0.085-1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05 - 1.9) ann.rad./ 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092 - 2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47 - 3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03-0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02-1.9) 0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8
0.8980/14. 1.8360/21. (0.34-4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12-4.09) 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20-5.00)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 78 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
90
Rb
89.91481
2.6 m
β¯/6.59
6.6
1-
91
Rb
90.91649
58.0 s
β¯/5.861
5.9
3/2-
92
Rb
91.91968
4.48 s
β¯/8.11
8.1/94
1-
93
Rb
92.92195
5.85 s
β¯/7.46 n/1
7.4/
94
Rb
93.92643
2.71 s
β¯/10.31 n/10
95
Rb
94.92929
0.377 s
Elem. or Isot.
96m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
+2.182
+0.15
5/2
+1.410
+0.18
9.5/
3
+1.498
+0.16
β¯/9.30 n/8
8.6/
5/2
+1.334
+0.21
β¯/11.76 n/13/ β¯/10.42 n/27/
10.8/
2+
+1.466
+0.25
10.0
3/2
+1.841
+0.58
0.144/
1.7 µs
Rb
96
Rb
95.93427
0.199 s
97
Rb
96.93733
0.169 s
98
Rb
97.94174
0.107 s
Rb 100Rb 101Rb 102Rb 36Sr 73Sr 74Sr 75Sr 76Sr 77Sr 78Sr 79Sr
98.9453 99.9499 100.9532 101.9592 87.62(1) 72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.9416 76.9378 77.93218 78.92971
59. ms 53. ms 0.03 s 0.09 s
β¯/12.34 n/13 β¯/11.3 β¯/13.5 β¯/11.8 β¯
> 25 ms >1.2 µs ≈ 0.07 s 8.9 s 9.0 s 2.7 m 2.1 m
β+/6.1 β+/6.9 β+/3.76 β+/5.32
99
80
Sr
79.92453
1.77 h
β+/1.87
81
Sr
80.92322
22.3 m
β+/87/3.93 EC/13/
Sr Sr 83Sr
81.91840
25.36 d 5.0 s 1.350 d
EC/0.18 I.T./0.2591 β+/24/2.28 EC/76/
82
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
83m
82.91756
11-78
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8317/28. (0.31-5.60) 0.0936/34. (0.35-4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1-6.1) 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16-5.41) 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12-6.35) 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20-2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093-0.369 0.815/76. (0.20-5.42) 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56. 1.258/52. (0.14-2.08) (0.07-3.68)
5.6 4.1
3/2-
-0.35
+1.4
-0.474
+0.74
0+
2.43/ 2.68/
0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/
1/2-
+0.544
1/27/2+
+0.582 -0.898
+0.79
0.147 (0.047-0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135-0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24-0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06-1.7) Rb x-ray 0.2591/87.5 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094-2.15)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 79 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Sr 85mSr
0.56(1)
83.913426
84
Sr Sr 87mSr 87Sr 88Sr 89Sr 90Sr 91Sr
1.127 h
85 86
Half-Life
9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)
84.912936 85.909265
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
64.85 d
I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065
2.81 h
I.T./0.3884
86.908882 87.905617 88.907455 89.907738 90.91020
50.52 d 29.1 y 9.5 h
β¯/1.497 β¯/0.546 β¯/2.70
92
Sr
91.91098
2.71 h
β¯/1.91
93
Sr
92.91394
7.4 m
β¯/4.08
94
Sr
93.91537
1.25 m
β¯/3.511
95
Sr
94.91931
25.1 s
β¯/6.08
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 0+ 1/2-
1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10 2.6/25 3.2/65
2.1/ 3.3/
9/2+ 0+ 1/29/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b) +0.601 +0.30
+0.63 -1.09360
+0.34
-1.149
-0.3
0.9092
-0.887
+0.044
-0.794
+0.26
0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12-2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24-1.1) 0.5903/ 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17-3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636
0.3884(IT)
0+
1/2+
-0.5379
6.1/50
96
Sr
95.92165
1.06 s
β¯/5.37
4.2/
0+
97
Sr
96.92615
0.42 s
β¯/7.47
5.3
(1/2+)
98
Sr
97.92845
0.65 s
β¯/5.83
5.1
Sr Sr 101Sr 102Sr 103Sr 104Sr 105Sr 39Y 77Y 78mY 78Y
98.9333 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952
0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/8.0 β¯/7.1 β¯/9.5 β¯/8.8
99
100
Y
79
88.90585(2) 76.9496 77.9435
> 0.5 µs 0.06 s 5.8 s
β+/10.5
78.9374
15. s
β+/7.1
11-79
-0.500
-0.26
(5+)
0.2318/84. (0.15-0.24) 0.51399/99.3
-1.001
0+ 5/2+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.8
0.279/100 0.504/90 0.713/40 (0.152-1.106)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 80 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Y 80Y
79.9320
4.7 s 30. s
β+/7.0
5.5 5.0/
Y
80.9291
1.21 m
β+/5.5
3.7/ 4.2/
Y
81.9268
9.5 s
β+/7.8
6.3/
1+
2.85 m
β+/95/4.6 EC/5/
2.9
1/2-
7.1 m
β+/4.47 EC/
3.3
9/2+
4.6 s
β+/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
80m
81
82
83m
Y
Y
83
84m
Y
Y
84
85m
Y
84.91643
Y
Y
86
87m
83.9203
Y
85
86m
82.92235
85.91489
Y
40. m
1+ 1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7
5-
β+/70/ EC/30/
2.6 h
β+/55/3.26 EC/45/
48. m
I.T./99/ β+/ EC/
8+
4.8
14.74 h
β+/5.24 EC/
4-
<0.6
13. h
I.T./98/ β+/0.7/ EC/ EC/99+/1.862
9/2+
6.1
86.910880
3.35 d
Y
87.909506
106.6 d
88
(4)
4.9 h
Y
87
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/99+/3.623 β+/0.2/
11-80
9/2+
1.54/
6.2
1/2-
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2285 ann.rad./ 0.3858/100 0.5951/42 0.756-1.396 ann.rad./ 0.428 0.469 ann.rad./ 0.5736 0.6017 0.7375 ann.rad./ 0.2591 0.4218 0.4945 ann.rad./ 0.0355 0.4899 0.8821 (0.03 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.7930 ann.rad./ 0.4628 0.6606 0.7931 0.9744 1.0398 (0.2 - 3.3) ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5356 0.7673 2.1238 (0.1 - 3.1) ann.rad./ 0.2317 0.5045 0.9140 (0.07 - 1.4) ann.rad./ 0.0102(IT) 0.2080 (0.09 - 1.1) ann.rad./ 0.3070 0.6277 1.0766 1.1531 1.9207 (0.1 - 3.8) 0.3807
1.15/0.7 0.78/
1/2-
0.76/
4-
0.3880 0.4870 ann.rad./ 0.89802
482_Frame_11.020 Page 81 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Y Y 90mY
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
89m 89
Y Y 91Y 92Y 90
100.
89.907152
Y
94m
90.907301 91.90893
Y
93
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
92.90956
Spin (h/2p)
15.7 s
I.T./0.909
9/2+ 1/27+
3.24 h
I.T./99+/0.68204 β¯/0.002/
2.67 d 49.7 m 58.5 d 3.54 h
β¯/2.282 I.T./0.555 β¯/1.544 β¯/3.63
0.82 s
I.T./0.759
10.2 h
β¯/2.87
2.88/90
1/2-
4.92/
2-
88.905849
91m
93m
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
2.28/ 1.545/ 3.64/
29/2+ 1/22-
9/2+
1.4 µs
Y
Y
93.91160
18.7 m
β¯/4.919
Y
94.91279
10.3 m
β¯/4.42
1/2-
9.6 s
β¯/
(3+)
94
95
96m
Y
Y Y
95.91588
6.2 s 1.21 s
β¯/7.09 β¯/7.4
7.12/ 4.8/ 6.0/
09/2+
Y
96.91813
3.76 s
β¯/6.69
6.7
1/2-
2.1 s
β¯/9.8
5.5/
(4-)
β¯/8.83
8.7/
1+
β¯/7.57 n
/2.5/
96
97m
97
98m
Y
Y
97.92224
0.59 s
Y Y
98.92463
0.011 ms 1.47 s
98
99m 99
11-81
1/2-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.83601 2.73404 3.2190 0.9092(IT)
-0.13742 5.1
-1.630 5.96 0.1641
0.2025 0.4794 0.6820 -0.155 0.5556(IT) 1.208 0.4485 0.5611 0.9345 1.4054 (0.4 - 3.3) 0.1686(IT) 0.5902 0.2669 0.9471 1.9178 0.4322 0.7699 1.2024 0.3816 0.9188 1.1389 (0.3 - 4.1) 0.4324 0.9542 2.1760 3.5770 0.1467 0.6174 0.9150 1.1071 1.7507 1.594 0.1614 0.9700 1.1030 0.2969 1.9960 3.2876 3.4013 0.2415 0.6205 0.6473 1.2228 1.8016 0.2131 1.2228 1.5907 2.9413 4.4501 0.1218/43.8 0.5362 0.7242
482_Frame_11.020 Page 82 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0130
Y 100Y 101Y 102Y 103Y 104Y 105Y 106Y 107Y 108Y 40Zr 79Zr 80Zr
100m
99.9278 100.9303 101.9336 102.9369 103.9414 104.9451 105.950
91.224(2) 78.949 79.9406
85m
n/1.8/ n/1.5/ n/4.0/ n/8.3/
3+ 1+ (5/2)
β+/8.0
0.290 0.538
82.9287
83.9233
26. m
β+ /2.7 EC/
0+
10.9 s
I.T./0.2922 β+ ,EC/
1/2-
Zr
84
0.06 s 4. s
β¯,n/ β¯,n/9.3 β¯,n/8.6 β¯,n/9.9 β–,n
β+/7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC
80.9368 81.9311
82
s s s s s s µs µs µs µs
5. s 32. s 7. s 44. s
Zr Zr 83mZr 83Zr 81
0.94 0.73 0.43 0.36 0.23 0.18 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
Zr
6.1 3. 4.8
(3/2-)
85
Zr
84.9215
7.9 m
β+ /4.7 EC/
86
Zr
85.91647
16.5 h
EC/1.47
0+
14.0 s
I.T./0.3362
1/2-
87m
Zr
87
Zr
86.91482
1.73 h
β+ /3.67 EC/
88
Zr Zr
87.91023
83.4 d 4.18 m
Zr
88.908889
3.27 d
EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/ β+ /23/2.832 EC/77/ I.T./
89m
89
90m
Zr
Zr Zr 92Zr 93Zr 94Zr 95Zr 90 91
0.809 s
51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)
89.904702 90.905643 91.905039 92.906474 93.906314 94.908041
1.5x106y > 1017 y 64.02 d
β¯ /0.091 β–β– β¯ /1.125
11-82
3.1
2.26
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507 ann.rad./ 0.9092 0.1326 2.1862 2.3189(IT)
(7/2+) (1/2-)
7/2+
9/2+
0+ 1/2-
0.9/
0.366/55
9/2+
-1.07
5-
6.3
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
-1.30362
-0.21 0.0304
1.13
+0.29
0.7242
482_Frame_11.020 Page 83 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Zr 97Zr 98Zr 99Zr
2.80(9)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
95.908275 96.910950 97.91276 98.91651
>2×1019 y 16.8 h 30.7 s 2.2 s
β–β– β¯ /2.658 β¯ /2.26 β¯ /4.56
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.400/44 96
100
Zr
99.91776
7.1 s
β¯ /3.34
101
Zr
100.92114
2.1 s
β¯ /5.49
Zr Zr 104Zr 105Zr 106Zr 107Zr 108Zr 109Zr 110Zr 41Nb 81Nb 82Nb 83Nb 84Nb 85Nb 86mNb 86Nb
101.92298 102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.941 107.944
2.9 s 1.3 s 1.2 s ≈1. s >0.24 µs >0.24 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /4.61 β¯ /7.0 β¯ /5.9 β¯ /8.5
102 103
87m
87
88
89
90
87.9183
Nb
Nb
90m
86.92036
Nb
Nb
89m
85.9250
Nb
Nb
88m
92.90638(2) 80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336 84.9279
88.91349
Nb
Nb
89.911263
< 0.08 µs 50 ms 12. s 2.3 m 56. s 1.46 m
1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/
0.7567 0+ 1/20+ 1/2+
β+/11. β+/7.5 β+ ,EC/9.6 β+ /6.0 β+ β+ /8.0
(3+)
β+ / EC/
1/2-
2.6 m
β+ 5.2/ EC/
(9/2+)
7.7 m
β+ / EC/
4-
14.3 m
β+ /7.6 EC/
3.2/
8+
2.0 h
β+ / EC/ β+ /74/4.29 EC/26/
3.3/
9/2+
2.8/
1/2-
18.8 s
I.T./0.1246
14.6 h
β53/6.111
11-83
0.4692/55.2 0.5459/48 0.028-1.321 0.4006 0.5043 0.1194 0.2057 0.2089
3/2-
3.7 m
1.10 h
0.7434
0+ 6.2/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
+6.216
40.86/5
8+
4.961
ann.rad./ 0.751 1.003 ann.rad./ 0.1352 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.2010 0.4706 0.6165 1.0665 1.8842 ann.rad./ 0.2625 0.3996 1.0569 1.0825 ann.rad./ 1.0570 1.0828 (0.07 - 2.5) 0.5880/10(D) (0.17 - 4.0) ann.rad./ 0.5074 0.5880 0.7696 1.2775 0.002 0.1225 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 84 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
91m
91
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Nb
62. d
Nb Nb
90.906989
Nb
91.907192
92m
92
93m
93
Nb
Nb Nb
100.
Nb
96
93.907282
Nb
9/2+ 2+
3.7x107y
EC/2.006
7+
16.1 y
I.T./0.0304
1/2-
6.26 m
I.T./99+/2.086 β¯ /0.5/
2.4x104y
β¯ /2.045
0.47/
6+
3.61 d
0.2357
1/2-
0.160/ 0.5/10 0.75/90 0.734/98 1.27/98
9/2+ 6+
6.141 4.976
1/29/2+
6.15
9/2+ 3+
Nb Nb
96.908096
58.1 s 1.23 h
I.T./0.7434 β¯ /1.934
51. m
β¯ /4.67
2.9 s
β¯ /4.59
4.6/
1+
2.6 m
β¯ /
3.2/
1/2-
15.0 s
β¯ /3.64
3.5/100
9/2+
0.013 ms 3.0 s
β¯ /6.74
5.8
6.2/ 5.3/ 4.3/
Nb
99m
99
7x102y 10.13 d
97.91033
Nb
Nb
100m2 100m1
98.91162
Nb Nb
Nb
99.91418
1.5 s
β¯ /6.25
Nb Nb 102Nb 103Nb 104mNb 104Nb 105Nb 106Nb 107Nb 108Nb 109Nb 110Nb 111Nb 112Nb
100.91525
7.1 s 4.3 s 1.3 s 1.5 s 0.9 s 4.8 s 3.0 s 1.0 s 0.30 s 0.19 s 0.19 s 0.17 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯ /4.57 β¯ / β¯ /7.21 β¯ /5.53 β¯,n/ β¯,n/8.1 β¯,n/6.5 β¯,n/9.3 β¯,n/7.9 β,n/ β,n/ β,n/
100
101
102m
101.91804 102.91914 103.9225 104.9239 105.9282 106.9303 107.9350 108.9376 109.943
11-84
5+
7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40
6.114
+6.1705
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1412 1.1292 2.1862 2.3189 (0.1 - 3.3) 0.1045(IT) 1.2050 Mo k x-ray 0.9126 0.9345 1.8475 0.5611 0.9345 Nb x-ray 0.0304
1/2-
34.97 d 23.4 h
Nb
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
I.T./97/ EC/3/ EC/1.253 EC/99+/
94.906834 95.908099
98m
98
1.5/92
Nb Nb
97m 97
EC/47/
Spin (h/2p)
I.T./97.5/ β¯ /2.5/ β¯ /0.926 β¯ /3.187
95m
95
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
92.906376
94m
94
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
-0.32 Nb k x-ray 0.0409 0.87109 0.70263 0.87109 0.2040 0.2356 0.76578 0.7782 0.2191-1.498 0.7434 0.4809 0.6579 0.7874 0.1726-1.89 0.6451 0.7874 1.0243 0.0978/100 (0.138-3.010) 0.0977 0.1378/3.1 Nb k x-ray 0.159 0.6364 1.0637 0.5354 0.6001-1.566 0.1105-0.810 0.2960-2.184
5/2+
(0.193-0.590)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 85 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
95.94(1)
Mo Mo 85Mo 86Mo 87Mo 88Mo
82.949 83.9401 84.9366 85.9302 86.9273 87.92195
83 84
Mo
>0.15 µs 3.2 s 20. s 14. s 8.0 m
β+/6. β+/8.1 β+/4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC
(1/2-)
0.19 s
I.T./0.118
1/2-
0+
89
Mo
88.91948
2.2 m
β+ /5.58 EC/
9/2+
90
Mo
89.91394
5.7 h
β+ /25/2.489 1.085/ EC/75/
0+
1.08 m
I.T./50/0.653 β+ ,EC/50/
91m
Mo
91
Mo
92
Mo Mo
90.91175
14.84(35)
Mo Mo 95Mo 96Mo 97Mo 98Mo 99Mo 93
100 101
Mo Mo
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
9.25(12) 15.92(13) 16.68(2) 9.55(8) 24.13(31)
9.63(23)
15.5 m
β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/
6.9 h
I.T./99+/2.425
3.5x103y
EC/0.405
92.906811 93.905087 94.905841 95.904678 96.906020 97.905407 98.907711
2.7476 d
β¯ /1.357
99.90748 100.91035
≈ 1×1019 y 14.6 m
β–β– β¯ /2.82
1/2-
3.44/94
9/2-
0+ 21/2+
0.45/14 0.84/2 1.21/84
2.23/ 0.7/
5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 1/2+
0+ 1/2+
102
Mo
101.91030
11.3 m
β¯/1.01
103
Mo
102.91320
1.13 m
β¯/3.8
3/2+
104
Mo
103.91376
1.00 m
β¯/2.16
0+
11-85
(0.752-1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./ 0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1 - 4.2)
+0.5
2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/
91.906810
93m
94
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
>0.15 µs
Nb 42Mo
113
89m
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
1.2/
0+
+9.21
0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304
-0.9142
-0.02
-0.9335
+0.26
0.375
0.144048 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809-2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 86 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
105
Mo
104.9170
36. s
β¯/4.95
3/2+
106
Mo
105.91814
8.4 s
β¯/3.52
0+
Mo Mo 109Mo 110Mo
106.9217 107.9236 108.9278 109.9297
3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s 0.30 s
β¯/6.2 β¯/5.1 β¯/7.2 β¯/5.7
Mo Mo 113Mo 114Mo 115Mo 116Mo 117Mo 43Tc 85Tc 86Tc 87Tc 88Tc 89mTc 89Tc 90mTc
110.9345 111.937 112.942
>0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
84.949 85.9430 86.9365 87.9328
< 0.1 ms 0.05 s >0.15 µs 5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s
107 108
111
112
90
Tc
91m
Tc Tc
91
93
94
90.9184 91.91526
Tc
Tc
94m
89.9235
Tc
92
93m
88.9275
92.910248
Tc
Tc
93.909655
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12. (0.028-0.636) Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039-0.599)
µs µs µs µs µs µs µs
β+/11.9 β+/8.6 β+/10.1 β+/7.5 β+
5.3/
6+
7.0/15 7.9/95.
1+
8.3 s
β+/8.9
3.3 m
β+ EC
3.14 m 4.4 m
β+/6.2 β+/7.87 EC
43. m
I.T./13 EC/20
2.73 h
β+/13/3.201 EC/87/
52. m
β+/72/4.33 EC/28/
2+
4.88 h
β+/11/4.256 EC/89/
7+
1/2+
11-86
5.2 4.1
9/2+ 8+
1/2-
0.81
9/2+
6.26
5.08
ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1 - 3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026
482_Frame_11.020 Page 87 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
95m
95
96
98
99m
99
94.90766
95.90787
Tc
Tc Tc
Half-Life
61. d
Tc
Tc
97m
97
Tc
Tc
96m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
96.906364 97.907215
Tc
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
I.T./4/ β+/0.3 EC/96
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
1/2-
20.0 h
EC/100/1.691
9/2+
52. m
I.T./90/ β+,EC/2/
4+
4.3 d
EC/2.973
7+
91. d
I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320 β¯/1.80
4.2x106 y ≈6.6x106 y
I.T./100/0.142
β¯/0.294
0.293/100
9/2+
β¯/3.202 EC/1.8(10)-3/0.17
2.2/ 2.9/ 3.3
1+
9/2+
99.907657
Tc
100.90731
14.2 m
β¯/1.61
1.32/
4.4 m
I.T./2/4.8 β¯/98/
1.8/
3.4/ 4.2 2.2/ 2.0/ 2.2/
102
Tc
101.90921
5.3 s
β¯/4.53
103
Tc
102.90918
54. s
β¯/2.66
Tc Tc
103.91144
0.005 ms 18.2 m
β¯/5.60
104m 104
11-87
0.74535 Tc k x-ray 0.14049 0.14261
1/2-
Tc
Tc
9/2+ 6+
6.01 h
2.13x105 y 15.8 s
102m
+5.04
1/2-
98.906254
101
5.89
/3.9 0.40/100
5.3/
1+
5/2+
(3+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray 0.7782 0.8125 0.8498 1.12168 Tc k x-ray 0.0965 Mo k x-ray 0.65241
0.5/ 0.7/
Tc
100
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+5.6847
-0.129 0.5396 0.5908 1.5122 (0.3 - 2.6) 0.1272 0.1841 0.3068 0.5451 (0.073-0.969) 0.4184 0.4752 0.6281 0.6302 1.0464 1.1033 1.6163 2.2447 0.4686 0.4751 1.1055 0.1361 0.1743 0.2104 0.3464 0.5629 (0.13 - 1.0) 0.3483 0.3580 0.5305
482_Frame_11.020 Page 88 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
105
Tc
104.91166
7.6 m
β¯/3.6
106
Tc
105.91436
36. s
β¯/6.55
107
Tc
106.9151
21.2 s
β¯/4.8
108
Tc
107.9185
5.1 s
β¯/7.72
Tc Tc 111Tc
108.9200 109.9234 110.9250
1.4 s 0.83 s 0.30 s
β¯/6.3 β¯/8.8 β¯.n/7.0
p/0.08 p/0.04 n/0.85
Tc Tc
111.9292 112.931
0.26 s 0.15 s
β,n β–,n/8.
n/2.6 /2.1
Tc Tc 116Tc 117Tc 118Tc 44Ru 87Ru 88Ru 89Ru 90Ru
113.936 114.938
β–,n
/1.3
109 110
112 113
114 115
91 92
Ru Ru
93m
0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s µs µs µs µs
101.07(2) 86.949 87.9404 88.936 89.9298
>1.5 µs >0.15 µs 1.2 s 11. s
90.9264 91.9201
9. s 3.7 m
β+,EC/7.4 β+/53/4.5 EC/47/
10.8 s
I.T./21/ β+,EC/79/
Ru
3.4/
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5351 0.8844 0.8931 1.6768 (0.3 - 3.7) 0.1079 0.1432 0.3215 0.2703 0.5222 1.9694 2.2393 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835
5/2+
2+
(3)
0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063-1.435 0.0985/100 0.0658-1.520
0+ β+.p/8. β+/5.9
0+ 9/2+ 0+
1/25.3/
93
Ru
92.9171
1.0 m
β+/6.3 EC/
9/2+
94
Ru
93.91137
52. m
EC/100/1.59
0+
95
Ru
94.91042
1.64 h
EC/85/2.57 β+/15/
11-88
1.20/ 0.91/
5/2+
0.86
ann.rad./ 0.155 - 1.551 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593 ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5- 4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.2904
482_Frame_11.020 Page 89 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3364 0.6268
Ru Ru
5.52(20)
Ru Ru 100Ru 101Ru 102Ru 103Ru
1.88(9) 12.74(26) 12.60(19) 17.05(7) 31.57(31)
Ru Ru
18.66(44)
96 97
95.90760 96.90756
2.89 d
EC/1.12
0+ 5/2+
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+
97.90529 98.905939 99.904219 100.905582 101.904349 102.906323
39.27 d
β¯/0.763
0.223
103.905430 104.907750
4.44 h
β¯/1.917
1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49
Ru Ru
105.90733 106.9099
1.020 y 3.8 m
β¯/0.0394 β¯/2.9
0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/
0+
Ru
107.9102
4.5 m
β¯/1.4
1.2/
0+
Ru
108.91320
34.5 s
β¯/4.2
Ru
109.9140
15. s
β¯/2.81
Ru Ru 113Ru 114Ru
110.9176 111.9188 112.9225 113.9239
1.5 s 4.5 s 2.7 s 0.57 s
β¯/5.5 β¯/4.5 β¯/7. β¯/6.1
Ru Ru 117Ru 118Ru 119Ru 120Ru 45Rh 89Rh 90Rh 91Rh
114.928 115.930 116.935 117.937
≈0.74 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
98 99
104 105
106 107
108
109
110
111
112
115 116
102.90550(2) 88.9494 89.9429 90.9366
11-89
Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606
-0.6413
+0.079
-0.7188
+0.46
0.206
+0.62
-0.3
0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04 - 1.6) 0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1 - 1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967
0.127/24 (0.053-0.180) β¯/8.
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
0+ 3/2+
-0.78
482_Frame_11.020 Page 90 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Rh 93Rh 94mRh
91.9320 92.9257
Rh
93.9217
92
94
95m
95
Rh
96m
96
98
96.91134
Rh
Rh
99m
95.91452
Rh
Rh
98m
94.9159
Rh
Rh
97m
97
Rh
Rh
97.91072
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs 25.8 s
β+/11.1 β+/8.1 β+/
1.18 m
β+/9.6
1.96 m
I.T./88/ β+,EC/12/
5.0 m
β+/5.1
3.2
1.51 m
I.T./60/0.052 β+,EC/40/
4.70/
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
8+
6.4/
3+
1/2+
9/2+
2+
9.6 m
β+/6.45 EC/
3.3/
5+
46.m
I.T./5/ β+,EC/95/
2.6/
1/2-
31.0m
β+/3.52
2.1/
9/2+
3.5 m
β+ /
8.7 m
β+/90/5.06
3.4/
2+
4.7 h
β+/8/ EC/92/
.74/
9/2+
5+
11-90
5.67
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) (0.138-1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2 - 3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4 - 3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452 ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.3892 0.4515 0.8398 0.8788 (0.2 - 3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6154 0.6524 0.7452 ann.rad./ 0.6524 0.7623 ann.rad./ 0.2766/ 0.3408 0.6178 1.2612
482_Frame_11.020 Page 91 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 99
Natural Abundance (%)
Rh
100m
Rh
101m
Rh
Rh
102m
100.90616
Rh
Rh
101.906842
102
Rh Rh 104mRh 103m 103
Rh
104
105m
Rh
103.906655
104.905692
Rh
Rh
106
β+/4/2.10 EC/97/
0.54/ 0.68/
4.7 m
I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/
20.8 h
β+ /3.63 EC/
4.35 d
EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573
9/2+
3.3 y
EC/0.54
1/2-
3.74 y
EC/2.323 IT/0.0419
6+
207. d
EC/62 β¯ /19/ β+ /14/
56.12 m
IT
4.36 m
I.T./99+/ β¯
1.3/
42.3 s
β¯/99+/2.441 EC/0.4/1.141
1.88/2 2.44/98
43. s
I.T./1.296
35.4 h
β¯ /0.567
0.247/30 0.567/70
7/2+
2.18 h
β¯ /
0.92/
6+
105.90729
29.9 s
β¯ /3.54
2.4/2
1+
11-91
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1/2-
5+
2.62/ 2.07/
1-
+5.51
4.04
0.5
7/2+ 1/25+
102.905504
Rh
105
106m
100.
16. d
Half-Life
99.90812
101
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
98.90820
Rh
100
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Atomic Mass or Weight
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.0894/ 0.3530 0.5277 (0.1 - 2.0) ann.rad./ 0.0748/ 0.2647(IT) 0.4462 0.5396 0.5882 0.8225 1.5534 2.3761 Rh k x-ray 0.1272/ 0.3069 0.5451 Ru k x-ray 0.1272 0.1980 0.3252 0.4751 0.6313 0.6975 0.7668 1.0466 1.1032 ann.rad./ 0.4686 0.4751 0.5566 0.6280 1.1032 (0.4 - 1.6)
4.54 -0.0884
1+
1/2+4.45
+2.58
Rh k x-ray 0.0514 0.0971 0.5558 0.3581 0.5558 1.2370 (0.35 - 1.8) Rh k x-ray 0.1296 0.2801 0.3061 0.3189 0.2217 0.4510 0.5119 0.6162 0.7173 0.7484 1.0458 1.5277 0.51186/
482_Frame_11.020 Page 92 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
3.0/12 3.54/79 Rh
107
108m
106.90675
Rh
21.7 m
β¯ /1.51
1.20/65 1.5/17
6.0 m
β¯ /
1.57/
Rh
107.9087
17. s
β¯ /4.5
Rh
108.90874
1.34 m
β¯ /2.59
2.25/
29. s
β¯ /
0.6/
5.5/
108
109
110m
Rh
Rh
109.9110
3.1 s
β¯ /5.4
Rh Rh 112Rh 113Rh 114mRh 114Rh 115Rh 116mRh 116Rh 117Rh
110.9117
11. s 6.8 s 3.5 s 0.9 s 1.8 s 1.8 s 0.99 s 0.9 s 0.7 s 0.44 s
β¯ /3.7 β¯ / β¯ /6.2 β¯ /4.9 β¯ / β¯ /6.5 β¯ /6.0 β¯ / β¯ /8.0 β¯/7.
110
111
112m
Rh Rh 120Rh 121Rh 122Rh 46Pd 91Pd 92Pd 93Pd 118 119
111.9140 112.9154 113.9173 114.9201 115.9228 116.925 117.929 118.931 119.936 120.938
>0.15 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
>1.5 µs >0.15 µs 0.9 s
β+,p
Pd
93.9288
9. s
EC,β+ /≈ 6.6
Pd Pd 96Pd
94.92684
13.4 s
EC,β+ /10.2
95.9182
2.03 m
EC,β+ /3.5
95m
1+
7/2+
1+
1+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.61612 0.62187 (0.05 - 3.04) 0.2776 0.3028 0.3925 0.4339 0.4973 0.6189 0.4046 0.4339 0.4973 0.5811 0.6146 0.9014 0.9471 0.1134 0.1780 0.2914 0.3254 0.3268 0.4261 (0.1 - 1.6) 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967 0.3737 0.4400 0.5463 0.6877 0.8381 0.9045 0.275 0.3489 0.1285
1+ 0.3405 1+ 0.0346 0.1317
µs µs µs µs
106.42(1) 90.949 91.9404 92.9359
94
7/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.240/81 0.382-0.864 0.5582 (0.0546-0.798) 21/2+
95
11-92
1.15/
0.1248 0.4995
482_Frame_11.020 Page 93 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
3.5/
5/2+
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
97
Pd
96.9165
3.1 m
β+ ,EC/4.8
98
Pd
97.91273
17.7 m
β+ /1.87 EC/
99
Pd
98.91181
21.4 m
β+ /49/3.37 EC/51/
100
Pd
99.90851
3.7 d
EC/0.36
101
Pd
100.90829
8.4 h
β+ /5/1.980 EC/95/
102
Pd Pd
1.02(1)
101.905607 102.906087
16.99 d
EC/0.543
0+ 5/2+
Pd Pd 106Pd 107mPd
11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)
20.9 s
I.T./0.2149
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2-
6.5x106y
β¯ /0.033
4.75 m
I.T./0.1889
13.5 h
β¯ /1.116
5.5 h
I.T./73/0.172 β¯ /27/
Elem. or Isot.
103
104 105
Pd Pd 109mPd
Natural Abundance (%)
107 108
109
110
26.46(9)
Pd
Pd Pd
Atomic Mass or Weight
108.905954 11.72(9)
2.18/
0.03/
1.028
109.905153
111m
5/2+
0+
0.776/
5/2+
5/2+ 0+ 11/25/2+ 0+ 11/2-
0.35 0.77
111
Pd
110.90764
23.4 m
β¯ /2.19
2.2/95
5/2+
Pd Pd 113Pd
111.90731
β¯ /0.29 β¯ / β¯ /3.34
0.28/
0+ 5/2+
112.91015
21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m
Pd
113.91037
2.48 m
β¯ /1.45
112
113m
114
11-93
0+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2 - 2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244 0.2963 0.5904
0+
103.904034 104.905083 105.903484
106.90513 107.903895
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
-0.66
Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971 -0.642
+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)
Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 0.0880 (0.08 - 1.0) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1 - 1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760
482_Frame_11.020 Page 94 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
115
Pd
114.9137
47. s
β¯ /4.58
116
Pd
115.9142
12.7 s
β¯ /2.61
117
Pd
116.9178
4.4 s
β¯/5.7
118
Pd
117.9189
2.4 s
β¯/4.1
119
Pd
118.9227
0.9 s
β¯/6.5
Pd
119.9240
0.5 s
β¯/5.0
Pd Pd 123Pd 124Pd 47Ag 93Ag 94Ag 95Ag 96Ag
120.9282 121.9298 122.934
>0.24 µs >0.24 µs >0.15 µs
Elem. or Isot.
120
121 122
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
107.8682(2) 93.9428 94.9355 95.9307
0.42 s 2.0 s 5.1 s
β+, p/ β+, p/ β+/11.6 EC/
Ag
96.9240
19. s
β+ /7.0 EC/
98
Ag
97.9218
47. s
β+ /8.4 EC/
5+
11. s
I.T./100/
1/2-
2.07 m
β+ /87/5.4 EC/13/
9/2+
2.3 m
β+ / EC/
2+
2.0m
β+/7.1 EC/
3.1 s
I.T./0.23
11.1 m
β+/69/4.2 EC/31/
99
Ag
Ag
100m
100
101m
101
98.9176
Ag
Ag
99.9161
Ag
Ag
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.2473 0.077-0.403 0.1254 0.028-0.596 0.2566 0.070-0.326 0.1581 0.053-0.595
97
99m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
100.9128
4.7/
1/2-
2.7/ 2.18/
11-94
5+
9/2+
5.7
(0.539-2.025) ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066-1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352-3.294) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153-1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2 - 3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747
482_Frame_11.020 Page 95 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
2.73/ 3.38/
102m
102
Ag
103m
103
Ag
103.90863
Ag
104.90653
Ag
Ag
107m
107
102.90897
Ag
106m
106
Ag
Ag
105m
105
101.91197
Ag
104m
104
Ag
105.90667
Ag
Ag Ag
Ag
β+/38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/
3.4
2+
+4.14
13.0 m
β+/78/5.92 EC/22/
2.26/
5+
4.6
5.7 s
I.T./0.134
1.10 h
β+/28/2.69 EC/72/
1.7 1.3
7/2+
+4.47
33. m
β+/64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/
2.71/
2+
+3.7
69. m
β+/16/4.28 EC/84/
0.99/
5+
3.92
7.2 m
I.T./98/0.0255 EC/2/
7/2+
+4.41
41.3 d
EC/1.35
1/2-
0.1014
8.4 d
EC/
6+
3.71
24.0 m
β+/59/2.965 EC/41/ I.T./0.093
1+
+2.85
7/2+
+4.40
1.0
1/26+
-0.11357 3.580
+1.3
1+
+2.6884
44.2 s 51.839(8)
1/2-
/1.96
106.905093
108m
108
7.8 m
107.905954
418.y
EC/92/ I.T./8/0.079
2.39 m
β¯/97/1.65 EC/2/ β¯/1/1.92
11-95
1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3
+1.1
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2 - 3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.7194 0.8354 1.2571 1.5816 1.7446 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5 - 3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18 - 2.27) Ag x-ray 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1 - 1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931 Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885
482_Frame_11.020 Page 96 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 109m
109
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ag
Ag Ag
48.161(8)
Ag
111m
Half-Life 39.8 s
I.T./0.088
249.8 d
β¯/99/ I.T./1/0.1164
0.087 0.530
24.6 s
β¯/2.892
2.22/5 2.89/95
1.08 m
IT/99/0.0598 β¯/1/
7/2+
108.904756
110m
110
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
109.906111
Ag
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7/2+
+4.40
+1.0
1/26+
-0.13069 +3.60
+1.4
1+
+2.7271
0.2
Ag
110.905295
7.47 d
β¯/1.037
1.035/
1/2-
-0.146
Ag
111.90701
3.13 h
β¯/3.96
3.94/ 3.4
2-
0.0547
1.14 m
I.T./80/0.043 β¯/20/
7/2+ 1.5
0.159
111
112
113m
Ag
113
Ag
112.90657
5.3 h
β¯/2.02
2.01/
1/2-
114
Ag
113.90881
4.6 s
β¯/5.08
4.9/
1+
18.7 s
β¯/
7/2+
20. m
β¯/3.10
1/2-
10.5 s
I.T./2/ β¯/98/
3.2/ 2.9
5+
2.68 m
β¯/6.16
5.3
2-
5.3 s
β¯/
3.2/
7/2+
1.22 m
β¯/4.18
2.3
1/2-
2.8 s
β¯/59/ I.T./41/0.1277
115m
115
Ag
116m
116
115.91137
Ag
Ag
118m
114.90876
Ag
Ag
117m
117
Ag
Ag
116.91171
11-96
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447-1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4 - 2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887 0.1316 0.2128 0.2291 0.4727 (0.13 - 2.49) 0.1027 0.2549 0.5134 0.7055 1.0289 0.5134 0.6993 2.4779 0.1354 0.2981 0.3868 0.1354 0.1571 0.3377 0.1277 0.4878 0.6771 0.7709 1.0586
482_Frame_11.020 Page 97 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
118
Ag
117.9145
4.0 s
β¯/7.1
119
Ag
118.9157
2.1 s
β¯/5.35
0.32 s
β¯/ I.T./
Elem. or Isot.
120m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ag
120
Ag
119.9188
1.23 s
β¯/8.2
121
Ag
120.9198
0.78 s
β¯/6.4
1. s 0.44 s 0.31 s 0.22 s 0.17 s 0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.05 s
β¯/ β¯/9.2 β¯/7.4 β¯/10.1 β– β– β– β– β–,n
β+,(p) β+/5.4 (p) β+,EC/6.9 β+,EC/3.9
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
112.411(8) 95.9398 96.9349 97.9276
3. s 9.2 s
Cd 100Cd
98.9250 99.9203
16. s 1.1 m
Cd
100.9187
1.2 m
β+/83/5.5 EC/17/
Cd
101.91474
5.8 m
β+/27/2.59 EC/73
0+
Cd
102.91342
7.5 m
β+/33/4.14 EC/67/
5/2+
Cd
103.90985
58. m
EC/1.14
0+
Cd
104.90947
55.5 m
β+/26/2.739
122
99
101
102
103
104
105
121.9233 122.9249 123.9285 124.9305 125.9345 126.9369
11-97
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4878 0.6771 3.2259 0.0674 0.3662 0.3991 0.6264 0.2030 0.5059 0.6978 0.8300 0.9258 0.5059 0.6978 0.8171 1.3231 0.1150 0.3148 0.3537 0.3696 0.5007 1.5105 (0.11 - 2.5)
7/2+
Ag Ag 123Ag 124Ag 125Ag 126Ag 127Ag 128Ag 129Ag 48Cd 96Cd 97Cd 98Cd
122m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
/0.025
4.5
1.69/
5/2+
5/2+
-0.81
-0.8
-0.7393
+0.43
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.090-1.043) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31 - 2.84) ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1 - 2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 98 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/74/
Cd
106
1.25(6)
Cd
106.90661
107
Cd
108
105.90646
0.89(3)
Cd
Cd Cd
12.49(18)
Cd Cd 113mCd 113Cd 114Cd 115mCd
12.80(12) 24.13(21)
110.904182 111.902758
12.22(12) 28.73(42)
112.904401 113.903359
110
111
115
Cd
116
Cd Cd
7.49(18)
β+,EC
0+
EC/99+/1.417 β+/
5/2+
462.0 d
EC/0.214
5/2+
48.5 m
I.T./
0+ 11/2-
14.1 y 7.7x1015y
β¯/99.9/0.59 β–
0.59/99.9
44.6 d
β¯/1.629
0.68/1.6 1.62/97
114.905431
2.228 d
β¯/1.446
0.593/42 1.11/58
115.904756
2.3×1019 y 3.4 h
β–β– β¯/2.66
117m
0.72/
0+ 11/2-
β¯/2.52
118
Cd Cd
117.90692
50.3 m 2.20 m
β¯/0.52 β¯/
Cd
118.90992
2.69 m
β¨/3.8
≈ 3.5/
1/2+
Cd Cd
119.90985
50.8 s 8. s
β¯/1.76 β¯/
1.5/
0+ 11/2-
Cd
120.9131
13.5 s
β¯/4.9
(3/2+)
Cd Cd
121.9135
5.3 s 1.9 s
β¯/3.0 β¯/
0+
121
122
123m
+0.69
Ag k x-ray 0.08804
11-98
0.67/51 2.2/10
Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454
-0.648426
2.49 h
120
-0.827846
1/2+
116.907219
121m
Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289
-0.594886
Cd
119
+0.68
1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-
117
119m
-0.615055
0+
109.903006
111m
112
0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25 - 2.4)
107.90418 108.904985
109
>2.6x1017 y 6.52 h
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
1/2+
0+ 11/2-
-1.087 -0.622301
-0.71
0.2637
-1.042
-0.54
0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780 0.1586 0.5529 0.37 - 2.42 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429 0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403
482_Frame_11.020 Page 99 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. Cd 124Cd 123
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
122.91770 123.9177
2.09 s 1.24 s
β¯/6.12 β¯/4.17
0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.27 s 0.20 s 68 ms 0.10 ms
β¯/ β¯/7.16 β¯/5.49 β¯/8.5 β¯/7.1 β¯/5.9 β¯/ p/ p/
β+/8.9 β+,(p)/10.5 β+/7.3 EC/8.9
Cd Cd 126Cd 127Cd 128Cd 129Cd 130Cd 131Cd 132Cd 49In 98In 99In 100In 101In 102In
114.818(3) 97.9422 98.9346 99.9316 100.9266 101.9243
>1.5 µs >0.15 µs 6. s 15. s 22. s
In In
102.91991
34. s 1.1 m
In In
103.9183
125m 125
124.92129 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9323 129.9340
103m 103
104m 104
105m
In
In
105
106m
In
In
106
107m
In
106.91029
In
In
108
105.91346
In
107
108m
104.91467
107.90971
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
3+ 0+
0.0365 0.0628 0.1799
3/+ 0+ 3/+ 0+
0.2601 0.247 0.281
0+ /3.5 /60
(5)
0.1566 0.7767 (0.397-0.923) ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157-3.98)
β+,EC/6.05 EC
4.2 /45
9/2+
16. s 1.84 m
IT/0.0935 β+,EC/7.9
4.8
5+
43. s
I.T.
5.1 m
β+,EC/4.85
3.7
9/2+
5.3 m
β+/85/ EC/15/
4.90
3+
6.2 m
β+/65/6.52 EC/35/
2.6
7+
51. s
I.T./0.6786
32.4 m
β+/35/3.43 E.C/65/
2.20/
57. m
β+/53/ EC/47/
40. m
β+/33/5.15
+4.44
+0.7
+5.675
+0.83
+4.92
+0.97
9/2+
+5.59
+0.81
1.3
6+
+4.94
+0.47
3.49/
3+
+4.56
+1.01
1/2-
11-99
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
1/2-
ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781 In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2 - 2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 100 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/67/
109m
In
In
108.90715
109
110m
110
In
111m
111
In
109.90717
In
In
112m
112
In
In
113m
113
110.90511
111.90553
In
In In
4.29(5)
115
113.904918
95.71(5)
114.903879
116m2
116m1
116
117m
117
In
In
115.905261
In
In
118m2
In
β+/8/2.02 EC/92/
4.9 h
EC/
1.15 h
β+/62/3.88 EC/38/
7.7 m
1/20.79/
9/2+
+5.54
+0.84
7+
+4.72
+1.00
2+
+4.37
+0.35
I.T./0.537
1/2-
+5.53
2.8049 d
EC/0.866
9/2+
+5.50
+0.80
20.8 m
I.T./0.155
4+
14.4 m
β+/22/2.586 EC/34/ β¯/0.663 I.T./0.3917
1+
+2.82
+0.09
1/2-
-0.210
9/2+ 5+
+5.529 +4.65
1+
+2.82
2.22/
112.904062
In
In In
4.2 h
49.51 d
In
115m
I.T./0.650
1.658 h
114m
114
1.3 m
116.90452
1.198 m
I.T./97/0.190 EC/3/ β¯/97/1.989 EC/3/1.453
1.984/
+0.80 +0.74
4.486 h
I.T./95/0.336 β¯/5/0.83
1/2-
-0.255
4.4x1014 y 2.16 s
9/2+ 8-
+5.541 +3.22
+0.81 +0.31
54.1 m
β¯/0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β¯/
/0.023 1.0
5+
+4.43
+0.80
14.1 s
β¯/3.274
3.3/99
1+
2.788
0.11
1.94 h
β¯/53/1.769 I.T./47/
1.77/
1/2-
-0.2517
44. m
β¯/1.455
0.74/
9/2+
+5.52
+0.83
8.5 s
I.T./98/
(8-)
+3.32
+0.44
11-100
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1 - 1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6 - 3.6) In k x-ray 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917 In k x-ray 0.19027 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 In k x-ray 0.1624 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 In k x-ray 0.15855 0.31531 0.55294 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 In k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 101 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 118m1
118
119
In
In
119m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
117.90636
In
In
118.90585
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
4.40 m
β¯/2/ β¯/
5.0 s
17.9 m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.3 2.0
5+
+4.23
+0.80
β¯/4.42
4.2/
1+
2.7/
1/2-
-0.32
2.3 m
β¯/97/ I.T./3/0.311 β¯/2.36
1.6/
9/2+
+5.52
+0.85
8-
+3.692
+0.53
+4.30
+0.81
120m2
In
47 s
β–/6.1
120m1
In
46. s
β¯/5.8
2.2/
5+
3.1 s
β¯/5.37
5.6/ 3.1/
(1+)
3.8 m
β¯/99/ I.T./1/0.313
3.7/
1/2-
-0.36
23. s
β¯/3.36
2.5
9/2+
+5.50
+0.81
10. s
β¯/
4.4/
8-
+3.78
+0.59
1.5 s
β¯/6.37
5.3/
(1+)
47. s
β¯/
4.6/
(1/2-)
-0.40
6.0 s
β¯/4.39
3.3/
(9/2+)
+5.49
+0.76
3.4 s
β¯
8-
+3.89
+0.66
In
120
121m
In
In
121
122m
In
121.91028
In
In
123
124m
120.90785
In
122
123m
119.90796
122.91044
In
In
123.91318
3.18 s
β¯/7.36
5/
3+
+4.04
+0.61
In In
124.91360
12.2 s 2.33 s
β¯/ β¯/5.42
5.5/ 4.1/
1/29/2+
-0.43 +5.50
+0.71
124
125m 125
11-101
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1382 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 0.3114 0.7631 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 1.171 1.023 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4 - 2.7) 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 0.2620 0.6573 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316 3.2142 (0.3 - 4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350
482_Frame_11.020 Page 102 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 126m
In
In
126
127m
In
In
129m
125.91646
126.91734
In
128
127.92017
In
In
129
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
1.53 s
In
127
128m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
128.9217
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
4.9/
3+
+4.03
+4.06
1.63 s
β¯/8.21
4.2/
8-
3.73 s
β¯/
6.4/
(1/2-)
1.14 s
β¯/6.51
4.9/
(9/2+)
0.7 s
β¯/
5.4/
(8-)
0.80 s
β¯/8.98
5.0/
3+
1.23 s
β¯/98/ n/2/
≈ 7.5/
1/2-
0.63 s
β¯/7.66
5.5/
9/2+
130m2
In
0.53 s
β¯/
8.8/
5+
130m1
In
0.51 s
β¯/
6.1/
10-
0.29 s 0.3 s
β¯/10.25 β¯/
10.0/
1(21/ 2+) (1/2-) (9/2+)
In In
130
129.92486
131m2
In In
130.9268
0.35 s 0.28 s
β¯/ β¯/9.18
In
131.9323
0.20 s
β¯/13.6
In In 135In 50Sn 100Sn 101Sn 102Sn 103Sn 104Sn 105Sn
132.9383 133.9447
0.18 s 0.14 s
β¯,(n)
118.710(7) 99.9394 100.9361 101.9243 102.9281 103.9232 104.9214
≈ 0.9 s 3. s ≈5s 7. s 21. s 28. s
β+/7.3 β+/9. β+/5.8 β+/7.7 β+, EC/4.5 β+/6.3
Sn
105.91688
2.0 m
β+/20/3.18 EC/80/
131m1 131
132
133 134
106
6.4/ 6.0/ 8.8/
(7-)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+5.52
+0.49
+0.59
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205-2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212 1.9052
0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406 (0.354-2.005)
11-102
3.4/
In-x-ray (0.2879-3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772
482_Frame_11.020 Page 103 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
107
Sn
106.9157
2.92 m
EC/5.0 β+/
1.2/
108
Sn
107.91196
10.3 m
β+/1/2.09 EC/99/
0.36/
0+
109
Sn
108.91129
18.0 m
β+/9/3.85 EC/91/
1.52/
7/2+
Sn
109.90785
4.1 h
EC/0.64
Sn
110.90774
35. m
β+/31/2.45 EC/69/
21.4 m
I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/
115.1 d
EC/1.036
1/2+
I.T./0.3146
0+ 1/2+ 0+ 11/2-
-1.0010
I.T./0.0896
1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-
-1.0473
110
111
112
Sn Sn
0.97(1)
113
Sn
112.905174
Sn Sn 116Sn 117mSn
0.65(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)
Sn Sn 119mSn
7.68(7) 24.22(9)
Sn Sn 121mSn
8.59(4) 32.59(9)
114 115
117 118
119
120
Sn Sn 123mSn 122
123
Sn
124
Sn Sn
118.903311 119.902199 ≈ 55. y
4.63(3)
120.904239 121.903441
122.905723
5.79(5)
1.128 d
I.T./78/0.006 β¯/22/ β¯/0.388
0.354/ 0.383/100
40.1 m
β¯/1.428
1.26/99
3/2+ 0+ 3/2+
129.2 d
β¯/1.404
1.42/99.4
11/2-
9.51 m
β¯/2.387
2.03/98
0+ 3/2+
123.905275
125m
7/2+
125
Sn
124.907785
9.63 d
β¯/2.364
2.35/82
11/2-
126
Sn
125.90765
2.34x105y
β¯/0.38
0.25/100
0+
4.15 m
β¯/3.21
2.72/
3/2+
127m
Sn
11-103
+0.61
+0.2
0+ 7/2+
116.902955 117.901608 293. d
121
1.5/
113.902783 114.903347 115.901745 13.60 d
+0.3
0+
111.904822
113m
-1.08
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4218 0.6105 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105-1.68) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169
-0.879
-0.9188 -1.396
-0.4
Sn k x-ray 0.15856
0.21
Sn k x-ray 0.02387
-1.388
-0.14
Sn k x-ray 0.03715
0.698
-0.02
-1.370
-1.4
-1.35
+0.03
+0.1
0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2-2.3) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480
482_Frame_11.020 Page 104 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Sn
126.91035
2.12 h
β¯/3.20
Sn Sn
127.91054
6.5 s 59.1 m
IT/0.091 β¯/1.27
Sn Sn
128.9134
6.9 m 2.4 m
β¯/ β¯/4.0
11/23/2+
1.7 m
β¯/
(7-)
3.7 m
β¯/2.15
1.10/
0+
1.02m
β¯/
3.4/
11/2-
39. s 40. s
β¯/4.69 β¯/3.12
3.8/ 1.8/
3/2+
β¯/7.8 β¯/6.8
7.5/
7/2-
Elem. or Isot. 127
Natural Abundance (%)
128m 128
129m 129
130m
130
Sn
Sn
131m
129.91386
Sn
Sn Sn
130.9169 131.91775
Sn Sn 135Sn 136Sn 137Sn 51Sb 103Sb 104Sb 105Sb 106Sb 107Sb 108Sb 109Sb
132.9236 133.9278 134.9347 135.9393 136.946 121.760(1) 102.9401 103.9363 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242 107.9222 108.91814
131 132
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
133 134
1.44 1.04 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s s µs µs µs
>1.5 µs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s ≈ 4.6 s 7.0 s 17. s
β+/10.5 β+/7.9 β+/9.5 β+/6.38 EC/
2.42/ 3.2/
0.48/ 0.63/
Spin (h/2p) 11/2-
(7-) 0+
4.42/ 4.67/ 4.33/
5/2+
Sb
109.9175
24. s
β+/9.0 EC/
6.8/
3+
Sb
110.91254
1.25 m
β+/87/4.47 EC/13/
3.3/
5/2+
112
Sb
111.91240
51.4 s
β+/90/7.06 EC/10/
4.75/
3+
113
Sb
112.90937
6.7 m
β+/65/3.91 EC/35/
2.42/
5/2+
110
111
11-104
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120-2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500 0.7985 1.2260 (0.08 - 3.21) see 131m Sn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985
(0.253-2.154) (0.151-1.280) 0.6645/63 0.9254/100 1.0617/75 0.247-1.495 ann.rad./ 0.6365 0.9847 1.2117 1.2433 ann.rad./ 0.1002 0.1545 0.4891 1.0326 ann.rad./ 0.6700 0.9909 1.2571 (0.3 - 3.6) ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 105 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
114
Sb
113.9091
3.49 m
β+/78/5.9 EC/22/
3.4/
3+
1.7
115
Sb
114.90660
32.1 m
β+/67/3.03 EC/33/
1.51/
5/2+
+3.46
1.00 h
β+/78/ EC/22/
1.16/
8-
2.6
116m
Sb
116
Sb
115.90680
16. m
β+/50/4.707 EC/50/
1.3/ 2.3/
3+
2.72
117
Sb
116.90484
2.80 h
β+/2/1.76 EC/98/ EC/99/
0.57/
5/2+
+3.4
8-
2.3
2.65/
1+
2.5
118m
Sb
5.00 h
-0.4
118
Sb
117.905533
3.6 m
β+/74/3.657 EC/26/
119
Sb
118.90395
38.1 h
EC/0.59
5/2+
+3.45
5.76 d
EC/
8-
2.34
15.89 m
β+/41/2.68 EC/59/
1+
+2.3
I.T./0.162
5/2+ 8-
+3.363
4.19 m
2.72 d
β¯/98/1.979 β+/2/1.620
2-
-1.90
+0.9
-0.5
I.T./0.035 I.T./80/ β¯/20/
7/2+ 85+
+2.550
20.3 m 1.6 m
60.20 d
β¯/2.905
3-
1.2
120m
Sb
120
Sb
121
Sb Sb
119.90508
57.21(5)
120.903822
122m
122
Sb
Sb Sb 124m1Sb 123
121.90518
42.79(5)
Sb
1.414/65 1.980/26
122.904216
124m2
124
1.72/
123.905938
11-105
1.2/ 1.7/
0.61/52 2.301/23
-0.4
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3324 0.4980 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.8876 1.2999 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4973 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4073 0.5429 0.9725 1.2935 (0.0998-1.501) ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.93180 1.29354 (0.138-3.903) Sn k x-ray 0.1586 Sn k x-ray 0.25368 1.05069 1.22964 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 1.22964 Sn k x-ray 0.0239 Sn k x-ray 0.0898 0.19730 1.02301 1.17121 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.7038 1.17121
-0.4
+1.9
Sb x-ray 0.0614 0.0761 0.56409 0.69277 1.14050 1.2569
0.4984 0.6027 0.6458 1.1010 0.60271/97.8 0.64583/7.4 0.72277/10.5 1.69094/48.2
482_Frame_11.020 Page 106 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 125
Sb
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
124.905247
2.758 y
β¯/0.767
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.13/30 0.302/45 0.62/13
Spin (h/2p) 7/2+
126m2
Sb
11. s
I.T./
126m1
Sb
19.0 m
β¯/86/ I.T./14/
1.9
5+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b) +2.63
3-
126
Sb
125.90725
12.4 d
β¯/3.67
1.9
8-
1.3
127
Sb
126.906914
3.84 d
β¯/1.581
0.89/ 1.10/ 1.50/
7/2+
2.70
10.1 m
β¯/96/ I.T./4/
2.6/
5+
9.1 h
β¯/4.38
2.3/
8-
1.3
17.7 m
β¯/
4.40 h
β¯/2.38
0.65/
7/2-
2.82
6.5 m
β¯/2.6
2.12/
128m
128
Sb
129m
129
Sb
Sb
Sb
130m
127.90917
128.90915
Sb
130
Sb
129.91155
38.4 m
β¯/4.96
2.9/
8-
131
Sb
130.9120
23.0 m
β¯/3.20
1.31/ 3.0/
7/2+
2.8 m
β¯/
3.9/
4+
132m
Sb
11-106
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) (0.0274-2.808) 0.0355 0.17632 0.38044 0.42786 0.46336 0.60060 0.63595 L x-ray 0.0227 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.2786 0.4148/83.3 0.6663/99.7 0.6950/99 0.7205 0.2524 0.2908 0.4121 0.4370 0.6857 0.7837 0.3140 0.5941 0.7432 0.7539 0.2148 0.3141 0.5265 0.7433 0.7540 0.4338 0.6578 0.7598 0.0278 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968
482_Frame_11.020 Page 107 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
132
Sb
131.91420
4.2 m
β¯/5.49
133
Sb
132.9152
2.5 m
β¯/4.00
1.20/
7/2+
Sb Sb
133.9206
10.4 s 0.8 s
β¯/ β¯/8.4
6.1 8.4
70-
Sb
134.9252
1.71 s
β¯/8.12
Sb Sb 138Sb 139Sb 52Te 106Te 107Te
135.9301 136.9353 137.9410 138.946 127.60(3) 105.9377 106.9350
108
Te
107.9295
2.1 s
109
Te
108.9275
4.6 s
Te
109.9224
19. s
α/4.32 α/ 70/ β+,EC/10.1 α/68/ β+,EC/32/6.8 β+ EC/96/8.7 α/4/ β+,EC/4.5
Te
110.9211
19.3 s
β+,EC/8.0
(7/2+)
Te
111.9171
2.0 m
β+,EC/4.3
0+
Te
112.9154
1.7 s
β+/85/5.7 EC/15/
Te
113.9125
15. m
β+/40/3.2 EC/60/
0+
6.7 m
β+/45/ EC/55/
(1/2+)
5.8 m
β+/45/4.6 EC/55/
134m 134
135
136 137
110
111
112
113
114
115m
Te
Te
115
114.9116
0.82 >0.15 >0.15 >0.15
s µs µs µs
0.06 ms 3.1 ms
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
8-
7/2+
3.00
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279
β¯/9.3
11-107
3.86(1)/ 3.314(4)/
0+
3.107(4)/ 0+
4.5/
2.7/
(7/2+)
7/2+
ann.rad./ 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22 - 2.7)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 108 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Te
115.9084
2.49 h
EC/1.5
Te
116.90864
1.03 h
EC/75/3.54 β+/25/
Te Te
117.90583
6.00 d 4.69 d
EC/0.28 EC/
Te
118.90641
16.0 h
β+/2/2.293 EC/98/
≈ 154. d 16.8 d
I.T.(89%) EC(11%) EC/1.04
119.7 d
I.T./0.247
2.4x1019 y
EC/0.051
58. d
I.T./0.145
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
116
117
118
119m
119
120
Te Te
0.09(1)
Te
120.90494
Te Te
2.55(12)
Te Te 125mTe
0.89(3) 4.74(14)
Te Te 127mTe
7.07(15) 18.84(25)
122
123 124
125 126
127 128
Te Te
129m
122.904271 123.902819
126.905217 127.904462
Te
129
Te
130
Te Te
34.08(62)
9.4 h >0.6×1023 y 33.6 d
I.T./98/0.088 β¯/2/0.77 β¯/0.698 β–β– I.T./63/0.105 β¯/37/
128.906596
1.16 h
β¯/1.498
129.906223
≈2×1021 y 1.35 d
β–β– β¯/78/2.4 I.T./22/0.18
131m
Te
130.908522
25.0 m
β¯/2.233
Te
131.90852
3.26 d
β¯/0.51
55.4 m
β¯/82/ I.T./18/0.334
131
132
133m
Te
0.627/
11-108
1/2+
0+ 11/2-
0.89
1/2+
0.25
0+ 11/2-
0.90
Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731
-0.93
Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1
0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-
-0.73695
1/2+ 0+ 11/2-
-0.8885
3/2+ 0+
0.64
11/2-
-1.09
3/2+
0.70
0+ 11/2-
-1.04
1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215
3/2+
0.70
2.4/30
11/2-
0.696/
-0.99
-0.06
-1.04
0.42/
0+
Te k x-ray 0.0355
Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603
1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998
1/2+
124.904424 125.903305 109. d
31.74(8)
1.78/
121.903056
123m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0+
119.90403
121m
121
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
0.06
Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728 0.0811 0.1021 0.14973 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121
482_Frame_11.020 Page 109 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
133
Te
132.9109
12.4 m
β¯/2.94
2.25/25 2.65
3/2+
134
Te
133.9116
42. m
β¯/1.51
0+
135
Te
134.9165
19.0 s
β¯/6.0
0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0
136
Te
135.92010
17.5 s
β¯/5.1
2.5/
0+
137
Te
136.9253
2.5 s
6.8
7/2-
137.9292 138.9347 139.9387 140.9444 141.949 126.90447(3) 107.9436 108.9382
1.4 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/98/6.9 n/2/ β¯/6.4
0.04 s 0.11 ms
α/91/4. p
3.95
109.9346
0.65 s
Te Te 140Te 141Te 142Te 53I 108I 109I 138 139
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 0.0794-0.9255 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 0.0873-3.235 0.2436
0.593/100 0.717/63 0.496-1.057 ann.rad./
I
110.9303
2.5 s
β+,EC/83/11.4 α/17/≈3.6 p/11/ β+,E../8.5
112
I
111.9280
3.4 s
β+,EC/10.2
113
I
112.9237
5.9 s
β+,EC/7.6
114
I
113.9219
2.1 s
β+,EC/8.7
115
I
114.9188
1.3 m
β+,EC/6.7
116
I
115.9167
2.9 s
β+/97/7.8 EC/3/
6.7/
1+
117
I
116.9136
2.22 m
β+,EC/4.7
3.2/
(5/2+)
3.1
8.5 m
β+,EC/ I.T.
4.9/
7-
4.2
14. m
β+,EC/7.0
2-
2.0
110
111
I
118m
118
I
I
117.9134
11-109
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
3.457(10)/
5/2+
ann.rad./ 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550-1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709 ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744 0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052
482_Frame_11.020 Page 110 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 119
Natural Abundance (%)
I
120m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
β+/54/3.5 EC/46/
2.4/
(5/2+)
53. m
β+/80/ EC/20/
3.8
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
118.9102
19. m
I
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b) +2.9
4.2
120
I
119.91005
1.35 h
β+/56/5.62 EC/
4.03 4.60
2-
1.23
121
I
120.90737
2.12 h
β+/13/2.27 EC/87/
1.2/
5/2+
2.3
122
I
121.90760
3.6 m
β+/4.234 EC/
3.1/
1+
+0.94
123
I
122.905605
13.2 h
EC/1.242
5/2+
2.82
124
I
123.906211
4.18 d
β+/23/3.160 EC/77/
2-
1.44
125
I
124.904624
59.4 d
EC/0.1861
5/2+
2.82
126
I
125.905619
13.0 d
EC/ β+/2.155 β¯/1.258/47
2-
1.44
127 128
129
I I
I
100.
β¯/2.118 EC/1.251
2.13/
5/2+ 1+
+2.8133
25.00 m
128.904988
1.7x107 y
β¯/0.194
0.15/
7/2+
+2.621
9.0 m
I
130
I
129.906674
12.36 h
131
I
130.906125
8.040 d
β¯/0.971
I I
131.90800
1.39 h 2.28 h
IT β¯/14/3.58 I.T./86/
132m 132
11-110
-0.89
1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/
126.904468 127.905805
I.T./83/0.048 β¯/17/ β¯/2.949
130m
1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/
1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230 (0.43 - 3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14 - 1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31-1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622
-0.79
-0.55
2+ 1.04/ 0.62
5+
3.35
0.606/
7/2+
+2.742
-0.40
84+
3.09
0.09
0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 2.16/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264 0.63019
482_Frame_11.020 Page 111 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
133m
133
I
I
134m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
132.90781
I
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
9. s
I.T./1.63
20.8 h
β¯/1.77
3.7 m
I.T./98/0.316 β¯/2/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
19/2-
1.24/85
7/2+
I
133.9099
52.6 m
β¯/4.05
1.2/
4+
135
I
134.91005
6.57 h
β¯/2.63
0.9/ 1.3/
7/2+
47. s
β¯/
4.7/ 5.2/
6-
I
136
I
135.91466
1.39 m
β¯/6.93
4.3/ 5.6/
2-
137
I
136.91787
24.5 s
β¯/5.88
5.0/
(7/2+)
138
I
137.9224
6.5 s
β¯/7.8
6.9/ 7.4/
2-
139
I
138.92609
2.30 s
β¯/6.81 n/
140
I
139.9310
0.86 s
β¯/8.8 n/
140.9351 141.9402 142.9441 143.9496 131.293(6)
0.45 s ≈ 0.2 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
β¯/7.8 β¯
I I 143I 144I 54Xe 141 142
11-111
+2.86
8-
134
136m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(3)
2.94
-0.27
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16 - 2.36) 0.3447 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3 - 6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25 - 4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4 - 5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457
482_Frame_11.020 Page 112 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Xe 111mXe 111Xe
109.9445 110.9416
0.2 s 0.9 s 0.7 s
Xe 113Xe 114Xe
111.9357 112.9334 113.9281
3. s 2.8 s 10.0 s
β+/9.2 EC,β+ EC,β+/10.6 α/ EC,β+/7.2 α/0.8/ EC,β+/9.1 β+,EC/5.9
Xe Xe
114.9270 115.9214
18. s 56. s
β+,EC/7.6 β+,EC/4.3
117
Xe
116.9206
1.02 m
β+,EC/6.5
118
Xe
117.917
≈ 4. m
β+,EC/3.
2.7/
0+
119
Xe
118.9156
5.8 m
β+,EC/5.0
3.5/
7/2+
120
Xe
119.91216
40. m
β+,EC/97/1.96 β+/3/
121
Xe
120.91138
39. m
β+/44/3.73 EC/56/
122
Xe
121.9086
20.1 h
EC/0.9
123
Xe
122.90848
2.00 h
β+/23/2.68 EC/77/
124
Xe Xe
123.905895
> 1017 y 57. s
β–β– I.T./0.252
17.1 h
EC/1.653
1.15 m
I.T./0.297
110
112
115 116
0.09(1)
125m
125
Xe
126
Xe Xe
127m
124.906398
0.09(1)
125.90427
11-112
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
3.58(1)/
0+
3.3/
(5/2+) 0+
(5/2+)
-0.594
+1.16
-0.654
+1.31
-0.701
+1.33
0+
2.8/
5/2+
0+ 1.51/
0.47/
1/2+
-0.150
(9/2-)
-0.745
1/2+
-0.269
0+ (9/2-)
-0.884
ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1 - 1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1 - 3.1) I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1 - 2.1)
+0.42
Xe k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray 0.1884 0.2434
+0.69
Xe k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 113 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
127
Xe
128
Xe Xe
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
126.905179
1.92(3)
Xe Xe 131mXe
26.44(24) 4.08(2)
Xe Xe 133mXe
21.18(3) 26.89(6)
130
131 132
133
Xe
134
Xe Xe
Spin (h/2p)
1/2+
-0.504
8.89 d
I.T./0.236
0+ 11/2-
-0.891
-0.7780
I.T./0.164
1/2+ 0+ 11/2-
2.19 d
I.T./0.233
5.243 d
β¯/0.427
15.3 m
I.T./
134.90721
9.10 h
β¯/1.15
135.90722
β–β– β¯/4.17
4.1/ 3.6/
7/2-
0+
127.903531
128.904780 129.903509
130.905083 131.904155
132.905906
0.346/99
133.905395
135m
0.91/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750
+0.64
Xe k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966
-0.9940
+0.73
Xe k x-ray 0.16398
3/2+ 0+ 11/2-
+0.69186
-0.12
-1.082
+0.77
3/2+
+0.813
+0.14
0+ 11/2-
1.103
+0.62
3/2+
0.903
+0.21
-0.970
-0.49
-0.304
+0.40
+0.010
-0.58
135
Xe
136
Xe
137
Xe
136.91156
>0.8×1021 y 3.82 m
138
Xe
137.91399
14.1 m
β¯/2.77
0.8/ 2.4/
139
Xe
138.91879
39.7 s
β¯/5.06
4.5/ 5.0/
140
Xe
139.9216
13.6 s
β¯/4.1
2.6
0+
141
Xe
140.9267
1.72 s
β¯/6.2
6.2/
5/2+
142
Xe
141.9297
1.22 s
β¯/5.0
3.7/ 4.2/
0+
8.87(16)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/0.662
11.9 d
10.44(10)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
36.4 d
129m
129
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Xe k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 Xe k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807
0+
11-113
0.45549 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1 - 3.37) 0.0801 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04 - 2.3) 0.1187 0.9095 (0.05 - 2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718
482_Frame_11.020 Page 114 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6181 0.6448
Xe Xe 144Xe 145Xe 146Xe 147Xe 55Cs 112Cs 113Cs 114Cs
143m 143
115
142.9352 143.9385 144.9437 145.9473 146.9530 132.90545(2) 111.9503 112.9445 113.9408
β¯ β¯/7.3 β¯/6.1 β¯,(n)
0.5 ms 17. µs 0.58 s
p p β+,EC/11.8
Cs Cs
114.9359
≈ 1.4 s 0.7 s
β+,EC/8.4 β ,EC/
Cs
115.9330
3.8 s
β+,EC/10.8
β+,EC/ β+,EC/7.5 β+,EC/ β+,EC/9.
116m
116
0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
Cs Cs 118mCs 118Cs
117.92654
6.5 s ≈ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s
Cs Cs
118.92234
28. s 38. s
Cs Cs
119.92066
117m 117
116.9286
119m 119
120m 120
121m
121
Cs
Cs
122m2 122m1
122
Cs Cs
Cs
123m
120.91718
Cs
121.91614
-0.460
+0.93
0.81 0.96 1+
ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223 ann.rad./
2
5. +3.88
+1.4
β+,EC/6.3
3/2 9/2+
+0.84 +5.5
+0.9 +2.8
60. s 64. s
β+,EC/ β+,EC/7.92
2+
+3.87
+1.45
2.0 m
I.T./60/ β+/40/
(9/2+)
+5.41
+2.7
4.4
2.3 m
β+,EC/5.40
4.38/
3/2+
+0.77
+0.84
4.4 m 0.36 s
β+,EC IT
8-
+4.77
+3.3
21. s
β+,EC/7.1
1.6 s
I.T./
5.8/
(1+)
11/2-
11-114
-0.133
-0.19
ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3 - 3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794 0.1961 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08 - 0.56) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27 - 2.22) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 115 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
3.0/
1/2+
+1.38
≈ 5.
7+ 1+
+0.673
β+/40/3.09 EC/60/
2.06/
1/2+
+1.41
1.64 m.
β+/81/4.83 EC/19/
3.4 3.7/
1+
+0.78
126.90741
6.2 h
β+/96/2.08 EC/4/
0.65/ 1.06
1/2+
+1.46
Cs
127.90775
3.62 m
β+/68/3.930 EC/32/
2.44/ 2.88/
1+
+0.97
Cs
128.90606
1.336 d
EC/1.195
1/2+
+1.49
Cs Cs
129.90671
3.5 m 29.21 m
51+
+0.629 +1.46
-0.06
Cs 132Cs
130.90546 131.906430
9.69 d 6.48 d
IT,β+,EC β+/55/2.98 EC/43/ β¯/1.6/0.37 EC/0.352 EC/98/ β+/0.3/2.120 β¯/ /1.280
5/2+ 2-
+3.54 +2.22
-0.58 +0.51
7/2+ 8-
+2.582 +1.098
-0.0037 +1.0
4+
+2.994
+0.39
19/2-
+2.18
+0.9
+2.732 +1.32 +3.71
+0.05 +0.7 +0.2
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Cs
122.91299
5.87 m
β+/75/4.20 EC/25/
Cs Cs
123.91225
6.3 s 30. s
IT β+/92/5.92 EC/8/
125
Cs
124.90972
45. m
126
Cs
125.90945
127
Cs
128
129
Elem. or Isot. 123
Natural Abundance (%)
124m 124
130m 130
131
133
Cs Cs
100.
Cs
1.98/
133.906714
2.91 h
I.T./0.139
2.065 y
β¯/2.059
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.089/27 0.658/70
-0.74
-0.68
-0.57
EC/1.22 135m
Cs
53. m
I.T./1.627 β¯/0.269 I.T./ β¯/2.548
0.205/100 0.341/
7/2+ 8 5+
7/2+
+2.84
+0.05
6-
+1.71
-0.40
Cs Cs 136Cs
134.905972 135.907307
2.3x106 y 19. s 13.16 d
Cs
136.907085
30.2 y
β¯/1.176
0.514/95
2.9 m
I.T./75/0.080 β¯/25/
3.3
135
136m
137
138m
Cs
11-115
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964
0.44/1.6
132.905447
134m
134
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719 0.4115 +1.45 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 Xe k x-ray Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 Cs k x-ray 0.12749 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584 0.7869 0.8402
0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628
482_Frame_11.020 Page 116 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.43579 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4 - 3.66) 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41 - 3.94) Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05 - 3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17 - 1.98) 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587 0.1126 0.1755 0.1990
138
Cs
137.91101
32.2 m
β¯/5.37
2.9/
3-
+0.700
+0.12
139
Cs
138.913359
9.3 m
β¯/4.213
4.21
7/2+
+2.70
-0.07
140
Cs
139.91727
1.06 m
β¯/6.22
5.7/ 6.21/
1-
+0.13390
-0.11
141
Cs
140.92005
24.9 s
β¯/5.26
5.20/
7/2+
+2.44
-0.4
142
Cs
141.92430
1.8 s
β¯/7.31
6.9/ 7.28
143
Cs
142.92732
1.78 s
β¯/6.24
6.1
(3/2+)
+0.87
+0.47
144
Cs
143.93203
1.01 s
β¯/8.47
8.46/ 7.9/
1
-0.546
+0.30
145
Cs
144.93541
0.59 s
β¯/7.89
7.4/ 7.9/
3/2+
+0.784
+0.6
Cs Cs 148Cs 149Cs 150Cs 151Cs 56Ba 114Ba 115Ba 116Ba 117Ba 118Ba 119Ba 120Ba
145.94024 146.9439 147.9490 148.9527 149.9580 150.9620 137.327(7) 113.9509 114.948 115.9417 116.9377 117.9466 118.931 119.9260
0.322 s 0.227 s 0.15 s > 50 ms > 50 ms > 50 ms
β¯,(n)/9.38 β¯,(n)/9.3 β¯,(n)/10.5
≈ 9.0
2-
-0.515
+0.22
0.43 s 0.45 s 1.3 s 1.8 s 5.2 s 5.4 s 24. s
β+,(p) β+,(p) β+,(p) β+,(p),EC/8.4 β+, β+,EC/8. β+,EC/5.0
p/20 p/<15 p/3 p/13
(3/2-)
(0.0457-0.364) (0.040-0.156)
0+
Ba Ba 123Ba
120.9245 121.9203 122.9189
30. s 2.0 m 2.7 m
β+,EC/6.8 β+,EC/3.8 β+,EC/5.5
Ba
123.91509
12. m
β+,EC/2.65
ann.rad./ 0.140 (0.075-0.146) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0306 0.0927 0.1161 0.1235 ann.rad./ 0.1695
146 147
121 122
124
11-116
5/2 0+
+0.660
+1.8
-0.68
+1.5
482_Frame_11.020 Page 117 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1888 1.2160
Ba Ba
124.9146
8. m 3.5 m
β+,EC/ β+,EC/4.6
Ba
125.91124
1.65 h
β+/2/1.67 EC/98/
0+
Ba Ba
126.9111
1.9 s 12.9 m
IT β+/54/3.5 EC/46/
7/21/2+
Ba
127.90831
2.43 d
EC/0.52
0+
2.17 h
EC/98/ β+/2/
128.90868
2.2 h
β+/20/2.43 EC/80/
129.90631
>0.5×1015 y 14.6 m
β–β–
0+
I.T./0.187
9/2-
-0.87
11.7 d
EC/1.37
1/2+
0.7081
1.621 d
I.T./0.288
0+ 11/2-
-0.91
10.53 y
EC/0.517
1/2+
0.7717
1.20 d
I.T./0.2682
0+ 11/2-
0.308 s
I.T./2.0305
3/2+ 7-
2.552 m
I.T./0.6617
0+ 11/2-
β¯/2.317
3/2+ 0+ 7/2-
125m 125
126
127m 127
128
129m
Ba
129
Ba
130
Ba
131m
0.106(1)
Ba
131
Ba
132
Ba Ba
130.90693
0.101(1)
Ba
134
Ba Ba
2.417(18)
132.906003
Ba Ba
6.592(12)
Ba Ba
7.854(24)
Ba Ba 139Ba
11.232(24) 71.698(42)
133.904504
135m
135
134.905684
136m
136
135.904571
137m
137 138
1.42/
131.905056
133m
133
4.5 3.4
136.905822 137.905242 138.908836
1.396 h
11-117
2.14/27 2.27/72
1/2+
0.174 +0.18
ann.rad./ 0.0550 0.0776 0.0854 0.1409 Cs k x-ray 0.2179 0.2336 0.2576
-0.723 +0.083
1.6
7/2+
+0.93
+1.6
1/2+
-0.40
ann.rad./ Cs k x-ray 0.1148 0.1808 (0.07 - 2.5) Cs k x-ray 0.27344 Cs k x-ray 0.1769 0.1823 0.2023 1.4593 ann.rad./ Cs k x-ray 0.1291 0.2143 0.2208
+1.5
Ba k x-ray 0.1085 Cs k x-ray 0.12381/28.4 0.21608/21.3 0.49636/42.9 (0.0549-1.171)
+0.9
Ba k x-ray 0.2761 Cs k x-ray 0.08099 0.35600
-1.00
+1.0
Ba k x-ray 0.2682
+0.838
+0.16 Ba k x-ray 0.8185 1.0481
-0.99
+0.8
+0.9374
+0.245
-0.97
-0.57
Ba k x-ray 0.66164
0.16585 1.2544
482_Frame_11.020 Page 118 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
140
Ba
139.91060
12.75 d
β¯/1.05
141
Ba
140.91441
18.3 m
β¯/3.22
142
Ba
141.91645
10.7 m
β¯/2.212
1.0/ 1.10/
0+
143
Ba
142.92061
14.3 s
β¯/4.24
4.2/
5/2+
144
Ba
143.92294
11.4 s
β¯/3.1
2.4/ 2.9/
0+
145
Ba
144.9269
4.0 s
β¯/4.9
4.9/
(5/2-)
146
Ba
145.9302
2.20 s
β¯/4.12
3.9/
0+
146.9340 147.9377 148.9421 149.9456 150.9507 151.9542 151.9596 138.9055(2) 116.950 117.946 118.941 119.938 120.9330 121.9307 122.9262 123.9245
0.892 s 0.64 s 0.36 s 0.3 s >0.15 µs
β¯/5.75 β¯,n/5.11 β¯,(n)/7.3
5.5/
EC,β+/11. EC,β+/≈ 9.7 EC/7. EC/≈ 8.8
(7+)
124.9207
2.8 s 5.3 s 9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s 1.2 m
β+,EC/5.6
11/2-
Ba Ba 149Ba 150Ba 151Ba 152Ba 153Ba 57La 117La 118La 119La 120La 121La 122La 123La 124La 125mLa 125La 147 148
0.48 1.0/ 1.02/ 2.59/ 2.73/
0+
3/2-
126
La
125.9194
1.0 m
β+,EC/7.6
127
La
126.9162
3.8 m
β+,EC/4.7
3/2+
128
La
127.9155
5.0 m
β+/80/6.7
(5-)
11-118
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
-0.34
+0.45
+0.44
-0.88
-0.28
+1.22
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.42033 0.16268 0.30485 0.53727 0.1903 0.2770 0.3042 (0.1 - 2.5) 0.23152 0.25512 0.3090 1.2040 0.1786 0.21148 0.7988 (0.17 - 2.4) La k x-ray 0.10386 0.1566 0.1728 0.3882 0.43048 La k x-ray 0.0918 0.09709 0.0644 0.2513 0.3270 0.3329 0.3622
ann.rad./ 0.0436 0.0676 ann.rad./ 0.2561 0.340 0.4555 0.6214 ann.rad./ 0.025 0.0562 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 119 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/20/
La La
128.91267
0.56 s 11.6 m
IT β+/58/3.72 EC/42/
130
La
129.9123
8.7 m
β+/78/5.6 EC/22/
131
La
130.9101
59. m
β+/76/3.0 EC/24/
24. m
I.T./76/ β+,EC/24/
129m 129
La
132m
Ba k x-ray 0.2841/87 0.4793/54 (0.315-2.212) 2.42/
(11/2-) 3/2+
3+
1.42/ 1.94/
3/2+
6-
132
La
131.91011
4.8 h
β+/40/4.71 EC/60/
2.6/ 3.2 3.7/
2-
133
La
132.9084
3.91 h
β+/4/2.2 EC/96/
1.2/
5/2+
134
La
133.90849
6.5 m
β+/63/3.71 EC/37/
2.67/
1+
135
La
134.90697
19.5 h
EC/1.20
136
La
135.9077
9.87 m
β+/36/2.9 EC/64/
137
La La
136.90647 137.907107
6x104 y 1.06x1011 y
EC/0.60
138
0.090(1)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
5/2+ 1.8/
1+
7/2+ 5+
+2.70 +3.7136
+0.2 +0.4
7/2+ 3-
+2.7830 +0.73
+0.20 +0.09
ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1 - 1.8) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/81 0.5506/27 (0.1965-1.989) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1085 0.3658 0.5263 La k x-ray 0.1352 0.4645 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.4645 0.5671 Ba k x-ray 0.2788 0.2901 0.3024 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.6047 (0.5 - 1.9) Ba k x-ray 0.4805 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 0.2836 1.4358/65 0.7887/35
La 140La
138.906349 139.909473
1.678 d
β¯/3.762
La La
140.910958 141.91408
3.90 h 1.54 h
β¯/2.502 β¯/4.505
La La 145La 146mLa 146La 147La 148La
142.91606 143.9196 144.9217
14.1 m 40.7 s 24. s 10.0 s 6.3 s 4.02 s 1.1 s
β¯/3.43 β¯/5.5 β¯/4.1 β¯/6.7 β¯/6.6 β¯/5.0 β¯/7.26
139
141 142
143 144
99.910(1)
145.9258 146.9278 147.9322
11-119
1.35 1.24/ 1.67/ 2.43/ 2.11/ 2.98/ 4.52/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.1/ 5.5/ 6.2/ 4.6/
7/2+ 2-
7/23/2+ (6) (2-) 2-
482_Frame_11.020 Page 120 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
La 150La
148.9342 149.9386
1.10 s 0.51 s
La La 153La 154La 155La 58Ce 119Ce 120Ce 121Ce 122Ce 123Ce 124Ce 125Ce 126Ce 127Ce
150.9416 151.946 152.949 153.954 154.958 140.116(1) 118.953 119.947 120.944 121.938 122.936 123.931 124.929 125.9241 126.9228
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
Ce
Elem. or Isot. 149
151 152
Natural Abundance (%)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
3.8 s 6. s 9.6 s 50. s 32. s
β+,EC/≈8.6 EC/≈5.6 β+,EC/7. EC/4. β+,EC/6.1
127.9189
4.1 m
β+,EC/3.2
Ce
128.9187
3.5 m
β+,EC/5.6
Ce
129.9147
26. m
β+,EC/2.2
5. m
β+,EC/
130
131m
Ce
ann.rad./ (5/2+)
0+
Ce
130.9144
10. m
β+,EC/4.0
Ce
131.9115
3.5 h
EC/1.3
0+
1.6 h
β+,EC/
1/2+
131
132
133m
Ce
2.8/
Ce
132.9116
5.4 h
β+/8/2.9 EC/92/
Ce
133.9090
3.16 d
EC/0.5
0+
20. s
I.T./0.446
11/2-
17.7 h
β+/1/2.026 EC/99/
133
134
135m
Ce
Ce
135
134.90915
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) x-ray (0.097-0.209)
β+,p
129
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
β¯/5.5
1.1 s
128
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
11-120
1.3/
0.8/
9/2-
1/2+
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.058-1.148) ann.rad./ (0.023-0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675-1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray (0.047-1.431) ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad./ 0.119 0.169 0.414 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821 ann.rad./ 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad./ La k x-ray 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345 0.2656 0.3001
482_Frame_11.020 Page 121 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ce 137mCe
0.19(1)
135.90714
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6068
136
0+ 11/2-
1.0
0.96
1.43 d
I.T./99/0.254 EC/0.8/
9.0 h
β+/1.222
3/2+
56.4 s
I.T./0.7542
0+ 11/2-
138.90665
137.6 d
EC/0.28
3/2+
1.06
139.905435 140.908272
32.50 d
β¯/0.581
0.436/69 0.581/31
0+ 7/2-
1.1
Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0
141.909241 142.912382
1.38 d
β¯/1.462
1.404/ 1.110/47
0+ 3/2-
≈ 1.
Ce
143.913643
284.6 d
β¯/0.319
0.185/20 0.318/
0+
Ce
144.91723
3.00 m
β¯/2.54
1.7/24 1.3
3/2-
Ce
145.9187
13.5 m
β¯/1.04
0.7/90
0+
Ce
146.9225
56. s
β¯/3.29
3.3/
Ce
147.9244
56. s
β¯/2.1
1.66/
149
Ce
148.9283
5.2 s
β¯/4.2
Ce Ce 152Ce
149.9302 150.9340 151.9366
4.4 s 1.0 s 1.4 s
β¯/3.0 β¯/5.3 β¯/4.4
Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099 0.0526 Pr k x-ray 0.098 0.115
Ce Ce 155Ce 156Ce 157Ce 59Pr 121Pr 122Pr 123Pr 124Pr 125Pr
152.9406 153.943 154.947 155.951 156.956 140.90765(2) 120.955 121.952 122.946 123.943 124.9378
>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs
1.2 s ≈ 3.3 s
β+,EC/12. β+
Ce
136.90778
137
Ce Ce
138
0.25(1)
137.90599
139m
Ce
139
Ce Ce
88.48(10)
Ce Ce
11.08(10)
140 141
142 143
144
145
146
147
148
150 151
153 154
0+
Ce k x-ray 0.1693 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472 Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 0.16585
0.6 s
126
Pr
125.9353
3.1 s
β+,EC/≈10.4
127
Pr
126.9308
4.2 s
β+/≈7.5
11-121
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170-0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028-0.8949)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 122 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
128
Pr
127.9288
3.0 s
β+,EC/≈9.3
129
Pr
128.9249
32 s
β+,EC/5.8
Pr Pr 131Pr
129.9234
β+,EC/8.1
130.9201
40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m
132
Pr
131.9191
1.6 m
β+,EC/7.1
133
Pr
132.9162
6.5 m
β+,EC/4.3
≈ 11. m
β+,EC/
Elem. or Isot.
130
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
131m
134m
Pr
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
β+,EC/5.3
≈5.5
5/2+
134
Pr
133.9157
17. m
β+,EC/6.2
135
Pr
134.9131
24. m
β+,EC/3.7
2.5/
3/2+
136
Pr
135.91265
13.1 m
β+/57/5.13 EC/43
2.98/
2+
137
Pr
136.91068
1.28 h
β+/26/2.70 EC/74/
1.68/
5/2+
2.1 h
β+/24/ EC/76/
1.65/
7-
138m
Pr
2+
138
Pr
137.91075
1.45 m
β+/75/4.44 EC/25/
3.42/
1+
139
Pr
138.90893
4.41 h
β+/8/2.129 EC/92/
1.09/
5/2+
140
Pr
139.90907
3.39 m
β+/51/3.39 EC/49/
2.37/
1+
11-122
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400-1.373 ann.rad./ (0.0395-1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06 - 0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059-0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16 - 1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887 1.0378 (0.07 - 2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 123 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3069 1.5965
Pr Pr 142Pr 141
100.
140.907648
142m
141.910041
14.6 m 19.12 h
I.T./0.004 β¯/2.162 EC/0.744 β¯/0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β¯/
c.e./ 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/
0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97
Pr Pr
142.910813
13.57 d 7.2 m
144
Pr
143.913301
17.28 m
β¯/2.998
145
Pr
144.91451
5.98 h
β¯/1.81
146
Pr
145.9176
24.2 m
β¯/4.2
147
Pr
146.91898
13.4 m
β¯/2.69
2.0 m
β¯/
143
144m
148m
Pr
148
Pr
147.9222
2.27 m
β¯/4.9
149
Pr
148.92379
2.3 m
β¯/3.40
150
Pr
149.9270
6.2 s
β¯/5.7
2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/
5/2+ 52-
+4.275 2.2 +0.234
+0.030
7/2+ 3-
+2.70
+0.8
0-
7/2+
2-
Pr Pr
150.9283 151.9319
22.4 s 3.2 s
β¯/4.2 β¯/6.7
Pr Pr 155Pr 156Pr 157Pr 158Pr 159Pr 60Nd 125Nd 126Nd 127Nd 128Nd 129Nd
152.9339 153.9381 154.9400 155.944 156.947 157.952 158.955 144.24(3)
4.3 s 2.3 s
β¯/5.5 β¯/7.9
0.6 s
β+,p
125.943 126.941 127.935 128.933
1.8 s 4. s 4.9 s
β+,EC/9. β+,EC/6. β+,EC/8.
Nd Nd
129.929 130.9271
28. s 0.5 m
β+,EC/5. β+,EC/6.6
152
153 154
130 131
11-123
0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965 0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247
3/2+
0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19.
4.0/ 3.8/
(4)
4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0
1-
0.3016 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017
(5/2+)
1≈ 5.5
151
-0.08
0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527
4+
0.0726 0.164 0.285
(5/2)
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.091-0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09-0.36)
5/2(-)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 124 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Nd
131.9231
1.5 m
β+,EC/3.7
Nd
132.9222
1.2 m
β+,EC/5.6
Nd
133.9187
≈ 8.5 m
β+/17/2.8 EC/83/
Nd Nd
134.9182
5.5 m 12. m
β+/ β+/65/4.8 EC/35/
Nd
135.9150
50.6 m
EC/94/2.21 β+/6/
1.6 s
I.T./0.5196
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
132
133
134
135m 135
136
137m
Nd
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
9/2-
1.04/
β+/40/3.69 EC/60/
Nd
137.9119
5.1 h
EC/1.1
5.5 h
I.T./12/0.231 β+/88/
1.17/
11/2-
1.77/
3/2+
139m
Nd
Nd
138.91192
30. m
β+/25/2.79 EC/75/
Nd Nd
139.90931
3.37 d 1.04 m
EC/0.22 IT/99+/0.756
Nd
140.909605
2.49 h
EC/98/1.823 β+/2/
139
140
141m
141
Nd Nd 144Nd 145Nd 146Nd 147Nd 142 143
27.13(12) 12.18(6) 23.80(12) 8.30(6) 17.19(9)
Nd Nd
5.76(3)
Nd Nd
5.64(3)
148 149
150 151
141.907719 142.909810 143.910083 144.912569 145.913113 146.916096
1.7/20 2.40/20
1/2+
-0.63
0+
0.802/
3/2+ 0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/2-
10.98 d
β¯/0.896
0.805/
147.916889 148.920145
1.73 h
β¯/1.691
1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/
149.920887 150.923825
≈1×1019 y 12.4 m
β–β– β¯/2.442
1.2/
0+ 5/2-
0+ (3/2+)
ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11-1.8) Pr kx-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10-0.97) Nd k x-ray 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806 Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray Nd k x-ray 0.7565 Pr k x-ray (0.15-1.7)
0.91
+0.3
1.01
+0.3
-1.07
-0.60
-0.66
-0.31
0.58
0.9
Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111-0.686
0.35
1.3
Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.06 - 1.6)
0+ 11/2-
2.1x1015 y
11-124
+2.0
11/2-
38. m
138
-0.78
0+
136.9146
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ (0.099-0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06-0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09-1.00)
0+
Nd
137
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806
482_Frame_11.020 Page 125 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Nd
151.92468
11.4 m
β¯/1.1
Nd Nd
152.9280 153.9296
28.9 s 25.9 s
β¯/3.6 β¯/2.8
Nd Nd 157Nd 158Nd 159Nd 160Nd 161Nd 61Pm 128Pm 129Pm 130Pm
154.9334 155.9355 156.9393 157.942 158.946 159.949 160.954
8.9 s 5.5 s
β¯/5.0 β¯/4.1
(0.10 - 1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016 - 0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848
127.948 128.943 129.940
1.0 s
β+,p
Ann.rad.
2.5 s
β+,EC/11.
Pm
130.936
≈ 6.3 s
β+
Pm Pm 134Pm
131.934 132.930 133.9282
6. s 12. s 24. s
β+,EC/10. β+,EC/≈ 7.0 β+,EC/≈ 8.9
Pm Pm
134.9247 135.9235
0.8 m 1.8 m
β+,EC/6.0 β+/89/7.9 EC/11/
11/2(3+)
Pm
136.9206
2.4 m
β+,EC/5.6
(11/2-)
3.2 m
β+/50/≈ 7.0 EC/50/
3.9/
3+
10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m
β+/6.9 IT/ β+/68/4.52 EC/32/
6.1/ 3.52/
1+ (11/2-) (5/2+)
5.87 m
β+/70/ EC/30/
3.2
7/2-
0.1589 0.326-1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 (0.13-0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086 0.1775 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27 - 2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 ann.rad./
Elem. or Isot. 152
153 154
155 156
131
132 133
135 136
137
138m
Natural Abundance (%)
Pm
Pm Pm 139Pm 138
137.9193
139m
140m
138.91678
Pm
Spin (h/2p) 0+
(5+)
140
Pm
139.91585
9.2 s
β+/89/6.09 EC/11/
5.07/74
1+
141
Pm
140.91359
20.9 m
β+/52/3.72 EC/48/
2.71
5/2+
142
Pm
141.91295
40.5 s
β+/86/4.87
3.8/
1+
11-125
3.
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 126 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/20/
143
Pm
142.910928
265. d
144
Pm
143.912586
360. d
145
Pm
144.912745
146
Pm
145.914693
147
Pm
148m
146.915134
Pm
EC/1.041 β+/<6 x 10-6/ EC/2.332 β+/7x10-6/
5/2+
3.8
5-
1.7
17.7 y
EC/0.163
5/2+
+3.8
+0.2
5.53 y
EC/63/1.472 β¯/37/1.542
0.795/
2.623 y
β¯/0.224
0.224/
7/2+
+2.6
+0.7
41.3 d
β¯/95/2.6 I.T./5/0.137
0.4/60 0.5/17 0.7/21 1.02/ 2.47/
6-
1.8
1-
+2.0
3.3
3-
148
Pm
147.91747
5.37 d
β¯/2.47
149
Pm
148.918330
2.212 d
β¯/1.071
0.78/9 1.072/90
7/2+
150
Pm
149.92098
2.68 h
β¯/3.45
1.6/ 2.3/ 1.8/
(1-)
151
Pm
150.92120
1.183 d
β¯/1.187
0.84/
5/2+
15. m 7.5 m
β¯,I.T./ β¯/
Pm Pm
152m2 152m1
(>6) (4-)
152
Pm
151.9235
4.1 m
β¯/3.5
153
Pm
152.92414
5.4 m
β¯/1.90
3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/
2.7 m
β¯/
2.0/
1.9/
154m
Pm
Pm
153.9266
1.7 m
β¯/4.1
Pm Pm 157Pm 158Pm 159Pm 160Pm 161Pm 162Pm
154.9280 155.93106 156.9332 157.9367 158.939 159.943 160.946 161.950
48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 2s
β¯/3.2 β¯/5.16 β¯/4.6 β¯/6.3
154
155 156
11-126
1+ (5/2-)
(5/2-)
+1.8
+0.2
1.9
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17. (0.25 - 2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14-1.4) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12 - 2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08 - 2.8) (0.05-0.78)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 127 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Pm 62Sm 129Sm 130Sm 131Sm 132Sm 133Sm 134Sm 135Sm 136Sm 137Sm 138Sm
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
≈ 0.55 s
β+,p
1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s 11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m
β+,EC/ β+ β+,EC/≈8.4 β+,EC/5. β+ ,EC/7. β+ ,EC/4.5 β+ ,EC/6.1 β+ ,EC/3.9
10. s
I.T./94/0.457 β+/6/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
129.949 130.946 131.941 132.939 133.934 134.932 135.9283 136.9271 137.9235
Sm
ann.rad./ 5/2+ 0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+
(11/2-)
1.1
-0.53
4.7
139
Sm
138.9226
2.6 m
β+/75/5.5 EC/25/
4.1/
1/2+
140
Sm
139.9195
14.8 m
β+,EC/3.4
1.9/
0+
22.6 m
β+/32/ EC/68/ I.T./0.3/0.1758
1.6/ 2.19/
11/2-
-0.83
-0.74
141m
Sm
141
Sm
140.91847
10.2 m
β+/52/4.54 EC/48/
3.2/
1/2+
142
Sm
141.91520
1.208 h
β+/6/2.10 EC/94/ IT/99/0.7540
1.0/
0+
2.47/
143m
Sm
143
Sm
144
Sm Sm
145
1.10 m
3.1(1)
8.83 m
β+/46/3.443 EC/54/
143.911996 144.913407
340. d
EC/0.617
1.03x108 y 1.06x1011 y 7x1015 y 1016 y
α/
2.50/
0+
α/
2.23/
7/2-
α/ α/
1.96/
90. y
β¯/0.0768
0.076/
1.929 d
β¯/0.808
0.64/ 0.69/
0+ 7/20+ 5/20+ 3/2+
Sm
147
Sm
15.0(2)
146.914894
Sm Sm 150Sm 151Sm 152Sm 153Sm
11.3(1) 13.8(1) 7.4(1)
147.914818 148.917180 149.917272 150.919929 151.919729 152.922094
149
145.913038
26.7(2)
11-127
+1.6
11/2-
142.914624
146
148
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
162.954 150.36(3)
163
139m
Atomic Mass or Weight
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678 0.4028 (0.27 - 2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07 - 1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565
3/2+
+1.01
+0.4
0+ 7/2-
-1.12
-0.60
-0.815
-0.26
-0.672
+0.075
-0.363
+0.7
0.02154
-0.0216
+1.3
Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/29
Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924
482_Frame_11.020 Page 128 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Sm 155Sm
22.7(2)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 0+ 3/2-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.075-0.714
154
153.922206 154.924636
22.2 m
β¯/1.627
1.52
156
Sm
155.92553
9.4 h
β¯/0.72
0.43/ 0.71/
0+
157
Sm
156.9283
8.0 m
β¯/2.7
2.4/
3/2-
158
Sm
157.9299
5.5 m
β¯/2.0
0+
158.9332 159.9353 160.9388 161.941 162.945 163.948 164.953 151.964(1)
11.3 s 9.6 s ≈4.8 s
β¯/3.8 β¯/3.6
0+
≈26. ms
β+,p
0.5 s 1.5 s ≈ 3.2 s ≈ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s 1.51 s 3.0 s
EC,β+ EC,β+/≈8.7
Sm Sm 161Sm 162Sm 163Sm 164Sm 165Sm 63Eu 131Eu 132Eu 133Eu 134Eu 135Eu 136mEu 136Eu 137Eu 138Eu 139Eu 140mEu 140Eu 141mEu 159 160
141
Eu
142m
131.954 132.949 133.946 134.942 135.940 136.935 137.9335 138.9298 139.9285
140.9244
Eu
40. s
1.1
Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264
p/0.95
7+ 1+ 11/27+
EC,β+/10. EC/≈7.5 EC,β+/≈ 9.2 EC,β+/6.7 EC,β+ EC,β+/8.4 β+/58/ EC/9/ I.T./33/0.0964 β+/81/5.6 EC/15/
5 6
111/2-
5/2+
+3.49
+0.85
1.22 m
β+/83/ EC/17/
4.8/
8-
+2.98
+1.4
β¯/94/7.4 EC/6/ β+/72/5.17 EC/28/
7.0/
1+
+1.54
+0.12
4.1/ 5.1/
5/2+
+3.67
+0.51
142
Eu
141.9231
2.4 s
143
Eu
142.92017
2.62 m
144
Eu
143.91879
10.2 s
β+/86/6.33 EC/13/
5.31/
1+
+1.89
+0.10
145
Eu
144.916263
5.93 d
β+/2/2.660 EC/98/1.71
0.79/
5/2+
+4.00
+0.29
11-128
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09 - 1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937
482_Frame_11.020 Page 129 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Spin (h/2p)
1.47/
4-
+1.42
-0.18
5/2+
+3.72
+0.53
5-
+2.34
+0.35
146
Eu
145.91720
4.57 d
β+/5/3.88 EC/95/
147
Eu
146.916742
24.4 d
EC/99./1.722 β+/0.4/
148
Eu
147.91815
54.5 d
EC/3.11
149
Eu
148.91792
93.1 d
EC/0.692
5/2+
+3.57
+0.75
150
Eu
149.91970
36. y
EC/2.26
5-
+2.71
+1.13
12.8 h
β¯/92/ β+/0.4/ EC/8/
+3.472
+0.90
1.60 h
I.T./0.1478
9.30 h
β¯/72/ EC/28/
1.85/ 0.89/
0-
13.5 y
EC/72/1.874 β¯/28/1.818
0.69/ 1.47/
3-
-1.941
+2.71
+2.41
I.T./≈ 0.16
5/2+ 8-
+1.533
46.1 m
3-
-2.01
+2.8
5/2+
+1.52
+2.4
1+
≈ 1.1
(5/2+)
+1.50
150m
151
Eu
Eu Eu
47.8(15)
Eu
152
Eu
153
Eu Eu
151.921741
52.2(15)
1.013/ 1.24/
150.919846
152m2
152m1
0.92
5/2+ 8-
152.921227
154m
154
Eu
153.922976
8.59 y
β¯/99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717
155
Eu
154.922890
4.76 y
β¯/0.252
156
Eu
155.92475
15.2 d
β¯/2.451
157
Eu
156.92542
15.13 h
β¯/1.36
11-129
0-
0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/
0.30/11 0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41
+2.6
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27 - 2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113 0.19725 0.6776 Sm k x-ray 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067-2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770 0.3275 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25 - 1.8) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065 Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334 Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252-1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9. 0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76.
482_Frame_11.020 Page 130 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
158
Eu
157.9278
45.9 m
β¯/3.5
2.5/
(1-)
+1.44
+0.7
159
Eu
158.92909
18.1 m
β¯/2.51
2.4/ 2.57/
(5/2+)
+1.38
+2.7
160
Eu
159.9315
38. s
β¯/4.1
2.7/ 4.1/
(0-)
Eu Eu 163Eu 164Eu 165Eu 166Eu 167Eu 64Gd 135Gd 136Gd 137Gd 138Gd 139mGd 139Gd 140Gd 141mGd 141Gd 142Gd 143mGd
160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953 157.25(3)
27. s 11. s
β¯/3.7 β¯/5.6
1.1 s
β+
(0.163-0.360)
7. s ≈4.7 s ≈4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m 1.84 m
EC,β+/≈8.8 EC,β+
Gd
142.9266
39. s
β+/82/6.0 EC/18/
Gd
143.9234
4.5 m
β+/45/4.3 EC/55/
1.44 m
I.T./95/0.749 β+/4/5.7
ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104-0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32 - 3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155 0.1546
Elem. or Isot.
161 162
143
144
145m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
135.947 136.945 137.9400 138.9381 139.934 140.9322 141.9276
Gd
EC,β+/≈7.7 EC/4.8 EC,β+/ β+/7.3 EC,β+/4.2 β+/67/ EC/33/ I.T./
0+ 11/20+ 1/2+ 11/2-
1/2+
3.3/
0+
11/2-
Gd
144.92169
23.4 m
β+/33/5.05 EC/67/
2.5/
1/2+
Gd
145.91831
48.3 d
EC/99.9/1.03 β+/0.2
0.35/
0+
145
146
11-130
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719
482_Frame_11.020 Page 131 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
EC/99.8/2.188 EC/0.2/
0.93/
7/2-
1.0
Eu k x-ray 0.2293 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1 - 1.8)
75. y 9.3 d
α/3.27 EC/1.32
3.1828/
0+ 7/2-
0.9
Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465
149.91866 150.920345
1.8x106 y 124. d
α/2.80 EC/0.464
2.73/
0+ 7/2-
0.8
Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432
151.919789 152.921747
241.6 d
EC/0.485
0+ 3/2-
0.4
Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318
0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Gd
146.919090
1.588 d
Gd Gd
147.918111 148.919339
Gd Gd
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
147
148 149
150 151
Gd Gd
152
0.20(1)
153
Gd Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 159Gd
2.18(3) 14.80(5) 20.47(4) 15.65(3) 24.84(12)
Gd Gd
21.86(4)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
153.920862 154.922619 155.922120 156.923957 157.924101 158.926385
18.6 h
β¯ 0.971
0.60/11 0.89/26 0.96/63
159.927051 160.929666
3.66 m
β¯/1.956
1.56/85
0+ 5/2-
Gd
161.930981
8.4 m
β¯/1.39
1.0/
0+
Gd
162.9340
1.13 m
β¯/3.1
163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953 158.92534(2)
45. s 10 s
β¯/2.3 β–
138.948
1.6 s
Tb
139.946
2.4 s
β+,EC/11
Tb Tb 142Tb 143Tb 144mTb 144Tb 145mTb
140.941
3.5 s 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s < 1.5 s 30. s
β+,EC/≈ 8.3 β+,EC/ β+,EC/10. β+,EC/7.4 IT β+,EC/8.4 β+,EC/≈ 6.6
154 155
160 161
162
163
Gd Gd 166Gd 167Gd 168Gd 169Gd 65Tb 138Tb 139Tb 164 165
140
141
142m
141.939 142.9346 143.9324
11-131
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
-2.59
+1.30
-3.40
+1.36
-0.44
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685
0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355-0.740 40+ 11/251+ 11/2-
ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876
482_Frame_11.020 Page 132 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Tb 146mTb
144.9287
Tb Tb
145.9270
Tb
146.92404
145
146
148m
148
Tb
149m
149
149.92366
Tb
Tb
151
152m
148.923243
Tb
Tb
151m
147.92422
Tb
Tb
150m
150
Tb
Tb
150.923099
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
β+,EC/6.5 β+/76/ EC/24/
1/2+ (5-)
≈ 8. s 1.8 m
β+/8.1 β+/35/ EC/65/
1+ 11/2-
1.6 h
β+/42/4.61 EC/58/
5/2+
2.3 m
β+/25/ EC/75/
9+
1.00 h
β+,EC/5.69
2-
4.16 m
EC/88/ β+/12/
11/2-
4.13 h
β+/4/3.636 α/16/
6.0 m
β+/17/ EC/83/
3.3 h
23. s
147m
147
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
+1.70
-1.75
+1.35
β+,EC/4.66
2-
-0.90
25. s
I.T./95/ β+,EC/7/
11/2-
17.61 h
β+/1/2.565 EC/99/
4.3 m
I.T./79/0.5018 EC/21/4.35
0.70/
1/2+
(8+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795
1/2+
11-132
1.8/ 3.97/
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+0.92
-0.3
ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120-3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14 - 3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960 Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1 - 3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3 - 4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305 Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1 - 1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111
482_Frame_11.020 Page 133 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 2.5/ 2.8/
152
Tb
151.92407
17.5 h
β+/20/3.99 EC/80/
153
Tb
152.923433
2.34 d
Tb
Tb
154m2
154m1
Spin (h/2p) 2-
-0.58
+0.3
EC/1.570
5/2+
+3.44
+1.1
23.1 h
EC/98/ I.T./2/
(7-)
0.9
9. h
β+/78/ I.T./22/
(3-)
1.7
+3.
+2.01
+1.41
154
Tb
153.92469
21.5 h
EC/99/3.56 β+/1/
155
Tb
154.92350
5.3 d
EC/0.82
3/2+
Tb
1.02 d
I.T./
(7-)
Tb
5.3 h
I.T./0.0884
(0+)
156m2
156m1
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.86/ 2.45
0-
156
Tb
155.924744
5.3 d
EC/2.444
3-
≈1.7
+2.
157
Tb
156.924021
1.1x102 y
EC/0.0601
3/2+
+2.01
+1.4
10.5 s
I.T./0.11
0-
157.925410
1.8x102 y
EC/80/1.220 β¯/20/0.937
3-
+1.76
+2.7
158.925343 159.927164
72.3 d
β¯/1.835
0.57/47 0.86/27
3/2+ 3-
+2.014 +1.79
+1.43 3.8
Tb
160.927566
6.91 d
β¯/0.593
0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10
3/2+
2.2
+1.2
162
Tb
161.92948
7.6 m
β¯/2.51
1.4
(1/2-)
163
Tb
162.930644
19.5 m
β¯/1.785
0.80/
3/2+
158m
Tb
158
Tb
159
Tb Tb
160
161
100.
11-133
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2 - 2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05 - 1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12 - 2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872 (0.12 - 3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621 Dy k x-ray 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897
482_Frame_11.020 Page 134 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
1.7/
(5+)
164
Tb
163.9334
3.0 m
β¯/3.9
165
Tb
164.9349
2.1 m
β¯/3.0
166
Tb Tb
165.9380 166.9401
≈ 21 s 19 s
β–/
Tb Tb 170Tb 171Tb 66Dy 139Dy 140Dy 141Dy 142Dy 143Dy 144Dy 145mDy 146mDy 146Dy 147mDy
167.9436 168.946 169.950 170.953 162.50(3)
8s
147
Dy
148
167
168 169
β+,p
0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s
EC,β+/9. EC,β+/7.1 EC,β+/≈ 8.8 EC,β+/≈ 6.2 EC,β+ I.T. EC,β+/5.2 I.T./40/ β+,EC/60/
146.9309
75. s
EC,β+/6.37
Dy
147.92710
3.1 m
β+/4/2.68 EC/96/
149
Dy
148.92734
4.2 m
β+,EC/3.81
150
Dy
149.92558
7.18 m
β+,EC/67/1.79 α/33/ β+/5/2.871 EC/89/ α/6/
151
152
153
Dy
Dy Dy
145.9325
150.926181
151.92472 152.925763
17. m
2.37 h 6.3 h
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648
3/2+
0.057 0.070 0.075-0.227
0.6 s 139.954 140.951 141.946 142.9440 143.9391 144.9365
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/0.60 α/ β+/1/2.171 EC/99/ α/0.01/
11-134
11/210+
1.2/
(11/2-)
-0.66
1/2+
-0.92
+0.7
0+
(7/2-)
-0.12
-0.62
-0.95
-0.30
-0.78
≈-0.15
0+ 4.233/ 7/24.067/
0+ 3.63/ 0.89/ 3.46/
(7/2-)
Dy k x-ray 0.072 0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./ 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray 0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16 - 2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997
482_Frame_11.020 Page 135 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2137 (0.08 - 1.66)
154 155
Dy Dy
Dy Dy
0.06(1)
Dy Dy
0.10(1)
Dy Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy 165mDy
2.34(6) 18.9(2) 25.5(2) 24.9(2) 28.2(2)
156 157
158 159
160 161
153.92442 154.92575
3.x106 y 9.9 h
α/2.95 β+/2/2.095 EC/98/
155.92428 156.92546
8.1 h
157.924405 158.925736
144. d
2.87/ 0.845/
0+ 3/2-
-0.385
+1.04
Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269
EC/1.34
0+ 3/2-
-0.301
+1.30
Tb k x-ray (0.0609-1.319)
EC/0.366
0+ 3/2-
-0.354
+1.37
Tb k x-ray 0.3262
-0.480
+2.51
+0.673
+2.65
159.925194 160.926930 161.926795 162.928728 163.929171 1.26 m
I.T./98/0.108 β¯/2/
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/20+ 1/2-
165
Dy
164.931700
2.33 h
β¯/1.286
1.29/
7/2+
166
Dy
165.932803
3.400 d
β¯/0.486
0.40/
0+
167
Dy
166.9357
6.2 m
β¯/≈ 2.35
1.78
(1/2-)
168
Dy
167.9372
8.5 m
β¯/1.6
168.9403 169.9427 170.9465 171.949 172.953 164.93032(2)
≈ 39. s
β¯/3.2
6 ms 8 µs 4.2 ms
p/ p/ β+,p
0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9. s 2. s
β+,EC/12 β+ β+,EC/10.7 β+,EC/8.2 β+,EC/ β+,EC/9.4
(10+) 11/241+
21. s
β+,EC/
11/2-
> 30. s 25. s
β+,EC/6.01 β+,EC/
1/2+ (9+)
Dy Dy 171Dy 172Dy 173Dy 67Ho 140Ho 141mHo 141Ho 142Ho 143Ho 144Ho 145Ho 146Ho 147Ho 148mHo 148Ho 169 170
149m
147.9372
Ho
Ho Ho
149
150m
141.960 142.955 143.952 144.947 145.9440 146.9396
148.93379
0+
-0.52
-3.5
Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray 0.09468 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06 - 1.4) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867
p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.71
11-135
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911 ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511
482_Frame_11.020 Page 136 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Ho
150
151m
Ho
Ho
Ho
Half-Life
151.93166
Ho
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β+,EC/6.6
47. s
β+,EC/87/ α/13
4.605/
β+,EC/80/5.13 α/20/
4.519/
β+,EC/90/ α/10/
4.453/
β+,EC/88/6.47 α/12/
4.387/
β+,EC/99+/4.12 α/
4.01/
β+,EC/99+/4.13 α/
3.91/
35.2 s
2.4 m
9.3 m
152.93020
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
1.3 m
50. s
Ho
153
154m
150.93169
Ho
152
153m
149.9326
Ho
151
152m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
2.0 m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(9+)
+5.9
-1.
(3+)
-1.02
+0.1
5/2
+1.19
11/2-
+6.8
-1.1
3.3 m
β+,EC/
(8+)
5.7
-1.0
Ho
153.93060
12. m
β+,EC/5.75
1-
-0.64
+0.2
Ho
154.92908
48. m
β+/6/3.10 EC/94/
(5/2+)
+3.51
+1.5
5.8 m
I.T./0.0352 β+/25/ EC/75/
+2.99
+2.3
154
155
156m
Ho
Ho
156
155.9290
56. m
β+,EC/4.4
11-136
1.8/ 2.9/
(5+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905 0.1089 0.1618 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./ 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06 - 2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28 - 2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378
482_Frame_11.020 Page 137 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. Ho
157
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Half-Life
156.92819
12.6 m
β+/5/2.54 EC/95/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Spin (h/2p)
1.18/
7/2-
+4.35
+3.0
+2.44
+1.6
+3.77
+4.1
158m2
Ho
28. m
I.T./44/ EC/56/
2-
158m1
Ho
21. m
β+,EC/
(9+)
11.3 m
β+/8/4.24 EC/92/
8.3 s
IT/0.206
1/2+
33.0 m
EC/1.838
7/2-
+4.28
+3.2
1+ 2-
+2.52
+1.8
5+
+3.71
+4.0
Ho
158
159m
157.92895
Ho
Ho
159
158.927708
Ho Ho
3. s 5.0 h
160m2 160m
Ho
160
161m
Ho
Ho
161
162m
160.927852
Ho
Ho
162
159.92873
161.929092
1.30/
IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35
5+
25.6 m
β+,EC/3.29
6.8 s
IT/0.211
2.48 h
EC/0.859
7/2-
+4.25
+3.2
1.12 h
IT/61/ EC/39/
6-
+3.60
+4.
15. m
EC/96/0.295 β+/4/
1+
11-137
0.57/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06 - 1.2) 0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m] 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807
482_Frame_11.020 Page 138 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
163m
Natural Abundance (%)
Ho
Ho
162.928730
163
164m
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ho
Ho
163.930231
164
Ho Ho
165
100.
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
1.09 s
I.T./0.298
(1/2+)
4.57x103 y 38. m
EC/0.00258
7/2-
I.T./0.140
(6-)
29. m
EC/58/0.987 β¯/42/0.963
1+
1.2x103 y
β¯/
164.930319
166m
Spin (h/2p)
7/27-
Ho
165.932281
1.117 d
β¯/1.855
1.776/48 1.855/51
0-
Ho
166.933127
3.1 h
β¯/1.007
0.31/43 0.61/21 0.96/15 0.97/15
(7/2-)
Ho Ho
167.93550
2.2 m 3.0 m
I.T./ β¯/2.91
2.0/
3+
Ho
168.93687
4.7 m
β¯/2.12
1.2/ 2.0/
(7/2-)
166
167
168m 168
169
170m
Ho
43. s
β¯/
1+
6+
Ho
169.93962
2.8 m
β¯/3.87
Ho Ho
170.941 171.9448
53 s 25. s
β–/ β¯/
172.947 173.951 174.954 167.259(3) 143.961 144.957
0.9 s
β+
170
171 172
Ho Ho 175Ho 68Er 144Er 145Er 173 174
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+4.23
+3.6
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-rays Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914
+4.17 3.6
+3.49 -3.
Er k x-ray 0.18407 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465 Er k x-ray 0.7413 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08 - 2.34) 0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387 Er k x-ray (0.077-1.186)
11-138
482_Frame_11.020 Page 139 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
148.9425 149.9370
≈ 1.7 s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s
β+ E.C,β+/≈ 9.1 β+,EC/6.8 IT ECβ+/8.1 β+/36/4.11 EC/64/
Er Er
150.9373 151.93500
23. s 10.2 s
153
Er
152.93509
37.1 s
154
Er
153.93278
3.7 m
β+,EC/5.2 β+,EC/10/3.11 α/90/ α/ β+,EC/47/4.56 β+,EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ β+,EC/47/3.84 EC/53/
Er 147Er 148Er 149mEr 149Er 150Er
145.952 146.9494 147.9444
146
151 152
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
11/21/2+ 0+
ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./ ann.rad./
7/20+ 4.804/ 4.674 4.35/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
-0.934
-0.42
0.351 (0.0945-1.700) ann.rad./
-0.669
-0.27
-0.412
+0.92
-0.304
+1.17
ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320 1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07 - 2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05 - 0.96) Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07 - 1.74)
0+ 4.166/
155
Er
154.93321
5.3 m
156
Er
155.9308
20. m
β+,EC/1.7
0+
157
Er
156.9319
25. m
β+,EC/3.5
3/2-
158
Er
157.93087
2.2 h
EC/99.5/1.78 β+/0.5/
159
Er
158.930681
36. m
β+/7/2.769 EC/93/
3/2-
160
Er
159.92908
1.191 d
EC/0.33
0+
161
Er
160.93000
3.21 h
EC/2.00
3/2-
-0.37
+1.36
162
Er Er
0.14(1)
161.928775 162.93003
1.25 h
EC/1.210
0+ 5/2-
+0.557
+2.55
Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135
Er Er 166Er 167mEr
1.61(2)
10.36 h
EC/0.376
+0.643
+2.71
Ho k x-ray
2.27 s
I.T./0.208
0+ 5/20+ 1/2-
Er Er 169Er
22.95(15) 26.8(2)
β¯/0.351
7/2+ 0+ 1/2-
163
164 165
167 168
33.6(2)
163.929197 164.930723 165.930290
166.932046 167.932368 168.934588
9.40 d
11-139
(7/2-)
0.74/
0.35/≈ 100
0+
Er k x-ray 0.2078 -0.5639 +0.485
+3.57 Tm k x-ray 0.1098
482_Frame_11.020 Page 140 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Er 171Er
14.9(2)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1182
170
169.935461 170.938026
7.52 h
β¯/1.491
172
Er
171.939352
2.05 d
β¯/0.891
173
Er
172.9424
1.4 m
β¯/2.6
174
Er
173.9441
3.1 m
β¯/1.8
174.9479 175.9503 176.954 168.93421(2)
1.2 m
β–
Er Er 177Er 69Tm 145Tm 146mTm 146Tm 175 176
Tm Tm
145.967
146.961
0.4 ms 0.56 s
147.9573
0.7 s
148.9524 149.9494 150.9454
0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s
147m 147
Tm 148Tm 149Tm 150Tm 151Tm 152mTm 152Tm 153Tm 148m
154m
≈3.5 µs 0.21 s 0.06 s
151.9443 152.94203
Tm
3.3 s
154
Tm
153.9407
8.1 s
155
Tm
154.93919
30. s
Tm Tm
156m 156
157
Tm
155.9389
156.9367
19. s 1.40 m
3.6 m
β+,p β+/14. p β+,p EC, β+/85/≈10.7 p/15/ β+,EC/12. β+,EC/≈9.2 β+,EC/≈11.5 β+,EC/7.5 β+,EC/ β+,EC/8.8 β+,EC/10/6.46 α/90/ β+,EC/15/ α/ β+,EC/56/7.4 α/44/ β+,EC/5.58 α/
0+ 5/2-
2.9
0.28/48 0.36/46
(7/2-)
Tm k x-ray 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08 - 1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100-0.152) (0.0765-1.168)
p/1.118 1.119/ 1.189/ p/1.115 1.052/ ann.rad./ 11/26-
(0.1007-2.177) ann.rad./
9+ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45
ann.rad./ 0.4605-0.7960 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067
4.46/
α/ β+,EC/7.6 α/
4.46/
β+,EC/4.5 α/
2.6 3.97/
11-140
0.66
2-
+0.40
1/2
+0.48
4.23/
-0.5
ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./ 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1 - 1.58)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 141 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
158
Tm
157.9379
4.0 m
β+,EC/74/6.5 EC/26/
(2-)
+0.04
+0.7
159
Tm
158.9348
9.1 m
β+/23/3.9 EC/77/
5/2+
+3.42
+1.9
Tm Tm
159.9354
1.24 m 9.4 m
IT β+/15/5.9 EC/85/
(5) 1-
+0.16
+0.58
Tm
160.9334
31. m
β+,EC/3.2
7/2+
+2.40
+2.9
24. s
I.T./90/ β+,EC/10/
5+
+0.69
160m 160
161
162m
Tm
162
Tm
161.93394
21.7 m
β+/8/4.81 EC/92/
1-
+0.07
163
Tm
162.93265
1.81 h
EC/98/2.439 β+/1/
1/2+
-0.082
5.1 m
I.T./80/ β+,EC/20/
6-
164m
Tm
164
Tm
163.93345
2.0 m
β+/36/3.96 EC/64/
165
Tm
164.932433
1.253 d
166
Tm
165.93355
7.70 h
1+
+2.38
EC/1.593
1/2+
-0.139
EC/98/3.04 β+/2/
2+
+0.092
11-141
2.94/
+0.71
+2.14
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18 - 2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05 - 1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04 - 2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1 - 3.75)m Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789
482_Frame_11.020 Page 142 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
167
Tm
166.932849
9.24 d
EC/0.748
1/2+
-0.197
168
Tm
167.934171
93.1 d
EC/1.679
3+
+0.23
+3.2
169
Tm Tm
168.934211 169.935798
128.6 d
1/2+ 1-
-0.232 +0.247
-1.2 +0.74
Tm
170.936426
1.92 y
β¯/99.8/0.968 EC/0.2/0.314 β¯/0.096
1/2+
-0.230
172
Tm
171.93840
2.65 d
β¯/1.88
173
Tm
172.93960
8.2 h
β¯/1.298
0.80/21 0.86/71
1/2+
174
Tm
173.94216
5.4 m
β¯/3.08
0.70/14 1.20/83
(4-)
175
Tm
174.94383
15.2 m
β¯/2.39
0.9/36 1.9/23
(1/2+)
176
Tm
175.9471
1.9 m
β¯/4.2
2.0/ 1.2/
(4+)
Tm Tm 179Tm 70Yb 148Yb 149Yb 150Yb 151Yb 152Yb 153Yb 154Yb
176.9490 177.9526 178.9553 173.04(3) 147.967 148.963 149.958 150.9545 151.9502 152.9492 153.9455
1.4 m
β–
1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s
β+/8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7/4.49 α/93/ β+,EC/16/6.0 α/84/ β+,EC/21/3.57 α/79/ β+,EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/
170
171
177
178
155
156
157
158
Yb Yb Yb
Yb
100
154.9456 155.94277 156.9427
157.93986
1.7 s 26. s 39. s
1.5 m
β+,EC/1.9
11-142
0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29
2-
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475 0.81595 Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674 Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08 - 1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691
ann.rad./ 5.32/ -0.8
-1.
ann.rad./
5.19/ 0+
ann.rad./
4.69/ -0.64 4.69/ 0+
ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035-0.670) ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 143 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
159
Yb
158.9402
1.4 m
EC,β+/5.1
160
Yb
159.9376
4.8 m
β+,EC/2.0
0+
161
Yb
160.9375
4.2 m
β+,EC/3.9
3/2-
162
Yb
161.9358
18.9 m
β+,EC/1.7
0+
163
Yb
162.9363
11.1 m
β+/26/3.4
164
Yb
163.9345
1.26 h
EC/1.0
165
Yb
164.93540
9.9 m
β+/10/2.76 EC/90/
166
Yb
165.93388
2.363 d
EC/0.30
167
Yb
166.934947
17.5 m
β+/0.5/1.954 EC/99.5/
168
Yb Yb
46. s
I.T./0.0242
0+ 1/2-
32.03 d
EC/0.909
7/2+
4.19 d
β¯/0.470
0+ 1/20+ 5/20+ 7/2-
11.4 s
I.T./1.051
0.13(1)
Yb
Yb Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 175Yb 170 171
176m
Yb
168.935187
3.05(6) 14.3(2) 21.9(3) 16.12(21) 31.8(4)
169.934759 170.936323 171.936378 172.938207 173.938858 174.941273
11-143
3/2-
-0.37
-.022
-0.33
+1.03
-0.37
+1.24
+0.48
+2.48
+0.62
+2.70
0+
1.58/
(5/2-)
0+
0.639/
167.933895
169m
169
1.4/
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2
5/2-
(8-)
-0.63
+3.5
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636 0.8603 (0.06 - 1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633 Yb L x-ray 0.0242 Tm k x-ray 0.1979/35.9 0.0498-0.3078
+0.49367 -0.67989 0.77
+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114 - 0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961
482_Frame_11.020 Page 144 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897
176
Yb Yb
12.7(2)
175.942569
177m
1026 y 6.41 s
β–β– I.T./0.3315
0+ 1/2-
177
Yb
176.945257
1.9 h
β¯/1.399
1.40
9/2+
178
Yb
177.94664
1.23 h
β¯/0.65
0.25/
0+
Yb Yb 181Yb 70Lu 150mLu 150Lu 151mLu 151Lu 152Lu 153Lu 154Lu 155mLu 155Lu
178.9499 179.9523 180.9561 174.967(1)
8. m 2. m
β¯/2.4 β¯
≈0.03 ms 49. ms 16 µs 0.08 s 0.7 s
p/1.295 p p/1.31 p/1.231
154.9542
1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s
155.9529
0.20 s ≈ 0.5 s
β+,EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+,EC/9.5 α/ α β+,EC/94/6.93 α/ β+,EC/99/8.0 α/
179 180
Lu 156Lu
149.973 150.967 151.963 152.959 153.9571
156m
Lu Lu
157m 157
158
Lu
156.95010 157.94984
≈9.6 s 4.8 s 10.4 s
159
Lu
158.9467
12.3 s
β+,EC/6.0
160
Lu
159.94654
36.1 s
β+,EC/7.3
161
Lu
160.9432
1.2 m
β+,EC/5.3
Lu Lu
161.9432
≈ 1.5 m 1.37 m
EC/ β+,EC/6.9
Lu
162.9412
4.1 m
β+,EC/4.6
162m 162
163
11-144
Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028-0.4423
5.66/90 5.57/ ann.rad./ 5.45/ 4.925/ ann.rad./ 5.00/ ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562
4.67/
41-
ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581
482_Frame_11.020 Page 145 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
164
Lu
163.9412
3.14 m
β+,EC/6.3
1.6/ 3.8/
165
Lu
164.9396
10.7 m
β+,EC/3.9
2.06/
Spin (h/2p)
1/2+
166m2
Lu
2.1 m
β+/35/ EC/65/
(0-)
166m1
Lu
1.4 m
β+,EC/58/ I.T./42/0.0344
(3-)
(6-)
166
Lu
165.9398
2.8 m
β+/25/5.5 EC/75/
167
Lu
166.9383
52. m
β+/2/3.1 EC/98/
6.7 m
β+/12/ EC/88/ IT/<0.8
5.5 m
β+/6/4.5 EC/94/
2.7 m
I.T./0.0290
1.419 d
EC/2.293
0.7 s
I.T./0.0929
2.01 d
EC/3.46
Lu
168m
168
Lu
167.9387
Lu
169m
169
Lu
168.93765
Lu
170m
170
Lu
169.93847
11-145
2.1/
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7/2+
3+
1.2/
(6-)
1/21.271/
7/2+
4-
2.44/
0+
2.30
3.5
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04 - 2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986 ann.rad./ 0.1024 0.2281 0.2861 0.8119 0.8301 ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1024 0.2281 0.3375 0.3679 Yb k x-ray 0.0297 0.2392 (0.03 - 2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1988/190 0.8960/100 0.9792/128 0.018-2.65 ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1114 0.1124 0.2286 0.3483 1.4836 Lu L x-ray 0.0290 Yb k x-ray 0.19121 0.9606 (0.08 - 2.1) Lu L x-ray 0.04449 0.0484 Yb k x-ray 0.58711
482_Frame_11.020 Page 146 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Lu
171m
171
Lu
170.937910
Lu
172m
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
1.31 m
I.T./0.0711
8.24 d
EC/1.479
3.7 m
I.T./0.0419
1-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1/20.362/
7/2+
2.30
3.42
172
Lu
171.939082
6.70 d
EC/2.519
4-
2.90
3.80
173
Lu
172.938927
1.37 y
EC/0.671
7/2+
2.28
3.63
142. d
0.17086
6-
1.50
3.3 y
IT/99.3/ EC/0.7/ EC/1.374
1-
1.9
3.66 h
β¯/1.315
1.229/ 1.317/
7/2+ 1-
+2.2327 +0.318
+3.49 -1.47
3.8x1010 y
β¯/1.192
7-
+3.169
+4.92
160.7 d
IT/22/0.9702 β¯/78
23/2-
2.33
5.4
6.75 d
β¯/0.498
7/2+
+2.239
+3.39
23.1 m
β¯/
Lu
174m
174
Lu
173.940334
175
Lu Lu
97.41(2)
Lu
2.59(2)
174.940768
176m
176
175.942683
Lu
177m
177
Lu
176.943755
Lu
178m
0.497/
(9-)
178
Lu
177.945952
28.5 m
β¯/2.099
2.03/
1+
179
Lu
178.94732
4.6 h
β¯/1.405
1.35/
7/2+
180
Lu
179.9499
5.7 m
β¯/3.1
1.49/
181
Lu
180.9518
3.5 m
β¯/2.5
182
Lu
181.9552
2.0 m
β¯/≈ 4.1
Lu Lu 72Hf 154Hf 155Hf
182.9576 183.9612 178.49(2) 153.964 154.963
58. s 20 s
β¯/ β–
2. s 0.9 s
EC,β+/≈ 6.7 EC,β+/8.
183 184
(7/2+)
7/2+
11-146
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5908 1.28029 (0.1 - 3.38) Lu k x-ray 0.07119 Yb k x-ray 0.01939 0.66744 (0.02 - 1.3) Lu L x-rays 0.04186 Yb k x-ray 0.18156 1.09367 (0.07 - 2.2) Yb k x-ray 0.07860 0.27198 Lu k x-ray 0.067055 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 1.2419 Hf k x-ray 0.088372 Hf k x-ray 0.20187 0.30691 Lu k x-ray Hf k x-ray 0.11295 0.20836 0.37850 0.41853 0.11295 0.20836 0.2166 0.3317 Hf k x-ray 0.0932 1.3099 1.3408 (0.09 - 1.7) 0.2143 0.3377 0.40795/50. (0.07-1.9) 0.0458 0.2059 0.5749 0.0978 0.7208 0.8182
482_Frame_11.020 Page 147 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
155.9593 156.9581 157.9539
25. ms 0.11 s 2.9 s
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
160
Hf
159.95063
≈ 12. s
161
Hf Hf
160.9503 161.94720
17. s 38. s
α/ α/ EC/54/5.1 α/46/ β+,EC/88/6.9 α/12/ β+,EC/97/4.9 α/4.78 α/ β+,EC/3.7
Hf
162.9471
40. s
β+,EC/5.5
Hf Hf 166Hf
163.9536 164.9445 165.9423
2.8 m 1.32 m 6.8 m
EC,β+/3.0 EC/4.6 EC/93/2.3 β+/7/
167
Hf
166.9426
2.0 m
β+/40/4.0 EC/60/
(5/2-)
168
Hf
167.9406
25.9 m
β+,EC/1.8
0+
169
Hf
168.9412
3.25 m
EC/85/3.3 β+/15/
(5/2-)
170
Hf
169.9397
16.0 h
EC/1.1
0+
Hf Hf
170.9405
30. s 12.2 h
EC,β+/2.4
(1/2-) 7/2+
172
Hf
171.93946
1.87 y
EC/0.35
0+
173
Hf
172.9407
23.6 h
EC/1.6
1/2-
174
Hf Hf
173.940042 174.941504
2.0x1015 y 70. d
EC/0.686
0+ 5/2-
Hf 157Hf 158Hf 156
159
162
163
Hf
158.9538
164 165
171m 171
175
0.162(3)
5.6 s
11-147
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+ 5.27/ ann.rad./ 5.09/ 0+
ann.rad./
0+
ann.rad./ 0.1739 0.1963 0.4101 ann.rad./ 0.0454 0.0621 0.0710 0.6882
4.60/
11/2ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.0788 ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1754 0.3152 ann.rad./ (0.0144-1.311) ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.3695 0.4929 Lu k x-ray 0.0985 0.1202 0.1647 0.5729 0.6207 +0.53 -0.67
+3.46
ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1221 0.6620 1.0714 Lu k x-ray 0.02399 0.12582 (0.0818-0.123) Lu k x-ray 0.12367 0.13963 0.29697 0.31124 (0.1 - 2.1)
-0.60
+2.7
Lu k x-ray 0.08936 0.34340
482_Frame_11.020 Page 148 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Hf 177m2Hf
5.206(5)
175.941403
176
Hf
177m1
177
Hf Hf
18.606(4)
Hf
178m1
Hf Hf
27.297(4)
Hf
179m1
Hf Hf
13.629(6)
181
Hf Hf
35.100(7)
182m
I.T./2.740
0+ 37/2-
1.1 s
I.T./
23/2+
31. y
I.T./
7/216+
4.0 s
I.T./
8-
25.1 d
I.T./1.1057
0+ 25/2-
18.7 s
I.T./0.375
1/2-
5.52 h
I.T./1.1416
9/2+ 8-
42.4 d
β¯/1.027
0.408/
62. m
β¯/54/1.60 IT/46/1.173
0.49/43 0.95/10
178.945815
180m
180
51.4 m
177.943698
179m2
179
Half-Life
176.943220
178m2
178
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
179.946549 180.949099
Hf
Spin (h/2p)
0+ 1/2-
8-
182
Hf
181.95055
9.x106 y
β¯/0.37
183
Hf
182.95353
1.07 h
β¯/2.01
1.18/68 1.54/25
3/2-
184
Hf
183.95545
4.1 h
β¯/1.34
0.74/38 0.85/16 1.10/46
0+
184.9588 185.9609 180.9479(1)
≈3.5m ≈2.1 m
β¯/
12 µs 0.11 s
p/1.77 β+/≈11.6
Hf Hf 73Ta 155Ta 156Ta 185 186
155.972
11-148
0+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Hf k x-ray 0.2140 0.2951 0.3115 0.3267 Hf k x-ray 0.20836 0.22847 0.37851
+0.7935 +8.2
+0.337 +6.0
7.4
-0.641 +9.
Hf k x-ray 0.32555 0.42635 (0.0889-0.5742) Hf k x-ray 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 Hf k x-ray 0.1227 0.1461 0.3626 0.4537 Hf k x-ray 0.1607 0.2141
+3.79 +4.6
Hf k x-ray 0.2152 0.3323 0.4432 Ta k x-ray 0.13294 0.48200 Hf k x-ray 0.0509 0.2244 0.3441 0.4558 0.5066 0.9428 Ta k x-ray 0.2704 Ta k x-ray 0.0732 0.4591 0.7837 Ta k x-ray 0.0414 0.1391 0.3449 0.165 0.738
482_Frame_11.020 Page 149 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
157
Ta
156.968
10 ms
158
Ta
157.9664
37. ms
159
Ta
158.9629
0.6 s
160
Ta
159.9615
1.4 s
Ta
161
Ta Ta 164Ta 162 163
160.9584 161.9564 162.9544 163.9536
2.9 s 4. s 10.6 s 14.2 s
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) p/ α/ p/ α/ β+,EC/20/8.5 α/80/ β+,EC/10.1 α β+,EC/7.5 α/ EC/8.6 EC/6.8 β+/8.5 α/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
1.02/≈100 6.117 0.927/3.4 6.05/100 5.97/100 α/5.52/34 5.60/55
ann.rad./ 5.41/ ann.rad./ 5.15
3+
31. s 34. s
ECβ+/5.9 β+/82/7.7 EC/18/
Ta Ta
166.9486 167.9478
1.4 m 2.4 m
β+,EC/5.6 β+/77/6.7 EC/23/
169
Ta
168.9459
4.9 m
β+,EC/4.4
170
Ta
169.9461
6.8 m
β+/70/6.0 EC/35/
(3+)
Ta
170.9445
23.3 m
β+,EC/3.7
(5/2-)
172
Ta
171.9447
36.8 m
β+/25/4.9 EC/75/
(3-)
173
Ta
172.9446
3.6 h
β+/24/3.7 EC/76/
(5/2-)
174
Ta
173.9442
1.12 h
β+/27/3.8 EC/73/
(3+)
175
Ta
174.9437
10.5 h
EC/2.0
7/2+
167 168
171
11-149
ann.rad./ 0.2110 0.3768
4.62/
164.9508 165.9505
166
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./
Ta Ta
165
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
3+
1.70
-1.9
2.27
+3.7
ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1587 0.3117 0.8101 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1239 0.2615 0.7502 ann.rad./ 0.0288 0.1535 0.1924 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1008 0.2212 0.0496 0.5018 0.5064 (0.05 - 1.02) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.21396 1.10923 (0.09 - 3.8) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.06972 0.17219 (0.06 - 2.7) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09089 0.20638 (0.09 - 3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487
482_Frame_11.020 Page 150 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
176
Ta
175.9447
8.1 h
EC/3.1
1-
177
Ta
176.944472
2.356 d
EC/1.166
7/2+
2.4 h
EC/
(7-)
177.9458
9.29 m
EC/99/1.9 β+/1/
1+
+2.74
+0.65
178.94593
1.8 y >1.2x1015 y 8.15 h
EC/0.110
7/2+ (9-)
2.29 4.82
3.37
Elem. or Isot.
178m
Ta
178
Ta
179
Ta Ta
180m
180
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
0.012(2)
Ta
Ta Ta
181
179.947466
99.988(2)
EC/87/0.854 β¯/13/0.708
15.8 m
I.T./0.5198
2.25
1+
7/2+ 10-
+2.370
182
Ta
181.950152
114.43 d
β¯/1.814
0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40
3-
+3.02
183
Ta
182.951373
5.1 d
β¯/1.070
0.45/5 0.62/91
7/2+
+2.36
184
Ta
183.95401
8.7 h
β¯/2.87
1.11/15 1.17/81
(5-)
185
Ta
184.95556
49. m
β¯/1.99
1.21/5 1.77/81
(7/2+)
186
Ta
185.9586
10.5 m
β¯/3.9
2.2/
(3-)
Ta Ta 74W 158mW 158W 159W 160W 161W
186.9604 187.9637 183.84(1) 157.974 158.972 159.9684 160.9671
0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s
8.28(3)/ 6.433/96
W
161.9626
1.39 s
α α/ α/ α/ β+,EC/18/8.1 α/82/ β+,EC/54/5.8 α/46/
187 188
162
11-150
5.92/
0+
5.78/ 0+ 5.54/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07 - 1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09316 Hf k x-ray
Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340
0.61/3 0.71/10
180.947996
182m
Spin (h/2p)
+3.3
+2.6
Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085-1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09-1.4) W k x-ray 0.0697 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09 - 1.5)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 151 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
163
W
162.9624
2.8 s
164
W
163.95890
6. s
165
166
167 168
W
164.9583
W
165.95502
W W
166.9547 167.9519
5.1 s 16. s 20. s 53. s
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) β+,EC/59/7.5 α/41/ β+,EC/97/5.0 α/3/ β+,EC/99/7.0 α/1/ β+,EC/99/4.2 α/1/ EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10¯5/
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
0+
ann.rad./ 4.91/ 0+
4.40(1)
1.3 m
EC/5.4
170
W
169.9485
2.4 m
EC/2.2
171
W
170.9494
2.4 m
EC/4.6
172
W
171.9474
6.6 m
β+,EC/2.5
173
W
172.9489
6.3 m
EC/4.0
174
W
173.9462
35. m
EC/1.9
0+
175
W W
174.9468 175.9456
35. m 2.5 h
EC/2.9 β+,EC/0.8
1/20+
177
W
176.9466
2.21 h
EC/2.0
(1/2-)
178
W W
177.9459
21.6 d 6.4 m
0+ (1/2-)
179
W
178.94707
38. m
EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06
(7/2-)
180
W W
0.120(1)
179.946706 180.94820
7.4x1016 y 121.2 d
α/ EC/0.188
0+ 9/2+
W W
26.498(29)
181.948205
8.3x1018 y 5.15 s
α/ I.T./
0+ (11/2+)
182
183m
11-151
ann.rad./
4.74/
168.9518
181
ann.rad./
5.15/
W
179m
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
5.38/
169
176
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755 (0.037-0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.123 (0.097-0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060-0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052-0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034-0.674) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035-0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056-0.429) (0.015-0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307 Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221 W k x-ray 0.0465
482_Frame_11.020 Page 152 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605
183
W
14.314(4)
182.950224
1.9x1018 y
α/
1/2-
184
W W
30.642(8)
183.950932
4.0x1018 y 1.6 m
α/ I.T./0.1974
0+ 11/2+
184.953420 185.954362 186.957158
74.8 d 6.5x1018 y 23.9 h
β¯/0.433 α/ β¯/1.311
185m
W W 187W 185 186
28.426(37)
0.433/99.9 0.624/66 1.315/16 0.081-1.18 0.349/99
3/20+ 3/2-
188
W
187.958487
69.4 d
β¯/0.349
189
W
188.9619
11.5 m
β¯/2.5
1.4/ 2.5/
(3/2-)
W W
189.9632
0.3 ms 30. m
β¯/1.3
0.95/
0+
Re Re
186.207(1) 159.981
0.7 ms
Re
160.978
14 ms
Re
161.9757
0.10 s
p/ α/ α/ p α/
Re
162.9721
0.26 s
1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66
Re
163.9704
0.9 s
Re
164.9671
2. s
Re
165.9651
2.5 s
Re 167Re
166.9626
6.2 s 3.4 s
Re
167.9616
4.4 s
190m 190
75
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167m
168
169m
Re
8.1 s
β+,EC/9.0 α/ β+,EC/10.7 α/ β+,EC/87/8.1 α/ β+,EC/9.4 α/ α, EC/ β+,EC/7.4 α/ β+,EC/9.1 α/ α
Re Re
168.9588 169.9582
16. s 9.2 s
β+, EC/9.0
Re Re
170.9555
15.2 s 55. s
EC/≈ 5.7 β+,EC/
Re
171.9553
15. s
β+,EC/7.3
Re
172.9531
2.0 m
EC/≈3.9
169 170
171
172m
172
173
11-152
0+
+0.117784 8 W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737 0.12536 0.62
Re k x-ray 0.68572/33 0.134-0.773 0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 (0.1262-1.466)
Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621
5.78/ 5.51/ 5.50/
5.015/ 4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/
0.1117
0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)
ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 153 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Re
173.9521
2.4 m
β+,EC/5.6
Re Re
174.9514 175.9516
5.8 m 5.3 m
β+,EC/4.3 β+,EC/5.6
Re
176.9503
14. m
EC/78/3.4 β+/22/
Re
177.9509
13.2 m
β+/11/4.7 EC/89/
3.3/
(3)
Re
178.9500
19.7 m
EC/99/2.71 β+/1/
0.95/
(5/2+)
2.8
Re
179.95079
2.45 m
EC/92/3.80 β+/8/
1.76/
1-
1.6
Re
180.95006
20. h
EC/1.74
5/2+
3.19
12.7 h
EC/
2+
3.3
+1.8
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
174
175 176
177
178
179
180
181
182m
Re
Spin (h/2p)
(3+)
(5/2-)
0.55/ 1.74/
Re
181.9512
2.67 d
EC/2.8
(7+)
2.8
+4.1
Re
182.95082
70. d
EC/0.56
(5/2+)
+3.17
+2.3
165. d
I.T./75/0.188 EC/25/
8+
+2.9
38. d
EC/1.48
3-
+2.53
+2.8
+2.18
I.T./0.150
5/2+ 8+
+3.1871
2.0x105 y 3.718 d
β¯/92/1.070 EC/8/0.582
1-
+1.739
182
183
184m
Re
Re
183.95252
184
Re Re
185
37.40(2)
184.952955
186m
Re
186
185.954986
11-153
0.973/21 1.07/71
+0.62
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1059 0.2373 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07 - 2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06 - 2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10 - 1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 0.90328 (0.1 - 1.4) Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5
482_Frame_11.020 Page 154 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Re 188mRe
62.60(2)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
186.955751
4.4x1010 y 18.6 m
β¯/0.00266 I.T./0.172
0.0025/
5/2+ (6-)
+3.2197
Re
187.958112
16.94 h
β¯/2.120
1.962/20 2.118/79
1-
+1.788
Re
188.959228
24. h
β¯/1.01
1.01/
(5/2+)
3.0 h
β¯/51/ I.T./49/
187
188
189
190m
Re
(6-)
Re
189.9618
3.0 m
β¯/3.2
1.8/
Re Re 76Os 162Os 163Os 164Os 165Os 166Os
190.96312 191.9660 190.23(3) 161.984 162.982 163.9779 164.9765 165.9718
9.7 m 16. s
β¯/2.05 β¯/4.2
1.8/ ≈ 2.5/
1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s
6.60 6.51
Os
166.9714
0.7 s
α/ α/ α α β+,EC/28/6.3 α/72/ β+,EC/76/8.2 α/24/ β+,EC/51/5.7 α/49/ β+,EC/89/7.7 α/13/
190
191 192
167
Os
167.96775
2.2 s
Os
168.9671
3.3 s
Os
169.96357
7.1 s
168
169
170
Os
170.9630
8.4 s
Os
171.9601
19. s
171
172
Os
172.9598
16. s
Os
173.9563
44. s
173
174
β+,EC/5.0 α/ β+,EC/98/7.1 α/19/ β+,EC/99/4.5 α/1.1/ β+,EC/6.3 α/0.4/ β+,EC/3.9 α/0.02/
Spin (h/2p)
6.27/ 5.98/
(2-)
0+
ann.rad./ 0+ 5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8 0+ 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 0+ 5.10/ 4.94/ 0+ 4.76/
β+,EC/5.3
Os
175.9550
3.6 m
β+,EC/3.2
0+
Os
176.9551
2.8 m
β+,EC/4.5
(1/2-)
11-154
ann. rad./ ann.rad./
1.4 m
177
ann. rad./
5.84/
174.9570
176
(0.63-0.77) +2.07 Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray 0.15502 0.309-2.022 0.1471 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238 0.6731 (0.1 - 1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2-0.75)
Os
175
+0.57
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ (0.162-0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190-0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063-1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142-0.299 0.118 0.138/ 0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958
482_Frame_11.020 Page 155 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Os
177.9534
5.0 m
β+,EC/2.3
Os
178.9539
7. m
β+,EC/3.7
Os
179.9524
21.5 m
β+,EC/1.5
0+
1.75 h
EC/
(1/2-)
178
179
180
181m
Os
0+
Os
180.9532
2.7 m
EC/2.9
(7/2-)
Os
181.95219
21.5 h
EC/0.9
0+
9.9 h
EC/84/ I.T./16/
1/2-
182.9531
13. h
EC/2.1
9/2+
183.952491 184.954043
93.6 d
EC/1.013
0+ 1/2-
2.x1015 y
α/
181
182
183m
Os
Os
183
Os Os
0.020(3)
Os Os
1.58(10) 1.6(1)
185.953838 186.955748
Os Os
13.3(2)
187.955836
Os Os
16.1(3)
Os Os
26.4(4)
184 185
186 187
188
189m
189
190
Os
190.960928
192m
Os
Os Os
192 193
41.0(3)
191.961479 192.964148
0+ 1/2-
5.8 h
I.T./0.0308
0+ 9/2-
9.9 m
I.T./1.705
3/2+ 10-
13.1 h
I.T./0.0744
0+ 3/2-
15.4 d
β¯/0.314
6.0 s
I.T./2.0154
30.5 h
β¯/1.141
189.958445
191m
191
≈ 2.75/
188.958145
190m
11-155
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.140/100
-0.79
+3.1
+0.06465 19 Os L x-ray 0.0308 +0.65993 -0.6
9/2-
0+ 3/2-
0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202-0.7174 ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07 - 2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818 Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805
+0.86 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161
+2.5
(10-)
1.04/20
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
+0.730
+0.47
Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201-1.000) Ir k x-ray 0.1389
482_Frame_11.020 Page 156 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Os
193.965179
6.0 y
β¯/0.097
Os Os
194.9681 195.96962
6.5 m 34.9 m
β¯/2.0 β¯/1.16
0.3 ms
1.71 6.72 6.56 1.32 6.56 1.15 6.41/80 1.24/0.4 6.35/48 1.04/32
Elem. or Isot. 194
195 196
Ir Ir 165Ir 77
Natural Abundance (%)
0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429
0+
0+
0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9
192.217(3)
164
Ir
166.9817
35. ms
Ir Ir 169Ir 170Ir 171Ir 172Ir
167.9799 168.9764 169.9743 170.9718 171.9706
0.16 s 0.3 s 0.6 s 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.1 s
p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8 α/93 p/6.9 α/48,β+ p/32 α/80,β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/ α/ α/
173
Ir
172.9677
3.0 s
α/
5.665/
174
Ir
173.9668
4. s
α/
5.478/
175
Ir Ir
174.9641 175.9635
≈ 4.5 s 8. s
5.393/
177
Ir
176.9612
30. s
178
Ir
177.9601
12. s
α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/ β+,EC/6.3
166m
166
167
Ir
Ir
167m
164.9876
15 ms 165.9855
Ir
168
30 ms
169m
176
≈ 11 ms
179
Ir
178.9592
4. m
EC/4.9
180
Ir
179.9593
1.5 m
EC/6.4
181
Ir
180.9576
4.9 m
β+,EC/4.1
182
Ir
181.9582
15. m
β+/44/5.6 EC/56/
183
Ir
182.9568
57. m
β+,EC/3.5
184
Ir
183.9574
3.0 h
β+/12/4.6 EC/88/
185
Ir
184.9566
14. h
β+/3/2.4
11-156
6.11/84 6.00/50 6.03/ 5.91/ 5.811/
0.228 (0.379-0.475) 0.0493 (0.092-0.296) 0.1587 (0.276-1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135-0.415) 0.184 (0.062-0.194)
5.118/ 5.011/
(7/2+)
2.3/ 2.9/
5-
0.70
+2.41
(5/2-)
2.60
-2.1
0.1320 0.2667 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045-0.220) 0.2765 ((0.132-1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.0196-1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./
482_Frame_11.020 Page 157 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
EC/97/
186m
Ir
1.7 h
EC/
(2-)
0.64
+1.46
3.9
-2.55
186
Ir
185.95795
15.7 h
EC/98/3.83 β+/2/
(5+)
187
Ir
186.95736
10.5 h
EC/1.50
3/2+
188
Ir
187.95885
1.72 d
β+/2.81 EC/99+/
189
Ir
188.95872
13.2 d 3.09 h
Ir
190m2
Ir Ir
190m1 190
191m
189.9606
Ir
Ir Ir 192m1Ir 191
37.3(5)
Ir
193m
193
191.962602
Ir
Ir Ir
62.7(5)
Ir
195m
Ir
0.30
+0.48
EC/0.53
3/2+
0.13
+0.88
(11-)
1.12 h 11.8 d
β+,EC/95/ I.T./5/ I.T./0.0263 EC/2.0
7+ (4+)
0.04
+2.8
4.93 s
I.T./0.1714
11/2-
+0.603
I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580
3/2+ (9+) (1+)
+0.151
241. y 1.44 m
73.83 d
β¯/1.460
(4-)
+1.92
+2.15
10.53 d
I.T./0.0802
11/2+0.75
β¯/
3/2+ 11
+0.164
170. d
19.3 h
β¯/2.247
1.92/9 2.25/86
1-
+0.39
3.9 h
β¯/
0.41/ 0.97/
(11/2-)
192.962923
194m
194
(2-)
190.960591
192m2
192
1.13/ 1.64/
193.965075
+0.94
11-157
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13 - 3.0) Os k x-ray 0.0743 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376 Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2 - 1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294
+0.82
+0.34
Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray 0.0803 Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1 - 2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6
482_Frame_11.020 Page 158 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 195
Ir
196m
196
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
194.965976
2.8 h
β¯/1.120
1.40 h
β¯/
52.s
β¯/3.21
8.9 m
Ir
Ir
195.96838
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/
(3/2+)
2.1/15 3.2/80
0-
197
Ir
196.96964
5.8 m
β¯/ I.T./ β¯/2.16
198
Ir
197.9723
8. s
β¯/4.1
167.9880
0.3 ms 0.7 ms 2.0 ms
α/ α/ α
7.11/ 6.99/ 6.83
Pt Pt
168.9864 169.9816
3. ms 14 ms
α α
6.55
Pt Pt 173Pt
170.9811 171.97730 172.9765
0.03 s 0.10 s 0.34 s
Pt
173.97281
0.89 s
α α/ β+,EC/8.2 α/ β+,EC/17/5.6 α/83/ β+,EC/65/7.6 α/35/
197m
Ir
Ir Pt 166Pt 167Pt 168Pt 199 78
169 170
171 172
174
175
176
Pt
Pt
174.9723
175.9690
2.5 s
6.3 s
β+,EC/60/5.1 α/40/
Pt
176.9685
11. s
EC/91/6.8 α/9/
178
Pt
177.9649
21. s
EC/93/4.5 α/7/
179
Pt
178.9653
33. s
180
Pt
179.9632
52. s
182
Pt Pt
(11/2-) 1.5/ 2.0/
(3/2+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 See Ir[197] 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070
198.97378 195.078(2)
177
181
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
180.9632 181.9613
51. s 2.7 m
β+,EC/5.7 α/ β+,EC/99.7/3.7 α/0.3/ β+,EC/5.2 β+,EC/2.9
11-158
6.31/94
0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62 0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214-0.726 0+
6.20/ 0+ 6.040/ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128
5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 0+ 5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6
ann.rad./ 0.2277 0.0908
0+ 5.286/0.2 5.442/7 5.16/ 0+ 5.140/ 0+
ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100
482_Frame_11.020 Page 159 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 183m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Pt
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
43. s
β+,EC/ I.T./
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) (7/2-)
183
Pt
182.9617
7. m
β+,EC/4.6
184
Pt
183.9599
17.3 m
β+,EC/2.3
Pt Pt
184.9607
33. m 1.18 h
β+,EC/ β+,EC/3.8
1/2(9/2+)
186
Pt
185.95943
2.0 h
β+,EC/1.38
0+
187
Pt
186.9607
2.35 h
β+,EC/3.1
3/2
188
Pt
187.95940
10.2 d
EC/0.51
0+
189
Pt
188.96083
10.9 h
β+,EC/1.97
190
Pt Pt
0.01(1)
189.95993 190.961684
4.5x1011 y 2.96 d
Pt Pt
0.79(6)
185m 185
191
192
Pt Pt 195mPt 193 194
Pt Pt 197mPt 195 196
197
Pt
198
Pt
32.9(6)
33.8(6) 25.3(6)
192.962984 193.962663
7.2(2)
+0.51
-0.41
-1.2
3/2-
0.43
-1.1
EC/1.02
0+ (3/2-)
0.50
-0.9
4.33 d
I.T./0.1498
0+ 13/2+
-0.75
60. y
EC/0.0566
4.02 d
I.T./0.2952
1.590 h
I.T./97/ β¯/3/
18.3 h
β¯/0.719
197.967875
(1/2-) 0+ 13/2+
+0.60
1/20+ 13/2+
+0.6095
1/2-
0.51
0+
11-159
-0.61
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.3132/26 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058-1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058-1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.1919 0.5484
+4.5
194.964774 195.964934
196.967323
1.0
+0.54 -0.80
191.961035
193m
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09 - 1.47) Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays
+1.4
Pt k x-ray 0.0989
Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688
482_Frame_11.020 Page 160 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 199m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Pt
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
13.6 s
I.T./0.424
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 13/2+
199
Pt
198.970576
30.8 m
β¯/1.70
200
Pt
199.97142
12.5 h
β¯/≈0.66
0+
201
Pt
200.9745
2.5 m
β¯/2.66
(5/2-)
Pt Au 171Au
201.9757 196.96655(2) 170.9918
1.8 d
Au Au 173Au 174Au 175Au 176Au
171.9901
202 79
172
173m
172.9864 173.9842 174.9817 175.9803
1.0 ms 4 ms 12 ms 0.020 s 0.12 s 0.20 s 1.2 s
p/46 α/54 α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α β+,EC/10.5 α/
Au
176.9772
1.2 s
α/
Au Au 180Au
177.9760 178.9732 179.9724
2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s
α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/
181
Au
180.9700
11.4 s
182
Au
181.9686
21. s
EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+,EC/6.9 α/0.13/
183
Au
182.9676
42. s
Au Au
183.9675
48 s 21. s
177
178 179
184m 184
185m
185
Au
6.8 m
Au
184.9657
4.3 m
Au Au
185.9659
< 2. m 10.7 m
Au Au
186.9646
2.3 s 8.3 m
186m 186
187m 187
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.90/18 1.14/14
Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/4.9 0.49375/5.7 0.5430/14.8 (0.055-1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152 0.222 1.760 0.440
(5/2-)
1.44/100 7.00 6.86 6.732 6.672
6.260/80 6.290/20 6.115/ 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50
0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597
5.482/
EC/5.5 α/0.8/
+1.97
EC,β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+,EC/ I.T./0.145 β+,EC/4.71 α/0.26/ β+,EC/ β+,EC/6.0 α/8(10)-4/
(2+) (5+)
+1.44 +2.07
+1.9 +4.7
(5/2-)
+2.17
-1.1
3-
-1.26
+3.1
IT β+,EC/3.60
9/21/2+
+0.54
11-160
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13 - 1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)
ann.rad./ 0.1915 ann.rad./ 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152
482_Frame_11.020 Page 161 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
188
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
190
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Au
187.9651
8.8 m
β+,EC/5.3
(1-)
-0.07
Au Au
188.9642
4.6 m 28.7 m
β+,EC/ EC/96/3.2 β+/4/
11/21/2+
+6.19 +0.49
Au
189.96470
43. m
β+/2/4.44 EC/98/
1-
-0.07
0.9 s
I.T./0.2663
11/2-
6.6
3/2+
+0.137
+0.72
1-
-0.011
-0.23
189m 189
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
191m
Au
191
Au
190.96365
3.2 h
EC/1.83
192
Au
191.96481
4.9 h
β+/5/3.52 EC/95/
3.9 s
I.T./0.2901
11/2-
6.2
+1.98
3/2+
+0.140
+0.66
1-
+0.076
-0.24
193m
Au
2.19/ 2.49/
193
Au
192.96413
17.6 h
EC/1.07
194
Au
193.96534
1.64 d
β+/3/2.49 EC/97/
30.5 s
I.T./0.3186
11/2-
6.2
+1.9
186.12 d 9.7 h
EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954
3/2+ 12-
+0.149 5.7
+0.61
8.1 s 6.18 d 7.8 s
I.T./0.0846 EC/92/1.506 I.T./0.4094 β¯/8/0.686
8+ 211/2-
+0.591 +6.0
0.81 +1.7
+0.55
I.T./0.812
3/2+ (12-)
+0.14575
2.30 d
2-
+0.5934
+0.64
3/2+
+0.2715
+0.51
12-
5.9
195m
195
Au
Au Au
194.965017
196m2
Au Au 197mAu
196m1
195.966551
196
197
Au Au
100.
196.966551
198m
198
Au
197.968225
2.694 d
β¯/1.372
199
Au
198.968748
3.14 d
β¯/0.453
18.7 h
β¯/84/1.0
200m
Au
1.49/
11-161
0.290/1 0.961/99 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.2668 1.3321 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088-1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790 Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 Hg k x-ray 0.411794 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 Au k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 162 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
I.T./16/
Au
199.97072
48.4 m
β¯/2.24
0.7/15 2.2/77
1-
Au Au 203Au 204Au
200.97165 201.9738 202.97515 203.9783
26. m 29. s 1.0 m 40. s
β¯/1.28 β¯/3.0 β¯/2.14 β¯/4.5
1.27/82
3/2+ (1-) 3/2+ (2-)
Au Hg 172Hg 173Hg 174Hg 175Hg 176Hg 177Hg 178Hg
204.9796 200.59(2)
31. s
β¯/
≈0.25 ms 0.9 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 0.13 s 0.26 s
α α α α α α EC/50/6.1 α/50/ EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/
200
201 202
205 80
174.9912 175.98733 176.9863 177.98248
Hg
178.9818
1.09 s
Hg
179.9783
2.6 s
179
180
Hg
180.9778
3.6 s
β+ EC/74/≈7.3 α/26/
Hg
181.9739
10.8 s
β+,EC/85/5.0 α/15/
181
182
Hg
183
Hg
184
182.9744
183.9719
9. s
30.9 s
β+,EC/77/6.3 α/ β+,EC/99/4.1 α/1/
21. s
β+,EC,IT,α/
184.9720 185.9695
51. s 1.4 m
Hg 187Hg
186.9698
1.7 m 2.4 m
β+,EC/95/5.8 β+,EC/3.3 α β+,EC/ β+,EC/4.9
Hg
187.9676
3.2 m
β+,EC/2.3
185m
Hg
Hg Hg
185 186
187m
188
11-162
≈ 1.9/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084-0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077-1.570) (0.027-0.732) 0.4396 (0.04-0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38 - 1.33)
7.35 7.21 7.07 6.74/94 0+ 6.43/ 6.29/ 0+ 6.12/33 5.69/.03 (1/2-)
+0.507
0+ 5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 1/2-
+0.524
5.83/ 5.91/ 0+ 5.54/1.3 5.07/2 x 10-3 5.37/
13/2+
-1.02
1/20+
+0.509
13/2+ 3/2-
-1.04 -0.594
+0.2
5.09/0.02
0+
+0.5 -0.8
0.1250 0.3005 0.3812 0.0663 0.0811 0.0924 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.1289 0.2168 0.4126 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.0915 0.1265 0.1560 0.2362 0.211 0.292 (0.02 - 0.55) 0.1119 0.2518 See Hg[187] 0.1034/32. 0.2334/100. 0.2403/33. 0.27151/31. 0.3763/38. 0.5254/30. (0.10-2.18) 0.0988
482_Frame_11.020 Page 163 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
189m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Hg
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
α
4.61
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
8.6 m
EC/
13/2+
-1.06
+0.7
-0.6086
-0.8
Hg
188.9687
7.6 m
EC/4.2
3/2-
Hg
189.9663
20.0 m
EC/1.5
0+
51. m
β+/6/ EC/94/
13/2+
-1.07
+0.6
-0.62
-0.8
189
190
191m
Hg
Hg
190.9671
50. m
β+,EC/3.2
(3/2-)
Hg
191.9653
5.0 h
EC/≈0.5
0+
11.8 h
β+,EC/91/ I.T./9/0.2901
13/2+
-1.05843
+0.92
191
192
193m
Hg
Hg
192.96664
3.8 h
EC,B+/2.34
3/2-
-0.6276
-0.7
Hg Hg
193.96538
520. y 1.67 d
EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/
0+ 13/2+
-1.04465
+1.1
Hg
194.96664
9.5 h
EC/1.51
1/2-
193
194
195m
195
+0.54147 5
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08 - 2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07 - 1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1 - 1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-rays Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798
Hg Hg
196
0.15(1)
195.965814
197m
Hg
196.967195
197
23.8 h
I.T./(93)/0.2989
0+ 13/2+
2.672 d
EC/0.600
1/2-
I.T./0.532
0+ 13/2+
-1.02768
+1.2
+0.52737 4
Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735
Hg 199mHg 198
Hg
199
9.97(8)
197.966752 42.6 m
16.87(10)
198.968262
1/2-
11-163
-1.014703 +0.50588 5
+1.2
Hg k x-ray 0.15841
482_Frame_11.020 Page 164 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Hg 201Hg 202Hg 203Hg
23.10(16) 13.18(8) 29.86(20)
200
Hg Hg
204 205
Hg
206
Hg Hg 81Tl 177mTl 207 208
6.87(4)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
46.61 d
β¯/0.492
0.213/100
0+ 3/20+ 5/2-
203.973475 204.976056
5.2 m
β¯/1.531
1.33/4
0+ 1/2-
205.97750
8.2 m
β¯/1.31
0.935/34 1.3/63
206.9825 207.9859 204.3833(2)
2.9 m 0.7 h
β¯/4.8 β¯
0.23 ms
p/51 α/49 α/73 P/27
176,9969
0.017 s
Tl Tl
177.9952
≈0.2 s 1.7 ms
Tl Tl
178.9917 179.9912
0.2 s 1.5 s
α α α α
Tl Tl 182Tl
180.9869 181.9856
1.4 ms 3.2 ms 3. s
α α β+, EC/10.9
Tl Tl 184Tl
182.9826 183.9818
0.06 s 5. s 11. s
α β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/
178
179m
179 180
181m 181
183m 183
185m
Tl
Tl Tl 186Tl 185
1.8 s 184.9791
186m
185.9776
Tl Tl 188mTl
186.9762
Tl
187.9759
187m 187
188
189m
Tl
Tl
189
Spin (h/2p)
199.968309 200.970285 201.970625 202.972857
Tl
177
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
188.9743
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.560226
+0.39
+0.8489
+0.34
+0.6010
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2 - 1.4) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502
0+
(9/2+) 0.474
/7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/100 6.19/100 0.351 (0.26 - 0.41) 9/21/2+
0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840
6.16/
20. s 4. s 28. s
I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+,EC/7.5
15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m
I.T./≈ 0.33 β+,EC/6.0 β+,EC/
(9/2+) 1/2+ (7+)
+3.8 1.6
1.2 m
β+,EC/7.8
(2-)
+0.48
+0.13
1.4 m
β+,EC/
(9/2-)
+3.878
-2.29
2.3 m
β+,EC/5.2
(1/2+)
11-164
(9/2-) 6.01
-2.4
0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129 0.5043 0.5921 See Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422
482_Frame_11.020 Page 165 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 190m
Tl
Tl
190
191m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
189.9738
Tl
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Spin (h/2p)
3.7 m
β+,EC/
4.2/
(7+)
+0.495
+0.29
2.6 m
β+,EC/7.0
5.7/
(2-)
+0.25
-0.33
5.2 m
β+,EC/(98)/
(9/2+)
+3.903
-2.3
10.8 m
β+,EC/
(1/2) (7+)
1.59 +0.518
0.46
Tl Tl
190.9723
Tl
191.972
9.6 m
β+,EC/6.4
(2-)
+0.20
-0.33
Tl Tl
2.1 m 22. m
I.T./(75)/ β+,EC/3.6
(9/2-) (1/2+)
+3.948 +1.591
-2.2
192.9706
32.8 m
β+/(20)/≈0.30 EC/(80)/
(7+)
+0.540
+0.61
34. m
β+,EC/5.3
2-
0.140
-0.28
3.6 s
I.T./0.483
9/2-
1.16 h
EC/97/2.8 β+/(3)/
1/2+
+1.58
1.41 h
β+,EC/95/4.9
(7+)
0.55
+0.76
1.84 h
β+/(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/
2-
+0.072
-0.18
0.54 s
IT/53/0.608 β+,EC/47/
9/2-
191
192m
192
193m 193
194m
Tl
Tl
194
195m
Tl
Tl
195
196m
194.9697
Tl
Tl
196
197m
193.9711
Tl
195.9705
11-165
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359 0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282 0.6363 0.7490 0.3955 0.4282 0.6363 Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13 - 2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353 0.6954 (0.08 - 1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03 - 2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262 0.4118 0.5872
482_Frame_11.020 Page 166 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Tl
197
198m
2.83 h
β+/(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/
1/2+
+1.58
1.87 h
β+,EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347
7+
+0.64
197.9405
5.3 h
EC,β+/(1)/3.5
Tl
198.9698
7.4 h
EC/1.4
Tl
199.97095
1.087 d
EC/2.46
Tl
200.97080
3.040 d
Tl
201.97209
12.23 d
199
200
201
202
Tl
203
29.524(14)
Tl Tl
205
206m
Tl
3.78 y
205.976095
Tl
Spin (h/2p)
2-
1/2-
+1.60
2-
0.04
EC/0.48
1/2+
+1.605
EC/1.36
2-
0.06
1/2+
+1.62225 8 0.09
1.07/ 1.44/
β¯/97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347
0.763/97
204.974412
Tl
206
207m
70.476(14)
1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/
202.972329 203.973848
204
21/2+
3.76 m
I.T./2.644
4.20 m
β¯/1.533
1.3 s
I.T./1.350
1.53/99.9
011/2-
206.97741 207.982004
4.77 m 3.053 m
β¯/1.423 β¯/5.001
1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51
1/2+ (5+)
Tl
208.98535
2.16 m
β¯/3.98
1.8 /100
(1/2+)
Tl
209.99006
1.30 m
β¯/5.48
1.3/25 1.9/56
(5+)
Pb
207.2(1)
208
209
210
11-166
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258 Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23 - 2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11 - 2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957
Hg k x-ray
+1.63821 5
12-
Tl Tl
207
82
196.96954
Tl
198
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
Half-Life
Tl
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
+1.88 +0.29
Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray 1.5670/100 0.4651/95 (0.12 - 1.33) Pb k x-ray 0.081 0.2981 0.79788
482_Frame_11.020 Page 167 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Pb 180Pb 181Pb 182Pb 183Pb 184Pb 185Pb
180.9967 181.99268 182.9919 183.9882 184.9876
≈0.2 ms 5 ms 0.05 s 55 ms 0.3 s 0.48 s 4.1 s
α/ α/ α α/ α/ α/
Pb
185.9835
5. s
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
178
186
187m
187
188
Pb
Pb
Pb
186.9839
187.9811
β+,EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/
18.3 s
EC/7.2 α/7
6.08/
188.9809
51. s
190
Pb
189.9782
1.2 m
EC/(78)/4.8 α/(22)/ EC/6.1 α/ β+ (13)/4.1 EC/(86)/ α/(0.9)/
2.2 m
β+,EC/
191
Pb
190.9782
1.3 m
β+,EC/5.5
192
Pb
191.9758
3.5 m
β+,EC/≈3.4 α/.006/
193m
193 194
Pb
Pb Pb
195m
192.9761 193.9740
Pb
1/2+ 0+
(1/2-)
0+ 5.98/<10 5.61/<0.1 5.58/ 0+ 5.58/
13/2+
≈ 2. m 11. m
EC/5.2 β+,EC/2.7 α β+/(8)/ EC/(92)/
3/2 0+
194.976
≈ 15. m
β+,EC/5.8
196
Pb
195.9727
37. m
β+,EC/2.1
11-167
+0.085
-1.15
+0.19
0+
13/2+
Pb
-1.17
5.11
β+,EC/
195
0.0674 0.2080 0.2755 0.2995 0.4487 0.7477 0.1930 0.3314 0.3435 0.3934 0.1850 0.7582
13/2+
5.8 m
15. m
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
β+,EC/ α/12
Pb
Pb
6.63/ 6.34/ 6.40/ 6.48/
15.2 s
23. s
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7.25 7.07 6.90
6.32/ 6.34/<100 6.01/<0.2 5.99/ 6.19/
189
191m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
4.64 13/2+
0+
-1.132
+0.30
ann.rad./ Tl k x-ray 0.1415 0.1512 0.9422 ann.rad./ 0.3871 0.6135 0.7122 ann.rad./ 0.9368 ann.rad./ 0.1675 0.6082 1.1954 ann.rad./ 0.3650 0.3922 ann.rad./ 0.2036 ann.rad./ Tl k x-ray 0.3836 0.3942 0.8784 ann.rad./ 0.3836 0.3937 0.7776 Tl k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 168 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
197m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Pb
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
43. m
EC/79/ β+/2/ IT/19/0.3193
13/2+
-1.104
+0.38
-1.075
-0.08
-1.074
+0.08
197
Pb
196.9734
≈ 8. m
EC/97/3.6 β+/3/
(3/2-)
198
Pb
197.9720
2.4 h
EC/1.4
0+
12.2 m
IT/93/0.4248 β+,EC/(7)/ EC/(99)/2.9 β+/(1)/
13/2+
199m
Pb
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
199
Pb
198.9729
1.5 h
200
Pb
199.97182
21.5 h
EC/0.81
0+
1.02 m
I.T./0.6291
13/2+
9.33 h
EC/1.90
5/2-
+0.675
-0.009
3.53 h
IT/90/2.170 β+/10/
9-
-0.228
+0.58
+0.686
+0.10
+0.712
+0.23
201m
201
Pb
202m
202
Pb 200.97285
Pb
Pb Pb
201.97214
5.3x104 y 6.2 s
EC/0.05 I.T./0.8252
0+ 13/2+
Pb
202.97338
2.1615 d
EC/0.98
5/2-
1.12 h
I.T./2.185
9-
1.51x107 y
EC/0.0512
0+ 5/2-
0.80 s
I.T./1.632
0+ 13/2+
206.975880 207.976636 208.981075 209.984174
SF β¯/0.644 β¯/0.0635
1/20+ 9/2+ 0+
+0.59258
>2x1019 y 3.25 h 22.6 y
-1.474
-0.3
210.988732
36.1 m
α β¯/1.37
(9/2+)
-1.404
+0.09
203m
203
204m
Pb
Pb Pb
1.4(1)
Pb Pb
24.1(1)
Pb Pb 209Pb 210Pb
22.1(1) 52.4(1)
204 205
206
203.973028 204.974467 205.974449
207m
207 208
211
5/2-
Pb
11-168
0.645/100 0.017/81 0.061/19 3.72 0.57/5
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2531 0.5021 Tl k x-ray 0.3079 0.3877 0.7743 (0.2 - 2.2) Tl k x-ray 0.3755 0.3858 0.7611 Tl k x-ray 0.1734 0.2903 0.3654 Pb k x-ray 0.4255 Tl k x-ray 0.3534 0.7202 1.1350 (0.22 - 2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.14763 Pb k x-ray 0.6288 Tl k x-ray 0.33120 0.36131 (0.11 - 1.8) Pb k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.42219 0.78700 0.96271 Tl L x-ray Pb k x-ray 0.8203 0.8252 Tl k x-ray 0.279188 Pb k x-ray 0.37481 0.89922 0.91175 Tl L x-ray
Pb k x-ray 0.56915 1.06310
0.40486
482_Frame_11.020 Page 169 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
1.36/92
212
Pb
211.991887
10.64 h
β¯/0.574
213
Pb Pb
212.9966 213.999797
10.2 m 26.9 m
β¯/2.1 β¯/1.0
214
Pb Bi 185Bi
208.98038(2) 184.9977
0.04 ms
Bi
185.9965
10 ms
p/86 α/14 α
187
Bi Bi
186.9935
≈ 8. ms 32. ms
α/12 α/7
Bi Bi 189Bi 190Bi
187.9922
186
187m
188
188.9895 189.9875
7.0 ms 0.68 s 5. s
Bi 191Bi
190.9861
0.12 ms 12. s
Bi
191.9854
40. s
189m
191m
192
193m
Bi
Bi
193
Bi
194
0+
0.67/48 0.73/42
0+
3.2 s 192.9837 193.9828
1.11 m 1.8 m
α α α β+,EC/(10)/8.7 α/(90)/ α β+,EC/(60)/7.3 α/(40)/ β+,EC/(80)/9.0 α/(20)/ β+,EC/ α/ β+,EC/40/7.1 α/(60)/ β+,EC/99.9/8.2 α/0.1/
7.16 7.26 7.00/88.3 7.61/8.0 7.37/3.7 7.30
6.45/ 6.87 6.32/ 6.06/ 1/2+ 6.48/ 9/2+ 5.91/ (10-)
196
Bi
195.9806
5. m
Bi Bi 198Bi
196.9789 197.9790
5. m 7.7 s 11.8 m
β+,EC/5.2 I.T./0.2485 β+,EC/6.6
1/2+ (10-) (7+)
198.9776
24.7 m 27. m
β+,EC/ β+,EC/4.3
9/2-
Bi
Bi
195
197
1.45 m 194.9811
198m
Bi Bi
199m 199
Bi k x-ray 0.24192 0.29509 0.35187
1.59
β+,EC/(94)/ α/(6)/ β+,EC/99.8/5.8 α/(0.2) EC/≈7.4
195m
0.42700 0.83186 (0.09 - 1.27) Bi k x-ray 0.23858
36 s
215 83
0.28/83 0.57/12
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
2.9 m
11-169
0.1661 0.1740 0.2802 0.421 0.5754 0.9650
6.11/ 3/25.45/ 0.1376 0.3720 0.6880 1.0486
4.6
0.2485 0.0900 0.1976 0.5624 1.0635 ann.rad./ 0.7203 0.8374 0.8417 0.9460
482_Frame_11.020 Page 170 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
200m
Natural Abundance (%)
Bi
Bi
199.9781
200
201m
Atomic Mass or Weight
Bi
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β+,EC/
(2+)
36. m
EC/(90)/5.9 β+/(10)/
7+
59.1 m
I.T./0.846 β+,EC/ EC/3.84
(1/2+) 9/2-
4.8
5+
+4.26
-0.72
9/2-
+4.02
-0.69
200.97697
1.8 h
Bi
201.97768
1.72 h
β+/(3)/5.16 EC/(97)/
Bi
202.97687
11.8 h
EC/99.8/3.25 β+/(0.2)/
202
203
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
31. m
Bi
201
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
1.35/
Bi
203.97779
11.2 h
EC/4.44
6+
+4.32
-0.43
Bi
204.97737
15.31 d
EC/2.71
9/2-
+4.07
-0.59
Bi
205.97848
6.243 d
EC/3.76
6+
+4.36
-0.39
Bi
206.978456
35. y
EC/2.399
9/2-
4.08
-0.6
Bi
207.979727
3.68x105 y
EC/2.880
5+
4.63
-0.64
3.0x106 y
α/
9/29-
+4.111 +2.73
-0.37 -0.47
1-
-0.0445
+0.136
204
205
206
207
208
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0528 1.3056 (0.12 - 3.2) 0.2453 0.4198 0.4624 1.0265 ann.rad./ Pb k x-ray 0.4198 0.4623 1.0265 Bi k x-ray 0.8464 Pb k x-ray 0.6288 0.9357 1.0138 (0.13 - 2.4) ann.rad./ Pb k x-ray 0.57860 0.92734 (0.08 - 3.5) Pb k x-ray 0.1865 0.8203 0.8969 1.8475 (0.1 - 2.9) Pb k x-ray 0.37481 0.89922 0.98409 Pb k x-ray 0.70347 1.76435 Pb k x-ray 0.51619 0.80313 0.88100 Pb k x-ray 0.56915 1.06310 Pb k x-ray 2.61435
Bi 210mBi 209
208.980384
Bi
209.984105
5.01 d
β¯/1.163
Bi
210.98726
2.14 m
α/(99.7)/ β¯/(0.3)/0.58 β¯/ α/(93)/
210
211
100.
212m2 212m1
Bi Bi
7. m 25.0 m
11-170
4.420(3)/0.29 4.569(3)/3.9 4.584(3)/1.4 4.908(4)/39 4.946(3)/55 1.16/99 6.279/16 6.623/84 6.300/40
9/2(15-) (9-)
Tl k x-ray 0.2661 0.3052 0.6502 0.2661 0.3.52 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 0.120
482_Frame_11.020 Page 171 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Bi
212
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
211.991271
Half-Life
1.009 h
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
β¯/(7)/
6.340/53
β¯/(64)/2.254 α/(36)/
Bi
212.99437
45.6 m
β¯/(98)/1.43 α/(2)/
Bi
213.99870
19.7 m
β¯/3.27
Bi
215.0018
7.7 m
β¯/2.3
Bi
216.0062
2.3 m
β¯/4.0
97 s
β/
0.4 ms
α
5 ms
α
192.9911 193.9883
2.4 ms 0.10 s 22 ms 34. ms 0.24 s 0.45 s 0.39 s
α/ α α/ α/8.5 α/ α/ α/
194.9881 195.9855
1.9 s 4.6 s 5.8 s
α/ α/ α/(95)/ β+,EC/(5)/≈4.6 α/(84)/ β+,EC/(16)/ α/(44)/ β+,EC/(56)/6.2 α/(70)/ β+,EC/(30)/4.0 β+,EC/(51)/ α/(39)/
213
214
215
216
Bi Po 188Po 217
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(1-)
+0.32
+0.1
9/2-
+3.72
-0.60
6.051/25 6.090/9.6
1.02/31 1.42/66 5.549/0.16 5.869/2.0
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.233 0.275 0.404 0.727 Tl k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.2881 0.72725 0.78551 1.62066 Po k x-ray 0.4404 (0.15 - 1.328) 1.10006 0.60931 1.12027 1.76449 (0.19 - 3.2) 0.2937 (0.27 - 0.835) 0.5498 0.4192
84
189
Po
Po Po 191Po 192Po 193mPo 193Po 194Po 190
189.9951
191m
Po Po 196Po
190.9947 191.9915
195m 195
197m
Po
25.8 s
197
Po
196.9856
53. s
198
Po
197.9834
1.76 m
199m
199
200
Po
Po
Po
4.2 m
198.985
199.9817
5.2 m
11.5 m
7.92 7.35 7.54 7.25 7.32 7.53 7.38 7.33 7.17 7.00 6.95 6.84/93 6.19/0.22 6.70/ 6.61/ 6.52/94 5.77/0.02 6.385(3)/55
13/2+
6.282(4)/76
(3/2-)
6.18/57 5.27/7.6x10-4
0+
0+
13/2+ 6.059/24
β+,EC/(88)/7. α/(12)/
5.952/7.5
β+,EC/85/3.4 α/(15)/
5.863/11.1
11-171
0+
(3/2-)
0+
0.99
ann.rad./ 0.2745 0.4998 1.0020 Bi k x-ray 0.1877 0.3616 1.0214 1.0344 0.14748 0.32792
482_Frame_11.020 Page 172 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
201m
201
202
Po
Po
Po
203m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
8.9 m
200.9822
201.9807
Po
15.3 m
45. m
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β+,EC/(57)/ IT/40/0.418 α/(3)/
5.786/≈3.
β+,EC/98/4.9 α/(2)/
5.683(3)/1.1
β+,EC/98/2.8 α/(2)/
5.588/1.9
β+,EC/4.2
204
Po
203.98031
3.53 h
EC/2.34 α
205
Po
204.98117
1.7 h
β+,EC/3.53
206
Po
205.98047
8.8 d
EC/(95)/1.85 α/(5)/
0.94
0+
0+
5/2-
5/2-
5.80 h
EC,β+/2.91
208
Po
207.981231
2.898 y
α/5.213
209
Po
208.982415
102. y
α/4.976
210
Po
209.982857
138.4 d
α/5.407
25.2 s
α/
11-172
+0.17
+0.79
+0.28
0+
19/2-
206.98158
+0.76
5.223/5.5
I.T./1.383
Po
+0.74
5.377/0.66
2.8 s
207
Po
3/2-
5/2-
35. m
211m
1.00
13/2+
202.9814
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
13/2+
IT/96/0.6414 β¯ EC/(4)/
Po
Po
Spin (h/2p)
1.2 m
203
207m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
4.233/0.0002 5.1158/100 4.624/0.56 4.879/99.2 4.516/0.001 5.304/100 7.273/91 7.994/1.7
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6176 0.6709 Bi k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.2726 0.4123 0.4179 0.9670 Bi k x-ray 0.2056 0.2250 0.8483 0.9048 0.0410 0.1656 0.3158 0.6884 Bi k x-ray Po k x-ray 0.6414 0.17516 0.21477 0.89350 0.90863 1.09095 Bi k x-ray 0.2702 0.8844 1.0162 (0.11 - 1.9) Bi k x-ray 0.83681 0.84983 0.87241 1.00124 (0.12 - 2.7) Bi k x-ray 0.28644 0.31156 0.51134 0.80737 1.03228 (0.11 - 1.5) Po k x-ray 0.2682 0.30074 0.81448 Bi k x-ray 0.74263 0.91176 0.99225
0+ 1/20+ 25/2+
≈+0.77
0.26049 0.8964 0.80313 Pb k x-ray 0.32808
482_Frame_11.020 Page 173 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
8.316/0.25 8.875/7.0 Po
α/7.594
45. s
α/
Po Po
211.988852 212.992843
0.298 µs 3.7 µs
α/8.953 α/8.537
214
Po
213.995186
163.7 µs
α/7.833
215
Po
214.999415
1.780 ms
α/7.526
216
Po
216.001905
0.145 s
α/6.906
Po Po 85At 193At 194At 195mAt 195At 196mAt 196At 197mAt 197At
217.0064 218.008965
< 10. s 3.04 m
α/6.662 α/6.114
192.9998 193.9990
40 ms 40 ms 0.39 s 140 ms 8 µs 0.39 s 4. s 0.35 s
α/ α/ α α/
6.96 7.11
212m
212 213
Po
217 218
198m
At 199At 200m
201
194.9965 195.9957 196.9939
At
198
200
210.986637
0.516 s
6.570/0.54 6.892/0.55 7.450/98.9 8.514/2.0 9.086/1.0 11.650/97 8.784/100 7.614/0.003 8.375/100 6.904/0.01 7.686/99.99 6.950/0.02 6.957/0.03 7.386/100 5.895/0.002 6.778/99.99 6.539/ 5.181/1.00
211
1.5 s 197.9928 198.9910
At
At
At At At
4.3 s 199.990
200.9885
202m 202
203
204
205
At
At
At
5. s 7.1 s
201.9885
202.9868
203.9873
204.98604
43. s
1.48 s ð 1.5 s 3.02 m
7.4 m
9.1 m
26. m
9/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.56915 0.89723 1.06310 0.56915 0.89723
16+
0+ 9/2+ 0+
0.7995 0.298
(9/2+)
0+
0+
0.158 α/ α β+,EC/7.8 α/ β+,EC/(75)/ α/(25)/ α/ β+,EC/8/5.6 α/(92)/ β+,EC/(80) α/(20)/ β+,EC/65/≈8.0 α/(35)/ β+,EC/29/5.9 α/(71)/6.474 I.T./0.391 β+,EC/88/7.2 α/(12)/
7.05/ (1/2+) (9/2-) 6.96/ 6.85/86 6.75/94 9/26.64/ 106.536/12 5+ 6.412/44 6.465/57 9/26.344/ 5+ 6.135/7.7 6.225/4.3
β+,EC/69/5.1 α/(31)/6.210
6.088/
β+,EC/95/6.5 α/(5)/
5.951/
β+,EC/90/4.54
11-173
9/2-
(5+)
(9/2-)
ann.rad./ 0.4413 0.5697 0.6753 0.1458 0.2459 0.6414 1.0020 1.0340 Po k x-ray 0.3271 0.4254 0.5156 0.6837 Po k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 174 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
206
207
208
209
210
At
At
At
At
At
At
211
212m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
205.98660
206.98578
207.98657
208.98616
209.98713
210.987481
At
Half-Life
29.4 m
1.81 h
1.63 h
5.4 h
8.1 h
7.21 h
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
α/(10)/6.020
5.902/
β+,EC/99/5.72 α/(1)/5.881
5.703/
β+,EC/90/3.91 α/(10)/5.873
5.758/
β+,EC/99/4.97 α/(1)/5.752
β+,EC/96/3.49 α/(4)/5.757
EC/99.8/3.98 α/(0.2)/5.632
EC/(58)/0.787 α/(42)/5.980
0.119 s
α/
At
211.990735
0.314 s
α/7.828
At At 214At 215At
212.992922 213.996357 214.99864
0.11 µs 0.76 µs 0.56 µs 0.10 ms
α/9.254 α/8.762 α/8.987 α/8.178
216
At
216.002408
0.30 ms
α/7.947
217
At
217.00471
32. ms
α/7.202
218
At
218.00868
1.6 s
α/6.883
At At 221At
219.0113 220.0153 221.0181
50. s 3.71 m 2.3 m
α/6.390 β¯/3.7 β
212
213
214m
219 220
11-174
Spin (h/2p)
5+
9/2-
(6+) 5.626/0.01 5.641/0.53
(6+) 5.647/4.1
5+ 5.361/0.05 5.442/0.05
9/25.211/0.004 5.868/42 7.837/65 7.897/33 7.058/0.4 7.088/0.6 7.618/15 7.681/84 9.080/ 8.819/100 7.626/0.045 8.023/99.9 7.595/0.2 7.697/2.1 7.800/97 6.812/0.06 7.067/99.9
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1543 0.6696 0.7194 Po k x-ray 0.20186 0.39561 0.47716 0.70071 Po k x-ray 0.16801 0.58842 0.81448 Po k x-ray 0.1770 0.2060 0.6601 0.6852 0.8450 1.0281 Po k x-ray 0.10422 0.54503 0.78189 0.79020 (0.1 - 2.6) Po k x-ray 0.24535 0.52758 1.18143 1.43678 1.48335 (0.04 - 2.4) Po k x-ray 0.66956 0.6870 0.74263
(9-) (1-)
9/2(9-) (1-) (9/2-)
0.40486
(1-)
(9/2-)
0.2595 0.3345 0.5940
6.654/6 6.695/90 6.748/4 6.275/ (0.24-0.70)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 175 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. At 223At 86Rn 196Rn 197mRn 197Rn 198Rn 199mRn 222
Rn Rn
199 200
201m
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
222.0223 223.0253
0.9 m 50. s
β β
195.9977
≈ 3 ms 0.02 s 0.07 s 0.05 s 0.3 s
α/ α α/ α α
0.62 s 1.06 s
α/ α/(98)/ EC/(2)/5. EC/(10)/ α/(90)/ α/(80)/ EC/(20)/ α/(12)/ EC/(88)/ α/ α/(66)/6.629 EC/(34)/≈7.4 α/(68)/ EC/(32)/3.8 α/(23)/6.390 EC/(77)/5.2
196.9983 197.9988
198.9983 199.9957
Rn
3.8 s 200.9955
7.0 s
Rn
201.9932
9.9 s
Rn Rn
202.9948
28. s 45. s
Rn
203.9914
1.24 m
Rn
204.9917
2.8 m
Rn
205.9902
5.7 m
α/(68)/6.384 EC/(32)/3.3
Rn
206.9907
9.3 m
β+,EC/77/4.6 α/(23)/6.252
202
203m 203
204
205
206
207
Rn
207.98963
24.3 m
α/(60)/6.260
Rn
208.99038
29. m
EC/(40)/2.85 β+/(83)/3.93 α/(17)/
Rn
209.98968
2.4 h
α/(96)/6.157
208
209
210
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
7.49 7.36 7.26
Rn
201
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
EC/(4)/2.37
11-175
6.901/
(13/ 2+) 3/20+
0.4329 0.5043
13/2+ 6.773/ 6.725/ α/6.778 6.641/
(3/2-) 0+
6.551 6.499/
13/2+ 0
6.420/
0+
6.123(3)/0.02 6.262(3)/23
(5/2-)
6.258(3)/
0+
5/2-
0.5695 0.2876-0.6255 -0.96
+1.3
+0.80
+0.06
+0.82
+0.22
+0.8388
+0.31
5.995(4)/0.02 6.068(3)/0.15 6.126(3)/22.8
5.469(2)/ 0.003 6.140(2)/60 2.16/2.3 5.887(3)/0.04 5.898(3)/0.02 6.039(2)/16.9
5.351(2)/ 0.005 6.039(2)/96
0.2652 0.3553 0.4648 0.6205 0.6753 0.7300 0.06170 0.0968 0.3245 0.3862 0.4822 0.4973 0.7728 At k x-ray 0.32947 0.34455 0.36767 0.40267 0.74723 (0.18 - 1.4)
0+
5/2-
0+
At k x-ray 0.27933 0.33753 0.40841 0.68942 0.74594 (0.18 - 3.2) At k x-ray 0.19625 0.45824 0.57104 0.64868
482_Frame_11.020 Page 176 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 211
Rn
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
210.99059
14.6 h
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) β+,EC/74/2.89 α/(26)/5.964
Rn
211.990689
24. m
α/6.385
Rn
212.99387
20 ms
α/8.243
Rn Rn 216Rn 217Rn
213.99535 214.99873 216.00026 217.003915
0.27 µs 2.3 µs 45. µs 0.6 ms
α/9.209 α/8.840 α α/7.885
Rn
218.005586
35. ms
α/7.267
Rn
219.009475
3.96 s
α/6.946(1)
212
213
214 215
218
219
Rn
220.011384
55.6 s
α/6.404
Rn
221.0156
25. m
α/(22)/6.148 β¯/(78)/1.2
Rn
222.017570
3.823 d
α/5.590
Rn Rn
223.0218 224.0241
23. m 1.8 h
β¯/ β¯/
Rn Rn 227Rn 228Rn 87Fr 199Fr 200Fr 201Fr 202Fr 203Fr 204Fr
225.0284 226.0309 227.0354 228.0381
4.5 m 7.4 m 2. s 65. s
β¯/ β¯/ β¯/ β¯/
200.0065 201.0046 202.0033 203.0014 204.001
12 s ≈ 20 ms 0.05 s 0.34 s 0.55 s 2.1 s
α α α/ α/7.590 α/7.280 α/
Fr Fr
204.9987
3.9 s 0.7 s
α/7.050 α/
220
221
222
223 224
225 226
205
206m
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 1/2-
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
(0.14 - 1.7) At k x-ray 0.16877 0.25022 0.37049 0.67412 0.67839 1.36298 (0.11 - 2.7)
+0.60
5.619(1)/0.7 5.784(1)/16.4 5.851(1)/8.8
5.587(4)/0.05 6.260(4)/ 99.95 7.552(8)/2 8.087(8)/98 9.037(9)/ 8.674(8)/ 7.500/0.1 7.742(4)/100 6.534(1)/0.16 7.133(1)/99.8 6.3130(5)/ 0.05 6.425(3)/7.5 6.5309(4)/ 0.12 6.5531(3)/ 12.2 6.8193(3)/81 5.7486(5)/ 0.07 6.2883(1)/ 99.9 5.778(3)/1.8 5.788(3)/2.2 6.037(3)/18
4.987(1)/0.08 5.4897(3)/ 99.9
0+
9/2+
0.540
0+ (9/2+) 9/2+ 0+ (5/2+)
-0.44
+0.93
0.40170 (0.1 - 1.05) 0+
7/2+
-0.020
-0.38
-0.78
+0.80
0+
7/2
11-176
0.6093 0.6653 Po k x-ray 0.13057 0.27113
0+
7.66 7.47 7.36/ 7.237(8)/100 7.132(5)/ 7.03/96 6.97/90 7.01/74 6.914(5)/ 6.93
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
Fr L x-ray 0.07384 0.08323 0.0610 0.18639 0.510
0.1085 0.2601 0.2655 -0.70
+0.84
(9/2-) (9/2-)
(9/2-) 0.531(IT)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 177 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
α/7.416 α/6.900 α/(77)/6.770 EC/(23)/6.99 α/(89)/5.1 EC/(11)/5.16 α/6.670 EC/6.26
6.792(5)/84 6.766(5)/ 6.636(5)/
9/27+
+3.9 -4.8
-0.16 +0.004
6.646(3)/
9/2-
+3.9
-0.24
6.543(5)/
6+
+4.4
+0.19
3.10 m
α/6.660 EC/4.61
6.534(5)/
9/2-
+4.0
-0.19
211.99618
20. m
EC/(57)/5.12 α/(43)/6.529
(5+)
+4.6
-0.10
Fr Fr
212.99617
34.6 s 3.4 ms
α/6.905 α/
9/29-
+4.0
-0.14
Fr
213.99895
5.1 ms
α/8.587
Fr Fr 217Fr 218mFr 218Fr
215.00033 216.00319 217.00462 218.00756
0.12 µs 0.70 µs 0.016 ms 22. ms 1. ms
α/9.537 α/9.175 α/8.471 α α/8.014
6.261(1)/16 6.335(1)/4 6.335(1)/4 6.343(1)/1.3 6.383(1)/10 6.406(1)/9.5 6.08-6.18 8.476(4)/51 8.547(4)/46 6.775-8.046 7.409(3)/0.3 7.605(8)/1.0 7.940(3)/1.0 8.355(3)/4.7 8.427(3)/93 9.360(8)/ 9.005(10)/95 8.315(8)/
219
Fr
219.00924
21. ms
α/8.132
220
Fr
220.012313
27.4 s
α/6.800
221
Fr
221.01425
4.8 m
α/6.457
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Fr 207Fr 208Fr
205.9985 206.9969 207.99713
16.0 s 14.8 s 59.1 s
209
Fr
208.99592
50.0 s
210
Fr
209.99640
3.2 m
Fr
210.99553
212
Fr
213
Elem. or Isot. 206
211
Natural Abundance (%)
214m
214
215 216
222
Fr
222.01754
14.3 m
223
Fr
223.019731
22.0 m
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β¯/2.03 α/5.850 β¯/1.149
11-177
7.384(10)/0.5 7.542(15)/1.0 7.572(10)/5 7.732(10)/0.5 7.867(2)/93 6.802(2)/0.25 6.967(2)/0.6 7.146(2)/0.25 7.313(2)/99 6.582(1)/10 6.630(2)/6 6.641(1)/12 6.686(1)/61 6.39-6.58 5.9393(7)/ 0.17 5.9797(7)/ 0.49 6.0751(7)/ 0.15 6.1270(7)/ 6.2433(3)/1.3 6.3410(7)/ 83.4 1.78/ 1.17/65
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.7978 (0.1103-1.384) 0.2030 0.6438 0.8175 0.9008 0.220 0.2799 0.5389 0.9169 Rn x-ray 0.08107 0.08378 0.2277 1.1856 1.2748 0.014-1.178
(1-)
(9/2-) (0.045-0.160) (9/2-) (1-)
(9/2-)
1+
-0.67
+0.47
(5/2-)
+1.58
-1.0
0.0450 0.061 0.1060 0.1539 0.1617 At k x-ray 0.0995 0.21798 0.4091
2-
+0.63
+0.51
(3/2+)
+1.17
+1.17
0.05014
482_Frame_11.020 Page 178 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
224
Fr
224.02323
3.0 m
β¯/2.82
1-
+0.40
+0.517
225
Fr Fr
225.02561 226.0293
3.9 m 49. s
β¯/1.87 β¯/3.6
3/2 1
+1.07 +0.071
+1.3 -1.35
227.0318 228.0357 229.0384 230.0425 231.0454 232.0500
2.48 m 39. s 50. s 19. s 17. s 5. s
β¯/2.5 β¯/≈3.5 β¯/ β¯/ β¯/ β¯/
1/2 2-
+1.50 -0.76
+2.4
≈ 3 ms 0.03 s ≈ 4 ms 0.06 s ≈ 0.17 s 0.22 s 0.4 s 1.3 s 1.4 s 4.6 s 3.7 s 13. s
α α α α
7.86 7.62 7.58 7.48
α α/7.416 α/7.270 α/7.273 α/7.150 α/7.610 α/7.046 EC/5.0 α/7.033 IT EC/(20)/3.88 α/(80)/6.860
7.34 7.272(5)/ 7.133(5)/ 7.133(5)/ 7.008(5)/ 7.020(5)/ 6.912(5)/
0+ 5/2 0+ (5/2-)
+0.87
+0.40
+0.878
+0.48
6.901(2)/
0+
226
Fr Fr 229Fr 230Fr 231Fr 232Fr 88Ra 202Ra 203mRa 203Ra 204Ra 205mRa 205Ra 206Ra 207Ra 208Ra 209Ra 210Ra 211Ra 227 228
Ra Ra 213Ra 212
203.0092 204.0065 205.0062 206.0038 207.0037 208.0018 209.0019 210.0005 211.0009 211.99978
213m
213.00034
13.0 s 2.1 ms 2.7 m
Ra
214.00009
2.46 s
α/7.272
215
Ra
215.00270
1.7 ms
α/8.864
Ra Ra 218Ra 219Ra
216.00352 217.00631 218.00712 219.01006
0.18 µs 1.6 µs 26. µs 0.010 s
α/9.526 α/9.161 α/8.547 α/8.132
Ra
220.01101
18. ms
α/7.593
Ra
221.01391
29. s
α/6.879
Ra
222.015361
36.2 s
α/5.590
Ra
223.018497
11.43 d
α/5.979
214
216 217
220
221
222
223
11-178
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.07972 (0.13 - 0.9) 0.13150 0.21575 0.8367 (0.1 - 2.21) 0.18606 0.25373
(3)
0+
(1/2-) 6.521(3)/4.8 6.622(3)/39 6.730(3)/36 7.14/99.8/ 6.51/0.2 7.883(6)/2.8 8.171(3)/1.4 8.700(3)/95.9 9.349(8)/ 8.992(8)/ 8.390(8)/ 7.680(10)/65 7.982(9)/35 7.39/5 7.45/95 6.254(10)/0.7 6.578(5)/3 6.585(3)/8 6.608(3)/35 6.669(3)/21 6.758(3)/31 6.237(2)/3.0 6.556(2)/97 5.287(1)/0.15 5.338(1)/0.13 5.365(1)/0.13 5.433(5)/2.3
+0.613
0.1024 0.11010 0.2125
0+
0.642
(9/2+)
0.773/100 0.852/74 0.055-1.048
0+ 9/20+
0+ 5/2
0.465 -0.180
+1.9
0+ (3/2+)
+0.271
+1.25
0.324 0.1448-0.8402 Rn k x-ray 0.12231 0.14418 0.15418
482_Frame_11.020 Page 179 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Ra
224
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
224.020202
Half-Life
3.66 d
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
α/5.789
Ra
225.023603
14.9 d
β¯/0.36 α
Ra
226.025402
1599. y
α/4.870
>4×1018 y
Sf/4×10-14
225
226
Ra
227.029170
42. m
β¯/1.325
Ra
228.031063
5.76 y
β¯/0.046
Ra Ra
229.0348 230.03708
4.0 m 1.5 h
β¯/1.76 β¯/1.0
Ra Ra 233Ra 234Ra 89Ac 206mAc 206Ac 207Ac 208mAc 208Ac 209Ac 210Ac 211Ac 212Ac 213Ac 214Ac
231.0412 232.0437 233.0480 234.051
1.7 m 4. m 30. s ≈ 30. s
β¯ β¯ β¯ β¯/
208.0115 209.0096 210.0093 211.0076 212.0078 213.0066 214.0069
0.04 s ≈ 26 ms 27 ms ≈25. ms ≈0.1 s ≈0.10 s 0.34 s 0.20 s 0.9 s 0.73 s 8.2 s
α α α/ α/ α/ α/ α/7.610 α/7.620 α/7.520 α/7.500 α/(86)/7.350 EC/(14)/6.34
Ac
215.0065
0.17 s
α/7.750
0.44 ms
α/
227
228
229 230
231 232
215
216m
Ac
207.0121
11-179
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 5.502(1)/1.0 5.540(1)/9.2 5.607(3)/24 5.716(3)/52 5.747(1)/9 5.857(1)/0.32 5.872(1)/0.85 5.034(10)/ 0.003 5.047(1)/ 0.007 5.164(5)/ 0.007 5.449(2)/4.9 5.685(2)/95 0.32/100 5.01/2×10-5 4.98×10-6 4.194(1)/ 0.001 4.343(1)/ 0.006 4.601(1)/5.5 4.784(1)/94 1.03/ 1.30/ 0.039/50 0.014/30 0.026/20 1.76/ 0.7/
7.79 7.75 7.69 7.72 7.62 7.58 7.462(8)/ 7.480(8)/ 7.379(8)/ 7.364(8)/ 7.007(8)/3 7.082(5)/38 7.214(5)/45 7.60/99.2 7.21/0.46 7.03/0.20 6.96/0.14 8.198(8)/1.7 8.283(8)/2.5
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.15859 0.26939 0.32388 0.33328 0.44494 (0.10 - 0.7)
0+
Rn k x-ray 0.2407 0.4093 0.6501
(3/2+)
-0.734
Ac k x-ray 0.0434
0+
Rn k x-ray 0.1861 0.2624
(3/2+)
-0.404
+1.5
Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.02739 0.0135 (0.006-0.0306)
+0.503
+3.1
0.0145-0.1715 0.0631 0.0720 0.2028 0.4698 0.4787
0+
(3/2+) 0+
(9/2-) (5+)
(9/2-)
(9-)
0.399 0.582 0.654
482_Frame_11.020 Page 180 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Ac
216.00871
≈ 0.3 ms
α/9.241
Ac Ac 218Ac 219Ac 220Ac
217.00933 218.01162 219.01241 220.0148
0.7 µs 0.07 µs 1.1 µs 0.012 ms 26. ms
α/ α/9.832 α/9.380 α/8.830 α/8.350
Ac
221.01558
52. ms
α/7.790
63. s
α/(>89)/ EC/(1)/ I.T./(<10)/
216
217m 217
221
222m
Ac
222
Ac
222.01782
5. s
α/7.141
223
Ac
223.01913
2.1 m
α/(99)/6.783 EC/(1)/0.59
224
Ac
224.021708
2.7 h
EC/(90)/1.403 α/(10)/6.323
225
Ac
225.02322
10.0 d
α/5.935
11-180
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 9.028(5)/49 9.106(5)/46 8.990(2)/10 9.070(8)/90 10.540/100 9.650(10)/100 9.205(15)/ 8.664(10)/ 7.610(20)/23 4.680(20)/21 7.790(10)/13 7.850(10)/24 7.985(10)/4 8.005(10)/5 8.060(10)/6 8.195(10)/3 7.170(10)/2 7.375(10)/10 7.440(15)/20 7.645(10)/70 6.710(20)/7 6.750(20)/13 6.810(20)/24 6.840(20)/9 6.890(20)/13 6.970(20)/7 7.000(20)/13 6.967(10)/6 7.013(2)/94 6.131(2)/0.12 6.177(2)/0.94 6.293(1)/0.47 6.326(1)/0.3 6.332(2)/0.14 6.360(1)/0.22 6.397(1)/0.13 6.448(1)/0.2 6.473(1)/3.1 6.523(2)/0.6 6.528(1)/3.1 6.563(1)/13.6 6.582(3)/0.3 6.646(1)/44 6.661(1)/31 5.841(1)/0.5 5.860(1)/0.75 5.875(1)/1.7 5.941(1)/4.4 6.000(1)/6.7 6.013(1)/1.4 6.056(1)/22 6.138(1)/26 6.154(1)/1.0 6.204(1)/12 6.210(1)/20 5.286(1)/0.2 5.444(3)/0.1 5.554(1)/0.1 5.608(1)/1.1
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
(1)
9/2(9/2-)
1(5/2-)
0.0725 0.0839 0.0927 0.0990 0.1917 0.2158 0.3588 0.4768
0-
Ra L kx-ray Ra k x-ray 0.08426 0.13150 0.1571 0.21575 0.2619 (0.03 - 0.3)
3/2
Fr k x-ray 0.9958 0.9982 0.1084
482_Frame_11.020 Page 181 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
5.636(1)/4.5 5.681(1)/1.4 5.722(1)/2.9 5.731(1)/10 5.791(1)/9 5.793(1)/18
226
Ac
226.026089
1.224 d
EC/(17)/0.640 β¯/(83)/1.116 α/(0.006)/5.51
227
Ac
227.027747
21.77 y
β¯/98.6/0.045 α/(1.4)/5.043
228
Ac
228.031014
6.15 h
β¯/2.127
229
Ac
229.03293
1.04 h
230
Ac
230.0360
231
Ac
β¯/1.10
1.1/
(3/2+)
2.03 m
β¯/2.7
1.4/
1+
231.0386
7.5 m
β¯/2.1
2.1/100
(1/2+)
232.0420 233.0446 234.0484 232.0381(1)
2.0 m 2.4 m 40. s
β¯/3.7 β¯/ β¯/
210.0150 211.0149 212.0129 213.0130 214.0115 215.0117
≈ 0.01 s ≈ 12 ms 0.04 s ≈ 30. ms 0.14 s 0.09 s 1.2 s
α α α α/ α/7.840 α/7.825 α/7.660
Th Th
216.01105
0.14 ms 28. ms
α α/8.071
Th
217.01306
0.25 ms
α/9.424
Ac Ac 234Ac 90Th 209Th 210Th 211Th 212Th 213Th 214Th 215Th 233
216m 216
217
5.399(5)/ 0.006
(3/2-)
232
11-181
0.1116 0.1451 0.1539 0.15724 0.18799 0.19575 0.2162 0.21686 (0.025 - 0.52) Ra k x-ray Th k x-ray 0.07218
(1-)
0.045/54 4.869(1)/0.09 4.938(1)/0.52 4.951(1)/0.65 1.11/32 1.85/12 2.18/11
(3+)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
+1.1
+1.7
0.15816 0.23034 0.0838/23. 0.0811/14. 0.2696/13. (0.044 - 1.27) Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.12903 0.33842 0.91116 0.96897 (0.2 - 1.96) 0.07450 0.16451 0.26188 0.5085 0.56916 Th k x-ray 0.45497 0.50820 (0.12 - 2.5) 0.14379 0.18574 0.22140 0.28250 0.3070
(2-) (1/2+) (1+) 8.08 7.90 7.79 7.80/ 7.692(10)/ 7.677(10)/ 7.33(10)/8 7.395(8)/52 7.524(8)/40 9.93 7.92/99.46 7.30/0.54 9.27/94.6 8.46/3.8 8.73/1.6
0+ 0+ (1/2-)
0+
0.134 0.192
0.628
482_Frame_11.020 Page 182 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Th 219Th 220Th 221Th
218.01327 219.01552 220.01573 221.01817
0.11 µs 1.05 µs 10. µs 1.7 ms
α/9.847 α/9.510 α/8.953 α/8.628
222
Th
222.01845
2.8 ms
α/8.129
223
Th
223.02079
0.65 s
α/7.454
224
Th
224.02146
1.05 s
α/7.305
225
Th
225.02394
8.72 m
EC/(10)/0.68 α/(90)/6.920
Elem. or Isot. 218
Natural Abundance (%)
226
Th
226.024891
30.83 m
α/6.454
227
Th
227.027699
18.72 d
α/6.146
228
Th
228.028731
1.913 y
α/5.520
229
Th
229.031754
7.9x103 y
α/5.168
230
Th
230.033126
7.54x104 y
α/4.771
Th
231
231.036296
>2.x1018 y
SF/<4×10-12
1.063 d
β¯/0.390
11-182
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 9.665(10)/ 9.340(20)/ 8.790(20)/ 7.743(8)/6 8.146(5)/56 8.4272(5)/39 7.982(8)/9.7 7.600(15)/3 7.29(1)/41(5) 7.32(1)/29(5) 7.350(15)/ 20(5) 7.390(15)/ 10(4) 6.768(5)/1.2 6.997(5)/19 7.170(5)/79
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0+ 0+
0+
(3/2+) 6.441(2)/15 6.479(2)/43 6.501(3)/14 6.627(3)/3 6.650(5)/3 6.700(5)/2 6.743(3)/7 6.796(2)/9 6.026(1)/0.2 6.041(1)/0.19 6.098(1)/1.3 6.2283(4)/23 6.3375(4)/75
0+
Ra k x-ray 0.1112 0.2421 0.1310 0.1733-0.9295 Ra L x-ray Ra k x-ray 0.05014 0.23597 0.25624 (0.02 - 1.0)
(3/2+)
5.1770(2)/ 0.18 5.2114(1)/0.4 5.3405(1)/ 26.7 5.4233(1)/73 4.814/9.3 4.845(5)/56 4.9008(5)/ 10.2 4.689-5.077 4.4383(6)/ 0.03 4.4798(6)/ 0.12 4.6211(6)/ 23.4 4.6876(6)/ 76.3 0.138/22 0.218/20 0.305/52
0+
5/2+
0+
+0.46
+4.
0.0677/0.46 0.1439/0.078
5/2+
Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.084203/ (0.02 - 0.3)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 183 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 232
Th
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
100.
232.038050
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p) 0+
1.40x1010 y 1.2x1021 y
α/4.081
3.830(10)/0.2
SF/1.1x10-9
3.952(5)/23 4.010(5)/77 1.245/
233
Th
233.041576
22.3 m
β¯/1.245
234
Th
234.043596
24.10 d
β¯/0.273
235
Th
235.04751
7.2 m
β¯/1.9
236
Th
236.0497
37.5 m
β¯/≈ 1.0
237.0539 231.03588(2)
5.0 m
β¯
≈ 5 ms 7 ms 17 ms 15. ms 0.19 s
α α α α α/
1.5 ms
α/
Th Pa 212Pa 213Pa 214Pa 215Pa 216Pa 237 91
217m
213.0212 214.0207 215.0190 216.0190
Pa
Pa Pa
217.0183 218.0200
3.4 ms 0.12 ms
α/8.490 α/
Pa Pa 221Pa 222Pa
219.0199 220.0219 221.0219 222.0237
0.05 µs 0.8 µs 6. µs ≈ 4.3 ms
α α α α/8.700
223
Pa
223.0240
≈ 6.5 ms
α/8.340
224
Pa
224.0256
0.84 s
α/7.630
225
Pa
225.0261
1.8 s
α/7.380
226
Pa
226.02792
1.8 m
α/(74)/6.987 EC/(26)/2.83
227
Pa
227.02879
38.3 m
α/(85)/6.582 EC/(15)/1.02
228
Pa
228.03100
22. h
EC/(98)/2.111
217 218
219 220
11-183
0.102/20 0.198/72
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.0590 0.124
1/2+
Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02938 0.08653 0.45930 (0.02 - 1.2) Pa L x-ray 0.06329/4.1 0.09235/2.4 0.09278/2.4 0.4162 0.6594 0.7272 0.747 0.9318 Pa k x-ray 0.1107
0+
8.27 8.24 8.12 8.08/100 7.95/51 7.82/45 7.79/4 10.16/80 9.55/17 9.69/3 8.340(10)/100 9.54/31 9.61/69
9.08(3) 8.180/50 8.330/20 8.540/30 8.006(10)/55 8.196(10)/45 7.555(10)/ 75(3) 7.46(1)/25(3) 7.195(10)/30 7.245(10)/70 6.728(10)/0.7 6.823(10)/35 6.863(10)/39 6.357(4)/7 6.376(10)/2.2 6.401(4)/8 6.416(4)/13 6.423(10)/10 6.465(4)/43
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.134
0.092
0.1945 (0.028-0.412)
(5/2-)
(3+)
0.0649 0.0669 0.1100
+3.5
Th k x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 184 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) α/(2)
229
Pa
229.03209
1.5 d
EC/(99.8)/0.32 α/(0.2)/5.836
230
Pa
230.034532
17.4 d
EC/(90)/1.310 β¯/(10)/0.563
231
Pa
231.035878
3.25x104 y
α/5.148
>2x1017 y
SF/<1.6x10-15
232
Pa
232.03858
1.31 d
β¯/1.34
233
Pa
233.040239
27.0 d
β¯/0.571
1.17 m
β¯/99.9/2.29 IT/0.13/
234m
Pa
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
5.779/0.23 5.805/0.15 6.078/0.4 6.105/0.25 6.118/0.22 (5/2)
(2-)
2.0
4.6781(5)/1.5
3/2-
2.01
Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.4437 0.45477 0.89876 0.91856 0.95199 (0.053-1.07) Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.01899 0.027396 0.03823 0.04639 0.25586 0.26029
(2-)
3/2-
(0-)
Pa
234.043303
6.69 h
β¯/2.197
0.51/
(4+)
235
Pa Pa
235.04544 236.0487
24.4 m 9.1 m
β¯/1.41 β¯/2.9
1.4/97 1.1/40 2.0/50
(3/2-) (1-)
11-184
-1.7
4.7102(5)/1.0 4.7343(5)/8.4 4.8513(5)/1.4 4.9339(5)/3 4.9505(5)/ 22.8 4.9858(5)/1.4 5.0131(5)/ 25.4 5.0292(5)/20 5.0318(5)/2.5 5.0587(5)/11
0.15/40 0.256/60
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.409/100 0.4631/222 0.91116/242 0.96464/120 0.96897/149 0.058-1.96 0.04244 (0.024 - 0.18)
5.536(2)/0.02 5.579(2)/0.09 5.668(2)/0.05 0.51/
234
236
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
+4.0
-3.0
0.28367 0.30007 0.30264 0.33007 (0.02 - 0.61) U k x-ray 0.10900 0.15009 0.89439 0.96934 (0.10 - 1.17) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.30017 0.31201 0.34059 U k x-ray 0.25818/0.07 0.76641/0.32 1.0009/0.85 (0.06 - 1.96) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.1312/0.03 0.5695/0.02 0.9256/0.02 (0.02 - 1.99) 0.0308-0.65893 U k x-ray 0.64235
482_Frame_11.020 Page 185 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
3.1/10
237
Pa
237.0511
8.7 m
β¯/2.3
1.1/60 1.6/30 2.3/10
(1/2+)
238
Pa
238.0545
2.3 m
β¯/3.5
1.2/ 1.7/
(3-)
239.0571 238.02891(3)
1.8 h 8.005 8.63(3)/ 9.68(4)/
Pa U 217U 218U 219U 222U 223U 224U 225U
239
92
218.0235 219.0249 222.0261 223.0277 224.02759 225.02938
≈16 ms ≈0.002 s 0.04 ms ≈ 1.µs 0.02 s ≈ 1. ms 0.09 s
α α α α α/ α/ α/
226
U
226.02933
0.5 s
α/7.560
227
U U
227.03113 228.03137
1.1 m 9.1 m
α/7.200 α/6.803
229
U
229.03350
58. m
EC/(80)/1.31 α/(20)/6.473
230
U
230.033927
20.8 d
α/5.992
>4x1010 y
SF/<10-10
228
231
232
233
U
U
U
231.03626
232.037146
233.039627
4.2 d
EC/0.36 α/(10¯3)
70. y
α/5.414
2.6x1015 y
SF/2.7x10-12
1.592x105 y
α/4.909
11-185
8.78(4)/ 8.46/100 7.89/58 7.83/37 7.62/5 7.55/82 7.37/15 7.32/3 6.870/ 6.404(6)/0.6 6.440(5)/0.7 6.589(5)/29 6.681(6)/70 6.223/3 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/20 6.360(3)/64 5.5866(3)/ 0.01 5.6624(3)/ 0.26 5.6663(3)/ 0.38 5.8178(3)/32 5.8887(3)/67
0.68759 1.7630 (0.04 - 2.18) 0.4986 0.5293 0.5407 0.8536 0.8650 (0.04 - 1.4) 0.10350 0.1785 0.4484 0.6350 0.6800 1.01446 (0.04 - 2.5)
0+
0+
0.095 0.152 0.187 0.246
(3/2+)
0+
Th L x-ray 0.07218 0.15421 0.23034 (0.081-0.8565) Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray
(5/2-) 5.46/1.6 x 10¯3 5.47/1.4 x 10¯3 5.40/1. x 10¯3 4.9979(1)/ 0.003 5.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/31 5.3203(1)/69 4.7830(8)/ 13.2
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.02564 0.08420 0+
5/2+
+0.59
3.66
Th L x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 186 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life >2.7x1017 y
234
U
U U
0.0055(5)
234.040945
235m 235
236
0.720(1)
U
237
U
238
U
235.043922
236.045561
99.2745(15)
2.455x105 y 1.5x1016 y
26. m 7.04x108 y 1.0x1019 y
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) SF/6x10-11
4.604(1)/0.24
SF/1.6x10-9
4.7231(1)/ 27.5 4.776(1)/72.5
IT/0.0007 α/4.6793 SF/7x10-9
α/4.569
4.1525(9)/0.9 4.2157(9)/5.7 4.3237(9)/4.6 4.3641(9)/11 4.370(4)/6 4.3952(9)/55 4.4144(9)/2.1 4.5025(9)/1.7 4.5558(9)/4.2 4.5970(9)/5.0 4.332(8)/0.26
2.342x107 y 2.5x1016 y
SF/9x10-8
237.048723
6.75 d
β¯/0.519
238.050784
4.47x109 y 8.2x1015y
α
4.0395/0.23
SF/5x10-5
4.147(5)/23 4.196(5)/77 1.2/ 1.3/ 0.36/
U
239.054289
23.5 m
β¯/1.265
240
U
240.056585
14.1 h
β¯/0.39
U Np 225Np 226Np 227Np
242.0629
16.8 m
β¯/≈ 1.2
225.0339 226.0351 227.0350
> 2 µs 0.03 s 0.51 s
α/ α/
Np
228.0362
61. s
Np Np
229.0363 230.0378
4.0 m 4.6 m
Np
231.03823
48.8 m
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
4.8247(8)/ 84.4 4.510-4.804
α/4.856
239
242
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
4.445(5)/26 4.494(3)/74 0.24/ 0.25/
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.04244 0.09714 (0.0252-1.119) 0.05323/0.156
0+
0.12091
1/2+ 7/2-
0+
-0.38
4.9
Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378 0.16338 0.18574 0.20213 0.20533 0.22140 (0.03 - 0.79) Th L x-ray
0+
0.04937 0.11275 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray
5/2+
0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0.522-0.681)
1/2+
0+
Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760
5/2
0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray
93
228
229 230
231
8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/
EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/,SF α/7.010 EC/97/3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368
6.890(20) 6.660(20) 6.280/2
Np
232.0400
14.7 m
EC/99/2.7
(4-)
Np
233.0410
36.2 m
EC/1.2
(5/2+)
232
233
11-186
482_Frame_11.020 Page 187 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray
Np
234.04289
4.4 d
β+,EC/1.81
Np
235.044055
1.085 y
EC/99.9/0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52/ β¯/48/
5/2+
EC/91/0.94
(6-)
U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray
5/2+
U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray
234
235
236m
Np
Np
236
22.5 h
236.04657
1.55x105 y
0.79/
(0+)
(1-)
β¯/9/0.49
Np
237
237.048166
2.14x106 y 1x1018 y
α/4.957
4.6395(5)/6.5
SF/2.1x10-10
4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/ 22.7 4.7884(5)/ 47.8 4.558-4.873 1.2/
0.08653/12
238.050940
2.117 d
β¯/1.292
Np
239.052931
2.355 d
β¯/0.722
0.341/30 0.438/48
5/2+
7.22 m
β¯/99.9/ IT/0.1/
2.18/
(1+)
239
240m
Np
2+
Np
240.05617
1.032 h
β¯/2.20
0.89/
5+
Np
241.0583
13.9 m
β¯/1.3
1.3/
5/2+
2.2 m
β¯/
β¯/2.7
240
241
242m
Np
Np
242.0616
5.5 m
Np Np 94Pu
243.0643 244.0678
1.9 m 2.3 m
242
243 244
(1+)
11-187
2.7/
+3.89
Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15
Np
238
+3.14
6+
(0.03-0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2 1.02855/18.3 (.044-1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04-0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735 0.1471/ 0.5664 0.6008 0.1330/ 0.1740 0.280 0.15910 0.2651/ 0.78570 0.9448/ 0.6209 0.73620 0.78074 1.47340 (0.04-2.37)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 188 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Pu 229Pu 230Pu 231Pu
228.0387 229.0362 230.03964 231.04126
4.0 m 4.6 m 8.6 m
Pu
232.04118
34. m
Elem. or Isot. 228
232
233
234
235
Pu
Pu
Pu
Natural Abundance (%)
233.04299
234.04331
235.0453
20.9 m
8.8 h
25.3 m
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) α/ α/ α/ EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/<20/6.716 EC(99.9)/1.9 α/0.1/6.416
EC/94/0.39 α/6/6.310
EC/99+/1.2 α/0.003/5.957
236
Pu
236.046048
2.87 y 1.5x109 y
α/5.867 SF/1.9x10-7
237
Pu
237.048403
45.7 d
EC/99.9/0.220 α/0.003/5.747
238
239
240
241
Pu
Pu
Pu
Pu
238.049553
239.052156
240.053807
241.056844
Pu
242.058736
0+ 6.542(10)/38 6.600(10)/62
0+ 6.035(3)/ 0.024 6.149(3)/1.9 6.200(3)/4.0 (5/2+) 5.850(20)/ 0.003 5.611/0.21 5.7210/30.5 5.7677(1)/ 69.3
SF/1.8x10-7
α/5.244
5.4992(1)/ 71.6 5.055/0.047
14.4 y
α/5.255 SF/5.7x10-6
β¯/99+/0.0208
<6.x1016 y 3.75x105 y
SF/>2.4x10-14 α/4.983
11-188
0+
0.0476/0.07 0.109/0.02 (0.17 - 0.97)
7/2-
Np L x-ray Np k x-ray
5.334(4)/ 0.0015 5.356(4)/ 0.0006 5.650(4)/ 0.0007
4.75x1010 y
6.56x103 y 1.14x1011 y
0.1503 0.1804 0.2353 0.5002 0.5346/ 1.0352/
6.300(20)/0.1
5.3583(1)/ 0.10 5.465(1)/28.3
SF/3x10-10
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
6.72
α/5.593
2.410x104 y 8.x1015 y
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
7.81(2)/ 7.46(3)/ 7.05/
87.7 y
α/0.002/5.139
242
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
5.076/0.078 5.106/11.9 5.144/17.1 5.157/70.8 (4.74 -5.03) 5.0212(1)/ 0.07 5.1237(1)/ 26.4 5.1681(1)/ 73.5
0.026344 0.03319 0.05954 (0.03-0.5) U k x-ray
0+
0.04347 (0.04-1.1) 1/2+
+0.203
U k x-ray 0.05162 0.05682 0.12928 0.37502 0.41369 U L x-ray
0+
0.04524 0.10423
4.853(7)/ 3x10¯4 4.8966(7)/ 0.002
5/2+
4.7546(7)/ 0.098
0+
-0.683
+6.
(0.04-0.97) 0.14854 0.1600
U L x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 189 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
6.77x1010 y
SF/5.5x10-4
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 4.8564(7)/ 22.4 4.9006(7)/78 0.49/21 0.58/60
Spin (h/2p)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 0.04491
243
Pu
243.061996
4.956 h
β¯/0.582
244
Pu
244.064197
α/99.9/4.665
4.546(1)/19.4
0+
245
Pu
245.06774
8.00x107 y 6.6x1010 y 10.5 h
SF/0.12 β¯/1.21
4.589(1)/80.5 0.93/57 1.21/11
(9/2-)
246
Pu
246.07020
10.85 d
β¯/0.40
0.150/85 0.35/10
Pu Am 232Am 234Am 235Am 236Am 237Am
247.0741
2.3 d
232.0466 234.0478 235.0480 236.0456 237.0503
0.9 m 2.3 m ≈ 15 m ≈4.4 m 1.22 h
247
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.10350 Am L x-ray 0.0417 0.0839 U L x-ray
7/2+
0.0439 Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.2804/ 0.30832 0.32752 0.56014 (0.03-1.2) Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.04379 0.22371
0+
95
238
239
240
241
Am
Am
Am
Am
242m
Am
238.05198
239.053018
240.05529
241.056822
1.63 h
11.9 h
2.12 d
EC/≈ 5.0 EC/4.2 EC EC/99.98/1.7 α/0.02/6.20
6.042(5)/0.02
EC/2.26 α/0.0001/6.04
5.940/0.0001
EC/99.99/0.803 α/0.01/5.924
EC/1.38 α/5.592
432.7 y
α/5.637
1.2x1014 y
SF/3.6x10-10
141. y
Pu K x-ray
IT/99.5/0.048
11-189
(5/2-)
Pu k x-ray 0.14559 0.28026 0.43845 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.91870 0.96278 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray
1+
5/25.734(2)/ 0.001 5.776(2)/ 0.008
0.18172 0.22818 0.27760 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray
(3-) 5.378(1)/ 16x10¯4
5.2443(1)/ 0.002 5.3221(1)/ 0.015 5.3884(1)/1.4 5.4431(1)/ 12.8 5.4857(1)/ 85.2 5.5116(1)/ 0.20 5.5442(1)/ 0.34
5/2-
+1.58
+3.1
0.88878 0.98764 (0.1-1.3) Np L x-ray 0.02634 0.033192 0.059536 (0.03-1.128)
5-
+1.0
+6.5
Am L x-ray
482_Frame_11.020 Page 190 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) α/0.5/5.62
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
>3.x1012 y
SF/<4.7x10-9
5.141(4)/ 0.026 5.2070(2)/0.4
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0.04863
242
Am
242.059542
16.02 h
β¯/83/0.665 EC/17/0.750
0.63/46 0.67/37
1-
+0.388
-2.4
243
Am
243.061372
7.37x103 y 2.x1014 y
α/5.438
5.1798(5)/1.1
5/2-
+1.5
+2.9
SF/3.7x10-9
5.2343(5)/11 5.2766(5)/88 5.394(5)/0.12 5.3500(5)/ 0.16
244
245
244.064279
≈ 26. m 10.1 h
β¯/1.498 β¯/1.428
Am
245.066444
2.05 h
β¯/0.894
0.65/19 0.90/77
(5/2+)
25.0 m
β¯/
1.3/79. 1.60/14 2.1/7
2-
1.2/
(7-)
246m
Am
246
Am
246.06977
39. m
β¯/2.38
247
Am
247.0722
22. m
β¯/1.7
Cm Cm 236Cm 237Cm 238Cm
235.0516 236.0514 237.0529 238.05302
2.4 h
EC/1.7 EC/2.5 EC/>90/0.97 α/<10/6.632 EC/1.7
0.08648 0.10944 0.16304 Pu L x-ray Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.0422 0.04453 0.04354 0.07467 0.08657 0.11770 0.14197
Am Am
244m
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
(1-)
0.0429 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.7460 0.9000 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.27002 0.79881 1.06201 1.07885 (0.04-2.29) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.1529 0.2046 0.6786 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.2267/ 0.2853/
96
235
239
Cm
239.0548
≈ 3. h
0+ 6.520(50)/<10 0.0407 0.1466 0.1874
240
241
Cm
Cm
240.055519
241.057646
27. d
α/6.397
1.9x106 y
SF/3.9x10-6
32.8 d
EC/99/0.768 α/1/6.184
11-190
5.989/0.014 6.147/0.05 6.2478(6)/ 28.8 6.2906(6)/ 70.6
0+
1/2+ 5.8842(4)/ 0.12
Am k x-ray 0.13241
482_Frame_11.020 Page 191 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
5.9291(4)/ 0.18 5.9389(4)/ 0.69
242
243
244
245
Cm
Cm
Cm
Cm
242.058828
243.061381
244.062745
245.065485
162.8 d
α/6.216
7.0x106 y
SF/6.4x10-6
29.1 y
α/6.167
5.5x1011 y
SF/5.3x10-9
246
Cm
246.067217
247
Cm
247.070346
248
Cm
248.072341
5.6815(5)/0.2 5.6856(5)/1.6 5.7420(5)/ 10.6 5.7859(5)/ 73.3 5.9922(5)/6.5 6.0103(5)/1.0 6.0589(5)/5 6.0666(5)/1.5
5/2+
0+
1.32x107 y
SF/1.4x10-4
5.6656/0.02 5.7528/23 5.8050/77
8.48x103 y
α/5.623
5.515/0.004 5.235(10)/0.3
4.76x103 y 1.8x107 y 1.56x107 y
3.48x105 y
SF/6.1x10-7
249.075946
64.15 m
250
Cm
250.07835
≈ 9.7x103 y
0.04408 0.10189 (0.04-1.2) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10612
0.22819 0.27760 0.28546 0.33431 (0.04-0.7) Pu L x-ray 0.04282 0.09885
0.5
0.15262 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.04195 0.13299 0.13606
SF/0.026 α/5.352
5.386(3)/79 4.818(4)/4.7
9/2-
α/99.92/5.162
4.8690(20)/71 4.941(4)/1.6 4.9820(20)/ 2.0 5.1436(20)/ 1.2 5.2104(20)/ 5.7 5.2659(20)/ 13.8 4.931(5)/0.07
11-191
0.41
5.3038(10)/ 5.0 5.3620(7)/93 5.4927(11)/ 0.8 5.5331(11)/ 0.6 0+
β¯/0.900
Cm
7/2+
5.343(3)/21
SF/8.38
0.43063 0.47181 Pu L x-ray
0.20975
α/5.476
4.15x106 y 249
0.18028
0+
α/5.902
1.4x1012 y
0.16505
5.9694(1)/ 0.035 6.069(1)/25 6.1129(1)/74
18.1 y
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
9/2-
0.17494 Pu L x-ray
0.37
0.04453 Pu k x-ray 0.2792 0.2886 0.3471 0.4035
0+
5.0349(2)/ 16.5 5.0784(2)/ (75)/1 0.9/
1/2+
SF/85.8
0+
Bk k x-ray 0.56039 0.63431
482_Frame_11.020 Page 192 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
251.08228
16.8 m
α/5.27 β¯/1.42
0.90/16
(1/2+)
0.3896/ 0.5299 0.5425
252.0849
<2d
238.0583 239.0584 240.0598 242.0621 243.063001
2.4 m
6.542(4)/0.03 6.5738(2)/ 0.04 6.7180(22)/ 0.02 6.7581(20)/ 0.02
(3/2-)
0.1466 0.1874
Atomic Mass or Weight
Cm
Cm Bk 238Bk 239Bk 240Bk 242Bk 243Bk
Elem. or Isot. 251
252
Natural Abundance (%)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
97
244
245
Bk
Bk
244.0652
245.066355
≈ 4.8 m 7.0 m 4.5 h
4.4 h
4.94 d
EC/5.0
EC/3.0 EC/99.8/1.508 α/0.15/6.871
EC/99.99/2.26 α/0.01/6.778
EC/99.9/0.810 α/0.1/6.453
246
Bk
246.0687
1.80 d
EC/1.35
247
Bk
247.07030
1.4x103 y
α/5.889
248
Bk
248.07311
23.7 h
β¯/70/0.87 EC/30/0.72
249
Bk
249.074980
320. d
β¯/0.125 α/0.001/5.525
1.8x109 y
SF/4.9x10-8
3.217 h
β¯/1.780
250
Bk
250.078309
11-192
0.755 0.840 0.946 0.1445 0.1876
(4-) 6.625(4)/ 0.003 6.667(4)/ 0.003
0.2176 0.9815 0.9215/ Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray
3/25.8851(5)/ 0.03 6.1176(9)/ 0.01 6.1467(5)/ 0.02 6.3087(5)/ 0.014 6.3492(5)/ 0.018
0.25299 0.3809 0.3851
(2-)
5.465(5)/1.5 5.501(5)/7 5.532(5)/45 5.6535(20)/ 5.5 5.678(2)/13 5.712(2)/17 5.753(2)/4.3 5.794(2)/5.5 0.86/
(3/2-)
0.125/100 5.390(1)/ 0.0002 5.4174(6)/ 0.001 0.74/
7/2+
Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.79881 1.08142 0.04175 0.0839 0.268
(1-)
2-
2.0
Cm L x-ray Cf L x-ray Cm k x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.5507 0.327/10¯5 0.308/10¯6
Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.98912
482_Frame_11.020 Page 193 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
β¯/1.09
Bk
251.08075
56. m
Bk Cf 237Cf 238Cf 239Cf 240Cf
252.0843
1.8 m
237.0621 238.0614 239.0626 240.0623
2.1 s 21 ms ≈ 0.7 m 1.1 m
241
Cf
241.0637
4. m
242
Cf
242.06369
3.5 m
243
Cf
243.0654
11. m
244
Cf
244.065990
20. m
245
Cf
245.068038
44. m
α/36/7.255 EC/64/1.569
246
Cf
246.068798
1.49 d
α/6.869
251
252
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
(3/2-)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) 1.03184 (0.04-1.6) 0.02481 0.1528 0.1776
98
1.8x103 y
α,SF/10 SF/ α α/7.719 SF/ ≈2.1 EC/3.3 α/7.60 α/7.509 SF/œ0.014 EC/86/2.2 α/14/7.40 α/7.328
SF/2.3x10-4
7.590(10)/
7.335(5)/ 7.351(6)/20 7.385(4)/80 7.060(6)/20 7.170/4 7.168(5)/25 7.210(5)/75 7.15/91.7 6.983/0.31 7.09/7 7.065/0.68 6.6156(10)/ 0.18 6.7086(7)/ 21.8 6.7501(7)/ 78.0
0+
0+ (1/2+) 0+
0+
Cm K x-ray 0.5709 0.6014 0.6163 Cm L x-ray 0.04221 0.0945 0.147
247
Cf
247.07099
248
Cf
248.07218
249
Cf
249.074846
3.11 h
EC/99.96/0.65 α/0.04/6.55
334. d 3.2x104 y 351. y
α/6.369 SF/0.0029 α/6.295
8.x1010 y
SF/4.4x10-7
250
Cf
250.076399
13.1 y 1.7x104 y
α/6.129 SF/0.077
251
Cf
251.079579
9.0x102 y
α/6.172
11-193
7/2+ 6.301(5)/ 6.220(5)/17 6.262(5)/83 5.7582(2)/3.7 5.8119(2)/84 5.8488(2)/1.0 5.9029(2)/2.8 5.9451(2)/4.0 6.1401(2)/1.1 6.1940(2)/2.2 5.8913(4)/0.3 5.9889(4)/15 6.0310(4)/ 84.5 5.56448(7)/ 1.5 5.632(1)/4.5 5.648(1)/3.5 5.6773(6)/35 5.762(3)/3.8 5.7937(7)/2.0 5.8124(8)/4.2 5.8514(6)/27 6.0140(7)/ 11.6 6.0744(7)/2.7
Bk k x-ray 0.2941 0.4778
0+ 9/2-
Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 0.33351 0.38832 (0.0376-1.103)
0+
Cm L x-ray 0.04285
1/2+
482_Frame_11.020 Page 194 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 252
Cf
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
252.081619
2.65 y
α/96.9/6.217
86. Y
SF/3.1/
253
Cf
253.08512
17.8 d
254
Cf
254.08732
60.5 d
β¯/99.7/0.29 α/0.3/6.126 SF/99.7/ α/0.3/5.930
Cf Cf 99Es 241Es 242Es 243Es
255.0910 256.0934
1.4 h 12. m
β¯/0.7 SF
241.0687 242.0697 243.0696
≈8s 16 s 21. s
244
Es
244.0709
37. s
245
Es
245.0713
1.3 m
246
Es
246.0730
7.7 m
247
Es
247.07365
4.8 m
248
Es
248.0755
26. m
249
Es
249.07640
1.70 h
α α α/>30/ EC/<70/4.0 EC/76/4.6 α/4/ α/40/7.858 EC/60/3.1 EC/90/3.9 α/10/ EC/93/2.48 α/7/ EC/99.7/3.1 α/0.3/ EC/99.4/1.45 α/0.6/ EC/ β+
255 256
250m
Es
2.2 h
250
Es
250.0787
8.6 h
EC/2.1
251
Es
251.07998
1.38 d
EC/99.5/0.38 α/0.5/
252
Es
252.08297
1.29 y
253
Es
253.084818
20.47 d 6.3x105 y 1.64 d
254m
Es
>10. Y 254
Es
254.088017
255
Es
255.09027
256m
256
Es
Es
256.0936
276. d >2.5x107 y 40. d
α/76/ EC/24/1.26 α/ SF/8.9x10-6 β¯/99.6/ α/0.3/6.67 SF/0.045 α/ SF/<3x10-6
2.6x103 y 7.6 h
β¯/92/0.29 α/8/ SF/0.0042 β¯/
25. m
β¯/1.7
11-194
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 5.7977(1)/ 0.23 6.0756(4)/ 15.2 6.1184(4)/ 81.6 0.27/100 5.921(5)/0.02
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
0+
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%) Cm L x-ray 0.04339 0.1002
(7/2+) 0+
5.792(5)/0.05 5.834(5)/0.26
8.11 7.92 7.89/>30
7.57/4 7.74
7.35 7.32 6.87 (7/2+)
0.3795 0.8132 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.9891 1.0319 Cf L x-ray Cf k x-ray 0.30339 0.34948 0.82883
6.77 (1-)
(6+)
(3/2-) 6.462/0.05 6.492/0.4 6.632/61.0 6.562/10.3 6.633/89.8 6.5916/6.6 0.475 6.382
6.429
(5-) 7/2+
+4.10
7.
2+ 2+
2.9
3.7
(7+)
0.04180 0.3892 Fm L x-ray Fm k x-ray 0.6488 0.6938 0.064
(7/2+) 6.26 6.300 (8+)
(1+)
0.218 0.232 0.862
482_Frame_11.020 Page 195 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Es 100Fm 242Fm 243Fm
257.0960
7.7 d
β–
242.0734 243.0745
0.8 ms 0.2 s
Fm Fm
244.0741 245.0754
3.3 ms 4. s
Fm
246.07528
1.2 s
Fm Fm
247.0768
9. s 35. s
248
Fm
248.07718
36. s
249
Fm
249.0790
3. m
SF/>96 α/ <SF/0.4 SF/>97 α/ SF/<0.1 α/85/ SF/15/ α/ α/8.20 EC/2.9 α/99.9/8.001 SF/0.1/ EC/2.4 α/ IT/ SF/<8x10-5 α/ EC/0.8 SF/0.007 EC/98/1.47 α/2/ α/7.154 SF/0.0023 EC(88%)/0.333 α/12/ α/ SF/0.059 α/ SF/2.3x10-5
Elem. or Isot. 257
244 245
246
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
247m 247
250m
Fm
1.8 s
250
Fm
250.07951
30. m
251
Fm
251.08157
5.3 h
252
Fm
252.08246
1.058 d
253
Fm
253.085175
3.0 d
254
Fm
254.086847
3.240 h
255
Fm
255.089955
20.1 h 1.0x104 y
256
Fm
256.09177
2.63 h
Fm
257.09510
100.5 d
Fm Fm 260Fm 101Md 245mMd 245Md 246Md
258.0971 259.1006
0.37 ms 1.5 s ≈4 ms
SF/91 α/19 α/99.79 SF/0.21 SF/ SF/ SF/
245.0810 246.0819
≈ 0.4 s 0.9 ms 1.0 s
α SF α
Md Md 248Md
247.0818 248.0828
≈0.2 s 3. s 7. s
249
Md
249.0830
24. s
250
Md
250.0845
50. s
251
Md
251.0849
4.0 m
252
Md
252.0866
2. m
253
Md
253.0873
≈6 m
SF/ α EC/80/5.3 α/20/ SF/<0.05 EC>/<80/3.7 α/>20/8.46 EC/94/4.6 α/6/8.25 EC/>94/3.1 α/<6/ EC/>50/3.9 α/<50/ EC/2.0
257
258 259
247m 247
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
8.55 0+ 8.15/ 8.24/ 8.18/ 7.87/70 7.93/30 7.83/20 7.87/80
0+
0+ (7/2+)
7.53
7.43/
0+
(9/2-) 6.833 6.998/15 7.039/85 6.676/ 6.943/ 7.150 7.192 6.9635(5)/5.0 7.0225(5)/ 93.4
0+ 1/2+
Es k x-ray 0.2719
0+ 7/2+
0+ 6.92/ 6.519
8.64,8.68 8.74 8.50-8.56
11-195
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
8.43 8.32/15 8.36/5
8.030(20)/ 7.75/4 7.83/2 7.55/ 7.73/
(9/2+)
0.1794 0.2410
482_Frame_11.020 Page 196 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Md 254Md 255Md
254.0897 255.09108
30. m 10. m 27. m
EC/ EC/2.7 EC/92/1.04 α/8/ SF/ð0.15
256
Md
256.0941
1.30 h
EC/89/2.13 α/11/ SF/<2.6
257
Md
257.095535
5.5 h
EC/85/0.41 α/15,SF/ð1 EC/ SF/ð30 α/7.40 SF/œ0.003 SF/>98.7 α/<1.3 SF/73-100
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
254m
258m
Md
57. m
258
Md
258.098427
51.5 d
259
Md
259.1005
1.64 h
Md No 250No 251No
260.104
≈ 27.8 d
250.0875 251.0889
0.25 ms 0.76 s
No
252.08897
2.3 s
No
253.0907
1.7 m
260
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
α/7.33/93 7.27/5 7.75/1 7.71/1 7.21/71 7.14/22 7.68/2.5 7.25/2.5 7.64/2.1
(7/2-)
7.074 7.014
(7/2-) (1-)
6.718(2)/ 6.763(4)/
(8-)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
0.121/100 0.115/65 0.136/35 0.141-0.453 Fm k x-ray 0.121/409 0.115/266 0.136/143 0.634/119 0.141-1.374 Fm k x-ray (0.181-0.389) Fm k x-ray 0.3678 0.057 - 0.448
7/2+
102
252
253
254m
No
0.28 s
No
254.09095
49. s
No
255.09323
3.1 m
No
256.09428
2.9 s
No
257.09685
25. s
No No
258.0983 259.1011
≈ 1.2 ms 58. m
No No 103Lr 251Lr 252Lr
260.103 262.108
0.11 s ≈ 8. ms
251.0944 252.0953
39 m ≈0.36 s
254
255
256
257
258 259
260 262
253m
≈0.57 s
Lr
Lr
253.0953
1.5 s
Lr
254.0965
13. s
253
254
SF/ α/ SF/0.26 α/74/8.551 SF/26/ α/ EC/3.2 I.T./ SF/ð.2 α/ EC/1.1 SF/0.17 α/62/ EC/38/2.01 α/ SF/0.5 α/ SF/<1.5 SF/ α/78/7.794 EC/22/0.5 SF/<9.7 SF/ SF/ SF α SF/<1 α SF/1 α/ SF/≈5 α/ EC/5.2 SF/<0.1
11-196
0+ 8.62/96 8.58/4 8.42 8.37 8.010(20)
(9/2-)
8.09
0+
8.12/ 7.93 8.08 8.43
1/2+
8.22 8.27 8.32
(7/2+)
7.52 7.55
9.02/73 8.97/27 8.79 8.72 8.45
0+
0+
0+ (9/2+)
0.187
482_Frame_11.020 Page 197 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED) Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Lr
255.0967
22. s
Lr
256.0988
28. s
Lr
257.0996
0.65 s
Lr
258.1019
3.9 s
259
Lr
259.1030
6.1 s
Lr Lr 262Lr
260.1056 261.1069 262.1097
3. m 40. m 3.6 h
Rf Rf
253.1007
≈ 48. µs
254
Rf
254.1002
23. µs
255
Rf
255.1015
1.6 s
256
Rf
256.10118
6.2 ms
257
Rf
257.1031
4.7 s
258
Rf
258.1036
12. ms
259
Rf
259.1056
3.4 s.
Rf Rf 262Rf 263Rf 105Db 255Db
260.1064 261.1088 262.1099 263.1125
20. ms 1.1 m 2.1 s 10. m
255.1074
≈ 1.5 s
Db
256.1081
1.9 s
Db
257.1079
1.5 s
α/ SF/<6
Db
258.1094
4.2 s
α/
Elem. or Isot. 255
256
257
258
260 261
104 253
260 261
256
257
258
Natural Abundance (%)
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) α/ EC/3.2 SF/<0.1 α/99.7/8.554 EC/4.2 SF/<0.03 α/ EC/2.5 SF/<0.03 α/ EC/3.4 SF/<5 α/80 SF/20 α/ SF EC/2. SF/<10 SF α/<10 SF/>98.5 α/<1.5 α SF/45
SF/99.68 α/0.32 α/9.22 EC/11 SF/<1.4 SF/87 α/13 α/9.09/93 SF/7 SF/ α/8.78,SF/<10 SF/>99.2 SF,α α, SF/≈20 α/64 EC/35 SF/0.05
11-197
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
8.37/60 8.43/40 8.43/ 8.39 8.80 8.80
7/2+
8.60/46 8.62/25 8.56/20 8.65/9 8.44(1) 8.03
8.72/55 8.77/25 8.80/7 8.69/3.5 8.83/3.5 8.89/2.5 8.92/2.5 8.81 8.77 9.01 8.95 8.62
8.77(2)/ 8.86/ 8.28/
9.02/≈64 8.89/≈12 9.08/≈12 9.12/≈12 8.97/33 9.07/38 9.12/5.5 8.94/9 9.02/9 8.89/5.5 9.20/
0.117
482_Frame_11.020 Page 198 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Db Db
259.1097 260.1114
≈ 1.2 s 1.5 s
Db
261.1121
1.8 s
Db
262.1141
34. s
259 260
261
262
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV) E.C/5.3 SF/<33 SF/ α/ SF/<9.6 α/ SF/<18 SF/<33 α/
Db Sg 258Sg
263.1151
≈0.45 m
SF/57/, α/43/
258.1132
≈ 2.9 ms
259
Sg
259.1147
0.5 s
SF α/<20 α/ SF/<20
260
Sg
260.11444
4. ms
α/50 SF/50
261
Sg Sg
261.1162 263.1183
0.3 s 0.8 s
265
Sg
265.1211
≈7.4 s
α,SF/<10 α SF/<30 α/>65 SF/<35
266
Sg
266.1219
≈21. s
Sg Bh 260Bh 261Bh
260.122 261.1218
12. ms
263
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 9.16/
9.05/ 9.08/ 9.13/ 8.93/
8.45/ 8.53/ 8.67/ 8.35/43
106
263
α/ SF/<82
9.62 9.35 9.03 9.76 9.72 9.81 9.56 9.06 9.25 8.84/46 8.76/23 8.94/23 8.69/8 8.77/66 8.52/33
269 107
262m
Bh
8. ms
α α/,SF<10
α/ SF/<12 α/ SF/<12
262
Bh
262.1230
0.10 s
264
Bh
264.1247
0.44 s
Bh Bh 108Hs 263Hs 264Hs 265mHs
266.1270 267.1277
≈1 s ≈17 s
α/ SF/ 9.29 8.83
≈ 0.08 ms ≈0.75 ms
α/ α/,SF/≈50 α
265
Hs
265.1300
2.0 ms
α/ SF/<1
267
Hs
267.1371
33 ms
α/>88
266 267
263.1287 264.1284
11-198
10.40 10.10 10.03 10.37 10.24 10.06 9.91 9.74 9.48 9.62
11.0 10.57/63 10.73 10.52 10.34 10.30/90 10.43 10.37 10.25 9.88 9.83
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
482_Frame_11.020 Page 199 Wednesday, January 2, 2002 9:55 AM
TABLE OF ISOTOPES (CONTINUED)
Elem. or Isot. 269
Hs
273
Hs
Hs Mt 266mMt 266Mt 267Mt 268Mt 110110 267110 269110 271m110
Natural Abundance (%)
Particle Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half-Life
Decay Mode/Energy (/MeV)
269.1341
9.3 s
α
≈1.2 s
α
≈11 m
SF
≈1.2 ms ≈0.7 ms 19 ms 0.07 s
α α α α/>68
10.46-10.81 10.48-11.31
267.1440 269.1451
≈ 3 µs 0.17 ms ≈1.1 ms
α/>32 α/>75 α
271.1461
≈ 56 ms 0.076 ms 118 ms ≈3.0 ms ≈7.5 s ≈1m
α α α/ α α
11.6 11.11 10.68 10.74 10.71 11.8 9.73 10.2 SF/ 8.83
≈ 1.5 ms
α/>68
10.82
≈ 0.24 ms
α
≈ 0.89 ms ≈ 1. m
α
11.45 11.65 10.7 sf/>0.7
277
9.75 9.23 9.17 9.78 9.47
109
110 110 273110 277110 280110 281110 111111 272111 112112 277112 271
266.1379 267.138 268.1388
273m
112 112
281 283
112 285112 114114 285114 287114 288114 289114 116116 289116 118118 293118 284
273.1492
272.1535
10.10,10.24
≈9.8 s ≈11. m
α/<0.3 α α
9.17 8.67
≈ 0.58 ms ≈ 5.5 s ≈1.9 s ≈ 20. s
α α α α
11.3 10.3 9.84 9.71
≈ 0.60 ms
α
11.6
≈ 0.12 ms
α
12.4
11-199
Spin (h/2p)
Nuclear Magnetic Elect. Mom. Quadr. (nm) Mom. (b)
g-ray/Energy Intensity (MeV/%)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (Revised 2003) Norman E. Holden This table presents an evaluated set of values for experimental quantities that characterize the properties for scattering and absorption of neutrons. The neutron cross section is given for room temperature neutrons, 20.43°C, corresponding to a thermal neutron energy of 0.0253 electron volts (eV) or a neutron velocity of 2200 meters/second. The neutron resonance integral is defined over the energy range from 0.5 eV to 0.1x10 6 eV, or 0.1 MeV. Bound neutron scattering lengths and neutron cross sections averaged over a Maxwellian spectrum at 30 keV for astrophysical applications are also presented. A list of the major references used is given below. The literature cutoff date is January 2003. Uncertainties are given in parentheses. Parentheses with two or more numbers indicate values to the excited state(s) and to the ground state of the product nucleus.
Table Layout Column Number
Column Title
Description
1
Isotope/Element
For elements, atomic number and chemical symbol are listed. For nuclides, mass number and chemical symbol are listed. Isomers are indicated by the addition of m, m1, or m2.
2
Isotopic Abundance
in atom percent
3
Half-life
Half-life in decimal notation. ms = microsecond; ms = millisecond; s = second; m = minute; h = hour; d = day; y = year.
4
Thermal Neutron Cross Sections
Cross sections for neutron capture reactions in units of barns (10 -24 cm2) or millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by sp, sa, sf , respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production.
5
Neutron Resonance Integrals
Resonance integrals for neutron capture reactions in barns (10 -24 cm2) or millibarns (mb). Proton, alpha production and fission reactions are designated by R.I. p, R.I.a, R.I.f, respectively. Separate values are listed for isomeric production.
6
Neutron Scattering Lengths
Bound coherent scattering lengths for neutron scattering reactions in units of femtometers (fm), which is equal to fermis (10 -13 cm).
7
Maxwellian Averaged Cross Section
Astrophysical Cross Sections, averaged over a stellar neutron maxwellian spectrum characterized by a thermal energy of 30 keV, expressed in barns (10 -24 cm2), millibarns (mb) or microbarns ( mb).
General Nuclear Data References The following references represent the major sources of the nuclear data presented: 1. Mughabghab, S.F., Divadeenam, M., Holden, N.E.; Neutron Cross Sections, Vol. 1 Neutron Resonance Parameters and Thermal Cross Sections, Part A, Z = 1-60. Academic Press Inc., New York, New York (1981); Mughabghab, S.F.; Part B, Z = 61-100. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, Florida (1984). 2. Holden, N.E.; Fifty Years with Nuclear Fission Conference, Wash., D.C., Gaithersburg, Md. April 26-29, 1989, p. 946. American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, Illinois (1989). 3. Tuli, J.K.; Nuclear Wallet Cards, Brookhaven National Laboratory (Jan. 2000). 4. Holden, N.E.; Half-lives of Selected Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 62, 941 (1990). 5. Holden, N.E., Hoffman, D.C.; Spontaneous Fission Half-lives for Ground State Nuclides, Pure & Applied Chemistry 72, 1525 (2000). 6. Koester, L., Rauch, H., Seymann, E.; Neutron Scattering Lengths: A Survey of Experimental Data and Methods, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 49, 65 (1991). 7. Sears, V.F.; Neutron Scattering Lengths and Cross Sections, Neutron News 3, (3), 26 (1992). 8. Bao, Z.Y., Beer, H., Käppeler, F., Voss, F., Wisshak, K., Raucher,T.; Neutron Cross Sections for Nucleo-synthesis Studies, Atomic Data Nuclear Data Tables 76, 70 (2000).
11-198
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%)
Half-Life
H
1
1
H H 3H 2
99.9885(70) 0.0115(70)
>2.8x1023 y 12.33 y
He
3
0.000134(3)
4
99.999867(3)
He
6
7.59(4)
7
92.41(4)
8
Be
7
Be Be Be
53.28 d 100.
10
1.52x106 y
B
5
10
19.9(7)
11
80.1(7)
B
B
C
6
12
C C 14C 13
98.93(8) 1.07(8) 5715. y
N
7
14
99.636(20)
15
0.364(20)
N N
O
8
16
O O
17
18
O
99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14)
F
9
19
F
-3.739(1)
0.332(2) 0.51(1)mb < 6. mb
0.149(1) 0.23(2) mb
- 3.741(1) 6.671(4) 4.79(3)
100.
Ne
10
20Ne 90.48(3) * Extrapolated value.
0.25(2) mb* 2.1(4) mb
3.26(3) RIp = 2.39(1)x103
5.74(7) 8.(1) mb*
71.(2)
32.(1)
- 1.90(2)
st = 9.4(1)x102 39.(5) mb 45.(5) mb
RIt = 422.(4) 17.(2) mb 20.(2) mb
2.0(1)
8.8(4) mb
3.9(2) mb
7.79(1)
sp = 3.9(1)x104 sa ª 0.1 8.8(4) mb <1. mb
RIp = 1.75(5)x104
- 2.22(2)
0.84 s
4
9
0.149(1)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
3.26(3)
Li
Li Li
0.332(2)
sp = 5.33(1)x103 0.05(1) mb
3
Li
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
< 0.05
2
He
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
st ª 1. 0.06(1) mb* 42.(3) mb < ª 5.5 mb
sp = 16(4)*
3.9(2) mb
7.79(1)
7.6(1)x102
3.4(1)x102
5.30(4)
sa = 38.4(1)x102 0.3(1) sp = 7.(1) mb st = 8.(2) mb 5.(3) mb
RIa = 17.3(1)x102 0.13(4)
- 0.1(3)
2.(1) mb
6.65(4)
3.5(1) mb
1.6(1) mb
6.646(1)
3.5(1) mb 1.4(1) mb <1.4 mb
1.6(1) mb 1.7(2) mb
6.651(2) 6.19(9)
2.00(6)
0.90(3)
9.36(2)
sp = 1.93(5) 0.080(1) 0.04(1) mb
RIp = 0.87(3) 0.034(1) 0.11(3) mb
9.37(2) 6.44(3)
0.29(1) mb
0.40(4) mb
5.805(4)
0.19(1) mb sa = 0.257(10) 0.54(7) mb 0.16(1) mb
0.36(4) mb 0.11(1) 0.39(5) mb 0.81(4) mb
5.805(5) 5.8(2)
34.(4) mb sa = 3.9(5) mb*
5.84(7)
9.(1) mb*
9.5(1) mb
21.(3) mb
5.65(1)
6.(1) mb
9.5(1) mb
21.(3) mb
5.65(1)
6.(1) mb
42.(5) mb
19.(3) mb
4.566(6)
39.(5) mb
18.(3) mb
4.631(6)
11-199
16.(1) mb* 0.021(4) mb 3.(1) mb*
sp = 1.8(2) mb* 0.04(1) mb 6.(1) mb*
0.12(1) mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 21
0.27(1)
22
9.25(3)
Ne Ne
Half-Life
Na
11
22
Na
23
Na
2.605 y 100.
Mg
12
24
Mg Mg 26Mg 27Mg 25
78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 9.45 m
Al
13
26
7.1x105 y
Al
27
Al
100.
Si
14
28
Si Si 30Si 31Si 32Si 29
92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 2.62 h 1.6x102 y
P
15
31
P
100.
S
16
32
94.93(31)
33
0.76(2)
34
4.29(28) 0.02(1)
S S
S S
36
Cl
17
35
Cl
75.78(4)
36
3.01x105 y
Cl
37
Cl
24.22(4)
Ar
18
36
Ar
0.3365(30)
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
0.7(1) sa = 0.18(9) mb 51.(5) mb
0.31(5)
6.7(2)
ª 1.5 mb
23.(3) mb
3.87(1)
58.(4) mb*
0.53(2)
0.32(2)
3.63(2)
2.1(2) mb
sp = 2.8(3)x104 sa = 2.6(4)x102 sm = 0.43(3)
RIp< 2.x105 RIa = 1.2(2) x 102 RIm = 0.30(6)
3.63(2)
2.1(2) mb
66.(6) mb
38.(5) mb
5.375(4)
0.053(6) 0.20(1) 0.038(1) 0.07(2)
32.(4) mb 98.(15) mb 25.(2) mb 0.03(1)
5.7(2) 3.6(2) 4.9(2)
0.230(2)
0.17(1)
3.45(1)
3.3(4) mb 6.4(4) mb 0.13(1) mb*
sp = 1.97(10) sa = 0.34(1) 0.230(2)
0.17(1)
3.45(1)
0.166(9)
0.12(2)
4.15(1)
0.17(1) 0.12(1) 0.107(3) 73.(6) mb < 0.5
0.11(2) 0.08(2) 0.62(6) 33.(3) mb
4.11(1) 4.7(1) 4.61(1)
0.17(1)
0.08(1)
5.13(1)
0.17(1)
0.08(1)
5.13(1)
0.54(2)
0.24(2)
2.847(1)
0.55(5) sa < 0.5 mb 0.46(3) sa = 0.12(1) sp = 2. mb 0.25(1) 0.24(2)
0.25(2)
2.804(2)
4.1(2) mb
0.21(2) RIa = 0.05(1)
4.7(2)
7.4(15) mb sa = 0.18(1)
0.13 0.26(3)
3.48(3)
0.23(1) mb 0.17(1) mb*
33.6(3)
15.(2)
9.58(1)
43.7(4) sp = 0.44(1) saª 0.08 mb sp = 46.(2) mb <10. sa = 0.59(7) mb (0.05 + 0.38)
20.(2) RIp = 0.2
11.7(1)
(0.04+0.26)
3.1(1)
0.66(3)
0.42(5)
1.91(1)
5.(1) sa = 5.4(3) mb sp < 1.5 mb
2.(1)
24.9(1)
0.14(2)
* Extrapolated value.
11-200
2.9(3) mb
2.9(3) mb 7.9(9) mb 3.2(3) mb*
1.7(1) mb
9.4(3) mb sp = 1.7(2) mb* sp = 91.(8) mb
RIp = 0.02
sa = 0.9(2) mb 2.0(2) mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 37
Ar
38
Ar Ar
35.0 d 0.0632(5)
39
40
Ar Ar
Half-Life
268. y 99.6003(30)
41
1.82 h
K
19
39
93.2581(44)
40
0.0117(1)
41
6.7302(44)
K
K
K
1.26x109 y
Ca
20
40
Ca
96.941(156)
41
1.02x105 y
Ca
42
Ca Ca 44Ca 45Ca 46Ca 48Ca 43
0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21)
162.7 d >4x1015 y 4.3x1019 y
Sc
21
45
Sc Sc
100.
46
83.81 d
Ti
22
44
Ti
46
Ti Ti 48Ti 49Ti 50Ti 47
60 y 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)
V
23
50
0.250(4)
51
99.750(4)
V V
1.4x1017 y
Cr
24
50
Cr 4.345(13) Cr 52Cr 83.789(18) 53Cr 9.501(17) 54Cr 2.365(7) * Extrapolated value. 51
>1.8x1017 y 27.70 d
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
sa = 1.08(8)x103 sp = 37.(4) 0.8(2) 6.(2)x102 sa <0.29 0.64(3) 0.5(1)
RIa = 900. RIp = 31. 0.4(1)
sa ª 1.3 sp ª 0.04
0.41(5) 0.2(1)
1.83(1)
2.1(1)
1.0(1)
3.67(2)
2.1(2) sa = 4.3(5) mb sp < 0.05 mb 30.(8) sp = 4.4(4) sa = 0.42(8) 1.46(3)
0.9(1)
3.74(2)
1.4(2)
2.69(8)
0.43(2)
0.23(2)
4.70(2)
0.41(3) sa = 0.13(4) mb ª 4. sa = 0.18(3) s p = 7.(2) mb 0.65(10) 6.(1) 0.8(2) ª 15. 0.70(3) 1.0(1)
0.22(4)
4.80(2)
6.7(7) mb
0.39(4) 3.9(2) 0.56(1)
3.4(1) - 1.56(9) 1.42(6)
16.(2) mb 51.(6) mb 9.(1) mb
0.9(1) 0.5(1)
3.6(2) 0.39(9)
5.3(5) mb* 0.8(1) mb*
27.2(2)
12.(1)
12.3(1)
(10.+17.) 8.(1)
(5.6+6.4) 3.6(5)
12.3(1)
6.1(1)
2.8(2)
- 3.438(2)
1.1(2) sp<0.2 0.6(2) 1.6(2) 7.9(9) 1.9(5) 0.179(3)
0.4(1) 1.6(2) 3.6(2) 1.2(2) 0.12(2)
4.93(6) 3.63(1) - 6.09(2) 1.04(5) 6.18(8)
5.0(2)
2.8(1)
- 0.382(1)
21.(4) sp = 0.7(4) mb 4.9(1)
50.(20)
7.6(6)
2.7(2)
- 0.402(2)
3.0(2)
1.7(1)
3.635(7)
15.(1) < 10. 0.8(1) 18.(2) 0.36(4)
8.(1)
- 4.5(1)
0.05(1)
0.6(2) 9.(1) 0.25(5)
4.91(2) - 4.2(1) 4.6(1)
8.8(4) mb 0.06(1) 7.(2) mb
3.5(35)
11.8(4) mb
sp = 7.(1) mb sa = 40.(6) mb
13.(4) 2.0(2)
11-201
2.5(3) mb
22.(1) mb
69.(5) mb
27.(3) mb 64.(8) mb 32.(5) mb 22.(2) mb 3.6(4) mb
38.(4) mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%)
Half-Life
Mn
25
53
Mn Mn 55Mn
3.7x106 y 312.1 d
54
100.
Fe
26
54
Fe
5.845(35)
55
Fe
56
Fe Fe 58Fe 59Fe 57
2.73 y 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4) 44.51 d
Co
27
58m
Co Co 59Co 60mCo 60Co
9.1 h 70.88 d
58
100. 10.47 m 5.271 y
Ni
28
58
Ni
68.0769(89)
ª 7.6x104 y
59
Ni
60
Ni Ni
61
62
Ni Ni 64Ni 65Ni
>4x1019 y
26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17)
63
100. y 0.9256(9) 2.517 h
Cu
29
63
Cu Cu 65Cu 66Cu
69.15(15)
64
12.701 h 30.85(15) 5.09 m
Zn
30
64
Zn
48.27(32)
65
Zn
243.8 d
66
27.977(77)
67
4.102(21)
Zn Zn
>2.3x1018 y
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
13.3(1)
14.0(3)
- 3.75(2)
70.(10) < 10. 13.3(1)
32.(5) 14.0(3)
- 3.75(2)
2.7(1)
1.4(2)
9.45(2)
2.3(2) sa = 10. mb 13.(2) sa = 0.01 2.8(3) 1.4(2) 1.3(1) 13.(3)
1.3(2) RIa = 1.1(1) mb 6.(1)
4.2(1)
29.(2) mb
1.4(2) 0.8(4) 1.3(2) 6.(1)
9.93(3) 2.3(1) 15.(7)
11.7(5) mb 40.(4) mb 12.(1) mb
37.19(8)
74.(2)
2.49(2)
1.4(1)x105 1.9(2)x103 (20.7+16.5) 58.(3) 2.0(2)
2.5(10)x105 7.(1)x103 (39.+35.) 230.(50) 4.3(10)
2.49(2)
4.5(2)
2.3(2)
10.3(1)
4.6(4) sa < 0.03 mb sabs = 92.(4) sa = 14.(2) sp = 2.(1) 2.9(3) 2.5(5) sa = 0.03 mb 15.(1) 20.(5) 1.6(1) 22.(2)
2.3(2)
14.4(1)
41.(2) mb
1.5(2) 1.5(4)
2.8(1) 7.60(6)
25.(1) mb 82.(8) mb
6.8(3) 9.(2) 1.2(2) 10.(1)
- 8.7(2)
13.(4) mb
- 0.37(7)
9.(1) mb
3.8(1)
4.1(4)
7.718(4)
4.5(2) ª 270. 2.17(3) 1.4(1)x102
5.(1)
6.43(15)
0.09(1)
2.2(1) 60.(20)
10.61(19)
41.(5) mb
1.1(2)
2.8(4)
5.680(5)
0.74(5) sp < 12. mb sa = 11.(3) mb 66.(8) sa = 2.0(2) 0.9(3) sa < 0.02 mb 6.9(1.4) sa = 0.4 mb
1.4(3)
5.23(4)
59.(5) mb
1.8(2)
5.98(5)
35.(3) mb
25.(5)
7.58(8)
0.15(2)
40.(3) mb
38.(4) mb
RIabs = 1.4(1)x102
30.(4)
* Extrapolated value.
11-202
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 68
19.02(12)
70
0.631(9)
Zn Zn
Half-Life
Ga
31
69
Ga Ga
71
60.108(9) 39.892(9)
>2.4x1026 y
Ge
32
68
Ge Ge 72Ge 73Ge 74Ge 76Ge 70
270.8 d 20.370(89) 27.380(60) 7.759(78) 36.656(80) 7.835(81)
>1.8x1023 y 1.6x1021 y
As
33
75
As
100.
Se
34
74
Se Se 76Se 77Se
0.89(4)
78
23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22)
75
Se Se 82Se 80
119.78 d 9.37(29) 7.63(16)
ª 1x1020 y
Br
35
76
Br Br
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
(0.072 + 0.8) sa <0.02 mb (8.1+83.) mb
(0.2 + 2.9)
6.04(3)
19.(2) mb sm = 3.(1) mb 0.02(1)
2.9(1)
22.(3)
7.288(2)
1.68(7) 4.7(2) sm = 0.15(5)
16.(2) 31.(3)
7.88(4) 6.40(3)
2.2(1)
6.(2)
8.19(2)
1.0(5) (0.3 + 2.7) 0.9(2) 15.(1) (0.14 + 0.28) (0.09 + 0.06)
2.3(1) 0.8(3) 66.(20) (0.4+0.5) (1.3+0.6)
10.0(1) 8.5(1) 5.02(4) 7.6(1) 8.2(15)
4.0(4)
61.(5)
6.58(1)
4.0(4)
61.(5)
6.58(1)
12.(1)
14.(3)
7.970(9)
50.(2) 3.3(10)x102 (22. + 63.) 42.(4) sa = 0.97(3) mb sm = 0.38(2) (0.05+0.54) (39.+ 5.2) mb
520(50)
0.8(3)
0.2(1)
(9.+31.) 30.(5)
12.2(1) 8.25(8)
0.16(1) 0.3(1)
RIm = 4.3(4) (0.15+0.85) 39.(4) mb
8.24(9) 7.48(3) 6.34(8)
0.1 42.(3) mb 0.04(2)
6.8(2)
92.(8)
6.79(2)
0.9(2)
0.14(1) 0.12(1)
88.(5) mb 0.07(2) 0.3(1) 53.(7) mb 0.03(2)
0.57(4)
79
50.69(7)
224.(42) (2.5+8.3)
(36.+96.)
6.79(7)
81
49.31(7)
(2.4+0.24)
51.(5)
6.78(7)
24.(1)
39.(6)
7.81(2)
(0.17+6.) (4.6+7.) (14.+7.) 183.(30) (sm+ sg) = 0.11 sm = 0.09 1.7(2) 3.(2) mb
20.(1) 57.(6) 130.(13) 183.(20) 2.4(3) 1.8(10) ª 1. mb
8.1(3)
0.39(4)
6.(3)
7.08(2)
(0.7+7.)
7.0(1)
0.24(1)
2.3(4) 0.5(1)
7.3(1)
16.(1) mb
Br
16.0 h
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Kr
36
78
Kr Kr 82Kr 83Kr 84Kr 80
0.353(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(3) 11.500(19) 56.987(15)
85
Kr Kr
86
>2.3x1020 y
10.73 y 17.279(41)
Rb
37
84
Rb Rb 86Rb 87Rb 88Rb 85
32.9 d 72.17(2) 27.83(2)
18.65 d 4.88x1010 y 17.7 m
sp = 12.(2) (0.06+0.38) <20. 0.10(1) 1.2(3)
* Extrapolated value.
11-203
0.63(4) sm = 0.08(1) 0.31(2)
(0.11+0.19) (0.09+0.18) 90.(6) mb 0.24(2) (16.+33.) mb 0.07(2) 3.2(4) mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%)
Half-Life
Sr
38
84
Sr Sr 87Sr 88Sr 89Sr 90Sr 86
0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1) 50.52 d 29.1 y
Y
39
89
Y Y 91Y
100.
90
2.67 d 58.5 d
Zr
40
90
Zr Zr 92Zr 93Zr 94Zr 96Zr 91
51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28) 2.80(9)
1.5x106 y >1017 y >1.7x1018 y
Nb
41
93
Nb
100.
94
2.4x104 y
95
34.97 d
Nb Nb
Mo
14.77(31)
94
9.226(99) 15.900(85)
Mo Mo Mo
95
96
Mo Mo
97
98
Mo Mo
100
1.2(1)
10.(1)
7.02(2)
(0.6+0.2) sm = 0.81(4) 16.(3) 5.8(4) mb 0.42(4) 10.(1) mb
(9.+1.) RIm = 4.(1) 118.(30) 0.07(3) 0.2 0.10(2)
1.25(5)
1.0(1)
7.75(2)
(0.001+1.25) <6.5 1.4(3)
(0.006+1.0)
7.75(2)
0.19(1) sa <0.1 mb
0.95(9)
7.16(3)
ª 0.014 1.2(3) 0.2(1) <4. 0.049(6) 0.020(3)
0.2(1) 5.(2) 0.6(2) 16.(5) 0.25(3) 5.0(5)
6.4(1) 8.8(1) 7.5(2)
1.11(1) sa <0.1 mb
8.5(6)
7.14(3)
1.1 sm = 0.86 (sm+ sg) = 15.(1) sm = 0.6(1) <7.
(6.3+2.2)
7.14(3)
5.68(5) 7.41(7) 7.16(6)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
0.4(1) (48.+22.) mb 97.(5) mb 6.0(2) mb
19.(1) mb
0.6(1)
8.3(2) 5.5(1)
21.(2) mb 60.(8) mb 33.(4) mb 0.10(1) 26.(1) mb 11.(1) mb
266.(5) mb
126.(13) <200. 26.(5)
6.72(2)
ª 0.8
6.93(8)
0.07(1)
ª 0.8 109.(5)
6.82(7) 6.93(6)
0.10(2) 0.29(1)
17.(3) 14.(3)
6.22(6) 7.26(8)
0.11(1) 0.34(1)
ª 1x1019 y
0.06 sm = 0.2 mb 0.02 13.4(3) sa = 30.(4) mb 0.5 2.5(2) sa = 0.4(2) mb 0.14(1) 0.19(1)
7.2(7) 3.6(3)
6.60(7) 6.75(7)
0.10(1) 0.11(1)
ª 6.6x106 y 2.13x105 y
sm = 0.9(2) 23.(2)
4.0(4)x102
6.8(3)
0.93(5)
2.6 (1)
48.(5)
7.03(3)
0.23(4) < 8. 4.(1) 5.8(6)
7.(2)
>3x1017 y
16.674(12) 9.560(50) 24.20(25) 9.67(20)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
2.5(1) sa <0.1 mb
42
92
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Tc
43
98
Tc Tc
99
Ru
44
96
Ru 5.54(14) Ru 1.87(3) 99Ru 12.76(14) 100Ru 12.60(7) * Extrapolated value. 98
>3.1x1016 y
195.(20) 11.(2)
11-204
0.21(1) 0.3(1) 1.2(3) 0.21(1)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 101
17.06(2)
102
31.55(14)
Ru
Ru Ru 104Ru 105Ru 106Ru 103
Half-Life
39.27 d 18.62(27) 4.44 h 1.020 y
Rh
45
103
Rh Rh 104Rh 105Rh
100.
104m
4.36 m 42.3 s 35.4 h
Pd
46
102
Pd Pd 105Pd
1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8)
106
27.33(3)
104
Pd Pd 108Pd 110Pd 107
6.5x106 y 26.46(9) 11.72(9)
Ag
47
107
Ag Ag 110mAg 111Ag 109
51.839(8) 48.161(8) 249.8 d 7.47 d
Cd
48
106
>2.6x1017 y >4.1x1017 y 462.0 d
Cd Cd 109Cd
1.25(6) 0.89(3)
110
Cd Cd 112Cd 113Cd
12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12)
7.7x1015 y
114
28.73(42) 7.49(18)
3.8x1019 y
108
111
Cd Cd
116
In
49
113
In In
115
4.29(5) 95.71(5)
4.4x1014 y
Sn
50
112
Sn 0.97(1) Sn 114Sn 0.66(1) 115Sn 0.34(1) 116Sn 14.54(9) 117Sn 7.68(7) * Extrapolated value. 113
115.1 d
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
5.(1) sa <0.15 mb 1.2(1) <20. 0.49(2) 0.29(3) 0.15(4)
1.1(3)x102
1.00(4)
4.3(5) ª 30. 6.(2) 0.13(1) 2.0(6)
0.15(1)
145.(2)
1.2(1)x103
5.88(4)
(11.+ 134.) 800.(100) 40.(30) 1.1(3)x104
(0.08+1.1)x103
5.88(4)
7.(1)
82.(8)
3.2(10)
10.(2) 16.(2) 60.(20)
0.15(1)
0.81(1)
1.7(4)x104 5.91(6)
22.(2) sa = 0.5(2) mb (0.013+0.28) 1.8(2) (0.19+8.5) (0.033+0.7)
(0.2+5.5) 108.(4) (2.+240.) (0.7+8.)
6.4(4)
62.(1)
767.(60)
5.922(7)
(1.+35.) (4.1 + 87.) 82.(11) 3.(2)
(3.+105.) (0.7+14.1)x102 20.(4) 105.(20)
7.56(1) 4.17(1)
2.52(5)x103
73.(8)
4.87(5)
0.20(3) 1. ª 180. sa <0.05 (0.06+11.) 3.5(20) (0.012+2.2) 2.06(4)x104 sa <1. mb (0.04+0.29) (26.+52.) mb
4.(1) 14.(3) 6.7(12)x103
5.4(1)
0.30(2) 0.20(1)
(6.+34.) 51.(6) 15. 390.(40)
5.9(1) 6.5(1) 6.4(1) - 8.0(2)
(0.01+0.22) 0.75(1) 0.19(1) 0.67(1)
16.(7) 1.2
7.5(1) 6.3(1)
(0.01+0.12) (12.+47.) mb
197.(4)
3.3(2)x103
4.07(2)
(3.1+5.0+3.9) (88.+73.+44.)
(220.+90.) (1.5+1.2+0.7)x103
5.39(6) 4.01(2)
0.61(3)
8.(2)
6.225(2)
(0.15+0.40) ª 9. ª 0.12 sa = 0.06 mb (0.006+0.14) 1.1(1)
(8.+19.) 210.(50) 5.(1) 29.(6) (0.5+11.) 16.(5)
11-205
5.5(3)
0.3(1) 0.29(3) 1.20(6)
4.1(3)
0.25(3) 1.34(6) 0.20(2) 0.15(2)
0.80(3) 0.79(3)
(0.48+0.31) (0.69+0.02)
0.21(1) 6.2(3) 5.93(5) 6.48(5)
134.(3) mb 0.34(1) 91.(2) mb 319.(7) mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 118
Sn Sn 120Sn 122Sn 124Sn 119
24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5)
Half-Life
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
>2.2x1018 y
sm = 4. mb 2.(1) (0.001+0.13) (0.15+0.001) (0.13+0.004)
4.7(5) 2.9(5) 1.2(3) 0.81(4) (8.0+0.08)
6.07(5) 6.12(5) 6.49(5) 5.74(5) 5.97(5)
62.(1) mb 0.18(1) (0.5+36.) mb (18.+4.) mb 12.(2) mb
5.2(2)
169.(20)
5.57(3)
(0.4+5.8) (0.02+0.04+4.0) 17.(3)
(13.+192.) (1.+119.) ª 8.
5.71(6) 5.38(7)
4.2(1)
47.(3)
5.80(3)
(1.+5.) (0.4+3.) 370.(40) sa = 0.05 mb (1.+6.) 1.1(2) (0.12+0.8) (0.03+0.2) (0.01+0.19)
ª 1. (5.+75.) 4.5(3)x103
5.3(5) 3.8(2) - 0.05
0.4(1) 295.(3) mb 0.83(1)
(1.4+4.) 21.(4) (0.6+7.4) (0.2+1.6) (0.03+0.3)
8.0(1) 5.02(8) 5.56(7) 5.89(7) 6.02(7)
155.(2) mb 431.(4) mb (28.+53.) mb (3.+41.) mb (4.+11.) mb
6.2(1)
1.5(1)x102
5.28(2)
900.(100) 6.2(1) 22.(4) (20.7+10.3) 18.(3) ª 0.7
1.4(2)x104 1.5(1)x102 ª 10. 36.(4) ª 8. 8.(4)
25.(1)
263.(50)
(28.+137.) sa < 0.03 (0.45+3.) sa £ 0.01 sm = 0.48 22.(5) sm = 0.45 90.(10) (0.05+0.4) 190.(90) (0.003 + 0.26) 2.65(11)x106 0.26(2)
(0.6+3.0)x103
(0.13+0.51)
(8.+52.)
(0.04+0.32)
RIm = 38.(10) 250.(50) RIm = 16.(4) 9.(1)x102 (0.9+3.7)
0.26(1) 0.62(2) 0.132(3) 0.45(8) (5.+60.) mb
0.40(4) 7.6(5)x103 0.7(2)
20.(2) mb
30.4(8)
422.(50)
5.42(2)
sa < 0.15 (2.7+27.3) 140.(10) 8.3(3) (0.20+0.07)
(32.+360.) 54.(9) 38.(3) 0.36(7)
5.42(2)
1.3(2)
10.(2)
5.07(3)
(1.+8.)
(25.+200.)
- 3.6(6)
Sb
51
121
Sb Sb 124Sb 123
57.21(5) 42.79(5) 60.20 d
Te
52
120
Te Te 123Te
0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3)
124
4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8) 34.08(62)
122
Te Te 126Te 128Te 130Te 125
>5.3x1016 y
2.2x1024 y 8.x1020 y
I
53
125
I I 128I 129I 130I 131I 127
59.4 d 100. 25.00 m 1.7x107 y 12.36 h 8.021 d
Xe
54
124
Xe Xe 126Xe 127Xe 128Xe 129Xe 130Xe 131Xe 132Xe 133Xe 134Xe 135Xe 136Xe
0.0953(27)
125
>1017 y 17.1 h
0.0890(14) 36.34 d 1.910(22) 26.40(18) 4.071(53) 21.233(62) 26.9087(680) 10.436(29) 8.858(33)
5.243 d >1.1x1016 y 9.10 h >8x1020 y
Cs
55
132
Cs Cs 134Cs 135Cs 137Cs 133
6.48 d 100. 2.065 y 2.3x106 y 30.2 y
Ba
56
130Ba 0.106(1) * Extrapolated value.
2.2x1021 y
11-206
5.28(2)
0.53(2) 0.30(1)
0.64(3) 0.44(2)
4.92(3)
0.9(1) mb
(0.04+0.47)
0.76(11)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 132
Ba Ba 134Ba 135Ba 136Ba 137Ba 138Ba 139Ba 140Ba
0.101(1)
133
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
(0.84+9.7) 4.(1) (0.1+1.3) (0.014+5.8) (0.010+0.44) 5.(1) 0.41(2) 5.(1) 1.6(3)
(4.7+24.) 85.(30) (5.6+18.) (0.47+131.) (0.1+1.5) 4.(1) 0.4(1) 2.2(5) 14.(1)
7.8(3)
0.6(1)
5.7(1) 4.7(1) 4.91(8) 6.8(1) 4.84(8)
0.18(1) 0.46(2) 61.(2) mb 76.(3) mb 4.0(2) mb
9.2(2)
12.(1)
8.24(4)
57.(6) 9.2(2) 2.7(3)
4.1(9)x102 12.(1) 69.(4)
8.24(4)
0.64(4)
0.71(6)
4.84(2)
(1.0+6.5) (0.025+1.0) 0.58(4) 29.(3) 0.97(3) 6.1(7) 1.0(1)
58.(12) (1.5+5.2) 0.50(5) 13.(2) 1.3(3) 2.7(3) 2.6(3)
5.80(9) 6.70(9) 4.84(9)
(0.028+0.3) 179.(5) mb 11.0(4) mb
4.75(9)
28.(1) mb
11.5(4)
14.(3)
4.58(5)
(4.+7.5) 20.(3) 90.(10)
14.(3) 9.(1) 190.(25)
4.58(5)
51.(2)
49.(5)
7.69(5)
34.(11) 128.(30)
7.7(3)
35.(1) mb 0.24(1)
3.9(5) 260.(40)
2.8(3)
81.(2) mb 0.42(1)
3.0(4) 200. 13.(2) 14.(2)
8.7(2)
91.(1) mb
ª 1x1019 y
19.(1) 330.(10) sa = 17. mb 3.6(3) 47.(6) sa = 12. mb 1.5(2) 440.(150) 2.4(1) 1.0(1)
5.7(3) 5.3(2)
147.(2) mb 0.16(1)
5.53 y 2.623 y 41.3 d 5.37 d 2.212 d 1.183 d
8.4(1.7)x103 (84.+96.) 10600.(800) ª 103 1400.(200) ª 150.
(1000.+1280.)
12.6(4)
2.(1)
Half-Life 1.3x1021 y 10.53 y
2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 1.396 h 12.75 d
La
57
138
La La 140La
139
0.090(1) 99.910(1)
1.06x1011 y 1.678 d
Ce
58
136
Ce Ce 140Ce 141Ce 142Ce 143Ce 144Ce 138
0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51)
32.50 d >1.6x1017 y 1.38 d 284.6 d
Pr
59
141
Pr Pr 143Pr
100.
142
19.12 h 13.57 d
Nd
60
142
Nd Nd
143
144
Nd Nd
145
146
Nd Nd 148Nd 150Nd
27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1)
2.1x1015 y
17.2(3)
147
10.98 d 5.7(1) 5.6(2)
38.(3) mb
111.(2) mb
Pm
61
146
Pm Pm 148mPm 148Pm 149Pm 151Pm 147
Sm
62
144
Sm 3.07(7) Sm 147Sm 14.99(18) 148Sm 11.24(10) * Extrapolated value. 145
340. d 1.06x1011 y 7x1015 y
2.6(2.4)x103
5.6(1)x103
1.4(2)x103
1.6(1) 280.(20) 56.(4), sa = 0.6 mb 2.4(6)
2.4(3) 600.(90) 710.(50) 27.(14)
11-207
92.(6) mb 14.(3)
0.97(1) 241.(2) mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 149
Sm Sm 151Sm 152Sm 153Sm 154Sm 150
13.82(7) 7.38(1)
Half-Life 1016 y 90. y
26.75(16) 1.929 d 22.75(29)
Eu
63
151
Eu
47.81(6)
152m1
Eu Eu 153Eu 154Eu 155Eu
9.30 h 13.5 y
152
52.19(6) 8.59 y 4.76 y
Gd
64
148
Gd Gd 153Gd 154Gd 155Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 160Gd 161Gd
152
0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7) 21.86(19)
75. y 1.1x1014 y 240. d
>1.9x1019 y 3.66 m
Tb
65
159
Tb Tb
100.
160
72.3 d
Dy
66
156
Dy Dy 159Dy 160Dy 161Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy 165mDy 165Dy 158
0.056(3) 0.095(3) 144. d 2.39(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 1.26 m 2.33 h
Ho
67
163
Ho Ho 166mHo 165
Er
Er 0.139(5) Er 1.601(3) 166Er 33.503(36) 167Er 22.869(9) * Extrapolated value. 164
4.01(6)x104, sa = 31. mb 102.(5) 1.52(3)x104 206.(15) 420.(180) 7.5(3)
3.1(5)x103 290.(30) 3520.(60) 3.0(3)x103
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
1.2x103 y
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
- 5.0(6)
1.82(2) 422.(4) mb 2.(1) 473.(4) mb
32.(6)
9.(1)
0.21(1)
4570.(100)
3.8(5)x103
5.3(3)
(4.+3150.+6000.) sa = 8.7(3) mb 6.8(15)x104 1.1(2)x104 300.(20), sa <1. mb 1.5(3)x103 3.9(2)x103
(2.+4.)x103 < 105 1.6(2)x103 1.8(4)x103 1.6(2)x103 1.6(2)x104
8.2(1)
48.8(6)x103
400.(10)
9.5(2)
1.40(14)x104 700.(200), sa <7. mb 2.(1)x104, sa = 0.03 (0.035+60.) 61.(1)x103, sa = .08 mb ª 2.0 2.54(3)x105, sa <0.05 2.3(3) 1.5(7) 2.0(6)x104
14.(3)
(1.6+2.2)
5.(2) 2.8(1) 4.4(7) 1.3(1)
700.(200)
1.05(2)
230.(50) 1540.(100) 104.(15) 800.(100) 73.(7) 6.(1)
9.(2) 9.15(5)
1.03(1) 2.65(3) 615.(5) mb 1.37(2) 324.(3) mb 0.15(2)
23.2(5)
420.(50)
7.34(2)
23.2(5) 570.(110)
420.(50)
7.34(2)
9.5(2)x102
1.5(2)x103
16.9(3)
33.(3), sa < 9. mb 43.(6), sa < 6. mb 8.(2)x103 60.(10), sa < 0.3 mb 600.(50), sa < 1. mb 170.(20) 120.(10), sa < 20. mb (1.7+1.0)x103 2.0(6)x103 3.5(3)x103
1000.(100) 120.(10)
6.1(5)
1.6(2) 0.8(2)
1100.(200) 1100.(100) 2755.(300) 1600.(400) (4.+2.)x102
6.7(4) 10.3(4) - 1.4(5) 5.0(4) 49.4(2)
0.89(1) 1.96(2) 446.(4) mb 1.11(1) 212.(3) mb
6.3(4)
61.(2)
670.(40)
8.01(8)
(3.1+58.), sa < 20. mb 3.1(8)x103
(?+670.) 10.(3)x103
8.01(8)
1.5(2)x102
730.(10)
7.79(2)
19.(3), sa < 11. mb 13.(3), sa < 1.2 mb (3.+14.), sa < 70. mb 6.5(8)x102, sa = 3. mb
480.(50) 105.(10) 96.(12) 2970.(70)
8.8(2) 8.2(2) 10.6(2) 3.0(3)
11-208
1.6(2)
2.2(3)x104
4.57x103 y 100.
68
162
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
(0.4+1.7) (0.8+0.5)
1.6(1) 1.08(5) 0.56(6) 1.4(2)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 168
Er Er 171Er 170
Half-Life
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
37.(5) 26.(4) 170.(20)
7.4(4) 9.6(5)
0.34(4) 0.17(1)
7.52 h
2.3(3), sa = 0.09 mb 8.(2) 370.(40) 108.(4)
1.5(2)x103
7.07(3)
(8.+100.) 100.(20) ª 160.
1.5(2)x103 460.(50) 118.(6)
7.07(3)
52.(10)
1.7(2)x102
12.43(3)
2.4(2)x103, sa < 0.1 mb 3.6(3)x103 12.(2), sa < 10. mb 53.(5), sa < 1.5 mb ª 1.3, sa < 1. mb 16.(2), sa < 1. mb (46.+17.), sa < 0.02 mb 3.1(2), sa < 1. mb
2.0(5)x104 5200.(500) 320.(30) 315.(30) 25.(3) 380.(30) (13.+16.) 8.(2)
-4.07(2)
0.7(4)
6.8(1) 9.7(1) 9.4(1) 9.56(7) 19.3(1) 8.7(1)
0.77(1) 1.21(1) 0.34(1) 0.75(1) 151.(2) mb 116.(2) mb
78.(7)
8.3(7)x102
7.21(3)
(16.+8.) (2.+2100.) 3.2(3) 1000.(300)
(550.+270.) (3.+930.) 1.4(2)
7.24(3) 6.1(2)
106.(3)
19.7(5)x102
7.8(1)
600.(50) 23.(4) (1.+375.), sa < 20. mb sm2 = 45.(5) (54.+32.) (0.43+46.) 13.0(5), sa < 13. mb 30.(25)
400.(50) 700.(100) 7170.(200) RIm2 = 8(1)x102 (0.9+1.0)x103 (6.8+620.) 32.(1)
11.(1) 6.6(2)
0.8(2) 0.46(2) 1.5(1)
5.9(2) 7.5(2) 13.2(3)
0.31(1) (0.01+0.95) 179.(5) mb
20.(1)
650(20.)
6.91(7)
9.3(6)x102 ª 560. (0.012 + 20.), sa <1. mb 8200.(600)
1.22(7)x103 1350.(100) (0.4+650.) 900.(90)
18.(1)
3.6(3)x102
ª 4. 20.(1) 10.5(3) (0.002 + 2.0) ª 3.3 37.(2) 70.(10) 12.(1)
210.(30) 600.(90) 340.(50) 15.(2) 300.(50) 510.(50) 2760.(550)
90.(4)
8.4(2)x102
9.2(3)
(0.33+110.)
1700.(50)
9.0(3)
26.978(18) 14.910(36)
Tm
69
169
Tm Tm 171Tm
100
170
128.6 d 1.92 y
Yb
70
168
Yb Yb 170Yb 171Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 176Yb
0.13(1)
169
32.02 d 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41)
Lu
71
175
Lu Lu 177mLu 177Lu 176
97.41(2) 2.59(2)
3.73x1010 y 160.7 d 6.65 d
Hf
72
174
Hf Hf 177Hf 178m2Hf 178Hf 179Hf 180Hf 181Hf 176
0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9)
2.0x1015 y
31. y 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 42.4 d
Ta
73
179
Ta Ta 181Ta 182Ta
180m
0.012(2) 99.988(2)
1.8 y > 1.2x1015 y 114.43 d
W
74
180
W W 183W 184W 185W 186W 187W 188W 182
0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19)
Re
75
185Re 37.40(2) * Extrapolated value.
7.4x1016 y 8.3x1018 y 1.9x1018 y 4.0x1018 y 74.8 d 6.5x1018 y 23.9 h 69.78 h
11-209
6.91(7)
1.13(6)
(1.04+0.11) 1.53(7)
0.77(2)
4.86(2)
6.97(4) 6.53(4) 7.48(6)
0.54(6) 274.(8) mb 0.52(2) 0.22(1)
- 0.72(4)
176.(5) mb
1.54(6)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 187
Re
62.60(2)
Half-Life
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
4.2x1010 y
(2.+72.)
(9.+310.)
9.3(3)
1.16(6)
17.(1)
1.5(1)x102
10.7(2)
3.3(3)x103, sa <10. mb ª 80., sa < 0.1 mb 2.(1)x102, sa < 0.1 mb ª 5., sa < 30. mb (0.00026+40.),sa<10. mb (9.+4.), sa < 20. mb 3.8(6)x102 3.(1), sa < 10. mb 2.5(5)x102
1.4(1)x103 3.8(9)x102 5.0(7)x102 1.5(2)x102 (0.013+670.) (22.+8.) 1.7(3)x102 7.(1) 1.1(2)x102
7.6(3) 10.7(3) 11.0(3)
0.4(2) 0.42(2) 0.90(3) 0.40(2) 1.17(5) 0.30(5)
11.5(4)
0.31(5)
4.2(1)x102
2.8(4)x103
10.6(3)
(0.14+660.+260.) 1.4(3)x103 (0.04+6.+109.) 1.6(3)x103
(1.0+4.2)x103 4.8(7)x103 1.4(2)x103 7.(2)x102
10.(1)
1.3(1)x102
9.60(1)
1.5(1)x102, sa < 8. mb (2.0+6.), sa < 0.2 mb (0.1+1.1), sa < 5. mb 28.(1), sa < 5. mb (0.045+0.55) (0.3+3.1) ª 15.
70.(10) 115.(20) (4.+?) 365.(50) 7.(2) (5.+53.) ª 7.
9.(1) 9.9(5) 10.55(8) 8.8(1) 9.89(8) 7.8(1)
98.7(1)
1.55(3)x103
7.63(6)
sm+g = 98.7(1) sm = 8.(2) mb 26.5(15)x103 ª 30.
RIm+g = 1.55(3)x103 RIm = 0.06(2) ª 4.x104
7.63(6)
3.7(1)x102
87.(5)
12.69(2)
(105.+3000.) (0.017+2.) 2.1(2)x103 ª 1. ª 8. 4.9(5) 0.4(1)
(53.+410.) (1.7+70.) 435(20) 2.1(5) 30.(3) 4.5(2) 0.8(2)
30.(1)
3.3(1)
12.5(8)
8.776(5)
11.(1), sa < 0.3 mb 22.(2) 0.11(2)
41.(2) 90.(20) 0.6(2)
7.0(2) 9.52(7)
0.172(2)
0.14(4)
9.402(2)
0.68(7) ª 5. 0.027(1) 0.61(3)
2.0(2) ª 2. 0.10(1) 0.38(1)
10.9(1)
Os
76
184
Os Os 187Os 188Os 189Os 190Os 191Os 192Os 193Os 186
0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2)
>5.6x1013 y 2.x1015 y
15.4 d 40.78(19) 30.5 h
Ir
77
191
Ir Ir 193Ir 194Ir
37.3(2)
192
73.83 d 62.7(2) 19.3 h
Pt
78
190
Pt Pt 194Pt 195Pt 196Pt 198Pt 199Pt 192
0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55)
4.5x1011 y
30.8 m
Au
79
197
Au
100.
198
Au Au
2.695 d 3.14 d
199
Hg
80
196
Hg Hg 199Hg 200Hg 201Hg 202Hg 204Hg 198
0.15(1) 9.97(8) 16.87(10) 23.10(16) 13.18(8) 29.86(20) 6.87(4)
>2.5x1018 y
Tl
81
203
Tl Tl 205Tl
29.524(14)
204
3.78 y 70.476(14)
Pb
82
204
Pb 1.4(1) Pb 206Pb 24.1(1) 207Pb 22.1(1) * Extrapolated value. 205
1.51x107 y
11-210
12(2)
1.35(4) 0.99(7)
16.9(4)
11.(1)
9.23(5) 9.28(2)
0.7(2) 0.6(1) (0.03+0.34) 0.9(2) (0.01+0.19) (3.+79.) mb
582.(9) mb
0.4(2) 0.17(2) 0.37(2) 0.12(1) 0.26(1) 74.(6) mb 42.(4) mb
124.(8) mb 0.14(5) 54.(4) mb
90.(6) mb 0.06(1) 16.(1) mb 10.(1) mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 208
Pb Pb
52.4(1)
210
Half-Life
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
>2x1019 y 22.6 y
0.23(1) mb, sa < 8. mb < 0.5
2.0(2) mb
9.50(3)
0.36(4) mb
0.034(1)
0.19(2)
8.532(2)
(11.+23.) mb,sa<0.3 mb 54.(4) mb
0.19(2) 0.20(3)
8.532(2)
280.(50)
10.(1)
Bi
83
209
Bi Bi
100.
210m
3.0x106 y
Po
84
210
Po
138.4 d
sm<0.5 mb, sa < 2. mb sg<30. mb, sf< 0.1
55.6 s 3.823 d
<0.2 0.74(5)
11.43 d 3.66 d 1599. y 5.76 y
1.3(2)x102, sf< 0.7 12.0(5) ª 13., sf< 7. mb 36.(5), sf< 2.
21.77 y
8.8(7)x102, sf< 0.35 mb
1.5(4)x103
7.4
85.(3)
At
85
Rn
86
220
Rn Rn
222
Ra
88
223
Ra Ra 226Ra 228Ra 224
Ac
89
227
Ac
Th
90
227 228
Th Th 229Th
18.72 d 1.913 y 7.9x103 y
230
7.54x104 y
Th
232
Th
100.
1.40x1010 y
233
22.3 m
234
24.10 d
Th Th
sf = 2.0(2)x102 1.2(2)x102, sf<0.3 ª 60. sf = 30.(3) 23.4(5) sf < 0.5 mb 7.37(4) sf = 3.(1) mb sa < 1. mb 1.5(1)x103 sf = 15.(2) 1.8(5) sf < 0.01
10.31(3)
1014.(400) 1.0(2)x103 RIf = 466.(75) 1.0(1)x103 85.(3)
10.31(3)
4.(1)x102
Pa
91
230
Pa Pa
231
17.4 d 3.25x104 y
232
1.31 d
233
27.0 d
Pa Pa
92U * Extrapolated value.
1.5(3)x103 2.0(1)x102 sf = 20.(1) mb 4.6(10)x102 sf = 1.5(5)x103 39.(2) sm = 20.(4) sg = 19.(3) sf < 0.1 3.4(3); sf = 4.2(1)
11-211
750.(80) RIf = 0.05(1) 300.(70) RIf = 1.0(1)x103 (460.+440.)
9.1(3)
280.(20),RIf = 2.0
8.417(5)
2.7(5) mb
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%) 230
Half-Life
U U 232U
20.8 d 4.2 d 70. y
233
1.592x105 y
231
U
234
0.0054(5)
2.455x105 y
235
0.7204(6)
7.04x108 y
U U
236
2.342x107 y
237
6.75 d
U U
238
U
99.2742(10)
239
U
4.47x109 y
23.5 m
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns) sf ª 25. sf ª 250. 73.(2) sf = 74.(8) 47.(2) sf = 5.3(1)x102 sa < 0.2 mb 96.(2) sf = 0.07(2) 95.(5) sf = 586.(2) sa < 0.1 mb 5.1(3) sf < 1.3 mb ª 102 sf < 0.35 2.7(1) sf ª 3. mb sa = 1.4(5) mb 22.(2) sf = 15.(3)
280.(15) RIf = 350.(30) 137.(6) RIf = 760.(17) 660.(70) RIf = 6.5 144.(6) RIf = 275(5)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
10.1(2)
12.(4) 10.47(4)
360.(15) RIf = 4.38(50) 1200.(200) 277.(3) 1.54(15) mb
8.402(5)
Np
93
234
Np Np 236mNp 236Np 237Np 235
238
Np Np
239
4.4 d 1.085 y 22.5 h 1.55x105 y 2.14x106 y 2.117 d 2.355 d
sf = 9.(3)x102 1.6(1)x102 sf = 2.7(2)x103 sf = 3.0(2)x103 1.7(1)x102 sf = 20.(1) mb sf = 2.6(3)x103 (32.+19.) sf < 1.
7.(4)x102 1.35(30)x103 6.5(3)x102 RIf = 4.7 1.4(3)x103
10.6(1)
Pu
94
236
Pu Pu 238Pu
2.87 y 45.7 d 87.7 y
239
2.410 x 104 y
240
6.56x103 y
241
14.4 y
242
3.75 x 105 y
243
4.956 h
244
8.00x107 y 10.5 h
237
Pu
Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu
245
sf = 1.6(3)x102 sf = 2.3(3)x103 5.1(2)x102 sf = 17.(1) 2.7(1)x102 sf = 752.(3) sa £ 0.3 mb 2.9(1)x102 sf ª 59. mb 3.7(1)x102, sa <0.2 mb sf = 1.01(1)x103 19.(1) sf<0.2 <100. sf = 2.0(2)x102 1.7(1) 1.5(3)x102
1000.(60) 1.6(2)x102 RIf = 26.(2) 2.0(2)x102 3.0(1)x102
14.1(5)
8.4(3)x103 RIf = 3.2 1.6(1)x102 5.7(4)x102 1.1(1)x103 RIf = 0.23
3.5(1)
41.(3) 220.(40)
Am
95
241
Am
242m
Am
432.7 y 141. y
(0.6+6.4)x102 sf = 3.15(10) 1.7(4)x103 sf = 5.9(3)x103
(1.+14.)x102 14.(1) ª 200. RIf = 1.8(1)x103
* Extrapolated value.
11-212
7.7(1)
8.1(1)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
NEUTRON SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES (continued) Elem. or Natural Abundance Isot. (%)
Half-Life
242
16.02 h
243
7.37x103 y
Am Am
244m
Am Am
244
ª 26. m 10.1 h
Thermal Neut. Cross- Resonance Integral Section (barns) (barns) sf = 2.1(2)x103 3.3(5)x102 (75.+5.) sf = 79.(2) mb sf = 1.6(3)x103 sf = 2.2(3)x103
RIf = < 300. ª 1.5x102 (17.1+1.0)x102 RIf = 0.056
ª 20. sf ª 5. 1.3(1)x102 sf = 6.2(2)x102 15.(1) sf = 1.1(2) 3.5(2)x102 sf = 2.1(1)x103 1.2(2) sf = 0.16(7) 60.(30) sf = 82.(5) 2.6(3) sf = 0.36(7) ª 1.6 ª 80.
120.(50)
Coh. Scat. Length (fm)
8.3(2)
Cm
96
242
162.8 d
243
29.1 y
244
18.1 y
245
8.48x103 y
246
4.76x103 y
247
1.56x107 y
248
3.48x105 y
249
64.15 m ª 9.7x103 y
Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm
250
214.(20) RIf = 1.6(1)x103 640.(50) RIf = 10.8(8) 110.(10) RIf = 8.(1)x102 120.(10) 13.(2) 5.(1)x102 7.3(7)x102 270.(30) 13.(2)
Bk
97
249
320. d
250
3.217 h
Bk Bk
7.(1)x102 sf ª 0.1 sf = 1.0(2)x103
9.(1)x102
5.0(3)x102 sf = 1.7(1)x103 2.0(2)x103 sf = 110.(90) 2.9(2)x103 sf = 4.5(5)x103 20.(2) sf = 32.(4) 18.(2) sf = 1.3(2)x103 4.5(10)
7.7(4)x102 RIf = 2.1(3)x103 12.(2)x103 RIf = 160.(40) 1.6(1)x103 RIf = 5.5(3)x103 43.(3) RIf = 1.1(3)x102 8.(1)
Cf
98
249
351. y
250
13.1 y
251
9.0x102 y
252
2.65 y
253
17.8 d
254
60.5 d
Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf
2.
Es
99
253
Es Es 254Es
20.47 d 1.64 d 276. d
255
40. d
254m
Es
(180.+5.8) sf = 1.8(1)x103 28.(3) sf = 1.8(2)x103 ª 55.
(37.5+1.1)x102
26.(3) sf = 3.3(2)x103 sf = 3.0(2)x103
14.(2)
18.(2) RIf = 1.2(3)x103
Fm
100
255
Fm
257Fm * Extrapolated value.
20.1 h 100.5 d
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9.5(3)
9.3(2)
7.7(2)
s (30 keV) Maxw. Avg. (barns)
COSMIC RADIATION A.G. Gregory and R.W. Clay The Nature of Cosmic Rays Primary cosmic radiation, in the form of high energy nuclear particles, electrons and photons from outside the solar system and from the Sun, continually bombards our atmosphere. Secondary radiation, resulting from the interaction of the primary cosmic rays with atmospheric gas, is present at sea-level and throughout the atmosphere. The secondary radiation is collimated by absorption and scattering in the atmosphere and consists of a number of components associated with different particle species. High energy primary particles can produce large numbers of secondary particles forming an extensive air shower. Thus, a number of particles may then be detected simultaneously at sea-level. Primary particle energies accessible in the vicinity of the earth range from ~108 eV to ~1020 eV. At the lower energies, the limit is determined by the inability of charged particles to traverse the heliosphere to us through the outward-moving solar wind. The upper energy limit is set by the practicality of building detectors to record particles with the extremely low fluxes found at those energies (J.G. Wilson, 1976; O.C. Allkofer, 1975a).
Primary Cosmic Rays Primary Particle Energy Spectrum Figure 1 shows the spectrum of primary particle energies. This includes all particle species. In differential form it is roughly a power law of intensity versus energy with an index of ~ –3. There appears to be a knee (a steepening) at a little above 1015 eV and an ankle (a flattening) above ~1018 eV. Figure 2 emphasizes the features in the spectrum at the highest energies through multiplying the flux with a strongly rising power law of energy. This figure should be used with caution as errors for the two axes are not now independent. Data on the high energy cosmic ray spectrum are uncertain largely because of limited event statistics due to the very low flux which might best be measured in particles per square kilometer per century. The highest energy event recorded to 1995 had an energy of 3 × 1020 eV (D.J. Bird et al., 1993). It is expected that the highest energy cosmic rays will interact with the 2.7 K cosmic microwave background through photoproduction or photodisintegration. These interactions will appreciably reduce the observed flux of cosmic rays with energies above 5 × 1019 eV if they travel further than ~150 million light years. This process is known as the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz’min (GZK) cut off (P. Sokolsky, 1989). At energies below ~1013 eV, solar system magnetic fields and plasma can modulate the primary component and Figure 3 shows the extent of this modulation between solar maximum and minimum (E. Juliusson, 1975; J. Linsley, 1981). Primary Particle Energy Density If the above spectrum is corrected for solar effects, the energy density above a particle energy of 109 eV outside the solar system is found to be ~5 × 105 eV m–3. As the threshold energy is increased, the energy density decreases rapidly, being 2 × 104 eV m–3 above 1012 eV and 102 eV m–3 above 1015 eV. The energy density at lower energies outside the heliosphere is unknown but may be substantially greater if the particle rest mass energy is included together with the kinetic energy (A. W. Wolfendale, 1979). Primary Particle Isotropy This is measured as an anisotropy (Imax – Imin)/(Imax + Imin) × 100%, where I, the intensity (m–2s–1sr –1), is usually measured with an angular resolution of a few degrees. The measured anisotropy is small and energy dependent. It is roughly constant in amplitude at between 0.05 and 0.1% (with a phase of 0 to 6 hours in right ascension) for energies between 1011 eV and 1014 eV and appears to increase at higher energies roughly as 0.4 × (Energy(eV)/1016)0.5% up to ~1018 eV. The latter rise may well be an artifact of the progressively more limited statistics as the flux drops rapidly with energy. It appears possible that a real anisotropy has been observed at the highest energies (above a few times 1019 eV) with a directional preference for the supergalactic plane (this plane reflects the directions of galaxies within about 100 million light years) (A.W. Wolfendale, 1979; R.W. Clay, 1987; T. Stanev et al., 1995). Primary Particle Composition The composition of low energy cosmic rays is close to universal nuclear abundances except where propagation effects are present. For example, Li, Be, and B which are spallation products, are over-abundant by about six orders of magnitude. Composition at 1011 eV per nucleus Charge % Composition (10% uncertainty)
1 50
2 25
(3–5) 1
(6–8) 12
(10–14) 7
(16–24) 4
(26–28) 4
≥30 0.1
Measurements at higher energies indicate that there is an increase in the relative abundances of nuclei with charge greater than 6 at energies above 50 TeV/nucleus (K. Asakimori et al., 1993) (1 TeV = 1012 eV). Cosmic ray composition at low energies is often quoted at a fixed energy per nucleon. When presented in this way, protons constitute roughly 90% of the flux, helium nuclei about 10% and the remainder sum to a total of about 1%. Certain radioactive isotopic ratios show lifetime effects. The ratio of Be10/B9 abundances is used to measure an “age” of cosmic rays since Be10 is unstable with a half life of about 1.6 × 106 years. A ratio of 0.6 is expected in the absence of Be10 decay and a ratio of about 0.2 is found experimentally (E. Juliusson, 1975; P. Meyer, 1981).
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Differential flux (m-2s-1sr-1eV-1)
10-12
FIGURE 1. The energy spectrum of cosmic ray particles. This spectrum is of a differential form and can be converted to an integral spectrum by integration over all energies above a required threshold (E). Insofar as the spectrum approximates a power law of index –3, a simple conversion to the integral at an energy E/1.8 is obtained by multiplying the differential flux by the energy and dividing by 0.62.
10-20
10-28
10-36 13
14
15 16 17 18 log (primary energy (eV))
19
20
J(E)E3(m-2s-1sr-1eV2)
1025
FIGURE 2. Energy spectrum at the highest energies. This spectrum (after Yoshida et al., 1995) has the differential spectrum multiplied by energy cubed. It is from a compilation of a number of measurements and indicates the good general agreement at the lower energies and a spread due to inadequate statistics at the highest energies. 1024 17
18
19 log (energy (eV))
20
10-4 a
Differential flux (m-2s-1sr-1eV-1)
b 10-8 c d
FIGURE 3. Energy spectrum of particles at lower energies. (a) Solar minimum proton energy spectrum. (b) Solar maximum proton energy spectrum. (c) Gamma-ray energy spectrum. (d) Local interstellar electron spectrum.
10-12
10-16
8
9 10 11 12 13 log (primary kinetic energy (eV))
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At higher energies, composition determinations are indirect and are rather contradictory and controversial. Experiments aim to differentiate between broad composition models. The measurement technique is based on studies of cosmic ray shower development. A rather direct technique for such studies is to use fluorescence observations of the shower development to determine the atmospheric depth of maximum development of the shower. Such observations suggest a heavy composition (large atomic number) at energies ~1017 eV which changes with increasing energy to a light composition (perhaps protonic) above ~1019 eV (T. K. Gaisser et al., 1993). Primary Electrons Primary electrons constitute about 1% of the cosmic ray beam. The positron to negative electron ratio is about 10% (J. M. Clem et al., 1995). Antimatter in the Primary eam The ratio of antiprotons to protons in the primary cosmic ray beam (at about 400 MeV) is about 10–5. At about 10 GeV the ratio is about 10–3. At the highest measured energies (10 TeV), the upper limit to the ratio is about 20% (S. Orito et al., 1995; M. Amenomori et al., 1995). Primary Gamma-Rays The flux of primary gamma-rays is low at high energies. At 1 GeV the ratio of gamma-rays to protons is about 10–6. The arrival directions of these gamma-rays are strongly concentrated in the plane of the Milky Way although there is a diffuse, near isotropic background flux and some point sources have been detected. Since the absorption cross section for gamma-rays above 100 MeV is approximately 20 mbarn/electron, less than 10% of gamma-rays reach mountain altitudes (A. W. Wolfendale, 1979; P. F. Michelson, 1994).
Sea Level Cosmic Radiation The sea level cosmic ray dose is 300 millirad⋅yr–1 and the sea level ionization is 2.2 × 106 ion pairs m–3s–1. The sea level flux has a soft component, which can be absorbed in about 100 mm of lead (about 100 g⋅cm–2 of absorber) and a more penetrating (largely muon) hard component. The sea level radiation is largely produced in the atmosphere and is a secondary component from interactions of the primary particles. The steep primary energy spectrum means that most secondaries at sea level are from rather low energy primaries. Thus the secondary flux is dependent on the solar cycle and the geomagnetic latitude of the observer. Absolute Flux of the Hard Component Vertical Integral Intensity I(0) ~100 m–2s–1sr–1 Angular dependence I(θ) ~ I(0) cos2(θ) Integrated Intensity ~200 m–2s–1 (O.C. Allkofer, 1975b). Flux of the Soft Component In free air, the soft component comprises about one third of the total cosmic ray flux. Latitude Effect The geomagnetic field influences the trajectories of lower energy cosmic rays approaching the Earth. As a result, the background flux is reduced by about 7% at the geomagnetic equator. The effect decreases towards the poles and is negligible at latitudes above about 40°. Flux of Protons The proton component is strongly attenuated by the atmosphere with an attenuation length (reduction by a factor of e) of about 120 g⋅cm–2. It constitutes about 1% of the total vertical sea level flux. Absorption The soft component is absorbed in about 100 g⋅cm–2 of matter. The hard component is absorbed much more slowly: Absorption in lead, 6% per 100 g⋅cm–2 Absorption in rock, 8.5% per 100 g⋅cm–2 Absorption in water, 10% per 100 g⋅cm–2 (Absorption for depths less than 100 g⋅pd cm–2 is given by K. Greisen, 1943.) Altitude Dependence The cosmic ray background in the atmosphere has a maximum intensity of about 15 times that at sea level at a depth of about 150 g⋅cm–2 (15 km altitude). At maximum intensity, the soft and hard components contribute roughly equally but the hard component is then attenuated more slowly (S. Hayakawa, 1969).
Cosmic Ray Showers High energy cosmic rays produce particle cascades in the atmosphere which can be detected at sea level provided that their energy exceeds about 100 GeV (such low energy cascades may be detected by using the most sensitive atmospheric Cerenkov detectors). The primary particle progressively loses energy which is transferred through the production of successive generations of secondary particles to a cascade of hadrons, an electromagnetic shower component (both positively and negatively charged electrons and gamma-rays) and muons. The secondary particles are relativistic and all travel effectively at the speed of light. As a result, they reach sea level at approximately the same time but, due to Coulomb scattering (for the electrons) and
11-169
production angles (for the pions producing the muons), are spread laterally into a disk-like shower front with a characteristic lateral width of several tens of meters and thickness (near the central shower core) of 2 to 3 m. The number of particles at sea level is roughly proportional to the primary particle energy: Number of particles at sea level ~10–10 × energy (eV). At altitudes below a few kilometers, the number of particles in a shower attenuates with an attenuation length of about 200 g⋅cm–2. i.e., particle number = original number × exp(–(depth increase)/200) The above applies to an individual shower. The rate of observation of showers of a given size (particle number at the detector) at different depths of absorber attenuates with an absorption length of about 100 g⋅cm–2 (J.G. Wilson, 1976).
Atmospheric Background Light from Cosmic Rays Cosmic ray particles produce Cerenkov light in the atmosphere and produce fluorescent light through the excitation of atmospheric molecules. Cerenkov Light High energy charged particles will cause the emission of Cerenkov light in air if their energies are above about 30 MeV (electrons). This threshold is pressure (and hence altitude) dependent. A typical Cerenkov light pulse (at sea level, 100 m from the central shower core) has a time spread of a few nanoseconds. Over this time, the photon flux between 430 and 530 nm would be ~1014 m–2s–1 for a primary particle energy of 1016 eV. For comparison, the night sky background flux is ~6 × 1011 photons m–2s–1sr–1 in the same wavelength band (J.V. Jelley, 1967). Fluorescence Light Cosmic ray particles in the atmosphere excite atmospheric molecules which then emit fluorescence light. This is weak compared to the highly collimated Cerenkov component when viewed in the direction of the incident cosmic ray particle but is emitted isotropically. Typical pulse widths are longer than 50 ns and may be up to several microseconds for the total pulse from distant large showers (R.M. Baltrusaitis et al., 1985).
Effects of Cosmic Rays Cerenkov Effects in Transparent Media Background cosmic ray particles will produce Cerenkov light in transparent material with a photon yield between wavelengths λ1 and λ2 ~ (2 π / 137) sin 2 (θ c )
∫
λ2
λ1
d λ / λ2 photons (unit length) –1
where θc (the Cerenkov angle) = cos–1 (1/refractive index). This background light is known to affect light detectors, e.g., photomultipliers, and can be a major source of background noise (R.W. Clay and A.G. Gregory, 1977). Effects on Electronic Components If background cosmic ray particles pass through electronic components, they may deposit sufficient energy to affect the state of, e.g., a transistor flip-flop. This effect may be significant where reliability is of great importance or the background flux is high. For instance, it has been estimated that, in communication satellite operation, an error rate of about 2 × 10–3 per transistor per year may be found. Permanent damage may also result. A significant error rate may be found even at sea level in large electronic memories. This error rate is dependent on the sensitivity of the component devices to the deposition of electrons in their sensitive volumes (J.F. Ziegler, 1981). Biophysical Significance When cosmic rays interact with living tissue, they produce radiation damage. The amount of the damage depends on the total dose of radiation. At sea level, this dose is small compared with doses from other sources but both the quantity and quality of the radiation change rapidly with altitude. Approximate dose rates under various conditions are: Dose rates (mrem⋅yr–1) Sea level cosmic rays, 30 Cosmic rays at 10 km (subsonic jets), 2000 Cosmic rays at 18 km (supersonic transports), 10,000 (c.f., mean total sea level dose, 300) Astronauts would be subject to radiation from galactic (0.05 rads per day) and solar (a few hundred rads per solar flare) cosmic rays as well as large fluxes of low energy radiation when passing through the Van Allen belts (about 0.3 rads per traverse). Both astronauts and SST travellers would be subject to a small flux of low energy heavy nuclei stopping in the body. Such particles are capable of destroying cell nuclei and could be particularly harmful in the early stages of the development of an embryo. The rates of heavy nuclei stopping in tissue in supersonic transports and spacecraft are approximately as follows:
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Stopping nuclei ((cm3 tissue)–1 hr–1) Supersonic transport (16 km), 0.0005 Supersonic transport (20 km), 0.005 Spacecraft, 0.15 (O. C. Allkofer, 1975a; O. C. Allkofer et al., 1974). Carbon Dating Radiocarbon is produced in the atmosphere due to the action of cosmic ray slow neutrons. Solar cycle modulation of the very low energy cosmic rays causes an anticorrelation of the atmospheric 14C activity with sunspot number with a mean amplitude of about 0.5%. In the long term, modulation of cosmic rays by a varying magnetic field may be important (A.A. Burchuladze et al., 1979).
Practical Uses of Cosmic Rays There are few direct practical uses of cosmic rays. Their attenuation in water and snow have, however, enabled automatic monitors of water and snow depth to be constructed. A search for hidden cavities in pyramids has been carried out using a muon “telescope”.
Other Effects Stellar X-rays have been observed to affect the transmission times of radio signals between distant stations by altering the depth of the ionospheric reflecting layer. It has also been suggested that variations in ionization of the atmosphere due to solar modulation may have observable effects on climatic conditions.
REFERENCES O.C. Allkofer, (1975a) Introduction to Cosmic Radiation, Verlag Karl Thiemig, Munchen, Germany. O.O. Allkofer, (1975b) J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys., 1, L51. O.C. Allkofer and W. Heinrich, (1974) Health Phys., 27, 543. M. Amenomori et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 85. Universita La Sapienza, Roma. K. Asakimori et al., (1993) Proc. 23rd Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Calgary, 2, 25, University of Calgary, Canada. R.M. Baltrusaitis et al., (1985) Nucl. Inst. Meth., A420, 410. D.J. Bird et al., (1993) Phys. Rev. Lett., 71, 3401. A.A. Burchuladze, S.V. Pagava, P. Povinec, G. I. Togonidze, S. Usacev, (1979) Proc. 16th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Kyoto, 3, 201, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan. R.W. Clay, (1987) Aust. J. Phys., 40, 423. R.W. Clay and A.G. Gregory, (1977) J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 10, 135. J.M. Clem et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 5, Universita La Sapienza, Roma. T.K. Gaisser et al., (1993) Phys. Rev. D, 47, 1919. K. Greisen, (1943) Phys. Rev., 63, 323. S. Hayakawa, (1969) Cosmic Ray Physics, Wiley-Interscience, New York. J.V. Jelley, (1967) Prog. in Elementary Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics, 9, 41. E. Juliusson, (1975) Proc. 14th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Munich, 8, 2689, Max Planck Institute fur Extraterrestriche Physik, Munchen, Germany. J. Linsley, (1981) Origin of Cosmic Rays, I.A.U. Symposium 94, 53, D. Reidel Publishing Co Dordrecht, Holland. P. Meyer, (1981) Origin of Cosmic Rays, I.A.U. Symposium 94, 7, D. Reidel Publishing Co. Dordrecht, Holland. P.F. Michelson (1994) in Towards a Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Detector III, 257, Ed. T. Kifune, Universal Academy Press Inc., Tokyo, Japan. P. Sokolsky, (1989) Introduction to Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Ray Physics, Addison Wesley Publishing Company. T. Stanev et al., (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 3056. S. Orito et al., (1995) Proc. 24th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. Rome, 3, 76. Universita La Sapienza, Roma. J.G. Wilson, (1976) Cosmic Rays, Wykeham Pub. (London) Lt., U.K. A.W. Wolfendale, (1979) Pramana, 12, 631. S.Yoshida et al., (1995) Astroparticle Phys., 3, 105. J.F. Ziegler, (1981) IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, ED-28, 560.
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TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED TO DETERMINE THE COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND ENERGY STATES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
H.P.R.Frederikse The many experimental methods, originally designed to study the chemical and physical behavior of solids and liquids, have grown into a new field known as Materials Characterization (or Materials Analysis). During the past 30 years a host of techniques aimed at the study of surfaces and thin films has been added to the many tools for the analysis of bulk samples. The field has benefitted particularly from the development of computers and microprocessors, which have vastly increased the speed and accuracy of the measuring devices and the recording of their output. Materials characterization was and is a very important tool in the search for new physical and chemical phenomena. It plays an essential role in new applications of solids and liquids in industry, communications, and medicine. Many of its techniques are used in quality control, in safety regulations, and in the fight against pollution. In most Materials Characterization experiments the sample is subjected to some kind of radiation: electromagnetic, acoustic, thermal, or particles (electrons, ions, neutrons, etc.). The surface analysis techniques usually require a high vacuum. As a result of interactions between the solid (or liquid) and the incoming radiation a beam of a similar (or a different) nature will emerge from the sample. Measurement of the physical and/or chemical attributes of this emerging radiation will yield qualitative, and often quantitative, information about the composition and the properties of the material being probed. The modern tendency of describing practically everything in this world by a combination of a few letters (acronyms) has also penetrated the field of Materials Characterization. The table below gives the meaning of the acronym for every technique listed, the form and size of the required sample (bulk, surface, film, liquid, powder, etc.), the nature of the incoming and of the emerging radiation, the depth and the lateral spatial resolution that can be probed, and the information obtained from the experiment. The last column lists one or two major references to the technique described.
Technique
Sample
In
Out
Depth
Lateral resolution
Information obtained
Ref.
OPTICAL AND MASS SPECTROSCOPIES FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
12-1
1. 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ICP-AES Induct. Coupled Plasma — Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Dynamic SIMS Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Static SIMS Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy SNMS Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectroscopy
SALI Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization 7. LIMS Laser Ionization Mass Spectroscopy 8. SSMS Spark Source Mass Spectroscopy 9. GDMS Glow Discharge Mass Spectroscopy 10. ICPMS Induct. Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy
Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, etc.) Atomize (flame, electro, thermal, ICP, etc.)
Light e.g., glow discharge —
Surface
Ion beam (1–20 keV)
Surface
Ion beam (0.5–20 keV)
Surface, bulk
Plasma discharge; noble gases: 0.5–20 keV
Surface
e-beam, ion-beam, or laser for sputtering u.v. laser (ns pulses)
Surface, bulk
Sample in the form of two electrodes Sample forms the cathode for a D.C. glow discharge Liquid-dissolved sample carried by gas stream into R.F. induction coil
High voltage R.F. spark produces ions Sputtered atoms ionized in plasma Ions produced in argon plasma
Absorption spectrum
—
—
Emission spectrum
—
—
Secondary ions; analysis with mass spectrometer Secondary ions, analysis with mass spectrometer Sputtered atoms ionized by atoms or electrons; then mass analyzed Sputtered atoms ionized by laser; then mass analyzed Ionized species; analyzed with mass spectrometer Ions — analyzed in mass spectrometer Ions — analyzed in mass spectrometer Ions — analyzed in quadrupole mass spectrometer
2 nm–1 µm (or deeper: ion milling) 0.1–0.5 nm
0.50 nm
0.1–0.5 nm (or deeper: ion milling)
1 cm
0.1–0.5 nm up to 3 µm in milling mode 50–150 nm
60 nm
Surface analysis; depth profiling
7
5 µm–1 mm
Elemental (micro)analysis; detection limits: 1–100 ppm
8
1–5 µm
—
9
0.1–100 µm
3–4 mm
—
—
Survey of trace elements; detection limit: 0.01–0.05 ppm (Bulk) trace element analysis; detection limit: sub-ppb High sensitivity analysis of trace elements
10 µm
Concentration of atomic species (quantitative, using standards) Concentration of atomic species (quantitative, using standards) Elemental and isotopic analysis; depth profile (all elements); detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis of surface layers; molecular analysis; detection limits: ppb-ppm Elemental analysis Z ≥ 3; depth profile; detection limit: ppm
1,2 3
4
4
4,6
9,10 11
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique
Sample
In
Out
Depth
Lateral resolution
Information obtained
Ref.
PHOTONS — ABSORPTION, REFLECTION AND ELECTRON EMISSION 11. IRS Infrared Spectroscopy
Thin crystal, glass, liquid
I.R. light (W-filament, globar, Hg-arc)
I.R. spectrum
—
—
12. FTIR Fourier Transform I.R. Spectroscopy 13. ATR Attenuated Total Reflection 14. (µ)-RS (Micro-) Raman Spectroscopy
Solid, liquid; transmission or reflection
White light (all frequencies)
—
—
Surface or thin crystal
—
Fourier Transform of spectrum (interferometer) —
µm’s
—
Solid, liquid (1 µm–1 cm)
Raman spectra
0.5 µm
15. CARS Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy 16. Ellipsometry
Solid, liquid (50 µm–3 cm)
Laser beam, e.g., Ar-line, YAG-line Pump beam (ω0)+ probe beam (ωs)
Anti-Stokes spectrum
Polarized light
12-2
17. UPS Ultraviolet Photo-electron Spectroscopy 18. PSD Photon Stimulated Desorption
Transparent films, crystals, adsorbed layers Surfaces, adsorbed layers
Surfaces with adsorbed species
Electronic transitions (mainly in semiconductors and superconductors); vibrational modes (in crystals and molecules) Spectra obtained at higher speed and resolution
12,13, 14
15
16
0.5 µm
Atomic or molecular spectra of surfaces and films Molecular and crystal vibrations
—
—
High resolution Raman spectra
14
Change in polarization
0.05 nm–5 µm
Refractive index and absorption
18,19
u.v. light, 10–100 eV; 200 eV (synchrotron)
Electrons
0.2–10 nm
25 µm (or sample thickness) 0.1–10 nm
Energies of electronic states of surfaces and free molecules
20,21
Far u.v. light E > 10 eV
Ions — analyzed with mass spectrometer
0.1–2 nm
—
Structure and desorption kinetics of adsorbed atoms and molecules
22
Identification of crystallographic structures; all elements (low Z difficult) Elemental analysis; all elements except H, He, Li — (EDS also used in XRD, SEM, TEM and EPMA) Local atomic structure: order/disorder in vicinity of absorbing atom
23,24
12,14, 17
X-RAYS 19. XRD X-Ray Diffraction
Single crystals, powders films
20. XRF/EDS X-Ray Fluorescence/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 21. EXAFS Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure 22. XPS/ESCA X-Ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy/Electron Spect. for Chemical Analysis
Thin films, single layer
Films, foils
Surfaces, thin films (≈20 atomic layers)
X-rays: λ = 0.05–0.2 nm (6–17 keV) Prim. X-ray beam λ = 0.02–0.1 nm 12–80 keV High intensity X-rays (synchrotron)
Diffracted X-ray beam
1–1000 µm
0.1–10 mm
Fluorescent X-rays
1–100 µm
10 mm
Spectrum near absorption edge
nm–µm
—
Soft X-rays (1–20 keV)
Core electrons; valence electrons
0.5–10 nm
5 nm–50 µm
(Quantitative) identification of all elements in surface layer or film
28,29
1 nm–2 µn
1 or 2 µm
30
—
—
Energy levels of impurities and point defects Identification of surface species
25,26
27
ELECTRONS 23. CL Cathode Luminescence 24. APS Appearance Potential Spectroscopy
Insulators, semiconductors Surface (≈20 atomic layers)
Electrons 5–50 keV Electrons (energy scan) 50–2000 eV
Photons 0.1–5 eV X-rays to pinpoint electron energy threshold
21, see also C
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique
Sample
In
Out
Depth
Lateral resolution
12-3
25. AES Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Thin films, surfaces
Electrons 3–10 keV
Auger electrons 20–2000 eV
0.3–3 nm
≈30 nm
26. EELS Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 27. EXELFS Extended Electron Energy Loss Fine Structure 28. ESD Electron Stimulated Desorption 29. ESDIAD ESD-Ion Angular Distribution
Very thin samples (<200 nm)
Electrons (100–400 keV)
(Retarded) electrons; minus 1–1000 eV
<200 nm
1–100 nm
Thin films
Electrons (100–400 keV)
<200 nm
1–100 nm
Adsorbed species
—
—
(See ESD)
Electrons E > 10 eV (See ESD)
—
—
30. EPMA Electron Probe (X-Ray) Micro Analysis 31. LEED Low Energy Electron Diffraction
Solid conductors and insulators <1 cm thick
Electrons 5–30 keV
Electrons energies 0–30 eV above edge Ions — analyzed with mass spectrometer Directional dependence of emitted ions Characteristic X-ray 0.1–15 keV
100 nm–5 µm
Surface
Diffracted electrons
32. RHEED Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction 33. SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
Surface
34. (S)TEM (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy 35. FEM Field Emission Microscopy
Thin specimen — <200 nm
Mono-energetic electron beam 10–1000 eV Electron beam at grazing angle 5–50 keV High energy electrons usually ~30 keV High energy electrons typically 300 keV —
36. STM Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 37. SPM Scanned Probe Microscopy 38. AFM Atomic Force Microscopy
Bulk, films (conducting)
Metals, alloys (sharp point) Polished or cleaved surface (conducting) Very flat surface Very flat surface
Information obtained Elemental composition of surface (except H, He); detection limit 0.1–1% Local elemental concentration; electronic structure, chem. bonding; interatomic distances Density of states of valence electrons (above Fermi level)
Ref. 28,29
31
27,32
Structure and desorption properties of adsorbed atoms and molecules Geometries of adsorbed species (atoms or molecules)
22
1 µm
Elemental analysis, Z ≤ 4, major, minor and trace amounts
33,34
0.4–2 nm
<5 µm
Crystallographic structure of surface; resolution: 0.01 nm
35
Reflected electrons
0.2–10 nm
<5 µm
Surface symmetry
36,37
Secondary and backscattered electrons Transmitted and diffracted electrons
1 nm–5 µm
1–20 nm
33,34
(Sample thickness)
2–20 nm
Surface image, defect structure; resolution 5–15 nm; magnification 300,000× (Defect) structure of cryst. solids; microchemistry; high resol.: 0.2 nm
≈0.5 nm
10–100 nm
Surface image, crystallographic structure
34
1–5 nm
2–10 nm
39
1–100 nm
1–100 nm
0.5–5 nm
0.2–130 nm
Atomic-scale relief map of surface; resolution: vert. 0.002 nm, hor. 0.2 nm Surface-magnetic field, surfacethermal conductivity, etc. Surface topography with atomic resolution; interatomic force
Sputtered ions (energy analysis)
0.1–0.5 nm
1–100 µm
Elemental analysis (better for low Z) detection limits: 0.01–1%
41
He ions + high electric field produce image Backscattered ions
≈0.1 nm
0.1–2 nm
Atomic structure of surface
34,42
10 nm–1 µm
1 mm
Element identification (Li to U) detection limit: 0.01–1%
46
Electron emission (with appl. electric field — 50 kV) Tunneling current controls distance between sample and very sharp tip Any field: e.g. mechan. vibration recorded with laser probe; same with magnetic, electric or thermal field Similar to STM; force measured with cantilever spring
22
33
39a 40
IONS AND NEUTRONS 39. ISS (or LEIS) Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (Low Energy Ion Scattering) 40. FIM Field Ion Microscopy 41. RBS Rutherford Back Scattering
Surface
Surface: metals, alloys; very sharp tip Solids, thin films
Ion beam He+ or Ne+ <3 keV (He gas above sample) Mono-energetic ions (H+ or He++) 0.5–3 MeV
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique
Sample
Lateral resolution
Information obtained
In
Out
Depth
Ref.
Mono-energetic ions (Li, Be, B, etc.) 200 keV–6 MeV High energy ions (H+ or He++)
Protons, deuterons 3He, α-particles, γ-rays Characteristic X-rays
0.1–5 µm
10 µm– 10 mm
Element identification (all) detection limit: 10–12–10–2
47
<10 µm
1 µm–2 mm
Trace impurities: Z >3 detection limit: 0.1–100 ppm (depending on sample thickness) Energies of valence electrons
48
Trace concentrations (of isotopes) of elements: trans. metals, Pt-group; detection limit: 108–1014 atoms/cm3 Crystallographic structure; porosity, particle size Average size of inhomogeneities; range: 1 nm–1 mm
43
42. NRA Nuclear Reaction Analysis
Solids, thin films
43. PIXE Particle Induced X-ray Emission
Thin films, surface layers
44. INS Ion Neutralization Spectroscopy 45. NAA Neutron Activation Analysis
Surface
He-ions (≈5 eV)
Electrons
—
—
Bulk, >0.5 g
Thermal neutrons
Characteristic γ-rays, (≈1 MeV)
Bulk
—
Crystalline solids
Thermal neutrons E ≈0.0025 eV Thermal neutrons 2 θ = 10–2–10–4
Diffracted neutrons
Bulk
—
Scattered neutrons
1–25 mm
—
µm–cm
0.1–20 mm
Defect structure; thickness measurement
50
Bulk
—
Phase transitions, crystallization
51
Bulk
—
Phase transitions, crystallization; activation energies
51
Bulk
—
Decomposition, non-stoichiometry, kinetics of reaction
52
Microwave absorption (at resonance) Microwave absorption (at resonance) Mössbauer spectrum (Doppler shifted (lines) R.F. absorption
Bulk
—
53,54
Bulk
—
Local environment of paramagnetic ion; concentration of paramagnetic, species; detection limit: 1011 spins/cm3 Electronic energy bands, effective masses
50 m
1 cm
<1 cm
1 cm
Microwave absorption
—
—
46. N(P)D Neutron (Powder) Diffraction 47. SANS Small Angle Neutron Scattering
Inhomogeneous solids; powders; porous samples
49
44 45
ACOUSTIC 48. SLAM Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscopy
Bulk, film
Acoustic wave produced by laser 1 MHz–1 GHz
Reflected acoustic wave
12-4
THERMAL 49. DTA Differential Thermal Analysis 50. DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Specimen and reference sample Specimen and ref. sample
Uniform heating
51. TGA Thermo Gravimetric Analysis
Bulk, 1–100 g
Controlled heating
Controlled heating
Temperature difference Measure heat required for equal temperature Weight as function of temperature (and time)
RESONANCE 52. EPR (ESR) Electron Paramagnetic (Spin) Resonance 53. ECR Electron Cyclotron Resonance 54. Mössbauer Effect
Paramagnetic solids or liquids Semiconductors, metals; free electrons (low temperature) Source and absorber
55. NMR (MRI) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Solids, liquids
56. ENDOR Electron Nuclear Double Resonance
Solids, liquids
Microwave radiation in magnetic field 3–300 GHz; 1–100 kG Microwave radiation in magnetic field 10–30 GHz; 5–10 kG Mono-energetic γ-rays: 5–100 keV R.F. radiation + magnetic field; e.g. for protons: 60 MHz, 14 kG R.F. + microwave radiation in magn. field.
Interaction between nucleus and its environment (local electric, magnetic fields; bonds; valency; diffusion, etc.) Quant. analysis; local magnetic environment; diffusion; imaging
Hyperfine interaction → local atomic structure
55
56
58
54
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued) Technique
57. NQR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance
Sample
Solids
In
R.F. radiation 0.5–1000 MHz
Out
R.F. absorption
Depth
Lateral resolution
Information obtained
Ref.
—
—
Asymmetry of the charge distribution at the nucleus
55,59
—
—
Surface area measurement
60
OTHER 58. BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
(Large) surface area 1–20 m2/g
Adsorbed gas (e.g., N2 at low temp.) as function of pressure (monolayer coverage)
REFERENCES General References A. B. C. D.
Wachtman, J. B., Characterization of Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1993. Brundle, C. R., Evans, C. A., and Wilson, S., Eds., Encyclopedia of Materials, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992. Woodruff, D. P. and Delchar, T. A., Modern Techniques of Surface Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Vol. 10, Materials Characterization, Whan, R. E., Coordinator, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1986.
Specific References
12-5
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
Slavin, M., Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978. Schrenk, W. G., Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, Plenum Press, New York, 1975. Dean, J. A. and Rains, T. E., Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Vols. 1—3, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1969. Benninghoven, A., Rudenauer, F. G., and Werner, H. W., Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. Bird, J. R. and Williams, J. S., Eds., in Ion Beams for Materials Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 515—537. Smith, G. C., Quantitative Surface Analysis for Materials Science, The Institute of Metals, London, 1991. Becker, E. H., in Ion Spectroscopies for Surface Analysis, Czanderna, A. W. and Hercules, D. M., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991, p. 273. Simons, D. S., Int. J. Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 55, 15, 1983. White, F. A. and Wood, G. M., Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Harrison, W. W. and Bentz, B. L., Prog. Anal. Spectrometry, 11, 53, 1988. Bowmans, P. W. J. M., Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, Parts I and II, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. Brame, Jr., E. G. and Grasselli, J., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, Practical Spectroscopy Series, Vol. I, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976. Hollas, J. M., Modern Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. Turrell, G., Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Crystals, Academic Press, New York and London, 1972. Griffith, P. R. and Haseth, J. A., Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Barnowski, M. K., Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communications, Academic Press, New York, 1976. Long, D. A., Raman Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977. Azzam, R. M. A., Ellipsometry and Polarized Light, Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, 1977. Hecht, E., Optics, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, 1987. Brundle, C. R., in Molecular Spectroscopy, West, A. R., Ed., Heyden, London, 1976. Park, R. L., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B. and Dawson, P. T., Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 1—39. Madey, T. E. and Stockbauer, R., in Solid State Physics: Surfaces, Vol. 22 of Methods of Experimental Physics, Park, R.L. and Lagally, M. G., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1985. Cullity, B. D., Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1978. Schwartz, L. H. and Cohen, J. B., Diffraction from Materials, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987.
TECHNIQUES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION (continued)
12-6
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 39a. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
deBoer, D. K. G., in Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 34, Barrett, C. S. et. al., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1991. Birks, L. S., X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1969. Bonnelle, C. and Mande, C., Advances in X-Ray Spectroscopy, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photo-Electric Spectroscopy, Briggs, D. and Seah, M. P., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. Powell, C. J. and Seah, M. P., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, Vol. 8, 735, 1990. Yacobi, G. G. and Holt, D. B., Cathodeluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. Egerton, R. F., Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. Disko, M. M., Krivanek, O. L., and Rez, P., Phys. Rev., B25, 4252, 1982. Goldstein, J. I., et. al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 2nd Edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1986. Murr, L. E., Electron and Ion Microscopy and Microanalysis, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. Armstrong, R. A., in Experimental Methods in Catalytic Research, Vol. III, Anderson, R. B., and Dawson, P. T.,Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1976. Dobson, P. J. et. al., Vacuum, 33, 593, 1983. Rymer, T. B., Electron Diffraction, Methuen, London, 1970. Reimer, L., Transmission Election Microscopy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Related Methods, Behm, R. J., Garcia, N., and Rohrer, H., Kluwer, Eds., Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1990. Wikramasinghe, H.K., Scientific American, Vol. 261, No. 4, pp. 98—105, Oct. 1989. Rugar, D. and Hansma, P., Physics Today, 43(10), pp. 23—30, 1990. Feldman, C. C. and Mayer, J. W., Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1986. Muller, E. W. and Tsong, T. T., Field Ion Microscopy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1969. Amiel, S., Nondestructive Activation Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981. Bacon, G. E., Neutron Diffraction, 3rd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975. Neutron Scattering, Part A., in Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 23, Skold, K. and Price, D. L., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1986. Chu, W. K., Mayer, J. W., and Nicolet, M. A., Backscattering Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1987. Rickey, F. A., in High Energy and Heavy Ion Beams in Materials Analysis, Tesmer, J. R., et. al., Eds., MRS, 1990, pp. 3—26. Johansson, S. A. E. and Campbell, J. L., PIXE: A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988. Hagstrum, H. D., in Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions, Tolk, N. H. et. al., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1977, pp. 1—46. Nikoonahad, M., in Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. VI, Sharpe, R.S., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1984, pp. 217—257. Gallagher, P. K., Characterization of Materials by Thermoanalytical Techniques, MRS - Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 23—27, 1988. Earnest, C. M., Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry, ASTM Special Technical Publication 997, 1988. Poole, C. P., Electron Spin Resonance — A Comprehensive Treatise on Experimental Techniques, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983. Atherton, N. M., Principles of Electron Spin Resonance, Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, U.K., 1993. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, p. 196. Gibb, T. C., Principles of Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Chapman & Hall, London, 1976. Slichter, C. P., Principles of Magnetic Resonance, 3rd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. NMR Spectroscopy Techniques, Dybrowski, C. and Lichter, R. L., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987. Das, T. P. and Hahn, E. L., Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1958. Somorjai, G. A., Principles of Surface Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972, p. 216.
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS L. I. Berger
The ability of a body to coincide with itself in its different positions regarding a coordinate system is called its symmetry. This property reveals itself in iteration of the parts of the body in space. The iteration may be done by reflection in mirror planes, rotation about certain axes, inversions and translations. These actions are called the symmetry operations. The planes, axes, points, etc., are known as symmetry elements. Essentially, mirror reflection is the only truly primitive symmetry operation. All other operations may be done by a sequence of reflections in certain mirror planes. Hence, the mirror plane is the only true basic symmetry element. But for clarity, it is convenient to use the other symmetry operations, and accordingly, the other aforementioned symmetry elements. The symmetry elements and operations are presented in Table 1. The entire set of symmetry elements of a body is called its symmetry class. There are thirty-two symmetry classes that describe all crystals which have ever been noted in mineralogy or been synthesized (more than 150,000). The denominations and symbols of the symmetry classes are presented in Table 2. There are several known approaches to classification of individual crystals in accordance with their symmetry and crystallochemistry. The particles which form a crystal are distributed in certain points in space. These points are separated by certain distances (translations) equal to each other in any chosen direction in the crystal. Crystal lattice is a diagram that describes the location of particles (individual or groups) in a crystal. The lattice parameters are three non-coplanar translations that form the crystal lattice. Three basic translations form the unit cell of a crystal. August Bravais (1848) has shown that all possible crystal lattice structures belong to one or another of fourteen lattice types (Bravais lattices). The Bravais lattices, both primitive and non-primitive, are the contents of Table 3. Among the three-dimensional figures, there is a group of polyhedrons that are called regular, which have all faces of the same shape and all edges of the same size (regular polygons). It has been shown that there are only five regular polyhedrons. Because of their importance in crystallography and solid state physics, a brief description of these polyhedrons is included in Table 4. The systematic description of crystal structures is presented primarily in the well known Structurbericht. The classification of crystals by the Structurbericht does not reflect their crystal class, the Bravais lattice, but is based on the crystallochemical type. This makes it inconvenient to use the Structurbericht categories for comparison of some individual crystals. Thus, there have been several attempts to provide a more convenient classification of crystals. Table 5 presents a compilation of different classifications which allows the reader to correlate the Structurbericht type with the international and Schoenflies point and space groups and with Pearson’s symbols, based on the Bravais lattice and chemical composition of the class prototype. The information included in Table 5 has been chosen as an introduction to a more detailed crystallophysical and crystallochemical description of solids.
TABLE 1 Symmetry Operations and Elements
Symmetry operation
Name
Reflection in a plane
Plane
Rotation by angle α = 360°/n about an axis
Rotation about an axis and inversion in a symmetry center lying on the axis
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Axis
Inversion (improper) axis
Symmetry element Symbol International (Hermann-Mauguin) m
Schoenflies Cs
n = 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6
Cn
n=2
C2
n=3
C3
n=4
C4
n=6
C6
n = 3, 4, 6
Cni
n=3
C3i
n=4
C4i
Presentation on the stereographic projection Parallel Perpendicular
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 1 Symmetry Operations and Elements (continued)
Symmetry operation
Symmetry element Symbol International (Hermann-Mauguin)
Name
Inversion in a point
Center
Parallel translation
Translation vector ➛ ➛➛ a, b, c Glide– plane
Reflection in a plane and translation parallel to the plane Rotation about an axis and translation parallel to the axis Rotation about an axis and reflection in a plane perpendicular to the axis
Presentation on the stereographic projection Parallel Perpendicular
Schoenflies
n=6
C6i
1
Ci
a, b, c, n, d
Screw axis
nm (m = 1, 2, .., n – 1)
Rotatoryreflection axis
ñ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ñ = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Sn
TABLE 2 The Thirty-Two Symmetry Classes
Primitive Crystal symbol Triclinic Monoclinic Orthorhombic Trigonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Cubic a
Int
Sch
Int
1
C1
1
Ci
C3 C4 C6 T
3 4/m 6/m m3
C3i C4h C6h Th
Planal
Class namea Axial
Planeaxial and its symbol — International (Int) and Schoenflies (Sch) Sch Int Sch Int Sch Int Sch
3 4 6 23
Central
m mm2
Cs C2v
2 222
C2 D2
2/m mmm
C2h D2h
3m 4mm 6mm 43m
C3v C4v C6v Td
32 422 622 432
D3 D4 D6 O
3m 4/mmm 6/mmm m3m
C3d D4h D6h Oh
Per Fedorov Institute of Crystallography, USSR Academy of Sciences, nomenclature.
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Inversion primitive Int
4 6
Sch
S4 C3h
Inversionplanal Int
42m 6m2
Sch
D2d D3h
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 4 The Five Possible Regular Polyhedrons
Polyhedron
Symmetry (Schoenflies) Class Elements
Tetrahedron
T
4C33C2
Cube (hexahedron) Octahedron
O O
3C44C36C2 3C44C36C2
Pentagonal dodecahedron Icosahedron
J
6C510C315C2
J
6C510C315C2
a
Form of faces Equilateral triangle Square Equilateral triangle Regular pentagon Equilateral triangle
Faces (F)
Number ofa Edges (E)
Vertices (V)
4
6
4
6 8
12 12
8 6
12
30
20
20
30
12
Per formula by Leonhard Euler: F + V – E = 2
TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals Strukturbericht symbol 1 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A10 A11 A12 A13 A15 A20 B1 B2 B3 B4 B81 B82 B9 B10 B11 B13 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 B27 B31 B32 B34
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Structure name 2 Cu W Mg C Sn In As Se Hg Ga α-Mn β-Mn OW3 α-U ClNa ClCs SZn SZn AsNi InNi2 HgS OPb γ-CuTi NiS GeS PtS CuS AuCd FeSi BFe MnP NaTl Pds
Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Fm3m Im3m P63/mmc Fd3m If1/amd I4/mmm R3m P3121 or P3221 R3m Cmca I43m P4132 Pm3n Cmcm Fm3m Pm3m F43m P63mc P63/mmc P63/mmc P3121 or P3221 P4/nmm P4/nmm R3m Pnma P42/mmc P63/mmc Pmma P213 Pnma Pnma Fd3m P42/m
O4h O9h D46h O7h D194h D174h D53d D43 (D63) D53d D182h T3 d O7 O3h D172h O5h O1h T2 d C46v D46h D46h D43 or D63 D74h D74h D53d D162h D94h D46h D52h T4 D162h D162h O7h C24h
Pearson symbola 5 cF4 cI2 hP2 cF8 tI4 tI2 hR2 hP3 hR1 oC8 cI58 cP20 cP8 oC4 cF8 cP2 cF8 hP4 hP4 hP6 hP6 tP4 tP4 hR6 oP8 tP4 hP12 oP4 cP8 oP8 oP8 cF16 tP16
Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 F B H F U U R H R Q B C C Q F C F H H H H T T R O T H O C O O F T
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued) Strukturbericht symbol 1 B35 B37 Be Bf (B33) Bg Bh Bi C1 C1b C2 C3 C4 C6 C7 C11a C11b C12 C14 C15 C15b C16 C18 C19 C22 C23 C32 C33 C34 C36 C38 C40 C42 C44 C46 C49 C54 Cc Ce DO2 DO3 DO9 DO11 DO18 DO19 DO20 DO21 DO22 DO23 DO24 DOc DOe D13 D1a
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Structure name 2 CoSn SeTl CdSb ξ-BCr BMo CW γ′-CMo (AsTi) CaF2 AgAsMg FeS2 Cu2O O2Ti CdI2 MoS2 C2Ca MoSi2 CaSi2 MgZn2 Cu2Mg AuBe5 Al2Cu FeS2 CdCl2 Fe2P Cl2Pb AlB2 Bi2STe2 AuTe2 MgNi2 Cu2Sb CrSi2 SiS2 GeS2 AuTe2 Si2Zr Si2Ti Si2Th CoGe2 As3Co BiF3 O3Re CFe3 AsNa3 Ni3Sn Al3Ni Cu3P Cu3P Al3Zr Ni3Ti SiU3 Ni3P Al4Ba MoNi4
Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 P6/mmm D16h I4/mcm D184h Pbca D152h Cmcm D172h I41/amd D194h P6m2 D13h P63/mmc D46h Fm3m F43m Pa3 Pn3m P42/mnm P3m1 P63/mmc I4/mmm I4/mmm R3m P63/mmc Fd3m F43m or F23 I4/mcm Pnnm R3m P26m Pnma P6/mmm R3m C2/m (P2/m) P63/mmc P4/nmm P6222 Ibam Fdd2 Pma2 Cmcm Fddd I41/amd Aba2 Im3 Fm3m Pm3m Pnma P63/mmc P63/mmc Pnma P3c1 I4/mmm I4/mmm P63/mmc I4/mcm I4 I4/mmm I4/m
O5h T2d T6h O4h D144h D33d D46h D174h D174h D53d D46h O7h T2d or T2 D184h D122h D53d D13h D162h D16h D53d C32h (C12h) D46h D74h D46 D262h C192v C42v D172h D242h D194h C172v T5h O5h O1h D162h D46h D46h D162h D43d D174h D174h D46h D184h S24 D174h C54h
Pearson symbola 5 hP6 tI16 oP16 oC8 tI4 hP2 hP8 cF12 cF12 cP12 cP6 tP6 hP3 hP6 tI6 tI6 hR6 hP12 cF24 cF24 tI12 oP6 hR3 hP9 oP12 hP3 hR5 mC6 hP24 tP6 hP9 oI12 oF72 oP24 oC12 oF24 tI12 oC23 cI32 cF16 cP4 oP16 hP8 hP8 oP16 hP24 tI8 tI16 hP16 tI16 tI32 tI10 tI10
Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 H U O Q U H H F F C C T H H U U R H F F U O R H O H R N H T H P S O Q S U Q B F C O H H O H U U H U U U U
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued) Strukturbericht symbol 1 D1b D1c D1e D1f D21 D23 D2b D2c D2d D2f D2h D51 D52 D53 D58 D59 D510 D513 D5a D5c D71 D73 D7b D81 D82 D83 D84 D85 D86 D88 D89 D810 D811 D8a D8b D8e D8f D8h D8i D8l D8m D101 D102 E01 E11 E21 E24 E3 E93 E9a E9b F01 F51 F56
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Structure name 2 Al4U PtSn4 B4Th BMn4 B6Ca NaZn13 Mn12Th MnU6 CaCu5 B12U Al6Mn α-Al2O3 La2O3 Mn2O3 S3Sb2 P2Zn3 C2C3 Al3Ni2 Si2U3 C3Pu2 Al4C3 P4Th3 B4Ta3 Fe3Zn10 Cu5Zn8 Al4Cu9 C6Cr23 Fe7W6 Cu15Si4 Mn5Si3 Co9S8 Al8Cr5 Al5Co2 Mn23Th6 σ-phase of Cr-Fe (Al,Zn)49Mg32 Ge7Ir3 B5W2 B5Mo2 B3Cr5 Si3W5 C3Cr7 Fe3Th7 ClFPb CuFeS2 CaO3Ti S3Sn2 Al2CdS4 SiFe3W3 Al7Cu2Fe AlLi3N2 NiSSb CrNaS2 CuS2Sb
Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Imma D282h Aba2 C172v P4/mbm D54h Fddd D242h Pm3m O1h Fm3m O5h I4/mmm D174h I4/mcm D184h P6/mmm D16h Fm3m O5h Cmcm D172h R3c D63d P3m1 D33d Ia3 T7 h Pnma D162h P42/mmc D94h Pnma D162h P3m1 D33d P4/mbm D54h I43d T6 d R3m D53d I43d T6 d Immm D252h Im3m O9h I43m T3 d P43m T1 d Fm3m O5h R3m D53d I43m T3 d P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h R3m C53v P63/mcm D36h Fm3m O5h p42/mnm D144h
Pearson symbola 5 oI20 oC20 tP20 oF40 cP7 cF112 tI26 tI28 hP6 cF52 oC28 hR10 hP5 cI80 oP20 tP40 oP20 hP5 tP10 cI40 hR7 cI28 oI14 cI52 cI52 cP52 cF116 hR13 cI76 hP16 cF68 hR26 hP28 cF116 tP30
T5 h O9h D46h D53d D184h D184h C43v C46v D74h D122d O1h D162h S24 O7h D64h T7 h T4 D53d or D73 D162h
cI162 cI40 hP14 hR7 tI32 tI32 hP80 hP20 tP6 tI16 cP5 oP20 tI14 cF112 tP40 cI96 cP12 hR4 oP16
Im3 Im3m P63/mmc R3m I4/mcm I4/mcm P31c P63mc P4/nmm I42d Pm3m Pnma I4 Fd3m P4/mnc Ia3 P213 R3m or R32 Pnma
Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 P Q T S C F U U H F Q R H B O T O H T B R B P B B C F R B H F R H F T B B H R U U H H T U C O U F T B C R O
SYMMETRY OF CRYSTALS (continued) TABLE 5 Classification of Crystals (continued)
Strukturbericht symbol 1 H11 H24 H25 L10 L12 L21 L22 L′2b L′3 L60 a
b
Structure name 2 Al2MgO4 Cu3S4V AsCu3S4 AuCu AlCu3 AlCu2Mn Sb2Tl7 H2Th Fe2N CuTi3
Symmetry group International Schoenflies 3 4 Fd3m P43m Pmn21 P4/mmm Pm3m Fm3m Im3m I4/mmm P63/mmc P4/mmm
O7h T1d C72v D14h O1h O5h O9h D174h D46h D14h
Pearson symbola 5 cF56 cP8 oP16 tP4 cP4 cF16 cI54 tI6 hP3 tP4
Standard ASTM E157-82a symbolb 6 F C O T C F B U H T
The first letter denotes the crystal system: triclinic (a), monoclinic (m), orthorhombic (o), tetragonal (t), hexagonal (h) and cubic (c). Trigonal (rhombohedral) system is presented by combination hR. The second letter of Pearson’s symbol denotes lattice type: primitive (P), edge(base-) centered (C), body-centered (I) or face-centered (F). The following number denotes amount of atoms in the crystal unit cell. Standard ASTM E157-82a has the Bravais lattices designations as following: C — primitive cubic; B — body-centered cubic; F — face-centered cubic; T — primitive tetragonal; U — body-centered tetragonal; R — rhombohedral; H — hexagonal; O — primitive orthorhombic; P — bodycentered orthorhombic; Q — base-centered orthorhombic; S — face-centered orthorhombic; M — primitive monoclinic; N — centered monoclinic; A — triclinic. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
A. Schoenflies, Kristallsysteme und Kristallstructur, Leipzig, 1891. E. S. Fedorow, Zusammenstellung der kristallographischen Resultate, Zs. Krist., 20, 1892. P. Groth, Elemente der physikalischen und chemischen Krystallographie, R. Oldenbourg, München/Berlin, 1921. N. V. Belov, Class Method of Deriving Space Groups of Symmetry, Trudy Instituta Kristallodraffi imeni Fedorova (Transactions of the Fedorov Inst. of Crystallography), 5, 25, 1951, in Russian. W. B. Pearson, Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structures of Metals and Alloys, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, 1958; Vol. 2, 1967. Ch. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 1956. G. S. Zhdanov, Fizika Tverdogo Tela (Solid State Physics), Moscow University Press, 1962, in Russian. M. J. Buerger, Elementary Crystallography, John Wiley & Sons, 1963. F. D. Bloss, Crystallography & Crystal Chemistry, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971. T. Janssen, Crystallographic Groups, North-Holland/American Elsevier, 1973. M. P. Shaskolskaya, Kristallografiya (Crystallography), Vysshaya Shkola, Moscow, 1976, in Russian. T. Hahn, Ed., Internat. Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A, D. Reidel Publishing, Boston, 1983. Crystal Data. Determinative Tables, Volumes 1—6, 1966—1983, JCPDS-Intern Centre for Diffraction Data and U.S. Dept. of Commerce. R. W. G. Wyckoff, Crystal Structures, 2nd ed., Volumes 1–6, Interscience, New York, 1963. C.J. Bradley and A.P. Cracknell, The Mathematical Theory of Symmetry in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972. International Tables for Crystallography. Volume A, Space–Group Symmetry, T. Hahn, Ed., 1989; Volume B, Reciprocal Space, U. Schmueli, Ed.; Volume C, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables, A. J. C. Wilson, Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989. G. R. Desiraju, Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989. M. Senechal, Crystalline Symmetries: An Informal Mathematical Introduction, Adam Hilger Publ., Bristol, 1990. C. Hammond, Introduction to Crystallography, Oxford University Press, 1990. N.W. Alcock, Bonding and Structure: Structural Principles in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Ellis Norwood Publ., 1990. T. C. W. Mak and G. D. Zhou. Crystallography in Modern Chemistry: A Resource Book of Crystal Structures, Wiley–Interscience, New York, 1992. S. C. Abrahams, K. Mirsky, and R. M. Nielson, Acta Cryst, B52, 806 (1996); B52, 1057 (1996). C. Marcos, A. Panalague, D. B. Morciras, S. Garcia–Granda and M. R. Dias. Acta Cryst, B52, 899 (1996).
Crystallographic Computing 24. A. C. Larson, Crystallographic Computing, Manksgaard, Copenhagen, 1970. 25. G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXS86. Crystallographic Computing 3, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986; SHELXL93. Program for the Refinement of Crystal Structures, University of Göttingen Press, 1993. 26. Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, CD–ROM. Sci. Inf. Service. E-mail: [email protected].
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS Ionic radii are a useful tool for predicting and visualizing crystal structures. This table lists a set of ionic radii Ri in Å units for the most common coordination numbers CN of positive and negative ions. The values are based on experimental crystal structure determinations, supplemented by empirical relationships, and theoretical calculations. The notation sq after the coordination number indicates a square configuration, while py indicates pyramidal. The advice of Howard T. Evans and Marvin J. Weber in preparing this table is appreciated. REFERENCES 1. Shannon, R. D., Acta Crystallogr. A32, 751, 1976. 2. Jia, Y.Q., J. Solid State Chem. 95, 184, 1991. Ion Anions F-1 Cl-1 Br-l I-l OH-1 O-2
S-2 Se-2 Te-2 Cations Ac+3 Ag+1
Ag+2 Al+3
Am+3 Am+4 As+3 As+5 Au+1 Au+3 Ba+2
Be+2 Bi+3
Bi+5 Bk+3 Bk+4 Br+5 Br+7
CN
Ri/Å
6 6 6 6 4 6 2 6 8 6 6 6
1.33 1.81 1.96 2.20 1.35 1.37 1.21 1.40 1.42 1.84 1.98 2.21
6 4 6 8 4sq 6 4 5 6 6 8 6 8 6 4 6 6 4sq 6 6 8 12 4 6 5 6 8 6 6 6 8 3py 4 6
1.12 1.00 1.15 1.28 0.79 0.94 0.39 0.48 0.54 0.98 1.09 0.85 0.95 0.58 0.34 0.46 1.37 0.64 0.85 1.35 1.42 1.61 0.27 0.45 0.96 1.03 1.17 0.76 0.96 0.83 0.93 0.31 0.25 0.39
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
C+4
4 6 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 8 3py 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 4sq 6 6 8 6 8
0.15 0.16 1.00 1.12 1.23 1.34 0.78 0.95 1.10 1.31 1.01 1.14 1.25 1.34 0.87 0.97 1.07 1.14 0.95 0.82 0.92 0.12 0.08 0.97 0.85 0.95 0.56 0.65 0.90 0.55 0.73 0.62 0.41 0.55 0.26 0.44 1.67 1.74 1.81 1.88 0.46 0.60 0.77 0.57 0.73 1.07 1.19 0.91 1.03
Er+3
6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 2 4 6 8 3py 6 4 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 4 6
0.89 1.00 1.17 1.25 1.35 0.95 1.07 0.08 0.63 0.61 0.92 0.49 0.55 0.78 1.80 0.47 0.62 0.94 1.05 0.73 0.39 0.53 0.58 0.71 0.83 1.19 0.69 0.96 1.02 1.14 0.44 0.95 0.42 0.53 0.62 0.80 0.68 0.63 0.57 1.37 1.38 1.51 1.64 1.03 1.16 1.27 1.36 0.59 0.76
Ca+2
Cd+2
Ce+3
Ce+4
Cf+3 Cf+4 Cl+5 Cl+7 Cm+3 Cm+4 Co+2
Co+3 Cr+2 Cr+3 Cr+4 Cr+6 Cs+1
Cu+1
Cu+2 Dy+2 Dy+3
12-14
Eu+2
Eu+3 F+7 Fe+2
Fe+3
Fr+1 Ga+3 Gd+3 Ge+2 Ge+4 Hf+4
Hg+1 Hg+2
I+5 I+7 In+3 Ir+3 Ir+4 Ir+5 K+1
La+3
Li+1
IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS (continued) Ion Lu+3 Mg+2
Mn+2
Mn+3 Mn+4 Mn+5 Mn+6 Mn+7 Mo+3 Mo+4 Mo+5 Mo+6
N+3 N+5 Na+1
Nb+3 Nb+4 Nb+5
Nd+3
Ni+2 Ni+3 Np+3 Np+4 Np+5 Np+6 Os+4 Os+5 Os+6 Os+8 P+5 Pa+3 Pa+4 Pa+5 Pb+2
Pb+4
CN
Ri/Å
8 6 8 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 7 6 6 4 6 8 9 12 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 8 9 12 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 4
0.92 0.86 0.97 0.57 0.72 0.89 0.66 0.83 0.96 0.58 0.39 0.53 0.33 0.26 0.25 0.69 0.65 0.46 0.61 0.41 0.59 0.73 0.16 0.13 0.99 1.02 1.18 1.24 1.39 0.72 0.79 0.68 0.48 0.64 0.74 0.98 1.12 1.16 1.27 0.49 0.69 0.56 1.01 0.87 0.75 0.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.39 0.17 0.38 1.04 0.90 0.78 1.19 1.29 1.40 1.49 0.65
Ion
Pd+2 Pd+3 Pd+4 Pm+3 Po+4 Pr+3 Pr+4 Pt+2 Pt+4 Pu+3 Pu+4 Pu+5 Pu+6 Ra+2 Rb+1
Re+4 Re+5 Re+6 Re+7 Rh+3 Rh+4 Rh+5 Ru+3 Ru+4 Ru+5 Ru+7 Ru+8 S+4 S+6 Sb+3 Sb+5 Sc+3 Se+4 Se+6 Si+4 Sm+2 Sm+3
Sn+4
CN
Ri/Å
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 8 6 8 4sq 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 12 6 8 10 12 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4py 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8
0.78 0.94 0.64 0.86 0.76 0.62 0.97 1.09 0.97 0.99 1.13 0.85 0.96 0.60 0.80 0.63 1.00 0.86 0.74 0.71 1.48 1.70 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.38 0.53 0.67 0.60 0.55 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.12 0.29 0.76 0.76 0.60 0.75 0.87 0.50 0.28 0.42 0.26 0.40 1.19 1.27 0.96 1.08 1.24 0.55 0.69 0.81
Sr+2
6 8 10 12 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 10 12 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 12 4 6 8 6 7 6 8 6 6 8 12 6 2 4 6 8 6 6 5 6 8 4 5 6 6 6 4 5 6 6 8 9
1.18 1.26 1.36 1.44 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.92 1.04 0.76 0.88 0.65 0.66 0.97 0.43 0.56 0.94 1.05 1.13 1.21 0.86 0.67 0.42 0.61 0.74 1.50 1.59 1.70 0.75 0.89 0.98 1.01 1.09 0.88 0.99 1.03 0.89 1.00 1.17 0.76 0.45 0.52 0.73 0.86 0.79 0.64 0.53 0.58 0.72 0.36 0.46 0.54 0.66 0.62 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.90 1.02 1.08
12-15
Ta+3 Ta+4 Ta+5 Tb+3 Tb+4 Tc+4 Te+4 Te+6 Th+4
Ti+2 Ti+3 Ti+4
Tl+1
Tl+3
Tm+2 Tm+3 U+3 U+4
U+5 U+6
V+2 V+3 V+4
V+5
W+4 W+5 W+6
Y+3
IONIC RADII IN CRYSTALS (continued) Ion
CN
Ri/Å
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
Yb+2
6 8 8 9
1.02 1.14 0.99 1.04
Zn+2
4 6 8 4
0.60 0.74 0.90 0.59
Yb+3
Zr+4
12-16
Ion
CN
Ri/Å
6 8 9
0.72 0.84 0.89
POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS H. P. R. Frederikse The polarization of a solid dielectric medium, P, is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume averaged over the volume of a crystal cell. A component of P can be expanded as a function of the electric field E: Pi = Σ a j E j + Σ b jk E j Ek j
jk
For relatively small electric fields in isotropic substances P = χeE, where χe is the electric susceptibility. If the medium is made up of N atoms (or ions) per unit volume, the polarization is P = N pm where pm is the average dipole moment per atom. The polarizability α can be defined as pm = αE0 , where E0 is the local field at the position of the atom. Using the Lorentz method to calculate the local field one finds: P = Nα( E + 4 πP ) = χ e E Together with the definition of the dielectric constant (relative permittivity) , ε = 1+ 4πχe, this leads to:
α=
3 ε –1 4 πN ε + 2
This expression is known as the Clausius-Mossotti equation. The total polarization associated with atoms, ions, or molecules is due to three different sources: 1. Electronic polarization arises because the center of the local electronic charge cloud around the nucleus is displaced under the action of the field: Pe = NαeE0 where αe is the electronic polarizability. 2. Ionic polarization occurs in ionic materials because the electric field displaces cations and anions in opposite directions: Pi = NαiE0, where αi is the ionic polarizability. 3. Orientational polarization can occur in substances composed of molecules that have permanent electric dipoles. The alignment of these dipoles depends on temperature and leads to an orientational polarizability per molecule: αor = p2/3kT, where p is the permanent dipole moment per molecule, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Because of the different nature of these three polarization processes the response of a dielectric solid to an applied electric field will strongly depend on the frequency of the field. The resonance of the electronic excitation in insulators (dielectrics) takes place in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum; the characteristic frequency of the lattice vibrations is located in the infrared, while the orientation of dipoles requires fields of much lower frequencies (below 1010 Hz). This response to electric fields of different frequencies is shown in Figure 1. Values of the electronic polarizabilities for selected atoms and ions are given in Table 1. REFERENCES 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1971. 2. Lerner, R.G., and Trigg, G.L., Editors, Encyclopedia of Physics, Second Edition, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., An Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976.
12-17
POLARIZABILITIES OF ATOMS AND IONS IN SOLIDS (continued) Real part of polarizability
Orientation
Ionic
Electronic
Frequency 1MHz
1GHz
1THz
1PHz
Figure 1. Schematic graph of the frequency dependence of the different contributions to polarizability.
TABLE 1 Electronic Polarizabilities in Units of 10–24 cm3 He 0.201 Li+ 0.029
Be2+ 0.008
B3+ 0.003
C4+ 0.0013
O2– 3.88
F– 1.04
Ne 0.39
Na+ 0.179
Mg2+ 0.094
Al3+ 0.052
Si4+ 0.0165
S2– 10.2
Cl– 3.66
Ar 1.62
K+ 0.83
Ca2+ 0.47
Sc3+ 0.286
Ti4+ 0.185
Se2– 10.5
Br– 4.77
Kr 2.46
Rb+ 1.40
Sr2+ 0.86
Y3+ 0.55
Zr4+ 0.37
Te2– 14.0
I– 7.1
Xe 3.99
Cs+ 2.42
Ba2+ 1.55
La3+ 1.04
Ce4+ 0.73
Data from Pauling, L., Proc. R. Soc. London, A114, 181, 1927. See also Jaswal, S.S. and Sharma, T.P., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 34, 509, 1973. Values are appropriate for cgs units. To convert to SI, use the relation α(SI)/C m2V-1 = 1.11265.10-16 α(cgs)/cm3
12-18
LATTICE ENERGIES H. D. B. Jenkins and H. K. Roobottom THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE AND CALCULATED VALUES Table 1 contains calculated values of the lattice energies (total lattice potential energies), UPOT, of crystalline salts, MaXb,. UPOT is expressed in units of kilojoules per mole, kJ mol-1. M and X can be either simple or complex ions. Substances are arranged by chemical class. Also listed in the table is the lattice energy, UPOTBFHC, obtained from the application of the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle (BHFC) described below, using the “Standard Thermochemical Properties of Chemical Substances” table in Section 5 of this Handbook, References 1 through 4, and certain other data which are given in Table 3 below. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is given by the cycle: (+/ 0D;E F D0E J E;D J
( I+R 0D;E F
D( I+R 0E J E( I+R ;D J
D0 VV E; VV
where (ss) is the standard state of the element concerned. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is obtained using the equation: ∆HL = a∆fHo(Mb+, g) + b∆fHo(Xa-, g) - ∆fHo(MaXb, c) and is futher related to the total lattice potential energy, UPOT, by the relationship: n n ∆H L = U POT + a M − 2 + b X − 2 RT 2 2
where nM and nX equal 3 for monatomic ions, 5 for linear polyatomic ions and 6 for polyatomic non-linear ions.
METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF VALUES NOT TABULATED In cases where the lattice energy is not tabulated and we want to furnish an estimate, then the Kapustinskii equation5 can be used to obtain a value (in kJ mol-1): U POT =
121.4 z a z b v 0.0345 1 − (ra + rb ) (ra + rb )
where za and zb are the moduli of the charges on the v ions in hte lattice and ra and rb (in nm) are the thermochemical radii given in Table 2. The ra for metal ions is taken to be the Goldschmidt6 radius. To cite an example, if we wish to estimate the lattice energy of the salt [NH4+][HF2-] using the above procedure, we see that Table 2 gives the thermochemical radius (ra ) for NH4+ to be 0.136 nm and that for HF2- (rb ) to be 0.172 nm. The lattice potential energy is then estimated to be 700 kJ mol-1 compared with the calculated value of 705 kJ mol-1and the Born - Fajans - Haber cycle value of 658 kJ mol-1.
REFERENCES 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 4. Jenkins, H. D. B., and Pratt, K. F., Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem., 22, 1, 1978. 5. Kapustinskii, A. F., Quart. Rev., 10, 283-294., 1956. 6. Goldschmidt, V. M., Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I, Mat.-Naturn. Kl, 1926. See also Dasent, W. E., Inorganic Energetics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1982. 7. Jenkins, H. D. B., Roobottom, H. K., Passmore, J., and Glasser, L., J. Chem. Education, in press.
12-22
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) Substance Acetates Li(CH3COO) Na(CH3COO) K(CH3COO) Rb(CH3COO) Cs(CH3COO) Acetylides CaC2 SrC2 BaC2 Azides LiN3 NaN3 KN3 RbN3 CsN3 AgN3 TlN3 Ca(N3)2 Sr(N3)2 Ba(N3)2 Mn(N3)2 Cu(N3)2 Zn(N3)2 Cd(N3)2 Pb(N3)2 Bihalide Salts LiHF2 NaHF2 KHF2 RbHF2 CsHF2 NH4HF2 CsHCl2 Me4NHCl2 Et4NHCl2 Bu4NHCl2 Bicarbonates NaHCO3 KHCO3 RbHCO3 CsHCO3 NH4HCO3 Borides CaB6 SrB6 BaB6 YB6 LaB6 CeB6 PrB6 NdB6 PmB6 SmB6 EuB6 GdB6
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
828 749 715 682
843 807 726 -
2911 2788 2647
2902 2782 2652
861 770 697 674 665 854 689 2186 2056 2021 2408 2730 2840 2446 -
875 784 691 674 910 742 2316 2187 2348 2738 2970 2576 2300
821 755 657 627 607 705 601 427 346 290
847 748 660 631 658 -
820 741 707 678 -
656 573 522 520 577
5146 5104 5021 7447 7406 10083 7447 7447 7406 7447 5104 7489
— -
Substance TbB6 DyB6 HoB6 ErB6 TmB6 YbB6 LuB6 ThB6 Borohydrides LiBH4 NaBH4 KBH4 RbBH4 CsBH4 Borohalides LiBF4 NaBF4 KBF4 RbBF4 CsBF4 NH4BF4 KBCl4 RbBCl4 CsBCl4 Carbonates Li2CO3 Na2CO3 K2CO3 Rb2CO3 Cs2CO3 MgCO3 CaCO3 SrCO3 BaCO3 MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3 CuCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 SnCO3 PbCO3 Cyanates LiNCO NaNCO KNCO RbNCO CsNCO NH4NCO Cyanides LiCN NaCN KCN RbCN CsCN Ca(CN)2
12-23
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
7489 7489 7489 7489 7489 5146 7489 10167
-
778 703 655 648 628
694 638 -
699 657 611 577 556 582 506 489 473
749 674 616 590 565 497 486 -
2523 2301 2084 2000 1920 3138 2804 2720 2615 3046 3121 3443 3494 3121 2929 2904 2728
2254 2016 1846 1783 1722 3122 2811 2688 2554 3092 3169 3235 3273 3052 2750
849 807 726 692 661 724
816 734 -
874 766 692 638 601 2268
759 686 2240
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Sr(CN)2 Ba(CN)2 NH4CN AgCN Zn(CN)2 Cd(CN)2 Formates Li(HCO2) Na(HCO2) K(HCO2) Rb(HCO2) Cs(HCO2) NH4(HCO2) Germanates Mg2GeO4 Ca2GeO4 Sr2GeO4 Ba2GeO4 Halates LiBrO3 NaBrO3 KBrO3 RbBrO3 CsBrO3 NaClO3 KClO3 RbClO3 CsClO3 LiIO3 NaIO3 KIO3 RbIO3 CsIO3 Halides LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbF RbCl RbBr RbI CsF CsCl CsBr CsI FrF FrCl
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
2138 2001 617 (741) 2809 2583
2009 691 935 2817 2591
865 791 713 685 651 715
804 722 -
7991 7301 6987 6653
7306 6643
883 803 740 720 694 770 711 690 975 883 820 791 761
880 791 722 705 681 785 721 703 679 974 876 780 -
1030 834 788 730 910 769 732 682 808 701 671 632 774 680 651 617 744 657 632 600 715 632
1049 864 820 764 930 790 754 705 829 720 691 650 795 695 668 632 759 670 647 613 -
Substance FrBr FrI CuCl CuBr CuI AgF AgCl AgBr AgI AuCl AuBr AuI InCl InBr InI TlF TlCl TlBr TlI Me4NCl Me4NBr Me4NI PH4Br PH4I BeF2 BeCl2 BeBr2 BeI2 MgF2 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 CaF2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 SrF2 SrCl2 SrI2 BaF2 BaCl2 BaBr2 BaI2 RaF2 RaCl2 RaBr2 RaI2 ScCl2 ScBr2 ScI2 TiF2 TiCl2 TiBr2 TiI2 VCl2 VBr2
12-24
Calc. UPOT 611 582 992 969 948 953 910 897 881 1013 1029 1027 738 720 692 566 553 544 616 590 3464 3004 2950 2780 2926 2477 2406 2293 2640 2268 2132 1971 2476 2142 1984 2347 2046 1971 1862 2284 2004 1929 1803 2380 2291 2201 2724 2439 2360 2259 2607 -
UPOTBHFC 996 978 966 974 918 905 892 1066 1059 1070 764 767 733 850 751 734 710 3526 3033 2914 2813 2978 2540 2451 2340 2651 2271 2087 2513 2170 1976 2373 2069 1995 1890 2514 2430 2342 2593 2534
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance VI2 CrF2 CrCl2 CrBr2 CrI2 MoCl2 MoBr2 MoI2 MnF2 MnCl2 MnBr2 MnI2 FeF2 FeCl2 FeBr2 FeI2 CoF2 CoCl2 CoBr2 CoI2 NiF2 NiCl2 NiBr2 NiI2 PdCl2 PdBr2 PdI2 CuF2 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 AgF2 ZnF2 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 CdF2 CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 HgF2 HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 SnI2 PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 ScF3 ScCl3 ScBr3 ScI3
Calc. UPOT 2778 2540 2377 2269 2737 2742 2630 2644 2510 2448 2212 2849 2569 2515 2439 3004 2707 2640 2569 3098 2753 2729 2607 2778 2741 2748 3046 2774 2715 2640 2942 3021 2703 2648 2581 2809 2552 2507 2441 2757 2657 2628 2628 2551 2297 2251 2193 2535 2270 2219 2163 5492 4874 4729 4640
UPOTBHFC 2470 2939 2601 2536 2440 2746 2753 2551 2482 2967 2641 2577 2491 3042 2706 2643 2561 3089 2786 2721 2637 2818 2751 2760 3102 2824 2774 2967 3053 2748 2689 2619 2830 2565 2517 2455 2664 2639 2624 2310 2256 2206 2543 2282 2230 2177 5540 4901 4761 -
Substance YF3 YCl3 YI3 TiF3 TiCl3 TiBr3 TiI3 ZrCl3 ZrBr3 ZrI3 VF3 VCl3 VBr3 VI3 NbCl3 NbBr3 NbI3 CrF3 CrCl3 CrBr3 CrI3 MoF3 MoCl3 MoBr3 MoI3 MnF3 MnCl3 MnBr3 MnI3 TcCl3 TcBr3 TcI3 FeF3 FeCl3 FeBr3 FeI3 RuCl3 RuBr3 RuI3 CoF3 RhCl3 IrF3 IrBr3 NiF3 AuF3 AuCl3 ZnCl3 ZnBr3 ZnI3 AlF3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 GaF3 GaCl3 GaBr3
12-25
Calc. UPOT 4983 4506 4240 5644 5134 5012 4845 5895 5322 5214 5121 5062 4980 4860 6033 5518 5355 5275 6459 5246 5156 5073 6017 5544 5448 5330 5270 5215 5188 5870 5364 5333 5117 5245 5223 5222 5991 5641 (6112) (4794) (6111) (5777) (4605) 5832 5732 5636 5924 5376 5247 5070 5829 5217 4966
UPOTBHFC 4524 4258 5153 5023 4791 4758 4591 5329 5224 5136 6065 5529 5294 5253 5436 5347 5257 5232 5235 5665 6252 5513 5360 5227 6238 5665 5569
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance GaI3 InCl3 InBr3 InI3 TlF3 TlCl3 TlBr3 TlI3 AsBr3 AsI3 SbF3 SbCl3 SbBr3 SbI3 BiCl3 BiI3 LaF3 LaCl3 LaBr3 LaI3 CeCl3 CeI3 PrCl3 PrI3 NdCl3 SmCl3 EuCl3 GdCl3 DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl3 TmI3 YbCl3 AcCl3 UCl3 NpCl3 PuCl3 PuBr3 AmCl3 TiF4 TiCl4 TiBr4 TiI4 ZrF4 ZrCl4 ZrBr4 ZrI4 MoF4 MoCl4 MoBr4 MoI4 SnCl4 SnBr4 PbF4 CrF2Cl
Calc. UPOT 4611 4736 4535 4234 5493 5258 5171 5088 5497 4824 5295 5032 4954 4867 4689 3774 4682 4263 4209 3916 4394 4322 4343 4376 4393 4406 4481 4501 4527 4548 4096 4243 4268 4289 (3959) 4293 10012 9431 9288 9108 8853 8021 7661 7155 8795 8556 8510 8427 8355 7970 9519 5795
UPOTBHFC 5496 5183 5117 5001 5278 5365 5295 5324 4857 4776 4692 4707 4242 3986 4348 4061 4387 4101 4415 4450 4490 4495 4529 4572 4591 4608 4340 4651 9908 9059 8918 8971 8144 7984 7801 9603 9500 8930 8852 -
Substance CrF2Br CrF2I CrCl2Br CrCl2I CrBr2I CuFCl CuFBr CuFI CuClBr CuClI CuBrI FeF2Cl FeF2Br FeF2I FeCl2Br FeCl2I FeBr2I LiIO2F2 NaIO2F2 KIO2F2 RbIO2F2 CsIO2F2 NH4IO2F2 AgIO2F2 Hydrides LiH NaH KH RbH CsH VH NbH PdH CuH TiH ZrH HfH LaH TaH CrH NiH PtH AgH AuH TlH GeH PbH BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 ScH2 YH2 LaH2 CeH2
12-26
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
5753 5669 5448 5381 5330 2891 2853 2803 2753 2694 2669 5711 5653 5569 5339 5272 5209 845 766 699 674 636 678 736
5429 5370 756 689 685
916 807 711 686 648 1184 1163 979 828 996 916 904 828 1021 1050 929 937 941 1033 745 950 778 3205 2791 2410 2250 2121 2711 (2598) 2380 2414
918 807 713 684 653 (1344) (1633) 1368 1254 1407 1590 1108 3306 2718 2406 2265 2133 2744 2733 2522 2509
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance PrH2 NdH2 PmH2 SmH2 GdH2 AcH2 ThH2 PuH2 AmH2 TiH2 ZrH2 CuH2 ZnH2 HgH2 AlH3 FeH3 ScH3 YH3 LaH3 FeH3 GaH3 InH3 TlH3 Hydroselenides NaHSe KHSe RbHSe CsHse Hydrosulphides LiHS NaHS RbHS CsHS NH4HS Ca(HS)2 Sr(HS)2 Ba(HS)2 Hydroxides LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Be(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Ti(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 Pd(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 CuOH
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
2448 2464 2519 2510 2494 2372 2711 2519 2544 2866 2711 2941 2870 2707 5924 5724 5439 5063 4895 5724 5690 5092 5092
2405 2394 2389 2651 2738 2864 2999 5969 4910 4493 -
703 644 623 598
732 712 689 669
768 723 655 628 661 2184 2063 1979
862 771 682 657 718 (2171) (1956)
1021 887 789 766 721 3477 2870 2506 2330 2142 2909 2653 2786 2832 2870 1006
1028 892 796 765 732 3620 2998 2637 2474 2330 2953 3008 3044 3109 3186 3189 3229 -
Substance AgOH AuOH TlOH Zn(OH)2 Cd(OH)2 Hg(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 Sc(OH)3 Y(OH)3 La(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 Mn(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 In(OH)3 Tl(OH)3 Ti(OH)4 Zr(OH)4 Mn(OH)4 Sn(OH)4 Imides CaNH SrNH BaNH Metavanadates Li3VO4 Na3VO4 K3VO4 Rb3VO4 Cs3VO4 Nitrates LiNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 RbNO3 CsNO3 AgNO3 TlNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 Sn(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 Nitrides ScN LaN TiN
12-27
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
918 1033 705 2795 2607 2669 2489 2376 5063 4707 4443 5556 6213 5627 5732 5280 5314 9456 8619 10933 9188
845 874 3151 2909 2721 5602 6299 6368 9879
3293 3146 2975
-
3945 3766 3376 3243 3137
-
848 755 685 662 648 820 690 2481 2268 2176 2062 2318 2560 2376 2238 2155 2067
854 763 694 671 650 832 707 2521 2247 2151 2035 2478 (2580) 2647 2729 2739 2649 2462 2254 2208
7547 6876 8130
7506 6793 8033
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance ZrN VN NbN CrN Nitrites NaNO2 KNO2 RbNO2 CsNO2 Oxides Li2O Na2O K2O Rb2O Cs2O Cu2O Ag2O Tl2O LiO2 NaO2 KO2 RbO2 CsO2 Li2O2 Na2O2 K2O2 Rb2O2 Cs2O2 MgO2 CaO2 SrO2 KO3 BeO MgO CaO SrO BaO TiO VO MnO FeO CoO NiO PdO CuO ZnO CdO HgO GeO SnO PbO Sc2O3 Y2O3 La2O3 Ce2O3 Pr2O3
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
7633 8283 7939 8269
7723 8233 8022 8358
774 699 724 690
772 687 765 -
2799 2481 2238 2163 2131 3273 3002 2659 (878) 799 741 706 679 2592 2309 2114 2025 1948 3356 3144 3037 697 4514 3795 3414 3217 3029 3832 3932 3724 3795 3837 3908 3736 4135 4142 3806 3907 3919 3652 3520 13557 12705 12452 12661 12703
2814 2478 2232 2161 2063 3189 2910 2575 (872) 821 751 721 696 2557 22717 2064 1994 1512 3526 3132 2977 707 4443 3791 3401 3223 3054 3811 3863 3745 3865 3910 4010 4050 3971 13708 -
Substance
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
Nd2O3 Pm2O3 Sm2O3 Eu2O3 Gd2O3 Tb2O3 Dy2O3 Ho2O3 Er2O3 Tm2O3 Yb2O3 Lu2O3 Ac2O3 Ti2O3 V2O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ga2O3 In2O3 Pb2O3 CeO2 ThO2 PaO2 VO2(g) NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 CmO2 TiO2 ZrO2 MoO2 MnO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2 Perchlorates LiClO4 NaClO4 KClO4 RbClO4 CsClO4 NH4ClO4 Ca(ClO4)2 Sr(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Permanganates NaMnO4 KMnO4 RbMnO4 CsMnO4 Ca(MnO4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Ba(MnO4)2
12736 12811 12878 12945 12996 13071 13138 13180 13263 13322 13380 13665 12573 15096 15276 15146 14309 15916 15590 13928 (14841) 9627 10397 10573 10644 10707 10786 10799 10832 12150 11188 11648 12970 13125 12828 11807 11217
14149 14520 14957 15035 14774 15220 -
709 643 599 564 636 583 1958 1862 1795
715 641 595 576 550 580 1971 1862 1769
661 607 586 565 1937 1845 1778
-
12-28
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Phosphates Mg3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ba3(PO4)2 MnPO4 FePO4 BPO4 AlPO4 GaPO4 Selenides Li2Se Na2Se K2Se Rb2Se Cs2Se Ag2Se Tl2Se BeSe MgSe CaSe SrSe BaSe MnSe Selenites Li2SeO3 Na2SeO3 K2SeO3 Rb2SeO3 Cs2SeO3 Tl2SeO3 Ag2SeO3 BeSeO3 MgSeO3 CaSeO3 SrSeO3 BaSeO3 Selenates Li2SeO4 Na2SeO4 K2SeO4 Rb2SeO4 Cs2SeO4 Cu2SeO4 Ag2SeO4 Tl2SeO4 Hg2SeO4 BeSeO4 MgSeO4 CaSeO4 SrSeO4 Sulphides Li2S Na2S K2S
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
11632 10602 10125 9652 7397 7251 8201 7427 7381
11407 10479 10075 9654 7300 7507 -
2364 2130 1933 1837 1745 2686 2209 3431 3071 2858 2736 2611 3176
2862 -
2171 1950 1774 1715 1640 1879 2113 3322 3012 2732 2586 2460
1916 1749 1675 2148 2998 2588 2451
2054 1879 1732 1686 1615 2201 2033 1766 2163 3448 2895 2632 2489
-
2464 2192 1979
2472 2203 (2052)
Substance Rb2S Cs2S (NH4)2S Cu2S Ag2S Au2S Tl2S Sulphates Li2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 Rb2SO4 Cs2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Cu2SO4 Ag2SO4 Tl2SO4 Hg2SO4 CaSO4 SrSO4 BaSO4 MnSO4 Ternary Salts Cs2CuCl4 Rb2ZnCl4 Cs2ZnCl4 Rb2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnI4 CsGaCl4 NaAlCl4 CsAlCl4 NaFeCl4 Rb2CoCl4 Cs2CoCl4 K2PtCl4 Cs2GeF6 (NH4)2GeF6 Cs2GeCl6 K2HfCl6 K2IrCl6 Na2MoCl6 K2MoCl6 Rb2MoCl6 Cs2MoCl6 K2NbCl6 Rb2NbCl6 Cs2NbCl6 K2OsCl6 Cs2OsCl6 K2OsBr6 K2PdCl6 Rb2PdCl6 Cs2PdCl6 Rb2PbCl6
12-29
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
1929 1892 2008 2786 2606 2908 2298
1949 1850 (2026) 2865 2677 2258
2229 1827 1700 1636 1596 1766 2276 2104 1828 2489 2577 2469 2920
2142 1938 1796 1748 1658 1777 2166 1989 1722 2127 2480 2484 2374 2825
1393 1529 1492 1498 1454 1386 494 556 486 492 1447 1391 1574 1573 1657 1404 1345 1442 1526 1418 1399 1347 1375 1371 1381 1447 1409 1396 1481 1449 1426 1343
1550 1419 1461 1440 1504 1412 1399 1347 1398 1385 1344 1447 1493 1343
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 1 LATTICE ENERGIES (kJ mol-1) (continued) Substance Cs2PbCl6 (NH4)2PbCl6 K2PtCl6 Rb2PtCl6 Cs2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl6 Tl2PtCl6 Ag2PtCl6 BaPtCl6 K2PtBr6 Ag2PtBr6 K2PtI6 K2ReCl6 Rb2ReCl6 Cs2ReCl6 K2ReBr6 K2SiF6 Rb2SiF6 Cs2SiF6 Tl2SiF6 K2SnCl6 Rb2SnCl6 Cs2SnCl6 Tl2SnCl6 (NH4)2SnCl6 Rb2SnBr6 Cs2SnBr6 Rb2SnI6 Cs2SnBr6 K2TeCl6 Rb2TeCl6 Cs2TeCl6 Tl2TeCl6 (NH4)2TeCl6 K2RuCl6 Rb2CoF6 Cs2CoF6 K2NiF6 Rb2NiF6 Rb2SbCl6 Rb2SeCl6 Cs2SeCl6 (NH4)2SeCl6 (NH4)2PoCl6 Cs2PoBr6 Cs2CrF6 Rb2MnF6 Cs2MnF6 K2MnCl6 Rb2MnCl6 (NH4)2MnCl6 Cs2TeBr6 Cs2TeI6 K2TiCl6
Calc. UPOT 1344 1355 1468 1464 1444 1468 1546 1773 2047 1423 1791 1421 1416 1414 1398 1375 1670 1639 1604 1675 1363 1361 1358 1437 1370 1309 1306 1226 1243 1318 1321 1323 1392 1318 1451 1688 1632 1721 1688 1357 1409 1397 1420 1338 1286 1603 1688 1620 1462 1451 1464 1306 1246 1412
UPOTBHFC 1471 1881 2070 1392 2276 1442 1375 1765 1673 1498 1390 1363 1344 1320 1447
Substance Rb2TiCl6 Cs2TiCl6 Tl2TiCl6 K2TiBr6 Rb2TiBr6 Cs2TiBr6 Na2UBr6 K2UBr6 Rb2UBr6 Cs2UBr6 K2WCl6 Rb2WCl6 Cs2WCl6 K2WBr6 Rb2WBr6 Cs2WBr6 K2ZrCl6 Rb2ZrCl6 Cs2ZrCl6 Tellurides Li2Te Na2Te K2Te Rb2Te Cs2Te Cu2Te Ag2Te Tl2Te BeTe MgTe CaTe Thiocyanates LiCNS NaCNS KCNS RbCNS CsCNS NH4CNS Ca(CNS)2 Sr(CNS)2 Ba(CNS)2 Mn(CNS)2 Zn(CNS)2 Cd(CNS)2 Hg(CNS)2 Sn(CNS)2 Pb(CNS)2 Vanadates LiVO3 NaVO3 KVO3 RbVO3 CsVO3
12-30
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
1415 1402 1560 1379 1341 1339 1504 1484 1473 1459 1398 1397 1392 1408 1361 1362 1339 1341 1339
1416 1384 1553 1379 1331 1306 1423 1434 1366 1408 1391 1332 1371 1307
2212 1997 1830 1837 1745 2706 2607 2084 3319 2878 2721
2095 2683 2600 2172 3081 -
764 682 623 623 623 605 2184 2063 1979 2280 2335 2201 2146 2117 2058
(765) 682 616 619 568 611 2118 1957 1852 2351 2560 2374 2492 2142 -
810 761 686 657 628
-
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) Ion Singly Charged Anions AgF4AlBr4AlCl4AlF4AlH4AlI4AsF6AsO2Au(CN)2AuCl4AuF4AuF6B(OH)4BF4BH4BrBrF4BrO3CF3SO3CH3CO2ClClO2ClO3ClO4ClS2O6CNCr3O8CuBr4FFeCl4GaCl4HH2AsO4H2PO4HCO2HCO3HF2HSO4II2BrI3I4IBr2ICl2ICl4IO2F2IO3IO4IrF6MnO4MoF6MoOF5N3NCONbCl6-
Radius
0.231 0.321 0.317 0.214 0.226 0.374 0.243 0.211 0.266 0.288 0.240 0.235 0.229 0.205 0.205 0.190 0.231 0.214 0.230 0.194 0.168 0.195 0.208 0.225 0.260 0.187 0.276 0.315 0.126 0.317 0.328 0.148 0.227 0.213 0.200 0.207 0.172 0.221 0.211 0.261 0.272 0.300 0.251 0.235 0.307 0.233 0.218 0.231 0.242 0.220 0.241 0.241 0.180 0.193 0.338
± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049
Ion NbF6Nb2F11NbO3NH2NH2CH2COONO2NO3O2O3OHOsF6PaF6PdF6PF6PO3PtF6PuF5ReF6ReO4RuF6S6SCNSbCl6SbF6Sb2F11Sb3F14SeCl5SeCNSeHSHSO3FS3N3S3N3O4TaCl6TaF6TaO3UF6VF6VO3WCl6WF6WOF5Doubly Charged Anions AmF62Bi2Br82Bi6Cl202CdCl42CeCl62CeF62CO32CoCl42CoF42CoF62Cr2O72CrF62CrO42-
12-31
Radius 0.254 0.311 0.194 0.168 0.252 0.187 0.200 0.165 0.199 0.152 0.252 0.249 0.252 0.242 0.204 0.247 0.239 0.240 0.227 0.242 0.305 0.209 0.320 0.252 0.312 0.374 0.258 0.230 0.195 0.191 0.214 0.231 0.252 0.352 0.250 0.192 0.301 0.235 0.201 0.337 0.246 0.241
± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.034 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
0.255 0.392 0.501 0.307 0.352 0.249 0.189 0.306 0.209 0.256 0.292 0.253 0.229
± 0.019 ± 0.055 ± 0.073 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion CuCl42CuF42GeCl62GeF62HfF62HgI42IrCl62MnCl62MnF42MnF62MoBr62MoCl62MoF62MoO42NbCl62NH2Ni(CN)42NiF42NiF62O2O22OsBr62OsCl62OsF62PbCl42PbCl62PbF62PdBr62PdCl42PdCl62PdF62PoBr62PoI62Pt(NO2)3Cl32Pt(NO2)4Cl22Pt(OH)22Pt(SCN)62PtBr42PtBr62PtCl42PtCl62PtF62PuCl62ReBr62ReCl62ReF62ReF82ReH92ReI62RhF62RuCl62RuF62S2S2O32S2O42S2O52-
Radius 0.304 0.213 0.335 0.244 0.248 0.377 0.332 0.314 0.219 0.241 0.364 0.338 0.274 0.231 0.343 0.128 0.322 0.211 0.249 0.141 0.167 0.365 0.336 0.276 0.279 0.347 0.268 0.354 0.313 0.333 0.252 0.380 0.428 0.364 0.383 0.333 0.451 0.324 0.363 0.307 0.333 0.245 0.349 0.371 0.337 0.256 0.276 0.257 0.421 0.240 0.336 0.248 0.189 0.251 0.262 0.270
± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.031 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.026 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
Ion S2O62S2O72S2O82S3O62S4O62S6O62ScF62Se2SeBr62SeCl62SeO42SiF62SiO32SmF42Sn(OH)62SnBr62SnCl62SnF62SnI62SO32SO42TcBr62TcCl62TcF62TcH92TcI62Te2TeBr62TeCl62TeI62TeO42Th(NO3)62ThCl62ThF62TiBr62TiCl62TiF62UCl62UF62VO32WBr62WCl62WO42WOCl52ZnBr42ZnCl42ZnF42ZnI42ZrBr42ZrCl42ZrCl62ZrF62Multi-Charged Anions AlH63AsO43CdBr64-
12-32
Radius 0.283 0.275 0.291 0.302 0.325 0.382 0.276 0.181 0.363 0.336 0.229 0.248 0.195 0.218 0.279 0.374 0.345 0.265 0.427 0.204 0.218 0.363 0.337 0.244 0.260 0.419 0.220 0.383 0.353 0.430 0.238 0.424 0.360 0.263 0.356 0.335 0.252 0.354 0.256 0.204 0.363 0.339 0.237 0.334 0.335 0.306 0.219 0.384 0.334 0.306 0.348 0.258
± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
0.256 0.237 0.374
± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion CdCl64CeF63CeF73Co(CN)63Co(NO2)63CoCl53CoF63Cr(CN)63CrF63Cu(CN)43Fe(CN)63FeF63HfF73InF63Ir(CN)63Ir(NO2)63Mn(CN)63Mn(CN)65MnCl64N3Ni(NO2)63Ni(NO2)64NiF63O3P3PaF83PO43PrF63Rh(NO2)63Rh(SCN)63TaF83TbF73Tc(CN)65ThF73TiBr63TlF63UF73YF63ZrF73Singly Charged Cations N(CH3)4+ N2H5+ N2H62+ NH(C2H5)3+ NH3C2H5+ NH3C3H7+ NH3CH3+ NH3OH+ NH4+ NH3C2H4OH+ As3S4+ As3Se4+ AsCl4+ Br2+ Br3+ Br3-
Radius 0.352 0.278 0.282 0.349 0.343 0.320 0.258 0.351 0.254 0.312 0.347 0.298 0.277 0.268 0.347 0.338 0.350 0.401 0.349 0.180 0.342 0.383 0.250 0.288 0.224 0.299 0.230 0.281 0.345 0.428 0.284 0.290 0.410 0.282 0.315 0.271 0.285 0.275 0.273
± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038
0.234 0.158 0.158 0.274 0.193 0.225 0.177 0.147 0.136 0.203 0.244 0.253 0.221 0.155 0.204 0.238
± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.029 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
Ion Br5+ BrClCNH2+ BrF2+ BrF4+ C10F8+ C6F6+ Cl(SNSCN)2+ Cl2C=NH2+ Cl2F+ Cl3+ ClF2+ ClO2+ GaBr4I2+ I3+ I5+ IBr2+ ICl2+ IF6+ N(S3N2)2+ N(SCl)2+ N(SeCl)2+ N(SF2)2+ N2F+ NO+ NO2+ O2+ O2(SCCF3Cl)2+ ONCH3CF3+ OsOF5P(CH3)3Cl+ P(CH3)3D+ PCl4+ ReOF5S(CH3)2Cl+ S(N(C2H5)3)3+ S2(CH3)2Cl+ S2(CH3)2CN+ S2(CH3)3+ S2Br5+ S2N+ S2N2C2H3+ S2NC2(PhCH3)2+ S2NC3H4+ S2NC4H8+ S3(CH3)3+ S3Br3+ S3C3H7+ S3C4F6+ S3CF3CN+ S3Cl3+ S3N2+ S3N2Cl+ S4N3+ S4N3(Ph)2+ S4N4H+
12-33
Radius 0.229 0.175 0.183 0.172 0.265 0.228 0.347 0.173 0.165 0.182 0.147 0.118 0.317 0.185 0.225 0.263 0.196 0.175 0.209 0.258 0.186 0.246 0.214 0.156 0.145 0.153 0.140 0.275 0.200 0.246 0.197 0.196 0.235 0.245 0.207 0.439 0.265 0.223 0.233 0.267 0.159 0.211 0.310 0.218 0.225 0.239 0.245 0.199 0.261 0.263 0.233 0.201 0.232 0.231 0.316 0.178
± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.036 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.034 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 2 THERMOCHEMICAL RADII (nm) (continued) Ion S5N5+ S7I+ Sb(NPPh3)4+ SBr3+ SCH3O2+ SCH3P(CH3)3+ SCH3PCH3Cl2+ SCl(C2H5)2+ SCl2CF3+ SCl2CH3+ SCl3+ Se3Br3+ Se3Cl3+ Se3N2+ Se3NCl2+ Se6I+ SeBr3+ SeCl3+ SeF3+ SeI3+ SeN2Cl+ SeNCl2+ (SeNMe3)3+ SeS2N2+ SF(C6F5)2+ SF2CF3+ SF2N(CH3)2+ SF3+ SFS(C(CF3)2)2+ SH2C3H7+ SN+ SNCl5(CH3CN)(SNPMe3)3+ SNSC(CH3)N+ SNSC(CN)CH+ SNSC(Ph)N+ SNSC(Ph)NS3N2+ SNSC(PhCH3)N+ (Te(N(SiMe3)2)2+ Te(N3)3+ Te4Nb3OTe2I6+ TeBr3+ TeCl3+ TeCl3(15-crown-5)+ TeI3+ Xe2F11+ Xe2F3+
Radius 0.257 0.262 0.518 0.220 0.183 0.248 0.205 0.207 0.207 0.204 0.185 0.253 0.245 0.288 0.163 0.260 0.182 0.192 0.179 0.238 0.196 0.157 0.406 0.282 0.294 0.198 0.210 0.172 0.275 0.210 0.158 0.290 0.308 0.225 0.209 0.251 0.327 0.264 0.371 0.226 0.407 0.235 0.216 0.282 0.243 0.266 0.221
± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
Ion XeF+ XeF3+ XeF5+ XeOF3+ Doubly Charged Cations Co2S2(CO)62+ FeW(Se)2(CO)2+ I42+ Mo(Te3)(CO)42+ S192+ S2(S(CH3)2)22+ S2I42+ S3N22+ S3NCCNS32+ S3Se2+ S4N42+ S6N42+ S82+ Se102+ Se172+ Se192+ Se2I42+ Se3N22+ Se42+ Se4S2N42+ Se82+ SeN2S22+ (SNP(C2H5)3)22+ TaBr6Te(trtu)42+ Te(tu)42+ Te2(esu)4Br22+ Te2(esu)4Cl22+ Te2(esu)4I22+ Te2Se22+ Te2Se42+ Te2Se82+ Te3S32+ Te3Se2+ Te42+ Te82+ W(CO)4(h3-Te)2+ W2(CO)10Se42+ Multi-Charged Cations I153+ Te2(su)64+
Ligand abbreviations: su = selenourea; esu = ethyleneselenourea; tu = thiourea; ph = phenyl.
12-34
Radius 0.174 0.183 0.186 0.186
± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
0.263 0.260 0.207 0.234 0.292 0.230 0.231 0.184 0.220 0.326 0.186 0.232 0.182 0.253 0.236 0.296 0.218 0.182 0.152 0.224 0.186 0.182 0.312 0.351 0.328 0.296 0.356 0.361 0.342 0.192 0.222 0.252 0.217 0.193 0.169 0.187 0.234 0.290
± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.049 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035
0.442 0.453
± 0.051 ± 0.034
LATTICE ENERGIES (continued) Table 3 ANCILLARY THERMOCHEMICAL DATA (kJ mol-1) Species AsO43BrO3ClO4CNCO32Fe(NO3)2 HF2HfCl62IO2F2IO3IrCl62LiCH3O2 NbCl62NH2CH2CO2O22PdCl62PO4PtCl62ReBr62ReCl62Ti(OH)2
State g g g g g c g g g g g c g g g g g g g g c
12-35
∆fHo (289) -145 -344 66 -321 (-448) -774 -1640 -693 -208 -785 (-745) -1224 -564 553 -749 291 -774 -689 -919 -778
THE MADELUNG CONSTANT AND CRYSTAL LATTICE ENERGY If U is the crystal lattice energy and M is the Madelung constant, thena
U= Substance
b c
r
(1 – 1 / n)
Ion type M+, X– M+, X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– M++, 2X– 2M+, X– – M++, X– – M++, X– – M++, X– – M4+, 2X– – M4+, 2X– – M4+, 2X– – 2M3+, 3X– –
Sodium chloride, NaCl Cesium chloride, CsCl Calcium chloride, CaCl2 Calcium fluoride (fluorite), CaF2 Cadmium chloride, CdCl2 Cadmium iodide (α), CdI2 Magnesium fluoride, MgF2 Cuprous oxide (cuprite), Cu2O Zinc oxide, ZnO Sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS Wurtzite, ZnS Titanium dioxide (anatase), TiO2 Titanium dioxide (rutile), TiO2 β-Quartz, SiO2 Corundum, Al2O3 a
N M zi z j e 2
Crystal formb FCC BCC Cubic Cubic Hexagonal Hexagonal Tetragonal Cubic Hexagonal FCC Hexagonal Tetragonal Tetragonal Hexagonal Rhombohedral
M 1.74756 1.76267 2.365 2.51939 2.244c 2.355c 2.381c 2.22124 1.4985c 1.63806 1.64132c 2.400c 2.408c 2.2197c 4.1719
N is Avogadro’s number, zi and zj are the integral charges on the ions(in units of e), and e is the charge on the electron in electrostatic units (e = 4.803 × 10–10 esu). r is the shortest distance between cationanion pairs in centimeters. Then U is in ergs (1 erg = 10–7 J). FCC = face centered cubic; BCC = body centered cubic. For tetragonal and hexagonal crystals the value of M depends on the details of the lattice parameters.
The Born Exponent, n is: Ion type He, Li+ Ne, Na+, F– Ar, K+, Cu+, Cl– Kr, Rb+, Ag+, Br– Xe, Cs+, Au+, I–
n 5 7 9 10 12
For a crystal with a mixed-ion type, an average of the values of n in this table is to be used (6 for LiF, for example).
12-34
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse This table gives selected values of elastic constants for single crystals. The values believed most reliable were selected from the original literature. The substances are arranged by crystal system and, within each system, alphabetically by name. A reference to the original literature is given for each value; a useful compilation of published values from many sources may be found in Reference 1 below. Data are given for the single-crystal density and for the elastic constants cij, in units of 1011 N/m2, which is equivalent to 1012 dyn/cm2. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Simmons, G., and Wang, H., Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties: A Handbook, Second Edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
CUBIC CRYSTALS Name Aluminum Aluminum antimonide Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Argon Barium fluoride Barium nitrate Calcium fluoride Calcium telluride Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium iodide Chromite Chromium Cobalt oxide Cobalt zinc ferrite Copper Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Garnet (yttrium-iron) Germanium Gold Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium phosphide Iridium Iron Lead Lead fluoride Lead nitrate Lead telluride Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnetite Manganese oxide Mercury telluride Molybdenum
Formula Al AlSb NH4Br NH4Cl Ar BaF2 Ba(NO3)2 CaF2 CaTe Cs CsBr CsCl CsI FeCr2O4 Cr CoO CoZnFeO2 Cu GaSb GaAs GaP Y3Fe2(FeO4)3 Ge Au InSb InAs InP Ir Fe Pb PbF2 Pb(NO3)2 PbTe Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI MgO Fe3O4 MnO HgTe Mo
ρ/g cm–3 2.6970 4.3600 2.4314 1.5279 1.7710 4.8860 3.2560 3.810 5.8544 1.9800 4.4560 3.9880 4.5250 4.4500 7.20 6.44 5.43 8.932 5.6137 5.3169 4.1297 5.17 5.313 19.283 5.7890 5.6720 4.78 22.52 7.8672 11.34 7.79 4.547 8.2379 0.5326 3.47 2.068 2.638 4.061 3.579 5.18 5.39 8.079 10.2284
T/K
Ref.
298 300 300 290 4.2 298 293 298 298 78 298 298 298 RT 298 298 303 298 298 298 300 298 298 296.5 298 293 RT 300 298 296 300 293 303.2 298 RT 295 RT RT 298 RT 298 290 273
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 32 20 32 35 36 37
12-35
C11
C12
C44
1.0675 0.8939 0.3414 0.3814 0.0529 0.9199 0.2925 1.6420 0.5351 0.0247 0.3063 0.3644 0.2446 3.2250 3.398 2.6123 2.660 1.683 0.8839 1.1877 1.4120 2.680 1.2835 1.9244 0.6720 0.8329 1.0220 5.80 2.26 0.4966 0.8880 0.3729 1.0795 0.1350 0.3940 0.4927 1.1397 0.2850 2.9708 2.730 2.23 0.548 4.637
0.6041 0.4427 0.0782 0.0866 0.0135 0.4157 0.2065 0.4398 0.3681 0.0206 0.0807 0.0882 0.0661 1.4370 0.586 1.4699 1.530 1.221 0.4033 0.5372 0.6253 1.106 0.4823 1.6298 0.3670 0.4526 0.5760 2.42 1.40 0.4231 0.4720 0.2765 0.0764 0.1144 0.1880 0.2310 0.4767 0.1400 0.9536 1.060 1.20 0.381 1.578
0.2834 0.4155 0.0722 0.0903 0.0159 0.2568 0.1277 0.8406 0.1994 0.0148 0.0750 0.0804 0.0629 1.1670 0.990 0.8300 0.780 0.757 0.4316 0.5944 0.7047 0.766 0.6666 0.4200 0.3020 0.3959 0.4600 2.56 1.16 0.1498 0.2454 0.1347 0.1343 0.0878 0.1910 0.2495 0.6364 0.1350 1.5613 0.971 0.79 0.204 1.092
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) CUBIC CRYSTALS (continued) Name Nickel Niobium Palladium Platinum Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Pyrite Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium iodide Silicon Silver Silver bromide Sodium Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Spinel Strontium fluoride Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide Strontium titanate Tantalum Tantalum carbide Thallium bromide Thorium Thorium oxide Tin telluride Titanium carbide Tungsten Uranium carbide Uranium dioxide Vanadium Zinc selenide Zinc sulfide Zinc telluride Zirconium carbide
Formula Ni Nb Pd Pt K KBr KCl KCN KF KI FeS2 Rb RbBr RbCl RbI Si Ag AgBr Na NaBrO3 NaBr NaClO3 NaCl NaF NaI MgAl2O4 SrF2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrTiO3 Ta TaC TlBr Th ThO2 SnTe TiC W UC UO2 V ZnSe ZnS ZnTe ZrC
ρ/g cm–3 8.91 8.578 12.038 21.50 0.851 2.740 1.984 1.553 2.480 3.128 5.016 1.58 3.350 2.797 3.551 2.331 10.50 5.585 0.971 3.339 3.202 2.485 2.163 2.804 3.6689 3.6193 4.277 2.989 4.99 5.123 16.626 14.65 7.4529 11.694 9.991 6.445 4.940 19.257 13.63 10.97 6.022 5.262 4.088 5.636 6.606
T/K 298 300 300 300 295 298 298 RT 295 300 RT 170 300 300 300 298 300 300 299 RT 300 RT 298 300 300 298 300 293 300 RT 298 RT 298 300 298 300 RT 297 300 298 300 298 298 298 298
12-36
Ref. 15 38 39 40 41 11 11 32 33 42 43 44 45 45 45 46 47 48 49 32 33 50 11 51 52 53 54 29 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 107 64 65 66 67 68 68 68 63
C11
C12
C44
2.481 2.4650 2.2710 3.4670 0.0370 0.3468 0.4069 0.1940 0.6490 0.2710 3.818 0.0296 0.3152 0.3624 0.2556 1.6578 1.2399 0.5920 0.0739 0.5450 0.3970 0.4920 0.4947 0.9700 0.3007 2.9857 1.2350 0.4255 1.601 3.4817 2.6023 5.05 0.3760 0.7530 3.670 1.1250 5.00 5.2239 3.200 3.960 2.287 0.8096 1.0462 0.7134 4.720
1.549 1.3450 1.7604 2.5070 0.0314 0.0580 0.0711 0.1180 0.1520 0.0450 0.310 0.0250 0.0500 0.0612 0.0382 0.6394 0.9367 0.3640 0.0622 0.1910 0.1001 0.1420 0.1288 0.2380 0.0912 1.5372 0.4305 0.2921 0.435 1.0064 1.5446 0.73 0.1458 0.4890 1.060 0.0750 1.13 2.0437 0.850 1.210 1.190 0.4881 0.6534 0.4078 0.987
1.242 0.2873 0.7173 0.7650 0.0188 0.0507 0.0631 0.0150 0.1232 0.0364 1.094 0.0171 0.0380 0.0468 0.0278 0.7962 0.4612 0.0616 0.0419 0.1500 0.0998 0.1160 0.1287 0.2822 0.0733 1.5758 0.3128 0.1590 0.590 4.5455 0.8255 0.79 0.0757 0.4780 0.797 0.1172 1.75 1.6083 0.647 0.641 0.432 0.4405 0.4613 0.3115 1.593
TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS Name
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
C13
NH4H2AsO4
2.3110
298
69
0.6747
-0.106
NH4H2PO4 BaTiO3 CaMoO4 In MgF2 NiSO4·6H2O
1.8030 5.9988 4.255 7.300 3.177 2.070
293 298 298 RT RT RT
69 70 79 71 72 73
0.6200 2.7512 1.447 0.4450 1.237 0.3209
-0.050 1.7897 0.664 0.3950 0.732 0.2315
KH2AsO4
2.867
RT
12
0.530
-0.060
KH2PO4
2.388
RT
71
0.7140
-0.049
RbH2PO4 TiO2 TeO2 Sn ZrSiO4
2.800 4.260 5.99 7.29 4.70
298 298 RT 288 RT
74 75 76 77 78
0.5562 2.7143 0.5320 0.7529 2.585
-0.064 1.7796 0.4860 0.6156 1.791
C16
C33
C44
C66
0.1652
0.3022
0.0685
0.0639
0.1400 1.5156 0.466 0.4050 0.536 0.0209
0.3000 1.6486 1.265 0.4440 1.770 0.2931
0.0910 0.5435 0.369 0.0655 0.552 0.1156
0.0610 1.1312 0.451 0.1220 0.978 0.1779
0.370
0.120
0.070
0.1290
0.5620
0.1270
0.0628
0.0279 1.4957 0.2120 0.4400 1.542
0.4398 4.8395 1.0850 0.9552 3.805
0.1142 1.2443 0.2440 0.2193 0.733
0.0350 1.9477 0.5520 0.2336 1.113
-0.020
0.134
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued)
12-37
Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Barium titanate Calcium molybdate Indium Magnesium fluoride Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rutile Tellurium oxide Tin (white) Zircon
ρ/g cm–3
Formula
ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS Name
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
C13
C22
C12H10 (NH4)2SO4 CaCO3 BaSO4 C6H6 (C6H5)2CO (MgFe)SiO3 CaSO4 SrSO3 Cs2SO4 Mg2SiO4 HIO3
1.220 1.774 2.93 4.40 1.061 1.219 3.38 2.962 3.96 4.243 3.224 4.630
293 293 RT RT 250 RT RT RT RT 293 298 RT
80 81 82 82 83 32 78 84 12 81 85 73
0.1380 0.3607 1.5958 0.8941 0.0614 0.1070 1.876 0.9382 1.044 0.4490 3.2848 0.3030
0.0210 0.1651 0.3663 0.4614 0.0352 0.0550 0.686 0.1650 0.773 0.1958 0.6390 0.1194
0.0410 0.1580 0.0197 0.2691 0.0401 0.0169 0.605 0.1520 0.605 0.1815 0.6880 0.1169
0.1262 0.2981 0.8697 0.7842 0.0656 0.1000 1.578 1.845 1.061 0.4283 1.9980 0.5448
0.0460 0.1456 0.1597 0.2676 0.0390 0.0321 0.561 0.3173 0.619 0.1800 0.7380 0.0548
LiNH4C4H4O6·4H2O
1.71
RT
12
0.3864
0.1655
0.0875
0.5393
MgSO4·7H2O (Na,Al)SiO3
1.68 2.25
RT RT
86 78
0.325 0.716
0.174 0.261
0.182 0.297
NiSO4·7H2O (MgFe)SiO4
1.948 3.324
RT RT
86 87
0.353 3.240
0.198 0.590
KB5O8·4H2O K2SO4 NaK(C4H4O6)·4H2O Rb2SO4
1.74 2.665 1.79 3.621
RT 293 RT 293
71 81 71 81
0.582 0.5357 0.255 0.5029
NaNH4C4H4O6·4H2O Na2C4H4O6·2H2O
1.587 1.794
RT RT
12 12
2.25 2.07 6.776 3.52 19.0453
RT RT 293 RT 293
1.970
RT
Sr(CHO2)2·2H2O S TlSO4 Al2SiO3(OH,F)2 U ZnSO4·7H2O
C23
C33
C44
C55
C66
0.1117 0.3534 0.8503 1.0548 0.0583 0.0710 2.085 1.1180 1.286 0.3785 2.3530 0.4359
0.0265 0.1025 0.4132 0.1190 0.0197 0.0203 0.700 0.3247 0.135 0.1326 0.6515 0.1835
0.0290 0.0717 0.2564 0.2874 0.0378 0.0155 0.592 0.2653 0.279 0.1319 0.8120 0.2193
0.0185 0.0974 0.4274 0.2778 0.0153 0.0353 0.544 0.0926 0.266 0.1323 0.8088 0.1736
0.2007
0.3624
0.1190
0.0667
0.2326
0.288 0.632
0.182 0.297
0.315 1.378
0.078 0.196
0.156 0.248
0.090 0.423
0.201 0.790
0.311 1.980
0.201 0.780
0.335 2.490
0.091 0.667
0.172 0.810
0.099 0.793
0.229 0.1999 0.141 0.1965
0.174 0.2095 0.116 0.1999
0.359 0.5653 0.381 0.5098
0.231 0.1990 0.146 0.1925
0.255 0.5523 0.371 0.4761
0.164 0.195 0.134 0.1626
0.046 0.1879 0.032 0.1589
0.057 0.1424 0.098 0.1407
0.3685 0.461
0.2725 0.286
0.3083 0.320
0.5092 0.547
0.3472 0.352
0.5541 0.665
0.1058 0.124
0.0303 0.031
0.0870 0.098
12 12 81 82 88
0.4391 0.240 0.4106 2.8136 2.1486
0.1037 0.133 0.2573 1.2582 0.4622
-0.149 0.171 0.2288 0.8464 0.2176
0.3484 0.205 0.3885 3.8495 1.9983
-0.014 0.159 0.2174 0.8815 1.0764
0.3746 0.483 0.4268 2.9452 2.6763
0.1538 0.043 0.1125 1.0811 1.2479
0.1075 0.087 0.1068 1.3298 0.7379
0.1724 0.076 0.0751 1.3089 0.7454
86
0.3320
0.1720
0.2000
0.2930
0.1980
0.3200
0.0780
0.1530
0.0830
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued)
12-38
Acenaphthene Ammonium sulfate Aragonite Barite Benzene Benzophenone Bronzite Calcium sulfate Celestite Cesium sulfate Fosterite Iodic acid Lithium ammonium tartrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Natrolite Nickel sulfate heptahydrate Olivine Potassium pentaborate Potassium sulfate Rochelle salt Rubidium sulfate Sodium ammonium tartrate Sodium tartrate Strontium formate dihydrate Sulfur Thallium sulfate Topaz Uranium (alpha) Zinc sulfate heptahydrate
ρ/g cm–3
Formula
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS Name Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)
ρ/g cm–3
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
C13
C15
C22
(NaFe)Si2O6 C14H10
3.50 1.258
RT RT
89 90
1.858 0.0852
0.685 0.0672
0.707 0.0590
0.098 -0.0192
1.813 0.1170
CoSO4·7H2O (CaMg)Si2O6
1.948 3.31
RT RT
86 91
0.335 2.040
0.205 0.884
0.158 0.0883
0.016 -0.193
0.378 1.750
KHC4H4O6
1.97
RT
12
0.4294
0.1399
0.3129
-0.0105
0.3460
KAlSi3O8
2.56
RT
92
0.664
0.438
0.259
-0.033
1.710
FeSO4·7H2O
1.898
RT
86
0.349
0.208
0.174
-0.020
0.376
Li2SO4·H2O C10H8
2.221 1.127
RT RT
32 93
0.5250 0.0780
0.1715 0.0445
0.1730 0.0340
-0.0196 -0.006
0.5060 0.0990
K2C4H4O6
1.987
RT
32
0.3110
0.1720
0.1690
0.0287
0.3900
Na2S2O3 (C6H5CH)2 (NH2CH2COOH)3· H2SO4
1.7499 1.60
RT RT
12 94
0.3323 0.0930
0.1814 0.0570
0.1875 0.0670
0.0225 -0.003
0.2953 0.0920
1.68
RT
32
0.4550
0.1720
0.1980
-0.030
0.3210
Formula
Name
C23
C25
C33
C35
C44
C46
C55
C66
Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)
0.626 0.0375
0.094 -0.0170
2.344 0.1522
0.214 -0.0187
0.692 0.0272
0.077 0.0138
0.510 0.0242
0.474 0.0399
0.158 0.482
-0.018 -0.196
0.371 2.380
-0.047 -0.336
0.060 0.675
0.016 -0.113
0.058 0.588
0.101 0.705
0.0961
-0.0044
0.1270
0.0841
0.1173
0.0176
0.6816
0.0294
0.192
-0.148
1.215
-0.131
0.143
-0.015
0.238
0.361
0.172
-0.019
0.360
-0.014
0.064
0.001
0.056
0.096
0.0368 0.0230
0.0571 -0.0270
0.5400 0.1190
-0.0254 0.0290
0.1400 0.0330
-0.0054 -0.0050
0.1565 0.0210
0.2770 0.0415
0.1330
0.0182
0.5540
0.0710
0.0870
0.0072
0.1040
0.0826
0.1713 0.0485
0.0983 -0.005
0.4590 0.0790
-0.0678 -0.005
0.0569 0.0325
-0.0268 0.0050
0.1070 0.0640
0.0598 0.0245
0.2080
-0.0036
0.2630
-0.0500
0.0950
-0.0026
0.1110
0.0620
12-39
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS ρ/g cm–3
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) Be3Al2Si6O18 Be
3.218 2.68 1.8477
RT RT 300
12 12 95
1.667 2.800 2.923
BeO Cd
3.01 8.652
RT 300
96 97
CdSe
5.655
298
4.824 8.836 8.560 9.064 7.888 12.727 0.920 7.2788 1.7364 21.024 12.3615 11.560 4.5063 4.95 4.472 7.134 5.6760 4.089 6.505
Name Apatite Beryl Beryllium Beryllium oxide Cadmium Cadmium selenide Cadmium sulfide Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Gadolinium Hafnium Ice Indium Magnesium Rhenium Ruthenium Thallium Titanium Titanium diboride Yttrium Zinc Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide Zirconium
Formula
CdS Co Dy Er Gd Hf H2O(solid) In Mg Re Ru Tl Ti TiB2 Y Zn ZnO ZnS Zr
C13
C33
C55
0.131 0.990 0.267
0.655 0.670 0.140
1.396 2.480 3.364
0.663 0.658 1.625
4.70 1.1450
1.68 0.3950
1.19 0.3990
4.94 0.5085
1.53 0.1985
68
0.7046
0.4516
0.3930
0.8355
0.1317
298 298 298 298 298 298 250 300 298 298 298 300 298
98 99 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 100 100 106 102
0.8431 3.071 0.7466 0.8634 0.6667 1.881 0.1410 0.4535 0.5950 6.1820 5.6260 0.4080 1.6240
0.5208 1.650 0.2616 0.3050 0.2499 0.772 0.0660 0.4006 0.2612 2.7530 1.8780 0.3540 0.9200
0.4567 1.027 0.2233 0.2270 0.2132 0.661 0.0624 0.4151 0.2180 2.0780 1.6820 0.2900 0.6900
0.9183 3.581 0.7871 0.8554 0.7191 1.969 0.1515 0.4515 0.6155 6.8350 6.2420 0.5280 1.8070
0.1458 0.755 0.2427 0.2809 0.2089 0.557 0.0288 0.0651 0.1635 1.6060 1.8060 0.0726 0.4670
RT 300 295 298 298 298
107 108 109 110 96 102
6.90 0.7790 1.6368 2.0970 1.2420 1.434
4.10 0.2850 0.3640 1.2110 0.6015 0.728
3.20 0.2100 0.5300 1.0510 0.4554 0.653
4.40 0.7690 0.6347 2.1090 1.4000 1.648
2.50 0.2431 0.3879 0.4247 0.2864 0.320
TRIGONAL CRYSTALS Name Aluminum oxide Aluminum phosphate Antimony Bismuth Calcite Hematite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Quartz Selenium Sodium nitrate Tourmaline
ρ/g cm–3
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
C13
C14
Al2O3
3.986
300
111
4.9735
1.6397
1.1220
-0.2358
4.9911
1.4739
AlPO4 Sb Bi CaCO3 Fe2O3 LiNbO3
2.556 6.70 9.80 2.712 5.240 4.70
RT 295 295 300 RT RT
73 112 112 113 82 114
1.0503 1.0130 0.6370 1.4806 2.4243 2.030
0.2934 0.3450 0.2490 0.5578 0.5464 0.530
0.6927 0.2920 0.2470 0.5464 0.1542 0.750
-0.1271 0.2090 0.0717 -0.2058 -0.1247 0.090
1.3353 0.4500 0.3820 0.8557 2.2734 2.450
0.2314 0.3930 0.1123 0.3269 0.8569 0.600
LiTaO3 SiO2 Se NaNO3
7.45 2.6485 4.838 2.27 3.05
RT 298 300 RT RT
114 115 116 12 82
2.330 0.8680 0.1870 0.8670 2.7066
0.470 0.0704 0.0710 0.1630 0.6927
0.800 0.1191 0.2620 0.1600 0.0872
-0.110 -0.1804 0.0620 0.0820 -0.0774
2.750 1.0575 0.7410 0.3740 1.6070
0.940 0.5820 0.1490 0.2130 0.6682
Formula
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
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12-40
C33
C44
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65.
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12-41
ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS (continued) 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116.
Wachtman, J. B. Jr., et. al., J. Nucl. Mat., 16, 39-41, 1965. Bolef, D. I., J. Appl. Phys., 32, 100-105, 1961. Berlincourt, D., H. Jaffe and L. R. Shiozawa, Phys. Rev., 129, 1009-1017, 1963. Adhav. R. S. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 43, 835-838, 1968. Berlincourt, D. and H. Jaffe, Phys. Rev., 111, 143-148, 1958. Huntington, H. B., in Solid State Pysics, Vol. 7, Seitz, F., and Turnbull, D., Ed., pp. 213-285; Academic Press, New York 1958. Cutler, H. R., J. J. Gibson and K. A. McCarthy, Sol. State Comm., 6, 431-433, 1968. Mason, W. P., Piezoelectric Crystals and Their Application to Ultrasonics, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, 1950. Adhav, R. S., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 2725-2727, 1969. Manghnani, M. H., J. Geophys. Res., 74, 4317-4328, 1969. Uchida, N. and Y. Ohmachi, J. Appl Phys., 40, 4692-4695, 1969. House, D. G. and E. Y. Vernon, Br. J. Appl. Phys., 11, 254-259, 1960. Ryzhova, T. V., et. al., Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Earth Phys. Ser., English Transl., no. 2, 111-113, 1966. Alton, W. J. and A. J. Barlow, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 3817-3820, 1967. Michard, F., et. al., C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 265, 565-567, 1967. Haussühl, S., Acta Cryst., 18, 839-842, 1965. Hearmon, R. F. S., Rev. Mod. Phys., 18, 409-440, 1946. Heseltine, J. C. W., D. W. Elliott and O. B. Wilson, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 2584-2587, 1964. Schwerdtner, W. M., et. al., Canad. J. Earth Sci., 2, 673-683, 1965. Kumazawa, M. and O. L. Anderson, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5961-5972, 1969 . Alexandrov, K. S., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 7, 753-755, 1963. Verma, R. K., J. Geophys. Soc., 65, 757-766, 1960. McSkimin, H. J. and E. S. Fisher, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 1627-1639, 1960. Alexandrov, K. S. and T.V. Ryzhova, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys. Ser., English Transl., no.8, 871-875, 1961. Afanaseva, G. K., et. al, Phys. Stat. Sol., 24, K61-K63, 1967. Alexandrov, K. S., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 8, 589-591, 1964. Alexandrov, K. S. and T. V Ryzhova, Bull Acad. Sci. USSR, Geophys. Ser., English Transl., no.2, 129-131, 1962. Alexandrov, K. S., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 8, 164-166, 1963. Teslenko, V. F., et. al., Sov. Phys. Cryst., 10, 744-747, 1966. Smith, J. F. and C. L. Arbogast, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 99-102, 1960. Cline, C. F., H. L. Dunegan and G. M. Henderson, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 1944-1948, 1967. Chang, Y. A. and L. Himmel, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 3787-3790, 1966. Gerlich, D., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 2575-2579, 1967. McSkimin, H. J., J. Appl. Phys., 26, 406-409, 1955. Fisher, E. S. and D. Dever, Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 239, 48-57, 1967. Fisher, E. S. and D. Dever, Proc. Conf. Rare Earth Res., 6th, Gatlinburg, Tenn., 522-533, 1967. Fisher, E. S. and C. J. Renken, Phys. Rev., 135, A482-A494, 1964. Proctor, T. M. Jr., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 39, 972-977, 1966. Chandrasekhar, B. S. and J. A. Rayne, Phys. Rev., 124, 1011-1041, 1961. Wazzan, A. R. and L. B. Robinson, Phys. Rev., 155, 586-594, 1967. Ferris, R. W., et. al., J. Appl. Phys., 34, 768-770, 1963. Gilman, J. J. and B. W. Roberts, J. Appl. Phys., 32, 1405, 1961. Smith, J. F. and J. A. Gjevre, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 645-647, 1960. Alers, G. A. and J. R. Neighbours, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 7, 58-64, 1908. Bateman, T. B., J. Appl. Phys., 33, 3309-3312, 1962. Tefft, W. E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 70A, 277-280, 1966. DeBretteville, Jr., A. et. al., Phys. Rev., 148, 575-579, 1966. Dandekar, D. P. and A. L. Ruoff, J. Appl. Phys., 39, 6004-6009, 1968. Warner, A. W., M. Onoe and G. A. Coquin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 42, 1223-1231, 1967. McSkimin, H. J., P. Andreatch and R. N. Thurston, J. Appl. Phys., 36, 1624-1632, 1965. Mort, J., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 3414-3415, 1967.
12-42
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS The first part of this table gives the electrical resistivity, in units of 10–8 Ω m, for 28 common metallic elements as a function of temperature. The data refer to polycrystalline samples. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values. However, at low temperatures (especially below 50 K) the electrical resistivity is extremely sensitive to sample purity. Thus the low-temperature values refer to samples of specified purity and treatment. The references should be consulted for further information on this point, as well as for values at additional temperatures. The second part of the table gives resistivity values in the neighborhood of room temperature for other metallic elements that have not been studied over an extended temperature range. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183—322, 1983; 13, 1069—1096, 1984; 13, 1097—1130, 1984, 13, 1131—1172, 1984. R. A. Matula, J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 1147—1298, 1979. T. C. Chi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 339—438, 1979; 8, 439—498, 1979. K. H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Group III, Vol. 15, Subvolume a, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 5. L. A. Hall, Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature Range 0 to 273 K, NBS Technical Note 365, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, 1968.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IN 10–8 Ω m T/K
Aluminum
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0.000100 0.000193 0.000755 0.0181 0.0959 0.245 0.442 1.006 1.587 2.417 2.650 2.709 2.733 3.87 4.99 6.13 7.35 8.70 10.18
T/K
Gold
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500
0.0220 0.0226 0.035 0.141 0.308 0.481 0.650 1.061 1.462 2.051 2.214 2.255 2.271 3.107 3.97
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Barium 0.081 0.189 0.94 2.91 4.86 6.83 8.85 14.3 20.2 30.2 33.2 34.0 34.3 51.4 72.4 98.2 130 168 216 Hafnium 1.00 1.00 1.11 2.52 4.53 6.75 9.12 15.0 21.0 30.4 33.1 33.7 34.0 48.1 63.1
Beryllium 0.0332 0.0332 0.0336 0.0367 0.067 0.075 0.133 0.510 1.29 3.02 3.56 3.70 3.76 6.76 9.9 13.2 16.5 20.0 23.7 Iron 0.0225 0.0238 0.0287 0.0758 0.271 0.693 1.28 3.15 5.20 8.57 9.61 9.87 9.98 16.1 23.7
Calcium
Cesium
0.045 0.047 0.060 0.175 0.40 0.65 0.91 1.56 2.19 3.11 3.36 3.42 3.45 4.7 6.0 7.3 8.7 10.0 11.4
0.0026 0.243 0.86 1.99 3.07 4.16 5.28 8.43 12.2 18.7 20.5 20.8 21.0
Lead
4.9 6.4 9.9 13.6 19.2 20.8 21.1 21.3 29.6 38.3
Lithium 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.074 0.345 1.00 1.73 3.72 5.71 8.53 9.28 9.47 9.55 13.4
Chromium
1.6 4.5 7.7 11.8 12.5 12.6 12.7 15.8 20.1 24.7 29.5 34.6 39.9 Magnesium 0.0062 0.0069 0.0123 0.074 0.261 0.557 0.91 1.84 2.75 4.05 4.39 4.48 4.51 6.19 7.86
Copper 0.00200 0.00202 0.00280 0.0239 0.0971 0.215 0.348 0.699 1.046 1.543 1.678 1.712 1.725 2.402 3.090 3.792 4.514 5.262 6.041 Manganese 7.02 18.9 54 116 131 132 132 136 139 143 144 144 144 147 149
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS (continued) T/K
Gold
600 700 800 900
4.87 5.82 6.81 7.86
T/K
Molybdenum
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0.00070 0.00089 0.00261 0.0457 0.206 0.482 0.858 1.99 3.13 4.85 5.34 5.47 5.52 8.02 10.6 13.1 15.8 18.4 21.2
T/K
Sodium
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0.0009 0.0015 0.016 0.172 0.447 0.80 1.16 2.03 2.89 4.33 4.77 4.88 4.93
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Hafnium 78.5
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
32.9 44.0 57.1
Nickel
9.52 11.2 12.8 14.4 Palladium
Platinum
0.0032 0.0057 0.0140 0.068 0.242 0.545 0.96 2.21 3.67 6.16 6.93 7.12 7.20 11.8 17.7 25.5 32.1 35.5 38.6
0.0200 0.0242 0.0563 0.334 0.938 1.75 2.62 4.80 6.88 9.78 10.54 10.73 10.80 14.48 17.94 21.2 24.2 27.1 29.4
0.002 0.0154 0.0484 0.409 1.107 1.922 2.755 4.76 6.77 9.6 10.5 10.7 10.8 14.6 18.3 21.9 25.4 28.7 32.0
Strontium
Tantalum
Tungsten
0.80 0.80 0.92 1.70 2.68 3.64 4.58 6.84 9.04 12.3 13.2 13.4 13.5 17.8 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.6
0.10 0.102 0.146 0.751 1.65 2.62 3.64 6.19 8.66 12.2 13.1 13.4 13.5 18.2 22.9 27.4 31.8 35.9 40.1
0.000016 0.000137 0.00196 0.0544 0.266 0.606 1.02 2.09 3.18 4.82 5.28 5.39 5.44 7.83 10.3 13.0 15.7 18.6 21.5
151 152
Potassium
Rubidium
0.0008 0.0160 0.117 0.480 0.90 1.34 1.79 2.99 4.26 6.49 7.20 7.39 7.47
0.0131 0.109 0.444 1.21 1.94 2.65 3.36 5.27 7.49 11.5 12.8 13.1 13.3
Vanadium
0.0145 0.039 0.304 1.11 2.41 4.01 8.2 12.4 18.1 19.7 20.1 20.2 28.0 34.8 41.1 47.2 53.1 58.7
Manganese
Zinc 0.0100 0.0112 0.0387 0.306 0.715 1.15 1.60 2.71 3.83 5.46 5.90 6.01 6.06 8.37 10.82 13.49
Silver 0.00100 0.00115 0.0042 0.0539 0.162 0.289 0.418 0.726 1.029 1.467 1.587 1.617 1.629 2.241 2.87 3.53 4.21 4.91 5.64 Zirconium 0.250 0.253 0.357 1.44 3.75 6.64 9.79 17.8 26.3 38.8 42.1 42.9 43.3 60.3 76.5 91.5 104.2 114.9 123.1
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF PURE METALS (continued)
Element Antimony Bismuth Cadmium Cerium (β, hex) Cerium (γ, cub) Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gallium Holmium Indium Iridium Lanthanum Lutetium Mercury Neodymium Niobium Osmium Polonium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Uranium Ytterbium Yttrium
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T/K
Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m
273 273 273 290—300 298 273 290—300 290—300 290—300 290—300 273 290—300 273 273 290—300 290—300 298 290—300 273 273 273 290—300 290—300 273 273 273 273 290—300 290—300 290—300 273 273 290—300 273 273 273 290—300 290—300
39 107 6.8 82.8 74.4 5.6 92.6 86.0 90.0 131 13.6 81.4 8.0 4.7 61.5 58.2 96.1 64.3 15.2 8.1 40 70.0 75 est. 17.7 17.2 4.3 7.1 94.0 56.2 115 15 14.7 67.6 11.5 39 28 25.0 59.6
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS These values were obtained by fitting all available measurements to a theoretical formulation describing the temperature and composition dependence of the electrical resistivity of metals. Some of the values listed here fall in regions of temperature and composition where no actual measurements exist. Details of the procedure may be found in the reference. Values of the resistivity are given in units of 10-8 Ω m. General comments in the preceding table for pure metals also apply here. REFERENCE C.Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183-322, 1983. Aluminum-Copper
Wt % Al 99a 95a 90b 85b 80b 70b 60b 50b 40c 30c 25f 15h 10g 5c 1b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.531 0.895 1.38 1.88 2.34 3.02 3.49 4.00
2.51 2.88 3.36 3.87 4.33 5.03 5.56 6.22 7.57 11.2 16.3
2.82 3.18 3.67 4.19 4.67 5.41 5.99 6.67 8.10 12.0 17.6
3.38 3.75 4.25 4.79 5.31 6.16 6.77 7.55 9.12 13.5 19.8
3.95 4.33 4.86 5.42 5.99 6.94 7.63 8.52 10.2 15.2 22.2
8.71 7.92 3.22
10.8 9.43 4.46
2.74 3.10 3.59 4.10 4.58 5.31 5.88 6.55 7.96 11.8 17.2 12.3 11.0 9.61 4.60
11.1 9.68 4.65
11.7 10.2 5.00
12.3 10.7 5.37
Aluminum-Magnesium
Wt % Al 99c 95c 90c 10b 5b 1a
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.958 3.01 5.42 14.0 9.93 2.78
2.96 5.05 7.52 17.1 13.1 5.92
3.18 5.28 7.76 17.4 13.4 6.25
3.26 5.36 7.85 17.6 13.5 6.37
3.82 5.93 8.43 18.4 14.3 7.20
4.39 6.51 9.02 19.2 15.2 8.03
Copper-Gold
Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.520 1.21 2.11 3.01 3.95 5.91 8.04 9.88 11.44 12.43 12.59 11.38 9.33 5.91 2.00
1.73 2.41 3.29 4.20 5.15 7.12 9.18 11.07 12.70 13.77 13.93 12.75 10.70 7.25 3.40
1.86 2.54 4.42 4.33 5.28 7.25 9.13 11.20 12.85 13.93 14.09 12.91 10.86 7.41 3.57
1.91 2.59 3.46 4.38 5.32 7.30 9.36 11.25 12.90 13.99 14.14 12.96 10.91 7.46 3.62
2.24 2.92 3.79 4.71 5.65 7.64 9.70 11.60 13.27 14.38 14.54 13.36 11.31 7.87 4.03
2.58 3.26 4.12 5.05 5.99 7.99 10.05 11.94 13.65 14.78 14.94 13.77 11.72 8.28 4.45
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ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Copper-Nickel
Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70i 60i 50i 40c 30i 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
1.45 6.19 12.08 18.01 23.89 35.73 45.76 50.22 36.77 26.73 22.22 13.49 9.28 5.20 1.81
2.71 7.60 13.69 19.63 25.46 36.67 45.43 50.19 47.42 40.19 33.46 22.00 16.65 11.49 7.23
2.85 7.71 13.89 19.83 25.66 36.72 45.38 50.05 47.73 41.79 35.11 23.35 17.82 12.50 8.08
2.91 7.82 13.96 19.90 25.72 36.76 43.35 50.01 47.82 42.34 35.69 23.85 18.26 12.90 8.37
3.27 8.22 14.40 20.32 26.12 36.85 45.20 49.73 48.28 44.51 39.67 27.60 21.51 15.69 10.63
3.62 8.62 14.81 20.70 26.44 36.89 45.01 49.50 48.49 45.40 42.81 31.38 25.19 18.78 13.18
Copper-Palladium
Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.91 2.99 5.69 8.30 10.74 15.67 20.45 26.07 33.53 45.03 44.12 31.79 23.00 13.09 8.97
2.10 4.21 6.89 9.48 11.99 16.87 21.73 27.62 35.31 46.50 46.25 36.52 28.90 20.00 11.90
2.23 4.35 7.03 9.61 12.12 17.01 21.87 27.79 35.51 46.66 46.45 36.99 29.51 20.75 12.67
2.27 4.40 7.08 9.66 12.16 17.06 21.92 27.86 35.57 46.71 46.52 37.16 29.73 21.02 12.93
2.59 4.74 7.41 10.01 12.51 17.41 22.30 28.25 36.03 47.11 46.99 38.28 31.19 22.84 14.82
2.92 5.08 7.74 10.36 12.87 17.78 22.69 28.64 36.47 47.47 47.43 39.35 32.56 24.54 16.68
Copper-Zinc
Wt % Cu 99b 95b 90b 85b 80b 70b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
0.671 1.54 2.33 2.93 3.44 4.08
1.84 2.78 3.66 4.37 5.01 5.87
1.97 2.92 3.81 4.54 5.19 6.08
2.02 2.97 3.86 4.60 5.26 6.15
2.36 3.33 4.25 5.02 5.71 6.67
2.71 3.69 4.63 5.44 6.17 7.19
Gold-Palladium
Wt % Au 99c 95c 90i 85b 80b 70c 60b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
1.31 3.88 6.70 9.14 11.23 16.44 24.64
2.69 5.21 8.01 10.50 12.75 18.23 26.70
2.86 5.35 8.17 10.66 12.93 18.46 26.94
2.91 5.41 8.22 10.72 12.99 18.54 27.02
3.32 5.79 8.56 11.10 13.45 19.10 27.63
3.73 6.17 8.93 11.48 13.93 19.67 28.23
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ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Gold-Palladium (continued)
Wt % Au 50a 40a 30b 25b 15a 10a 5a 1a
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
400 K
23.09 19.40 14.94 12.72 8.54 6.54 4.58 3.01
27.23 24.65 20.82 18.86 15.08 13.25 11.49 10.07
27.63 25.23 21.49 19.53 15.77 13.95 12.21 10.85
27.76 25.42 21.72 19.77 16.01 14.20 12.46 11.12
28.64 26.74 23.35 21.51 17.80 16.00 14.26 12.99
29.42 27.95 24.92 23.19 19.61 17.81 16.07 14.80
Gold-Silver
Wt % Au 99b 95a 90j 85j 80j 70j 60j 50j 40j 30a 25a 15a 10a 5i 1b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
1.20 3.16 5.16 6.75 7.96 9.36 9.61 8.96 7.69 6.15 5.29 3.42 2.44 1.44 0.627
2.58 4.58 6.57 8.14 9.34 10.70 10.92 10.23 8.92 7.34 6.46 4.55 3.54 2.52 1.69
2.75 4.74 6.73 8.30 9.50 10.86 11.07 10.37 9.06 7.47 6.59 4.67 3.66 2.64 1.80
2.80 4.79 6.78 8.36 9.55 10.91 11.12 10.42 9.11 7.52 6.63 4.72 3.71 2.68 1.84
3.22 5.19 7.19 8.75 9.94 11.29 11.50 10.78 9.46 7.85 6.96 5.03 4.00 2.96 2.12
400 K 3.63 5.59 7.58 9.15 10.33 11.68 11.87 11.14 9.81 8.19 7.30 5.34 4.31 3.25 2.42
Iron-Nickel
Wt % Fe 99a 95c 90c 85c 80c 70b 60c 50d 40d 30c 25b 15c 10c 5c 1b
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
400 K
3.32 10.0 14.5 17.5 19.3 20.9 28.6 12.3 7.73 5.97 5.62 4.97 4.20 3.34 1.66
10.9 18.7 24.2 27.8 30.1 32.3 53.8 28.4 19.6 15.3 14.3 12.6 11.4 9.66 7.17
12.0 19.9 25.5 29.2 31.6 33.9 57.1 30.6 21.6 17.1 15.9 13.8 12.5 10.6 7.94
12.4 20.2 25.9 29.7 32.2 34.4 58.2 31.4 22.5 17.7 16.4 14.2 12.9 10.9 8.12
18.7 26.8 33.2 37.3 40.0 42.4 73.9 43.7 34.0 27.4 25.1 21.1 18.9 16.1 12.8
Silver-Palladium
Wt % Ag 99b 95b 90b 85k 80k
100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
0.839 2.528 4.72 6.82 8.91
1.891 3.58 5.82 7.92 10.01
2.007 3.70 5.94 8.04 10.13
2.049 3.74 5.98 8.08 10.17
2.35 4.04 6.28 8.38 10.47
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400 K 2.66 4.34 6.59 8.68 10.78
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SELECTED ALLOYS (continued) Silver-Palladium (continued) 100 K
273 K
293 K
300 K
350 K
13.43 19.4 29.3 40.8 37.1 32.4 21.0 14.95 8.91 3.97
14.53 20.9 31.2 42.2 40.4 36.67 27.08 21.69 15.98 11.06
14.65 21.1 31.4 42.2 40.6 37.06 26.68 22.39 16.72 11.82
14.69 21.2 31.5 42.2 40.7 37.19 27.89 22.63 16.98 12.08
14.99 21.6 32.0 42.3 41.3 38.1 29.3 24.3 18.8 13.92
400 K
Wt % Ag 70k 60i 50k 40m 30b 25k 15i 10i 5b 1a
Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3%. c Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 5%. d Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7% below 300 K and ± 5% at 300 and 400 K. e Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7%. f Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 8%. g Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 10%. h Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 12%. i Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 4%. j Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 1%. k Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. m Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. a
b
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15.30 22.0 32.4 42.3 41.7 38.8 30.6 25.9 20.5 15.70
CURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse The following table lists the major ferroelectric crystals and their Curie temperatures, TC.
REFERENCE Young, K. F. and Frederikse, H. P. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 313, 1973.
Name or acronym
Formula
TC/K
KH2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2 PO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2PO4 RbD2AsO4 CsH2PO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4
123 97 213 162 146 111 218 178 159 143 212
NaKC4H4O6⋅4H2O NaKC4H2D2O6⋅4H2O NaNH4C4H4O6⋅4H2O LiNH4C4H4O6⋅H2O
255-297 251-308 109 106
(NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SeO4 (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2BeF4 (NH4)2BeF4 HNH4(ClCH2COO)2
322 295 346 176 128
BaTiO3 PbTiO3 KNbO3 KTa2/3Nb1/3O3 LiNBO3 LiTaO3 Ba6Ti2Nb8O30 Ba2NaNb5O15 KIO3 LiIO3 KNO3 NaNO3 RbNO3
406, 278, 193 765 712 241, 220, 170 1483 891 521 833 485, 343, 257-263, 83 529 397 548 437-487
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate group KDP KDA KDDP KDDA RDP RDA RDDP RDDA CDP CDA CDDA
Rochelle salt group Rochelle salt Deuterated Rochelle salt Ammonium Rochelle salt LAT
Triglycine sulfate group TGS TGSe TGFB AFB HADA Perovskites and related compounds Barium titanate Lead titanate Potassium niobate Potassium tantalate niobate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium titanium niobate Ba-Na niobate (“Bananas”) Potassium iodate Lithium iodate Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Rubidium nitrate
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CURIE TEMPERATURE OF SELECTED FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS (continued) Name or acronym
Formula
TC/K
Miscellaneous compounds Cesium trihydrogen selenite Lithium trihydrogen selenite Potassium selenate Methyl ammonium alum (MASD) Ammonium cadmium sulfate Ammonium bisulfate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate Colemanite Cadmium pyroniobite Gadolinium molybdate
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CsH3(SeO3)2 LiH3(SeO3)2 K2SeO4
143 TC > Tmp 93
CH3NH3Al(SO4)2⋅12H2O (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)HSO4 (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 CaB3O4(OH)3⋅H2O Cd2Nb2O7 Gd2(MoO4)3
177 95 271 224 398, 357, 305, 255 266 185 432
PROPERTIES OF ANTIFERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS H. P. R. Frederikse Some important antiferroelectric crystals are listed here with their Curie Temperatures TC. The last column gives the constant T0 which appears in the Curie-Weiss law describing the dielectric constant of these materials above the Curie Temperature: ε = const./(T - T0) Name or acronym
Formula
TC/K
ADP ADA ADDP ADDA AdDDP AdDDA Sodium niobate Lead hafnate Lead zirconate Lead metaniobate Lead metatantalate Tungsten trioxide Potassium strontium niobate Sodium nitrite Sodium trihydrogen selenite Sodium trideuterium selenite Ammonium trihydrogen periodate
NH4H2PO4 NH4H2 AsO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4D2AsO4 ND4D2PO4 ND4D2AsO4 NaNbO3 PbHfO3 PbZrO3 PbNb2O6 PbTa2O6 WO3 KSr2Nb5O15 NaNO2 NaH3(SeO3)2 NaD3(SeO3)2 (NH4)2H3IO6
148 216 242, 245 299 243 304 911, 793 476 503 843 543 1010 427 437 193 271 245
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T0/K
378 475 530 533 413 437 192 245
DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS OF GLASSES
Type Corning 0010 Corning 0080 Corning 0120 Pyrex 1710 Pyrex 3320 Pyrex 7040 Pyrex 7050 Pyrex 7052 Pyrex 7060 Pyrex 7070 Vycor 7230 Pyrex 7720 Pyrex 7740 Pyrex 7750 Pyrex 7760 Vycor 7900 Vycor 7910 Vycor 7911 Corning 8870 G. E. Clear (silica glass) Quartz (fused) a
Dielectric constant at 100 MHz (20°C) 6.32 6.75 6.65 6.00 4.71 4.65 4.77 5.07 4.70 4.00 3.83 4.50 5.00 4.28 4.50 3.9 3.8 3.8 9.5 3.81 3.75 4.1 (1 MHz)
Power factor × dielectric constant equals loss factor.
12-59
Volume resistivity (350°C megohm-cm)
Loss factora
10 0.13 100 2,500 — 80 16 25 13 1,300 — 16 4 50 50 130 1,600 4,000 5,000 4,000—30,000 —
0.015 0.058 0.012 0.025 0.019 0.013 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.0048 0.0061 0.014 0.040 0.011 0.0081 0.0023 0.00091 0.00072 0.0085 0.00038 0.0002 (1 MHz)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS L. I. Berger and B. W. Roberts
The following tables include superconductive properties of selected elements, compounds, and alloys. Individual tables are given for thin films, elements at high pressures, superconductors with high critical magnetic fields, and high critical temperature superconductors. The historically first observed and most distinctive property of a superconductive body is the near total loss of resistance at a critical temperature (Tc) that is characteristic of each material. Figure 1(a) below illustrates schematically two types of possible transitions. The sharp vertical discontinuity in resistance is indicative of that found for a single crystal of a very pure element or one of a few well annealed alloy compositions. The broad transition, illustrated by broken lines, suggests the transition shape seen for materials that are not homogeneous and contain unusual strain distributions. Careful testing of the resistivity limit for superconductors shows that it is less than 4 × 10–23 ohm cm, while the lowest resistivity observed in metals is of the order of 10–13 ohm cm. If one compares the resistivity of a superconductive body to that of copper at room temperature, the superconductive body is at least 1017 times less resistive.
Ho ρ
–4πM
Normal
Hc Superconducting
0 (a)
Tc
Tc
0 (b)
0
Hcl Hc Mixed state (c)
Hc2
Hc3
FIGURE 1. Physical properties of superconductors. (a) Resistivity vs. temperature for a pure and perfect lattice (solid line); impure and/or imperfect lattice (broken line). (b) Magnetic-field temperature dependence for Type-I or “soft” superconductors. (c) Schematic magnetization curve for “hard” or Type-II superconductors. The temperature interval ∆Tc, over which the transition between the normal and superconductive states takes place, may be of the order of as little as 2 × 10–5 K or several K in width, depending on the material state. The narrow transition width was attained in 99.9999% pure gallium single crystals. A Type-I superconductor below Tc, as exemplified by a pure metal, exhibits perfect diamagnetism and excludes a magnetic field up to some critical field Hc, whereupon it reverts to the normal state as shown in the H-T diagram of Figure 1(b). The magnetization of a typical high-field superconductor is shown in Figure 1(c). The discovery of the large current-carrying capability of Nb3Sn and other similar alloys has led to an extensive study of the physical properties of these alloys. In brief, a high-field superconductor, or Type-II superconductor, passes from the perfect diamagnetic state at low magnetic fields to a mixed state and finally to a sheathed state before attaining the normal resistive state of the metal. The magnetic field values separating the four stages are given as Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. The superconductive state below Hc1 is perfectly diamagnetic, identical to the state of most pure metals of the “soft” or Type-I superconductor. Between Hc1 and Hc2 a “mixed superconductive state” is found in which fluxons (a minimal unit of magnetic flux) create lines of normal flux in a superconductive matrix. The volume of the normal state is proportional to –4πM in the “mixed state” region. Thus at Hc2 the fluxon density has become so great as to drive the interior volume of the superconductive body completely normal. Between Hc2 and Hc3 the superconductor has a sheath of current-carrying superconductive material at the body surface, and above Hc3 the normal state exists. With several types of careful measurement, it is possible to determine Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. Table 6 contains some of the available data on high-field superconductive materials. High-field superconductive phenomena are also related to specimen dimension and configuration. For example, the Type-I superconductor, Hg, has entirely different magnetization behavior in high magnetic fields when contained in the very fine sets of filamentary tunnels found in an unprocessed Vycor glass. The great majority of superconductive materials are Type-II. The elements in very pure form and a very few precisely stoichiometric and well annealed compounds are Type I with the possible exceptions of vanadium and niobium. Metallurgical Aspects. The sensitivity of superconductive properties to the material state is most pronounced and has been used in a reverse sense to study and specify the detailed state of alloys. The mechanical state, the homogeneity, and the presence of impurity atoms and other electron-scattering centers are all capable of controlling the critical temperature and the current-carrying capabilities in high-magnetic fields. Well annealed specimens tend to show sharper transitions than those that are strained or inhomogeneous. This sensitivity to mechanical state underlines a general problem in the tabulation of properties for superconductive materials. The occasional divergent values of the critical temperature and of the critical fields quoted for a Type-II superconductor may lie in the variation in sample preparation. Critical temperatures of materials studied early in the history of superconductivity must be evaluated in light of the probable metallurgical state of the material, as well as the availability of less pure starting elements. It has been noted that recent work has given extended consideration to the metallurgical aspects of sample preparation. Symbols in tables: Tc: Critical temperature; Ho: Critical magnetic field in the T = 0 limit; θD: Debye temperature; and γ: Electronic specific heat.
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PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 1 Selective Properties of Superconductive Elements Element
Tc(K)
Al Am* (α,?) Am* (β,?) Be Cd Ga Ga (β) Ga (γ) Ga (∆) Hf Hg (α) Hg (β) In Ir La (α) La (β) Lu Mo Nb Os Pa Pb Re Ru Sn Ta Tc Th Ti Tl U V W Zn Zr Zr (ω)
1.175 ± 0.002 0.6 1.0 0.026 0.517 ± 0.002 1.083 ± 0.001 5.9, 6.2 7 7.85 0.128 4.154 ± 0.001 3.949 3.408 ± 0.001 0.1125 ± 0.001 4.88 ± 0.02 6.00 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.03 0.915 ± 0.005 9.25 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.03 1.4 7.196 ± 0.006 1.697 ± 0.006 0.49 ± 0.015 3.722 ± 0.001 4.47 ± 0.04 7.8 ± 0.1 1.38 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.04 2.38 ± 0.02 0.2 5.40 ± 0.05 0.0154 ± 0.0005 0.85 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.15 0.65, 0.95
θD(K)
Ho(oersted)
γ(mJ mol–1K–1)
104.9 ± 0.3
420
1.35
28 ± 1 58.3 ± 0.2 560 950, HFa 815, HF 12.7 411 ± 2 339 281.5 ± 2 16 ± 0.05 800 ± 10 1096, 1600 350 ± 50 96 ± 3 2060 ± 50, HF 70
209 325
0.21 0.69 0.60
2.21 1.81 1.37 1.672 3.19 9.8 11.3
87, 71.9 93 109 425 151 139 460 276 500
1.83 7.80 2.35
803 ± 1 200 ± 5 69 ± 2 305 ± 2 829 ± 6 1410, HF 1.60 ± 3 56 178 ± 2
96 4.5 580 195 258 411 165 415 78.5
3.1 2.35 2.8 1.78 6.15 6.28 4.32 3.3 1.47
1408 1.15 ± 0.03 54 ± 0.3 47
383 383 310 290
9.82 0.90 0.66 2.77
TABLE 2 Range of Critical Temperatures Observed for Superconductive Elements in Thin Films Condensed Usually at Low Temperatures Element Al Be Bi Cd (Disordered) (Ordered) Ga Hg In La Mo a
Tc Range (K) 1.15—5.7 5—9.75 6.17—6.6 0.79—0.91 0.53—0.59 2.5—8.5 3.87—4.5 2.2—5.6 3.55—6.74 3.3—8.0
Comments HFa HF
HF HF
HF denotes high magnetic field superconductive properties.
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Element Nb Pb Re Sn Ta Tc Ti Tl V W Zn
Tc Range (K) 2.0—10.1 1.8—7.5 1.7—7 3.5—6 <1.7—4.51 4.6—7.7 1.3 Max 2.33—2.96 1.8—6.02 <1.0—4.1 0.77—1.9
Comments
HFa
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 3 Elements Exhibiting Superconductivity Under or After Application of High Pressure Tc Range (K)
Pressure (kbar)
Ba II III IV Bi II III IV V VI VII(?) Ce (α) Ce (α′) Cs V Ga II II′
1.98—0.075 0.31—0.5 0.2—0.25 1—1.8 1.8—5 4.5—5.4 3.9 6.55—7.25 7.0, 8.7—6.0 6.7, 8.3 8.55 8.2 0.020—0.045 1.9—1.3 1.5 6.38 7.5
Ge La Lu P
5.35 5.5—12.9 0.022—1.0 5.8
0—62 220—140 140—100 55—85 85—144 144—190 25—27 28—38 43, 43—62 48—80 90, 92—101 30 20—35 45—125 >125 ≥35 ≥35 then P removed 115 0—210 45—190 170
Element Al As
Element
Tc Range (K)
Pb II Re II
3.55 2.3 Max.
Sb (prepared 120 kbar, held below 77K) Sb II Se II Si Sn II III Te II
2.6—2.7
IV () Tl (cubic form) (hexagonal form) U Y Zr (omega form, metastable)
3.55—3.40 6.75, 6.95 6.7—7.1 5.2—4.85 5.30 2.4—5.1 4.1—4.2 4.72—4 3.3—2.8 1.45 1.95 2.4—0.4 1.7—2.5 1—1.7
Pressure (kbar) 160 “Plastic” compression
85—150 130 120—130 125—160 113 38—55 53—62 63—80 100—260 35 35 10—85 110—160 60—130
TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys All compositions are denoted on an atomic basis, i.e., AB, AB2, or AB3 for compounds, unless noted. Solid solutions or odd compositions may be denoted as AzB1–z or AzB. A series of three or more alloys is indicated as AxB1–x or by actual indication of the atomic fraction range, such as A0— 0.6B1—0.4. The critical temperature of such a series of alloys is denoted by a range of values or possibly the maximum value. The selection of the critical temperature from a transition in the effective permeability, or the change in resistance, or possibly the incremental changes in frequency observed by certain techniques is not often obvious from the literature. Most authors choose the mid-point of such curves as the probable critical temperature of the idealized material, while others will choose the highest temperature at which a deviation from the normal state property is observed. In view of the previous discussion concerning the variability of the superconductive properties as a function of purity and other metallurgical aspects, it is recommended that appropriate literature be checked to determine the most probable critical temperature or critical field of a given alloy. A very limited amount of data on critical fields, HO, is available for these compounds and alloys; these values are given at the end of the table. A. SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH Tc< 10 K Substance Ag3.3Al AgxAlyZn1-x-y AgBi2 Ag7F0.25N0.75O10.25 Ag2F Ag7FO8 Ag0.8—0.3Ga0.2—0.7 Ag4Ge Ag0.438Hg0.562 AgIn2
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Tc, K 0.34 0.15 2.87—3.0 0.85—0.90 0.0.066 0.3 6.5—8 0.85 0.64 ~2.4
Crystal structure type A12-cI58 (Mn) Cubic
Cubic Hex., c.p. D82 C16
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Ag0.1In0.9Te (n = 1.4 × 1022)* Ag0.2In0.8Te (n = 1.07 × 1022) AgLa AgLa (9.5 kbar) AgLu AgMo4S5 Ag1.2Mo6Se8 Ag7NO11 AgxPb1-x Ag4Sn AgxSn1-x AgxSn1–x (film) AgTe3 AgTh AgTh2 Ag0.03Tl0.97 Ag0.94Tl0.06 AgY AgxZn1-x AlAu4 Al2Au Al2CMo3 Al2CaSi Al0.131Cr0.088V0.781 AlGe2 Al2Ge2U AlLa3 Al2La Al2Lu Al3Mg2 AlMo3 AlMo6Pd AlN Al2NNb3 Al3Nb AlOs Al3Os AlPb (film) Al2Pt Al5Re24 AlSb Al2Sc Al2Si2U AlTh2 Al3Th AlxTiyV1-x-y Al0.108V0.892 Al2Y Al3Yb AlxZn1-x AlZr3 AsBiPb AsBiPbSb AsHfOs AsHfRu
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Tc, K 1.2—1.89 0.77—1.00 0.94 1.2 0.33 9.1 5.9 1.04 7.2 max. 0.1 1.5—3.7 2.0—3.8 2.6 2.2 2.26 2.67 2.32 0.33 0.5—0.845 0.4—0.7 0.1 9.8—10.2 5.8 1.46 1.75 1.6 5.57 3.23 1.02 0.84 0.58 2.1 1.55 1.3 0.64 0.39 5.90 1.2—7 0.48—0.55 3.35 2.8 1.02 1.34 0.1 0.75 2.05—3.62 1.82 0.35 0.94 0.5—0.845 0.73 9.0 9.0 3.2 4.9
Crystal structure type B1 B1 B2-cP2 (CsCl) B2 B2-cP2 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same Cubic h**
Cubic C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) C16
B2-cP2 (CsCl) Like A13 C1-cF12 (CaF2) A13+trace 2nd. phase) Cubic LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) DO19 C15 C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) F.C.C. A15 B4 A13 tI8 (Al3Ti) B2
C1 A12 B4-tI4 (Sn) C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) DO19 Cubic Cubic C15-cF24 (Cu2Mg) LI2-cP4 (Cu3Au) LI2
C22-hP9 (Fe2P) same
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance As0.33InTe0.67 (n = 1.24 ×1022) As0.5InTe0.5 (n = 0.97 × 1022) As4La3 AsNb3 As0.50Ni0.06Pd0.44 AsNi0.25Pd0.75 AsOsZr AsPb AsPd2 (low-temp. phase) AsPd2 (high-temp. phase) AsPd5 As3Pd5 AsRh AsRh1.4—1.6 AsSn AsSn (n = 2.14 × 1022) As~2Sn~3 As3Sn4 (n = 0.56 × 1022) AsV3 Au5Ba AuBe Au2Bi Au5Ca AuGa2 AuGa Au0.40—0.92Ge0.60—0.08 AuIn2 AuIn AuLu AuNb3 AuPb2 AuPb2 (film) AuPb3 AuPb3 (film) Au2Pb AuSb2 AuSn AuxSn1-x (film) Au5Sn AuTa4.3 Au3Te5 AuTh2 AuTl AuV3 AuxZn1-x AuZn3 AuxZry AuZr3 B2Ba0.67Pt3 BCMo2 BCMo2 B2Ca0.67Pt3 B4ErIr4 B4ErRh4 B4ErRh4
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Tc, K 0.85—1.15 0.44—0.62 0.6 0.3 1.39 1.6 8.0 8.4 0.60 1.70 0.46 1.9 0.58 < 0.03—0.56 4.10 3.41—3.65 3.5—3.6; 1.21—1.17 1.16—1.19 0.20 0.4—0.7 2.64 1.80 0.34—0.38 1.6 1.2 <0.32—1.63 0.2 0.4—0.6 <0.35 1.2 3.15 4.3 4.40 4.25 1.18; 6—7 0.58 1.25 2.0—3.8 0.7—1.1 0.55 1.62 3.08 1.92 0.74 0.50—0.845 1.21 1.7—2.8 0.92 5.60 5.4 5.3—7.0 1.57 2.1 4.3 8.7
Crystal structure type B1 B1 cI28 (Th3P4) L12-tP32 C2 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Hexagonal C22 Complex B31 Hexagonal B1 Rhombohedral A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D2d B20 C15 C15b C1-cF12 (CaF2) B31 Complex C1-cF12 Complex B2 A2
C15 C2 B81 A3 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Cubic C16 A15 Cubic A3 A15 hP12 (B2BaPt3) Orthorhombic Same hP12 tP18 (B4CeCo4) oC108 (B4LuRh4) tP18 (B4CeCo4)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance BHf B4HoIr4 B4HoRh4 B2Ir3La B2Ir3Th B4Ir4Tm B6La B2LaRh3 B12Lu B2LuOs B2LuOs3 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4LuRu4 BMo BMo2 BNb B4NdRh4 B2OsSc B2OsY B2Pt3Sr0.67 BRe2 B4Rh3.4Ru0.6 B4Rh4Sm B4Rh4Th B4Rh4Tm B4Rh4Tm B0.3Ru0.7 B4Ru4Sc B2Ru3Th B2Ru3Y B2Ru Y B4Ru4Y B12Sc BTa BTa2 B6Th BW2 B6Y B12Y BZr B12Zr BaBi3 Ba2Mo15Se19 BaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 4.2 ×1019) Ba0.13O3W Ba0.14O3W BaRh2 Be22Mo Be8Nb5Zr2 Be0.98—0.92Re0.02—0.08 (quenched) Be0.957Re0.043 BeTc Be22W
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Tc, K
Crystal structure type
3.1 2.0 1.4 1.65 2.09 1.6 5.7 2.82 0.48 2.66 4.62 6.2 9.86 2.0 0.5 (extrapol.) 4.74 8.25 5.3 1.34 2.22 2.78 2.80; 4.6 8.38 2.7 4.3 9.8 5.4 2.58 7.2 1.79 2.85 7.80 1.4 0.39 4.0 3.12 0.74 3.1 6.5—7.1 4.7 3.4 5.82 5.69 2.75 <0.1—0.55 1.9 <1.25—2.2 6.0 2.51 5.2
Cubic tP18 oC108 hP6 (CaCu5) Same tP18
9.5—9.75 9.62 5.21 4.12
Cubic Cubic (Be22Re) Cubic Cubic (Be22Re)
hP6 oP16 (B2LuRu) hP6 oC108 oP16 tI72 (B4LuRu4) C16 Bf tP18 oP16 oP16 hP12 (B2BaPt3) tI72 tP18 Same Same oC108 D102 tI72 hP6 Same oP16 tI72 Bf C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) C16
Cubic Tetragonal hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Tetragonal Hexagonal C15 Cubic (Be22Re)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Be13W Bi3Ca Bi0.5Cd0.13Pb0.25Sn0.12 (weight fractions) BiCo Bi2Cs BixCu1-x (electrodeposited) BiCu Bi3Fe Bi0.019In0.981 Bi0.05In0.95 Bi0.10In0.90 Bi0.15—0.30In0.85—0.70 Bi0.34—0.48In0.66—0.52 Bi3In5 BiIn2 Bi2Ir Bi2Ir (quenched) BiK Bi2K BiLi Bi4—9Mg Bi3Mo BiNa BiNb3 BiNb3 (high pressure and temperature) BiNi Bi3Ni BiNi0.5Rh0.5 Bi0.5NiSb0.5 Bi1-0Pb0-1 Bi1-0Pb0-1 (film) Bi0.05—0.40Pb0.95—0.60 Bi2Pb BiPbSb Bi0.5Pb0.31Sn0.19 (weight fractions) Bi0.5Pb0.25Sn0.25 BiPd2 Bi0.4Pd0.6 BiPd Bi2Pd Bi2Pd BiPd0.45Pt0.55 BiPdSe BiPdTe BiPt Bi0.1PtSb0.9 BiPtSe BiPtTe Bi2Pt Bi2Rb BiRe2 BiRh
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Tc, K 4.1 2.0 8.2 0.42—0.49 4.75 2.2 1.33—1.40 1.0 3.86 4.65 5.05 5.3—5.4 4.0—4.1 4.1 5.65 1.7—2.3 3.0—3.96 3.6 3.58 2.47 0.7—~1.0 3—3.7 2.25 4.5 3.05 4.25 4.06 3.0 2.0 7.26—9.14 7.25—8.67 7.35—8.4 4.25 8.9 8.5 8.5 4.0 3.7—4 3.7 1.70 4.25 3.7 1.0 1.2 1.21 2.05; 1.5 1.45 1.15 0.155 4.25 1.9—2.2 2.06
Crystal structure type Tetragonal
C15
m** α-phase Same α- and β-phases β-phase
C15 L1o, α-phase
L1o A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) A15 B81 Orthorhombic B81-hP4 (AsNi) Same
H.C.P. to ε-phase t**
Hexagonal, ordered Orthorhombic Monoclinic, α-phase Tetragonal, β-phase B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 B81 B81-hP4 (NiAs) C2 C2 Hexagonal C15 B81
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Bi3Rh Bi4Rh BiRu Bi3Sn BiSn BixSny Bi3Sr Bi3Te Bi5Tl3 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi0.26Tl0.74 Bi2Y3 Bi3Zn Bi0.3Zr0.7 BiZr3 BrMo6Se7 Br3Mo6Se5 CCsx CFe3 CGaMo2 CHf0.5Mo0.5 CHf0.3Mo0.7 CHf0.25Mo0.75 CHf0.7Nb0.3 CHf0.6Nb0.4 CHf0.5Nb0.5 CHf0.4Nb0.6 CHf0.25Nb0.75 CHf0.2Nb0.8 CHf0.9—0.1Ta0.1—0.9 CK (excess K) C8K C2La C2Lu C0.40—0.44Mo0.60—0.56 C3MoRe C0.6Mo4.8Si3 CMo0.2Ta0.8 CMo0.5Ta0.5 CMo0.75Ta0.25 CMo0.8Ta0.2 CMo0.85Ta0.15 CMoxV1-x CMoxZr1-x C0.984Nb CNb2 CNbxTi1-x CNb0.1—0.9Zr0.9—0.1 CRbx (Au) CRe0.06W CRu C0.987Ta C0.848—0.987 CTa (film) CTa2
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Tc, K 3.2 2.7 5.7 3.6—3.8 3.8 3.85—4.18 5.62 0.75—1.0 6.4 4.4 4.15 2.25 0.8—0.9 1.51 2.4—2.8 7.1 7.1 0.020—0.135 1.30 3.7—4.1 3.4 5.5 6.6 6.1 4.5 4.8 5.6 7.0 7.8 5.0—9.0 0.55 0.39 1.66 3.33 9—13 3.8 7.6 7.5 7.7 8.5 8.7 8.9 2.9—9.3 9.8 9.8 9.1 <4.2—8.8 4.2—8.4 0.023—0.151 5.0 2.00 9.7 2.04—9.7 5.09 3.26
Crystal structure type Orthorhombic (NiB3) Hexagonal m**
L12
Cubic, disordered L12, ordered (?)
hP15 (Mo6PbS8) Same Hexagonal DO11-oP16 (Fe3C) Hexagonal B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Hexagonal Hexagonal tI6 (CaC2) Same B1-cF8 D88 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Hexagonal hP2 (CW)
B1 L′3
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance CTa0.4Ti0.6 Cta1—0.4W0—0.6 CTa0.2—0.9Zr0.8—0.1 CTc (excess C) CTi0.5—0.7W0.5—0.3 CW CW2 CW2 C2Y Ca3Co4Sn13 Ca3Ge13Rh4 CaHg CaHg3 CaIr2 Ca3Ir4Sn13 CaxO3Sr1-xTi (n = 3.7—11 × 1019) Ca0.1O3W CaPb CaRh2 CaRh1.2Sn4.5 CaTl3 Cd0.3—0.5Hg0.7—0.5 CdHg Cd0.0075—0.05In0.9925—0.95 Cd0.97Pb0.03 CdSn Cd0.17Tl0.83 Cd0.18Tl0.82 CeCo2 CeCo1.67Ni0.33 CeCo1.67Rh0.33 CexGd1-xRu2 CeIr3 CeIr5 Ce0.005La0.995 CexLa1-x CexPr1-xRu2 CexPt1-x CeRu2 Ce3Mo6Se5 Ce2Mo6Te6 CoxFe1-xSi2 CoHf2 CoLa3 Co4La3Sn13 CoLu3 CoxLuSny Co0—0.01Mo0.8Re0.2 Co0.02—0.10Nb3Rh0.98—0.90 CoxNi1-xSi2 Co0.5Rh0.5Si2 CoxRh1-xSi2 Co~0.3So~0.7 Co4Sc5Si10 CoSi2
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Tc, K 4.8 8.5—10.5 4.6—8.3 3.85 6.7—2.1 1.0 2.74 5.2 3.88 5.9 2.1 1.6 1.6 6.15 7.1 < 0.1—0.55 1.4—3.4 7.0 6.40 8.7 2.0 1.70—1.92 1.77; 2.15 3.24—3.36 4.2 3.65 2.3 2.54 0.84 0.46 0.47 3.2—5.2 3.34 1.82 4.6 1.3—6.3 1.4—5.3 0.7—1.55 6.0 5.7 1.7 1.4 (max.) 0.56 4.28 2.8 ~0.35 1.5 2—10 2.28—1.90 1.4 (max.) 2.5 3.65 (max.) ~0.35 5.0 1.40; 1.22
Crystal structure type B1 B1 B1 Cubic B1 L′3 F.C.C. tI6 (CaC2) cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) Same B2-cP2 (CsCl) hP8 (Ni3Sn) C15 cP40 Hexagonal C15 cP40 B2-cP2 Tetragonal Tetragonal
C15 C15 C15 C15
C15 C15 hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same C1 E93 cP40 cP40 A15 C1
tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) C1
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance CoxSnyYb Co3Th7 CoxTi1-x CoxTi1-x CoTi2 CoTi CoU CoU6 Co0.28Y0.72 CoY3 CoZr2 Co0.1Zr0.9 Cr0.6Ir0.4 Cr0.65Ir0.35 Cr0.7Ir0.3 Cr0.72Ir0.28 Cr3Ir Cr0—0.1Nb1—0.9 Cr0.80Os0.20 Cr3Os CrxRe1-x Cr0.4Re0.6 Cr0.8—0.6Rh0.2—0.4 Cr3Rh Cr3Ru (annealed) Cr2Ru Cr3Ru2 Cr0.1—0.5Ru0.9—0.5 CrxTi1-x CrxTi1-x Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 Cr0.0175U0.9825 Cs0.32O3W Cu0.15In0.85 (film) Cu0.04—0.08In0.94—0.92 CuLa Cu2Mo6O2S6 Cu2Mo6Se8 CuxPb1-x CuS CuS2 CuSSe CuSe2 CuSeTe CuxSn1-x CuxSn1-x (film, made at 10K) CuxSn1-x (film, made at 300K) CuTe2 CuTh2 Cu0—0.027V CuY CuxZn1-x DyMo6S8 ErxLa1-x ErMo6S8
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Tc, K 2.5 1.83 2.8 (max.) 3.8 (max.) 3.44 0.71 1.7 2.29 0.34 <0.34 6.3 3.9 0.4 0.59 0.76 0.83 0.45 4.6—9.2 2.5 4.68 1.2—5.2 2.15 0.5—1.10 0.3 3.3 2.02 2.10 0.34—1.65 3.6 (max.) 4.2 (max.) 5.6 0.75 1.12 3.75 4.4 5.85 9 5.9 5.7—7.7 1.62 1.48—1.53 1.5—2.0 2.3—2.43 1.6—2.0 3.2—3.7 3.6—7 2.8—3.7 <1.25—1.3 3.49 3.9—5.3 0.33 0.5—0.845 2.1 1.4—6.3 2.2
Crystal structure type cP40 D102 Co in α-Ti Co in β-Ti E93 A2 B2, distorted D2c
C16 A3 H.C.P. H.C.P. H.C.P. A15 A2 Cubic A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) D8b A3 A15-cP8 A15 D8b D8b-tP30 (CrFe) A3 Cr in α-Ti Cr in β-Ti β-phase Hexagonal
hR15 (Mo6PbS8) Same B18 C18 C18 C18 C18
C18 C16 A2 B2-cP2 (CsCl) hR15 hR15
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance
Tc, K
ErMo6Se8 Fe3Lu2Si5 Fe0—0.04Mo0.8Re0.2 Fe0.05Ni0.05Zr0.90 Fe3Re2 Fe3Sc2Si5 Fe3Si5Tm Fe3Si5Y2 Fe3Th7 FexTi1-x FexTi1-x FexTi0.6V1-x FeU6 Fe0.1Zr0.9 Ga0.5Ge0.5Nb3 Ga2Ge2U GaHf2 GaLa3 Ga3Lu Ga2Mo GaMo3 GaN (black) Ga0.7Pt0.3 GaPt GaSb (120kbar, 77K, annealed) GaSb (unannealed) Ga0—1Sn1—0 (quenched) Ga0—1Sn1—0 (annealed) GaTe Ga5V2 GaV4.5 Ga3Zr Ga3Zr5 GdxLa1-x GdMo6S8 GdMo6Se8 GdxOs2Y1-x GdxRu2Th1-x Ge10As4Y5 GeIr GeIrLa Ge10Ir4Lu5 Ge10Ir4Y5 Ge2La
6.2 6.1 1—10 ∼3.9 6.55 4.52 1.3 2.4 1.86 3.2 (max.) 3.7 (max.) 6.8 (max.) 3.86 1.0 7.3 0.87 0.21 5.84 2.3 9.5 0.76 5.85 2.9 1.74 4.24 ~5.9 3.47—4.18 2.6—3.85 0.17 3.55 9.15 1.38 3.8 < 1.0—5.5 3.5 5.6 1.4—4.7 3.6 (max.) 9.06 4.7 1.64 2.60 2.62 1.49; 2.2
GeLaPt Ge13Lu3Os4 Ge10Lu5Rh4 Ge13Lu3Ru4 GeMo3 GeNb2 Ge0.29Nb0.71 GePt Ge3Rh5
3.53 3.6 2.79 2.3 1.43 1.9 6 0.40 2.12
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Crystal structure type hR15 tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5)
D8b-tP30 (FeCr) tP40 Same Same D10 Fe in α-Ti Fe in β-Ti D2c A3 A15 B2-cP2 C16-tI12 (Al2Cu) B2-cP2 A15 B4 C1 B20 A5
mC24 (GaTe) Tetragonal (Mn2Hg5)
D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) hR15 hR15 C15 tP38 (C04Sc5Si10) B31 tI12 (LaPtSi) tP38 tP38 Orthorhombic, distorted (Mn2Hg5) tI12 cP40 (Pr3Rh2Sn13) tP38 cP40 A15 A15 B31 Orthorhombic, related to InNi2
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance GeRh Ge13Rh4Sc3 Ge10Rh4Y5 Ge13Ru4Y3 Ge2So GeTa3 Ge3Te4 (n = 1.06 × 1022) GexTe1-x (n = 8.5—64 × 1020) GeV3 Ge2Y Ge1.62Y Ge2Zr GeZr3 H0.33Nb0.67 H0.1Nb0.9 H0.05Nb0.95 H0.12Ta0.88 H0.08Ta0.92 H0.04Ta0.96 HfIrSi HfMo2 HfN0.989 Hf0—0.5Nb1—0.5 Hf0.75Nb0.25 HfOs2 HfOsP HfPRu HfRe2 Hf0.14Re0.86 Hf0.99—0.96Rh0.01—0.04 Hf0—0.55Ta1—0.45 HfV2 HgxIn1-x HgIn Hg2K Hg3K Hg4K Hg8K Hg3Li HgMg3 Hg2Mg Hg3Mg5 Hg2Na Hg4Na HgxPb1-x HgSn HgxTl1-x Hg5Tl2 HoxLa1-x Ho1.2Mo6Se8 In1—0.86Mg0—0.14 In2Mo6Te6 InNb3 (high pressure and temp.) In0.5Nb3Zr0.5 In0.11O3W
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Tc, K 0.96 1.9 1.35 1.7 1.3 8.0 1.55—1.80 0.07—0.41 6.01 3.80 2.4 0.30 0.4 7.28 7.38 7.83 2.81 3.26 3.62 3.50 0.05 6.6 8.3—9.5 > 4.2 2.69 6.1 9.9 4.80 5.86 0.85—1.51 4.4—6.5 8.9—9.6 3.14—4.55 3.81 1.20 3.18 3.27 3.42 1.7 0.17 4.0 0.48 1.62 3.05 4.14—7.26 4.2 2.30—4.19 3.86 1.3—6.3 6.1 3.395—3.363 2.6 4—8; 9.2 6.4 < 1.25—2.8
Crystal structure type B31-oP8 (MnP) c P40 tP38 cP40 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Rhombohedral R1 A15 Cc oC12 (ZrSi2) L12-tP32 (Ti3P) B.C.C. Same Same B.C.C. Same Same C37-cP12 (Co2Si) hP24 (Ni2Mn) B1 A2 C14 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 A12 A2 C15
Orthorhombic
Hexagonal hP8 (Na3As) tI6 (MoSi2) D8b-hP16 (Mn5Si3) Hexagonal
D102-hR12 (Be3Nb) hR15 (Mo6PbS8) A15 Hexagonal
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance In0.95—0.85Pb0.05—0.15 In0.98—0.91Pb0.02—0.09 InPb InPd InSb (quenched from 170 kbar into liquid N2) InSb (InSb)0.95—0.10Sn0.05—0.90 (various heat treatments) (InSb)0—0.07Sn1—0.93 In3Sn InxSn1-x In0.82—1Te (n = 0.83—1.71 × 1022) In1.000Te1.002 In3Te4 (n = 4.7 × 1021) InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 In0.62Tl0.38 In0.78—0.69Tl0.22—0.31 In0.69—0.62Tl0.31—0.38 Ir2La Ir3La Ir3La7 Ir5La IrLaSi2 IrLaSi3 Ir2Lu Ir3Lu Ir4Lu5Si10 IrMo IrMo3 IrMo3 IrNb3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 Ir0.37Nb0.63 IrNb Ir1.15Nb0.85 Ir0.02Nb3Rh0.98 Ir0.05Nb3Rh0.95 Ir0.287O0.14Ti0.573 Ir0.265O0.035Ti0.65 IrxOs1-x Ir1.5Os0.5 IrOsY IrSiY IrSiZr Ir2Sc Ir2.5Sc Ir4Sc5Si10 Ir2Si2Th IrSi3Th IrSiTh Ir2Si2Y Ir4Si10Y5 Ir3Si5Y2
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Tc, K
Crystal structure type
3.6—5.05 3.45—4.2 6.65 0.7
B2
4.8 2.1
Like A5 B4
3.8—5.1 3.67—3.74 ~5.5 3.4—7.3 1.02—3.45 3.5—3.7 1.15—1.25 2.7—3.374 3.223 2.760 3.18—3.32 2.98—3.3 0.48 2.32 2.24 2.13 2.03 2.7 2.47 2.89 3.9 < 1.0 9.6 6.8 1.9 9.8 2.32 7.9 4.6 2.43 2.38 5.5 2.30 0.3—0.98 2.4 2.6 2.70 2.04 2.07 2.46 8.46 2.14 1.75 6.50 2.60 3.10 2.83
B1 B1 Rhombohedral
Tetragonal F.C.C. C15 D102 D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) tI10 (BaNiSn3) C15 C15 tP38 (Co4Sc5Si10) A3 A15 D8b A15 D8b D8b D8b oP12 (IrTa) A15 A15 E93 E93 C14 C15 C37-oP12 (Co2Si) Same C15 C15 tP38 tI10 tI10 tI12 (LaPtSi) tI10 (Al4Ba) tP38 oI40
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance IrSn2 Ir2Sr Ir7Ta13 Ir0.5Te0.5 IrTe3 IrTh Ir2Th Ir3Th Ir3Th7 Ir5Th IrTi3 IrV2 IrW3 Ir0.28W0.72 Ir2Y Ir0.69Y0.31 Ir0.70Y0.30 Ir2Y3 Ir3Y IrxY1-x Ir2Zr Ir0.1Zr0.9 K2Mo15S19 K0.27—0.31O3W K0.40—0.57O3W La0.55Lu0.45 La0.8Lu0.2 LaMg2 LaMo6S8 LaN LaOs2 LaPt2 La0.28Pt0.72 LaPtSi LaRh3 LaRh5 La7Rh3 LaRhSi2 La2Rh3Si5 LaRhSi3 LaRh2Si2 LaRu2 La3S4 La3Se4 LaSi2 LaxY1-x LaZn Li2Mo6S8 LiPb LuOs2 Lu0.275Rh0.725 LuRh5 Lu5Rh4Si10 LuRu2 Mg1.14Mo6.6S8
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Tc, K 0.65—0.78 5.70 1.2 ~3 1.18 < 0.37 6.50 4.71 1.52 3.93 5.40 1.39 3.82 4.49 2.18; 1.38 1.98; 1.44 2.16 1.61 3.50 0.3—3.7 4.10 5.5 3.32 0.50 1.5 2.2 3.4 1.05 7.1 1.35 6.5 0.46 0.54 3.48 2.60 1.62 2.58 3.42 4.45 2.7 3.90 1.63 6.5 8.6 2.3 1.7—5.4 1.04 4.2 7.2 3.49 1.27 0.49 3.95 0.86 3.5
Crystal structure type C1 C15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) C2 Bf C15 D102 D2d A15 A15
C15 C15 C15 D102-hR13 (Be3Nb) C15 A3 hR15 Hexagonal Tetragonal Hexagonal, La type Same C15 hR15 C15 C15 C15 tI12
D102 oC16 (CeNiSi2) oI40 (Co3Si5U2) tl10 (BaNiSn3) tl10 (Al4Ba) C15 D73 D73 Cc B2 hR15 C14 C15 tP38 (Co4So5Si10) C14 hR15
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Mg2Nb Mg~0.47Tl~0.53 MgZn MnxTi1-x MnxTi1-x MnU6 Mo2N Mo6Na2S8 MoxNb1-x Mo5.25Nb0.75Se8 Mo6NdSa8 Mo3Os Mo0.62Cs0.38 Mo3P Mo6Pb1.2Se8 Mo0.5Pd0.5 Mo6PrSe8 MoRe MoRe3 MoxRe1-x Mo0.42Re0.58 MoRh MoxRh1-x MoRu Mo0.61Ru0.39 Mo0.2Ru0.8 Mo3Ru2 Mo4Ru2Te8 Mo6S8 Mo6S8Sc Mo6S8Sm1.2 Mo6S8Tb Mo6S8Tl Mo6S8Tm1.2 Mo6S8Y1.2 Mo6S8Yb Mo6.6S8Zn11 Mo3Sb4 Mo6Se8 Mo6Se8Sm1.2 Mo6Se8Sn1.2 Mo6Se8Tb Mo3Se3Tl Mo6Se8Tm1.2 Mo6Se8Yb Mo3Si MoSi0.7 MoxSiV3-x Mo5.25Ta0.75Te8 Mo6Te8 Mo0.16Ti0.84 Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.04Ti0.96 Mo0.025Ti0.975 MoxU1-x
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Tc, K 5.6 2.75 0.9 2.3 (max.) 1.1—3.0 2.32 5.0 8.6 0.016—9.2 6.2 8.2 7.2 5.65 5.31 6.75 3.52 9.2 7.8 9.25; 9.89 1.2—12.2 6.35 1.97 1.5—8.2 9.5—10.5 7.18 1.66 7.0 1.7 1.85 3.6 2.9 2.0 8.7 2.1 3.0 9.2 3.6 2.1 6.3 6.8 6.8 5.7 4.0 6.3 6.2 1.30 1.34 4.54—16.0 1.7 1.7 4.18; 4.25 2.95 2.0 1.8 0.7—2.1
Crystal structure type
B2 A3-oP4 (AuCd) Mn in -Ti Mn in -Ti D2c F.C.C. hR15 hR15 hR15 A15 D8b DOe hR15 A3 hR15 D8b-tP30 A12 D8b A3 B.C.C. A3 D8b A3 D8b-tP30 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hR15 hP14 hR15 hR15 A15 A15 hR15 hR15
Cubic
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance MoxV1-x Mo2Zr NNb (film) NxOyTiz NxOyVz N0.34Re NTa (film) N0.6—0.987Ti N0.82—0.99V NZr N0.906—0.984Zr Na0.28—0.35O3W Na0.28Pb0.72 NbO NbOs2 Nb3Os Nb0.6Os0.4 Nb3Os0.02—0.10Rh0.98—0.90 Nb3P NbPRh Nb0.6Pd0.4 Nb3Pd0.02—0.10Rh0.92—0.90 Nb0.62Pt0.38 Nb5Pt3 Nb3Pt0.02—0.98Rh0.98—0.02 NbRe3 Nb0.38—0.18Re0.62—0.82 NbRe NbReSi Nb3Rh Nb0.6Rh0.40 Nb0.9Rh1.1 Nb3Rh0.98—0.90Ru0.02—0.10 NbxRu1-x NbRuSi NbS2 NbS2 Nb3Sb Nb3Sb0—0.7Sn1—0.3 NbSe2 Nb1—1.05Se2 Nb3Se4 Nb3Si Nb3SiSnV3 NbSn2 Nb6Sn5 NbSnTaV NbSnV2 Nb2SnV NbxTa1-x Nb3Te4 NbxTi1-x Nb0.6Ti0.4 NbxU1-x Nb0.88V0.12
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Tc, K 0—~5.3 4.25—4.75 6—9 2.9—5.6 5.8—8.2 4—5 4.84 < 1.17—5.8 2.9—7.9 9.8 3.0—9.5 0.56 7.2 1.25 2.52 1.05 1.89; 1.78 2.42—2.30 1.8 4.08 1.60 2.49—2.55 4.21 3.73 2.52—9.6 5.27 2.43—9.70 3.8 5.1 2.64 4.21 3.07 2.42—2.44 1.2—4.8 2.65 6.1—6.3 5.0—5.5 0.2 6.8—18 5.15—5.62 2.2—7.0 2.0 1.5 4.0 2.60 2.8 6.2 5.5 9.8 4.4—9.2 1.8 0.6—9.8 9.8 1.95 (max.) 5.7
Crystal structure type C15 B1 Cubic Cubic F.C.C. B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 Tetragonal
A12 A15 D8b A15 L12tP32 (Ti3P) C37-oP12 (Co2Si) D8f plus cubic A15 D8b D8b A15 D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A15 D8b-tP30 oI36 (FeTiSi) A15 D8b plus other A3-oP4 (AuCd) A15 oI36 Hexagonal, NbSe2 type Hexagonal, three-layer type L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 Hexagonal Same hP14 L12 Orthorhombic oI44 (Sn5Ti6) A15 A15 A15 A2 hP14
A2
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Nb0.5V1.5Zr Ni0.3Th0.7 NiZr2 Ni0.1Zr0.9 O3Rb0.27—0.29W OSn O3SrTi (n = 1.7—12.0 × 1019) O3SrTi (n = 1018—1021) O3SrTi (n = 1020) O3Sr0.08W OTi O3Tl0.30W OV3Zr3 OW3 (film) OsPti OsPZr OsReY Os2Sc OsTa Os3Th7 OsxW1-x OsW3 Os2Y Os2Zr OsxZr1-x PPb OsW2 PPd3.0—3.2 P3Pd7 (high temperature) P3Pd7 (low temperature) PRh PRh2 P4Rh5 PRhTa PRhZr PRuTi PRuZr PW3 Pb2Pd Pb4Pt Pb2Rh PbSb PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Pb) PbTe (plus 0.1 w/o Te) PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04 Pb1—0.26Tl0—0.74 PbTl2 Pb3Zr5 PbZr3 Pd0.9Pt0.1Te2 Pd0.05Ru0.05Zr0.9
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Tc, K 4.3 1.98 1.52 1.5 1.98 3.81 0.12—0.37 0.05—0.47 0.47 2—4 0.58 2.0—2.14 7.5 3.35; 1.1 1.2 7.4 2.0 4.6 1.95 1.51 0.9—4.1 ~3 4.7 3.0 1.5—5.6 7.8 3.81 <0.35—0.7 1.0 0.70 1.22 1.3 1.22 4.41 1.55 1.3 3.46 2.26 2.95 2.80 2.66 6.6 5.19 5.24—5.27 6.43 6.73 6.88 6.98 7.06 7.20—3.68 3.75—4.1 4.60 0.76 1.65 ~9
Crystal structure type C15-hP12 (MgZn2) D102 A3 Hexagonal tP4 (PbO)
Hexagonal Hexagonal E93 A15 C22-hP9 (Fe2P) Same C14 C14 A12 D102
C14 C14
D8b-tP30 (FeCr) DO11 Rhombohedral Complex C1 oP28 (CaFe2O4) C37-oP12 (Co2Si) Same C22-hP9 (Fe2P) C37-oP12 DOe C16 Related to C16 C16
D88 A15 C6
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Pd2.2S (quenched) PdSb2 PdSb PdSbSe PdSbTe Pd4Se Pd6–7Se Pd2.8Se PdxSe1-x PdSi PdSn PdSn2 Pd2Sn Pd3Sn Pd2SnTm Pd2SnY Pd2SnYb PdTe PdTe1.02—1.08 PdTe2 PdTe2.1 PdTe2.3 Pd1.1Te Pd3Te PdTh2 Pd0.1Zr0.9 PtSb PtSi PtSn PtSn4 Pt3Ta7 PtTa3 PtTe PtTh Pt3Th7 Pt5Th PtTi3 Pt0.02U0.98 PtV2.5 PtV3 PtV3.5 Pt0.5W0.5 PtxW1-x Pt2Y3 Pt2Y Pt3Y7 PtZr Re2Sc Re24Sc5 ReSiTa Re3Si5Y2 Re3Ta2 Re0.64Ta0.36 Re3Ta Re24Ti5
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Tc, K 1.63 1.25 1.5 1.0 1.2 0.42 0.66 2.3 2.5 (max.) 0.93 0.41 3.34 0.41 0.47—0.64 1.77 4.92 1.79 2.3; 3.85 2.56—1.88 1.69 1.89 1.85 4.07 0.76 0.85 7.5 2.1 0.88 0.37 2.38 1.5 0.4 0.59 0.44 0.98 3.13 0.58 0.87 1.36 2.87—3.20 1.26 1.45 0.4—2.7 0.90 1.57; 1.70 0.82 3.0 4.2 2.2 4.4 1.76 1.4 1.46 6.78 6.60
Crystal structure type Cubic C2 B81 C2 C2 Tetragonal Like Pd4Te
B31 B31 C37 B82 DO3-cF16 (BiF3) Same Same B81 B81 C6 C6 C6 B81 cI2 (W) C16 A3 B81 B31 B81 C16-oC20 (PdSn4) D8b-tP30 A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Orthorhombic Bf D102 A15 β-phase A15 A15 A15 A1
C15 D102 A3 C15-hP12 (MgZn2) A12-cI58 (Mg) oI36 (FeTiSi) tP40 (Fe3Sc2Si5) D8b-tP30 (FeCr) A12 A12-cI58 (Mn) A12
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance RexTi1-x Re0.76V0.24 Re3V Re0.92V0.08 Re0.6W0.4 Re0.5W0.5 Re13W12 Re3W Re2Y Re2Zr Re3Zr Re6Zr Rh17S15 Rh~0.24Sc~0.76 Rh4Sc5Si10 Rh4Sc3Sn13 RhxSe1-x RhSi3Th Rh0.86Sc1.04Th Rh2Si2Y Rh3Si5Y2 Rh4Sn13Sr3 RhxSnyTh RhxSnyTm Rh4Sn13Y3 Rh2Sr Rh0.4Ta0.6 RhTe2 Rh0.67Te0.33 RhxTe1-x RhTh Rh3Th7 Rh5Th RhxTi1-x Rh0.02U0.98 RhV3 RhW RhY3 Rh2Y3 Rh3Y Rh5Y Rh3Y7 Rh0.005Zr (annealed) Rh0—0.45Zr1—0.55 Rh0.1Zr0.9 Ru2Sc RuSiTa Ru3Si2Th Ru3Si2Y Ru1.1Sn3.1Y Ru2Th RuTi Ru0.05Ti0.95 Ru0.1Ti0.9 RuxTi0.6Vy
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Tc, K 6.6 (max.) 4.52 6.26 6.8 6.0 5.12 5.2 9.0 1.83 5.9 7.40 7.40 5.8 0.88; 0.92 8.54 4.5 6.0 (max.) 1.76 6.45 3.11 2.70 4.3 1.9 2.3 3.2 6.2 2.35 1.51 0.49 1.51 (max.) 0.36 2.15 1.07 2.25—3.95 0.96 0.38 ~3.4 0.65 1.48 1.07 0.56 0.32 5.8 2.1—10.8 9.0 1.67 3.15 3.98 3.51 1.3 3.56 1.07 2.5 3.5 6.6 (max.)
Crystal structue type D8b D8b-tP30 A3 D8b D8b-tP30 A12-cI58 C14 C14 A12-cI58 Same Cubic tP38 cP40 tI10 tI12 tI10 oI40 cP40 cI2 (W) cP40 cP40 C15 D8b C2
Bf D102
A15 A3
C15 hP20 (Fe3Th7)
H.C.P. C14 oI36 hP12 hP12 cP40 C15 B2
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance Ru3U Ru0.45V0.55 RuW Ru2Y Ru2Zr Ru0.1Zr0.9 STh SbSn SbTa3 SbTi3 Sb2Ti7 Sb0.01—0.03V0.99—0.97 SbV3 SeTh SiMo3 Si2Th Si2Th SiV2.7Ru0.3 Si2W3 SiZr3 Sn0.174—0.104Ta0.826—0.896 SnTa3 SnTa3 SnTaV2 SnTa2V SnxTe1-x (n = 10.5—20 × 1020) Sn3Th SnTi3 SnxTl1-x SnV3 Sn0.02—0.057V0.98—0.943 SnZr3 Ta0.025Ti0.975 Ta0.05Ti0.95 Ta0.05—0.75V0.95—0.25 Ta0.8—1W0.2—0 Tc0.1—0.4W0.9—0.6 Tc0.50W0.50 Tc0.60W0.40 Tc6Zr TeY ThTl3 Th0—0.55Y1—0.45 Ti0.70V0.30 TixV1-x Ti0.5Zr0.5 (annealed) Ti0.5Zr0.5 (quenched) Tl3Y V2Zr V0.26Zr0.74 W2Zr YZn
* n denotes current carriers concentration in cm–3.
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Tc, K 0.15 4.0 7.5 1.52 1.84 5.7 0.5 1.30—1.42 0.72 5.8 5.2 3.76—2.63 0.80 1.7 1.4 3.2 2.4 2.9 2.8; 2.84 0.5 6.5—< 4.2 8.35 6.2 2.8 3.7 0.07—0.22 3.33 5.80 2.37—5.2 3.8 2.87—~1.6 0.92 1.3 2.9 4.30—2.65 1.2—4.4 1.25—7.18 7.52 7.88 9.7 1.02 0.87 1.2—1.8 6.14 0.2—7.5 1.23 2.0 1.52 8.80 5.9 2.16 0.33
Crystal structue type L12-cP4 B2 A3 C14 C14 A3 B1-cF8 (NaCl) B1 or distorted A15-cP8 (Cr3Si) Same A2 A15 B1-cF8 A15-cP8 Cc, α-phase C32, β-phase A15 L12-tP32 (Ti3P) A15 A15, highly ordered A15, partially ordered A15 A15 B1 L12-cP4 A15-cP8 A15 A2 A15-cP8 Hexagonal Hexagonal A2 A2 Cubic α plus plus α A12 B1-cF8 L12-cP4 Cubic
L12-cP4 C15 C15 B2-cP2 (CsCl)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) B. SUPERCONDUCTORS WITH Tc > 10Κ Substance
Tc,K
Al2CMo3 Al0.5Ge0.5Nb Al~0.8Ge~0.2Nb3 AlNb3 AlNb3 A1xNb1–x A1xNb1–x A10.27Nb0.73—0.48V0—0.25 A1 NbxV1–x A10.1Si0.9V3 A1V3 AuNb3 Au0—0.3Nb1—0.7 Au0.02—0.98Nb3Rh0.98—0.02 AuNb3(1–x)V3x B0.03C0.51Mo0.47 B4LuRh4 B2LuRu B4Rh4Y B0.1Si0.9V3 BaBi0.2O3Pb0.8 Ba2CaCu2O8T12 Ba2Cu3LaO6 Ba2Cu3O7Tm Ba2Cu3O7Y (Ba,La)2CuO4 Bi2CaCu2O8Sr2 Br2Mo6S6 C3La CMo CMo2 C0.5MoxNb1–x CMoxTi1–x CMo0.83Ti0.17 C0—0.38N1—0.62Ta CNb (whiskers) CNb C0.7—1.0Nb0.3—0 CNbxTa1–x CNb0.6—0.9W0.4—0.1 C0.1Si0.9V3 CTa CTa1—0.4W0—0.6 C0.66Th0.13Y0.21 C3Y2 CW (Ca,La)2CuO4 Cu(La,Sr)2O4 Cu1.8Mo6S8 Cr0.3SiV2.7 GaNb3 GaxNb3Sn1–x
10.0 12.6 20.7 18.0 12.0 <4.2—13.5 12—17.5 14.5—17.5 4.4—13.5 14.05 11.8 11.5 1.1—11.0 2.53—10.9 1.5—11.0 12.5 11.7 10 11.3 15.8 13.2 120 80 101 90 36 110 13.8 11.0 14.3 12.2 10.8—12.5 10.2(max) 10.2 10.0—11.3 7.5—10.5 11.5 6—11 8.2—13.9 12.5—11.6 16.4 10.3 8.5—10.5 17 11.5 10 18 39 10.8 11.3 14.5 14—18.37
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Crystal structure type A13 A15 A15 A15
(Cr3Si) (FeCr)
D8b A15 A15
A15 A15
(Cr3Si)
A15 A15 (B4CeCo4) (B4CeCo4) A15
A15
B1
(K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) (C3Pu2) (NaC1) o**
B1 B1 B1
B1 B1 B1 A15 B1 B1 (C3Pu2) (C3Pu2) B1 (K2NiF4) (Mo6PbS8) A15 A15 A15
(Cr3Si)
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance GaV3 GaV2.1—3.5 GeNb3 GeNb3 (quenched) GexNb3Sn1–x Ge0.5Nb3Sn0.5 Ge0.1Si0.9V3 GeV3 InLa3 InLa3 (0—35 kbar) In0—0.3Nb3Sn1—0.7 InV3 Ir0.4Nb0.6 LaMo6Se8 LiO4Ti2 MoN Mo3Os Mo6Pb0.9S7.5 Mo3Re MoxRe1–x Mo0.52Re0.48 Mo0.57Re0.43 Mo~0.60Re0.395 MoRu Mo3Ru Mo6Se8T1 Mo0.3SiV2.7 Mn3Si Mo3Tc Mo0.3Tc0.7 MoxTc1–x MoTc3 NNb (whiskers) NNb (diffusion wires) N0.988Nb N0.824—0.988Nb N0.7—0.795Nb NNbxOy NNbxOy N100—42w/oNb0—58w/oTi N100—75w/oNb0—25w/oZr NNbxZr1–x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 NTa NZr Nb3Pt Nb0.18Re0.82 Nb3Si Nb0.3SiV2.7 Nb3Sn Nb0.8Sn0.2 NbxSn1–x (film) Nb3Sn2 NbSnTa2 Nb2SnTa
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Tc,K 16.8 6.3—14.45 23.2 6—17 17.6—18.0 11.3 14.0 11 9.83; 10.4 9.75—10.55 18.0—18.19 13.9 10 11.4 13.7 12; 14.8 12.7 15.2 10.0; 15 1.2—12.2 11.1 14.0 10.6 9.5—10.5 10.6 12.2 11.7 12.5 15 12.0 10.8—15.8 15.8 10—14.5 16.10 14.9; 17.3 14.4—15.3 11.3—12.9 13.5—17.0 6.0—11 15—16.8 12.5—16.35 9.8—13.8 13.8 12—14 10.7 10.9 10 19 12.8 18.05 18.18; 18.5 2.6—18.5 16.6 10.8 16.4
Crystal structure type A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 A15 LI2
(AuCu3)
A15 A15 (FeCr) (Mo6PbS8) (A12MgO4) h* A15 (Mo6PbS8) A15
A3 A15 (Mo6PbS8) A15 A15 A15 A15
B1 B1 B1
B1 B1 B1 B1 A15 (Mn) A15 A15 A15 A15 o* t* A15 A15
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 4 Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance
Tc,K
Nb2.5SnTa0.5 Nb2.75SnTa0.25 Nb3xSnTa3(1–x) Nb2SnTa0.5V0.5 NbTc3 Nb0.75Zr0.25 Nb0.66Zr0.33 PbTa3 RhTa3 RhZr2 Rh0—0.45Zr1—0.55 SiTi0.3V2.7 SiV3 SiV2.7Zr0.3
Crystal structure type
17.6 17.8 6.0—18.0 12.2 10.5 10.8 10.8 17 10 10.8; 11.3 2.1—10.8 10.9 17.1 13.2
A15 A15 A15 A12
A15 A15 C16
(A12Cu)
A15 A15 A15
TABLE 5 Critical Field Data Ho oersteds
Substance Ag2F Ag7NO11 Al2CMo3 BaBi3 Bi2Pt Bi3Sr Bi5Tl3 CdSn CoSi2 Cr0.1Ti0.3V0.6 In1-0.86Mg0-0.14
Ho oersteds
Substance
2.5 57 1700 740 10 530 >400 >266 105 1360 272.4—259.2
InSb InxTl1-x In0.8Tl0.2 Mg0.47Tl0.53 Mo0.16Ti0.84 NbSn2 PbTl0.27 PbTl0.17 PbTl0.12 PbTl0.075 PbTl0.04
1100 252—284 252 220 <985 620 756 796 849 880 864
TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys Substance Al2CMo3 AlNb3 BaxO3Sr1-xTi Bi0.5Cd0.1Pb0.27Sn0.13 BixPb1-x Bi0.56Pb0.44 Bi7.5w/oPb92.5w/ob Bi0.099Pb0.901 Bi0.02Pb0.98 Bi0.53Pb0.32Sn0.16 Bi1-0.93Sn0-0.07 Bi5Tl3 C8K (excess K)
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Tc, K
Hc1, kOe
9.8—10.2
0.091 0.375 0.0039 max.
<0.1—0.55 7.35—8.4 8.8
0.122 max.
0.29 0.46
6.4 0.55
Hc2, kOe
Hc3, kOe
Tobs, Ka
156
1.2
>24 30 max. 15 2.32 2.8 0.73 >25 0—0.032 >5.6 0.160 (H⊥c) 0.730 (Hc)
3.06 4.2 4.2
3.06 3.7 3.35 0.32 0.32
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance
Tc, K
C8K
0.39
C0.44Mo0.56 CNb CNb0.4Ta0.6 CTa CaxO3Sr1-xTi Cd0.1Hg0.9 (by weight) Cd0.05Hg0.95 Cr0.10Ti0.30V0.60 GaN GaxNb1-x GaSb (annealed) GaV1.95 GaV2.1-3.5 GaV3
12.5—13.5 8—10 10—13.6 9—11.4 <0.1—0.55
GaV4.5 HfxNby HfxTay Hg0.05Pb0.95 Hg0.101Pb0.899 Hg0.15Pb0.85 In0.98Pb0.02 In0.96Pb0.04 In0.94Pb0.06 In0.913Pb0.087 In0.316Pb0.684 In0.17Pb0.83 In1.000Te1.002 In0.95Tl0.05 In0.90Tl0.10 In0.83Tl0.17 In0.75Tl0.25 LaN La3S4 La3Se4 Mo0.52Re0.48
9.15
Mo0.6Re0.395
10.6
5.6 5.85
Hc1, kOe
0.087 0.12 0.19 0.22 0.002—0.004 0.23 0.28 0.071 0.725
4.24 5.3 6.3—14.45 0.4
0.235 0.23 6.75 3.45 3.68 3.90 4.2
0.1 0.1 0.095 ∼l0.17 0.155
3.5—3.7
1.35 6.5 8.6 11.1
0.263 0.257 0.242 0.216 0.45 ≈0.15 ≈0.2
Mo0.5Ti0.5 Mo0.16Ti0.84
4.18
0.028
Mo0.913Ti0.087 Mo0.1-0.3U0.9-0.7 Mo0.17Zr0.83 N(12.8 w/o)Nb NNb (wires)
2.95 1.85—2.06
0.060
NNbxO1-x
13.5—17.0
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15.2 16.1
Hc2, kOe
Hc3, kOe
Tobs, Ka
0.025 (H⊥c) 0.250 (Hc) 98.5 16.9 14.1 4.6
0.32 0.32 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2
0.34
2.04
0.31 84.4
2.16 0 4.2 4.2 3.5
>28 2.64 73e 230—300d 350e 500d 121c >52—>102 >28—>86 2.3 4.3 >13 0.12 0.18 0.55 3.7 2.8 1.2c 0.263 0.257 0.39 0.50 >25 >25 14—21 18—28 14—20 19—26 75c 98.7c 36—38 15 >25 30 >9.5 153c 132 95 53 38
0 0 0 1.2 1.2
0.12 0.25 0.35 2.65 5.5
22—33 37—43 20—37 26—37
4.2 2.93 2.76 2.94 3.12 4.2 4.2 0 3.3 3.25 3.21 3.16 0.76 1.3 1.25 4.2 1.3 4.2 1.3 0 0 3.0 4.2
13.2 0 4.2 8 12
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance NNbxZr1-x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 Na0.086Pb0.914 Na0.016Pb0.984 Nb
Tc, K
Hc1, kOe
9.8—13.8 13.8 0.19 0.28 9.15
Nb Nb (unstrained) Nb (strained) Nb (cold-drawn wire) Nb (film) NbSc Nb3Sn
0.4—1.1 1.1—1.8 1.25—1.92 2.48
Nb0.1Ta0.9 Nb0.2Ta0.8 Nb0.65-0.73Ta0.02-0.10Zr0.25 NbxTi1-x
0.084
Nb0.222U0.778 NbxZr1-x
1.98
O3SrTi O3SrTi PbSb1 w/o(quenched) PbSb1 w/o(annealed) PbSb2.8 w/o(quenched) PbSb2.8 w/o(annealed) Pb0.871Sn0.129 Pb0.965Sn0.035 Pb1-0.26Tl0-0.74 PbTl0.17 Re0.26W0.74 Sb0.93Sn0.07 SiV3 SnxTe1–x Ta (99.95%)
Ta0.5Nb0.5 Ta0.65-0Ti0.35-1 Ta0.5Ti0.5 Te TcxW1-x Ti Ti0.75V0.25 Ti0.775V0.225 Ti0.615V0.385 Ti0.516V0.484 Ti0.415V0.585
Hc2, kOe
0.170
0.43 0.33
0.0049c 0.00195c
0.45 0.53 7.20—3.68 6.73
17.0
0.55 0.00043—0.00236 0.425 0.325 0.275 0.090
4.4—7.8 3.3 5.75—7.88
0.25c
5.3 4.7 7.07 7.20 7.49
0.029c 0.024c 0.050 0.062 0.078
6—9.1 6.0—8.7 ≈10
1.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 14.15 15 16 17 4.195 4.2 4.2 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
0 0 3.7
2.7 199c 172c 34 28 25
Tobs, Ka 4.2 4.2
8—44
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4- >130 >130 6.0 2.05 2.020 1.710 3—5.5 3.40 3.44 4.10 >25 >30 221 70 54 34 17 0.154 10 >70—>90 148 max. 120 max. 23 127 max. 94 max. 0.504c 0.420c >1.5 >0.7 >2.3 >0.7 1.1 0.56 2—6.9c 4.5c >30 0.12 156e 0.005—0.0775 1.850 1.425 1.175 0.375 3.55 >14—138 138
Hc3, kOe
0.012—0.079 1.3 2.27 2.66 3.72 4.2 1.2 1.2 0 4.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2
PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) TABLE 6 High Critical Magnetic-Field Superconductive Compounds and Alloys (continued) Substance
Tc, K
Ti0.12V0.88 Ti0.09V0.91 Ti0.06V0.94 Ti0.03V0.97 TixV1-x V
5.31
V0.26Zr0.74
≈5.9
W (film)
1.7—4.1
a b c d e
Hc1, kOe
0.8 0.75 0.45 0.30 0.238 0.227 0.185 0.165
Hc2, kOe 17.3 14.3 8.2 3.8 108 max. 3.4 3.15 2.2 1.2
>34
Hc3, kOe
Tobs, Ka
28.1 16.4 12.7 6.8
4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 1.2 1.79 2 3 4 1.05 1.78 3.04 3.5 1
Temperature of critical field measurement. w/o denotes weight percent. Extrapolated. Linear extrapolation. Parabolic extrapolation. REFERENCES 1. B. W. Roberts, in Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties. Progress in Cryogenics, Vol. IV, 1964, pp. 160—231. 2. B. W. Roberts, Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties, NBS Technical Notes 408 and 482, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966 and 1969; B. W. Roberts, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 581, 1976. 3. B. W. Roberts, Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials, 1978 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 983, 1978. 4. T. Claeson, Phys. Rev., 147, 340, 1966. 5. C. J. Raub, W. H. Zachariasen, T. H. Geballe, and B. T. Matthias, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 24, 1093, 1963. 6. T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, V. B. Compton, E. Corenzwit, G. W. Hull, Jr., and L. D. Longinotti, Phys. Rev., 1A, 119, 1965. 7. C. J. Raub, V. B. Compton, T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, J. P. Maita, and G. W. Hull, Jr., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2051, 1965. 8. R. D. Blaugher, J. K. Hulm, and P. N. Yocom, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2037, 1965. 9. T. Claeson and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1081, 1966. 10. S. C. Ng and B. N. Brockhouse, Solid State Comm., 5, 79, 1967. 11. O. I. Shulishova and I. A. Shcherbak, Izv. AN SSSR, Neorg. Materials, 3, 1495, 1967. 12. T. F. Smith and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 569, 1967. 13. A. C. Lawson, J. Less–Common Metals, 23, 103, 1971. 14. R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and J. Prigent, J. Solid State Chem., 3, 515, 1971. 15. M. Marezio, P. D. Dernier, J. P. Remeika, and B. T. Matthias, Mat. Res. Bull., 8, 657, 1973. 16. J. K. Hulm and R. D., Blaugher in Superconductivity in d– and f–Band Metals, D. H. Douglass,Ed., American Institute of Physics, 4, 1, 1972. 17. R. N. Shelton, A. C. Lawson, and D. C. Johnston, Mat. Res. Bull., 10, 297, 1975. 18. H. D. Wiesinger, Phys. Status Sol., 41A, 465, 1977. 19. O. Fisher, Applied Phys., 16, 1, 1978. 20. D. C. Johnston, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1977. 21. H. C. Ku and R. H. Shelton, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1441, 1980. 22. H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1489, 1980. 23. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, H. Barz, and J. P. Remeika, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1635, 1980. 24. E. M. Savitskii, V. V. Baron, Yu. V. Efimov, M. I. Bychkova, and L. F. Myzenkova, in Superconducting Materials, Plenum Press, 1981, p. 107. 25. R. Fluckiger and R. Baillif, in Topics in Current Physics, O. Fischer and M. B. Maple, Eds., Springer Verlag, 34, 113, 1982. 26. R. N. Shelton, in Superconductivity in d– and f–Band Metals, W. Buckel and W. Weber, Eds., Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, 1982, p. 123. 27. D. C. Johnston and H. F. Braun, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 11, 1982. 28. R. Chevrel and M. Sergent, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 25, 1982.
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PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.
G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, and H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 17, 963, 1982. R. Muller, R. N. Shelton, J. W. Richardson, Jr., and R. A. Jacobson, J. Less–Comm. Met., 92, 177, 1983. You–Xian Zhao and Shou–An He, in High Pressure in Science and Technology, North Holland, 22, 51, 1983. You–Xian Zhao and Shou–An He, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1983. G. P. Meisner and H. C. Ku, Appl. Phys., A31, 201, 1983. R. J. Cava, D. W. Murphy, and S. M. Zahurak, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 2345, 1983. R. N. Shelton, J. Less–Comm. Met., 94, 69, 1983. B. Chevalier, P. Lejay, B. Lloret, Wang Xian–Zhong, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Annales de Chemie, 9, 191, 1984. G. Venturini, M. Meot–Meyer, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, and B. Rogues, Mat. Res. Bull., 19, 1647, 1984. J. M. Tarascon, F. G. DiSalvo, D. W. Murphy, G. Hull, and J. V. Waszczak, Phys. Rev., 29B, 172, 1984. G. V. Subba and G. Balakrishnan, Bull. Mat. Sci., 6, 283, 1984. B. Batlog, Physica, 126B, 275, 1984. M. J. Johnson, Ames Lab (USA) Report IS-T-1140, 1984. I. M. Chapnik, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 4, 370, 1985. W. Rong–Yao, L. Qi–Guang, and Z. Xiao, Phys. Status Sol., 90A, 763, 1985. W. Xian–Zhong, B. Chevalier, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Mat. Res. Bull., 20, 517, 1985. H. R. Ott, F. Hulliger, H. Rudigier, and Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev., 31B, 1329, 1985. P. Villars and L. D. Calver, Pearson’s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, Vol. 1—3, ASM, 1985. G. V. Subba Rao, K. Wagner, G. Balakhrishnan, J. Jakani, W. Paulus, and R. Scollhorn, Bull. Mat. Sci., 7, 215, 1985. J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller, Zs. Physik, B64, 189, 1986. W. Rong–Yao, Phys. Status Sol., 94A, 445, 1986. H. D. Yang, R. N. Shelton, and H. F. Braun, Phys. Rev., 33B, 5062, 1986. G. Venturini, M. Kanta, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, B. Malaman, and B. Roques, Mat. Res. Bull., 21, 1203, 1986. W. Rong–Yao, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 5, 87, 1986. M. K. Wu, J. R. Ashburn, C. J. Torng, P. H. Hor, R. L. Meng, L. Gao, Z. J. Huang, Y. Q. Wang, and C. W. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 908, 1987. R. J. Cava, R. B. Van Dover, B. Batlog, and E. A. Rietman, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 408, 1987. L. C. Porter, T. J. Thorn, U. Geiser, A. Umezawa, H. H. Wang, W. K. Kwok, H–C. I. Kao, M. R. Monaghan, G. W. Crabtree, K. D. Carlson, and J. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1645, 1987. A. M. Kini, U. Geiser, H–C. I. Kao, K. D. Carlson, H. H. Wang, M. R. Monaghan, and K. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1834, 1987. T. Penney, S. von Molnar, D. Kaiser, F. Holtzberg, and A. W. Kleinsasser, Phys. Rev., B38, 2918, 1988. Y. K. Tao, J. S. Swinnea, A. Manthiram, J. S. Kim, J. B. Goodenoug, and H. Steinfink, J. Mat. Res., 3, 248, 1988. G. G. Peterson, B. R. Weinberger, L. Lynds, and H. A. Krasinski, J. Mat. Res., 3, 605, 1988. J. B. Torrance, Y. Tokura, A. Nazzai, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 542, 1988. K. Kourtakis, M. Robbins, P. K. Gallagher, and T. Teifel, J. Mat. Res., 4, 1289, 1989. J. C. Phillips, Physics of High-Tc Superconductors, Academic Press, 1989, p. 336. Shui Wai Lin and L. I. Berger, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 507, 1989. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1975. O. Fischer and M.B. Maple, Eds., Topics in Current Physics, Volume 32: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I; Volume 34: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II, Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 1982. K. J. Dunn and F. P. Bundy, Phys. Rev., B25, 194, 1982. A. Barone and G. Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, New York, 1982. D. H. Douglass, Ed., Superconductivity in d- and f-band Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. D. M. Ginsberg, Ed., Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, (Volume II, 1990; Volume III, 1992; Volume V, 1996), World Scientific, Singapore. T. Ishiguro and K. Yamji, Organic Superconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990. Sh. Okada, K. Shimizu, T. C. Kobayashi, K. Amaya, and Sh. Endo., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 65, 1924, 1996. A. Bourdillon and N. X. Tan Bourdillon, High Temperature Superconductors: Processing and Science, Academic Press, 1994. J. M. Williams, J. R. Ferraro, R. J. Thorn, K. Carlson, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, A. M. Kini, and M.-H. Whangbo, Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes): Synthesis, structure, Properties, and Theory, Prentice–Hall, 1992.
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HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS C. N. R. Rao and A. K. Raychaudhuri The following tables give properties of a number of high temperature superconductors. Table 1 lists the crystal structure (space group and lattice constants) and the critical transition temperature Tc for the more important high temperature superconductors so far studied. Table 2 gives energy gap, critical current density, and penetration depth in the superconducting state. Table 3 gives electrical and thermal properties of some of these materials in the normal state. The tables were prepared in November 1992 and updated in November 1994. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Ginsburg, D.M., Ed., Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, Vols. I—III, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989—1992. Rao, C.N.R., Ed., Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. Shackelford, J.F., The CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 98—99 and 122—123. Kaldis, E., Ed., Materials and Crystallographic Aspects of HTc-Superconductivity, Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992. Malik, S.K. and Shah, S.S., Ed., Physical and Material Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, Nova Science Publ., Commack, N.Y., 1994. 6. Chmaissem, O. et. al., Physica, C230, 231—238, 1994. 7. Antipov, E.V. et. al., Physica, C215, 1—10, 1993.
Table 1 Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors Material La2CuO4+δ La2-xSrx(Bax)CuO4 La2Ca1-xSrxCu2O6 YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Y2Ba4Cu7O15 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 Bi2Ca2Sr2Cu3O10 Bi2Sr2(Ln1-xCex)2Cu2O10 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10 Tl(BaLa)CuO5 Tl(SrLa)CuO5 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2CuO5 TlCaBa2Cu2O7 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)CaSr2Cu2O7 TlSr2Y0.5Ca0.5Cu2O7 TlCa2Ba2Cu3O8 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9 TlBa2(La1-xCex)2Cu2O9 Pb2Sr2La0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8 Pb2(Sr,La)2Cu2O6 (Pb,Cu)Sr2(La,Ca)Cu2O7 (Pb,Cu)(Sr,Eu)(Eu,Ce)Cu2Ox Nd2-xCexCuO4 Ca1-xSrxCuO2 Sr1-xNdxCuO2 Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 Rb2CsC60 NdBa2Cu3O7
Structure Bmab; a = 5.355, b = 5.401, c = 13.15 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.779, c = 13.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.825, c = 19.42 Å Pmmm; a = 3.821, b = 3.885, c = 11.676 Å Ammm; a = 3.84, b = 3.87, c = 27.24 Å Ammm; a = 3.851, b = 3.869, c = 50.29 Å Amaa; a = 5.362, b = 5.374, c = 24.622 Å A2aa; a = 5.409, b = 5.420, c = 30.93 Å A2aa; a = 5.39, b = 5.40, c = 37 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.888, c = 17.28 Å A2aa; a = 5.468, b = 5.472, c = 23.238 Å; I4/mmm; a = 3.866, c = 23.239 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.855, c = 29.318 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.85, c = 35.9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.83, c = 9.55 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.7, c = 9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.738, c = 9.01 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.856, c = 12.754 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.05 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.10 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.853, c = 15.913 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.81, c = 15.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.8, c = 29.5 Å Cmmm; a = 5.435, b = 5.463, c = 15.817 Å P2212; a = 5.333, b = 5.421, c = 12.609 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.820, c = 11.826 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.837, c = 29.01 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.95, c = 12.07 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.902, c = 3.35 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.942, c = 3.393 Å Pm3m; a = 4.287 Å a = 14.493 Å Pmmm; a = 3.878, b = 3.913, c = 11.753
12-87
Tc/K (maximum value) 39 35 60 93 80 93 10 92 110 25 92 119 128 40 40 40 103 90 90 110 120 40 70 32 50 25 30 110 40 31 31 58
HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Table 1 Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors (continued) Material SmBaSrCu3O7 EuBaSrCu3O7 GdBaSrCu3O7 DyBaSrCu3O7 HoBaSrCu3O7 ErBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) TmBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) YBaSrCu3O7 HgBa2CuO4 HgBa2CaCu2O6 (annealed in O2) HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 HgBa2Ca3Cu4O10
Structure
Tc/K (maximum value)
I4/mmm; a = 3.854, c = 11.62 I4/mmm; a = 3.845, c = 11.59 I4/mmm; a = 3.849, c = 11.53 Pmmm; a = 3.802, b = 3.850, c = 11.56 Pmmm; a = 3.794, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.787, b = 3.846, c = 11.54 Pmmm; a = 3.784, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.803, b = 3.842, c = 11.54 I4/mmm; a = 3.878, c = 9.507 I4/mmm; a = 3.862, c = 12.705 Pmmm; a = 3.85, c = 15.85 Pmmm; a = 3.854, c = 19.008
84 88 86 90 87 82 88 84 94 127 133 126
Table 2 Superconducting Properties Jc (0): Critical current density extrapolated to 0 K λab: Penetration depth in a-b plane kB: Boltzmann constant
Material Y Ba2Cu3O7 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba3CaCu2O8 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.15 Nd2-xCexCuO4 * †
Form Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic
Energy gap (∆) 2∆pp/kBTc* 2∆ƒit/kBTc† 5–6 8–9 6–7 7–9 8
Obtained from peak to peak value. Obtained from fit to BCS-type relation.
12-88
4–5 5.5–6.5 4–6 4–6 4–5
10–6 × Jc (0)/A cm–2
λab/Å
30 (film) 2 10 (film, 80 K)
1400 2700 2000
0.2 (film)
Table 3 Normal State Properties ρab: ρc: +ve: –ve: nH: k: in plane: out of plane:
Resistivity in the a-b plane Resistivity along the c axis ρc has positive temperature coefficient of resistivity ρc has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity Hall density Thermal conductivity Along a-b plane Perpendicular to a-b plane
ρab/µΩ cm Material YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8
12-89
Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.12 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.20 Nd2–xCexCuO4, x = 0.17 x = 0.15 * ** ***
At 200 K ρ ~0.4 mΩ cm at 120 K ρ ~1.5 mΩ cm at 300 K
Form Single Crystal film Single Crystal film Single Crystal Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Single Crystal Single Crystal film Single Crystal film
300 K 110 200–300 75 100–200 300 150 300–400 ∗∗∗ 900 400 400 500 140–180
100 K 35 60–100 20 20–50 150 50 50–75 ∗∗ 350 200 160 275 35
ρc/mΩ cm 300 K
dρc/dT
5
+ve
10
–ve
5000 >1000 200–300
–ve –ve +ve
200 80
+ve for T >225 K +ve for T >150 K
10–21 × nH/cm–3 300 K 100 K 11–16 5–9 14 22 6 4 3.1 2.5 10 8.4 53 32
4–6 2–3 17 5 3 2.5 ≈ 2*
6.3 17 11
k/(mW/cm K) at 300 K in plane out of plane 120
3
60
8
50 (for x = 0.04)
20
250 (for x = 0.15)
ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS H.P.R. Frederikse Although the vast majority of organic compounds are insulators, a small number of organic solids show considerable electrical conductivity. Some of these materials appear to be superconductors. The superconducting organics fall primarily into two groups: those containing fulvalenes (pentagonal rings containing sulfur or selenium) and those based on fullerenes, involving the nearly spherical cluster C60. The transition temperatures Tc of the fulvalene derivatives are shown in Table 1. The abbreviations of the various molecular groups are listed in Table 2 and their chemical structures are depicted in Figure 1. Most of the Tc’s are between 1 and 12 K. Several of the compounds only show superconductivity under pressure. The fullerenes are A3C60 compounds, where A represents a single or a combination of alkali atoms. The C60 cluster is shown in Figure 2a, while Figure 2b illustrates how the alkali atoms fit into the A3C60 molecule to form the A15 crystallographic structure. Their superconducting transition temperatures range from 8 to 31.3 K (see Table 3). REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. Williams, Jack M. et al., Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992. The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. Schluter, M. et al., in The Fullerenes (Ref. 3), p. 303.
Table 1 Critical Pressure and Maximum Critical Temperature of Organic Superconductors
a b
Material
Pc/kbar
Tc/K
(TMTSF)2PF6 (TMTSF)2AsF6 (TMTSF)2SbF6 (TMTSF)2TaF6 (TMTSF)2ClO4 (TMTSF)2ReO4 (TMTSF)2FSO3 (ET)4(ReO4)2 βL-(ET)2I3 βH-(ET)2I3 γ-(ET)3I2.5 ε-(ET)2I3(I8)0.5 α-(ET)2I3I2-doped αt-(ET)2I3 ε→β-(ET)2I3a θ-(ET)2I3 κ-(ET)2I3
6.5 9 11 12 0 9.5 5 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1.2 1.3 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 3 2 1.4 8.1 2.5 2.5 3.3 8 6 3.6 3.6
Material
Pc/kbar
β-(ET)2IBr2 β-(ET)2AuI2 (ET)4Hg2.89Cl8 (ET)4Hg2.89Br8 (ET)3Cl2(H2O)2 κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 κ-(d-ET)2Cu(NCS)2 (DMET)2Au(CN)2 (DMET)2AuI2 (DMET)2AuBr2 (DMET)2AuCl2 (DMET)2I3 (DMET)2lBr2 (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 TTF[Pd(dmit)2]2 (CH3)4N[Ni(dmit)2]2
Converted form ε-type to β-type by thermal treatment. For 7 kbar.
From Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. With permission.
Table 2 List of Symbols and Abbreviations TTF TMTSF BEDT-TTF or “ET” MDT-TTF DMET dmit Tc Pc
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
tetrathiafulvalene tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene [dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene] 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2-thione transition temperature to superconducting state minimum pressure required for superconducting transition
0 0 0 12 16 0 0 1.5 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 7
Tc/K 2.8 4.8 4.2 1.8 2 10.4 11.4 0.9 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 3.5 1.6b 6.5 5
ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) H 3C
Se
Se
CH3
S
S
H3C
Se
Se
CH3
S
S
TMTSF
TTF
Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene H H H H
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Tetrathiafulvalene
H H H H
Me
Se
S
S
Me
Se
S
S
BEDT − TTF or ET
DMET
Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene Dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene
S
S
S
S S
C
S
C S C S
S
S
S
S M
C
n–
S C S
S C S
MDT − TTF
M=Ni, Pd, Pt M(dmit)22–
Methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene
Ligand is 4,5-dimercapto-1.3-dithiole-2-thione
FIGURE 1. Structures of various donor molecules and acceptor species.
(001)
(010)
(100)
a b FIGURE 2. (a) C60 cluster placed in a fcc lattice. Each crystal axis crosses a double bond shared by two hexagons. (b) A hypothetical A3C60 with the A15 structure. The structure can be seen to be an ordered defect structure of A6C60.
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ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (continued) Table 3 Unit Cell and Tc for FCC-A3 C60 Lattice parameter(s) (Å) Na2Rb0.5Cs0.5C60 Na2CsC60 No. 1a Na2CsC60 No. 2a K3C60 K2RbC60 Rb2KC60 No. 1a Rb2KC60 No. 2a Rb3C60 Rb2CsC60
14.148(3) 14.132(2) 14.176(9) 14.253(3) 14.299(2) 14.336(1) 14.364(5) 14.436(2) 14.493(2)
Tc/K 8.0 10.5 14.0 19.3 21.8 24.4 26.4 29.4 31.3
a
Samples labeled No. 1 and No. 2 have the same nominal composition. From Schluter, M et. al., The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. With permission.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
REFERENCES 1. Beer, A. C., Galvanomagnetic Effects in Semiconductors, Academic Press, 1963. 2. Goryunova, N. A., The Chemistry of Diamond-Like Semiconductors, The MIT Press, 1965. 3. Abrikosov, N. Kh., Bankina, V. F., Poretskaya, L. E., Shelimova, L. E., and Skudnova, E. V., Semiconducting II-VI, IV-VI, and V-VI Compounds, Plenum Press, 1969. 4. Berger, L. I. and Prochukhan, V. D., Ternary Diamond-Like Semiconductors, Cons. Bureau/Plenum Press, 1969. 5. Shay, J. L. and Wernick, J. H., Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors: Growth, Electronic Properties, and Applications, Pergamon Press, 1975. 6. Bergman, R., Thermal Conductivity in Solids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1976. 7. Handbook of Semiconductors, Vol. 1, Moss, T. S. and Paul, W., Eds., Band Theory and Transport Properties; Vol. 2, Moss, T. S. and Balkanski, M., Eds., Optical Properties of Solids; Vol. 3, Moss, T. S. and Keller, S. P., Eds., Materials Properties and Preparation, North Holland Publ. Co., 1980. 8. Böer, K. W., Survey of Semiconductor Physics, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990. 9. Rowe, D. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. 10. Berger, L. I., Semiconductor Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997. 11. Glazov, V. M., Chizhevskaya, S. N., and Glagoleva, N. N., Liquid Semiconductors, Plenum Press, New York, 1969. 12. Phillips, J. C., Bonds and Bands in Semiconductors, Academic Press, New York, 1973. 13. Harrison, W. A., Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, Freeman Publ. House, San Francisco, 1980. 14. Balkanski, M., Ed., Optical Properties of Solids, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980. 15. Landolt-Börnstein. Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, Group III: Crystal and Solid State Physics, Hellwege, K.-H., and Madelung, O., Eds., Volumes 17 and 22, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984 (and further). 16. Shklovskii, B. L., and Efros, A. L., Electronic Processes in Doped Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 17. Cohen, M. L., and Chelikowsky, J. R., Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Springer Verlag, New York, 1988. 18. Glass, J. T., Messier, R. F., and Fujimori, N., Eds., Diamond, Silicon Carbide, and Related Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, MRS Symposia Proc. 1652, Mater. Res. Soc., Pittsburgh, 1990. 19. Palik, E., Ed., Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II, Academic Press, New York, 1991. 20. Reed, M., Ed., Semiconductors and Semimetals, Volume 35, Academic Press, Boston, 1992. 21. Haug, H., and Koch, S. W., Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors, 2nd Edition, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993. 22. Lockwood, D. J., Ed., Proc. 22nd Intl. Conf. on the Physics of Semiconductors, Vancouver, 1994, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994. 23. Morelli, D. T., Caillat, T., Fleurial, J.-P., Borschchevsky, A., Vandersande, J., Chen, B., and Uher, C., Phys. Rev., B51, 9622, 1995. 24. Caillat, T., Borshchevsky, A., and Fleurial, J.-P., J. Appl. Phys., 80, 4442, 1996. 25. Fleurial, J.-P., Caillat, T., and Borshchevsky, A., Proc. XVI Intl. Conf. Thermoelectrics, Dresden, Germany, August 26–29, 1997 (in print). 26. Borshchevsky A. et al., U.S. Patents 5,610,366 (March 1997) and 5,831,286 (March 1998).
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DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS B. L. Sharma The diffusion coefficient D in many semiconductors may be expressed by an Arrhenius-type relation D = Do exp(–Q/kT) where Do is a frequency factor, Q is the activation energy for diffusion, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature. This table lists Do and Q for various diffusants in common semiconductors. Abbreviations used in the table are AES — Auger Electron Spectroscopy DLTS — Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy SEM — Scanning Electron Microscopy SIMS — Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry D(c) — Concentration Dependent Diffusion Coefficient Dmax — Maximum Diffusion Coefficient
Semiconductor Si
Diffusant
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
(f) — Fast Diffusion Component (i) — Interstitial Diffusion Component (s) — Slow Diffusion Component (\) — Parallel to c Direction (⊥) — Perpendicular to c Direction
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
H Li Na
6 × 10–1 2.5 × 10–3 1.65 × 10–3
1.03 0.65 0.72
120—1207 25—1350 530—800
K
1.1 × 10–3
0.76
740—800
Cu
4 × 10–2 4.7 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2.4 × 10–4 2.75 × 10–3 (D ∼ 10–7) (D ~ 6 × 10–14) 1 × 10–1 2.46 2.4 × 101 1.38 1.8 3.74 × 10–1 6 × 101 7.85 × 10–1 1.94 × 101 1.37 1.65 × 101 8 × 10–2 (D ~ 3.9 × 10–13) 2.5 × 10–7 7.5 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–12 2 × 10–3 8 × 10–3 2.8 × 10–5 1.45 × 10–2 3.3 × 10–1 1.54 × 102 1.6 × 103 3.5 × 10–1 2.5 × 103 7.55 × 103 3.2 × 101
Ag Au Be Ca Zn B Al Ga In Tl Sc Ce Pr Pm Er Tm Yb Ti C Si (self) Ge
Sn
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1.0 0.43 (i) 1.6 0.39 (i) 2.05 (s) — — 1.4 3.59 3.87 3.41 3.2 3.39 3.89 3.63 3.86 3.7 3.9 3.2 — 1.74 1.2 (s) 0.13 (f) 2.9 3.0 0.95 1.79 2.92 4.65 4.77 3.92 4.97 5.08 4.25
Method of measurement
Ref. 1 2
800—1100 300—700 1100—1350 700—1300
Electrical and SIMS Electrical Electrical and flame photometry Electrical and flame photometry Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
1050 1100 980—1270 1100—1250 840—1250 1119—1390 1025—1175 1143—1393 900—1050 1180—1389 1150—1242 1244—1338 1105—1360 1100—1250 1050 1100—1280 730—1270
Electrical Electrical and SIMS Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive SIMS Electrical Radioactive
8 1 9 10 11 12 13 12 14 12 15 12 16 1 1 1 1
1100—1250 1100—1280 947—1097 950—1200 1070—1400 855—1175 1200—1400 855—1000 1030—1302 1100—1300 1050—1294
Radioactive Radioactive Neutron activation DLTS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS Neutron activation
1 1 1 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23
3 3 4 5 6 7
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
Diffusant N P
As
Sb Bi Cr Mo W O S Se Te Mn Fe Co Ni Ru
Ge
Rh Pd Pt Os Ir Li Na Cu
Ag Au Be Mg Zn Cd B Al Ga In Tl Si Ge (self) Sn P
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Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
Method of measurement
Ref.
2.7 × 10–3 2.02 × 101 1.1 7.4 × 10–2 6.0 × 101 6.55 × 10–2 2.29 × 101 1.29 × 101 2.14 × 10–1 1.03 × 103 1.08 1 × 10–2 (D ~ 2 × 10–10) (D ~ 10–12) 7 × 10–2 1.4 × 10–1 5.95 × 10–3 9.5 × 10–1 5 × 10–1 6.9 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 (D ∼ 5 × 10–7 — 5 × 10–6) (D ∼ 10–6—10–4) 2.95 × 10–4 1.5 × 102 (D ∼ 2 × 10–6) 4.2 × 10–2 1.3 × 10–3 9.1 × 10–3 3.95 × 10–1 1.9 × 10–4 4 × 10–2 4 × 10–3 4.4 × 10–2 4 × 10–2 2.25 × 102 5 × 10–1 (D ~ 8 × 10–9) 5
2.8 3.87 3.4 3.3 4.2 3.44 4.1 3.98 3.65 4.64 3.85 1 — — 2.44 2.53 1.83 2.6 3.34 0.63 0.68 0.69 0.47 —
800—1200 1100—1250 900—1200 1130—1405 950—1350 1167—1394 900—1250 1190—1398 1190—1405 1220—1380 1190—1394 1100—1250 1000 1100 700—1250 700—1160 975—1200 1050—1250 900—1250 900—1200 30—1250 700—1300 800—1300 1000—1280
Out Diffusion; SIMS Electrical Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive DLTS DLTS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical
1 10 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 16 27 30 1 1 31 32 33 34 1 35 36 37 38 1
— 0.22 (i) 2.22 — 1.3 0.46 0.57 2.03 0.18 (i) 0.99 (s) 0.33 (i) 1.0 (i) 2.23 (s) 2.5 2.5 — 2.7
1000—1200 702—1320 800—1000 1280 950—1250 350—800 800—500 700—850 750—900 600—700 350—750 700—900 800—900 600—900 720—900 900 600—900
Electrical Nuclear Activation Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive
39 1 1 40 41 42 43 44 45 5 46, 47 48 49 50 1
1.75 × 109 1.8 × 109 1.0 × 103 ∼1.6 × 102 1.4 × 102 3.4 × 101 1.8 × 104 3.3 × 101 1.7 × 103 2.4 × 10–1 2.48 × 101 7.8 1.7 × 10–2 3.3
4.4 4.55 3.45 ∼3.24 3.35 3.1 3.67 3.02 3.4 2.9 3.14 2.95 1.9 2.5
760—915 600—900 554—905 750—850 554—916 600—900 554—919 700—855 800—930 650—900 549—891 766—928 — 600—900
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive and electrical Radioactive Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Electrical SIMS Radioactive Radioactive (γ) resonance Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical
51 52 51 53 54 55 51 56 57 58 59 60 61 45 51
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
GaAs
Diffusant As Sb
2.1 3.2 1.0 × 101
Bi O S Se Te Fe Co Ni Li Cu
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
2.39 2.41 2.5
700—900 700—855 600—900
3.3 4 × 10–1 (D ∼ 10–9) (D ∼ 10–10) 5.6 1.3 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–1 8 × 10–1 5.3 × 10–1
2.57 2.08 — — 2.43 1.08 1.12 0.9 1.0
650—850 — 920 920 750—900 750—900 750—850 670—900 250—500
0.53 0.98 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.22 2.49 3.0 2.2 2.43 —
100—500 450—750 800—1000 500—1150 740—1025 800—990 800—1200 600—980 750—1000 800—1100 868—1149 1100
P
3 × 10–2 6 × 10–2 1.5 × 10–3 4 × 10–4 1 × 10–3 7.3 × 10–6 4 × 10–5 1.5 × 101 2.5 × 10–1 1.3 × 10–3 5 × 10–2 (D ∼ 5 × 10–14) (D ∼ 4 × 10–18— 10–14) 4 × 10–5 1 × 107 (D ∼ 7 × 10–11) (D ∼ 1.04 × 10–16) 1.1 × 10–1 1.6 × 10–5 6 × 10–4 1 × 10–5 (D ∼ 10–12—10–10)
4.3 2.6 5.6 — — 2.5 2.06 2.5 2 2.9
850—1100 1025—1100 1125—1230 1000 825 850—1050 650—850 1060—1200 800—1000 800—1150
As (self) Cr
7 × 10–1 2.04 × 10–6
Ag Au Be Mg Zn Cd Hg Al Ga (self) In C Si Ge Sn
Tm Li
7.9 × 10–3 2 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–2 1.1 × 101 3 × 103 1.5 × 10–1 6.5 × 10–1 4.2 × 10–2 2.2 × 10–3 5 × 102 1.2 × 10–1 2.3 × 10–16 2.3 × 10–4
3.2 0.83 (f) 1.7 (s) 2.2 1.1 2.6 2.95 4.16 3.5 2.49 1.8 2.32 2.5 2.64 1.0 1.9 (s)
— 750—1000 700—900 800—1100 700—900 1000—1300 750—900 1025—1200 1000—1150 850—1100 850—1150 750—1050 800—1000 750—1050 800—1000 527—657
Cu
1.2 × 10–1 4.7 × 10–3
0.7 (f) 0.9
277—657 470—650
O S Se Te Mn Fe Co
GaSb
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
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Method of measurement
Ref.
Electrical Radioactive Radioactive and electrical — Optical — — Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical and chemical Radioactive Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
62 57
AES Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS SIMS SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Reflectance measurements Radioactive SIMS
70 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
Chemical analysis Mass spectroscopy Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and flame photometry
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
Radioactive
69
51 63 64 65 65 66 67 47 68 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
69 69 69
69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
Diffusant Zn Cd Ga (self) In Sn Sb (self) Se Te Fe
GaP
Ag Au
Be Mg Zn Ge Cr S Mn
InP
Fe Co Cu Ag Au Zn
Cd
In (self) Sn P (self) Cr S Se Mn Fe
InAs
Co Cu Ag Au Mg Zn
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s) (D ∼ 2 × 10–13— 1 × 10–11) 1.5 × 10–6 3.2 × 103 1.2 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 3.4 × 104 (D ∼ 2.4 × 10–13— 1.37 × 10–11) 3.8 × 10–4 5 × 10–2 5 × 102 — 8 20 (Dmax ∼ 2.4 × 10–9— 8.5 × 10–8) 5 × 10–5 1.0 — 6.2 × 10–4 3.2 × 103 2.1 × 109 1.1 × 10–6 1.6 × 10–1 2.8 × 10–3 3.8 × 10–3 3.6 × 10–4 1.32 × 10–5 1.37 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 (D ∼ 2 × 10–9— 4 × 10–8) 1.8 1.1 × 10–7 (D ∼ 7 × 10–13— 2 × 10–10) 1 × 105 (D ∼ 3 × 10–8) 7 × 1010 — 3.6 × 10-4 (D ∼ 2 × 10–8) — 3 6.8 × 105 9 × 10–1 3.6 × 10–3 2.2 × 10–2 7.3 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–3 1.98 × 10–6 4.2 × 10–3 3.11 × 10–3
Activation energy, Q (eV)
2 0.72 3.15 0.53 0.8 1.1 3.45
Temperature range (°C)
Method of measurement
Ref.
510—600 640—800 658—700 320—650 320—650 500—650 658—700
Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69
— 1.20 1.9 (I) 2.3 (II) — 2.5 (I) 2.4 (II)
400—500 320—650 500—650 500—650 1000—1300 1050—1250 1100—1250
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69
—
900—1000
1.4 2.1 — 1.2 4.7 4.7 0.9 2.3 2.9 0.69 0.59 0.48 0.73 0.3
700—1050 700—1300 900—1000 900—1130 1120—1305 T < 950 950—1130 980—1180 850—1100 600—900 500—900 600—820 600—900 750—900
Radioactive Radioactive Diffusion (I) A face and (II) B face Atomic absorption analysis Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; ESR Radioactive Radioactive; ESR Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical
69 69 69 69 69 69 69
— 1.9 0.72
700—900 700—900 700—900
Radioactive Radioactive Electrical
69 69 69
— 3.85 —
450—650 830—990 550
69 69
5.65 — 1.94 — 2.9 2 3.4 1.8 0.52 0.54 0.26 0.65 1.17 0.96 1.17
900—1000 600—900 585—708 550 650—750 600—950 600—700 600—950 342—875 525—890 450—900 600—900 600—900 600—900 600—900
Electrical Radioactive Etching and cathodoluminescence Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Cathodoluminescence SIMS Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Electrical
69 69 69 69 69 69 69
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
InSb
Diffusant Cd Hg In (self) Ge Sn As (self) S Se Te Li Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg In (self) Sn Pb Sb (self)
AlAs
AlSb
ZnS
S Se Te Fe Co Ga Zn Cu Zn Cd Al (self) Sb (self) Cu
Au Zn (self)
Cd Al In S (self)
ZnSe
Se Mn Li Cu Ag
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s) 7.4 × 10–4 1.45 × 10–5 6 × 105 3.74 × 10–6 1.49 × 10–6 3 × 107 6.78 12.6 3.43 × 10–5 7 × 10–4 9 × 10–4 3 × 10–5 1 × 10–7 7 × 10–4 5 × 10–1 — 1 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–4 4 × 10–6 6 × 10–7 1.8 × 1013 5.5 × 10–8 (D ∼ 2.7 × 10–15) 5.35 × 10–4 3.1 × 1013 9 × 10–2 1.6 1.7 × 10–7 1 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–11 (D ∼ 2 × 10–18— 10–15) (D ∼ 9 × 10–11) 3.5 × 10–3 3.3 × 10–1 D(c) ∼ 4 × 10–12— 3 × 10–10 2 1 2.6 × 10–3 4.3 × 10–4 9.75 × 10–3 1.75 × 10–4 3 × 10–4 1.5 × 104 1 × 1016 (D ∼ 10–10) 5.69 × 10–4 3 × 101 2.16 × 104 8 × 10–5 (D ∼ 5 × 10–13) 2.3 × 103 2.66 × 10–6 1 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–2
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
Method of measurement
Ref.
1.15 1.32 4.0 1.17 1.17 4.45 2.2 2.2 1.28 0.28 1.08 0.37 0.25 0.32 1.35 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.17 1.45 4.3 0.75 — 1.91 4.3 1.4 1.87 0.57 0.25 0.39
650—900 650—850 740—900 600—900 600—900 740—900 600—900 600—900 600—900 0—210 200—500 230—490 440—510 140—510 362—508 355—455 250—500 360—500 425—500 400—500 475—517 390—512 500 400—500 475—517 360—500 380—500 300—500 440—510 420—500
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Electrical Electrical Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive SIMS Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 71 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
3.6 — 0.36 1.93
850—1100 557 150—500 660—860
AES SEM Radioactive Radioactive
70 69 69 69
— 1.88 1.7 0.79 0.64 1.04 1.16 1.5 3.26 6.5 — 1.28 2.2 3.15 2.2 — 2.46 0.49 0.66 0.56 1.18
900 570—620 570—620 470—750 250—1200 400—800 500—800 925
Radioactive X-ray X-ray Radioactive Electroluminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
Luminescence Luminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive X-ray microprobe Radioactive Electrical Luminescence Radioactive Luminescence
72 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
Diffusant Zn (self) Cd Al Ga In S Se (self) Ni
ZnTe
Li
Zn (self)
CdS
Al In Te (self) Li Na Cu
Ag Au Zn Cd (self) Ga In
P S (self)
CdSe
Se Te Cl I Ni Yb Ag Cd (self)
P Se (self) CdTe
Li Cu Ag
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
Method of measurement
Ref.
9.8 6.39 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–2 1.81 × 102 — (D ∼ 2 × 10–12) (D ∼ 8 × 10–12) 1.3 × 101 2.3 × 10–1 (D ∼ 1.5 × 10–8— 1.7 × 10–7) 2.9 × 10–2
3.0 1.87 1.8 3.0 1.3 — — 2.5 2.7
760—1150 700—950 800—1100 900—1100 700—850 940 1060 860—1020 1000—1050
Radioactive Photoluminescence Luminescence Luminescence Electron probe — X-ray microprobe Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
— 1.22 (s)
740—910 400—700
Luminescence Nuclear and chemical analysis
69
1.7 × 10–4 2.34 1.4 × 101 — 4 2 × 104 3 × 10–6 (D ∼ 3 × 10–7) 1.5 × 10–3 1.2 × 10–2 8 × 10–5 2.5 × 101 2.4 × 10–1 2 × 102 1.27 × 10–9 1.22 × 10–8 3.4 — 6 × 101
0.78 (f) 2.56 2.69 2.0 1.96 3.8 0.68 — 0.76 1.05 0.72 1.2 (s) 0.8 (f) 1.8 0.86 (s) 0.66 (f) 2.0 — 2.3 (\)
760—860 667—1077 700—1000 1100—1300 727—977 610—960 800 400—700 300—700 20—200 300—500
Radioactive Radioactive Electrical and optical Radioactive Radioactive Microhardness Radioactive Radioactive Ultrasonic Electrical Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
500—800 720—1000
Radioactive Radioactive
69 69
700—1100 667—967 650—930
Radioactive Optical and microprobe Radioactive, optical and microprobe
69 69
1 × 101 6.5 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–2 — (D ∼ 1.2 × 10–9) 1.3 × 10–7 (D ∼ 3 × 10–10) (D ∼ 5 × 10–12) 6.75 × 10–3 (D ∼ 1.3 × 10–9) 2 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–3 6.3 × 10–2 4.12 × 10–2
2.03 (⊥) 1.6 2.05 2.4 — 10.4 — — 10.9 — 0.53 1.5 1.25 (I) 2.18 (II)
800—1100 800—900 750—1050 900 700—1000 800 1000 570—900 960 22—400 700—1000 600—900 600—900
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive Luminescence Photoluminescence Ultrasonic Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Se pressure
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
(D ∼ 5.3 × 10–12— 6 × 10–11) 2.6 × 103
— 1.55
900—1000 700—1000
69
(D ∼ 1.5 × 10–10) 3.7 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–8 —
— 0.67 0.64 —
300 97—300 290—350 700—800
Radioactive Radioactive; saturated Se pressure Ion microprobe Radioactive Ion backscattering Electrical and photo-
69
69
69 69 69 69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued)
Semiconductor
Frequency factor, Do (cm2/s)
Activation energy, Q (eV)
Temperature range (°C)
Au Cd (self)
6.7 × 101 1.26 3.26 × 102 1.58 × 101
2.0 2.07 2.67 (I) 2.44 (II)
600—1000 700—1000 650—900
In
8 × 10–2 1.17 × 2 6.48 × 10–4
1.61 2.21 (I) 1.15 (II)
650—1000 500—850
Sn P As O
8.3 × 10–2 (D ∼ 1.2 × 10–10) — 5.6 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–4 8.54 × 10–7
2.2 — — 1.22 0.29 1.35 1.42 (I)
700—925 900 850 200—650 650—900 700—1000 600—900
1.66 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–2 (D ∼ 4 × 10–8) 6.3 × 10–5 — 6 × 10–4 5 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–4 2 × 10–8 6 × 10–6 1.72 × 10–6 1.8 × 10–3 10–6 1.5 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–4 5 × 10–3 8.6 × 10–5 6.8 × 10–5 1.78 × 101 1.5 × 101 5.6 × 10–6 2 × 10–5 7.4 × 10–4 4.98 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–1 2.1 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–8 (D ∼ 1 × 10–10) 1.7 × 10–1 3.1 × 10–2 2.9 × 10–5 4.9 × 10–2 2.7 × 10–6 (D > 2.3 × 10–10) (D > 1 × 10–6)
1.38 (II) 1.6 0.77 0.85 — 0.8 0.6 0.66 0.6 0.9 0.66 (s) 0.80 (f) 1.4 1.3 0.36 0.31 1.52 1.38 0.95 1.74 (s) 0.4 (f) 0.31 0.35 0.83 2.0 1.2 0.45 — 1.91 1.56 0.6 1.54 0.75 — —
Diffusant
Se Te (self)
HgSe HgTe
Cl Fe Sb Se (self) Ag Zn Cd Hg (self) In Sn
PbS
Te (self) Mn Cu
PbSe
Pb (self) S (self) Ni Na
PbTe
Cu Ag Pb (self) Sb Se (self) Cl Ni Na Sn Pb (self) Sb Te Cl Ni
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Method of measurement
Ref.
luminescence Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure Radioactive Radioactive — Mass spectrometry
69 69 69 69
Radioactive Radioactive; (I) saturated Cd and (II) saturated Te pressure
69
500—800 520—800 900 540—630 200—400 250—350 250—350 250—350 200—350 200—300 200—300
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
200—400 250—350 150—450 100—400 500—800 500—750 200—500 400—850
Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Electrical Radioactive Radioactive Electrical Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
93—520 400—850 400—800 650—850 650—850 400—850 700 600—850 500—800 250—500 500—800 500—800
Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive Radioactive
69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69
700 700
Radioactive Radioactive
69 69
69
69 69 69 69 69
69
DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.
N. A. Stolwijk and H. Bracht, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and Non-Metallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 2-1. E. M. Pell, Phys. Rev., 119, 1960; 119, 1014, 1960. L. Svob, Solid State Electron, 10, 991, 1967. B. I. Boltaks and I. I. Sosinov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 28, 3, 1958. R. N. Hall and J. N. Racette, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 379, 1964. B. I. Boltaks and Hsueh Shih-Yin, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 2, 2383, 1961. W. R. Wilcox and T. J. LaChapelle, J. Appl. Phys., 35, 240, 1964. E. A. Taft and R. O. Carlson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 117, 711, 1970. R. Sh. Malkovich and N. A. Alimbarashvili, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1725, 1963. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Solid State Electron, 15, 1113, 1972. C. Hill, Semiconductor Silicon 1981, H. R. Huff, R. J. Kreiger, and Y. Takeishi, Eds., p. 988, Electrochem. Soc., 1981. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 2507, 1971. W. Rosnowski, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 957, 1978. J. S. Makris and B. J. Masters, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3750, 1971. M. F. Millea, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 315, 1965 (refer Reference 2). C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, J. Appl. Phys., 27, 544, 1956. S. Hocine and D. Mathiot, Appl. Phys. Lett., 53, 1269, 1988. R. C. Newman and J. Wakefield, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 19, 230, 1961. L. Kalinowski and R. Seguin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 35, 211, 1979; Appl. Phys. Lett., 36, 171, 1980. R. F. Peart, Phys. Stat. Sol., 15, K 119, 1966. G. Hettich, H. Mehrer and K. Maler, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 46, 500, 1979. M. Ogina, Y. Oana and M. Watanabe, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), 72, 535, 1982. T. H. Yeh, S. M. Hu, and R. H. Kastl, Appl. Phys., 39, 4266, 1968. I. Franz and W. Langheinrich, Solid State Electron, 14, 835, 1971. R. N. Ghoshtagore, Hys. Rev. B, 3, 389, 1971. B. J. Masters and J. M. Fairfield, J. Appl. Phys., 40, 2390, 1969. R. N. Goshtagore, Phys. Rev. B, 3, 397, 1971. R. S. Fair and J. C. C. Tsai, J. Electrochem. Soc., 122, 1689, 1975. J. J. Rohan, N. E. Pickering and J. Kennedy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 106, 705, 1969. W. Wuerker, K. Roy, and J. Hesse, Matsr. Res. Bull., 9, 971, 1974. J. C. Mikkelsen, Jr., Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, 336, 1982. S. Tang Lee and D. Nicols, Appl. Phys. Lett., 47, 1001, 1985. P. L. Gruzin, S. V. Zemskii, A. D. Bullkin, and N. M. Makarov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 7, 1241, 1974. N. S. Zhdanovich and Yu. I. Kozlov, Svoistva Legir, Poluprovodn., V. S. Zemskov, Ed., Nauka, Moscow, 1977, 115-120; Fiz Tekh. Poluprovod., 9, 1594, 1975. D. Gilles, W. Bergholze, and W. Schroeter, J. Appl. Phys., 59, 3590, 1986. E. R. Weber, Appl. Phys. A, 30, 1, 1983. E. R. Weber, Properties of Silicon, EMIS Datareviews Ser. No. 4, INSPEC Publications, 1988, 409-451. M. K. Bakhadyrkhanov, S. Zainabidinov, and A. Khamidov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 14, 243, 1980. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, F. K. Khatamkulov, and G. Nasyrov, Poluprovod., N. Kh. Abrikosov and V. S. Zemskov, Eds., Nauka, Moscow, 1975, 21-23. S. A. Azimov, M. S. Yunosov, G. Nurkuziev, and F. R. Karimov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 12, 981, 1978. S. A. Azimov, B. V. Umarov, and M. S. Yunusov, Sov. Phys. Sem., 10, 842, 1976. C. S. Fuller and J. A. Ditzenberger, Phys. Rev., 91, 193, 1953. B. Pratt and F. Friedman, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 1893, 1966. M. Stojic, V. Spiric, and D. Kostoski, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 31, 304, 1976. B. I. Boltaks, Diffusion in Semiconductors, Inforsearch, London, 1963, 162. A. A. Bugai, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miselyuk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 67, 1957. L. Y. Wei, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 18, 162, 1961. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 42, 1962. W. C. Dunlap, Jr., Phys. Rev., 97, 614, 1955 Yu. I. Belyaev and V. A. Zhidkov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 3, 133, 1961. W. C. Dunlap, Jr. Phys. Rev., 94, 1531, 1954. V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 1, 1481, 1960. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Acta Metall., 30, 941, 1982. W. Meer and D. Pommerrening, Z. Agnew. Phys., 23, 369, 1967. U. Sodervall, H. Odelius, A. Lodding, U. Roll, B. Predel, W. Gust, and P. Dorner, Phil. Mag. A, 54, 539, 1986. P. Dorner, W. Gust, A. Lodding, H. Odelius, B. Predel, and U. Roll, Z. Metalkd., 73, 325, 1982.
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DIFFUSION DATA FOR SEMICONDUCTORS (continued) 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
P. V. Pavlov, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 8, 2377, 1967. V. I. Tagirov and A. A. Kuliev, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 196, 1962. J. Raisanen, J. Hirvonen, and A. Anttila, Solid State Electron., 24, 333, 1981. C. Vogel, G. Hettich, and H. Mehrer, J. Phys. C., 16, 6197, 1983. H. Letaw, Jr., W. M. Portnoy, and L. Slifkin, Phys. Rev., 102, 363, 1956. W. Bosenberg, Z. Naturforsch., 10a, 285, 1955. V. M. Glazov and V. S. Zemskov, Physicochemical Principles of Semiconductor Doping, Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1968. J. W. Corbett, R. S. McDonald, and G. D. Watkins, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 25, 873, 1964. W. W. Tyler, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 59, 1959. V. D. Ignatkov and V. E. Kosenko, Sov. Phys. Solid State, 4, 1193, 1962. A. A. Bugal, V. E. Kosenko, and E. G. Miseluk, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 27, 210, 1957. F. van der Maesen and J. A. Brenkman, Phillips Res. Rep., 9, 255, 1954. M. B. Dutt and B. L. Sharma, in Diffusion in Semiconductors and Non-Metallic Solids, D. L. Beke, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998, 3-1. L. L. Chang and A. Koma, Appl. Physics Lett., 29, 138, 1976. D. L. Kendall, Semiconductors and Semimetals, Vol. 4, R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds., Academic, 1968, 255. H. J. Biter and F. Williams, J. Luminescence, 3, 395, 1971.
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS H. P. R. Frederikse Glossary of Symbols Units Quantity
Symbol
Magnetic field Magnetic induction Magnetization Spontaneous magnetization Saturation magnetization Magnetic flux Magnetic moment Coercive field Remanence Saturation magnetic polarization Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic permeability Magnetic permeability of free space Saturation magnetostriction Curie temperature Néel temperature
H B M Ms M0 F m, m Hc Br Js c m m0 l (Dl/l) TC TN
SI A m-1 T (tesla) A m-1 A m-1 A m-1 Wb (weber) A m2 A m-1 T T
emu Oe (oersted) G (gauss) emu cm-3 emu cm-3 emu cm-3 maxwell erg/G Oe G G
H m-1 (henry/meter) H m-1 K K
K K
Magnetic moment m = ghJ = g mB J where g = gyromagnetic ratio; J = angular momentum; g = spectroscopic splitting factor (~2) mB = bohr magneton = 9.2741◊10-24 J/T = 9.2741◊10-21 erg/G Earth’s magnetic field H = 56 A m-1 = 0.7 Oe For iron: M0 = 1.7◊106 A m-1; Br = 0.8◊106 A m-1 1 Oe = (1000/4p) A m-1; 1 G = 10-4 T; 1 emu cm-3 = 103 A m-1 1 maxwell = 10-8 Wb m0 = 4p◊10-7 H m-1
Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field B (b)
+Br (a) (c) +Hc
-Hc
H
-Br (c) (a) = Domain growth (b) = Field removal (c) = Hysteric curve on field
12-117
Figure 1. Typical curve representing the dependence of magnetic induction B on magnetic field H for a ferromagnetic material. When H is first applied, B follows curve a as the favorably oriented magnetic domains grow. This curve flattens as saturation is approached. When H is then reduced, B follows curve b, but retains a finite value (the remanence Br) at H = 0. In order to demagnetize the material, a negative field -Hc (where Hc is called the coercive field or coercivity) must be applied. As H is further decreased and then increased to complete the cycle (curve c), a hysteresis loop is obtained. The area within this loop is a measure of the energy loss per cycle for a unit volume of the material.
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Relation Between Magnetic Induction and Magnetic Field (continued) B
Hard
Figure 2. Schematic curve illustrating the B vs. H dependence for hard and soft magnetic materials. Hard materials have a larger remanence and coercive field, and a correspondingly large hysteresis loss.
Soft H
REFERENCE Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976, p. 577, 582. With permission.
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements
Figure 3. Molar susceptibility of the elements at room temperature (cgs units of 10-6 cm3/mol). Values are not available for Z=9, 61, and 84–89; Fe, Co, and Ni (Z = 26–28) are ferromagnetic. Data taken from the table “Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds” in Section 4. REFERENCE Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-224. With permission.
12-118
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Ground State of Ions with Partly Filled d or f Shells Z
Element
n
S
22 23 23 23 24 25 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 29
Ti3+ V4+ V3+ V2+ Cr3+ Mn4+ Cr2+ Mn3+ Mn2+ Fe3+ Fe2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu2+
1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9
1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3/2 2 2 5/2 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2
L
J
2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 2 3 3 2
3/2 3/2 2 3/2 3/2 3/2 0 0 5/2 5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2
Gr. state 2D
3/2
2D
3/2
3F 2 4F 3/2 4F 3/2 4F 3/2 5D 0 5D 0 6S 5/2 6S 5/2 5D 4 4F 9/2 3F 4 2D 5/2
pcalca 1.73 1.73 2.83 3.87 3.87 3.87 4.90 4.90 5.92 5.92 4.90 3.87 2.83 1.73
pcalcb 1.55 1.55 1.63 0.77 0.77 0.77 0 0 5.92 5.92 6.70 6.54 5.59 3.55
pmeas 1.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 3.7 4.0 4.9 5.0 5.9 5.9 5.4 4.8 3.2 1.9
pcalcc 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 a b c
Ce3+ Pr3+ Nd3+ Pm3+ Sm3+ Eu3+ Gd3+ Tb3+ Dy3+ Ho3+ Er3+ Tm3+ Yb3+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1/2 1 3/2 2 5/2 3 7/2 3 5/2 2 3/2 1 1/2
3 5 6 6 5 3 0 3 5 6 6 5 3
5/2 4 9/2 4 5/2 0 7/2 6 15/2 8 15/2 6 7/2
2F 5/2 3H 4 4I 9/2 5I 4 6H 5/2 7F 0 8S 7/2 7F 6 6H 15/2 5I 8 4I 15/2 3H 6 2F 7/2
2.54 3.58 3.62 2.68 0.84 0.0 7.94 9.72 10.63 10.60 9.59 7.57 4.54
pcalc = 2[S(S + 1)]1/2 pcalc = 2[J(J + 1)]1/2 pcalc = g[J(J + 1)]1/2 REFERENCES 1. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991, p. 243. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, pp. 405—406. 3. Ashcroft, N.W. and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 652.
Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 0 K nB is the number of Bohr magnetons per atom TC is the Curie temperature TN is the Néel temperature M0/gauss Fe Co Ni Cr Mn Ce Nd
1752 1446 510
nB 2.22 1.72 0.62
TC/K
TN/K
Comments
1043 1388 627 311 100 12.5 19.2
12-119
c-Axis antiferromagnetic Basal plane modulation on hexagonal sites
2.4 3.5 3.5 1.5 3.4 8.0 9.5 10.6 10.4 9.5 7.3 4.5
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Elements (continued) M0/gauss
nB
TC/K
Comments
7.8 106 13.8 90.5
Sm Eu Gd Tb
TN/K
1980
7 9
Cubic sites order (periodicity different from high-T phase) Ordering on hexagonal sites Cubic site order Spiral along cube axis
293 220
Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Basal plane ferromagnet Basal plane spiral Bunched cone structure Basal plane spiral c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure c-Axis ferrimagnetic cone structure c-Axis modulated structure
230.2 Dy
10
87
Ho
10
20
Er
9
32
Tm
7
32
176 133 80 56 REFERENCES
1. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p.652. 2. Gschneidner, K.A., and Eyring, L., Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1978.
Selected Ferromagnetic Compounds M0 is the saturation magnetization at T = 293 K TC is the Curie temperature Compound
M0/gauss
TC/K
Crystal system
MnB MnAs MnBi MnSb Mn4N MnSi CrTe CrBr3 CrI3 CrO2 EuO EuS GdCl3 FeB Fe2B FeBe5 Fe3C FeP
152 670 620 710 183
578 318 630 587 743 34 339 37 68 386 77 16.5 2.2 598 1043 75 483 215
orthorh(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB) hex(FeB)
247 270 515 1910* 1184* 550*
cub(FeSi) hex(NiAs) hex(BiI3) hex(BiI3) tetr(TiO2) cub cub orthorh orthorh tetr (CuAl2) cub(MgCu2) orthorh orthorh (MnP)
* At T = 0 K REFERENCES 1. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 2. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976.
12-120
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Magnetic Properties of High-Permeability Metals and Alloys (Soft) mi is the initial permeability mm is the maximum permeability Hc is the coercive force Js is the saturation polarization WH is the hysteresis loss per cycle TC is the Curie temperature Composition (mass %)
Material Iron Iron Silicon-iron Silicon-iron (110) [001] Silicon-iron {100} <100> Mild steel Hypernik Deltamax {100} <100> Isoperm {100} <100> 78 Permalloy Supermalloy Mumetal Hyperco Permendur 2V-Permendur Supermendur 25Perminvar 7Perminvar Perminvar (magnet. annealed) Alfenol (or Alperm) Alfer Aluminum-Iron Sendust
mm/m0
mi/m0
Commercial 99Fe Pure 99.9Fe 96Fe-4Si 97Fe-3Si 97Fe-3Si Fe-0.1C-0.1Si-0.4Mn 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 50Fe-50Ni 78Ni-22Fe 79Ni-16Fe-5Mo 77Ni-16Fe-5Cu-2Cr 64Fe-35Co-0.5Cr 50Fe-50Co 49Fe-49Co-2V 49Fe-49Co-2V 45Ni-30Fe-25Co 70Ni-23Fe-7Co 43Ni-34Fe-23Co 84Fe-16Al 87Fe-13Al 96.5Fe-3.5Al 85Fe-10Si-5Al
200 25000 500 9000
6000 350000 7000 40000 100000 1100 70000 200000 100 100000 1000000 100000 10000 6000 4000 60000 2000 4000 400000 55000 3700 19000 120000
800 4000 500 90 4000 100000 20000 650 500 800 400 850 3000 700 500 36000
Hc/A m–1
Js/T
WH/J m–3
TC/K
70 0.8 40 12 6 200 4 16 480 4 0.15 4 80 160 160 16 100 50 2.4 3.2 53 24 1.6
2.16 2.16 1.95 2.01 2.01
500 60 50-150 35-140
1043 1043 1008 1015 1015
1.60 1.55 1.60 1.05 0.79 0.75 2.42 2.46 2.45 2.40 1.55 1.25 1.50 0.8 1.20 1.90 0.89
22
753 773
50 2 20 300 1200 600 1150
651 673 673 1243 1253 1253 1253
REFERENCES 1. McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 42. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-224.
Applications of High-Permeability Materials Applications
Requirements POWER APPLICATIONS
Distribution and power transformers
Low core losses, high permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization
High-quality motors and generators, stators and armatures, switched-mode power supplies INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS Audiofrequency transformers Pulse transformers
Low core losses, high permeability, high magnetic polarization High permeability
12-121
723 673 753
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Applications of High-Permeability Materials (continued) Applications
Requirements CORES FOR INDUCTOR COILS
Audiofrequency Carrier frequency Radiofrequency
Low hysteresis, high permeability Very low hysteresis and eddy current loss High permeability at low fields MISCELLANEOUS
}
Relays, switches Earth leakage circuit Magnetic shielding Magnetic recording heads Magnetic amplifiers Saturable reactors Saturable transformers Transformer cores Magnetic shunts for temperature compensation in magnetic circuits Electromagnets in indicating instruments, fire detection, quartz watches, electromechanical devices Magnetic yokes in permanent magnet devices, such as lifting and holding magnets, loudspeakers
High permeability, low remanence, low coercivity Low core loss for AC applications High initial permeability, low or zero remanence
}
Rectangular hysteresis loops, low hysteresis loss
Low Curie temperature, appropriate decrease in permeability with increase in temperature High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization High permeability, high saturation magnetic polarization
REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.
Saturation Magnetostriction of Selected Materials The tabulated parameter ls is related to the fractional change in length Dl/l by Dl/l = (3/2)ls(cos2q–1/3), where q is the angle of rotation. ls ¥ 106
Material Iron Fe - 3.2% Si Nickel Cobalt 45 Permalloy, 45% Ni - 55% Fe Permalloy, 82% Ni - 18% Fe Permendur, 49% Co - 49% Fe - 2% V Alfer, 87% Fe - 13% Al Magnetite, Fe3O4 Cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4 SmFe2 TbFe2 Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.93 (Terfenol D) Fe66Co18B15Si (amorphous) Co72Fe3B6Al3 (amorphous)
-7 +9 -33 -62 +27 0 +70 +30 +40 -110 -1560 +1753 +2000 +35 0
REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 91; additional data provided by A.E. Clark, Adelphi, MD.
12-122
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Properties of Various Permanent Magnetic Materials (Hard) Br is the remanence BHc is the flux coercivity iHc is the intrinsic coercivity (BH)max is the maximum energy product TC is the Curie temperature Tmax is the maximum operating temperature 3 BHc/10 A m–1
Br/T
Composition Alnico1 20Ni;12Al;5Co Alnico2 17Ni;10Al;12.5Co;6Cu Alnico3 24-30Ni;12-14Al;0-3Cu Alnico4 21-28Ni;11-13Al;3-5Co;2-4Cu Alnico5 14Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu Alnico6 16Ni;8Al;24Co;3Cu;2Ti Alnico8 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico9 15Ni;7Al;35Co;4Cu;5Ti Alnico12 13.5Ni;8Al;24.5Co;2Nb BaFe12O19 (Ferroxdur) SrFe12O19 LaCo5 CeCo5 PrCo5 NdCo5 SmCo5 Sm(Co0.76Fe0.10Cu0.14)6.8 Sm(Co0.65Fe0.28Cu0.05Zr0.02)7.7 Nd2Fe14B sintered Fe;52Co;14V (Vicalloy II) Fe;24Cr;15Co;3Mo (anisotropic) Fe;28Cr;10.5Co (Chromindur II) Fe;23Cr;15Co;3V;2Ti Cu;20Ni;20Fe (Cunife) Cu;21Ni;29Fe (Cunico) Pt;23Co Mn;29.5Al;0.5C (anisotropic)
0.72 0.72 0.5-0.6 0.55-0.75 1.25 1.05 0.83 1.10 1.20 0.4 0.4 0.91 0.77 1.20 1.22 1.00 1.04 1.2 1.22 1.0 1.54 0.98 1.35 0.55 0.34 0.64 0.61
53 1.6 1.45 1.6 2.95
7.9 4.8 10 8.4 42 67 32 4 4 0.5 4 2.16
3 iHc/10 A m–1
35 40-50 40-54 36-56 54 75 160 1.45 64 192 3.3
696 5 16 1120
2.4
(BH)max/ kJ m–3 25 13-14 10 11-12 40 52 45 75 76.8 29 30 164 117 286 295 196 212 264 280 28 76 16 44 12 8 76 56
TC/∞C
Tmax/∞C
850
520
850
520
450 450 567 380 620 637 700 800 800 300 700 630 630 630 410
400 400
250 300 300 100 500 500 500 500 350
480 300
350 120
REFERENCES 1. McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994, p. 204. 2. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-165. 3. Jiles, D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman & Hall, London, 1991.
Selected Ferrites Js is the saturation magnetic polarization TC is the Curie temperature DH is the line width
Material Spinels g-Fe2O3 Fe3O4 NiFe2O4 MgFe2O4 NiZnFe2O4 MnFe2O4
Js/T
0.52 0.60 0.34 0.14 0.50 0.50
TC/∞C
DH/ kA m–1
575 585 575 440 375 300
350 70 120 50
12-123
Applications
Microwave devices Transformer cores Microwave devices
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Selected Ferrites (continued) Js/T
Material NiCoFe2O4 NiCoAlFe2O4 NiAl0.35Fe1.65O4 NiAlFe2O4 Mg0.9Mn0.1Fe2O4 Ni0.5Zn0.5Al0.8Fe1.2O4 CuFe2O4 CoFe2O4 LiFe5O8 Garnets Y3Fe5O12 Y3Fe5O12 (single crys.) (Y,Al)3Fe5O12 (Y,Gd)3Fe5O12 Sm3Fe5O12 Eu3Fe5O12 GdFe5O12 Hexagonal crystals BaFe12O19 Ba3Co2Fe24O41 Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 Ba3Co1.35Zn0.65Fe24O41 Ba2Ni2Fe12O22 SrFe12O19
DH/ kA m–1
TC/∞C
0.31 0.15 0.12 0.05 0.25 0.14 0.17 0.53 0.39
590 450 430 1860 290
0.178 0.178 0.12 0.06 0.170 0.116 0.017
280 292 250 250 305 293 291
55 0.5 80 150
Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices
0.45 0.34 0.28
430 470 130 390 500 450
1.5 12 25 16 8
Permanent magnets Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Permanent magnets
0.16 0.4
140 330 67 32 56 17
Applications
455 520 670
Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Microwave devices Electromechanical transducers Microwave devices
REFERENCE McCurrie, R.A., Structure and Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994.
Spinel Structure (AB2O4)
A
B
Figure 4. Arrangement of metal ions in the two octants A and B, showing tetrahedrally (A) and octahedrally (B) coordinated sites. (Reprinted from McCurrie, R.A., Ferromagnetic Materials, Academic Press, London, 1994. With permission.) A B O2-
12-124
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS (continued) Selected Antiferromagnetic Solids TN is the Néel temperature Material Binary oxides MnO FeO CoO NiO a-Mn2O3 CuO UO2 Er2O3 Gd2O3 Perovskites LaCrO3 LaMnO3 LaFeO3 NdCrO3 NdFeO3 YbCrO3 CaMnO3 EuTiO3 YCrO3 BiFeO3 KCoF3 KMnF3 KFeF3 KNiF3 NaMnF3 NaNiF3 RbMnF3 Spinels Co3O4 NiCr2O4 ZnCr2O4 ZnFe2O4 GeFe2O4 MgV2O4 MnGa2O4
Structure
TN/K
cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub(fcc) cub monocl cub cub cub
122 198 291 525 90 230 30.8 3.4 1.6
orth orth orth orth orth orth cub cub orth cub* cub cub* cub cub cub* orth cub
282 100 750 224 760 118 110 5.3 141 673 125 88.3 115 275 60 149 82
cub tetr cub cub cub cub cub
40 65 15 9 10 45 33
Material NiAs and related structures CrAs CrSb CrSe MnTe NiS CrS Rutile and related structures CoF2 CrF2 FeF2 MnF2 NiF2 CrCl2 MnO2 FeOF Corundum and related structures Cr2O3 a-Fe2O3 FeTiO3 MnTiO3 CoTiO3 VF3 and related structures CoF3 CrF3 FeF3 MnF3 MoF3 Miscellaneous K2NiF4 MnI2 CoUO4 CaMn2O4 CrN CeC2 FeSn Mn2P
Structure
orth hex hex hex hex monocl
300 705-723 300 320-323 263 460
tetr monocl tetr tetr tetr orth tetr tetr
38 53 79 67 83 20 84 315
rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb rhomb
318 948 68 41 38
rhomb rhomb rhomb monocl rhomb
460 80 394 43 185
tetr hex orth orth cub* tetr hex hex
97 3.4 12 225 273 33 373 103
* Distorted. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 5-168 to 183. 2. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, 6th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 3. Ashcroft, N.W., and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1976, p. 697.
12-125
TN/K
ELECTRON WORK FUNCTION OF THE ELEMENTS The electron work function Φ is a measure of the minimum energy required to extract an electron from the surface of a solid. It is defined more precisely as the energy difference between the state in which an electron has been removed to a distance from the surface of a single crystal face that is large enough that the image force is negligible but small compared to the distance to any other face (typically about 10-4 cm) and the state in which the electron is in the bulk solid. In general, Φ differs for each face of a monocrystalline sample. Since Φ is dependent on the cleanliness of the surface, measurements reported in the literature often cover a considerable range. This table contains selected values for the electron work function of the elements which may be regarded as typical values for a reasonably clean surface. The method of measurement is indicated for each value. The following abbreviations appear: TE — Thermionic emission PE — Photoelectric effect FE — Field emission CPD — Contact potential difference polycr — Polycrystalline sample amorp — Amorphous sample Values in parentheses are only approximate. REFERENCES 1. Hölzl, J., and Schulte, F. K., Work Functions of Metals, in Solid Surface Physics, Höhler, G., Editor, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979. 2. Riviere, J. C., Work Function: Measurements and Results, in Solid State Surface Science, Vol.1, Green, M., Editor, Decker, New York, 1969. 3. Michaelson, H. B., J. Appl. Phys., 48, 4729, 1977. Element
Plane
Φ/eV
Ag
100 110 111 100 110 111 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 polycr 100 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr liquid polycr 100 110 111
4.64 4.52 4.74 4.20 4.06 4.26 (3.75) 5.47 5.37 5.31 (4.45) 2.52 4.98 4.34 (5.0) 2.87 4.08 2.9 5.0 4.5 1.95 5.10 4.48 4.94 4.53 2.5 4.67 4.81 4.32 2.90 5.0 3.9 4.475 4.09 5.67 5.42 5.76
Al
As Au
B Ba Be Bi C Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu
Eu Fe Ga Gd Ge Hf Hg In Ir
Method PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH PE PE CPD PE CPD PE PE PE PE FE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE CPD CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE
Element
K La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo
Na Nb
Nd Ni
Os Pb Pd Pt
Rb Re Rh
Plane
Φ/eV
210 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 112 114 332 polycr 001 110 111 112 113 116 310 polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr 111 polycr 110 111 320 331 polycr polycr polycr
5.00 2.29 3.5 2.93 (3.3) 3.66 4.1 4.53 4.95 4.55 4.36 4.50 4.55 2.36 4.02 4.87 4.36 4.63 4.29 3.95 4.18 3.2 5.22 5.04 5.35 5.93 4.25 5.22 5.6 5.64 5.84 5.93 5.22 5.12 2.261 4.72 4.98
12-124
Method PE PE PE FE CPD PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE TH TH TH TH TH TH TH PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE PE FE FE FE FE PE TE PE
Element
Plane
Φ/eV
Method
Ru Sb
polycr amorp 100 polycr polycr n p 100 p 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 111 polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr polycr 100 110 113 polycr polycr 100 110 111 113 116 polycr polycr polycr polycr
4.71 4.55 4.7 3.5 5.9 4.85 (4.91) 4.60 2.7 4.42 (2.59) 4.25 4.15 4.80 4.00 3.0 4.95 3.4 4.33 (3.84) 3.63 3.73 3.90 3.67 4.3 4.55 4.63 5.22 4.45 4.46 4.32 3.1 3.63 (4.9) 4.05
PE
Sc Se Si
Sm Sn Sr Ta
Tb Te Th Ti Tl U
V W
Y Zn Zr
PE PE CPD CPD PE PE CPD TH TH TH TH TH PE PE TH PE CPD PE PE PE PE PE CPD FE FE FE FE TH PE PE CPD PE
SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION The secondary emission yield, or secondary emission ratio, δ, is the average number of secondary electrons emitted from a bombarded material for every incident primary electron. It is a function of the primary electron energy Ep. The maximum yield δmax corresponds to a primary electron energy Epmax (see figure). The two primary electron energies corresponding to a yield of unity are denoted the first and second crossovers (EI and EII). An insulating target, or a conducting target that is electrically floating, will charge positively or negatively depending on the primary electron energy. For EI < Ep < EII, δ > 1 and the surface charges positively provided there is a collector present that is positive with respect to the target. For Ep < EI or Ep > EII, δ < 1, and the surface charges negatively with respect to the potential of the source of primary electrons.
1.5 δmax δ 1.0 0.5
Ep EII EI max Primary Electron Energy (Ep)
Element
δmax
Epmax (eV)
EI (eV)
EII (eV)
Ag Al Au B Ba Bi Be C (diamond) C (graphite) C (soot) Cd Co Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hg K
1.5 1.0 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.5 2.8 1.0 0.45 1.1 1.2 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.55 1.15 1.3 0.7
800 300 800 150 400 550 200 750 300 500 450 600 400 600 400 500 500 600 200
200 300 150 50 None None None None 300 None 300 200 None 200 120 75 150 350 None
>2000 300 >2000 600 None None None >5000 300 None 700 None None 1500 1400 None 900 >1200 None
Compound Alkali halides CsCl KBr (crystal) KCl (crystal) KCl (layer) KI (crystal) KI (layer) LiF (crystal) LiF (layer) NaBr (crystal) NaBr (layer) NaCl (crystal)
δmax
6.5 14 12 7.5 10 5.6 8.5 5.6 24 6.3 14
Epmax (eV)
Element Li Mg Mo Na Nb Ni Pb Pd Pt Rb Sb Si Sn Ta Th Ti Tl W Zr
Compound NaCl (layer) NaF (crystal) NaF (layer) NaI (crystal) NaI (layer) RbCl (layer) Oxides Ag2O Al2O3 (layer) BaO (layer) BeO CaO
1800 1600 1200 1600
700 1800 1200
12-125
δmax
Epmax (eV)
EI (eV)
EII (eV)
0.5 0.95 1.25 0.82 1.2 1.3 1.1 >1.3 1.8 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.35 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.7 1.4 1.1
85 300 375 300 375 550 500 >250 700 350 600 250 500 600 800 280 650 650 350
None None 150 None 150 150 250 120 350 None 250 125 None 250 None None 70 250 None
None None 1200 None 1050 >1500 1000 None 3000 None 2000 500 None >2000 None None >1500 >1500 None
δmax 6.8 14 5.7 19 5.5 5.8 1.0 2—9 2.3—4.8 3.4 2.2
Epmax (eV) 600 1200 1300
400 2000 500
SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION (continued) Compound Cu2O MgO (crystal) MgO (layer) MoO2 SiO2 (quartz) SnO2 Sulfides MoS2 PbS WS2 ZnS
δmax 1.2 20—25 3—15 1.2 2.1—4 3.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.8
Epmax (eV) 400 1500 400—1500 400 640
500 350
12-126
Compound
δmax
Epmax (eV)
Others BaF2 (layer) CaF2 (layer) BiCs3 BiCs GeCs Rb3Sb SbCs3 Mica Glasses
4.5 3.2 6 1.9 7 7.1 6 2.4 2—3
1000 1000 700 450 700 350 300—450
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS J. H. Weaver and H. P. R. Frederikse These tables list the index of refraction n, the extinction coefficient k, and the normal incidence reflection R (φ = 0) as a function of photon energy E, which is expressed in electron volts (eV). To convert the energy in eV to wavelength in µm, use λ = 1.2398/E. To compute the dielectric function ˜ε = ε1 + iε2 from the complex index of refraction N˜ = n + ik, use ε1 = n2 – k2 and ε2 = 2nk. The optical constants in these tables are abridged from three more extensive tabulations: • • •
Optical Properties of Metals (OPM), Volumes I and II, Physics Data, Nr. 18-1 and 18-2, J. H. Weaver, C. Krafka, D. W. Lynch, and E. E. Koch, Fachinformationzentrum, Karlsruhe, Germany. Handbook of Optical Constants (HOC), Vol. I, 1985, and Vol. II, 1991. Edited by E. D. Palik, published by Academic Press, Inc. American Institute of Physics Handbook (AIPH), 3rd Edition, Coord. Editor D. E. Gray, published by McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1972.
The first two of these major sources provide detailed comparisons of all optical data available in the literature at the time of the compilation. For critical applications the reader should refer to the original work. References for individual metals and semiconductors are listed at the end of the tables. Generally, tabulated values for the optical properties are accurate to better than 10%. Data in parentheses are extrapolated or interpolated values. For most elements the spectral range covered is from the far infrared (0.010 or 0.10 eV) to the far ultraviolet (10, 30 or 300 eV). The intervals between successive energies in the tables are chosen in such a way that the major spectral features are preserved. Very small values of k are expressed in exponential notation, e.g., 1.23E-5 means 1.23 × 10-5. The following table is convenient for identifying the energy entries in these tables with the corresponding wavelengths:
Energy (eV)
n
Aluminium1 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.100 1.200 1.300 1.400 1.500 1.600 1.700 1.800 1.900 2.000
98.595 74.997 62.852 53.790 45.784 39.651 34.464 24.965 18.572 14.274 11.733 8.586 6.759 5.438 4.454 3.072 2.273 1.770 1.444 1.264 1.212 1.201 1.260 1.468 2.237 2.745 2.625 2.143 1.741 1.488 1.304
k
203.701 172.199 150.799 135.500 123.734 114.102 105.600 89.250 76.960 66.930 59.370 48.235 40.960 35.599 31.485 25.581 21.403 18.328 15.955 14.021 12.464 11.181 10.010 8.949 8.212 8.309 8.597 8.573 8.205 7.821 7.479
λ
E/eV
λ
E/eV
1 mm 500 µm 100 µm 50 µm 10 µm 5 µm 1 µm
0.00124 0.00248 0.01240 0.02480 0.12398 0.24797 1.240
6000 Å 5000 Å 4000 Å 3000 Å 2000 Å 1000 Å 400 Å
2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.398 30.996
R(φ φ = 0)
0.9923 0.9915 0.9906 0.9899 0.9895 0.9892 0.9889 0.9884 0.9882 0.9879 0.9873 0.9858 0.9844 0.9834 0.9826 0.9817 0.9806 0.9794 0.9778 0.9749 0.9697 0.9630 0.9521 0.9318 0.8852 0.8678 0.8794 0.8972 0.9069 0.9116 0.9148
Energy (eV) 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 3.800 4.000 4.200 4.400 4.600 4.800 5.000 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 8.500 9.000 9.500 10.000 10.500 11.000 11.500 12.000 12.500 13.000 13.500 14.000
n
k
1.018 0.826 0.695 0.598 0.523 0.460 0.407 0.363 0.326 0.294 0.267 0.244 0.223 0.205 0.190 0.130 0.110 0.095 0.082 0.072 0.063 0.056 0.049 0.044 0.040 0.036 0.033 0.033 0.034 0.038 0.041 0.048
6.846 6.283 5.800 5.385 5.024 4.708 4.426 4.174 3.946 3.740 3.552 3.380 3.222 3.076 2.942 2.391 2.173 1.983 1.814 1.663 1.527 1.402 1.286 1.178 1.076 0.979 0.883 0.791 0.700 0.609 0.517 0.417
12-133
R(φ φ = 0) 0.9200 0.9228 0.9238 0.9242 0.9241 0.9243 0.9245 0.9246 0.9247 0.9248 0.9248 0.9249 0.9249 0.9249 0.9244 0.9257 0.9260 0.9262 0.9265 0.9269 0.9272 0.9277 0.9282 0.9286 0.9293 0.9298 0.9283 0.9224 0.9118 0.8960 0.8789 0.8486
Energy (eV) 14.200 14.400 14.600 14.800 15.000 15.200 15.400 15.600 15.800 16.000 16.200 16.400 16.750 17.000 17.250 17.500 17.750 18.000 18.500 19.000 19.500 20.000 20.500 21.000 21.500 22.000 22.500 23.000 23.500 24.000 24.500 25.000
n 0.053 0.058 0.067 0.086 0.125 0.178 0.234 0.280 0.318 0.351 0.380 0.407 0.448 0.474 0.498 0.520 0.540 0.558 0.591 0.620 0.646 0.668 0.689 0.707 0.724 0.739 0.753 0.766 0.778 0.789 0.799 0.809
k 0.373 0.327 0.273 0.211 0.153 0.108 0.184 0.073 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.018
R(φ φ = 0) 0.8312 0.8102 0.7802 0.7202 0.6119 0.4903 0.3881 0.3182 0.2694 0.2326 0.2031 0.1789 0.1460 0.1278 0.1129 0.1005 0.0899 0.0809 0.0664 0.0554 0.0467 0.0398 0.0342 0.0296 0.0258 0.0226 0.0199 0.0177 0.0157 0.0140 0.0126 0.0113
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 25.500 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 72.500 75.000 77.500 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.000 110.000 120.000 130.000 140.000 150.000 160.000 170.000 180.000 190.000 200.000 220.000 240.000 260.000 280.000 300.000
n 0.817 0.826 0.840 0.854 0.865 0.876 0.915 0.940 0.957 0.969 0.979 0.987 0.995 1.006 1.025 1.011 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.005 0.999 0.991 0.994 0.991 0.987 0.989 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.994 0.995
Carbon (diamond)2 0.06199 2.3741 0.06888 2.3741 0.07749 2.3745 0.08856 2.3750 0.1033 2.3757 0.1240 2.3765 0.1550 2.3772 0.1907 0.2066 2.3779 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 2.3787 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38
k 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.024 0.025 0.024 0.028 0.031 0.036 0.030 0.025 0.024 0.021 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002
R(φ φ = 0) 0.0102 0.0092 0.0076 0.0063 0.0053 0.0044 0.0020 0.0010 0.0005 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 0.166 3.1 E-05 5.7 E-05 1.21E-04 2.36E-04 3.82E-04 5.21E-04 2.96E-04 4.39E-04 2.75E-04 7.82E-05 1.32E-04 1.30E-04 1.11E-04 2.99E-05 1.89E-05 2.11E-05 2.47E-05 2.80E-05 3.11E-05
0.166
0.167
Energy (eV) 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.4133 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240 1.378 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.771 1.889 1.926 2.066 2.105 2.271 2.480 2.650 2.845 3.100 3.434 3.576 3.961 4.160 4.511 4.8187 5.00 5.30 5.35 5.40 5.50 5.55 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.15 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.25 8.50
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
3.67E-05 3.58E-05 3.25E-05 2.3795
0.167 2.94E-05 2.87E-05 3.14E-05 3.62E-05 3.22E-05 1.57E-05 6.17E-06
2.3801 2.3813 2.3837 2.3905 2.3934 2.3953 2.3975 2.4003 2.4036 2.4073 2.4084 2.4133 2.4147 2.4210 2.4299 2.4380
0.167 0.167 0.167 0.168 0.169 0.169 0.169 0.170 0.170 0.171 0.171 0.171 0.172 0.173 0.174 0.175 3.82E-07
2.4627 2.4849 2.4955
0.178 0.182 0.183 8.97E-07
2.5465 2.6205 2.6383
2.740 2.780 2.826 2.852 2.879 2.910 2.944 2.985 3.031 3.085 3.146 3.220 3.322 3.444 3.464 3.437 3.376 3.335 3.321 3.306 3.276 3.251 3.232 3.228
0.190 1.29E-06 1.47E-06 2.98E-06 6.45E-06 1.04E-05 3.41E-05 5.48E-04 1.48E-03 5.02E-03 7.99E-03 8.62E-03 9.30E-03 9.74E-03 9.87E-03 1.10E-02 1.47E-02 2.20E-02 3.44E-02 5.24E-02 9.35E-02 0.210 0.307 0.388 0.473 0.515 0.533 0.592 0.659 0.712 0.765 0.806
12-134
0.200 0.203
0.216 0.222 0.228 0.231 0.235 0.239 0.243 0.248 0.254 0.261 0.268 0.277 0.289 0.304 0.308 0.307 0.303 0.300 0.299 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.301 0.303
Energy (eV) 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00
n 3.247 3.272 3.308 3.348 3.398 3.453 3.514 3.565 3.600 3.582 3.507 3.346 3.090 2.736 2.383 1.983 1.532 1.312 1.223 1.129 1.070 1.018 0.972 0.917 0.861 0.805 0.753 0.707 0.665 0.626 0.589 0.557 0.527 0.487 0.518 0.597 0.586 0.562 0.538 0.516 0.501 0.494 0.493
Cesium (evaporated)3 2.145 0.264 2.271 0.278 2.845 0.425 3.064 0.540 3.397 0.671 3.966 0.827 4.889 0.916 Chromium4 0.06 21.19 0.10 11.81 0.14 15.31 0.18 8.73 0.22 5.30 0.26 3.91 0.30 3.15 0.42 3.47 0.54 3.92 0.66 3.96 0.78 4.13
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.855 0.910 0.978 1.055 1.147 1.258 1.403 1.581 1.813 2.078 2.380 2.693 2.986 3.228 3.354 3.382 3.265 2.953 2.722 2.379 2.178 2.034 1.929 1.845 1.767 1.692 1.619 1.546 1.476 1.408 1.341 1.273 1.203 1.052 0.888 0.850 0.829 0.787 0.736 0.679 0.616 0.552 0.490
0.308 0.314 0.322 0.331 0.342 0.355 0.371 0.389 0.411 0.434 0.460 0.488 0.518 0.551 0.580 0.610 0.641 0.627 0.604 0.557 0.526 0.504 0.489 0.482 0.477 0.474 0.471 0.467 0.463 0.459 0.455 0.449 0.442 0.413 0.330 0.270 0.268 0.265 0.260 0.252 0.239 0.221 0.201
1.123 0.950 0.438 0.320 0.233 0.174 0.143
0.631 0.561 0.235 0.127 0.057 0.018 0.007
42.00 29.76 26.36 25.37 20.62 17.12 14.28 8.97 7.06 5.95 5.03
0.962 0.955 0.936 0.53 0.954 0.951 0.943 0.862 0.788 0.736 0.680
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 0.90 1.00 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.46 1.77 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.50 9.0 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00
n 4.43 4.47 4.53 4.50 4.42 4.31 3.84 3.48 3.18 2.75 2.22 1.80 1.54 1.44 1.39 1.26 1.12 1.02 0.94 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.83 0.92 0.98 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.12 1.09 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.31 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82
k 4.60 4.43 4.31 4.28 4.30 4.32 4.37 4.36 4.41 4.46 4.36 4.06 3.71 3.40 3.24 3.12 2.95 2.76 2.58 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.21 2.13 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.80 1.74 1.74 1.73 1.69 1.66 1.59 1.51 1.45 1.39 1.33 1.23 1.15 1.07 1.00 0.92 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68
R(φ φ = 0) 0.650 0.639 0.631 0.629 0.631 0.632 0.639 0.644 0.656 0.677 0.698 0.703 0.695 0.670 0.657 0.661 0.660 0.651 0.639 0.620 0.607 0.598 0.586 0.572 0.557 0.542 0.523 0.503 0.466 0.443 0.437 0.444 0.446 0.447 0.444 0.439 0.425 0.414 0.404 0.378 0.347 0.315 0.278 0.235 0.170 0.132 0.120 0.112 0.103 0.100 0.101 0.108 0.119 0.128 0.135 0.142 0.143 0.141 0.139 0.134 0.132 0.130 0.129 0.130 0.131
Energy (eV) 20.00 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 29.0 30.0
n
k
0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78
→ Cobalt, single crystal, E 㛳 0.10 6.71 0.15 4.66 0.20 3.55 0.25 3.98 0.30 4.04 0.40 4.24 0.50 4.41 0.60 4.91 0.70 5.24 0.80 5.17 0.90 4.94 1.00 4.46 1.10 4.07 1.20 3.81 1.30 3.60 1.40 3.37 1.50 3.10 1.60 2.84 1.70 2.66 1.80 2.45 1.90 2.31 2.00 2.21 2.10 2.13 2.20 2.07 2.30 2.01 2.40 1.95 2.50 1.88 2.60 1.81 2.70 1.73 2.80 1.66 2.90 1.61 3.00 1.55 3.20 1.46 3.40 1.38 3.60 1.31 3.80 1.28 4.00 1.26 4.20 1.25 4.40 1.24 4.60 1.24 4.80 1.23 5.00 1.22 5.20 1.21 5.40 1.19
R(φ φ = 0)
0.64 0.63 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21
0.130 0.129 0.121 0.116 0.112 0.109 0.105 0.101 0.096 0.089 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.055 0.048 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.030
cˆ 5 37.87 25.47 18.78 14.59 12.16 9.13 7.19 6.13 5.85 5.89 5.95 5.86 5.61 5.36 5.20 5.09 4.96 4.77 4.57 4.41 4.18 4.00 3.85 3.70 3.59 3.49 3.40 3.32 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.80 2.64 2.48 2.33 2.20 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.77
0.982 0.973 0.962 0.933 0.907 0.847 0.782 0.729 0.713 0.716 0.720 0.722 0.715 0.706 0.701 0.701 0.701 0.697 0.690 0.687 0.675 0.664 0.654 0.642 0.634 0.627 0.622 0.618 0.615 0.607 0.600 0.594 0.579 0.563 0.544 0.519 0.495 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399
12-135
Energy (eV) 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.00 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00
n 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95
k
R(φ φ = 0)
1.75 1.73 1.68 1.62 1.53 1.46 1.38 1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13 1.09
0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345 0.326 0.305 0.286 0.269 0.253 0.239
→ Cobalt, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 5 0.10 5.83 32.36 0.15 4.24 21.37 0.20 3.87 15.53 0.30 4.34 10.01 0.40 4.66 7.39 0.50 5.17 5.75 0.60 5.77 5.17 0.70 6.15 5.20 0.80 6.08 5.61 0.90 5.57 5.93 1.00 4.83 5.94 1.10 4.31 5.60 1.20 4.02 5.34 1.30 3.78 5.16 1.40 3.55 5.05 1.50 3.26 4.93 1.60 3.03 4.74 1.70 2.83 4.60 1.80 2.61 4.45 1.90 2.41 4.27 2.00 2.25 4.09 2.10 2.13 3.89 2.20 2.04 3.72 2.30 1.99 3.56 2.40 1.95 3.44 2.50 1.90 3.34 2.60 1.86 3.26 2.70 1.79 3.19 2.80 1.72 3.11 2.90 1.66 3.03 3.00 1.60 2.94 3.20 1.50 2.78 3.40 1.42 2.62 3.60 1.36 2.47 3.80 1.33 2.33 4.00 1.31 2.21 4.20 1.28 2.12 4.40 1.27 2.03 4.60 1.26 1.95 4.80 1.25 1.90 5.00 1.24 1.84 5.20 1.22 1.80 5.40 1.21 1.78 5.60 1.17 1.76 5.80 1.11 1.74 6.00 1.04 1.69 6.20 0.98 1.62 6.40 0.94 1.54 6.60 0.92 1.46 6.80 0.91 1.38
0.979 0.965 0.042 0.865 0.785 0.709 0.682 0.685 0.702 0.715 0.721 0.711 0.701 0.694 0.692 0.692 0.687 0.684 0.683 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.646 0.632 0.620 0.611 0.605 0.602 0.596 0.591 0.586 0.571 0.553 0.533 0.511 0.488 0.471 0.452 0.435 0.423 0.411 0.403 0.399 0.400 0.406 0.407 0.401 0.386 0.368 0.345
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80
0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94
1.32 1.26 1.21 1.17 1.13
0.326 0.305 0.285 0.269 0.253
Copper6 0.10 0.50 1.00 1.50 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00
29.69 1.71 0.44 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.27 0.47 0.83 1.04 1.12 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.34 1.34 1.42 1.49 1.52 1.53 1.47 1.38 1.28 1.18 1.10 1.04 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.92
71.57 17.63 8.48 5.26 4.43 4.25 4.04 3.85 3.67 3.24 2.81 2.60 2.59 2.60 2.50 2.36 2.21 2.07 1.95 1.87 1.81 1.72 1.64 1.64 1.67 1.71 1.78 1.80 1.78 1.74 1.67 1.59 1.37 1.20 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.45 0.41 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.40 0.40
0.980 0.979 0.976 0.965 0.958 0.956 0.952 0.947 0.943 0.910 0.814 0.673 0.618 0.602 0.577 0.545 0.509 0.468 0.434 0.407 0.387 0.364 0.336 0.329 0.334 0.345 0.366 0.380 0.389 0.391 0.389 0.380 0.329 0.271 0.230 0.206 0.189 0.171 0.154 0.139 0.118 0.111 0.109 0.111 0.111 0.111 0.109 0.106 0.097 0.084 0.071 0.059 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.035 0.040 0.044
Energy (eV) 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 41.00 42.00 43.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 47.00 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 52.00 53.00 54.00 55.00 56.00 57.00 58.00 59.00 60.00 61.00 62.00 63.00 64.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 68.00 69.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
Energy (eV) 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02852 0.02976 0.03100 0.03224 0.03348 0.03472 0.03596 0.03720 0.03844 0.03968 0.04092 0.04215 0.04339 0.04463 0.04587 0.04711 0.04835 0.04959 0.05083 0.05207 0.05331 0.05455 0.05579 0.05703 0.05827 0.05951 0.06075 0.06199 0.06323 0.06447 0.06571 0.06695 0.06819 0.06943 0.07067 0.07191 0.07315 0.07439 0.07514 0.07749 0.07999 0.08266 0.08551 0.08920 0.09460 0.09840 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
0.88 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96
0.38 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08
0.043 0.039 0.032 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
Gallium (liquid)7 1.425 2.40 1.550 2.09 1.771 1.65 2.066 1.25 2.480 0.89 3.100 0.59
9.20 8.50 7.60 6.60 5.60 4.50
0.900 0.898 0.898 0.897 0.898 0.896
Germanium, single crystal8 0.01240 (4.0065) 3.00E-03 0.01364 4.0063 2.40E-03 0.01488 (4.0060) 1.70E-03 0.01612 (4.0060) 1.55E-03 0.01736 (4.0060) 1.50E-03 0.01860 1.50E-03 0.01984 1.60E-03
12-136
0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361 0.361
n
3.9827
(3.9900)
(3.9930)
(3.9955)
3.9992
(4.0000)
4.0009 4.0011 4.0013 4.0015
4.0063 4.0108 4.0246 4.0429 (4.074) (4.104) 4.180 4.275 4.285 4.325 4.385 4.420 4.495
k 1.60E-03 1.55E-03 1.53E-03 1.50E-03 1.25E-03 8.50E-04 6.50E-04 7.00E-04 8.50E-04 1.55E-03 2.75E-03 3.55E-03 3.05E-03 2.75E-03 2.70E-03 2.90E-03 2.95E-03 3.20E-03 6.30E-03 3.40E-03 2.50E-03 2.10E-03 2.00E-03 8.00E-04 1.40E-03 1.35E-03 1.10E-03 8.00E-04 6.00E-04 9.0 E-04 6.5 E-04 4.6 E-04 4.0 E-04 3.98E-04 4.0 E-04 4.3 E-04 4.4 E-04 4.3 E-04 3.1 E-04 3.3 E-04 3.8 E-04 3.3 E-04 2.5 E-04 1.9 E-04 1.58E-04 9.55E-05 1.71E-04 9.78E-05 5.77E-05 3.98E-05 4.59E-05 3.51E-05 3.70E-05
6.58E-07 1.27E-04 5.67E-03 7.45E-02 8.09E-02 0.103 0.123 0.167
R(φ φ = 0)
0.358
0.359
0.359
0.360
0.360
0.360
0.360 0.360 0.360 0.360
0.361 0.361 0.362 0.364 0.367 0.370 0.377 0.385 0.386 0.390 0.395 0.398 0.405
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0
n 4.560 4.635 4.763 4.897 5.067 5.380 5.588 5.748 5.283 5.062 4.610 4.340 4.180 4.082 4.035 4.037 4.082 4.141 4.157 4.128 4.070 4.020 3.985 3.958 3.936 3.920 3.905 3.869 3.745 3.338 2.516 1.953 1.720 1.586 1.498 1.435 1.394 1.370 1.364 1.371 1.383 1.380 1.360 1.293 1.209 1.108 1.30 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93
k 0.190 0.298 0.345 0.401 0.500 0.540 0.933 1.634 2.049 2.318 2.455 2.384 2.309 2.240 2.181 2.140 2.145 2.215 2.340 2.469 2.579 2.667 2.759 2.863 2.986 3.137 3.336 3.614 4.009 4.507 4.669 4.297 3.960 3.709 3.509 3.342 3.197 3.073 2.973 2.897 2.854 2.842 2.846 2.163 2.873 2.813 2.34 2.05 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.14 1.00 0.86 0.237 0.179 0.144 0.110 0.0747 0.1020 0.0999 0.0856 0.0740 0.0651
R(φ φ = 0) 0.411 0.418 0.428 0.439 0.453 0.475 0.495 0.523 0.516 0.519 0.508 0.492 0.480 0.471 0.464 0.461 0.463 0.471 0.482 0.490 0.497 0.502 0.509 0.517 0.527 0.539 0.556 0.579 0.612 0.659 0.705 0.713 0.702 0.690 0.677 0.664 0.650 0.636 0.622 0.609 0.600 0.598 0.602 0.479 0.632 0.641 0.517 0.489 0.448 0.348 0.282 0.262 0.167
Energy (eV) 40.0
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.0604
Gold, electropolished, Au (110)9 0.10 8.17 82.83 0.20 2.13 41.73 0.30 0.99 27.82 0.40 0.59 20.83 0.50 0.39 16.61 0.60 0.28 13.78 0.70 0.22 11.75 0.80 0.18 10.21 0.90 0.15 9.01 1.00 0.13 8.03 1.20 0.10 6.54 1.40 0.08 5.44 1.60 0.08 4.56 1.80 0.09 3.82 2.00 0.13 3.16 2.10 0.18 2.84 2.20 0.24 2.54 2.40 0.50 1.86 2.50 0.82 1.59 2.60 1.24 1.54 2.70 1.43 1.72 2.80 1.46 1.77 2.90 1.50 1.79 3.00 1.54 1.80 3.10 1.54 1.81 3.20 1.54 1.80 3.30 1.55 1.78 3.40 1.56 1.76 3.50 1.58 1.73 3.60 1.62 1.73 3.70 1.64 1.75 3.80 1.63 1.79 3.90 1.59 1.81 4.00 1.55 1.81 4.10 1.51 1.79 4.20 1.48 1.78 4.30 1.45 1.77 4.40 1.41 1.76 4.50 1.35 1.74 4.60 1.30 1.69 4.70 1.27 1.64 4.80 1.25 1.59 4.90 1.23 1.54 5.00 1.22 1.49 5.20 1.21 1.40 5.40 1.21 1.33 5.60 1.21 1.27 5.80 1.21 1.20 6.00 1.22 1.14 6.20 1.24 1.09 6.40 1.25 1.05 6.60 1.27 1.01 6.80 1.30 0.97 7.00 1.34 0.95 7.20 1.36 0.95 7.40 1.38 0.96 7.60 1.38 0.98 7.80 1.35 0.99 8.00 1.31 0.96 8.20 1.30 0.92 8.40 1.30 0.89 8.60 1.31 0.88
12-137
0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.994 0.994 0.994 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.991 0.989 0.986 0.979 0.953 0.925 0.880 0.647 0.438 0.331 0.356 0.368 0.368 0.369 0.371 0.368 0.362 0.356 0.349 0.346 0.351 0.360 0.366 0.369 0.368 0.367 0.368 0.370 0.370 0.364 0.354 0.344 0.332 0.319 0.295 0.275 0.256 0.236 0.218 0.203 0.190 0.177 0.167 0.162 0.161 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.144
Energy (eV) 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00
n 1.31 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.44 1.45 1.42 1.37 1.33 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.86 0.83 0.81 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
0.140 0.133 0.126 0.122 0.121 0.124 0.126 0.127 0.125 0.123 0.120 0.116 0.113 0.111 0.109 0.108 0.109 0.115 0.127 0.137 0.140 0.140 0.139 0.135 0.132 0.127 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.114 0.111 0.109 0.109 0.110 0.116 0.125 0.133 0.141 0.149 0.156 0.162 0.164 0.163 0.157 0.149 0.138 0.125 0.113 0.101 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.071 0.068 0.065 0.063 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.064 0.064
→ Hafnium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 10 0.52 1.48 4.11
0.747
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 0.56 0.60 0.66 0.70 0.76 0.80 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00
n 1.84 2.34 3.21 3.70 4.31 4.61 4.71 4.64 4.54 4.45 4.28 4.08 3.87 3.72 3.60 3.52 3.52 3.57 3.63 3.65 3.64 3.53 3.34 3.15 2.99 2.83 2.68 2.54 2.40 2.27 2.14 2.00 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.66 1.63 1.60 1.56 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.37 1.40
k 3.29 2.62 2.13 2.03 2.10 2.31 2.70 2.85 2.96 3.00 3.08 3.10 3.04 2.95 2.85 2.73 2.61 2.56 2.59 2.67 2.81 2.99 3.09 3.11 3.13 3.12 3.10 3.08 3.04 3.00 2.95 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.58 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.95 1.89 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.51 1.48 1.41 1.35 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.01
R(φ φ = 0) 0.615 0.486 0.428 0.441 0.476 0.504 0.533 0.541 0.545 0.545 0.547 0.544 0.536 0.525 0.514 0.500 0.488 0.485 0.489 0.498 0.511 0.526 0.534 0.537 0.540 0.542 0.542 0.543 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.544 0.538 0.528 0.517 0.503 0.491 0.481 0.473 0.466 0.455 0.442 0.431 0.420 0.407 0.394 0.382 0.373 0.364 0.356 0.341 0.324 0.314 0.308 0.295 0.278 0.258 0.240 0.224 0.212 0.204 0.197 0.191 0.183 0.179
Energy (eV) 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60
n 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.32 1.28 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.10
k 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.06 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.70 0.64 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31
→ Hafnium, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 10 0.52 2.25 4.65 0.56 2.34 3.66 0.60 2.84 2.89 0.66 3.71 2.35 0.70 4.26 2.21 0.76 4.97 2.33 0.80 5.41 2.62 0.86 5.46 3.36 0.90 5.22 3.62 0.95 4.95 3.72 1.00 4.76 3.76 1.10 4.43 3.80 1.20 4.07 3.74 1.30 3.79 3.55
12-138
R(φ φ = 0) 0.178 0.180 0.183 0.186 0.193 0.201 0.211 0.222 0.230 0.235 0.238 0.240 0.241 0.242 0.242 0.241 0.241 0.239 0.238 0.236 0.232 0.225 0.218 0.205 0.186 0.172 0.167 0.153 0.132 0.111 0.114 0.105 0.089 0.077 0.064 0.051 0.040 0.036 0.030 0.027 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.024
0.723 0.623 0.512 0.469 0.482 0.521 0.554 0.593 0.601 0.602 0.602 0.601 0.594 0.578
Energy (eV) 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60
n 3.61 3.55 3.58 3.63 3.66 3.63 3.51 3.35 3.18 2.99 2.78 2.65 2.54 2.42 2.31 2.20 2.08 1.94 1.83 1.74 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.41 1.38 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.33 1.35 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.43 1.45 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.32 1.27 1.23 1.19
k 3.36 3.13 3.01 2.98 3.02 3.14 3.26 3.33 3.36 3.39 3.35 3.26 3.22 3.17 3.13 3.08 3.05 2.98 2.88 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.88 1.82 1.77 1.73 1.69 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.42 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20
R(φ φ = 0) 0.561 0.540 0.529 0.526 0.530 0.541 0.551 0.558 0.563 0.568 0.569 0.562 0.560 0.559 0.558 0.558 0.561 0.560 0.555 0.547 0.538 0.529 0.519 0.510 0.501 0.493 0.484 0.474 0.462 0.451 0.438 0.427 0.415 0.402 0.389 0.379 0.367 0.349 0.335 0.322 0.313 0.302 0.285 0.265 0.244 0.230 0.217 0.206 0.194 0.187 0.180 0.174 0.173 0.173 0.174 0.178 0.184 0.193 0.204 0.214 0.223 0.230 0.234 0.235 0.237
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 Iridium11 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09
1.19 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.61 0.58 0.57 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.39 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.30
0.237 0.237 0.237 0.236 0.235 0.233 0.231 0.226 0.219 0.211 0.196 0.177 0.160 0.154 0.140 0.119 0.099 0.102 0.092 0.077 0.065 0.053 0.041 0.032 0.030 0.025 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.019 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022
28.49 15.32 9.69 6.86 5.16 4.11 3.42 3.05 2.98 2.79 2.93 3.14 3.19 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.85 2.72 2.65 2.68 2.69 2.64 2.57 2.50 2.40 2.29 2.18
60.62 45.15 35.34 28.84 24.25 20.79 18.06 15.82 14.06 11.58 9.78 8.61 7.88 7.31 6.84 6.41 6.07 5.74 5.39 5.08 4.92 4.81 4.68 4.57 4.48 4.38 4.26
0.975 0.973 0.972 0.969 0.967 0.964 0.960 0.954 0.944 0.925 0.895 0.862 0.840 0.822 0.808 0.791 0.779 0.767 0.750 0.728 0.716 0.710 0.704 0.699 0.697 0.695 0.692
Energy (eV) 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20
n 2.07 1.98 1.91 1.85 1.81 1.77 1.73 1.62 1.53 1.52 1.61 1.64 1.58 1.45 1.31 1.18 1.10 1.04 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.45 1.44 1.43 1.41 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.28
k 4.14 4.00 3.86 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.43 3.26 3.05 2.81 2.69 2.68 2.71 2.68 2.60 2.49 2.35 2.22 2.09 1.98 1.86 1.78 1.68 1.59 1.50 1.42 1.34 1.27 1.20 1.14 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.83
12-139
R(φ φ = 0) 0.689 0.682 0.673 0.665 0.655 0.646 0.640 0.629 0.610 0.573 0.541 0.535 0.549 0.561 0.567 0.570 0.559 0.543 0.522 0.499 0.474 0.454 0.427 0.401 0.375 0.345 0.318 0.290 0.262 0.241 0.208 0.191 0.179 0.171 0.164 0.160 0.157 0.159 0.161 0.163 0.169 0.175 0.182 0.187 0.193 0.200 0.206 0.208 0.208 0.206 0.203 0.199 0.191 0.181 0.173 0.165 0.155 0.147 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.131 0.129 0.127 0.131
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00
1.30 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.76
0.87 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.44 0.35 0.27 0.24 0.22
0.140 0.154 0.166 0.176 0.187 0.197 0.205 0.210 0.215 0.220 0.222 0.228 0.232 0.228 0.223 0.218 0.209 0.200 0.192 0.181 0.174 0.166 0.158 0.151 0.148 0.145 0.140 0.119 0.091 0.059 0.044 0.034
Iron5 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80
6.41 6.26 3.68 4.98 4.87 4.68 4.42 4.14 3.93 3.78 3.65 3.52 3.43 3.33 3.24 3.16 3.12 3.05 3.00 2.98 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80 2.74 2.65 2.56 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.12
33.07 22.82 18.23 13.68 12.05 10.44 9.75 8.02 6.95 6.17 5.60 5.16 4.79 4.52 4.26 4.07 3.87 3.77 3.60 3.52 3.46 3.37 3.36 3.34 3.33 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.30 3.25 3.23
0.978 0.956 0.958 0.911 0.892 0.867 0.858 0.817 0.783 0.752 0.725 0.700 0.678 0.660 0.641 0.626 0.609 0.601 0.585 0.577 0.573 0.563 0.563 0.562 0.563 0.567 0.567 0.570 0.576 0.575 0.580
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.83 4.00 4.17 4.33 4.50 4.67 4.83 5.00 5.17 5.33 5.50 5.67 5.83 6.00 6.17 6.33 6.50 6.67 6.83 7.00 7.17 7.33 7.50 7.67 7.83 8.00 8.17 8.33 8.50 8.67 8.83 9.00 9.17 9.33 9.50 9.67 9.83 10.00 10.17 10.33 10.50 10.67 10.83 11.00 11.17 11.33 11.50 11.67 11.83 12.00 12.17 12.33 12.50 12.67 12.83 13.00
n 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.70 1.62 1.55 1.50 1.47 1.43 1.38 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.98 0.87 0.86 0.85
k 3.17 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.87 2.79 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.49 2.39 2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02 1.93 1.87 1.81 1.75 1.17 1.65 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.51 1.47 1.43 1.39 1.35 1.30 1.26 1.23 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80
R(φ φ = 0) 0.580 0.583 0.580 0.576 0.572 0.565 0.556 0.548 0.542 0.534 0.527 0.510 0.494 0.482 0.470 0.451 0.435 0.425 0.408 0.401 0.383 0.373 0.366 0.365 0.365 0.358 0.351 0.346 0.333 0.327 0.311 0.298 0.288 0.279 0.272 0.265 0.258 0.251 0.246 0.240 0.236 0.233 0.231 0.226 0.221 0.218 0.213 0.203 0.196 0.189 0.179 0.170 0.162 0.159 0.159 0.160 0.162 0.163 0.163 0.165 0.164 0.165 0.166 0.166 0.162
Energy (eV) 13.17 13.33 13.50 13.67 13.83 14.00 14.17 14.33 14.50 14.67 14.83 15.00 15.17 15.33 15.50 15.67 15.83 16.00 16.17 16.33 16.50 16.67 16.83 17.00 17.17 17.33 17.50 17.67 17.83 18.00 18.17 18.33 18.50 18.67 18.83 19.00 19.17 19.33 19.50 19.67 19.83 20.00 20.17 20.33 20.50 20.67 20.83 21.00 21.17 21.33 21.50 21.67 21.83 22.00 22.17 22.33 22.50 22.67 22.83 23.00 23.17 23.33 23.50 23.67 23.83
n 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74
k 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.79 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27
12-140
R(φ φ = 0) 0.161 0.160 0.159 0.157 0.154 0.151 0.149 0.146 0.144 0.141 0.138 0.135 0.131 0.238 0.126 0.123 0.119 0.116 0.112 0.110 0.107 0.106 0.103 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.097 0.095 0.092 0.091 0.090 0.089 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.085 0.084 0.083 0.081 0.081 0.080 0.079 0.078 0.077 0.076 0.074 0.073 0.071 0.070 0.068 0.067 0.064 0.063 0.062 0.059 0.058 0.056 0.054 0.050 0.049 0.047
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
24.00 24.17 24.33 24.50 24.67 24.83 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00
0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82
0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13
0.045 0.044 0.043 0.042 0.040 0.039 0.038 0.031 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.014
Lithium12 0.14 0.54 0.75 1.05 1.35 1.65 1.95 2.25 2.55 2.85 3.15 3.45 3.75 4.05 4.35 4.65 4.95 5.25 5.55 5.85 6.15 6.45 6.75 7.05 7.35 7.65 7.95 8.25 8.55 8.85 9.15 9.45 9.75 10.1 10.4 10.6
0.659 0.661 0.561 0.448 0.338 0.265 0.221 0.206 0.217 0.247 0.304 0.334 0.345 0.346 0.333 0.317 0.302 0.299 0.310 0.342 0.376 0.408 0.440 0.466 0.492 0.517 0.545 0.572 0.601 0.624 0.657 0.680 0.708 0.726 0.743 0.753
38.0 12.6 7.68 5.58 4.36 3.55 2.94 2.48 2.11 1.82 1.60 1.45 1.32 1.21 1.11 1.01 0.906 0.795 0.688 0.594 0.522 0.460 0.407 0.364 0.320 0.282 0.246 0.214 0.189 0.163 0.144 0.130 0.119 0.108 0.102 0.080
0.998 0.984 0.963 0.946 0.935 0.925 0.913 0.892 0.854 0.797 0.715 0.656 0.611 0.578 0.557 0.540 0.520 0.484 0.434 0.365 0.306 0.256 0.214 0.183 0.155 0.131 0.109 0.091 0.075 0.063 0.050 0.042 0.034 0.029 0.025 0.022
3.71 3.47 2.92 2.65 2.05 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20 0.95 0.40
0.880 0.843 0.805 0.777 0.681 0.894 0.832 0.765 0.693 0.722 0.730 0.419
Magnesium (evaporated)13 2.145 0.48 2.270 0.57 2.522 0.53 2.845 0.52 3.064 0.52 5.167 0.10 5.636 0.15 6.200 0.20 6.889 0.25 7.750 0.20 8.857 0.15 10.335 0.25
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV)
n
Manganese14 0.64 0.77 0.89 1.02 1.14 1.26 1.39 1.51 1.64 1.76 1.88 2.01 2.13 2.26 2.38 2.50 2.63 2.75 2.88 3.00 3.12 3.25 3.37 3.50 3.62 3.74 3.87 3.99 4.12 4.24 4.36 4.49 4.61 4.74 4.86 4.98 5.11 5.23 5.36 5.48 5.60 5.73 5.85 5.98 6.10 6.22 6.35 6.47 6.60
3.89 3.78 3.65 3.48 3.30 3.10 2.97 2.83 2.70 2.62 2.56 2.51 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.11 2.06 2.00 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.85 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.81 1.78 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.67 1.63 1.62 1.59 1.55 1.48
Mercury (liquid)15 0.2 13.99 0.3 11.37 0.4 9.741 0.5 8.528 0.6 7.574 0.8 6.086 1.0 4.962 1.2 4.050 1.4 3.324 1.6 2.746 1.8 2.284 2.0 1.910 2.2 1.620
k
R(φ φ = 0)
5.95 5.41 5.02 4.74 4.53 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.91 3.78 3.65 3.54 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.14 3.06 2.98 2.90 2.82 2.74 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.08 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.91 1.86 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.47
0.738 0.710 0.688 0.673 0.662 0.653 0.643 0.634 0.627 0.617 0.606 0.596 0.585 0.577 0.567 0.559 0.552 0.545 0.536 0.528 0.518 0.509 0.498 0.484 0.475 0.463 0.451 0.438 0.427 0.417 0.406 0.395 0.388 0.378 0.372 0.362 0.354 0.348 0.342 0.337 0.331 0.325 0.319 0.313 0.307 0.301 0.295 0.292 0.288
14.27 11.95 10.65 9.805 9.195 8.312 7.643 7.082 6.558 6.054 5.582 5.150 4.751
0.869 0.846 0.830 0.818 0.808 0.796 0.789 0.786 0.785 0.783 0.782 0.782 0.780
Energy (eV) 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5
n
k
1.384 1.186 1.027 0.898 0.798 0.713 0.644 0.589 0.542 0.507 0.477 0.452 0.431 0.414 0.401 0.394 0.386 0.386 0.386 0.385 0.386 0.388 0.390 0.399 0.412 0.428 0.436 0.438 0.459 0.510 0.585 0.663 0.717 0.769 0.817 0.860 0.893 0.929 0.946 0.952 0.953 0.956 0.965 0.975 0.988 1.009 1.044 1.061 1.062 1.054 1.045 1.041 1.039 1.039 1.050 1.064 1.078 1.092 1.104 1.115 1.125 1.135 1.146 1.159 1.170
4.407 4.090 3.802 3.538 3.294 3.074 2.860 2.665 2.502 2.341 2.195 2.058 1.929 1.806 1.687 1.569 1.454 1.396 1.341 1.287 1.232 1.176 1.118 1.058 1.002 0.949 0.898 0.836 0.756 0.676 0.617 0.589 0.584 0.575 0.574 0.580 0.597 0.623 0.639 0.645 0.638 0.624 0.607 0.588 0.568 0.548 0.541 0.557 0.567 0.569 0.561 0.550 0.537 0.523 0.491 0.467 0.445 0.430 0.416 0.404 0.394 0.383 0.374 0.368 0.367
12-141
R(φ φ = 0) 0.779 0.779 0.779 0.777 0.773 0.770 0.763 0.755 0.749 0.738 0.727 0.715 0.701 0.685 0.666 0.642 0.617 0.601 0.585 0.569 0.551 0.531 0.510 0.481 0.450 0.418 0.392 0.367 0.320 0.255 0.191 0.148 0.128 0.111 0.100 0.094 0.093 0.096 0.098 0.099 0.097 0.093 0.087 0.082 0.076 0.069 0.066 0.069 0.071 0.072 0.070 0.068 0.065 0.062 0.055 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.038 0.037 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034
Energy (eV) 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5
n 1.177 1.184 1.191 1.195 1.200 1.208
Molybdenum16 0.10 18.53 0.15 8.78 0.20 5.10 0.25 3.36 0.30 2.44 0.34 2.00 0.38 1.70 0.42 1.57 0.46 1.46 0.50 1.37 0.54 1.35 0.58 1.34 0.62 1.38 0.66 1.43 0.70 1.48 0.74 1.51 0.78 1.60 0.82 1.64 0.86 1.70 9.90 1.74 1.00 1.94 1.10 2.15 1.20 2.44 1.30 2.77 1.40 3.15 1.50 3.53 1.60 3.77 1.70 3.84 1.80 3.81 1.90 3.74 2.00 3.68 2.10 3.68 2.20 3.76 2.30 3.79 2.40 3.59 2.50 3.36 2.60 3.22 2.70 3.13 2.80 3.08 2.90 3.05 3.00 3.04 3.10 3.03 3.20 3.05 3.30 3.06 3.40 3.06 3.50 3.06 3.60 3.05 3.70 3.04 3.80 3.04 3.90 3.04 4.00 3.01 4.20 2.77 4.40 2.39 4.60 2.06 4.80 1.75 5.00 1.46 5.20 1.22
k 0.367 0.366 0.367 0.367 0.366 0.364
68.51 47.54 35.99 28.75 23.80 20.84 18.44 16.50 14.91 13.55 12.36 11.34 10.44 9.67 8.99 8.38 7.83 7.35 6.89 6.48 5.58 4.85 4.22 3.74 3.40 3.30 3.41 3.51 3.58 3.58 3.52 3.45 3.41 3.61 3.78 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.42 3.33 3.27 3.21 3.18 3.18 3.19 3.21 3.23 3.27 3.31 3.40 3.51 3.77 3.88 3.84 3.76 3.62 3.42
R(φ φ = 0) 0.034 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035
0.985 0.985 0.985 0.984 0.983 0.982 0.980 0.978 0.975 0.971 0.966 0.960 0.952 0.942 0.932 0.921 0.906 0.892 0.876 0.859 0.805 0.743 0.671 0.608 0.562 0.550 0.562 0.570 0.576 0.576 0.571 0.565 0.562 0.578 0.594 0.591 0.582 0.573 0.565 0.566 0.550 0.544 0.540 0.540 0.541 0.543 0.546 0.550 0.554 0.564 0.576 0.610 0.640 0.658 0.678 0.695 0.706
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.50
n 1.07 0.96 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.75 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.14 1.10 1.04 0.94 0.87 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.71
k 3.20 2.99 2.80 2.64 2.50 2.36 2.24 2.13 2.04 1.98 1.95 1.90 1.81 1.73 1.65 1.57 1.49 1.41 1.33 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.05 0.99 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.12 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.89 0.81 0.77 0.71 0.69 0.63 0.60 0.53 0.49 0.43 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.31
R(φ φ = 0) 0.706 0.700 0.688 0.674 0.660 0.641 0.619 0.592 0.568 0.548 0.542 0.552 0.542 0.530 0.512 0.495 0.475 0.450 0.420 0.385 0.355 0.320 0.285 0.250 0.217 0.188 0.162 0.138 0.125 0.123 0.125 0.135 0.145 0.154 0.168 0.178 0.185 0.187 0.185 0.182 0.179 0.179 0.184 0.194 0.216 0.233 0.257 0.270 0.283 0.284 0.275 0.264 0.245 0.234 0.215 0.207 0.195 0.185 0.166 0.151 0.124 0.106 0.085 0.072 0.060
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
0.73 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83
0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23
0.050 0.041 0.036 0.031 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.024 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.043 0.043 0.038 0.033 0.029 0.025
Nickel17 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60
9.54 5.45 4.12 4.25 4.19 4.03 3.84 4.03 3.84 3.59 3.38 3.18 3.06 2.97 2.85 2.74 2.65 2.53 2.43 2.28 2.14 2.02 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.71 1.67 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.66 1.69 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.71 1.63
45.82 30.56 22.48 17.68 15.05 13.05 11.43 9.64 8.35 7.48 6.82 6.23 5.74 5.38 5.10 4.85 4.63 4.47 4.31 4.18 4.01 3.82 3.65 3.48 3.33 3.19 3.06 2.93 2.81 2.71 2.61 2.52 2.44 2.36 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.07 2.02 1.99 1.98 1.98 2.01 2.06 2.09
0.983 0.978 0.969 0.950 0.934 0.918 0.900 0.864 0.835 0.813 0.794 0.774 0.753 0.734 0.721 0.708 0.695 0.688 0.679 0.677 0.670 0.659 0.649 0.634 0.620 0.605 0.590 0.575 0.557 0.542 0.525 0.509 0.495 0.480 0.467 0.454 0.441 0.428 0.416 0.405 0.397 0.393 0.392 0.396 0.409 0.421
12-142
Energy (eV) 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00
n 1.53 1.40 1.27 1.16 1.09 1.04 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92
k 2.11 2.10 2.04 1.94 1.83 1.73 1.54 1.46 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.44
R(φ φ = 0) 0.435 0.449 0.454 0.449 0.435 0.417 0.371 0.345 0.325 0.308 0.291 0.282 0.273 0.265 0.256 0.248 0.242 0.235 0.228 0.220 0.211 0.203 0.194 0.185 0.175 0.166 0.155 0.145 0.129 0.123 0.115 0.111 0.109 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.106 0.106 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.107 0.107 0.106 0.105 0.104 0.103 0.101 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.077 0.071 0.066 0.061 0.057 0.055 0.053 0.051
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 60.00 65.00 68.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 90.00 Niobium18 0.12 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.65 2.75 2.85 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
0.44 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.18 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.06
0.052 0.051 0.051 0.050 0.046 0.042 0.040 0.037 0.034 0.022 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002
15.99 7.25 5.47 4.26 3.11 2.28 1.83 1.57 1.41 1.35 1.35 1.44 1.55 1.65 1.76 1.95 2.15 2.36 2.54 2.69 2.82 2.89 2.92 2.93 2.92 2.89 2.83 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.59 2.62 2.64 2.64 2.53
53.20 34.14 28.88 24.95 20.03 15.58 12.67 10.59 9.00 7.74 6.70 5.86 5.18 4.63 4.13 3.68 3.37 3.13 2.99 2.89 2.86 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.88 2.90 2.92 2.90 2.86 2.80 2.68 2.60 2.53 2.45 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.33 2.42 2.56
0.979 0.976 0.975 0.974 0.970 0.964 0.956 0.947 0.935 0.918 0.893 0.857 0.814 0.768 0.715 0.650 0.595 0.552 0.527 0.510 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.505 0.506 0.509 0.512 0.511 0.507 0.500 0.485 0.475 0.465 0.453 0.442 0.435 0.428 0.426 0.427 0.429 0.434 0.447 0.467
Energy (eV) 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.70 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.20 17.40 17.80 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00
n 2.39 2.32 2.26 2.16 2.00 1.81 1.63 1.49 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.14 1.07 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.11 1.08 0.99 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.85
k 2.56 2.52 2.57 2.62 2.68 2.67 2.60 2.49 2.38 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.88 1.85 1.78 1.69 1.60 1.51 1.43 1.39 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.87 0.85 0.77 0.72 0.66 0.62 0.55 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.35 0.33
12-143
R(φ φ = 0) 0.470 0.465 0.475 0.487 0.505 0.518 0.522 0.520 0.512 0.496 0.480 0.460 0.441 0.430 0.427 0.430 0.428 0.412 0.390 0.365 0.340 0.328 0.315 0.290 0.265 0.245 0.227 0.209 0.194 0.187 0.185 0.190 0.195 0.200 0.204 0.207 0.209 0.210 0.209 0.204 0.200 0.201 0.208 0.216 0.225 0.234 0.238 0.247 0.250 0.245 0.240 0.236 0.230 0.217 0.209 0.185 0.170 0.150 0.137 0.119 0.100 0.075 0.063 0.045 0.038
Energy (eV) 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.20 36.00 37.50 39.50 40.50
n 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.07 0.95 0.92
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.47
0.029 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.020 0.023 0.026 0.031 0.038 0.044 0.051 0.056 0.064 0.063 0.059
Osmium (Polycrystalline)9 0.10 4.08 50.23 0.15 2.90 33.60 0.20 2.44 25.11 0.25 2.35 19.99 0.30 2.23 16.54 0.35 2.33 14.06 0.40 2.45 12.32 0.45 2.43 11.02 0.50 2.41 9.97 0.55 2.33 9.12 0.60 2.21 8.37 0.65 2.11 7.68 0.70 2.02 7.04 0.75 2.00 6.46 0.80 2.00 5.95 0.85 2.01 5.51 0.90 2.03 5.10 0.95 2.05 4.74 1.00 2.09 4.41 1.10 2.15 3.84 1.20 2.16 3.35 1.30 2.25 2.77 1.40 2.49 2.23 1.50 2.84 1.80 1.60 3.36 1.62 1.70 3.70 1.75 1.80 3.78 1.83 1.90 3.81 1.75 2.00 3.98 1.60 2.10 4.26 1.54 2.20 4.58 1.62 2.30 4.84 1.76 2.40 5.10 2.01 2.50 5.28 2.38 2.60 5.36 2.82 2.70 5.30 3.29 2.80 5.07 3.78 2.90 4.65 4.18 3.00 4.05 4.40 3.20 3.29 3.96
0.994 0.990 0.985 0.977 0.969 0.955 0.940 0.927 0.913 0.901 0.890 0.877 0.862 0.842 0.820 0.796 0.769 0.742 0.712 0.651 0.592 0.506 0.419 0.369 0.379 0.411 0.423 0.418 0.418 0.432 0.457 0.479 0.506 0.532 0.557 0.580 0.603 0.624 0.639 0.614
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60
n 2.93 2.75 2.73 2.71 2.53 2.24 2.01 1.88 1.74 1.58 1.46 1.36 1.27 1.20 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.19 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.20 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.10 1.05
k 3.79 3.45 3.32 3.34 3.44 3.44 3.31 3.19 3.12 3.00 2.88 2.77 2.65 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.21 2.11 2.00 1.91 1.81 1.72 1.63 1.55 1.48 1.40 1.34 1.29 1.24 1.19 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.10 1.11
R(φ φ = 0) 0.607 0.577 0.562 0.565 0.584 0.599 0.598 0.592 0.596 0.597 0.593 0.589 0.582 0.575 0.571 0.562 0.548 0.532 0.514 0.497 0.476 0.451 0.426 0.400 0.375 0.344 0.319 0.296 0.274 0.255 0.238 0.229 0.217 0.209 0.203 0.201 0.200 0.201 0.203 0.206 0.213 0.217 0.223 0.216 0.211 0.205 0.191 0.183 0.174 0.170 0.169 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.140 0.147 0.157 0.167 0.178 0.189 0.200 0.210 0.219 0.227
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 28.00 28.40 28.80 29.20 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.84
1.10 1.09 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26
0.239 0.240 0.240 0.237 0.235 0.230 0.226 0.220 0.217 0.211 0.209 0.207 0.205 0.202 0.199 0.195 0.189 0.183 0.165 0.156 0.148 0.140 0.134 0.128 0.121 0.111 0.095 0.079 0.068 0.057 0.048 0.040 0.035 0.031 0.026
Palladium19 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.56 0.60 0.72 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40
4.13 3.13 3.07 3.11 3.56 3.98 4.27 4.27 4.10 3.92 3.80 3.51 3.35 2.99 2.81 2.65 2.50 2.34 2.17 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.60 1.53 1.47
54.15 35.82 26.59 20.15 17.27 14.41 13.27 12.11 11.44 10.49 9.96 8.70 8.06 6.89 6.46 6.10 5.78 5.50 5.22 4.95 4.72 4.54 4.35 4.18 4.03 3.88 3.75 3.61
0.994 0.990 0.983 0.971 0.955 0.932 0.916 0.902 0.896 0.883 0.876 0.854 0.840 0.811 0.800 0.790 0.781 0.774 0.767 0.755 0.745 0.737 0.729 0.721 0.714 0.707 0.700 0.693
12-144
Energy (eV) 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00
n 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.96 0.90 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.88 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.07 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.13 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.03 0.99
k 3.48 3.36 3.25 3.13 3.03 2.94 2.85 2.77 2.68 2.60 2.52 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.25 2.19 2.09 2.01 1.94 1.90 1.86 1.79 1.70 1.62 1.54 1.45 1.37 1.29 1.21 1.13 1.05 0.98 0.91 0.85 0.78 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.65 0.67 0.67
R(φ φ = 0) 0.685 0.676 0.668 0.658 0.648 0.639 0.630 0.622 0.613 0.602 0.591 0.581 0.570 0.558 0.547 0.537 0.510 0.493 0.476 0.470 0.472 0.474 0.463 0.449 0.437 0.418 0.397 0.375 0.350 0.316 0.287 0.255 0.223 0.195 0.163 0.133 0.117 0.114 0.097 0.094 0.090 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.086 0.087 0.089 0.091 0.091 0.092 0.093 0.095 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.086 0.081 0.080 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.080 0.090 0.098 0.103
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 25.00 26.40 27.80 29.20 Platinum20 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.80 0.81 0.82
0.66 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.43 0.38 0.35
0.103 0.103 0.101 0.097 0.091 0.086 0.084 0.066 0.052 0.046
13.21 8.18 5.90 4.70 3.92 3.28 2.81 3.03 3.91 4.58 5.13 5.52 5.71 5.57 5.31 5.05 4.77 4.50 4.25 3.86 3.55 3.29 3.10 2.92 2.76 2.63 2.51 2.38 2.30 2.23 2.17 2.10 2.03 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.68 1.63 1.58 1.53 1.49 1.45 1.43 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36
44.72 31.16 23.95 19.40 16.16 13.66 11.38 9.31 7.71 7.14 6.75 6.66 6.83 7.02 7.04 6.98 6.91 6.77 6.62 6.24 5.92 5.61 5.32 5.07 4.84 4.64 4.43 4.26 4.07 3.92 3.77 3.67 3.54 3.42 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.01 2.92 2.76 2.62 2.48 2.37 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.95 1.85 1.76 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.47
0.976 0.969 0.962 0.954 0.945 0.936 0.922 0.882 0.813 0.777 0.753 0.746 0.751 0.759 0.762 0.763 0.765 0.763 0.762 0.753 0.746 0.736 0.725 0.716 0.706 0.697 0.686 0.678 0.664 0.654 0.642 0.636 0.626 0.616 0.605 0.595 0.585 0.575 0.565 0.546 0.527 0.507 0.491 0.472 0.452 0.432 0.415 0.392 0.372 0.350 0.332 0.315 0.295
Energy (eV) 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00
n 1.38 1.39 1.42 1.45 1.48 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.30 1.27 1.27 1.25 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.27 1.31 1.30 1.28 1.23 1.18 1.11 1.03 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.75
k 1.40 1.35 1.29 1.26 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.10 1.08 1.04 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.60
12-145
R(φ φ = 0) 0.276 0.261 0.246 0.236 0.231 0.230 0.231 0.228 0.225 0.221 0.216 0.212 0.209 0.205 0.202 0.200 0.198 0.200 0.203 0.207 0.209 0.211 0.210 0.207 0.203 0.199 0.194 0.188 0.183 0.177 0.173 0.165 0.158 0.155 0.155 0.155 0.156 0.157 0.155 0.151 0.146 0.142 0.138 0.135 0.142 0.157 0.171 0.184 0.197 0.212 0.226 0.238 0.240 0.235 0.226 0.213 0.201 0.187 0.174 0.162 0.150 0.142 0.136 0.130 0.125
Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00
0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73
0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58
0.121 0.118 0.120 0.124
Potassium21 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.23 1.44 1.65 1.87 2.07 2.27 2.45 2.64 2.82 2.95 3.06 3.40 3.71 3.97 4.00 4.065 4.133 4.203 4.275 4.350 4.428 4.509 4.592 4.679 4.769 4.862 4.959 5.061 5.166 5.276 5.391 5.510 5.637 5.767 6.048 6.199 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.085 7.293 7.514 7.749 7.999 8.260 8.551 8.856 9.184 9.537 9.919
0.139 0.119 0.106 0.091 0.079 0.066 0.056 0.044 0.040 0.040 0.044 0.050 0.053 0.049 0.046 0.043 0.043 0.041 0.041 0.052 0.089 0.287 0.34 0.38 0.41 0.45 0.48 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
7.10 6.72 6.32 5.79 5.30 4.75 4.19 3.58 3.04 2.56 2.19 1.84 1.62 1.43 1.28 1.14 1.02 0.898 0.799 0.549 0.288 0.091 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04
0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.979 0.970 0.955 0.943 0.938 0.933 0.928 0.919 0.913 0.905 0.852 0.719 0.310 0.245 0.204 0.177 0.145 0.125 0.101 0.085 0.072 0.060 0.049 0.043 0.037 0.032 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.016 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 10.33 11.0 12.0
n 0.94
k 0.03 0.03 0.028
→ Rhenium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 9 0.10 6.06 51.03 0.15 4.66 33.96 0.20 4.16 25.36 0.25 4.03 20.10 0.30 4.37 16.69 0.35 4.50 14.53 0.40 4.53 12.96 0.45 4.53 11.78 0.50 4.53 10.88 0.55 4.50 10.26 0.60 4.29 9.75 0.65 4.07 9.35 0.70 3.80 8.94 0.75 3.48 8.55 0.80 3.21 8.10 0.85 2.96 7.68 0.90 2.73 7.24 0.95 2.56 6.79 1.00 2.45 6.36 1.10 2.38 5.61 1.20 2.35 5.02 1.30 2.39 4.54 1.40 2.44 4.13 1.50 2.50 3.79 1.60 2.59 3.49 1.70 2.70 3.27 1.80 2.82 3.10 1.90 2.90 3.00 2.00 2.97 2.91 2.10 3.03 2.86 2.20 3.06 2.84 2.30 3.07 2.82 2.40 3.06 2.81 2.50 3.02 2.80 2.60 2.96 2.77 2.70 2.89 2.68 2.80 2.89 2.57 2.90 2.99 2.47 3.00 3.11 2.57 3.20 2.90 2.68 3.40 2.83 2.50 3.60 2.93 2.48 3.80 2.86 2.56 4.00 2.81 2.51 4.20 2.86 2.55 4.40 2.81 2.74 4.60 2.56 2.83 4.80 2.41 2.71 5.00 2.39 2.68 5.20 2.34 2.75 5.40 2.20 2.81 5.60 2.02 2.84 5.80 1.83 2.80 6.00 1.65 2.71 6.20 1.54 2.59 6.40 1.45 2.50 6.80 1.32 2.31 7.00 1.26 2.23 7.20 1.20 2.15 7.40 1.16 2.06
R(φ φ = 0) 0.001
0.991 0.984 0.975 0.962 0.943 0.925 0.909 0.893 0.878 0.867 0.861 0.856 0.853 0.850 0.846 0.841 0.835 0.826 0.813 0.778 0.742 0.702 0.662 0.624 0.587 0.557 0.535 0.520 0.510 0.504 0.501 0.499 0.498 0.497 0.493 0.482 0.468 0.457 0.470 0.482 0.459 0.457 0.467 0.460 0.466 0.489 0.504 0.493 0.488 0.500 0.515 0.530 0.538 0.541 0.532 0.526 0.508 0.500 0.493 0.480
Energy (eV) 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00
n 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.19 1.14 1.12 1.07 0.99 0.93 0.87 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.54 0.57
k 1.99 1.89 1.80 1.71 1.62 1.55 1.48 1.43 1.39 1.34 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.25 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.33
12-146
R(φ φ = 0) 0.470 0.454 0.435 0.411 0.386 0.360 0.336 0.317 0.301 0.281 0.274 0.264 0.252 0.246 0.242 0.242 0.244 0.247 0.249 0.252 0.252 0.249 0.244 0.237 0.230 0.222 0.215 0.209 0.204 0.213 0.225 0.236 0.248 0.259 0.269 0.275 0.286 0.300 0.311 0.321 0.330 0.332 0.333 0.332 0.332 0.334 0.335 0.340 0.341 0.338 0.334 0.329 0.319 0.207 0.296 0.282 0.270 0.255 0.240 0.225 0.208 0.193 0.176 0.145 0.114
Energy (eV) 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00
n 0.62 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.65
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.29 0.26 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.24 0.16
0.086 0.065 0.054 0.041 0.031 0.025 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.022 0.022 0.026 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055
→ Rhenium, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 9 0.10 4.25 42.83 0.15 3.28 28.08 0.20 3.28 20.66 0.25 3.47 16.27 0.30 3.73 13.44 0.35 3.93 11.54 0.40 3.99 10.15 0.45 4.17 9.03 0.50 4.34 8.26 0.55 4.45 7.73 0.60 4.53 7.40 0.65 4.44 7.26 0.70 4.13 7.09 0.75 3.77 6.75 0.80 3.55 6.32 0.85 3.39 5.95 0.90 3.26 5.61 0.95 3.17 5.27 1.00 3.09 4.96 1.10 3.05 4.39 1.20 3.08 3.89 1.30 3.20 3.56 1.40 3.23 3.38 1.50 3.23 3.12 1.60 3.29 2.88 1.70 3.38 2.72 1.80 3.47 2.59 1.90 3.54 2.50 2.00 3.63 2.43 2.10 3.74 2.40 2.20 3.83 2.38 2.30 3.93 2.44 2.40 4.00 2.55 2.50 4.01 2.70 2.60 3.90 2.84 2.70 3.74 2.92 2.80 3.57 2.88 2.90 3.49 2.75 3.00 3.53 2.71 3.20 3.55 2.84 3.40 3.34 2.88 3.60 3.25 2.83 3.80 3.24 2.84 4.00 3.19 2.94
0.991 0.984 0.971 0.951 0.926 0.900 0.875 0.846 0.821 0.801 0.788 0.784 0.784 0.779 0.766 0.752 0.737 0.719 0.701 0.658 0.613 0.578 0.559 0.532 0.507 0.491 0.480 0.473 0.469 0.470 0.472 0.481 0.492 0.505 0.514 0.517 0.511 0.497 0.493 0.506 0.508 0.501 0.502 0.513
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.00 17.40 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40
n 3.05 2.88 2.67 2.44 2.25 2.10 1.96 1.84 1.73 1.61 1.51 1.42 1.28 1.22 1.16 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.36 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.28 1.26 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.31 1.28 1.24 1.17 1.14 1.06 0.95 0.88 0.82 0.76 0.72 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56
k 3.06 3.15 3.18 3.17 3.12 3.04 2.96 2.88 2.81 2.74 2.64 2.56 2.37 2.28 2.19 2.08 1.98 1.93 1.83 1.74 1.66 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.36 1.31 1.27 1.24 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.29 1.25 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.95
R(φ φ = 0) 0.526 0.539 0.548 0.554 0.556 0.555 0.553 0.551 0.549 0.549 0.545 0.541 0.526 0.517 0.508 0.493 0.468 0.463 0.443 0.418 0.397 0.372 0.351 0.327 0.309 0.290 0.273 0.258 0.244 0.234 0.233 0.238 0.245 0.253 0.259 0.264 0.266 0.266 0.264 0.257 0.251 0.245 0.236 0.225 0.214 0.207 0.218 0.234 0.251 0.270 0.288 0.297 0.314 0.334 0.346 0.355 0.360 0.363 0.369 0.364 0.357 0.349 0.342 0.336 0.328
Energy (eV) 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.20 27.60 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 Rhodium11 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.90
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.55 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.64
0.92 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.16
0.325 0.322 0.317 0.314 0.309 0.303 0.295 0.286 0.276 0.263 0.249 0.231 0.216 0.198 0.164 0.129 0.097 0.072 0.060 0.047 0.036 0.029 0.023 0.018 0.016 0.023 0.023 0.026 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.044 0.055 0.061 0.055
18.48 8.66 5.85 4.74 4.20 3.87 3.67 3.63 3.62 3.71 3.67 3.51 3.26 3.01 2.78 2.60 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.05 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.80 1.63
69.43 37.46 25.94 19.80 16.07 13.51 11.72 10.34 9.36 8.67 8.26 7.94 7.63 7.31 6.97 6.64 6.33 6.02 5.76 5.51 5.30 5.11 4.94 4.78 4.65 4.55 4.49 4.36
0.986 0.977 0.967 0.955 0.941 0.925 0.908 0.887 0.867 0.848 0.837 0.832 0.829 0.827 0.823 0.818 0.813 0.805 0.798 0.789 0.780 0.772 0.765 0.756 0.748 0.743 0.742 0.748
12-147
Energy (eV) 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.60 11.00 11.60 12.00 12.60 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00
n 1.53 1.41 1.30 1.20 1.11 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.30 1.28 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.24 1.18 1.10 1.00 0.91 0.86 0.83
k 4.29 4.20 4.09 3.97 3.84 3.71 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.23 3.12 2.94 2.76 2.60 2.46 2.34 2.23 2.14 2.06 2.00 1.93 1.85 1.77 1.69 1.60 1.52 1.43 1.35 1.27 1.20 1.12 1.04 0.97 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.05 1.09 1.09 1.05 1.00 0.95
R(φ φ = 0) 0.753 0.760 0.764 0.767 0.769 0.768 0.764 0.759 0.753 0.747 0.739 0.722 0.706 0.684 0.659 0.635 0.613 0.591 0.573 0.561 0.556 0.544 0.534 0.518 0.498 0.476 0.452 0.423 0.394 0.363 0.329 0.288 0.252 0.212 0.179 0.148 0.125 0.110 0.102 0.098 0.098 0.106 0.113 0.124 0.127 0.129 0.131 0.134 0.138 0.144 0.147 0.147 0.147 0.145 0.144 0.143 0.145 0.155 0.172 0.193 0.213 0.230 0.234 0.228 0.219
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00
n 0.81 0.79 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75
k 0.92 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.44 0.37 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.25
→ Ruthenium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 9 0.10 11.50 51.38 0.20 5.93 27.14 0.30 4.33 18.50 0.40 3.60 13.97 0.50 3.18 11.04 0.60 3.28 8.89 0.70 3.62 7.73 0.80 3.42 7.02 0.90 3.25 6.12 1.00 3.39 5.33 1.10 3.66 4.83 1.20 3.84 4.57 1.30 3.94 4.38 1.40 4.02 4.19 1.50 4.16 4.07 1.60 4.33 4.08 1.70 4.42 4.21 1.80 4.40 4.38 1.90 4.29 4.61 2.00 4.04 4.81 2.10 3.69 4.90 2.20 3.35 4.82 2.30 3.09 4.70 2.40 2.89 4.55 2.50 2.74 4.40 2.60 2.64 4.25 2.70 2.58 4.14 2.80 2.54 4.05 2.90 2.48 4.03 3.00 2.38 4.03 3.10 2.26 4.00 3.20 2.13 3.96 3.30 2.00 3.91 3.40 1.87 3.83 3.50 1.76 3.74 3.60 1.66 3.65 3.70 1.57 3.55 3.80 1.49 3.45 3.90 1.42 3.35 4.00 1.37 3.24
R(φ φ = 0) 0.214 0.213 0.214 0.210 0.208 0.202 0.195 0.188 0.176 0.168 0.159 0.152 0.137 0.127 0.127 0.126 0.110 0.074 0.058 0.049 0.047 0.045 0.041
0.984 0.970 0.953 0.933 0.909 0.865 0.822 0.801 0.766 0.715 0.675 0.654 0.638 0.624 0.614 0.615 0.624 0.636 0.651 0.667 0.679 0.683 0.681 0.677 0.671 0.663 0.656 0.650 0.650 0.656 0.661 0.666 0.671 0.673 0.674 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.668 0.661
Energy (eV) 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00
n 1.29 1.22 1.16 1.11 1.06 1.01 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.21 1.23 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.32 1.26 1.18 1.11 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.71
k 3.08 2.93 2.79 2.67 2.56 2.46 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.84 1.77 1.69 1.61 1.54 1.46 1.39 1.33 1.26 1.20 1.14 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.86 0.81 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.85 0.93 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.79 0.74 0.69
12-148
R(φ φ = 0) 0.649 0.639 0.628 0.617 0.607 0.600 0.593 0.576 0.559 0.545 0.531 0.521 0.510 0.500 0.489 0.472 0.455 0.433 0.411 0.391 0.366 0.342 0.318 0.295 0.267 0.243 0.217 0.190 0.167 0.144 0.125 0.110 0.100 0.094 0.090 0.088 0.087 0.088 0.090 0.092 0.098 0.104 0.108 0.111 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.118 0.123 0.136 0.155 0.173 0.185 0.192 0.199 0.208 0.212 0.209 0.203 0.193 0.182 0.171 0.163
Energy (eV) 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
n 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83
k 0.63 0.57 0.51 0.46 0.43 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22
→ Ruthenium, single crystal, E ⊥ cˆ 5 0.10 11.85 50.81 0.20 6.68 27.18 0.30 4.94 18.92 0.40 3.90 14.51 0.50 3.27 11.63 0.60 2.98 9.54 0.70 2.82 7.99 0.80 2.73 6.71 0.90 2.82 5.54 1.00 3.17 4.59 1.10 3.69 3.91 1.20 4.28 3.66 1.30 4.66 3.72 1.40 4.86 3.79 1.50 4.99 3.89 1.60 5.08 4.03 1.70 5.12 4.22 1.80 5.10 4.45 1.90 4.96 4.78 2.00 4.61 5.06 2.10 4.21 5.09 2.20 3.94 5.00 2.30 3.69 4.97 2.40 3.44 4.88 2.50 3.27 4.77 2.60 3.14 4.66 2.70 3.06 4.59 2.80 2.99 4.59 2.90 2.87 4.64 3.00 2.64 4.69 3.10 2.40 4.64 3.20 2.18 4.55 3.30 2.00 4.43 3.40 1.84 4.30 3.50 1.71 4.16 3.60 1.60 4.03 3.70 1.50 3.90 3.80 1.41 3.77 3.90 1.35 3.64 4.00 1.29 3.53 4.20 1.21 3.31 4.40 1.16 3.13 4.60 1.13 2.97 4.80 1.09 2.86 5.00 1.03 2.75 5.20 0.97 2.64 5.40 0.91 2.52 5.60 0.88 2.40
R(φ φ = 0) 0.154 0.140 0.124 0.107 0.097 0.084 0.070 0.058 0.048 0.039 0.035 0.039 0.027 0.024 0.022
0.983 0.966 0.950 0.933 0.915 0.888 0.856 0.815 0.751 0.670 0.604 0.585 0.593 0.601 0.609 0.618 0.629 0.642 0.660 0.677 0.682 0.681 0.684 0.684 0.681 0.677 0.674 0.676 0.686 0.701 0.710 0.717 0.721 0.723 0.723 0.722 0.721 0.718 0.713 0.707 0.694 0.679 0.662 0.652 0.648 0.643 0.635 0.622
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00
n 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.99 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.22 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.25 1.19 1.12 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.63 0.65
k 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.04 1.97 1.89 1.82 1.75 1.67 1.59 1.51 1.44 1.36 1.29 1.22 1.15 1.09 1.02 0.95 0.89 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.94 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.40 0.34 0.31
R(φ φ = 0) 0.605 0.591 0.576 0.564 0.556 0.545 0.538 0.527 0.513 0.496 0.476 0.454 0.430 0.403 0.378 0.346 0.317 0.286 0.251 0.216 0.185 0.163 0.143 0.127 0.115 0.108 0.104 0.102 0.101 0.102 0.104 0.107 0.113 0.118 0.124 0.129 0.132 0.132 0.133 0.133 0.134 0.134 0.145 0.158 0.175 0.190 0.200 0.205 0.212 0.219 0.228 0.234 0.234 0.233 0.229 0.218 0.205 0.194 0.177 0.155 0.134 0.123 0.114 0.093 0.077
Energy (eV) 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
n 0.67 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79
k 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22
→ Selenium, single crystal, E 㛳 cˆ 22 0.01364 2.914 0.248 0.01488 3.175 9.95E-02 0.01612 3.263 2.13E-03 0.01736 3.306 3.81E-02 0.01860 3.330 7.04E-03 0.01984 3.346 4.23E-02 0.02108 3.358 3.40E-03 0.02232 3.366 5.31E-02 0.02356 3.372 1.96E-03 0.02480 3.377 2.39E-02 0.02604 3.380 0.02728 1.16E-02 0.02976 7.96E-03 0.03224 8.57E-03 0.03472 2.70E-02 0.03720 3.397 1.72E-02 0.04463 1.13E-02 0.04959 3.403 2.79E-03 0.05703 1.56E-03 0.06199 3.405 1.35E-03 0.06819 5.79E-04 0.07439 3.407 4.44E-04 0.08059 4.41E-04 0.08679 3.408 4.32E-04 0.09299 2.44E-04 0.09919 3.409 3.23E-04 0.1116 3.409 2.87E-04 0.1240 3.410 2.71E-04 0.2480 3.417 2.67E-04 0.3720 3.427 1.90E-04 0.4959 3.442 1.41E-04 0.6199 3.462 1.12E-04 0.7439 3.486 9.42E-05 0.8679 3.516 8.07E-05 0.9919 3.551 7.11E-05 1.116 3.592 6.37E-05 1.240 3.640 5.81E-05 1.50 1.33E-04 1.60 1.59E-04 1.70 6.27E-04 1.80 4.46 2.20E-02 2.0 4.79 0.76 2.2 4.49 1.19 2.4 4.28 1.21 2.6 4.40 1.32 2.8 4.59 1.70 3.0 4.44 2.29 3.2 3.92 2.59 3.4 3.69 2.76 3.6 3.39 3.01 3.8 (3.00) 4.0 (2.65) 4.2 (2.30) 4.5 1.92 2.78 5.0 1.50 2.31 6.0 1.57 1.49
12-149
R(φ φ = 0) 0.065 0.054 0.047 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.028
0.242 0.272 0.282 0.287 0.290 0.291 0.293 0.294 0.294 0.295 0.295
0.297 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.298 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.299 0.301 0.302 0.304 0.307 0.310 0.314 0.319 0.324
0.402 0.438 0.431 0.417 0.430 0.462 0.490 0.493 0.502 0.521
0.528 0.482 0.288
Energy (eV) 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
n 1.84 1.35 1.35 0.92 1.00 0.81 0.65 0.65 0.69 0.81 0.91 0.86 0.85 0.87
→ Selenium, single crystal, E 0.01364 2.854 0.01488 2.932 0.01612 3.140 0.01736 2.959 0.01860 2.111 0.01984 2.356 0.02108 2.462 0.02232 2.502 0.02356 2.543 0.02480 2.550 0.02604 2.582 0.02728 2.600 0.02976 2.576 0.03224 2.598 0.03472 2.607 0.03720 2.613 0.04463 0.04959 2.627 0.05703 0.06199 2.632 0.06819 0.07439 2.635 0.08059 0.08679 2.636 0.09299 0.09919 2.637 0.1116 2.638 0.1240 2.639 0.2480 2.645 0.3720 2.652 0.4959 2.654 0.6199 2.675 0.7439 2.692 0.8679 2.713 0.9919 2.739 1.116 2.772 1.240 2.816 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 3.32 2.00 3.38 2.20 3.07 2.40 2.93 2.60 3.00 2.80 3.12 3.00 3.30 3.20 3.35 3.40 3.22
k 1.45 1.68 1.64 1.07 1.10 0.91 0.61 0.48 0.36 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 ⊥ cˆ 22 0.0239 0.0325 0.1750 1.3300 0.2550 0.0746 0.0276 0.0442 0.0097 0.0239 0.0101 9.95E-03 1.16E-02 1.68E-02 1.54E-02 1.17E-02 3.58E-03 8.65E-04 2.07E-03 2.89E-04 1.59E-04 1.35E-04 1.42E-04 1.04E-04 8.95E-05 8.84E-05 8.51E-05 5.97E-05 5.44E-05 4.58E-05 3.82E-05 3.32E-05 2.96E-05 2.69E-05 2.48E-05 2.31E-05 7.37E-05 8.63E-05 3.60E-04 0.11 0.65 0.73 0.61 0.53 0.58 0.70 1.01 1.24
R(φ φ = 0) 0.276 0.353 0.342 0.238 0.232 0.211 0.160 0.120 0.076 0.030 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.008
0.231 0.241 0.269 0.321 0.133 0.164 0.178 0.184 0.190 0.191 0.195 0.198 0.194 0.197 0.199 0.199 0.201 0.202 0.202 0.202 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.205 0.208 0.210 0.213 0.216 0.221 0.226
0.289 0.310 0.282 0.259 0.263 0.279 0.305 0.328 0.334
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.50 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00
n 3.06 2.84 2.51 2.18 1.75 1.25 1.32 1.62 1.81 1.66 1.72 1.25 0.98 0.68 0.61 0.73 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.79
Silicon, single crystal23 0.01240 3.4185 0.01488 3.4190 0.01736 3.4192 0.01984 3.4195 0.02480 3.4197 0.03100 3.4199 0.04092 3.4200 0.04463 0.04959 3.4201 0.05703 0.06199 3.4204 0.06943 0.07439 0.08059 (3.4207) 0.08679 0.09299 0.09919 0.1054 0.1116 0.1178 0.1240 3.4215 0.1364 0.1488 0.1612 0.1736 (3.4230) 0.1798 0.1860 0.1922 0.1984 0.2046 0.2108 (3.4244) 0.2170 0.2232 0.2294 0.2356 0.2418 0.2480 3.4261 0.3100 3.4294 0.3626 3.4327 0.4568 3.4393 0.6199 3.4490 0.8093 3.4784
k
R(φ φ = 0)
1.47 1.66 1.81 1.83 1.94 1.50 0.73 0.61 0.69 1.02 0.95 1.02 0.92 0.96 0.65 0.48 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.19 0.14
0.344 0.351 0.356 0.352 0.382 0.316 0.107 0.105 0.135 0.182 0.171 0.181 0.178 0.274 0.191 0.094 0.060 0.046 0.036 0.023 0.020
2.90E-04 2.30E-04 1.90E-04 1.70E-04
0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300
1.08E-04 9.15E-05 1.56E-04 2.86E-04 3.84E-04 7.16E-04 1.52E-04 1.02E-04 2.59E-04 1.77E-04 1.53E-04 2.02E-04 1.22E-04 6.76E-05 5.49E-05 2.41E-05 2.49E-05 1.68E-05 2.45E-05 2.66E-06 1.74E-06 8.46E-07 5.64E-07 4.17E-07 4.05E-07 3.94E-07 3.26E-07 2.97E-07 2.82E-07 1.99E-07
2.50E-09
0.300 0.300
0.300
0.300
0.300
0.300
0.300 0.301 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.306
Energy (eV) 1.033 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.14
n
k
3.5193 (3.5341)
3.673 3.714 3.752 3.796 3.847 3.906 3.969 4.042 4.123 4.215 4.320 4.442 4.583 4.753 4.961 5.222 5.570 6.062 6.709 6.522 5.610 5.296 5.156 5.065 5.016 5.010 5.020 4.888 4.086 3.120 2.451 1.988 1.764 1.658 1.597 1.570 1.571 1.589 1.579 1.471 1.340 1.247 1.180 1.133 1.083 1.010 0.847 0.682 0.563 0.478 0.414 0.367 0.332 0.306 0.257 0.275 0.345 0.455 0.567 0.675
1.30E-05 1.80E-04 2.26E-03 7.75E-03 5.00E-03 8.00E-03 1.00E-02 0.013 0.016 0.022 0.030 0.032 0.048 0.060 0.073 0.090 0.130 0.163 0.203 0.269 0.387 0.630 1.321 2.705 3.014 2.987 3.058 3.182 3.346 3.587 3.979 4.639 5.395 5.344 5.082 4.678 4.278 3.979 3.749 3.565 3.429 3.354 3.353 3.366 3.302 3.206 3.112 3.045 2.982 2.909 2.73 2.45 2.21 2.00 1.82 1.66 1.51 1.38 0.963 0.641 0.394 0.219 0.0835 0.0405
12-150
R(φ φ = 0) 0.311 0.312
0.327 0.331 0.335 0.340 0.345 0.351 0.357 0.364 0.372 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.412 0.426 0.442 0.461 0.486 0.518 0.561 0.592 0.575 0.564 0.563 0.568 0.577 0.591 0.614 0.652 0.703 0.726 0.740 0.742 0.728 0.710 0.693 0.675 0.658 0.646 0.647 0.663 0.673 0.675 0.673 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.688 0.691 0.693 0.691 0.688 0.683 0.672 0.661 0.590 0.460 0.297 0.159 0.079 0.038
Energy (eV)
n
24.31 26.38 28.18 30.24 31.79 34.44 36.47 38.75 40.00
0.752 0.803 0.834 0.860 0.877 0.899 0.913 0.925 0.930
Silver6 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.77 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 14.50 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00
9.91 2.84 1.41 0.91 0.67 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.30 0.53 0.73 1.30 1.61 1.73 1.75 1.73 1.69 1.61 1.55 1.45 1.34 1.25 1.18 1.14 1.16 1.33 1.46 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.42 1.33 1.28 1.27 1.29 1.35 1.37 1.34 1.26 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.90
k 0.0243 0.0178 0.0152 0.0138 0.0132 0.0121 0.0113 0.0104 0.0100
90.27 45.70 30.51 22.89 18.32 9.03 5.79 4.18 3.09 2.27 1.86 1.42 1.13 0.77 0.40 0.30 0.36 0.60 0.85 1.06 1.13 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.34 1.28 1.18 1.06 0.91 0.75 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.78 0.88 0.92 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.74
R(φ φ = 0) 0.020 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001
0.995 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.987 0.969 0.944 0.914 0.864 0.816 0.756 0.671 0.475 0.154 0.053 0.040 0.103 0.153 0.194 0.208 0.238 0.252 0.257 0.257 0.246 0.225 0.196 0.157 0.114 0.074 0.082 0.088 0.100 0.112 0.141 0.152 0.156 0.151 0.139 0.124 0.111 0.103 0.112 0.124 0.141 0.157 0.163 0.165 0.165 0.160 0.154 0.144 0.133
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV)
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00 56.00 58.00 60.00 62.00 64.00 66.00 68.00 70.00 72.00 74.00 76.00 78.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00
0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87
0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.45 0.44 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.17 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.04
0.121 0.109 0.099 0.090 0.084 0.079 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.071 0.067 0.061 0.055 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.031 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.021 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.005
Sodium24 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.67 0.73 0.81 0.92 1.05 1.23 1.44 1.65 1.87 2.07 2.27 2.45 2.64 2.82 2.95 3.06 3.20 3.40 3.71 3.97 6.199
0.262 0.241 0.207 0.175 0.147 0.123 0.099 0.078 0.064 0.053 0.050 0.049 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.066 0.068 0.068 0.069 0.065 0.061 0.055 0.049 0.390
9.97 9.45 8.80 8.09 7.42 6.67 5.82 5.11 4.35 3.72 3.22 2.76 2.48 2.23 2.07 1.88 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.47 1.33 1.13 1.01
0.990 0.989 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.989 0.989 0.987 0.986 0.983 0.978 0.971 0.961 0.953 0.943 0.936 0.928 0.921 0.921 0.916 0.908 0.908 0.193
Energy (eV) 6.358 6.526 6.702 6.888 7.130 7.328 7.583 7.847 8.015 8.634 9.143 9.709 10.20 11.08 11.83 12.73 13.05 13.42 13.73 14.07 14.83 15.05 15.46 16.21 18.10 21.12 25.51 26.95 27.68 28.37 29.52
n
k
0.454 0.485 0.533 0.574 0.616 0.641 0.674 0.700 0.710 0.762 0.800 0.819 0.843 0.870 0.887 0.907 0.913 0.914 0.917 0.922 0.934 0.936 0.942 0.948 0.964 0.979 0.993 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02
Tantalum16 0.10 10.14 0.15 9.45 0.20 5.77 0.26 3.67 0.30 2.87 0.38 2.03 0.50 1.37 0.58 1.15 0.70 0.96 0.78 0.89 0.90 0.84 1.00 0.89 1.10 0.93 1.20 0.98 1.30 1.00 1.40 1.04 1.50 1.09 1.60 1.15 1.70 1.24 1.80 1.35 1.90 1.57 2.00 1.83 2.10 2.10 2.20 2.36 2.30 2.56 2.40 2.68 2.50 2.75 2.60 2.80 2.70 2.84 2.80 2.85 2.90 2.84 3.00 2.81
R(φ φ = 0) 0.141 0.120 0.093 0.073 0.056 0.048 0.038 0.031 0.029 0.018 0.012 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
66.39 46.41 35.46 27.53 23.90 18.87 14.26 12.19 9.92 8.77 7.38 6.47 5.75 5.14 4.62 4.15 3.73 3.33 2.95 2.60 2.24 1.99 1.84 1.81 1.86 1.92 1.98 2.02 2.08 2.14 2.20 2.24
12-151
0.984 0.9834 0.982 0.981 0.980 0.978 0.974 0.970 0.962 0.956 0.942 0.992 0.899 0.872 0.842 0.805 0.762 0.707 0.640 0.560 0.460 0.388 0.354 0.351 0.365 0.378 0.388 0.395 0.405 0.412 0.420 0.425
Energy (eV) 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00 13.60 14.00 14.60 15.00 15.60 16.00 16.60 17.00 17.60 18.00 18.60 19.00 19.60 20.00 20.60
n 2.73 2.61 2.49 2.40 2.36 2.35 2.39 2.45 2.53 2.58 2.52 2.31 2.06 1.83 1.63 1.48 1.37 1.29 1.23 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.72 0.68 0.63 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.55
k 2.31 2.33 2.30 2.22 2.14 2.06 2.01 2.00 2.06 2.20 2.44 2.61 2.67 2.63 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.91 1.82 1.75 1.68 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.45 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.37 1.36 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.08 1.04 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.79 0.71 0.65 0.57 0.52 0.44
R(φ φ = 0) 0.432 0.435 0.430 0.418 0.406 0.392 0.384 0.384 0.394 0.416 0.450 0.480 0.501 0.510 0.515 0.512 0.504 0.492 0.478 0.462 0.445 0.425 0.406 0.390 0.370 0.350 0.332 0.317 0.301 0.294 0.289 0.287 0.285 0.285 0.286 0.286 0.287 0.288 0.289 0.290 0.292 0.293 0.294 0.295 0.296 0.295 0.294 0.292 0.289 0.286 0.272 0.272 0.285 0.293 0.301 0.304 0.301 0.296 0.296 0.274 0.254 0.236 0.207 0.185 0.153
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
n 0.57 0.64 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.80 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95
→ Tellurium, E 㛳 cˆ 25 0.01364 4.82 0.01488 5.26 0.01612 5.47 0.01736 5.59 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 5.94 0.03968 0.04339 5.96 0.04711 0.05083 0.05579 0.06199 5.98 0.07439 0.08679 0.09919 0.12400 6.246 0.15500 6.253 0.20660 6.286 0.24800 6.316 0.31 6.372 0.35 0.41 0.5 6.53 0.6 6.71
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.39 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29
0.127 0.089 0.081 0.058 0.043 0.033 0.034 0.029 0.026 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.022 0.019 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.023
0.118 0.0505 0.0278 0.0174 0.0796 0.0696 0.0749 0.1900 0.2220 0.0716 0.0682 0.0832 0.0149 2.14E-03 1.71E-02 3.71E-03 2.44E-03 1.59E-03 7.85E-04 7.38E-04 3.89E-04 3.09E-04 2.52E-04 2.96E-04 3.68E-04 3.34E-04
0.431 0.463 0.477 0.485
7.48E-05 1.18E-05 4.93E-04 6.74E-03 2.30E-02 7.50E-02
0.507 0.508
0.509
0.524 0.525 0.526 0.528 0.531
0.539 0.549
Energy (eV) 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
n 7.00 7.23 7.48 7.70 6.99 7.11 6.75 6.89 4.67 4.94 3.94 3.25 2.73 2.30 1.69 1.33 1.32 1.63 1.72 1.73 1.78 1.83 1.72 1.54 1.55 0.99 1.47 0.86 0.80 0.79 0.67 0.59 0.48 0.74 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90
→ Tellurium, E ⊥ cˆ 25 0.01364 2.61 0.01488 3.65 0.01612 4.10 0.01736 4.63 0.01860 0.01984 0.02108 (4.42) 0.02232 0.02356 0.02480 0.02604 0.02728 0.02976 0.03224 0.03472 0.03720 4.71 0.03968 0.04339 4.74 0.04711 0.05083 0.05579 0.06199 4.77 0.07439 0.08679
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.24 0.48 0.94 1.56 2.22 2.46 2.91 3.70 4.67 5.16 5.08 4.77 4.42 4.16 3.44 2.64 1.96 1.60 1.57 1.45 1.36 1.36 1.51 1.37 1.23 0.93 1.25 0.86 0.77 0.76 0.59 0.49 0.31 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.090 0.045
0.563 0.574 0.589 0.606 0.593 0.604 0.606 0.637 0.654 0.681 0.686 0.681 0.674 0.674 0.646 0.571 0.428 0.312 0.302 0.276 0.257 0.257 0.289 0.260 0.226 0.179 0.233 0.181 0.165 0.164 0.146 0.147 0.160 0.035 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.006 0.003
0.2980 0.0894 0.0535 0.4990 0.1170 0.0343 0.0421 0.1060 0.0880 0.0458 0.0928 0.0886 0.0232 3.06E-03 1.25E-02 2.65E-03 1.89E-03 1.41E-03 8.38E-04 6.79E-04 1.59E-04 1.16E-04 7.23E-05 5.34E-05
0.204 0.325 0.370 0.420
12-152
0.398
0.422 0.425
0.427
Energy (eV) 0.09919 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0
n
4.796 4.809 4.838 4.864 4.929
4.90 4.93 4.95 5.10 5.22 5.35 5.17 5.56 5.88 6.10 5.94 5.10 4.24 3.57 3.03 2.51 1.72 1.32 1.28 1.47 1.74 1.94 2.19 2.48 2.60 2.59 2.39 1.11 2.08 0.99 0.84 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.52 0.50 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.48 0.46
k 4.28E-05 3.18E-05
2.19E-05 3.18E-05 7.89E-02 0.149
0.11 0.13 0.22 0.45 0.63 0.63 1.15 1.80 2.69 3.61 3.77 3.75 3.63 3.39 2.70 2.01 1.28 0.82 0.51 0.39 0.32 0.40 0.69 0.91 1.00 1.24 1.11 1.04 1.01 0.87 0.87 0.55 0.41 0.38 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.088
Titanium (Polycrystalline)14 0.10 5.03 23.38 0.15 3.00 15.72 0.20 2.12 11.34 0.25 2.05 8.10 0.30 6.39 9.94 0.35 2.74 6.21 0.40 2.49 4.68 0.45 3.35 3.25 0.50 4.43 3.22 0.60 4.71 3.77 0.70 4.38 3.89 0.80 4.04 3.82 0.90 3.80 3.65 1.00 3.62 3.52
R(φ φ = 0)
0.429 0.430 0.432 0.434 0.439
0.437 0.439 0.441 0.452 0.461 0.472 0.462 0.488 0.517 0.545 0.571 0.594 0.593 0.591 0.588 0.578 0.532 0.440 0.251 0.132 0.104 0.118 0.148 0.192 0.226 0.245 0.235 0.259 0.224 0.215 0.237 0.182 0.282 0.144 0.161 0.165 0.110 0.113 0.127 0.135 0.140
0.965 0.954 0.939 0.890 0.833 0.792 0.708 0.545 0.555 0.597 0.603 0.596 0.582 0.570
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.85 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80
n 3.47 3.35 3.28 3.17 2.98 2.74 2.54 2.36 2.22 2.11 2.01 1.92 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.71 1.68 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.37 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.17 1.24 1.21 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.11 1.09 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.81 0.80
k 3.40 3.30 3.25 3.28 3.32 3.30 3.23 3.11 2.99 2.88 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.47 2.39 2.34 2.29 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.90 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.62 1.45 1.33 1.29 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.16 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.18 1.14 1.06 1.02 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.76
R(φ φ = 0) 0.560 0.550 0.546 0.549 0.557 0.559 0.557 0.550 0.540 0.530 0.520 0.509 0.495 0.483 0.471 0.462 0.456 0.451 0.447 0.444 0.442 0.442 0.442 0.443 0.443 0.441 0.436 0.430 0.423 0.413 0.389 0.333 0.284 0.265 0.244 0.236 0.228 0.228 0.234 0.241 0.244 0.240 0.232 0.212 0.198 0.182 0.175 0.167 0.165 0.165 0.169 0.171 0.175 0.181 0.181 0.182 0.182 0.181 0.179 0.179 0.180 0.178 0.175 0.167 0.162
Energy (eV) 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.60 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 30.0 Tungsten27 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.82
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
0.79 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.83 0.84
0.72 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.55 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.22
0.152 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.137 0.132 0.106 0.097 0.087 0.077 0.069 0.058 0.052 0.045 0.037 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.017 0.165 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.033 0.033 0.029 0.027 0.022
14.06 3.87 2.56 1.83 1.71 1.86 1.92 1.69 1.40 1.23 1.17 1.28 1.45 1.59 1.83 2.12 2.36
54.71 28.30 22.44 18.32 15.71 13.88 12.63 11.59 10.52 9.45 8.44 7.52 6.78 6.13 5.52 5.00 4.61
0.983 0.981 0.980 0.979 0.973 0.963 0.954 0.952 0.952 0.948 0.938 0.917 0.888 0.856 0.810 0.759 0.710
12-153
Energy (eV) 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00
n 2.92 3.11 3.15 3.15 3.14 3.05 3.00 3.12 3.29 3.48 3.67 3.84 3.82 3.70 3.60 3.54 3.49 3.49 3.45 3.38 3.34 3.31 3.31 3.32 3.35 3.39 3.43 3.45 3.39 3.24 3.13 3.05 2.99 2.96 2.95 3.02 3.13 3.24 3.33 3.40 3.27 2.92 2.43 2.00 1.70 1.47 1.32 1.21 1.12 1.06 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.09 1.13
k 4.37 4.44 4.43 4.36 4.32 4.04 3.64 3.24 2.96 2.79 2.68 2.79 2.91 2.94 2.89 2.84 2.76 2.72 2.72 2.68 2.62 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.41 2.45 2.55 2.66 2.70 2.67 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.43 2.33 2.32 2.41 2.57 2.85 3.27 3.58 3.70 3.61 3.42 3.24 3.04 2.87 2.70 2.56 2.43 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.70 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.50 1.44 1.38 1.34
R(φ φ = 0) 0.661 0.660 0.658 0.653 0.649 0.627 0.590 0.545 0.515 0.500 0.494 0.507 0.518 0.518 0.512 0.506 0.497 0.494 0.493 0.487 0.480 0.472 0.466 0.461 0.459 0.460 0.465 0.476 0.485 0.488 0.482 0.476 0.468 0.460 0.451 0.440 0.442 0.455 0.475 0.505 0.548 0.586 0.618 0.637 0.643 0.646 0.640 0.631 0.619 0.607 0.593 0.573 0.556 0.533 0.505 0.481 0.449 0.422 0.401 0.388 0.369 0.352 0.329 0.307 0.287
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 10.20 10.40 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.40 20.80 21.20 21.60 22.00 22.40 22.80 23.20 23.60 24.00 24.40 24.80 25.20 25.60 26.00 26.40 26.80 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00
n 1.19 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.25 1.22 1.20 1.16 1.10 1.04 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.93 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.74 0.69 0.64 0.60 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.80
k 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.39 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.47 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.28 1.23 1.17 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.02 0.97 0.92 0.87 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33
R(φ φ = 0)
Energy (eV)
0.274 0.270 0.274 0.282 0.290 0.297 0.305 0.313 0.318 0.323 0.329 0.333 0.332 0.325 0.312 0.296 0.276 0.255 0.246 0.249 0.260 0.273 0.289 0.304 0.317 0.330 0.340 0.347 0.353 0.354 0.350 0.342 0.331 0.318 0.303 0.287 0.272 0.263 0.252 0.234 0.213 0.191 0.171 0.150 0.132 0.117 0.105 0.099 0.085 0.073 0.065 0.057 0.052 0.047 0.042 0.040 0.033 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.042 0.045
Vanadium9 0.10 0.20 0.28 0.36 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.68 0.76 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.33 7.66 8.00 8.33 8.66 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00
n
12.83 3.90 2.13 1.54 1.28 1.16 1.10 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.18 1.34 1.60 1.93 2.25 2.48 2.57 2.57 2.52 2.45 2.36 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.23 2.15 2.02 1.89 1.74 1.61 1.48 1.36 1.16 0.99 0.87 0.80 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.89 0.88
k
45.89 24.30 17.35 13.32 10.74 8.93 7.59 6.54 5.67 5.30 4.50 3.80 3.26 2.88 2.71 2.72 2.79 2.84 2.88 2.88 2.85 2.81 2.78 2.80 2.83 2.88 2.91 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.80 2.73 2.55 2.37 2.17 1.96 1.76 1.60 1.47 1.38 1.31 1.26 1.18 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.02 0.98 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.57 0.55
12-154
R(φ φ = 0)
Energy (eV)
n
0.978 0.975 0.973 0.966 0.957 0.945 0.929 0.909 0.882 0.864 0.811 0.730 0.632 0.543 0.498 0.491 0.499 0.507 0.512 0.515 0.514 0.509 0.506 0.510 0.516 0.528 0.540 0.552 0.561 0.569 0.577 0.582 0.585 0.586 0.575 0.547 0.503 0.449 0.400 0.355 0.326 0.304 0.271 0.258 0.235 0.223 0.212 0.199 0.185 0.175 0.170 0.162 0.155 0.146 0.145 0.142 0.136 0.133 0.126 0.112 0.091 0.089 0.086 0.082
13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50 20.00 20.50 21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00 24.50 25.00 25.50 26.00 26.50 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.50 29.00 29.50 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 → Zinc, E 㛳 cˆ 28 0.7514 0.827 0.866 0.952 0.992 1.033 1.078 1.127 1.181 1.240 1.305 1.377 1.459 1.550 1.653 1.722 1.823 1.937 1.984
0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95
0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13
0.079 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.056 0.054 0.051 0.048 0.045 0.043 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.033 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005
1.9241 1.7921 1.5571 1.4824 1.5762 1.5407 1.5853 1.7768 1.9808 2.8821 3.2039 2.9459 3.2523 3.8086 3.7577 3.5908 3.4234 3.0132 1.8562
7.5619 6.9973 6.7753 6.2296 5.8843 5.3192 4.9013 4.5307 4.2004 3.4766 3.0042 3.5761 4.2447 4.6212 4.6239 4.4614 4.3232 3.9974 3.9706
0.883 0.874 0.881 0.868 0.847 0.823 0.793 0.748 0.701 0.575 0.520 0.584 0.640 0.657 0.659 0.650 0.642 0.624 0.690
k
R(φ φ = 0)
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) Energy (eV) 2.066 2.094 2.119 2.275 2.445 2.666 2.917 3.220 3.594 4.065 4.678
n
k
R(φ φ = 0)
1.4856 1.2525 1.0017 0.7737 0.6395 0.4430 0.3589 0.3069 0.2737 0.2510 0.2354
4.0555 3.9961 3.8683 3.9129 3.4013 3.1379 2.8140 2.5088 2.1737 1.8528 1.6357
0.737 0.762 0.789 0.832 0.821 0.851 0.853 0.847 0.828 0.799 0.776
→ Zinc, E ⊥ cˆ 28 0.751 1.4469 0.827 1.4744 0.866 1.3628 0.952 1.3165 0.992 1.3835 1.033 1.2889 1.078 1.3095 1.127 1.6897 1.181 1.9701 1.240 2.8717 1.305 3.3991 1.377 3.1807 1.459 3.5064 1.550 4.1241 1.653 4.0269 1.722 3.9369 1.823 3.7549 1.937 3.4512 1.984 3.2515 2.066 2.0802 2.094 1.7084 2.119 1.3329 2.275 0.9725 2.455 0.7568 2.666 0.5470 2.917 0.4774 3.220 0.3911 3.594 0.3147 4.065 0.3013 4.678 0.2806
7.4158 6.9688 6.6886 6.2212 5.8910 5.4001 4.9025 4.4062 4.0176 3.2873 2.7684 3.4709 4.1994 4.7768 4.8027 4.6356 4.3042 4.1942 4.2980 4.7231 4.7923 4.4751 4.2879 3.7627 3.4277 3.0476 2.7463 2.3041 2.0077 1.7997
0.905 0.892 0.892 0.881 0.863 0.850 0.822 0.746 0.684 0.555 0.497 0.569 0.630 0.664 0.667 0.657 0.635 0.631 0.644 0.738 0.774 0.791 0.825 0.824 0.845 0.834 0.835 0.821 0.789 0.770
Zirconium (Polycrystalline)28 0.10 6.18 1.76 0.15 3.37 1.30 0.20 2.34 1.08 0.26 2.24 1.06 0.30 2.59 1.14 0.36 3.17 1.26 0.40 3.09 1.24 0.46 3.36 1.30 0.50 4.13 1.44 0.56 5.01 1.58 0.60 5.18 1.61 0.70 4.54 1.51
0.300 0.123 0.058 0.052 0.073 0.110 0.105 0.123 0.175 0.231 0.242 0.202
Energy (eV) 0.80 0.90 0.96 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80 8.00 8.20 8.40 8.60 8.80 9.00
n 4.03 3.74 3.69 3.66 3.65 3.53 3.25 3.10 3.02 2.88 2.68 2.49 2.14 1.99 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.62 1.54 1.46 1.40 1.34 0.30 1.26 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.89 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.80 0.87 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.33 1.42 1.49 1.54 1.58 1.61 1.63 1.66 0.67 1.68 1.68 1.66 1.65
k 1.42 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.33 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.66 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91
12-155
R(φ φ = 0) 0.168 0.149 0.145 0.143 0.142 0.134 0.116 0.106 0.100 0.091 0.078 0.067 0.047 0.040 0.034 0.030 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.026 0.025
Energy (eV) 9.20 9.40 9.60 9.80 10.00 10.20 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.80 12.00 12.40 12.80 13.20 13.60 14.00 14.40 14.80 15.20 15.60 16.00 16.40 16.80 17.20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18.80 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.60 21.00 21.60 22.00 22.60 23.00 23.60 24.00 24.60 25.00 25.60 26.00 26.60 27.00 27.60 28.00 28.60 29.00 29.60 30.00
n 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.52 1.47 1.42 1.35 1.32 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.16 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.27 1.23 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.82
k 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64
R(φ φ = 0) 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS (continued) REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
Shiles, E., Sasaki, T., Inokuti, M., and Smith, D. Y., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 22, 1612, 1980. Edwards, D. F., and Philipp, H. R., in HOC-I, p.665. Ives, H. E., and Briggs, N. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 27, 395, 1937. Bos, L. W., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 2, 4567, 1970. Weaver, J. H., Colavita, E., Lynch, D. W., and Rosei, R., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 19, 3850, 1979. Hagemann, H. J., Gudat, W., and Kunz, C., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 742, 1975. Schulz, L. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 47, 64, 1957. Potter, R. F., in HOC-I, p.465. Olson, C. G., Lynch, D. W., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., unpublished. Weaver, J. H., Olson, C. G., and Lynch, D. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 15, 4115, 1977. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p.345. Priol, M. A., Daudé, A., and Robin, S., Compt. Rend., 264, 935, 1967. Johnson, P. B., and Christy, R. W., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 9, 5056, 1974. Arakawn, E. T., and Inagaki, T., in HOC-II, p.461. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, D. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 10, 501, 1973. Lynch, D. W., Rosei, R., and Weaver, J. H., Solid State Commun., 9, 2195, 1971. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 7, 4311, 1973. Weaver, J. H., and Benbow, R. L., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 3509, 1975. Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev.,Sect. B, 11, 1416, 1975. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p.364. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 691. Edwards, D. F., in HOC-I, p. 547. Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R., in HOC-II, p.354. Palik, E. D., in HOC-II, p. 709. Lynch, D. W., Olson, C. G., and Weaver, J. H., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 11, 3671, 1975. Weaver, J. H., Lynch, D. W., and Olson, C. G., Phys. Rev. Sect. B, 12, 1293, 1975. Lanham, A. P., and Terherne, D. M., Proc. Phys. Soc., 83, 1059, 1964.
12-156
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS When a crystal is subjected to a stress field, an electric field, or a magnetic field, the resulting optical effects are in general dependent on the orientation of these fields with respect to the crystal axes. It is useful, therefore, to express the optical properties in terms of the refractive index ellipsoid (or indicatrix):
x 2 y2 z2 + + =1 n x2 n y2 n z2 or
∑ Bij xi y j = 1
(i, j = 1, 2, 3)
ij
where 1 1 Bij = = 2 ε ij n ij ε is the dielectric constant or permeability; the quantity Bij has the name impermeability. A crystal exposed to a stress S will show a change of its impermeability. The photo-elastic (or elasto-optic) constants, Pijkl, are defined by 1 1 ∆ = ∆ 2 = ∑ Pijkl Skl ε ij n ij kl where n is the refractive index and Skl are the strain tensor elements; the Pijkl are the elements of a 4th rank tensor. When a crystal is subjected to an electric field E two possible changes of the refractive index may occur depending on the symmetry of the crystal. 1. All materials, including isotropic solids and polar liquids, show an electro-optic birefringence (Kerr effect) which is proportional to the square of the electric field, E: 1 n 2 = ∑ K ijkl Ek El = ∑ gijkl Pk Pl ij k,l =1,2,3 k,l =1,2,3 where Ek and El are the components of the electric field and Pk and Pl the electric polarizations. The coefficients, Kijkl, are the quadratic electrooptic coefficients, while the constants gijkl are known as the Kerr constants. 2. The other electro-optic effect only occurs in the 20 piezo-electric crystal classes (no center of symmetry). This effect is known as the Pockels effect. The optical impermeability changes linearly with the static field 1 ∆ 2 = ∑ rij,k Ek n ij k The coefficients rij,k have the name (linear) electro-optic coefficients. The values of the electro-optic coefficients depend on the boundary conditions. If the superscripts T and S denote respectively the conditions of zero stress (free) and zero strain (clamped) one finds: rijT = rijS + qikE e jk = rijS + PikE d jk
where ejk = (∂Tk/∂Ej)S and djk = (∂Sk/∂Ej)T are the appropriate piezo-electric coefficients. The interaction between a magnetic field and a light wave propagating in a solid or in a liquid gives rise to a rotation of the plane of polarization. This effect is known as Faraday rotation. It results from a difference in propagation velocity for left and right circular polarized light. The Faraday rotation, θF, is linearly proportional to the magnetic field H:
θ F = VlH where l is the light path length and V is the Verdet constant (minutes/oersted⋅cm). For ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials the magnetic field in the above expression is replaced by the magnetization M and the magneto-optic coefficient in this case is known as the Kund constant K: Specific Faraday rotation F = KM In the tables below the Faraday rotation is listed at the saturation magnetization per unit length, together with the absorption coefficient α, the temperature T, the critical temperature TC (or TN), and the wavelength of the measurement.
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ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) In the tables which follow, the properties are presented in groups: • Elasto-optic coefficients (photoelastic constants) • Linear electro-optic coefficients (Pockels constants) • Quadratic electro-optic coefficients (Kerr constants) • Magneto-optic coefficients: • Verdet constants • Faraday rotation parameters Within each group, materials are classified by crystal system or physical state. References are given at the end of each group of tables.
ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) Name Cubic (43m, 432, m3m) Sodium fluoride Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Potassium fluoride Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Rubidium chloride Rubidium bromide Rubidium iodide Lithium fluoride Lithium chloride Ammonium chloride Cadmium telluride Calcium fluoride Copper chloride Copper bromide Copper iodide Diamond Germanium Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Strontium fluoride Strontium titanate KRS-5 KRS-6 Zinc sulfide Rare Gases Neon (T = 24.3 K) Argon (T = 82.3 K) Krypton (T = 115.6 K) Xenon (T = 160.5 K) Garnets GGG YIG YGG YAG
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula
λ/µm
NaF 0.633 NaCl 0.589 NaBr 0.589 NaI 0.589 KF 0.546 KCl 0.633 KBr 0.589 KI 0.590 RbCl 0.589 RbBr 0.589 RbI 0.589 LiF 0.589 LiCl 0.589 NH4Cl 0.589 CdTe 1.06 CaF2 0.55-0.65 CuCl 0.633 CuBr 0.633 CuI 0.633 C 0.540-0.589 Ge 3.39 GaAs 1.15 GaP 0.633 SrF2 0.633 0.633 SrTiO3 Tl(Br,I) 0.633 Tl(Br,Cl) 0.633 Zn 0.633 Formula Ne Ar Kr Xe Formula Gd3Ga5O12 Y3Fe5O12 Y3Ga5O12 Y3Al5O12
λ/µm 0.488 0.488 0.488 0.488 λ/µm 0.514 1.15 0.633 0.633
p11
p12
p44
p11-p12
Ref.
0.08 0.115 0.148 — 0.26 0.22 0.212 0.212 0.288 0.293 0.262 0.02 — 0.142 -0.152 0.038 0.120 0.072 0.032 -0.278 -0.151 -0.165 -0.151 0.080 0.15 -0.140 -0.451 0.091
0.20 0.159 0.184 — 0.20 0.16 0.165 0.171 0.172 0.185 0.167 0.13 — 0.245 -0.017 0.226 0.250 0.195 0.151 0.123 -0.128 -0.140 -0.082 0.269 0.095 0.149 -0.337 -0.01
-0.03 -0.011 -0.0036 0.0048 -0.029 -0.025 -0.022 — -0.041 -0.034 -0.023 -0.045 -0.0177 0.042 -0.057 0.0254 -0.082 -0.083 -0.068 -0.161 -0.072 -0.072 -0.074 0.0185 0.072 -0.0725 -0.164 0.075
-0.12 -0.042 -0.035 -0.0141 0.06 0.06 0.047 0.041 0.116 0.108 0.095 -0.11 -0.0407 -0.103 -0.135 -0.183 -0.130 -0.123 -0.119 -0.385 -0.023 -0.025 -0.069 -0.189 — -0.289 -0.114 0.101
p11
p12
p44
p11-p12
Ref.
0.157 0.256 0.34 0.284
0.168 0.302 0.34 0.370
0.004 0.015 0.037 0.029
-0.011 -0.046 0 -0.086
21 22 21 22
p11
p12
p44
p11-p12
Ref.
-0.086 0.025 0.091 -0.029
-0.027 0.073 0.019 0.0091
-0.078 0.041 0.079 -0.0615
-0.059 — — -0.038
23 15 17 15
1 2 1 3 1 4 5 6 7,8 7,8 7,8 5 3 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18,20 19,20 15
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) continued) Name λ/µm
Cubic (23, m3)
Formula
Barium nitrate Lead nitrate Sodium bromate Sodium chlorate Strontium nitrate
Ba(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 NaBrO3 NaClO3 Sr(NO3)2
Hexagonal (mmc,6mm)
Formula
λ/µm
p11
p12
Be3Al2Si6O18 CdS ZnO ZnS
0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633
0.0099 -0.142 ±0.222 -0.115
0.175 -0.066 ±0.099 0.017
Beryl Cadmium sulfide Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide
p11
0.589 0.589 0.589 0.589 0.41
Formula
λ/µm
Sapphire Calcite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Cinnabar Quartz Proustite Sodium nitrite Tellurium
Al2O3 CaCO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 HgS SiO2 Ag3AsS3 NaNO3 Te
0.644 0.514 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 10.6
Sapphire Calcite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Cinnabar Quartz Proustite Sodium nitrite Tellurium Tetragonal (4/mmm,42m,422) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Barium titanate Cesium dihydrogen arsenate Magnesium fluoride Calomel Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate Strontium barium niobate Strontium barium niobate Tellurium oxide Rutile
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
p44
p11-p22 = 0.992 0.24 0.218 0.24 0.362
— 0.162 0.185 0.162 0.178
Trigonal (3m,32,3m)
Trigonal (3m,32,3m) (continued)
p12
p13
-0.0205 -0.0198 -0.0139 -0.0198 -0.014
p13
0.191 -0.057 -0.111 0.025
Ref.
p11-p13 = 0.713 0.20 0.213 0.20 0.316
13 24,25 26 26 27
p31
p33
p44
Ref.
0.313 -0.041 ±0.088 0.0271
0.023 -0.20 -0.235 -0.13
-0.152 -0.099 0.0585 -0.0627
28 15,2 30 31
p11
p12
p13
p14
p31
-0.23 0.062 ±0.034 -0.081
-0.03 0.147 ±0.072 0.081
0.00 -0.011 ±0.066 -0.026
-0.04 0.241 ±0.178 0.089
0.16 ±0.10
0.27 ±0.19 ±0.21 0.130
0.02 0.186 ±0.139 0.093 ±0.445 0.27 ±0.22 ±0.215 —
-0.030
0.29 ±0.24 ±0.25 —
0.155
p33
p41
p44
-0.20 0.139 +-0.060 -0.044 +-0.115 0.10 +-0.20
0.01 -0.036 ±0.154 -0.085 — -0.047 — 0.055 —
-0.10 -0.058 ±0.300 0.028 — -0.079 — -0.06 —
±0.027 —
Ref.
15,32 33 15,34 15,35 36 37 38 39 15
Formula
λ/µm
p11
p12
p13
p31
ADP BaTiO3 CDA MgF2 Hg2Cl2 KDP RDA RDP Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 TeO2 TiO2
0.589 0.633 0.633 0.546 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633
0.319 0.425 0.267 — ±0.551 0.287 0.227 0.273 0.16 0.06 0.0074 0.017
0.277 — 0.225 — ±0.440 0.282 0.239 0.240 0.10 0.08 0.187 0.143
0.169 — 0.200 — ±0.256 0.174 0.200 0.218 0.08 0.17 0.340 -0.139
0.197 — 0.195 — ±0.137 0.241 0.205 0.210 0.11 0.09 0.090 -0.080
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) Name Tetragonal (4/mmm,42m,422) (continued) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Barium titanate Cesium dihydrogen arsenate Magnesium fluoride Calomel Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate Strontium barium niobate Strontium barium niobate Tellurium oxide Rutile Tetragonal (4,4,4/m) Cadmium molybdate Lead molybdate Sodium bismuth molybdate
0.167 — 0.227 — ±0.010 0.122 0.182 0.208 0.47 0.23 0.240 -0.057
Cadmium molybdate Lead molybdate Sodium bismuth molybdate
Ammonium chlorate Ammonium sulfate Rochelle salt Iodic acid (α) Sulfur (α) Barite Topaz Orthorhombic (222,m22,mmm) (continued) Ammonium chlorate Ammonium sulfate Rochelle salt Iodic Acid (α) Sulfur (α) Barite Topaz Monoclinic (2,m,2/m) Taurine
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-0.058 — — ±0.0776 — -0.019 — — — — -0.17 -0.009
Ref.
-0.091 — — ±0.0488 ±0.047 -0.064 — — — — -0.046 -0.060
40 41 42 43 44 45 41 41 46 46 47 48
λ/µm
p11
p12
p13
p16
p31
CdMoO4 PbMoO4 NaBi(MoO4)2
0.633 0.633 0.633
0.12 0.24 0.243
0.10 0.24 0.205
0.13 0.255 0.25
— 0.017 —
0.11 0.175 0.21
p33
p44
p45
0.18 0.300 0.29
— 0.067 —
— -0.01 —
λ/µm
Formula
NH4ClO4 (NH4)2SO4 NaKC4H4O6 HIO3 S BaSO4 Al2SiO4(OH,F)2
p11
0.633 0.633 0.589 0.633 0.633 0.589 —
p31
0.19 0.20 0.36 0.251 0.203 0.28 0.095
p66
Formula
Tetragonal (4,4,4/m) (continued)
Orthorhombic (222,m22,mmm)
p44
p33
p32
0.18 ±0.26 0.35 0.345 0.232 0.22 0.085
— 0.26 0.35 0.302 0.324 0.21 -0.085 p33
±0.02 0.26 0.36 0.336 0.270 0.31 -0.083
Formula
λ/µm
C2H7NO3S
0.589
p61
— 0.013 — p12
0.24 0.19 0.41 0.496 0.307 0.25 0.069 p44
<±0.02 0.015 -0.030 0.084 0.143 0.002 -0.095
p11 = 0.313 p12 = 0.251 p13 = 0.270 p15 = -0.10
p66
Ref.
— 0.05 —
49 52 —
p13
p21
0.18 ±0.260 0.42 0.339 0.268 0.16 0.052
0.23 ±0.230 0.37 0.263 0.272 0.34 0.095
p22
p23
— ±0.27 0.28 0.412 0.301 0.24 -0.120
0.20 ±0.254 0.34 0.304 0.310 0.19 0.065
p55
p66
Ref.
— ±0.0015 0.0046 -0.030 0.019 -0.012 -0.031
±0.04 0.012 -0.025 0.098 0.118 0.037 0.098
51 52 53 54 54 55 28
p25 = -0.0025 p31 = 0.362 p32 = 0.275 p33 = 0.308
p51 = -0.014 p52 = 0.006 p53 = 0.0048 p55 = 0.047
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) Name Monoclinic (2,m,2/m)
Formula
λ/µm p21 = 0.281 p22 = 0.252 p23 = 0.272
Taurine (continued)
Isotropic Fused silica Water Polystyrene Lucite Orpiment Tellurium oxide Laser glasses
Dense flint glasses (examples)
Formula SiO2 H2O
As2S3-glass TeO2-glass LGS-247-2 LGS-250-3 LGS-1 KGSS-1621 LaSF SF4 U10502 TaFd7
p35 = -0.003 p44 = 0.0025 p46 = -0.0056
p64 = 0.0024 p66 = 0.0028
λ/µm
p11
p12
p44
Ref.
0.633 0.633 0.633 0.633 1.15 0.633 0.488
0.121 ±0.31 ±0.30 ±0.30 0.308 0.257 ±0.168 ±0.135 ±0.214 ±0.205 0.088 0.215 0.172 0.099
0.270 ±0.31 ±0.31 0.28 0.299 0.241 ±0.230 ±0.198 ±0.250 ±0.239 0.147 0.243 0.179 0.138
-0.075
15 15 25 25 15 56 57
0.633
0.0045 0.0079
-0.030 -0.014 -0.004 -0.020
58
REFERENCES A. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981; pp. 290-293. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Volume IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986; pp. 324-331. Petterson, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 1243, 1973. Burstein, E. and Smith, P. L., Phys. Rev., 74, 229, 1948. Pakhnev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 18, 1662, 1975. Feldman, A., Horovitz, D., and Waxler, R. M., Appl. Opt., 16, 2925, 1977. Iyengar, K. S., Nature (London), 176, 1119, 1955. Bansigir, K. G. and Iyengar, K. S., Acta Crystallogr., 14, 727, 1961. Pakhev, A. V., et al., Sov. Phys. J. (transl.), 20, 648, 1975. Bansigir, K. G., Acta Crystallogr., 23, 505, 1967. Krishna Rao, K. V. and Krishna Murty, V. G., Ind. J. Phys., 41, 150, 1967. Weil, R. and Sun, M. J., Proc. Int. Symp. CdTe (Detectors), Strasbourg Centre de Rech. Nucl., 1971, XIX-1 to 6, 1972. Schmidt, E. D. D. and Vedam, K., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1563, 1966. Biegelsen, D. K., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 14, 3578, 1976. Helwege, K. H., Landolt-Börnstein, New Series Group III, Vol. II, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1979. Feldman, A., Waxler, R. M., and Horovitz, D., J. Appl. Phys., 49, 2589, 1978. Dixon, R. W., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 5149, 1967. Shabin, O. V., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 13, 3141, 1972. Reintjes, J. and Schultz, M. B., J. Appl. Phys., 39, 5254, 1968. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 8, 404, 1973. Rivoallan, L. and Favre, F., Opt. Commun., 11, 296, 1974. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. J. Opt. Technol., 46, 663, 1979. Rand, S. C., et al., Phys. Rev. B, 19, 4205, 1979. Sipe, J. E., Can J. Phys., 56, 199, 1978. Christyi, I. L., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 922, 1975. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Curr. Sci. (India), 23, 149, 1954. Smith, T. M. and Korpel, A., IEEE J. Quant. Electron., QE-1, 283, 1965. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., A40, 164, 1954. Rabman, A., Bhagarantam Commem. Vol., Bangalore Print. and Publ., 173, 1969. Eppendahl, R., Ann. Phys. (IV), 61, 591, 1920. Laurenti, J. P. and Rouzeyre, M., J. Appl. Phys., 52, 6484, 1981. Sasaki, H., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 47, 2046, 1976. Uchida, N. and Saito, S., J. Appl. Phys., 43, 971, 1972.
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ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) ELASTO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (PHOTOELASTIC CONSTANTS) (continued) 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.
Waxler, R. M. and Farabaugh, E. M., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., A74, 215, 1970. Nelson, D. F., Lazay, P. D., and Lax, M., Phys. Rev., B6, 3109, 1972. O’Brien, R. J., Rosasco, G. J., and Weber, A., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 716, 1970. Avakyants, L. P., et al., Sov. Phys., 18, 1242, 1976. Sapriel, J., Appl. Phys. Litt., 19, 533, 1971. Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 682, 1969. Zubrinov, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 15, 1921, 1974. Kachalov, O. V. and Shpilko, I. O., Sov. Phys. JETP (transl.), 35, 957, 1972. Narasimhamurty, T. S., et al., J. Mater. Sci., 8, 577, 1973. Tada, K. and Kikuchi, K., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 19, 1311, 1980. Aleksandrov, K. S., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 19, 1090, 1977. Afanasev, I. I., et al., Sov. Phys. Sol. State (transl.), 17, 2006, 1975. Silvestrova, I. M., et al., Sov. Phys. Cryst. (transl.), 20, 649, 1975. Veerabhadra Rao, K. and Narasimhamurty, T. S., J. Mater. Sci., 10, 1019, 1975. Venturini, E. L., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 1622, 1969. Vehida, N. and Ohmachi, Y., J. Appl. Phys., 40, 4692, 1969. Grimsditch, M. H. and Ramdus, A. K., Phys. Rev. B, 22, 4094, 1980. Schinke, D. P. and Viehman,W., unpublished Data. Coquin, G. A., et al., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 2162, 1971. Vasquez, F., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 37, 451, 1976. Luspin, Y. and Hauret, G., C.R.Ac. Sci. Paris, B274, 995 1972. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Phys. Rev., 186, 945, 1969. Haussühl, S. and Weber, H. J., Z. Kristall., 132, 266, 1970. Vedam, K., Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., A34, 161, 1951. Yano, T., Fukumoto, A., and Watanabe, A., J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3674, 1971. Manenkov, A. A. and Ritus, A. I., Sov. J. Quant. Electr., 8, 78, 1978. Eschler, H. and Weidinger, F., J. Appl. Phys., 46, 65, 1975.
LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Name
Cubic (43m)
Formula
λ/µm
r41 pm/V
Cuprous bromide Cuprous chloride Cuprous iodide Eulytite (BSO) Germanium eulytite (BGO) Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Hexamethylenetetramine Sphalerite Zinc selenide Zinc telluride Cadmium telluride
CuBr CuCl CuI Bi4Si3O12 Bi4Ge3O12 GaAs GaP C6H12N4 ZnS ZnSe ZnTe CdTe
0.525 0.633 0.55 0.63 0.63 10.6 0.56 0.633 0.65 0.546 3.41 3.39
0.85 3.6 -5.0 0.54 1.0 1.6 -1.07 0.78 2.1 2.0 4.2 6.8
Cubic (23) Ammonium chloride (77 K) Ammonium cadmium langbeinite Ammonium manganese langbeinite Thallium cadmium langbeinite Potassium magnesium langbeinite Bismuth monogermanate Bismuth monosilicate Sodium chlorate Sodium uranyl acetate
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Formula NH4Cl (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 (NH4)2Mn2(SO4)3 Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 K2Mg2(SO4)3 Bi12GeO20 Bi12SiO20 NaClO3 NaUO2(CH3COO)3
λ/µm — 0.546 0.546 0.546 0.546 — — 0.589 0.546
r41 pm/V 1.5 0.70 0.53 0.37 0.40 3.3 3.3 0.4 0.87
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Name Cubic (23)
N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HBr N(CH2CH2NH2)3 3HCl
Trenhydrobromide Trenhydrochloride
Tetragonal (42m)
Greenockite Greenockite (const. strain) Wurzite Zincite
CdS CdS ZnS ZnO
Hexagonal (6)
Formula
Lithium iodate Lithium potassium sulfate
LiIO3 LiKSO4
r63 pm/V
24.5 — — — — 8.6 8.8 12.5 — — — —
-8.5 11.9 9.2 18.6 36.6 -10.5 23.8 10.9 18.2 15.5 13.0 21.4
r13 pm/V
Ttran K 406 693 765 330 602
BaTiO3 K3Li2Nb5O15 PbTiO3 Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 Sr0.46Ba0.54Nb2O6
Formula
r41 pm/V
148 242 — 143 212 123 222 97 162 147 110 178
Formula
Barium titanate Potassium lithium niobate Lead titanate Strontium barium niobate (SBN75) Strontium barium niobate (SBN46)
1.5 1.7
Ttran K
NH4H2PO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4H2AsO4 CsH2AsO4 CsD2AsO4 KH2PO4 KD2PO4 KH2AsO4 KD2AsO4 RbH2PO4 RbH2AsO4 RbD2AsO4
Tetragonal (4mm)
Hexagonal (6mm)
— —
Formula
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Ammonium dideuterium phosphate (AD*P) Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Cesium dihydrogen arsenate (CsDA) Cesium dideuterium arsenate (CsD*A) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KD*P) Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dideuterium arsenate (KD*A) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rubidium dihydrogen arsenate (RDA) Rubidium dideuterium arsenate (RD*A)
r41 pm/V
λ/µm
Formula
r33 pm/V
8 8.9 13.8 6.7 ~180
28 5.9 5.9 1340 35
r13 pm/V
r33 pm/V
r42 pm/V
r51 pm/V
3.1 1.1 0.9 -1.4
2.9 2.4 1.8 +2.6
2.0 — — —
3.7 — — —
r13 pm/V 4.1 r13-r33 = 1.6
r33 pm/V
r42 pm/V
r51 pm/V
6.4 —
1.4 —
3.3 —
Trigonal (3m)
Formula
Ttran K
r13 pm/V
r22 pm/V
r33 pm/V
Cesium nitrate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Lithium sodium sulfate Tourmaline
CsNO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 LiNaSO4 —
425 1483 890 — —
— 8.6 8.4 — —
0.43 7.0 — <0.02 0.3
— 30.8 30.5 — —
Trigonal (32) Cesium tartrate Cinnabar
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Formula
Ttran K
Cs2C4H4O6 HgS
— 659
r11 pm/V
r41 pm/V
1.0 3.1
— 1.5
r51 pm/V — — — 42 —
r42 pm/V — 28 — — —
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) LINEAR ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Name Formula
Ttran K
r11 pm/V
r41 pm/V
K2S2O6 SrS2O6⋅4H2O SiO2 Se
— — 1140 398
0.26 0.1 -0.47 2.5
— — 0.2
Trigonal (32) Potassium dithionate Strontium dithionate Quartz Selenium
Orthorhombic (222)
(NH4)2C2O4⋅4H2O KNaC4H4O6⋅4H2O
Ammonium oxalate Rochelle salt
Barium sodium niobate (BSN) Potassium niobate
— Tu = 297 Tl = 255
r41 pm/V
r52 pm/V
r63 pm/V
230 -2.0
330 -1.7
250 +0.32
Formula
Ttrans K
r13 pm/V
r23 pm/V
r33 pm/V
Ba2NaNbO15 KNbO3
833 476
15 28
13 1.3
48 64
Orthorhombic (mm2)
Formula
Ttrans K
r22 pm/V
r32 pm/V
Ca2Nb2O7 (NH2CH2COOH)3⋅H2SO4
— 322
0.33 7.2
13.7 13.6
Monoclinic (2) Calcium pyroniobate Triglycine sulfate (TGS)
Ttran K
Formula
r42 pm/V
r51 pm/V
92 380
90 105
REFERENCES 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 405-407. 2. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986, pp. 258-278.
QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS Kerr Constants of Ferroelectric Crystals1,2
Name Barium titanate Strontium titanate Potassium tantalate niobate Potassium tantalate Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Barium sodium niobate (BSN)
Formula BaTiO3 SrTiO3
λ µm
Ttran K
g11 1010 esu
g12 1010 esu
g11-g12 1010 esu
406 —
0.633 0.633
1.33 —
-0.11 —
1.44 1.56
KTa0.65Nb0.35O3 KTaO3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3
330 13 1483 938
0.633 0.633 — —
1.50 — 0.94 1.0
-0.42 — 0.25 0.17
1.92 1.77 0.7 0.8
Ba0.8Na0.4Nb2O6
833
1.55
0.44
1.11
—
g44 1010 esu
— 1.63 1.33 0.6 0.7
Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids2 K is the Kerr constant at a wavelength of 589 nm and at room temperature; ε is the static dielectric constant; Tm is the melting point; and Tb is the normal boiling point
Name Carbon disulfide Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Molecular formula CS2 C3H6O C4H8O
K 10–7 esu
ε
Tm °C
°C
+3.23 +16.3 +13.6
2.63 21.0 18.56
-111.5 -94.8 -86.67
+46.3 +56.1 +79.6
Tb
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) QUADRATIC ELECTRO-OPTIC COEFFICIENTS (continued) Kerr Constants of Selected Liquids (continued)2 Molecular formula
Name Pyridine Ethyl cyanoacetate o-Dichlorobenzene Benzenesulfonyl chloride Nitrobenzene Ethyl 3-aminocrotonate Paraldehyde
C5H5N C5H7NO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H5ClO2S C6H5NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H12O3
Benzaldehyde
C7H6O
p-Chlorotoluene o-Nitrotoluene m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Benzyl alcohol
C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8O
m-Cresol
C7H8O
+21.2
m-Chloroacetophenone Acetophenone
C8H7ClO C8H8O
+69.1 +66.6
Quinoline Ethyl salicylate Carvone Ethyl benzoylacetate Water
C9H7N C9H10O3 C10H14O C11H12O3 H2O
+15.0 +19.6 +23.6 +16.0 +4.0
a
ε
Tm °C
°C
13.26 31.6 10.12 28.90 35.6 — 14.7 12.0a 17.85 14.1a 6.25 26.26 24.95 22.2 11.92 10.8a 12.44 5.0a
-42 -22.5 -16.7 +14.5 +5.7 +33.9 +12.6
+115.23 205 180 247 210.8 210 124
-26
179.05
+7.5 -10 +15.5 +51.6 -15.3
162.4 222.3 232 238.3 205.8
+11.8
202.27
17.44 15.8a 9.16 8.48 11.2 13.50 80.10
+19.7
202.3
-14.78 +1.3 <0 <0 0.00
237.16 231.5 230 270 100.0
K 10–7 esu +20.4 +38.8 +42.6 +89.9 +326 +31.0 -23.0 +80.8 +23.0 +174 +177 +222 -15.4
Dielectric constant at radiofrequencies (108-109 Hz). REFERENCES 1. Narasimhamurty, T. S., Photoelastic and Electro-Optic Properties of Crystals, Plenum Press, New York, 1981, p. 408. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., AIP Handbook of Physics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6-241.
MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals1 V is the Verdet constant; n is the refractive index; and λ is the wavelength
Material Al2O3 BaTaO3
Bi4Ge3O12
C (diamond) CaCO3 CaF2 Cd0.55Mn0.45Te
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
T K
λ nm
n
V min/Oe cm
300 300 403 403 403 403 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
546.1 589.3 427 496 620 826 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 632.8
1.771 1.768
0.0240 0.0210 0.95 0.38 0.18 0.072 0.289 0.099 0.026 0.0233 0.019 0.0088 6.87
2.077 2.048 2.031 2.417 1.658 1.434
Tb
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Non-Magnetic Crystals (continued)1
Material CuCl GaSe KAl(SO4)2⋅12H2O KBr KCl KI KTaO3
LaF3 (H\c)
MgAl2O4 NH4AlSO4⋅12H2O NH4Br NH4Cl NaBr NaCl NaClO3 NiSO4⋅6H2O SiO2 SrTiO3
ZnS ZnSe
T K
λ nm
300 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 296 296 296 296 296 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 297 297 300 300 298 298 298 298 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
546.1 632.8 589.3 546.1 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 352 413 496 620 826 325 442 632.8 1064 589.3 589.3 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 546.1 589.3 413 496 620 826 546.1 589.3 476 496 514 587 632.8
n 1.93 1.456 1.564 1.560 1.490 1.673 1.666
1.639 1.615 1.601 1.592 1.718 1.459 1.711 1.643
1.544 1.515 1.511 1.546 1.544 2.627
2.368 2.826 2.759 2.721 2.627 2.592
V min/Oe cm 0.20 0.80 0.0124 0.0500 0.0425 0.0275 0.083 0.070 0.44 0.19 0.096 0.051 0.022 0.054 0.028 0.012 0.006 0.021 0.0128 0.0504 0.0410 0.0362 0.0621 0.0410 0.0345 0.0105 0.0081 0.0256 0.0221 0.0195 0.0166 0.78 0.31 0.14 0.066 0.287 0.226 1.50 1.04 0.839 0.529 0.406
Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths1 The absorption coefficient α for these materials ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 cm–1 at 300 K
Material Tb2Al5O12
Dy3Al5O12 Ho3Al5O12
T/K 300 77 4.2 1.45 300 300
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λ = 405 nm -2.266
-1.241 -0.709
450 nm
480 nm
-1.565 -102.16
-1.290 -83.45
-200.95 -0.942 -0.320
-172.52 -0.803 -0.260
V in min/Oe cm 520 nm 546 nm -1.039 -3.425 -64.80 -139.28 -0.667 -0.335
-0.912 -3.051 -58.35 -125.07 -0.592 -0.304
578 nm -0.787 -2.603 -53.77 -111.27 -0.518 -0.299
635 nm -0.620 -2.008 48.39 97.47 -0.411
670 nm -0.542 -1.815 -45.15 -93.42 -0.359 -0.206
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Rare-Earth Aluminum Garnets at Various Wavelengths (continued)1
Material
T/K
λ = 405 nm
450 nm
480 nm
V in min/Oe cm 520 nm 546 nm
578 nm
635 nm
670 nm
Er3Al5O12 Tm3Al5O12 Yb3Al5O12
300 300 298 77
-0.189 +0.151 0.287 0.718
-0.240 +0.103 0.215 0.540
-0.154 +0.093 0.186 0.481
-0.162 0.076 0.140 0.393
-0.145 +0.059 0.116 0.302
-0.105 +0.048 0.094 0.239
-0.089
-0.157 0.069 0.133 0.342
Verdet Constants of Gases2 Values refer to T = 0°C and P = 101.325 kPa (760 mmHg); nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm
Verdet Constants for KDP-Type Crystals1 Measurements refer to T = 298 K and λ = 632.8 nm, with k \ [001] V min/Oe cm
Material KH2PO4 (KDP) KH0.3D1.7PO4 (KD*P) NH4H2PO4 (ADP) KH2AsO4 (KDA) KH0.1D1.9AsO4 (KD*A) NH4H2AsO4 (ADH)
0.0124 0.145 0.138 0.238 0.245 0.244
106 × V min/Oe cm
(nD – 1) × 103
Gas He Ar H2 N2 O2 Air Cl2 HCl H2S NH3 CO CO2 NO CH4 n-C4H10
0.036 2.81
+0.40 +9.36 +6.29 +6.46 +5.69 +6.27 +31.9 +21.5 +41.5 +19.0 +11.0 +9.39 -58 +17.4 +44.0
0.297 0.272 0.293 0.773 0.447 0.63 0.376 0.34 0.45 0.297 0.444
Verdet Constants of Liquids2 nD is the refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm and a temperature of 20°C, unless otherwise indicated. V is the Verdet constant
Liquid P S H2 O D2 O H3PO4 CS2 CCl4 SbCl5 TiCl4 TiBr4 Methanol Acetone Toluene Benzene Chlorobenzene Nitrobenzene Bromoform
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
λ/nm
T/°C
102 × V min/Oe cm
589 589 589 589 578 589 578-589 578 578 578 589 578-589 578-589 578-589 589 589 589
33 114 20 19.7 97.4 20 25.1 18 17 46 18.7 20.0 15.0 15.0 15 15 17.9
+13.3 +8.1 +1.309 +1.257 +1.35 +4.255 +1.60 +7.45 -1.65 -5.3 +0.958 +1.116 +2.71 +3.00 +2.92 +2.17 +3.13
nD
1.929 (110°C) 1.3328 1.3384 1.6255 1.463 (15°C) 1.601 (14°C) 1.61 1.3289 1.3585 1.4950 1.5005 1.5246 1.5523 1.5960
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Rare Earth Paramagnetic Crystals1 n is the refractive index, and V is the Verdet constant at the wavelength and temperature indicated Rare Earth
Host
T/K
λ/nm
n
Ce3+(30%)
CaF2
Ce3+
CeF3
CaF2
Nd3+(2.9%) Nd3+
CaF2 NdF3
Eu3+(3%)
CaF2
Eu2+
EuF2
Tb3+
KTb3F10
Tb3+
LiTbF4
Tb3+
Tb3Ga5O12
325 442 633 1064 442 633 633 1064 266 325 442 633 1064 426 442 633 633 1064 430 440 450 500 550 600 650 1064 325 442 633 633 1064 325 442 633 1064 500 570 633 830 1060
1.516 1.502 1.494 1.489 1.613 1.598
Pr3+(5%)
300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 4.2 300 290 77 300 4.2 4.2 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
1.589 1.471 1.461 1.451 1.445 1.441 1.60 1.59 1.58
1.531 1.518 1.510 1.505 1.493 1.481 1.473 1.469 1.989 1.981 1.976 1.967 1.954
V min/Oe cm -0.956 -0.297 -0.111 -0.035 -1.05 -0.406 -1.418 -0.113 -0.172 -0.0818 -0.0089 -0.0168 -0.0045 -0.19 -0.553 -0.209 -0.755 -0.097 29 22 -4.5 -2.6 -1.6 -1.1 -0.8 -0.19 -2.174 -0.933 -0.386 -1.94 -0.114 -1.9 -0.98 -0.44 -0.13 -0.749 -0.581 -0.461 -0.21 -0.12
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Paramagnetic Glasses1 The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated Rare earth phosphate glasses of composition R2O3⋅xP2O5, where x is given in the second column
R La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
x
λ = 405 nm
λ = 436 nm
λ = 480 nm
Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm λ = 500 λ = 520 λ= 546 nm nm nm
λ= 578 nm
λ= 600 nm
λ= 635 nm
λ= 670 nm
2.67 3.09 2.92 2.87 2.93 3.01 2.94 2.51 2.94 3.01 2.79 3.01
0.037 -0.672 -0.447 -0.250 0.026 -0.025 0.018 -0.560 -0.540 -0.299 -0.139 0.019 0.087
0.030 0.510 -0.332 -0.209 0.024 -0.017 0.015 -0.458 -0.453 -0.313 -0.121 0.013 0.072
0.024 -0.366 -0.283 -0.167 0.020 -0.010 0.014 -0.357 -0.359 -0.156 -0.100 0.012 0.056
0.022 -0.326 -0.261 -0.155 0.020 -0.006 0.012 -0.323 -0.331 -0.153 -0.111 0.009 0.050
0.015 -0.217 -0.182 -0.094 0.014 -0.004 0.011 -0.226 -0.237 -0.119 -0.060 0.005 0.036
-0.014 -0.197 -0.170 -0.080 0.012 -0.003 0.010 -0.206 -0.217 -0.110 -0.057 0.004 0.032
0.013 -0.173 -0.150 -0.080 0.011 -0.002 0.009 -0.190 -0.197 -0.098 -0.051 0.004 0.029
— -0.150 -0.132 -0.071 0.010 -0.002 0.009 -0.164 -0.173 -0.084 -0.044 0.007 0.024
0.019 -0.153 -0.100 0.017 0.019 0.018 -0.205 -0.193 -0.104 -0.042 0.023 0.046 -0.380 -0.358 -0.334
0.018 -0.146 -0.059 0.016 -0.016 0.017 -0.186 -0.177 -0.096 -0.040 0.021 0.043 -0.348 -0.332 -0.317
0.016 -0.128 -0.056 0.014 0.014 0.015 -0.167 -0.159 — -0.035 0.018 0.037 -0.306 -0.290 -0.271
0.014 -0.110 -0.046 0.012 -0.012 0.013 -0.142 -0.138 -0.074 -0.034 0.016 0.033 -0.265 -0.252 -0.243
0.020 -0.287 -0.236 -0.136 0.017 -0.006 0.012 -0.295 -0.301 -0.138 -0.095 0.008 0.045
0.018 -0.253 -0.208 -0.134 0.015 -0.005 0.011 -0.261 0.268 -0.138 -0.062 0.006 0.041
The following are rare earth borate glasses with composition: for La and Pr: R2O3⋅xP2O5; for Tb-Pr and Dy-Pr: R2O3⋅xB2O3; and for other elements: R2O3⋅0.85La3O3⋅xB2O3. La Pr-La Nd-La Sm-La Eu-La Gd-La Tb-La Dy-La Ho-La Er-La Tm-La Yb-La Tb-Pr Dy-Pr Pr
3.04 5.44 5.41 4.97 4.69 4.71 4.73 4.88 4.36 4.50 4.75 8.58 4.99 4.63 2.56
0.043 -0.380 -0.180 0.032 -0.081 0.032 -0.512 -0.436 -0.269 -0.093 0.060 0.115 -0.940 -0.850 -0.843
0.036 -0.307 -0.147 0.030 -0.060 0.026 -0.419 -0.361 -0.252 -0.078 0.046 0.094 -0.786 — -0.646
0.029 -0.230 -0.120 0.025 -0.038 0.024 -0.319 -0.299 -0.123 -0.068 0.039 0.073 -0.560 — -0.471
0.026 -0.220 -0.111 0.024 -0.033 0.022 -0.288 -0.273 -0.131 -0.082 0.034 0.066 -0.536 -0.497 -0.480
0.023 -0.201 -0.096 0.022 -0.029 0.021 -0.262 -0.246 -0.112 — 0.031 0.060 -0.489 -0.465 -0.432
0.022 -0.178 -0.094 0.019 -0.024 0.020 -0.234 -0.220 -0.128 -0.045 0.026 0.054 -0.436 -0.413 -0.390
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Diamagnetic Glasses1 The Verdet constant V is given at room temperature for the wavelengths indicated Verdet constant V in min/Oe cm Glass type SiO2 B2O3 CdO ZnO TeO2 ZrF4
Bi2O3 PbO
Tl2O
SnO TeO3
Sb2O3
Composition (wt. %) 100% SiO2 100% B2O3 47.5% CdO, 52.5% P2O5 36.4% ZnO, 63.6% P2O5 88.9% TeO2, 11.1% P2O5 63.1% ZrF4, 14.9% BaF2, 7.2% LaF3, 1.9% AlF3, 9.1% PbF2, 3.8% LiF
λ = 325 nm
0.079 0.072
95% Bi2O3, 5% B2O3 95% PbO, 5% B2O3 82% PbO, 18% SiO2 50% PbO, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 95% Tl2O, 5% B2O3 82% Tl2O, 18% SiO2 50% Tl2O, 15% K2O, 35% SiO2 76% SnO, 13% B2O3, 11% SiO2 75% TeO2, 25% Sb2O3 80% TeO2, 20% ZnCl2 84% TeO2, 16% BaO 70% TeO2, 30% WO3 20% TeO2, 80% PbO 25% Sb2O3, 75% TeO2 75% Sb2O3, 75% Cs2O, 5% Al2O3 75% Sb2O3, 10% Cs2O, 10% Rb2O, 5% Al2O3
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
λ = 442 nm
0.033 0.044 0.196
λ = 633 nm 0.013 0.010 0.022 0.020 0.076 0.011
λ = 1064 nm
0.022
λ = 700 nm
λ = 853 nm
λ = 1060 nm
0.086 0.093 0.077 0.032 0.092 0.100 0.036 0.071 0.076 0.073 0.056 0.052 0.128 0.076 0.074 0.078
0.051 0.061 0.045 0.020 0.061 0.067 0.022 0.046 0.052 0.046 0.041 0.035 0.075 0.050 0.044 0.052
0.033 0.031 0.027 0.011 0.032 0.043 0.012 0.026 0.032 0.025 0.029 0.022 0.048 0.032 0.025 0.030
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) Verdet Constants of Commercial Glasses1 This table gives the density, ρ, refractive index at 589 nm, nD, and Verdet constant, V, for the wavelengths indicated; the data refer to room temperature V in min/Oe cm Glass type
ρ g/cm3
BSC HC LBC LF BLF DBC DF EDF
2.49 2.53 2.87 3.23 3.48 3.56 3.63 3.9
nD 1.5096 1.5189 1.5406 1.5785 1.6047 1.6122 1.6203 1.6533
λ = 365.0 nm
λ = 404.7 nm
0.0499 0.0561 0.0609 0.1143 0.1112 0.0662 0.1473 0.1725
λ = 435.8 nm
0.0392 0.0440 0.0477 0.0850 0.0832 0.0517 0.1076 0.1248
λ = 546.1 nm
0.0333 0.0372 0.0403 0.0693 0.0685 0.0435 0.0872 0.1007
λ = 578.0 nm
0.02034 0.0225 0.0245 0.0394 0.0393 0.0261 0.0485 0.0556
0.01798 0.01995 0.0216 0.0344 0.0344 0.0231 0.0423 0.0483
The composition of the glasses in weight percent is: Glass type
SiO2
B2O3
K2O
CaO
Al2O3
As2O3
BSC HC LBC LF BLF DBC DF EDF
69.6 72.0 57.1 52.5 45.2 36.2 46.3 40.6
6.7 — 1.8 — — 7.7 — —
20.5 10.1 13.7 9.5 7.8 0.2 1.1 7.5
2.9 11.4 0.3 0.3 — 0.2 0.3 0.2
0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 — 3.5 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.2
Na2O
BaO
— 6.1 — — — — 5.0 0.1
— — 26.9 — 16.0 44.6 — —
ZnO
PbO
— — — — 8.3 6.7 — —
— — — 37.6 22.2 — 47.0 51.5
REFERENCES 1. Weber, M. J., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, p. 299-310. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, p. 6-230.
FARADAY ROTATION Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids Tc K
4 π Ms gauss
F deg/cm
α cm–1
Fe
1043
21,800
Co
1390
18,200
Ni
633
6,400
Permalloy (Ni/Fe = 82/18)
803
10,700
4.4 × 105 6.5 × 105 7 × 105 7 × 105 2.9 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 0.8 × 105 2.6 × 105 1.5 × 105 1 × 105 1.2 × 105
6.5 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.2 × 105 3.5 × 105 — 6.1 × 105 4.5 × 105 3.6 × 105 — 5.8 × 105 4.8 × 105 4.1 × 105 6 × 105
Material
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
2 F/α 1.4 2.6 3.3 4.0 — 1.8 2.4 2.7 — 0.9 0.6 0.25 0.4
T K 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
λ nm 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 500
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) FARADAY ROTATION (continued) Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids (continued)
Material Ni/Fe = 100/0 Ni/Fe = 80/20 Ni/Fe = 60/40 Ni/Fe = 40/60 Ni/Fe = 20/80 Ni/Fe = 0/100 MnBi
Tc K
639
4 π Ms gauss
F deg/cm
6,000 10,800 14,900 14,400 19,400 21,600 7,700
1.2 × 105 2.2 × 105 2.9 × 105 2.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 3.5 × 105 4.2 × 105 7.5 × 105 0.44 × 105 0.62 × 105 0.5 × 105 0.4 × 105 0.9 × 105 2400 1250 750 175 -2000 -1050 -300 -80 2.0 × 104 -1.0 × 104 -120 +75 +110 2.75 × 104 3.6 × 104 -2.5 × 104 -60 0 +35 -440 +10 +110 +135 -50 +75 +150 +165 90 75 360 70 310 75 180 3400 1600 620 300 670 180 2000
MnAs
313
—
CrTe
334
1015
FeRh Y3Fe5O12 (YIG)
333 560
— 2500
Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG)
Tn = 564 T = 286
7300
NiFe2O4
858
3350
CoFe2O4
793
4930
MgFe2O4
593-713e
1450e
Li0.5Fe2.5O4
863-953e
3240e to 3900
BaFe12O19
723
—
Ba2Zn2Fe12O19
—
—
RbNiF3
220
1250
RbNi0.75Co0.25F3 RbFeF3
109 102
— —
FeF3
365
CrCl3
16.8
40 at 300 K 3880
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α cm–1
2 F/α
T K
λ nm
7.05 × 105 7.10 × 105 7.54 × 105 8.17 × 105 8.10 × 105 8.13 × 105 6.1 × 105 4.2 × 105 5.0 × 105 4.4 × 105 2.0 × 105 1.2 × 105 3.3 × 105 1500 1400 450 <0.06
0.34 0.62 0.77 0.54 0.81 0.86 1.4 3.6 0.174 0.28 0.5 0.7 0.56 3.2 1.8 3.3 >3 × 103
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 348 300 300 300 300
6000 900 100 70 5.9 × 104 10 × 104 38 15 32 12 × 104 17 × 104 6 × 104 100 12 6 150 85 44 80 -38 20 20 22 120 65 35 10 70 25 9 7 3 1.5 2.5 14 4.4 200
0.6 2.3 6.0 2.3 0.7 0.2 6 10 7 0.5 0.4 0.8 1 0 11 6 0.2 5 3 3 7.5 15 15 1.5 2.0 20 14 9 6 40 900 1100 830 240 95 82 20
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 77 77 77 77 77 82 82 82 82 300 300 1.5
632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 632.8 450 900 500 900 550 900 700 555 625 770 5000 to 1500 500 600 800 1000 286 500 1500 3000 5000 286 400 660 2500 4000 6000 1500 3000 5000 7000 2000 3000 5000 7000 5000 7000 450a 600a 800a 1000a 600b 300c 400c 600c 800c 349d 522.5d 410
ELASTO-OPTIC, ELECTRO-OPTIC, AND MAGNETO-OPTIC CONSTANTS (continued) FARADAY ROTATION (continued) Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Solids (continued)
Material
Tc K
4 π Ms gauss
CrBr3
32.5
3390
CrI3
68
2690
FeBO3
348
EuO
69
115 at 300 K 23700
EuS
16.3
—
EuSe
7.0
13,200
a b c d e
F deg/cm
α cm–1
-500 -1000 3 × 105 1.6 × 105 1.1 × 105 0.8 × 105 3200 450 -1.0 × 105 5 × 105 0.5 × 105 3 × 104 660 -1.6 × 105 -9.6 × 105 +5.5 × 105 1.45 × 105 0.95 × 105
300 70 3 × 103 1.4 × 104 6.3 × 103 3 × 103 140 38 0.5 × 104 9.7 × 104 7.8 × 104 >0.5 >1.0 0 3.3 × 104 1.2 × 105 80 60
2 F/α 3 30 200 23 35 53 45 24 40 10 1.3 ∼105 1300 — 58 9.2 3600 3170
T K
λ nm
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 300 300 5 5 5 20 20 6 6 6 4.2 4.2
450 590 478 500 970 1000 500 700 1100 700 500 2500 10600 825 690 563 750 800
Measured along the C-axis (magnetic hard axis). Measured along the C-axis (magnetic easy axis). Measured along the C-axis ([100]-direction at room temperature). Strong natural birefringence interferes with the Faraday effect. Depends on heat treatment. REFERENCE 1. Weber, M. J., Ed., CRC Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Part 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, pp. 288-296.
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS H. P. R. Frederikse The relation between the polarization density P of a dielectric medium and the electric field E is linear when E is small, but becomes nonlinear as E acquires values comparable with interatomic electric fields (105 to 108 V/cm). Under these conditions the relation between P and E can be expanded in a Taylor’s series P = ε 0 χ(1) E + 2 χ(2 ) E 2 + 4 χ(3) E 3 + L
(1)
where εo is the permittivity of free space, while χ(1) is the linear and χ(2), χ(3) etc. the nonlinear optical susceptibilities. If we consider two optical fields, the first Ejω1 (along the j-direction at frequency ω1) and the second Ekω2 (along the k-direction at frequency ω2) one can write the second term of the Taylor’s series as follows
Pi (ω 1ω 2 ) = 2 χ ijk3
ω =ω 1 ±ω 2
ω
ω2
E j 1 Ek
When ω1 ≠ ω2 the (parametric) mixing of the two fields gives rise to two new polarizations at the frequencies ω3 = ω1 + ω2 and ω3′ = ω1 – ω2. When the two frequencies are equal, ω1 = ω2 = ω, the result is Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) χijk(2ω, ω, ω), while equal and opposite frequencies, ω1 = ω and ω2 = –ω leads to Optical Rectification (OR): χijk(0,ω,–ω). In the SHG case the following convention is adopted: the second order nonlinear coefficient d is equal to one half of the second order nonlinear susceptibility
dijk = 1 / 2 χ ( 2 ) Because of the symmetry of the indices j and k one can replace these two by a single index (subscript) m. Consequently the notation for the SHG nonlinear coefficient in reduced form is dim where m takes the values 1 to 6. Only noncentrosymmetric crystals can possess a nonvanishing dijk tensor (third rank). The unit of the SHG coefficients is m/V (in the MKSQ/SI system). In centrosymmetric media the dominant nonlinearity is of the third order. This effect is represented by the third term in the Taylor’s series (Equation 1); it is the result of the interaction of a number of optical fields (one to three) producing a new frequency ω4 = ω1 + ω2 + ω3. The third order polarization is given by ω3 Pj (ω 1ω 2ω 3 ) = g4 χ jklm Ek 1 El 2 Em ω
ω
Third Harmonic Generation (THG) is achieved when ω1 = ω2 = ω3 = ω. In this case the constant g4 = 1/4. The third order nonlinear coefficient C is related to the third order susceptibility as follows
C jklm = 1 / 4 χ jklm This coefficient is a fourth rank tensor. In the THG case the matrices must be invariant under permutation of the indices k, l, and m; as a result the notation for the third order nonlinear coefficient can be simplified to Cjn. The unit of Cjn is m2·V–2 (in the MKSQ/SI system). Applications of second order nonlinear optical materials include the generation of higher (up to sixth) optical harmonics, the mixing of monochromatic waves to generate sum or difference frequencies (frequency conversion), the use of two monochromatic waves to amplify a third wave (parametric amplification) and the addition of feedback to such an amplifier to create an oscillation (parametric oscillation). Third order nonlinear optical materials are used for THG, self-focusing, four wave mixing, optical amplification, and optical conjugation. Many of these effects — as well as the variation and modulation of optical propagation caused by mechanical, electric, and magnetic fields (see the preceeding table on “Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants”) are used in the areas of optical communication, optical computing, and optical imaging. REFERENCES (NONLINEAR OPTICS) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. 111, Part 1; Ed.: Marvin J. Weber, Publ.: CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1986. Dmitriev, V.G., Gurzadyan, G.G., and Nikogosyan, D., Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991. Shen, Y.R., The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1984. Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics, 3rd edition, John Wiley, New York, 1988. Bloembergen, N., Nonlinear Optics, W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1965. Zernike F. and Midwinter, J.E., Applied Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1973. Hopf, F.A. and Stegeman, G.I., Applied Classical Electrodynamics, Volume 2: Nonlinear Optics, John Wiley, New York, 1986. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Eds.: D.S. Chemla and J. Zyss, Publ.: Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1987. Optical Phase Conjugation, Ed.: R.A. Fisher, Publ.: Academic Press, New York, 1983. Zyss, J., Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Devices and Physics, Academic Press, Boston, 1994. Nonlinear Optics, 5 articles in Physics Today, (Am. Inst. of Phys.), Vol. 47, No. 5, May, 1994.
12-168
NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals* Symmetry class
dim × 1012 m/V
λ µm
GaAs GaP InAs
43 m 43 m 43 m
ZnSe
43 m
β-ZnS
43 m
ZnTe
43 m
CdTe Bi4GeO12 N4(CH2)6 (hexamine) LiIO3
43 m 43 m 43 m 6
ZnO
6 mm
α-ZnS
6 mm
CdS
6 mm
CdSe
6 mm
BaTiO3
4 mm
PbTiO3
4 mm
K3Li2Nb5O15
4 mm
K0.8Na0.2Ba2Nb5O15 SrBaNb5O15
4 mm 4 mm
NH4H2PO4 (ADP)
42 m
KH2PO4 (KDP)
42 m
KD2PO4 (KD*P)
42 m
KH2AsO4 (KDA)
42 m
CdGeAs2 AgGaS2 AgGaSe2 (NH2)2CO (urea) AlPO4 Se
42 m 42 m 42 m 42 m 32 32
d14 = 134.1 ± 42 d14 = 71.8 ± 12.3 d14 = 364 ± 47 d14 = 210 d14 = 78.4 ± 29.3 d36 = 26.6 ± 1.7 d14 = 30.6 ± 8.4 d36 = 20.7 ± 1.3 d14 = 92.2 ± 33.5 d14 = 83.2 ± 8.4 d36 = 89.6 ± 5.7 d14 = 167.6 ± 63 d14 = 1.28 d14 = 4.1 d33 = –7.02 d31 = –5.53 ± 0.3 d33 = –5.86 ± 0.16 d31= 1.76 ± 0.16 d15 = 1.93 ± 0.16 d33 = 11.37 ± 0.07 d33 = 37.3 ± 12.6 d31 = –18.9 ± 6.3 d15 = 21.37 ± 8.4 d33 = 25.8 ± 1.6 d31 = –13.1 ± 0.8 d15 = 14.4 ± 0.8 d33 = 54.5 ± 12.6 d31 = –26.8 ± 2.7 d33 = 6.8 ± 1.0 d31 = 15.7 ± 1.8 d15 = 17.0 ± 1.8 d33 = 7.5 ± 1.2 d31 = 37.6 ± 5.6 d15 = 33.3 ± 5 d33 = 11.2 ± 1.6 d31 = 6.18 ± 1.28 d15 = 5.45 ± 0.54 d31 = 13.6 ± 1.6 d33 = 11.3 ± 3.3 d31 = 4.31 ± 1.32 d15 = 5.98 ± 2 d36 = 0.53 d36 = 0.85 d36 = 0.44 d36 = 0.47 ± 0.07 d36 = 0.38 ± 0.016 d36 = 0.34 ± 0.06 d14 = 0.37 d36 = 0.43 ± 0.025 d36 = 0.39 ± 0.4 d36 = 351 ± 105 d36 = 18 ± 2.7 d36 = 37.4 ± 6.0 d36 = 1.3 d11 = 0.35 ± 0.03 d11 = 97 ± 25
10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 10.6 1.058 1.058 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.058 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694 1.064 0.694 1.058 0.694 1.058 1.06 0.694 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.06 1.058 10.6
Material
12-169
NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected SHG Coefficients of NLO Crystals (continued)*
Material
Symmetry class
Te SiO2 (quartz) HgS (C6H5CO)2 [benzil] β-BaB2O4 [BBO]
32 32 32 32 3m
LiNbO3
3m
LiTaO3
3m
Ag3AsS3 [proustite]
3m
Ag3SbS3 [pyrargerite]
3m
α-HIO3 NO2 · CH3NOC5H4 · (POM) Ba2NaNb5O15 [Banana]
222 222 mm 2
C6H4(NO2)2 [MDB]
mm 2
Gd2(MoO4)3
mm 2
KNbO3
mm 2
KTiOPO4 [KTP]
mm 2
NO2C6H4 · NH2 [mNA]
mm 2
C10H12N3O6 [MAP]
2
(NH2CH2COOH)3H2SO4 [TGS]
2
*
dim × 1012 m/V d11 = 650 ± 30 d11 = 0.335 d11 = 50.3 ± 17 d11 = 3.6 ± 0.5 d22 = 2.22 ± 0.09 d31 = 0.16 ± 0.08 d33 = 34.4 d31 = –5.95 d22 = 2.76 d33 = –16.4 ± 2 d31 = –1.07 ± 0.2 d22 = +1.76 ± 0.2 d31 = 11.3 ± 2.5 d22 = 18.0 ± 2.5 d31 = 12.6 ± 4 d22 = 13.4 ± 4 d36 = 5.15 ± 0.16 d36 = 6.4 ± 1.0 d33 = –17.6 ± 1.28 d31 = –12.8 ± 1.28 d33 = 0.74 d32 = 2.7 d31 = 1.78 d33 = –0.044 ± 0.008 d32 = +2.42 ± 0.36 d31 = –2.49 ± 0.37 d33 = –19.58 ± 1.03 d32 = +11.34 ± 1.03 d31 = –12.88 ± 1.03 d33 = 13.7 d32 = ± 5.0 d31 = ± 6.5 d33 = 13.12 ± 1.28 d32 = 1.02 ± 0.22 d31 = 12.48 ± 1.28 d23 = 10.67 ± 1.3 d22 = 11.7 ± 1.3 d21 = 2.35 ± 0.5 d25 = –0.35 ± 0.3 d23 = 0.32
These data are taken from References 1 and 2.
12-170
λ µm 10.6 1.064 10.6 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.058 1.058 1.058 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 1.064 0.694
NONLINEAR OPTICAL CONSTANTS (continued) Selected THG Coefficients of Some NLO Materials*
Material
NLO process
NH4H2PO4 [ADP]
(–3ω,ω,ω,ω)
C6H6 [benzene] CdGeAs2 p-type: 5 × 1016 cm–3
(–3ω,ω,ω,ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,ω)
C40H56 [β-carotene] GaAs high-resistivity Ge LiIO3
(–3ω,ω,ω,ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
KBr
(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
KCl
(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
KH2PO4 [KDP] Si p-type: 1014 cm–3 NaCl
(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω) (–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
NaF
(–3ω,ω,ω,–ω)
*
(–3,ω,ω,ω,–ω)
These data are taken from Reference 1.
12-171
Cjn × 1020 m2/V–2
λ µm
C11 = 0.0104 C18 = 0.0098 C11 = 0.0184 ± 0.0042 C11 = 182 ± 84 C16 = 175 C18 = –35 C11 0.263 ± 0.08 C11 = 62 ± 31
1.06 1.06 1.89 10.6 10.6 10.6 1.89 1.06
C11 = 23.5 ± 12 C12 = 0.2285 C35 = 6.66 ± 1 C11 = 0.0392 C18/C11 = 0.3667 C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.28 C11–3C18 = 0.04 C11 = 82.8 ± 25
1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06
C11 = 0.0168 C18/C11 = 0.4133 C11 = 0.0035
1.06 1.06 1.06
PHASE DIAGRAMS H. P. R. Frederikse A phase is a structurally homogeneous portion of matter. Regardless of the number of chemical constituents of a gas, there is only one vapor phase. This is true also for the liquid form of a pure substance, although a mixture of several liquid substances may exist as one or several phases, depending on the interactions among the substances. On the other hand a pure solid may exist in several phases at different temperatures and pressures because of differences in crystal structure (Reference 1). At the phase transition temperature, Ttr, the chemical composition of the solid remains the same, but often a change in the physical properties will take place. Such changes are found in ferroelectric crystals (example BaTiO3) which develop a spontaneous polarization below Ttr, in superconductors (example Pb) which loose all electrical resistance below the transition point, and in many other classes of solids. In quite a few cases it is difficult to bring about the phase transition, and the high- (or low-) temperature phase persists in its metastable form. Many liquids remain in the liquid state for shorter or longer periods of time when cooled below the melting point (supercooling). However, often the slightest disturbance will cause solidification. Persistence of the high temperature phase in solid-solid transitions is usually of much longer duration. An example of this behavior is found in white tin; although gray tin is the thermodynamically stable form below Ttr (286.4 K), the metal remains in its undercooled, white tin state all the way to T = 0 K, and crystals of gray tin are very difficult to produce. A phase diagram is a map which indicates the areas of stability of the various phases as a function of external conditions (temperature and pressure). Pure materials, such as mercury, helium, water, and methyl alcohol are considered one-component systems and they have unary phase diagrams. The equilibrium phases in two-component systems are presented in binary phase diagrams. Because many important materials consist of three, four, and more components, many attempts have been made to deduce their multicomponent phase diagrams. However, the vast majority of systems with three or more components are very complex, and no overall maps of the phase relationships have been worked out. It has been shown during the last 20 to 25 years that very useful partial phase diagrams of complex systems can be obtained by means of thermodynamic modeling (References 2, 3). Especially for complicated, multicomponent alloy systems the CALPHAD method has proved to be a successful approach for producing valuable portions of very intricate phase diagrams (Reference 4). With this method thermodynamic descriptions of the free energy functions of various phases are obtained which are consistent with existing (binary) phase diagram information and other thermodynamic data. Extrapolation methods are then used to extend the thermodynamic functions into a ternary system. Comparison of the results of this procedure with available experimental data is then used to fine-tune the phase diagram and add ternary interaction functions if necessary. In principle this approximation strategy can be extended to four, five, and more component systems. The nearly two dozen phase diagrams shown below present the reader with examples of some important types of single and multicomponent systems, especially for ceramics and metal alloys. This makes it possible to draw attention to certain features like the kinetic aspects of phase transitions (see Figure 22, which presents a time-temperature-transformation, or TTT, diagram for the precipitation of α-phase particles from the β-phase in a Ti-Mo alloy; Reference 1, pp.358-360). The general references listed below and the references to individual figures contain phase diagrams for many additional systems. GENERAL REFERENCES 1. Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Chapters 16 and 17, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. 2. Kaufman, L., and Bernstein, H., Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Kattner, U.R., Boettinger, W.J.B., and Coriell, S.R., Z. Metallkd., 87, 9, 1996. 4. Dinsdale, A.T., Editor, CALPHAD, Vol. 1–20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1977–1996 and continuing. 5. Baker, H., Editor, ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1992. 6. Massalski, T.B., Editor, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990. 7. Roth. R.S., Editor, Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, Vol. I (1964) to Volume XI (1995), American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH. REFERENCES TO INDIVIDUAL PHASE DIAGRAMS Figure 1. Carbon: Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8930. Reprinted with permission. Figure 2. Si-Ge : Ref.5, p. 2.231. Reprinted with permission. Figure 3. H2O (ice): See figure. Figure 4. SiO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9174. Reprinted with permission. Figure 5. Fe-O: Darken, L.S., and Gurry, R.W., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68, 798, 1946. Reprinted with permission. Figure 6. Ti-O: Reference 5, p. 2.324. Reprinted with permission. Figure 7. BaO-TiO2: Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4302. Reprinted with permission. Figure 8. MgO-Al2O3: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9239. Reprinted with permission. Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2: Reference 7, Vol. XI (1995), Figure 9348. Reprinted with permission. Figure 10. Si-N-Al-O (Sialon): Reference 7, Vol. X (1994), Figure 8759. Reprinted with permission. Figure 11. PbO-ZrO2-TiO2 (PZT): Reference 7, Vol. III (1975), Figure 4587. Reprinted with permission. Figure 12. Al-Si-Ca-O: Reference 7 (1964), Vol. I, Figure 630. Reprinted with permission. Figure 13. Y-Ba-Cu-O: Whitler, J.D., and Roth, R.S., Phase Diagrams for High Tc Superconductors, Figure S-082, American Ceramic Society, Waterville, OH, 1990. Reprinted with permission. Figure 14. Al-Cu: Reference 5, p. 2.44. Reprinted with permission. Figure 15. Fe-C: Ralls, K.M., Courtney, T.H., and Wulff, J., Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, Figure 16.13 , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976. Reprinted with permission. Figure 16. Fe-Cr: Reference 5, p. 2.152. Reprinted with permission.
12-200
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 17. Cu-Sn: Reference 5, p. 2.178. Reprinted with permission. Figure 18. Cu-Ni: Reference 5, p. 2.173. Reprinted with permission. Figure 19. Pb-Sn (solder): Reference 5, p. 2.335. Reprinted with permission. Figure 20. Cu-Zn (brass): Subramanian, P.R., Chakrabarti, D.J., and Laughlin, D.E., Editors, Phase Diagrams of Binary Copper Alloys, p. 487, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1994. Reprinted with permission. Figure 21. Co-Sm: Reference 5, p. 2.148. Reprinted with permission. Figure 22. Ti-Mo: Reference 5, p. 2.296; Reference 1, p. 359. Reprinted with permission. Figure 23: Fe-Cr-Ni: Reference 5, Figure 48. Reprinted with permission. Figure 1 200
P/GPa
150
Diamond 100
50 Liquid A B 0
C
Figure 1. Phase diagram of carbon. (A) Martensitic transition: hex graphite → hex diamond. (B) Fast graphite-to-diamond transition. (C) Fast diamond-tographite transition.
Graphite
0
2000
4000 T/K
6000
Figure 2
Figure 2. Si-Ge system.
Phase (Ge,Si) High-pressure phases GeII SiII
Composition, mass % Si
Pearson symbol
0 to 100
cF8
– Fd3 m
— —
tI4 tI4
I41/amd I41/amd
12-201
Space group
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) FIGURE 3 200
Liquid
150
VII
100
t /°C
50
VI
0 V
III
VIII
I -50 II
Figure 3. Diagram of the principal phases of ice. Solid lines are measured boundaries between stable phases; dotted lines are extrapolated. Ice IV is a metastable phase which exists in the region of ice V. Ice IX exists in the region below -100°C and pressures in the range 200–400 MPa. Ice X exists at pressures above 44 GPa. See Table 1 for the coordinates of the triple points, where liquid water is in equilibrium with two adjacent solid phases.
-100
-150 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
P/GPa
Table 1. Crystal Structure, Density, and Transition Temperatures for the Phases of Ice Phase
Crystal system
Ih Ic II III IV V
Hexagonal Cubic Rhombohedral Tetragonal Rhombohedral Monoclinic
VI VII VIII IX X
Tetragonal Cubic Tetragonal Tetragonal Cubic
Cell parameters a = 4.513; c = 7352 a = 6.35 a = 7.78; α = 113.1° a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 7.60; α = 70.1° a = 9.22; b = 7.54, c = 10.35; β = 109.2° a = 6.27; c = 5.79 a = 3.41 a = 4.80; c = 6.99 a = 6.73; c = 6.83 a = 2.83
Z
n
ρ/g cm-3
Triple ponts
4 8 12 12 16 28
4 4 4 4 4 4
0.93 0.94 1.18 1.15 1.27 1.24
I-III: -21.99°C, 209.9 MPa
10 2 8 12 2
4 8 8 4 8
1.31 1.56 1.56 1.16 2.51
III-V: -16.99°C, 350.1 MPa V-VI: 0.16°C, 632.4 MPa VI-VII: 82°C, 2216 MPa
REFERENCES 1. Wagner, W., Saul, A., and Pruss, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 515, 1994. 2. Lerner, R.G. and Trigg, G.L., Editors, Encyclopedia of Physics, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. 3. Donnay, J.D.H. and Ondik, H.M, Crystal Data Determinative Tables, Third Edition, Volume 2, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973. 4. Hobbs, P.V., Ice Physics,Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1974.
12-202
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 4
2000
Liq. Crist βQuartz
t/°C
M
1300° 34 kbars
1190° 1.43 kbars
Cal cula ted
1500
Trid
1000
Coesite
500
αQuartz Stishovite
0
0
20
40
60 80 P/kbar
100
120
Figure 4. SiO2 system. Crist = cristobalite; Trid = tridymite.
Figure 5 Atom % Oxygen 54
56
A B
58
Liq. iron + Liq. oxide
Liquid oxide
C
R´ Liquid oxide + magnetite
δ-Iron + liq. oxide
I H
G
S
60 Liquid oxide + oxygen
V
Liq. iron
1600
1400
52
50
R
Magnetite
Liq. iron
3000
Magnetite + oxygen
Y
Z 2600
γ-Iron + liq. oxide
N J .. Wustite γ-Iron .. + wustite
Hematite + oxygen
t/°C
1200
1000
.. Wustite + magnetite
L
2200
°F 1800
Magnetite + hematite
800 α-Iron .. + wustite
1400
600
Q
1000 α-Iron + magnetite
FeO 400
0 .2 .4 22
24
26 Mass % Oxygen
Fe3O4 28
12-203
Fe3O3 Z´ 30
Figure 5. Fe-O system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 5 (continued)
a
Point
t/°C
%O
pCO2/pCO
A B C G H I J L N
1539 1528 1528 1400a 1424 1424 1371 911a 1371
0.16 22.60 22.84 25.60 25.31 23.16 23.10 22.91
0.209 0.209 0.263 16.2 16.2 0.282 0.447 0.282
Point
t/°C
%O
pCO2/pCO
Q R R′ S V Y Z Z′
560 1583 1583 1424 1597 1457 1457
23.26 28.30 28.07 27.64 27.64 28.36 30.04 30.6
1.05
pO2/atm
1 1 16.2 0.0575 1 1
Values for pure iron.
Figure 6
2200
Mass Percent Oxygen 10 20
0
30
40 TinO2n-1
2000 ~1885°C
L
1842°C 1870°C
1800
(βTi)
γTiO
t/°C
1400 ~1250°C 1200
βTiO
(αTi)
1000
940°C
Ti3O
600
βTi1-xO
αTiO
882°C
Ti3O2
800
TiO2 (rutile) higher Magneli phases
1600
βTi2O3
1720°C 1670°C
αTi1-xO
Ti2O 400 0
10
20
Ti
Phase (βTi) (αTi) Ti3O Ti2O γTiO Ti3O2 βTiO αTiO βTi1–xO αTi1–xO βTi2O3 αTi2O3 βTi3O5 αTi3O5 α′Ti3O5
30 40 Atomic Percent Oxygen
50
Composition, mass % O
60
Pearson symbol
0 to 3 0 to 13.5 ∼8 to ∼13 ∼10 to 14.4 15.2 to 29.4 ∼18 ∼24 to ∼29.4 ∼25.0 ∼29.5 ∼29.5 33.2 to 33.6 33.2 to 33.6 35.8 35.8 35.8
cI2 hP2 hP∼16 hP3 cF8 hP∼5 c** mC16 oI12 tI18 hR30 hR30 m** mC32 mC32
12-204
70
Figure 6. Ti-O system. Space group – Im3 m P63/mmc – P3 c – P3 m1 – Fm3 m P6/mmm — A2/m or B*/* I222 I4/m – R3 c – R3 c — C2/m Cc
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 6 (continued) Composition, mass % O
Phase γTi4O7 βTi4O7 αTi4O7 γTi5O9 βTi6O11 Ti7O13 Ti8O15 Ti9O17 Rutile TiO2 Metastable phases Anatase Brookite High-pressure phases TiO2-II TiO2-III
Pearson symbol
Space group
36.9 36.9 36.9 37.6 38.0 38.3 38.5 38.7 40.1
aP44 aP44 aP44 aP28 aC68 aP40 aC92 aP52 tP6
– P1 – P1 – P1 – P1 – A1 – P1 – A1 – P1 P42/mnm
— —
tI12 oP24
I41/amd Pbca
— —
oP12 hP∼48
Pbcn —
FIGURE 7
1600
TiO2 + Liq.
1500
Liquid
1400 BaTiO3 + Liq.
~1357°
TiO2 + BaTi4O9
~1330°
~1320°
~1300°
1200
60 BaO
70
80
Ba2Ti9O20
BaTi4O9
BaTiO3 + Ba6Ti17O40
Ba4Ti13O30
1300 Ba6Ti17O40
t /°C
1428°
TiO2 + Ba2Ti9O20
90
Mol %
12-205
100 TiO2
Figure 7. BaO-TiO2 system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 8
2800
2600
2400 Spinel s s + Liquid
Periclase s s + Liquid 2200
t/°C
2105° 2000
Periclase ss
1995° Spinel ss
1800 Periclase s s + Spinel ss 1600 ~1500° Periclase + Spinel 1400 0 MgO
10
20
30
40 Mol %
50
70 Al2O3
60
Figure 8. MgO-Al2O3 system.
Figure 9
Liquid
2800 Hss
Css + Liq. 2400 Yss + Hss 2000
Css
Css + Yss Yss
1700°C
(28%)
Css + 6:1
1375°
1325°±25°
Tetss + Css
(55%)
1200
800
6:1ss
Tetss
4:3 + 1:6ss Css + 4:3 (95.5%) 490°
Zr3Y4O12
t/°C
1650°±50°
1600
400
Monss Monss + Css
0
0 Y2O3
20
40
60
80
Mol %
12-206
100 ZrO2
Figure 9. Y2O3-ZrO2 system. Css = cubic ZrO2 ss (fluorite-type ss); Yss = cubic Y2O3 ss; Tetss = tetragonal ZrO2 ss; Monss = monoclinic ZrO2 ss; Hss = hexagonal Y2O3 ss; 3:4 = Zr3Y4O12; 1:6 = ZrY6O11 ss.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 10 3(SiO2) 100
2(Al2O3)
Al6Si4O13 ss
Liquid ALON ss
X
80
1700°C
Mol %
60
8H
40 β´
O´
R 15
Si2ON2
H 12
20
R 21 R 27 δ 2H
0 0 Si3N4
20
40
60
80
Mol %
100 4(AIN)
Figure 10. 3(SiO2)-Si3N4-4(AlN)-2(Al2O3) system. “Behavior” diagram at 1700°C. The labels 8H, 15R, 12H, 21R, 27R, 2Hδ indicate defect AlN polytypes. β′ = 3-sialon (Si6–xAlxOxN8–x); O′ = sialon of Si2ON2 type; X = SiAlO2N (“nitrogen mullite”). ALON ss = aluminum oxynitride ss extending from approximately Al7O9N to Al3O3N.
Figure 11
PbO
1100°C
Liq. + (PT-PZ)ss (PT-PZ)ss(rhom) (PZ-PT)ss(orth)
(PT-PZ)ss(tet) PbTiO3
PbZrO3 ZT
Zss + (PT-PZ)ss
(PT -PZ )s
)ss
Tss +
-PZ PT
s
+(
TiO2 (8%)
Tss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss
40
Zss + ZT + (PT-PZ)ss
TiZrO4 Mol %
60
80 (86%)
12-207
ZrO2
Figure 11. PbO-ZrO2-TiO 2 (PZT) system, subsolidus at 1100°C. P = PbO; T = TiO2; Z = ZrO2.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 12
Figure 12. CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (temperatures in °C).
Crystalline Phases Notation
Oxide formula
Cristobalite Tridymite Pseudowollastonite Rankinite Lime Corundum Mullite Anorthite Gehlenite
}
SiO2 CaO⋅SiO2 3CaO⋅2SiO2 CaO Al2O3 3Al2O3⋅2SiO2 CaO⋅Al2O3⋅2SiO2 2CaO⋅Al2O3⋅SiO2
Temperatures up to approximately 1550°C are on the Geophysical Laboratory Scale; those above 1550°C are on the 1948 International Scale.
12-208
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 13
BaO(BaCO3)
c1 P ss
Ba4Y2O7
Ba2CuO3
~4:1:2
~5:1:3
Ba2Y2O5
BaCuO2 b2
Ba3Y4O9
a2
2:1:3
BaY2O4 1:2:1 a1
Y2Cu2O3 0 1/2(Y2O3)
20
40
b1 Mol %
60
Figure 13. BaO-Y2O3-CuO system. 2:1:3 = Ba2YCu3O7–x; 1:2:1 = BaY2CuO5; 4:1:2 = Ba4YCu2O7.5+x; and 5:1:3 = Ba5YCu3O9.5 + x. The superconducting 2:1:3 phase was prepared using barium peroxide.
c2 100 CuO
80
Figure 14
1100
0
Atomic Percent Copper 20 30 40
10
50
60
70
80
90 100 1084.87°
β0
1000 γ0
L 900
β
ε1
t/°C
800
700
γ1 660.452°C ε2
600 δ
η1
548.2°C
500
ζ1
567°C
η2
400
θ
(Al)
(Cu) ζ2
300 0 Al
10
20
30
40 50 60 Mass Percent Copper
12-209
70
α2
80
90
100 Cu
Figure 14. Al-Cu system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 14 (continued) Composition, wt % Cu
Phase (Al) θ η1 η2 ζ1 ζ2 ε1 ε2 δ γ0 γ1 β0 β α2 (Cu) Metastable phases θ′ β′ Al3Cu2
Pearson symbol
Space group
0 to 5.65 52.5 to 53.7 70.0 to 72.2 70.0 to 72.1 74.4 to 77.8 74.4 to 75.2 77.5 to 79.4 72.2 to 78.7 77.4 to 78.3 77.8 to 84 79.7 to 84 83.1 to 84.7 85.0 to 91.5 88.5 to 89 90.6 to 100
cF4 tI12 oP16 or oC16 mC20 hP42 (a) (b) hP4 (c) (d) cP52 (d) cI2 (e) cF4
– Fm3 m I4/mcm Pban or Cmmm C2/m P6/mmm — — P63/mmc – R3 m — – P4 3m — – Im3 m — – Fm3 m
— — 61 to 70
tP6 cF16 hp5
— – Fm3 m – P3 m1
(a) Monoclinic? (b) Cubic? (c) Rhombohedral. (d) Unknown. (e) D022-type long-period superlattice. Figure 15 0
10
Atomic Percent Carbon 20 30
L
2000
(δFe)
L + C(graphite)
1500 1394°C
t/°C
(γFe), austenite
1153°C 2.1
4.2
1000 912°C
740°C 0.65 500 (αFe), ferrite
0
0
2
4
6 8 Mass Percent Carbon
Phase (δFe) (γFe) (αFe) (C) Metastable/high-pressure phases (εFe) Martensite
10
Composition, mass % C
12
Figure 15. Fe-C system.
Pearson symbol
Space group
0 to 0.09 0 to 2.1 0 to 0.021 100
cI2 cF4 cI2 hP4
– Im3 m – Fm3 m – Im3 m P63/mmc
0 < 2.1
hP2 tI4
P63/mmc I4/mmm
12-210
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 15 (continued) Composition, mass % C
Phase Fe4C Fe3C (θ) Fe5C2 (χ) Fe7C3 Fe7C3 Fe2C (η) Fe2C (ε) Fe2C (C)
5.1 6.7 7.9 8.4 8.4 9.7 9.7 9.7 100
Pearson symbol
Space group
cP5 oP16 mC28 hP20 oP40 oP6 hP* hP* cF8
– P4 3m Pnma C2/c P63mc Pnma Pnnm P6322 – P3 m1 – Fd3 m
Figure 16 Atomic Percent Chromium 0
1900
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 1863°C
L 1700 1538°C 1500
1513°C 19.8
1394°C
t/°C
1300 (γFe) 1100 11.2 846°C
912°C 900
13.4 (αFe,δFe)
830°C 45
6.5 T C
770°C 700
σ
(Cr)
500 47.2 300
0
Fe
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cr
Mass Percent Chromium
Figure 16. Fe-Cr system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Cr
Pearson symbol
Space group
(aFe, Cr) (γFe) σ
0 to 100 0 to 11.2 42.7 to 48.2
cI2 cF4 tP30
– Im3 m – Fm3 m P42/mnm
12-211
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 17 1200 0
10
1100
20
Atomic Percent Tin 30 40 50
60
70
80 90 100
1084.87°C
1000 900 800
t/°C
L
755°C 13.5
796°C 22
β
700
25.6 30.6 676°C
γ
(Cu)
500
586°C 24.6 520°C 15.8 27.0
400
~350°C
600
ε
ζ
δ
640°C
58.6
582°C 59
11
300
32.55
415°C
η 60.9
200
189°C
1.3
92.4
227°C 186°C
60.3
η´
100
0 Cu
10
20
30
40 50 60 Mass Percent Tin
70
80
99.3
231.9681°C
(Sn) 90 100 Sn
Figure 17. Cu-Sn system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Sn
Pearson symbol
Space group
α β γ δ ζ ε η η′ (βSn) (αSn)
0 to 15.8 22.0 to 27.0 25.5 to 41.5 32 to 33 32.2 to 35.2 27.7 to 39.5 59.0 to 60.9 44.8 to 60.9 ∼100 100
cF4 cI2 cF16 cF416 hP26 oC80 hP4 (a) tI4 cF8
– Fm3 m – Im3 m – Fm3 m – F4 3m P63 Cmcm P63/mmc — I41/amd – Fd3 m
(a) Hexagonal; superlattice based on NiAs-type structure.
12-212
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 18
Figure 18. Cu-Ni system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Ni
Pearson symbol
Space group
(Cu, Ni) (above 354.5°C)
0 to 100
cF4
– Fm3 m
Figure 19 Atomic Percent Tin 350
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
327.502°C
L
300
250 231.9681°C (Pb)
200
t/°C
183°C 18.3
97.8
61.9
150
100
(βSn)
50
0
0
Pb
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Mass Percent Tin
90
100
Sn
12-213
Figure 19. Pb-Sn system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 19 (continued) Phase
Composition, mass % Sn
Pearson symbol
Space group
0 to 18.3 97.8 to 100 100
cF4 tI4 cF8
– Fm3 m I41/amd – Fd3 m
52 to 74 52
hP1 hP2
P6/mmm P63/mmc
(Pb) (βSn) (αSn) High-pressure phases ε(a) ε′(b)
(a) From phase diagram calculated at 2500 MPa. (b) This phase was claimed for alloys at 350°C and 5500 MPa. Figure 20
1100
0
10
20
Mass Percent Zinc 40 50 60
30
70
80
90
100
1064.62°C A
1000 D 36.8
900
31.9 902 B
L H 834°C
36.1 C
55.8 G
800
59.1
β 69.2 L
t/°C
700 600
γ
α or (Cu)
500
454°C X 468 57 38.27 48.2 Y 44.8 E F
400
N 700°C 79.8 M 72.45
Q δ 76 P 87.9 O 598°C S 78 70 T 78 R 73.5 98.25 560°C 88
ε U
β´
425°C 97.17 W 419.58°C V
η or (Zn)
300 200 100
0 Cu
10
20
30
40 50 60 Atomic Percent Zinc
70
80
90
100 Zn
Phase
Composition, mass % Zn
Pearson symbol
Space group
α or (Cu) β β′ γ δ ε η or (Zn)
0 to 38.95 36.8 to 56.5 45.5 to 50.7 57.7 to 70.6 73.02 to 76.5 78.5 to 88.3 97.25 to 100
cF4 cI2 cP2 cI52 hP3 hP2 hP2
– Fm3 m – Im3 m – Pm3 m – I4 3m – P6 P63/mmc P63/mmc
12-214
Figure 20. Cu-Zn system.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 21 Atomic Percent Samarium 20 30 40 50
10
1495°C 1325°C
1260°C
βCo7Sm2
1074°C (γSm) 922°C
Co3Sm
αCo7Sm2
Co5-xSm
600
L
1200°C 1074°C
(βSm) Co3Sm
800 αCo17Sm2
575°C
400 200 0
0 Co
(εCo)
10
20
30
695°C
734°C
605
595°C ~93
~82
Co4Sm9
t/°C
1000
1100°C α→βCo19Sm5
(αCo)
βCo17Sm2
1240°C
1200
70 80 90100
40 50 60 70 Mass Percent Samarium
80
CoSm3
1400
60
Co5+xSm
1600
0
(αSm)
90
100 Sm
Figure 21. Co-Sm system.
Composition, mass % Sm
Pearson symbol
Space group
(αCo) (εCo) βCo17Sm2 αCo17Sm2
0 to ~3.7 ∼0 ∼23.0 ∼23.0
Co5 + xSm Co5 - xSm Co19Sm5
∼33 to 34 ∼34 to 35 ∼40.1
αCo7Sm2 βCo7Sm2 Co3Sm Co2Sm
∼42.1 ∼42.1 46 56.0
Co4Sm9 CoSm3 (γSm) (βSm) (αSm) Other reported phases Co5Sm Co2Sm5
∼85.1 88 ∼100 ∼100 ∼100
cF4 hP2 hP38 hR19 hP8 — — hR24 hP48 hR18 hP36 hR12 hR4 cF24 o** oP16 cI2 hP2 hR3
– Fm3 m P63/mmc P63/mmc – R3 m P6/mmm — — – R3 m P63/mmc – R3 m P63/mmc – R3 m – R3 m – Fd3 m — Pnma – Im3 m P63/mmc – R3 m
∼33.8 ∼86.4
hP6 mC28
P6/mmm C2/c
Phase
12-215
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 22
Atomic Percent Molybdenum 10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 2623°
2600
L
2400 2200 2000
t/°C
1800 1600 1670°C 1400
(βTi,Mo)
1200 1000
882°C
~650°C
800
~695°C
600 400
~21
(αTi) 0
10
20
30
Ti
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mo
Mass Percent Molybdenum
Figure 22. Ti-Mo system.
Phase
Composition, mass % Mo
Pearson symbol
Space group
(βTi, Mo) (αTi) α′ α″ ω
0 to 100 0 to 0.8 (a) (a) (a)
cI2 hP2 hP2 oC4 hP3
– Im3 m P63/mmc P63/mmc Cmcm P6/mmm
(a) Metastable.
to 800 Sta
β
rt
700
sh Fini
t/°C
β + α´ (β + α)eqm
600
MS
500
400
β + α´ 0.1
1.0
10 Time in Minutes
100
12-216
1000
Experimental time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram for Ti-Mo. The start and finish times of the isothermal precipitation reaction vary with temperature as a result of the temperature dependence of the nucleation and growth processes. Precipitation is complete, at any temperature, when the equilibrium fraction of α is established in accordance with the lever rule. The solid horizontal line represents the athermal (or nonthermally activated) martensitic transformation that occurs when the β phase is quenched.
PHASE DIAGRAMS (continued) Figure 23 Cr
10
90
20
80
rce Pe Ma
40
σ + (γFe,Ni)
r)
e γF +(
,N
10
20
ium
Fe
rom
ss
Ch
σ
60
30
i)
20
18-8 Stainless steel
90
50
nt
(C
(Cr) + (γFe,Ni)
50
70
80
60
rce
nt
(Cr) + σ
Pe
(Cr)
ss
40
70 Ma
Iro n
30
30
(γFe,Ni)
40 50 60 Mass Percent Nickel
10
70
12-217
80
90
Ni
Figure 23. The isothermal section at 900°C (1652°F) of the iron-chromiumnickel ternary phase diagram, showing the nominal composition of 18-8 stainless steel.
HEAT CAPACITY OF SELECTED SOLIDS This table gives the molar heat capacity at constant pressure of representative metals, semiconductors, and other crystalline solids as a function of temperature in the range 200 to 600 K. REFERENCES 1. Chase, M. W., et al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere Press, New York, 1987. 3. DIPPR Database of Pure Compound Properties, Design Institute for Physical Properties Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1987.
Name Aluminum Aluminum oxide Anthracene Benzoic acid Beryllium Biphenyl Boron Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide Cesium chloride Chromium Cobalt Copper Copper oxide Copper sulfate Germanium Gold Graphite Hexachlorobenzene Iodine Iron Lead Lithium Lithium chloride Magnesium Magnesium oxide Manganese Naphthalene Potassium Potassium chloride Silicon Silicon dioxide Silver Sodium Sodium chloride Tantalum Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Zirconium
200 K
250 K
21.33 51.12 138.6 102.7 9.98 131.0 5.99 24.54 66.50 33.64 50.13 19.86 22.23 22.63 34.80 77.01
23.08 67.05 173.9 123.5 13.58 162.5 8.82 25.41 75.66 38.59 51.34 22.30 23.98 23.77
5.01 162.7 51.57 21.59 25.87 21.57 43.35 22.72
6.82 183.6 53.24 23.74 26.36 23.42 46.08 24.02
23.05 105.8 27.00 48.44 15.64 32.64
24.95 134.1 28.01 50.10 18.22 39.21
22.45 46.89 24.08 22.37 22.49 21.88 24.05 23.87
27.01 48.85 24.86 24.07 23.69 23.70 25.02 24.69
89.25
Cp in J/mol K 300 K 350 K 24.25 79.45 210.7 147.4 16.46 197.2 11.40 25.94 83.82 42.18 52.48 23.47 24.83 24.48 42.41 99.25 23.25 25.41 8.58 202.4 54.51 25.15 26.85 24.64 48.10 24.90 37.38 26.35 167.8 29.60 51.37 20.04 44.77 25.36 28.20 50.21 25.31 25.28 24.30 24.93 25.45 25.22
12-190
400 K
500 K
25.11 88.91 248.8 172.0 18.53
25.78 96.14 288.4
26.84 106.17
27.89 112.55
19.95
21.94
23.34
13.65 26.32 91.51 45.07 53.58 24.39 25.68 24.95 44.95 107.65 23.85 25.37 10.24
15.69 26.87 96.97 46.98 54.68 25.23 26.53 25.33 46.78 114.93 24.31 25.51 11.81
18.72 28.49 104.52 49.33 56.90 26.63 28.20 25.91 49.19 127.19 24.96 26.06 14.62
20.78 30.38 109.86 50.72 59.10 27.72 29.66 26.48 50.83 136.31 25.45 26.65 16.84
58.60 26.28 27.30 25.96 49.66 25.57 40.59 27.52 204.1
27.39 27.72 27.60 50.97 26.14 42.77 28.53
29.70 28.55 29.28 53.34 27.17 45.56 30.29
32.05 29.40 55.59 28.18 47.30 31.90
53.08 22.14 53.43 25.79
54.71 23.33 59.64 26.36
56.35 24.15 64.42 26.99
52.14 25.84 26.86 24.92 26.23 26.35 25.93
53.96 26.35 27.88 25.36 26.94 27.39 26.56
55.81 26.84 28.60 25.79 27.49 28.59 27.28
52.31 21.28 49.47 25.55 30.14 51.25 25.60 26.17 24.65 25.68 25.88 25.61
600 K
THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE METALS This table gives the following properties for the metallic elements: tm: tb: ∆fus H: ρ25: α: cp: λ:
Melting point in °C Normal boiling point in °C, at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (760 Torr) Enthalpy of fusion at the melting point in J/g Density at 25°C in g/cm3 Coefficient of linear expansion at 25°C in K-1 (the quantity listed is 106 × α) Specific heat capacity at constant pressure at 25°C in J/g K Thermal conductivity at 27°C in W/cm K REFERENCES
1. Dinsdale, A. T., CALPHAD, 15, 317, 1991 (melting points, enthalpy of fusion). 2. Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975 (coefficient of expansion, density). 3. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, Suppl. 1, 1974 (thermal conductivity). 4. Cox, J. D., Wagman, D. D., and Medvedev, V. A., CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989 (heat capacity). 5. Glushko, V. P., Ed., Thermal Constants of Substances, VINITI, Moscow, (enthalpy of fusion, heat capacity). 6. Wagman, D. D., et. al., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 2, 1982 (heat capacity). 7. Chase, M. W., et. al., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1, 1985 (heat capacity, enthalpy of fusion). 8. Gschneidner, K. A., Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, 11, 216—224, 1990 (various properties of the rare earth metals). 9. Hellwege, K. H., Ed., Landolt Börnstein, Numerical Values and Functions in Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geophysics, and Technology, Vol. 2, Part 1, Mechanical-Thermal Properties of State, 1971 (density). 10. Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary, Vol. 1–5, Encyclopedy Publishing House, Moscow, 1960–66.
Metal (symbol) Actinium (Ac) Aluminum (Al) Antimony (Sb) Barium (Ba) Beryllium (Be) Bismuth (Bi) Cadmium (Cd) Calcium (Ca) Cerium (Ce) Cesium (Cs) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Dysprosium (Dy) Erbium (Er) Europium (Eu) Gadolinium (Gd) Gallium (Ga) Gold (Au) Hafnium (Hf) Holmium (Ho) Indium (In) Iridium (Ir) Iron (Fe) Lanthanum (La) Lead (Pb) Lithium (Li) Lutetium (Lu) Magnesium (Mg)
Atomic weight
°C
tm
°C
26.98 121.76 137.33 9.01 208.98 112.41 40.08 140.11 132.91 52.00 58.93 63.55 162.50 167.26 151.96 157.25 69.72 196.97 178.49 164.93 114.82 192.22 55.85 138.91 207.20 6.94 174.97 24.30
1051 660.32 630.63 727 1287 271.40 321.07 842 798 28.44 1907 1495 1084.62 1412 1529 822 1313 29.76 1064.18 2233 1474 156.60 2446 1538 918 327.46 180.5 1663 650
3198 2519 1587 1897 2471 1564 767 1484 3443 671 2671 2927 2562 2567 2868 1529 3273 2204 2856 4603 2700 2072 4428 2861 3464 1749 1342 3402 1090
tb
∆fus H J/g
ρ25 g/cm3
α × 106 K-1
cp J/g K
λ W/cm K
399.9 162.5 51.8 876.0 53.3 55.2 213.1 39.0 15.7 404 272.5 203.5 68.1 119 60.6 63.6 80.0 64.6 152.4 103a 28.6 213.9 247.3 44.6 23.1 432 126a 348.9
10 2.70 6.68 3.62 1.85 9.79 8.69 1.54 6.77 1.93 7.15 8.86 8.96 8.55 9.07 5.24 7.90 5.91 19.3 13.3 8.80 7.31 22.5 7.87 6.15 11.3 0.534 9.84 1.74
23.1 11.0 20.6 11.3 13.4 30.8 22.3 6.3 97 4.9 13.0 16.5 9.9 12.2 35.0 9.4b 18 14.2 5.9 11.2 32.1 6.4 11.8 12.1 28.9 46 9.9 24.8
0.12 0.904 0.207 0.205 1.82 0.122 0.231 0.646 0.192 0.242 0.450 0.421 0.384 0.170 0.168 0.182 0.235 0.374 0.129 0.144 0.165 0.233 0.131 0.449 0.195 0.127 3.57 0.154 1.024
2.37 0.243 0.184 2.00 0.0787 0.968 2.00 0.113 0.359 0.937 1.00 4.01 0.107 0.145 0.139a 0.105 0.406 3.17 0.230 0.162 0.816 1.47 0.802 0.134 0.353 0.847 0.164 1.56
12-219
THERMAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE METALS (continued) Metal (symbol) Manganese (Mn) Mercury (Hg) Molybdenum (Mo) Neodymium (Nd) Neptunium (Np) Nickel (Ni) Niobium (Nb) Osmium (Os) Palladium (Pd) Platinum (Pt) Plutonium (Pu) Polonium (Po) Potassium (K) Praseodymium (Pr) Promethium (Pm) Protactinium (Pa) Radium (Ra) Rhenium (Re) Rhodium (Rh) Rubidium (Rb) Ruthenium (Ru) Samarium (Sm) Scandium (Sc) Silver (Ag) Sodium (Na) Strontium (Sr) Tantalum (Ta) Technetium (Tc) Terbium (Tb) Thallium (Tl) Thorium (Th) Thulium (Tm) Tin (Sn) Titanium (Ti) Tungsten (W ) Uranium (U) Vanadium (V) Ytterbium (Yb) Yttrium (Y) Zinc (Zn) Zirconium (Zr) a b
Atomic weight 54.94 200.59 95.94 144.24 58.69 92.91 190.23 106.42 195.08
39.10 140.91 231.04 186.21 102.91 85.47 101.07 150.36 44.96 107.87 22.99 87.62 180.95 158.93 204.38 232.04 168.93 118.71 47.88 183.84 238.03 50.94 173.04 88.91 65.39 91.22
tm
°C 1246 -38.83 2623 1021 644 1455 2477 3033 1554.9 1768.4 640 254 63.38 931 1042 1572 700 3186 1964 39.30 2334 1074 1541 961.78 97.72 777 3017 2157 1356 304 1750 1545 231.93 1668 3422 1135 1910 819 1522 419.53 1855
∆fus H J/g
tb
°C 2061 356.73 4639 3074 2913 4744 5012 2963 3825 3228 962 759 3520 3000a
235.0 11.4 390.7 49.5 13.5 290.3 323 304.1 157.3 113.6 11.6 59.6 48.9 53.4
5596 3695 688 4150 1794 2836 2162 883 1382 5458 4265 3230 1473 4788 1950 2602 3287 5555 4131 3407 1196 3345 907 4409
324.5 258.4 25.6 381.8 57.3 314 104.6 113.1 84.8 202.1 339.7 67.9 20.3 59.5 99.7 60.4 295.6 284.5 38.4 422 44.3 128 108.1 230.2
Estimated. At 100°C.
12-220
ρ25 g/cm3
α × 106 K-1
cp J/g K
λ W/cm K
7.3 13.5336 10.2 7.01 20.2 8.90 8.57 22.59 12.0 21.5 19.7 9.20 0.89 6.77 7.26 15.4 5 20.8 12.4 1.53 12.1 7.52 2.99 10.5 0.97 2.64 16.4 11 8.23 11.8 11.7 9.32 7.26 4.51 19.3 19.1 6.0 6.90 4.47 7.14 6.52
21.7 60.4 4.8 9.6
0.479 0.139 0.251 0.191
13.4 7.3 5.1 11.8 8.8 46.7 23.5 83.3 6.7 11a
0.445 0.265 0.130 0.244 0.133
0.0782 0.0834 1.38 0.165 0.063 0.907 0.537 0.876 0.718 0.716 0.0674 0.20 1.024 0.125 0.15a
6.2 8.2 6.4 12.7 10.2 18.9 71 22.5 6.3
0.137 0.243 0.364 0.238 0.196 0.567 0.235 1.225 0.306 0.140
10.3 29.9 11.0 13.3 22.0 8.6 4.5 13.9 8.4 26.3 10.6 30.2 5.7
0.182 0.129 0.118 0.160 0.227 0.522 0.132 0.116 0.489 0.154 0.298 0.388 0.278
0.757 0.193 0.19a
0.479 1.50 0.582 1.17 0.133 0.158 4.29 1.41 0.353 0.575 0.506 0.111 0.461 0.540 0.169 0.666 0.219 1.74 0.276 0.307 0.385 0.172 1.16 0.227
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table gives the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of several metals and of carbon, germanium, and silicon. For graphite, separate entries are given for the thermal conductivity parallel (\) and perpendicular (⊥) to the layer planes. The thermal conductivity of all these materials is very sensitive to impurities at low temperatures, especially below 100 K. Therefore, the values given here should be regarded as typical values for a highly purified specimen; the thermal conductivity of different specimens can vary by more than an order of magnitude in the lowtemperature range. See Reference 2 for details. REFERENCES 1. Ho, C. Y., Powell, R. W., and Liley, P. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1, 279, 1972. 2. White, G. K., and Minges, M. L., Thermophysical Properties of Some Key Solids, CODATA Bulletin No. 59, 1985.
Thermal Conductivity in W/cm K Carbon (C)
T/K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Ag 39.4 78.3 115 147 172 187 193 190 181 168 96.0 51.0 19.3 10.5 7.0 5.5 4.97 4.71 4.60 4.50 4.32 4.30 4.29 4.29 4.27 4.25 4.19 4.12 3.96 3.79 3.61*
Al
Au
41.1 81.8 121 157 188 213 229 237 239 235 176 117 49.5 24.0 13.5 8.5 5.85 4.32 3.42 3.02 2.48 2.37 2.35 2.37 2.40 2.40 2.36 2.31 2.18
5.46 10.9 16.1 20.9 25.2 28.5 30.9 32.3 32.7 32.4 24.6 15.8 7.55 5.15 4.21 3.74 3.48 3.32 3.28 3.27 3.25 3.23 3.21 3.17 3.14 3.11 3.04 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
I
0.0138* 0.0461 0.108 0.206 0.344 0.523 0.762 1.05 1.40 3.96 7.87 18.8 29.4 35.3 37.4 36.9 35.1 32.7 30.0 19.5 14.1 11.0 8.95 7.55* 6.5*
Diamond (type) IIa
0.033* 0.111 0.261 0.494 0.820 1.24 1.77 2.41 3.17 8.65 16.8 38.9 65.9 92.1 112 119 117 109 100 60.2 40.3 29.7 23.0 18.5* 15.4*
Pyrolytic graphite IIb
0.0200* 0.0676 0.160 0.307 0.510 0.778 1.12 1.53 2.03 5.66 11.2 26.5 44.0 59.1 67.5 69.1 65.7 60.0 54.2 32.5 22.6 17.0 13.5 11.1* 9.32*
|
0.811 4.20 9.86 16.4 23.1 29.8 36.6 42.8 47.5 49.7 45.1 32.3 24.4 19.5 16.2 13.9 10.8 8.92 6.67 5.34 4.48 3.84 3.33 2.93 2.62
⊥
0.0116 0.0397 0.0786 0.120 0.152 0.173 0.181 0.181 0.176 0.168 0.125 0.0923 0.0711 0.0570 0.0477 0.0409 0.0322 0.0268 0.0201 0.0160 0.0134 0.0116 0.0100 0.00895 0.00807
Cr 0.402* 0.803 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.39 2.27 3.14 3.50 3.85 5.24 5.93 5.49 4.25 3.17 2.48 2.07 1.84 1.69 1.59 1.29 1.11 1.00 0.937 0.929 0.909 0.860 0.807 0.713 0.654 0.619 0.588 0.556 0.526* 0.494*
Cu 42.2 84.0 125 162 195 222 239 248 249 243 171 108 44.5 21.7 12.5 8.29 6.47 5.57 5.08 4.82 4.29 4.13 4.06 4.01 3.96 3.93 3.86 3.79 3.66 3.52 3.39
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (continued) T/K
Fe
Gea
Mg
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1.71 3.42 5.11 6.77 8.39 9.93 11.4 12.7 13.9 14.8 17.0 15.4 10.0 6.23 4.05 2.85 2.16 1.75 1.50 1.34 1.04 0.94 0.865 0.802 0.744 0.695 0.613 0.547 0.433 0.323 0.283 0.312 0.330 0.345*
0.274 2.06 5.35 8.77 11.6 13.9 15.5 16.6 17.3 17.7 17.3 14.9 10.8 7.98 6.15 4.87 3.93 3.25 2.70 2.32 1.32 0.968 0.749 0.599 0.495 0.432 0.338 0.273 0.198 0.174 0.174
9.86 19.6 29.0 37.6 45.0 50.8 54.7 56.7 57.0 55.8 41.1 27.2 12.9 7.19 4.65 3.27 2.49 2.02 1.78 1.69 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.49 1.46*
a
*
Values below 300 K are typical values. Extrapolated.
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Ni
Pb
Pt
2.17 4.34 6.49 8.59 10.6 12.5 14.2 15.8 17.1 18.1 19.5 16.5 9.56 5.82 4.00 3.08 2.50 2.10 1.83 1.64 1.22 1.07 0.975 0.907 0.850 0.802 0.722 0.656 0.676 0.718 0.762 0.804
27.9 44.6 35.8 22.2 13.8 8.10 4.86 3.20 2.30 1.78 0.845 0.591 0.477 0.451 0.436 0.425 0.416 0.409 0.403 0.397 0.379 0.367 0.360 0.353 0.347 0.340 0.328 0.314
2.31 4.60 6.79 8.8 10.5 11.8 12.6 12.9 12.8 12.3 8.41 4.95 2.15 1.39 1.09 0.947 0.862 0.815 0.789 0.775 0.740 0.726 0.718 0.716 0.717 0.718 0.723 0.732 0.756 0.787 0.826 0.871 0.919 0.961 0.994*
Sia 0.0693* 0.454 1.38 2.97 5.27 8.23 11.7 15.5 19.5 23.3 41.6 49.8 48.1 35.3 26.8 21.1 16.8 13.4 10.8 8.84 4.09 2.64 1.91 1.48 1.19 0.989 0.762 0.619 0.422 0.312 0.257 0.235 0.221
Sn 183 323 297 181 117 76 52 36 26 19.3 6.3 3.2 1.79 1.33 1.15 1.04 0.96 0.915 0.880 0.853 0.779 0.733 0.696 0.666 0.642 0.622 0.596
Ti 0.0144* 0.0288* 0.0432 0.0575 0.0719 0.0863 0.101 0.115 0.129 0.143 0.212 0.275 0.365 0.390 0.374 0.355 0.340 0.326 0.315 0.305 0.270 0.245 0.229 0.219 0.210 0.204 0.197 0.194 0.197 0.207 0.220 0.236 0.253 0.270*
W 14.4 28.7 42.8 56.3 68.7 79.5 88.0 93.8 96.8 97.1 72.0 40.5 14.4 6.92 4.27 3.14 2.58 2.29 2.17 2.08 1.92 1.85 1.80 1.74 1.67 1.59 1.46 1.37 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.98
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ALLOYS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE This table lists the thermal conductivity of selected alloys at various temperatures. The indicated compositions refer to weight percent. Since the thermal conductivity is sensitive to exact composition and processing history, especially at low temperatures, these values should be considered approximate. REFERENCES 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 7, 959, 1978.
Thermal conductivity in W/m K Alloy Aluminum: 1100 2024 3003 5052 5083, 5086 Duralumin Bismuth: Rose metal Wood’s metal Copper: electrolytic tough pitch free cutting, leaded phosphorus, deoxidized brass, leaded bronze, 68% Cu; 32% Zn beryllium german silver silicon bronze A manganin constantan Ferrous: commercial pure iron plain carbon steel(AISI 1020) plain carbon steel(AISI 1095) 3% Ni; 0.7% Cr; 0.6% Mo 4% Si stainless steel 27% Ni; 15% Cr Gold: colbalt thermocouple 65% Au; 35% Ag Indium: 85.5% In; 14.5% Pb Lead: 60% Pb; 40% Sn (soft solder) 64.35% Pb; 35.65% In Nickel: 80% Ni; 20% Cr contracid inconel monel Platinum: 90% Pt; 10% Ir 90% Pt; 10% Rh Silver: silver solder normal Ag thermocouple Tin: 60% Sn; 40% Pb Titanium: 5.5% Al; 2.5% Sn;0.2% Fe 4.7% Mn; 3.99% Al; 0.14% C
4K
20 K
77 K
194 K
273 K
50 3.2 11 4.8 3 5.5
240 17 58 25 17 30 5.5 17 1300 800 42 12 16 17 7.5 3.4 3.2 8.6 72 20 8.5 6
270 56 140 77 55 91 8.3 23 550 460 120 39 48 36 17 11 14 17 106 58 31 22
220 95 150 120 95 140 14
220 130 160 140 120 160 16
400 380 190 70 92 70 20 23 17 19 82 65 41
8 55 20 24 24 44 9.1
13
0.8
2 1.7 8.6 12 7.8 28 3.26
390 380 220 120 110 90 23 30 22 22 76 65 45 33 20 14 11
0.2 0.5 0.9
2 4.2 7.1
7.3 12.5 15
12 230 55 1.8 1.7
34 310 51 4.3 4.5
4 330 200 7.5 2.3 2.3 2 0.75 0.48 0.9 15 13
0.3 1.2 1.9
48 16
12-195
61
373 K
573 K
973 K
380
370
350
113 25
172 30
40
66
54
34
35 24 16 12
36 28 19 16
30 26 25 21
14
17
23
16 24 31.4 30.5
19 30
26 43
180
89
41
9.5 13 20
20.2 12 13 15 21 31 30.1
58
6.4 6.5
7.8 8.5
8.4
10.8
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS This table lists the thermal conductivity of a number of crystalline dielectrics, including some which find use as optical materials. Values are given at temperatures for which data are available. REFERENCE Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
Material AgCl
Al,B silicate (tourmaline) || to c axis Al,Be silicate (beryl) Al,F silicate (topaz) || to c axis Al,Fe silicate (garnet)
Al2O3 (sapphire): 36° to c axis
⊥ to c axis
Al2O3 (sintered)
Ar
As2S3 (glass)
BN
BaF2
BaTiO3
T/K
Ther. cond. W/m K
223 273 323 373 398 540 723 315 315 358 417 315 358 377
1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.9 3.2 3.5 6.4 17.7 15.6 13.3 35.8 35.4 35.6
4.2 20 35 77 373 523 773 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 973 8 10 20 77 283 323 373 1047 1475 1928 2111 225 260 305 370 5 30 40 100 250 300
110 3500 6000 1100 2.6 3.9 5.8 0.5 23 150 48 35 26 8 6.0 3.7 1.4 0.31 0.16 0.21 0.27 36.2 22.7 21.9 18.5 20 13.4 10.9 10.5 4.2 24.0 25.0 12.0 4.8 6.2
Material BeO
Bi2Te3
C (diamond) type I
CaCO3 || to c axis ⊥ to c axis
CaF2
CaWO4 (scheelite) CdTe
CsBr
CsI
Cu2O (cuprite)
Fe3O4 (magnetite)
Glass: phoenix
12-196
T/K 4.2 20 77 373 573 1273 80 204 303 370 4.2 20 77 194 273 83 273 83 194 273 373 83 223 273 323 373 422 160 297 422 223 273 323 373 223 273 323 373 102 163 299 360 4.5 20.5 126.5 304 4.2 20 77
Ther. cond. W/m K 0.3 16 270 210 120 29 6.4 2.8 3.6 4.6 13 800 3550 1450 1000 25 5.5 17 6.5 4.6 3.6 39 18 10 9.2 9 11.3 7.0 3.6 2.9 1.2 0.94 0.81 0.77 1.4 1.2 1 0.95 3.74 7.76 5.58 4.86 27.4 293.0 7.4 7.0 0.095 0.13 0.37
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CRYSTALLINE DIELECTRICS (continued)
Material
T/K
Ther. cond. W/m K
plastic perspex
4.2 20 77 194 273 2.5 3 4 6 10 173 223 273 0.6 1 1.5 2 0.5 0.8 1 2 300 325 350 2 4.2 100 273 323 373 4.2 25 80 194 273 323 373 4.2 80 194 273 4.2 10 20 77 78 197 274 4.2 20 77 373 773 4.2 40 120 573
0.058 0.074 0.44 0.88 1 100 150 200 30 3 3.5 2.8 2.2 25 2 0.57 0.21 42 120 24 0.18 0.45 0.42 0.4 150 360 12 5 4.8 4.8 500 140 35 10 7.0 6.5 6.3 700 13 4.6 3.1 0.48 1.7 1.2 0.36 7.8 5.0 5.4 620 1800 150 13 8.5 0.25 55 8 3.5
pyrex
H2 (para + 0.5% ortho)
H2O (ice)
He3 (high pressure)
He4 (high pressure)
I2
KBr
KCl
KI
Kr
LaF3
LiF
MgO⋅Al2O3 (spinel) MnO
Material NaCl
NaF
Ne
NH4Cl
NH4H2PO4 || to optic axis ⊥ to optic axis NiO
SiO2 (quartz) || to c axis
⊥ to c axis
SiO2 (fused silica)
SrTiO3
TlBr TlCl TiO2 (rutile) || to optic axis
⊥ to optic axis
12-197
T/K 4.2 20 77 273 323 373 5 50 100 2 3 4.2 10 20 77 194 230 273
Ther. cond. W/m K 440 300 30 6.4 5.6 5.4 1100 250 90 3.0 4.6 4.2 0.8 0.3 17 23 38 27
315 339 313 342 4.2 40 194
0.71 0.71 1.26 1.34 5.9 400 82
20 194 273 20 194 273 4.2 20 77 194 273 373 673 5 30 40 100 250 300 316 311
720 20 12 370 10 6.8 0.25 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.4 21.0 19.2 18.5 12.5 11.2 0.59 0.75
4.2 20 273 4.2 20 273
200 1000 13 160 690 9
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS Thermal conductivity values for ceramics, refractory oxides, and miscellaneous insulating materials are given here. The thermal conductivity refers to samples with density indicated in the second column. Since most of these materials are highly variable, the values should only be considered as a rough guide. REFERENCES 1. Powell, R. L., and Childs, G. E., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Perry, R. H., and Green, D., Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
Material Alumina (Al2O3)
Dens. g/cm3 3.8
3.5 Al2O3 + MgO
Asbestos
0.4
Asbestos + 85% MgO Asphalt Beryllia (BeO)
0.3 2.1 2.8
1.85
Brick, dry Brick, refractory: alosite aluminous
1.54
1.99
diatomaceous
0.77 0.4
fireclay
2
silicon carbide
2
vermiculite
0.77
Calcium oxide
Cement mortar Charcoal Coal Concrete Cork
2 0.2 1.35 1.6 0.05 0.35
Cotton wool
0.08
t
∞C 100 400 1300 1800 100 800 100 400 1000 -100 0 100 30 20 100 400 1000 1800 50 200 600 0 1000 400 1000 100 500 100 500 400 1000 200 600 200 600 100 400 1000 90 20 20 0 0 100 0 100 30
Ther. cond. W/m K 30 13 6 7.4 17 7.6 15 10 5.6 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.06 210 90 20 15 64 40 23 0.04 1.3 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.24 0.08 0.1 1 1.2 2 2.4 0.26 0.31 16 9 7.5 0.55 0.055 0.26 0.8 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.04
Material Diatomite
Dens. g/cm3 0.2 0.5
Ebonite Felt, flax Fuller’s earth Glass wool
Graphite 100 mesh 20-40 mesh Linoleum cork Magnesia (MgO)
1.2 0.2 0.3 0.53 0.2
0.48 0.7 0.54
MgO + SiO2
Mica: muscovite
phlogopite Canadian Micanite Mineral wool Perlite, expanded Plastics: bakelite celluloid polystyrene foam mylar foil nylon
0.15 0.1 1.3 1.4 0.05 0.05
polytetrafluoroethylene
urethane foam Porcelain
12-226
0.07
∞C
t
Ther. cond. W/m K
0 400 0 400 0 30 30 30 -200 to 20 50 100 300
0.05 0.09 0.09 0.16 0.16 0.05 0.04 0.1 0.005 0.04 0.05 0.08
40 40 20 100 400 1200 1700 100 400 1500
0.18 1.29 0.08 36 18 5.8 9.2 5.3 3.5 2.3
100 300 600 100 300 600 30 30 -200 to 20
0.72 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.19 0.2 0.3 0.04 0.002
20 30 -200 to 20 -200 to 20 -253 -193 25 -253 -193 25 230 20 90
1.4 0.02 0.033 0.0001 0.10 0.23 0.30 0.13 0.16 0.26 2.5 0.06 1
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CERAMICS AND OTHER INSULATING MATERIALS (continued)
Material Rock: basalt chalk granite limestone sandstone slate, ^ slate, || Rubber: sponge 92 percent Sand, dry Sawdust Shellac Silica aerogel Snow Steel wool Thoria (ThO2)
Titanium dioxide
Dens. g/cm3
t
Ther. cond. W/m K
∞C
Material
Dens. g/cm3
Uranium dioxide
2.8 2 2.2
0.2 1.5 0.2 0.1 0.25 0.1
20 20 20 20 20 95 95 20 25 20 30 20 -200 to 20 0 55 100 400 1500 100 400 1200
2 0.92 2.2 1 1.3 1.4 2.5 0.05 0.16 0.33 0.06 0.23 0.003 0.16 0.09 10 5.8 2.4 6.5 3.8 3.3
Wood: balsa, ^ fir, ^ fir, || oak plywood pine, ^ pine, || walnut, ^ Wool Zinc oxide Zirconia (ZrO2) Zirconia + silica
12-227
0.11 0.54 0.54
0.45 0.45 0.65 0.09
t
∞C
Ther. cond. W/m K
100 400 1000
9.8 5.5 3.4
30 20 20 20 20 60 60 20 30 200 800 100 400 1500 200 600 1500
0.04 0.14 0.35 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.26 0.14 0.04 17 5.3 2 2 2.5 5.6 4.6 3.7
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES This table gives the composition of various types of glasses and the thermal conductivity k as a function of temperature. Because of the variability of glasses, the data should be regarded as only approximate.
Composition Type of glass
SiO2 (wt%)
Other oxides (wt%)
Vitreous silica
100
Vycor glass
96
B2O3
Pyrex type chemicallyresistant borosilicate glasses
80–81
Borosilicate crown glasses
Zinc crown glasses (i)
Zinc crown glasses (ii)
t
°C
k W/m K
–150 –100 –50 0 50 100
0.85 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50
3
–100 0 100
1.00 1.25 1.40
B2O3 Na2O Al
12–13 4 2
–100 0 100
0.90 1.10 1.25
60–65
B2O3
15–20
–100 0 100
0.65–0.75 0.90–0.95 1.00–1.05
65–70
B2O3
10–15
–100 0 100
0.75–0.80 0.95–1.00 1.05–1.15
70–75
B3O3
5–10
–100 0 100
0.80–0.85 1.05–1.10 1.15–1.20
55–65
ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3
5–15
–100 0 100
0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.25
ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O
5–15
–100 0 100
0.60–0.70 0.70–0.90 0.85–0.95
ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3
15–25
–100 0 100
0.88–0.92 1.10–1.15 1.15–1.20
ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O
15–25
–100 0 100
0.65–0.80 0.85–0.95 0.90–1.05
ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3
5–15
–100 0 100
0.88–0.92 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.30
ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O
5–15
–100 0 100
0.70–0.85 0.90–1.05 1.00–1.15
65–75
12-200
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition Type of glass
SiO2 (wt%)
Other oxides (wt%)
t
°C
k W/m K
ZnO Remainder: B2O3, Al2O3
15–25
–100 0 100
0.90–0.95 1.15–1.15 1.20–1.25
ZnO Remainder: Na2O, K2O
15–25
–100 0 100
0.65–0.85 0.85–1.00 1.05–1.20
31
B2O3 Al2O3 BaO
12 8 48
–100 0 100
0.55 0.70 0.80
41
B2O3 Al2O3 ZnO BaO
6 2 8 43
–100 0 100
0.60 0.75 0.85
47
B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO
4 1 7 8 32
–100 0 100
0.65 0.75 0.90
65
B2O3 Na2O K2O ZnO BaO
2 5 15 2 10
–100 0 100
0.70 0.90 1.00
Borate glasses Borate flint glass
9
B2O3 Na2O K2O PbO Al2O3 ZnO
36 1 2 36 10 6
–100 0 100
0.55 0.65 0.80
Borate flint glass
0
B2O3 Al2O3 PbO
56 12 32
–100 0 100
0.50 0.65 0.85
Borate flint glass
0
B2O3 Al2O3 PbO
43 5 52
–100 0 100
0.40 0.55 0.70
Borate glass
4
B2O3 Al2O3 PbO K2O ZnO
55 14 11 4 12
–100 0 100
0.65 0.80 0.90
Borate crown glass
0
B2O3 Na2O K2O BaO PbO Al2O3
64 8 3 4 3 18
–100 0 100
0.50 0.65 0.85
Barium crown glasses
12-201
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition Type of glass
SiO2 (wt%)
Other oxides (wt%)
t
°C
k W/m K
Light borate crown glass
0
B2O3 Na2O BaO Al2O3
69 8 5 18
–100 0 100
0.55 0.70 0.90
Zinc borate glass
0
B2O3 ZnO
40 60
–100 0 100
0.65 0.75 0.85
Phosphate crown glasses Potash phosphate glass
0
P2O5 B2O3 K2O Al2O3 MgO
70 3 12 10 4
0 100
0.75 0.85
Baryta phosphate glass
0
P2O5 B2O3 Al2O3 BaO
60 3 8 28
45
0.75
Soda-lime glasses
75
Na2O CaO
17 8
–100 0 100
0.75 0.95 1.10
75
Na2O CaO
12 13
–100 0 100
0.90 1.10 1.15
72
Na2O CaO Al2O3
15 11 2
–100 0 100
0.80 1.00 1.15
65
Na2O CaO
25 10
–100 0 100
0.65 0.85 0.95
65
Na2O CaO
15 20
–100 0 100
0.85 1.00 1.10
60
Na2O CaO
20 20
–100 0 100
0.75 0.90 1.00
75
Na2O K2O CaO
9 11 5
–100 0 100
0.80 1.00 1.10
68
Na2O ZnO PbO
16 3 13
–100 0 100
0.65 0.85 1.00
Other crown glasses Crown glass
High dispersion crown glass
12-202
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASSES (continued) Composition Type of glass Miscellaneous flint glasses (i) Silicate flint glasses Light flint glasses
SiO2 (wt%)
Other oxides (wt%)
t
°C
k W/m K
65
PbO Others
25 10
–100 0 100
0.65–0.70 0.88–0.92 1.00–1.05
55
PbO Others
35 10
–100 0 100
0.60–0.65 0.75–0.85 0.88–0.92
Ordinary flint glass
45
PbO Others
45 10
–100 0 100
0.50–0.60 0.65–0.75 0.80–0.85
Heavy flint glass
35
PbO Others
60 5
–100 0 100
0.45–0.50 0.60–0.65 0.70–0.75
Very heavy flint glasses
25
PbO Others
73 2
–100 0 100
0.40–0.45 0.55–0.60 0.63–0.67
20
PbO
80
–100 0 100
0.40 0.50 0.60
(ii) Borosilicate flint glass
33
B2O3 PbO Al2O3 K2O Na2O
31 25 7 3 1
–100 0 100
0.65 0.85 0.95
(iii) Barium flint glass
50
BaO PbO K2O Na2O ZnO Sb2O3
24 6 8 3 8 1
–100 0 100
0.60 0.70 0.85
59
K2O CaO
33 8
50
63
Fe2O3 Na2O MgO CaO Al2O3
10 17 4 3 2
–100 0 100
67
Fe2O3 Na2O3
15 18
0 100
0.88—0.92 1.00—1.05
62
Fe2O3 Na2O
20 18
0 100
0.85—0.90 0.95—1.00
0 100
1.35 1.25
Other glasses Potassium glass
Iron glasses
Rock glasses Obsidian Artificial diabase
12-203
0.88–0.92
0.80 0.95 1.05
COMMERCIAL METALS AND ALLOYS This table gives typical values of mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of several common commercial metals and alloys. Values refer to ambient temperature (0 to 25°C). All values should be regarded as typical, since these properties are dependent on the particular type of alloy, heat treatment, and other factors. Values for individual specimens can vary widely. REFERENCES 1. ASM Metals Reference Book, Second Edition, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983. 2. Lynch, C. T., CRC Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Shackelford, J. F., and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.
Common name Ingot iron Plain carbon steel AISI-SAE 1020 Stainless steel type 304 Cast gray iron Malleable iron Hastelloy C Inconel Aluminum alloy 3003, rolled Aluminum alloy 2014, annealed Aluminum alloy 360 Copper, electrolytic (ETP) Yellow brass (high brass) Aluminum bronze Beryllium copper 25 Cupronickel 30% Red brass, 85% Chemical lead Antimonial lead (hard lead) Solder 50-50 Magnesium alloy AZ31B Monel Nickel (commercial) Cupronickel 55-45 (constantan) Titanium (commercial) Zinc (commercial) Zirconium (commercial)
Thermal conductivity W/cm K
Density g/cm3
Coeff. of linear expansion 10-6/°C
0.7 0.52
7.86 7.86
11.7 11.7
0.15 0.47 0.12 0.15
7.9 7.2 7.3 8.94 8.25
17.3 10.5 12 11.3 11.5
1.9
2.73
23.2
1.9 1.5 3.9 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.3 1.6 0.35 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.2 1.8 1.1 0.2
2.8 2.64 8.94 8.47 7.8 8.23 8.94 8.75 11.34 10.9 8.89 1.77 8.84 8.89 8.9 4.5 7.14 6.5
23.0 21.0 16.5 20.3 16.4 17.8 16.2 18.7 29.3 26.5 23.4 26 14.0 13.3 18.8 8.5 32.5 5.85
12-204
Electrical resistivity µΩ cm 9.7 18
Modulus of elasticity GPa
Tensile strength MPa
Approx. melting point °C
205 205
450
1540 1515
195 90 170 200 200
550 180 345 780 800
1425 1175 1230 1350 1370
3.7
70
110
650
3.4 7.5 1.7 6.4 12 7
70 70 120 100 120 130 150 90 13 20 45 180 200 160 110 95
72 67 30 125 103
11 21 23 15 9 58 10 49 43 6 41
185 325 300 300-800 400-600 500-1400 400-600 300-700 17 47 42 260 545 460 330-500 130 450
650 565 1080 930 1050 925 1200 1000 327 290 215 620 1330 1440 1260 1670 419 1855
HARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS There are several hardness scales for describing the resistance of a material to indentation or scratching. This table lists a number of common materials in order of increasing hardness. Values are given, when available, on three different hardness scales: the original Mohs Scale (range 1 to 10); the modified Mohs Scale (range 1 to 15), and the Knoop Hardness Scale. In the last case, a load of 100 g is assumed. REFERENCE Shackelford, J. F. and Alexander, W., CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991.
Material Graphite Talc Alabaster Gypsum Halite (rock salt) Stibnite (antimonite) Galena Mica Calcite Barite Marble Aragonite Dolomite Fluorite Magnesia Apatite Opal Feldspar (orthoclase) Augite Hematite Magnetite Rutile Pyrite Agate Uranium dioxide Silica (fused) Quartz Flint Silicon Andalusite Zircon Zirconia Aluminum nitride Beryl Beryllia Topaz Garnet Emery Zirconium nitride Zirconium boride Titanium nitride Zirconia (fused) Tantalum carbide Tungsten carbide Corundum (alumina) Zirconium carbide Alumina (fused) Beryllium carbide
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula C 3MgO⋅4SiO2⋅H2O CaSO4⋅2H2O CaSO4⋅2H2O NaCl Sb2S3 PbS CaCO3 BaSO4 CaCO3 CaMg(CO3)2 CaF2 MgO CaF2⋅3Ca3(PO4)2 K2O⋅Al2O⋅6SiO2 Fe2O3 Fe3O4 TiO2 FeS2 SiO2 UO2 SiO2 SiO2 Si Al2OSiO4 ZrSiO4 ZrO2 AlN Be3Al2Si6O18 BeO Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 Al2O3⋅3FeO⋅3SiO2 Al2O3 (impure) ZrN ZrB2 TiN ZrO2 TaC WC Al2O3 ZrC Al2O3 Be2C
Mohs 0.5 1 1.7 2 2 2.0 2.5 2.8 3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.7 7 7 7 7.5 7.5
Modified mohs
Knoop
1 2
32
3
135
4 5
163 370 430
6
560 750
600 7 8
820
1200 1225 7.8 8
9 10
8 8+
1300 1340 1360 1510 1560 1770
9 11
1800 1880 2025 2150
9 12
2400
HARDNESS OF MINERALS AND CERAMICS (continued)
Material Titanium carbide Carborundum (silicon carbide) Aluminum boride Tantalum boride Boron carbide Boron Titanium boride Diamond
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Formula TiC SiC AlB TaB2 B4C B TiB2 C
Mohs
Modified mohs
9.3
13
Knoop
14
2470 2500 2500 2600 2800
15
2850 7000
9.5 10
ORGANIC MAGNETS J.S. Miller Magnetic ordering, e.g., ferromagnetism, like superconductivity, is a property of a solid, not of an individual molecule or ion, and very rarely occurs for organic compounds. In contrast to superconductivity, where all electron spins pair to form a perfect diamagnetic material, magnetic ordering requires unpaired electron spins; hence, superconductivity and ferromagnetism are mutually exclusive. The vast majority of organic compounds are diamagnetic (i.e., all electron spins are paired), and a relative few possess unpaired electrons (designated by an arrow, ↑) and are paramagnetic (PM), i.e., they are oriented in random directions. A few organic solids, however, exhibit strong magnetic behavior and magnetically order as ferromagnets (FO) with all spins aligned in the same direction. In some cases the spins align in the opposite direction and compensate to form an antiferromagnet (AF). In some cases these spins are not opposed to each other and do not compensate and lead to a canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF). If the number of spins that align in one direction differs from the number of spins that align in the opposite direction, the spins cannot compensate and a ferrimagnet (FI) results. Metamagnets (MM) are antiferromagnets in which all the spins become aligned like a ferromagnet in an applied magnetic field. Above the ordering or critical temperature, Tc, all magnets are paramagnets (PM). Organic magnets all possess electron spins in p-orbitals, but these may be in conjunction with metal ion-based spins.
Paramagnet (PM) (random) arrangement of spins
Ferromagnetic (FO) ordering of spins
Antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering of spins
Ferrimagnetic (FI) ordering of spins
Canted antiferromagnet or weak ferromagnet (WF) ordering of spins Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the different types of magnetic behavior.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued) Summary of the Critical Temperature, Tc, Saturation Magnetization, Ms, Coercive Field, Hcr, and Remanent Magnetization, Mr, for Selected Organic-Based Magnets Magnet
Type
Tc/K
Ms/A m-1
FO
1.48
48,300
<0.00001
—
0.6 4.8 8.8 3.65 2.55 3.0 0.38 35.5 7.8 7.6 46 13 ~400 75 97 44
22,300 37,600 58,200 46,300 34,200 21,600 20,700 45 39,400 42,400 24,400 18,400 28,200 52,000 46,300 22,000
0.00008 0.10 0.12 — — — — 0.00009 0.03 <0.0005 — 2.4 0.0015 - 0.006 0.002 0.23 0.65
<200 2,300 3,700 — — — — — 27,600 <420 — 10,300 1,650 270 3 —
α-1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantaneN,N’-doxyl β-2-(4'-Nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide {FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {MnIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] {CrIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNE] α-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] β-{FeIII[C5(CH3)5]2}[TCNQ] Tanol subarate NCC6F4CN2S2 MnII(hfac)2NITC2H5 MnII(hfac)2NIT(i-C3H8) [Mn(hfac)2]3[{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2} [MnTPP][TCNE].2C6H5CH3 V[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Mn[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Fe[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5) Co[TCNE]x.yCH2Cl2 (x ~ 2; y ~ 0.5)
FO FO FO FO MM FO MM WF FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI
Hcr/T
Mr/A m-1
List of Symbols and Abbreviations Ms Hcr Tc Mr TCNE TCNQ hfac NIT FO FI MM WF
Saturation magnetization at 2 K Coercive Field Critical Temperature Remanent magnetization at 2 K Tetracyanoethylene 7,7,8,8-Tetracyano-p-quinodimethane Hexafluoroacetonate Nitronyl nitroxide Ferromagnet Ferrimagnet Metamagnet Weak ferromagnet
1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl-2,6-diazaadamantane-N,N’-doxyl
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
2-(4’-Nitrophyenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1Himidazol-1-oxyl-3-N-oxide
ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued)
M[C5(CH3)5]2(M = Cr, Mn, Fe)
TCNE
TCNQ
Mn(hfac)2
Tanol subarate
NITR (R = C2H5, i-C3H8, n-C3H8)
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
{ON[C6H3(t-C(CH3)3]2NO]2}
ORGANIC MAGNETS (continued)
MnTPP
NCC6F4CN2S2
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 33, 385, 1994. Chiarelli, R., Rassat, A., Dromzee, Y., Jeannin, Y., Novak, M. A., and Tholence, J. L., Phys. Scrip., T49, 706, 1993. Kinoshita, M., Jap. J. Appl. Phys., 33, 5718, 1994. Gatteschi, D., Adv. Mat., 6, 635, 1994. Miller, J. S. and Epstein, A. J., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1319, 1998. Broderick, W. E., Eichorn, D. M., Lu, X., Toscano, P. J., Owens, S. M. and Hoffman, B. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117, 3641, 1995. Banister, A. J., Bricklebank, N., Lavander, I., Rawson, J., Gregory, C. I., Tanner, B. K., Clegg, W. J., Elsegood, M. R., and Palacio, F., Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed., 35, 2533, 1996.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS L. I. Berger Optical properties of materials are closely related to their dielectric properties. The complex dielectric function (relative permittivity) of a material is equal to ε ( ω ) = ε′ ( ω ) – jε″ ( ω ), where ε′(ω) and ε″(ω) are its real and imaginary parts, respectively, and ω is the angular frequency of the applied electric field. For a nonabsorbing medium, the index of refraction is n = (εµ)1/2, where µ is the relative magnetic permeability of the medium (material); in the majority of dielectrics, µ ≅ 1. For many applications, the most important optical properties of materials are the index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, k, and the reflectivity, R. The common index of refraction of a material is equal to the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency in vacuum to that in the material. Hence, n 1. The optical properties of highly conductive materials like metals and semiconductors (at photon energy range above the energy gap) differ from those of optically transparent media. Free electrons absorb the incident electromagnetic wave in a thin surface layer (a few hundred nanometers thick) and then release the absorbed energy in the form of secondary waves reflected from the surface. Thus, the light reflection becomes very strong; for example, highly conductive sodium reflects 99.8% of the incident wave (at 589 nm). Introduction of the effective index of refraction, neff = (ε′)1/2 = n – jk, where ε′ = ε – jδ/ω εo, δ is the electrical conductivity of the material in S/m, and εo = 8.8542·10-12 F/m is the permittivity of vacuum, allows one to apply the expressions of the optics of transparent media to the conductive materials. It is clear that the effective index of refraction may be smaller than 1. For example, n = 0.05 for pure sodium and n = 0.18 for pure silver (at 589.3 nm). At very high photon energies, the quantum effects, such as the internal photoeffect, start playing a greater role, and the optical properties of these materials become similar to those of insulators (low reflectance, existence of Brewster’s angle, etc.). The extinction coefficient characterizes absorption of the electromagnetic wave energy in the process of propagation of a wave through a material. The wave intensity, I, after it passes a distance x in an isotropic medium is equal to I = I 0 exp ( – αx ), where I0 is the intensity at x = 0 and α is called the absorption coefficient. For many applications, the extinction coefficient, k, which is equal to λ k = α ------, 4π where λ is the wavelength of the wave in the medium, is more commonly used for characterization of the electromagnetic losses in materials. Reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the interface between two media depends on the media indices of refraction and on the angle of incidence. It is characterized by the reflectivity, which is equal to the ratio of the intensity of the wave reflected back into the first medium to the intensity of the wave approaching the interface. For polarized light and two non-absorbing media, ( N1 – N2 ) -2 , R = ------------------------( N1 + N2 ) 2
where N1 = n1/cosθ1 and N2 = n2/cosθ2 for the wave polarized in the plane of incidence, and N1 = n1cosθ1 and N2 = n2cosθ2 for the wave polarized normal to the plane of incidence; θ1 and θ2 are the angles between the normal to the interface in the point of incidence and the directions of the beams in the first and second medium, respectively. The reflectivity at normal incidence in this case is R = [ ( n1 – n2 ) ⁄ ( n1 + n2 ) ]
2
For any two opaque (absorbing) media, the normal incidence reflectivity is ( n1 – n2 ) + k2 -. R = --------------------------------2 2 ( n1 + n2 ) + k2 2
2
In the majority of experiments, the first medium is air (n ≈ 1), and hence, (1 – n) + k -2 . R = ----------------------------2 (1 + n) + k 2
2
The data on n and k in the following table are abridged from the sources listed in the references. The reflectivity at normal incidence, R, has been calculated from the last equation. For convenience, the energy E, wavenumber ν , and wavelength λ are given for the incidence radiation.
12-157
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV
ν /cm–1
λ/µm
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
Ra
Rc
0.27 0.26 0.26
0.24 0.24 0.24
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.12 0.088 0.50 0.56 0.58 0.50 0.62 0.40
0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.18 0.16 0.29 0.48 0.60 0.36 0.31
Crystalline Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1]* 2.194 2.168 2.141 2.123 2.098 2.094 2.091 2.073 2.060 2.049 2.036 2.023 2.013 2.009 2.000 1.987 1.977 1.974 1.962 1.953 1.949 1.937 1.925 1.922 1.905 1.893 1.881 1.859 1.848 1.845 1.842 1.831 1.826 1.821 1.818 1.815 1.807 1.802 0.06199 0.05904 0.05636 0.05391 0.04592 0.04428 0.04275 0.04133 0.03542 0.03100 0.03061 0.03024 0.02883 0.02850 0.02818 0.02755 0.02480 0.02254
17700 17480 17270 17120 16920 16890 16860 16720 16610 16530 16420 16310 16230 16210 16130 16030 15940 15920 15820 15750 15720 15630 15530 15500 15360 15270 15170 14990 14900 14880 14860 14770 14730 14680 14660 14640 14580 14530 500.0 476.2 454.5 434.8 370.4 357.1 344.8 333.3 285.7 250.0 247.0 244.0 232.6 229.9 227.3 222.2 200.0 181.8
0.565 0.572 0.579 0.584 0.591 0.592 0.593 0.598 0.602 0.605 0.609 0.613 0.616 0.617 0.620 0.624 0.627 0.628 0.632 0.635 0.636 0.640 0.644 0.645 0.651 0.655 0.659 0.667 0.671 0.672 0.673 0.677 0.679 0.681 0.682 0.683 0.686 0.688 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 40.5 41.0 43.0 43.5 44.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
0.30 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.13
0.10 0.079
0.26 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.12
0.050 0.097 0.082 0.063 0.031 0.051 0.038 0.030 0.020 0.022 0.017 0.012 8.6·10–3 6.4 5.2 3.1 1.7·10–3 2.0 1.3·10–3
1.2·10–3 9.0·10–4 6.4 4.7
8.6·10–4 3.4
3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.3 4.2 6.5 4.5
2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 1.7 2.6 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 2.0 4.0 3.5
12-158
5.5 4.1 1.7·10–3 2.1·10–3 2.5·10–3 3.0·10–3 6.3·10–3 7.6·10–3 0.0092 0.011
3.3 2.5 3.6 0.17
1.8·10–3 2.2·10–3 2.6·10–3 3.1·10–3 6.4·10–3 7.7·10–3 0.0093 0.011 0.037 0.38 0.33 0.41 2.2 2.8 2.0 3.3 0.26 0.10
0.034 1.0 0.95 0.46 0.94 1.4
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.02066 0.01907 0.01771 0.01653 0.01550 0.01459 0.01378 0.01305 0.01240 0.01181 0.01127 0.01033 0.009537 0.008856 0.007749 0.006888 0.006199
ν /cm–1
λ/µm
166.7 153.8 142.9 133.3 125.0 117.6 111.1 105.3 100.0 95.24 90.91 83.33 76.92 71.43 63.50 55.55 50.0
60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 95.0 100.0 105.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 160.0 180.0 200.0
n
na
nc
4.0 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.2 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8
3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.7 3.0 5.3 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6
k
ka
kc
0.089 0.097 0.19 0.41 0.29 0.20 0.43 1.5 0.22 0.094 0.059 0.034 0.024 0.019 0.014 0.011 0.0091
0.10 0.16 0.30 0.44 0.40 0.34 0.49 1.5 0.81 3.9 0.70 0.13 0.069 0.048 0.032 0.024 0.019
R
*Indices a and c relate to the radiation electric field parallel to the a and c axes of the crystal, respectively. Vitreous Arsenic Selenide (As2Se3) [Ref. 1] 2.056 2.026 2.006 1.990 1.925 1.826 1.810 1.794 1.771 1.715 1.701 1.647 1.629 1.596 1.579 1.562 1.544 1.529 1.512 1.494 1.476 1.378 1.240 1.127 1.051 1.033 0.2555 0.2380 0.2344 0.1345 0.1339 0.1333 0.1308 0.1215 0.1203 0.1196
16580 16340 16180 16050 15530 14730 14600 14470 14290 13830 13720 13280 13140 12870 12740 12590 12450 12330 12200 12050 11910 11110 10000 9091 8475 8333 1980 1919 1890 1085 1080 1075 1055 980 970 965
0.603 0.612 0.618 0.623 0.644 0.679 0.685 0.691 0.700 0.723 0.729 0.753 0.761 0.777 0.785 0.794 0.803 0.811 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.18 1.20 5.05 5.21 5.29 9.22 9.26 9.30 9.48 10.20 10.31 10.36
3.07 3.06 3.05 3.05 3.04 3.03 3.03 3.02 3.01 2.98 2.93 2.90 2.89 2.88
0.12 0.11 0.099 9.0 5.6 1.4 0.012 0.0089 6.2 2.6 0.0022 0.00046 4.0 2.7 1.9 0.00013 0.000094 6.3 4.2 2.8 1.8
1.6·10–7 9.9·10–8 1.1·10–7 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.5 8.9 9.9·10–7 1.0·10–6
12-159
0.62 0.49 0.39 0.26 0.25 0.78 0.64 0.50 0.38
Ra
Rc
0.36 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.28 0.46 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34
0.27 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.34 0.25 0.62 0.47 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.1178 0.1116 0.1004 0.09919 0.09795 0.09671 0.09299 0.08555 0.08431 0.08059 0.07811 0.07687 0.07563 0.07439 0.07315 0.07191 0.07067 0.06943 0.06633 0.06571 0.06509 0.06447 0.06075 0.06024 0.05331 0.05269 0.05207 0.05145 0.05083 0.05021 0.04959 0.04862 0.04679 0.04592 0.04509 0.04428 0.03875 0.03815 0.03757 0.02988 0.02952 0.02725 0.02362 0.01937 0.01922 0.01907 0.01734 0.01653 0.01642 0.01494 0.01246 0.007606 0.006199 0.004592 0.002799 0.001826 0.001273 0.0006491
ν /cm–1
λ/µm
950 900 810 800 790 780 750 690 680 650 630 620 610 600 590 580 570 560 535 530 525 520 490 485.9 430 425 420 415 410 405 400 392.2 377.4 370.4 363.6 357.1 312.5 307.7 303.0 241.0 238.1 219.8 190.5 156.2 155.0 153.8 139.9 133.3 132.5 120.5 100.5 61.35 50.00 37.04 22.57 14.73 10.27 5.236
10.53 11.11 12.35 12.50 12.66 12.82 13.33 14.49 14.71 15.38 15.87 16.13 16.39 16.67 16.95 17.24 17.54 17.86 18.69 18.87 19.05 19.23 20.41 20.58 23.26 23.53 23.81 24.10 24.39 24.69 25.0 25.5 26.5 27.0 27.5 28.0 32.0 32.5 33.0 41.5 42.0 45.5 52.5 64.0 64.5 65.0 71.5 75.0 75.5 83.0 99.5 163.0 200.0 270.0 443.0 679.0 974.0 1910.0
n
na
nc
2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2 3.2 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
12-160
k
ka
kc
R
1.1 1.8 4.9 7.0·10–6 1.0·10–5 1.5 3.7 6.9 5.9 6.1 6.3 7.7 7.8 9.3·10–5 1.2·10–4 1.4 1.8 2.8 5.2 7.2·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.7 4.9 5.2 1.4 1.1·10–3 8.5·10–4 7.3 8.3 9.4·10–4 1.2·10–3 1.6 5.0 8.0·10–3 1.2·10–2 1.7 8.2 9.3·10–3 0.11 0.89 1.0 1.8 0.30 0.10 9.6·10–2 9.4 8.7 9.4 0.096 0.15 0.60 0.12
0.22 0.32 0.37 0.50 0.73 0.22 0.22 0.35 0.71 0.73 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.84 0.87 0.21 0.21 0.33 0.73 0.20 0.20 0.34 0.87 0.18 0.17 0.20 0.22 0.39 0.32 0.27 0.27 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.29
0.072 4.5 2.8 2.1 1.1·10–2
0.26 0.67 0.50 0.41 0.25
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.0004376 0.0002903 0.0001716 0.00009047 0.00005621 0.00002774 0.00001439
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
3.530 2.341 1.384 0.7297 0.4534 0.2237 0.1161
2833.0 4271.0 7224.0 13704 22056 44699 86153
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
na
nc
k 7.5·10–3 5.0 3.1 1.6·10–3 9.9·10–4 5.2 2.6
ka
kc
R 0.25 0.71 0.53 0.25 0.25 0.72 0.47
Vitreous Arsenic Sulfide (As2S3) - [Ref. 2] 4.959 3.100 2.48 1.879 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.1736 0.1240 0.09299 0.07439 0.04959 0.03757 0.03100 0.02480 0.02066 0.01771 0.01550 0.01378 0.01240 0.008183 0.004029 0.002418 0.001984 0.001048 0.0001033 4.129·10–12
40000 25000 20000 15150 10000 5000 2500 2000 1400 1000 750 600 400.0 303.0 250.0 200.0 166.7 142.9 125.0 111.1 100 66 32.5 19.5 16 8.45 0.833 3.33·10–8
0.2500 0.40 0.4999 0.66 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 7.143 10.00 13.33 16.67 25.0 33.0 40.0 50 60 70 80 90 100 152 308 513 625 1180 12000 3·10–11
2.48 3.09 2.83 2.59 2.48 2.43 2.41 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.35 2.31 1.79 3.59 2.98 2.66 2.64 2.99 2.89 2.84 2.81 2.76 2.74 2.74 2.74 2.73 2.73 2.73
1.21 0.34 0.013 1.7·10–6 2.4·10–7
7.4·10–7 1.3·10–4 3.0·10–3 4.6·10–4 0.2 1.4 0.15 0.11 0.57 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.072 0.044 0.031 0.025 8.8·10–3 1.3·10–3
0.27 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.085 0.38 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) - [Ref. 3] 4.9 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.755 2.75 2.610 2.5 2.25 1.771 1.512 1.50 1.475 1.47 1.465
39520 33070 31460 28230 25000 24200 22220 22180 21050 20160 18150 14290 12200 12100 11900 11860 11820
0.2530 0.3024 0.3179 0.3542 0.4000 0.4133 0.45 0.4509 0.475 0.4959 0.5510 0.70 0.82 0.8266 0.840 0.8434 0.8463
2.48 2.33 2.57 2.89 3.43 3.37 3.080 3.23 3.045 3.14 3.05 2.861 2.880 2.98 2.905
2.04 1.59 1.90 1.52 1.02 0.861 0.485 0.636
0.39 0.32 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.27 0.29
0.525 0.411 0.210 0.040 0.319 0.00134 0.000671 3.37
0.28 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.24
12-161
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 1.46 1.459 1.455 1.45 1.445 1.442 1.44 1.43 1.30 1.24 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.09 0.06819 0.0573 0.05 0.0469 0.04592 0.04133 0.04092 0.03720 0.03647 0.03596 0.03493 0.03472 0.03100 0.02917 0.02852 0.02728 0.02604 0.02480 0.02384 0.01798 0.01736 0.01550 0.01364 0.01240 0.009919 0.008679 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720 0.023015 0.001550
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
11780 11760 11740 11690 11650 11630 11610 11530 10490 10000 9679 8872 8065 7259 6452 5646 4839 4033 3226 2420 1613 806.5 725.9 550 462 403.3 378 370.3 333.3 330 300 294.1 290 281.7 280 250 235.3 230 220 210 200 192.3 145 140 125 110 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 18.563 12.50
0.8492 0.850 0.8521 0.8551 0.8580 0.860 0.8610 0.8670 0.9537 1.0 1.033 1.127 1.240 1.378 1.550 1.771 2.066 2.480 3.100 4.133 6.199 12.40 13.78 18.18 21.6 24.80 26.5 27 30 30.30 33.33 34.00 34.48 35.5 35.71 40 42.5 43.48 45.45 47.62 50.00 52.0 68.97 71.43 80.0 90.91 100 125 142.9 166.7 200 250 333.3
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
1.89 2.948 2.9565
0.24 1.08·10–4 5.10·10–5 2.73
2.952 2.9479 2.9402 2.8720 2.840 2.8353 2.8050 2.7793 2.7537 2.7384 2.7223 2.7086 2.6972 2.6878 2.6800 2.6722 2.6535 2.6482 2.623
1.37
0.24 0.24 0.32 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20
3.8·10–6 2.5801
2.55916 2.531 2.494 2.478 2.459 2.378 2.289 2.224 2.137 2.013 1.8 6.778 4.598 3.868 3.649 3.415 3.348 3.299 3.263 3.236 3.217 538.71
0.19 8.0·10–5 9.88·10–5 2.86·10–4 3.34 4.97 8.93 5.77·10–3 7.91 6.76 1.18·10–2 6.93 1.87 2.47·10–2 3.4·10–2 4.97·10–2 6.21 5.2 4.50 0.294 9.47·10–2 5.68·10–2 0.0262 0.0189 1.39 1.03 7.52·10–3 3.2096 6.18
800
12-162
0.19 0.57 0.73 0.18 0.83 0.17 0.36 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.79 0.66 0.41 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.35 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.28
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) - [Ref. 4] 155 145 130 110 90 70 40 23 7.0 6.0 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.100 0.090 0.070 0.060 0.0495 0.03968 0.03496 0.02976 0.02066 0.01550 0.008266 0.002480 0.001240
48390 40330 32260 24200 20160 16130 14520 12900 12100 11290 9679 8065 6452 4033 2016 1210 806.5 725.9 564.6 483.9 399.2 320 282 240 166.7 125 66.67 20 10
0.007999 0.008551 0.009537 0.01127 0.01378 0.01771 0.03100 0.05391 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.4959 0.6199 0.8888 0.7749 0.8266 0.8856 1.033 1.240 1.550 2.480 4.959 8.266 12.40 13.78 17.71 20.66 25.05 31.25 35.46 41.67 60 80 150 500 1000
1.037 1.063 1.264 2.273 3.601 4.509 4.333 3.878 3.785 3.700 3.666 3.6140 3.4920 3.4232 3.3737 3.3240 3.2978 3.2831 3.2597 3.2493 3.2081 3.1609 3.058 2.495 0.307 4.57 3.77 3.681 3.62 3.607 3.606
0.0181 0.0203 0.0224 0.0278 0.0323 0.0376 0.0426 0.228 1.838 2.472 4.084 1.920 1.948 0.441 0.211 0.151 0.091 0.080 1.69·10–3
4.93·10–6 1.64·10–5 2.32·10–4 3.45·10–3 2.07·10–3 2.43·10–2 294·10–2 4.26·10–2 3.89·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.14·10–3 1.3·10–3
0.61 0.67 0.42 0.47 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.41 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32
Gallium Phosphide (GaP) - [Ref. 5] 154.0 110.0 100.0 80.0 50.0 27.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 5.5 4.68 3.50 3.00 2.78
44360 37750 28230 24200 22420
0.00805 0.0113 0.0124 0.0155 0.0248 0.0459 0.0496 0.0620 0.0826 0.2254 0.2649 0.3542 0.4133 0.4460
0.748 1.543 4.181 5.050 4.081 3.904
1.7·10–2 2.15·10–2 215·10–2 3.0·10–2 4.7·10–2 9.3·10–2 0.122 0.180 0.628 3.556 2.634 0.819 0.224 0.103
12-163
0.68 0.50 0.46 0.37 0.35
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 2.621 2.480 2.18 2.000 1.6 1.240 0.6888 0.4769 0.1907 0.1550 0.1240 0.06199 0.03100 0.02480 0.01727 0.01168 0.006199 0.004133 0.001240
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
21140 20000 17580 16130 12900 10000 5556 3846 1538 1250 1000 500 250 200 139.27 94.21 50.00 33.33 10.00
0.473 0.500 0.5687 0.62 0.7749 1.0 1.8 2.6 6.5 8.0 10 20 40 50 71.80 106.1 200 300 1000
3.73 3.590 3.411 3.3254 3.209 3.1192 3.0439 3.0271 2.995 2.984 2.964 2.615 3.594 3.461 3.3922 3.3621 3.3447 3.3413 3.3319
na
nc
k 6.37·10–3 2.47·10–3 2.8·10–7
4.29·10–4
7.16·10–3 1.81·10–2 5.77·10–3 4.34·10–3 4.26·10–3 1.3·10–4
ka
kc
R 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
Indium Antimonide (InSb) - [Ref. 6] 155 60 25 24 15 10 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.34 2.84 1.80 1.50 0.6 0.2480 0.1907 0.1653 0.06199 0.03100 0.02480 0.02244 0.02207 0.02033 0.01054 0.005579 0.001860 0.001240
40330 36290 32260 26940 22910 14520 12100 4839 2000 1538 1333 500 250 200 181 178 164 85 45 15 10
0.007999 0.02066 0.04959 0.05166 0.08266 0.1240 0.2480 0.2755 0.3100 0.3712 0.4366 0.6888 0.8266 2.066 5.0 6.5 7.5 20.00 40.00 50.00 55.25 56.18 60.98 117.6 222.2 666.7 1000
1.15 1.15 0.97 0.74 1.307 1.443 2.632 3.528 3.340 4.909 4.418 4.03 4.14 4.30 4.18 3.869 2.98 2.22 3.05 9.61 4.94 2.12 1.02 6.03 10.7
4.77·10–3 7.30·10–2 .015 0.18 0.230 0.88 2.441 2.894 3.694 2.280 2.021 1.396 0.643 9.1·10–2 6.3·10–2 2.7·10–2 2.0·10–3 2.6·10–3 0.165 7.59 4.20 0.140 0.423 5.59 17.9 24.0
0.53 0.60 0.61 0.45 0.45 0.47 0.41 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.25 0.14 0.84 0.70 0.44 0.14 0.88 0.93 0.94
Indium Arsenide (InAs) - [Ref. 7] 25 20 15 10 6 5.0
48390 40330
0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2066 0.2480
1.139 1.125 0.894 0.835 2.112 2.871
1.434 1.524
12-164
0.168 0.225 0.336 1.071 0.45 0.58
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.44 1.86 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.35 0.32 0.20 0.1240 0.06199 0.04959 0.04339 0.03720 0.03100 0.02765 0.02480 0.01984 0.01860 0.01736 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
32260 28230 24200 20160 19680 15000 14520 13710 12900 12100 9679 8065 4839 2823 2581 1613 1000 500 400 350 300 250 222 200 160 150 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 10
0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.5081 0.6666 0.6888 0.7293 0.7749 0.8266 1.033 1.240 2.066 3.542 3.875 6.199 10.00 20.00 25.00 28.57 33.33 40.00 44.84 50.00 62.50 66.67 71.43 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000
3.313 3.008 3.197 4.364 4.489 3.889 3.851 3.798 3.755 3.714 3.613 3.548 3.608 3.512 3.427 3.402 3.334 3.264 3.182 2.988 1.970 5.90 6.91 5.27 5.27 3.99 3.91 3.85 3.817 3.793 3.778 3.769 3.766
na
nc
k 1.799 1.754 2.034 1.786 1.446 0.554 0.530 0.493 0.463 0.432
0.161 9.58·10–3 1.23·10–4
5.46·10–3 6.37·10–2 6.53 0.30 0.41 0.51 1.1·10–2 6.6·10–3 4.3·10–3
ka
kc
R 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.11 0.74 0.56 0.47 0.47 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.34
Indium Phosphide (InP) - [Ref. 8] 20 15 10 5.5 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.25 1.00 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.075 0.060 0.050 0.03992 0.03496 0.03100 0.02728
44360 40330 32260 24200 16130 12100 10085 8068 4034 2420 806.8 605.1 484.1 403.4 322 282 250 220
0.06199 0.08266 0.1240 0.2254 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.6199 0.8266 0.9915 1.239 2.479 4.131 12.39 16.53 20.66 24.79 31.06 35.46 40.00 45.45
0.793 0.695 0.806 1.426 2.131 3.141 4.395 3.549 3.456 3.324 3.220 3.114 3.089 3.012 2.932 2.780 2.429 0.307 3.89 4.27 3.93
0.494 0.574 1.154 2.562 3.495 1.730 1.247 0.317 0.203
1.46·10–2 3.35·10–2 3.57 0.282 3.0·10–2 1.3·10–2
12-165
0.79 0.61 0.38 0.43 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.35 0.39 0.35
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.02480 0.02418 0.02232 0.01860 0.01240 0.009919 0.007439 0.004959 0.002480 0.001240
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
200 195 180 150 100 80 60 40 20 10
50.0 51.28 55.56 66.67 100 125.0 166.7 250.0 500 1000.0
3.81 3.19 3.19 3.65 3.57 3.551 3.538 3.529 3.523 3.522
na
nc
k 8.7·10–3
ka
kc
R 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
Lead Selenide (PbSe) - [Ref. 9] 14.5 10 5 2.0 1.65 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.62 0.48 0.40 0.32 0.20 0.1190 0.09919 0.07935 0.05951 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.01984 0.009919 0.007935 0.004959 0.002480 0.001736 0.001240
40330 16130 13310 12100 8065 6049 5001 3871 3226 2581 1613 960 800 640 480 400 320 240 160 80 64 40 20 14 10
0.08551 0.1240 0.2480 0.6199 0.7514 0.8266 1.240 1.653 2.000 2.583 3.100 3.875 6.199 10.42 12.50 15.63 20.83 25.00 31.25 41.67 62.50 125.0 156.3 250.0 500.0 714.3 1000
0.72 0.68 0.54 3.65 4.51 4.64 4.65 4.59 4.90 4.91 4.98 4.82 4.74 4.72 4.68 4.59 4.49 4.31 3.89 2.34 1.73 2.91 11.2 12.6 14.1 17.4
0.20 0.50 1.2 2.9 1.73 2.64 1.1 0.269 0.770
0.173 1.20·10–3 2.09·10–3 4.12·10–3 1.00·10–2 1.77·10–2 3.62·10–2 9.61·10–2 0.56 7.38 10.1 14.6 12.2 16.6 21.1
0.51 0.46 0.52 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.24 0.18 0.88 0.90 0.88
Lead Sulfide (PbS) - [Ref. 10] 150 125 100 80 60 25 18.0 14.0 10.0 4.95 4.0 3.00 2.90 2.75 2.55
39920 32260 24200 23390 22180 20570
0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01550 0.02066 0.04959 0.06888 0.08856 0.1240 0.2505 0.3100 0.4133 0.4275 0.4509 0.4862
0.845 0.846 0.651 0.879 1.52 1.73 3.88 4.12 4.25 4.35
3.86·10–3 5.59·10–3 1.54·10–2 2.88·10–2 6.17·10–2 0.171 0.294 0.665 1.050 2.10 2.83 3.00 2.70 2.33 2.00
12-166
0.43 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.47
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 2.00 1.60 1.24 1.03 0.650 0.496 0.400 0.3100 0.2480 0.1240 0.1033 0.08059 0.06819 0.04959 0.03720 0.02480 0.01378 0.01240 0.008856 0.006199 0.003100 0.001653 0.001240 0.0006199
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
16130 12910 10000 8333 5263 4000 3226 2500 2000 1000 833.3 650 550 400 300 200.0 111.1 100.0 71.43 50.0 25.00 13.33 10.00 5.000
0.6199 0.7749 1.00 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.1 4.0 5 10 12 15.38 18.18 25.00 33.33 50 90 100 140 200 400 750 1000 2000
4.29 4.62 4.43 4.30 4.24 4.30 4.30 4.16 4.115 4.01 3.90 3.90 3.81 3.53 2.99 0.514 1.175 1.79 17.41 16.27 12.96 12.44 12.35 12.27
na
nc
k 1.48 0.94 0.597 0.458 0.318 0.235 2.27·10–2 6.38·10–4 9.25·10–4 6.32·10–3 1.14·10–2
1.59 8.48 10.51 17.94 2.20 0.495 0.228 0.167 0.0815
ka
kc
R 0.43 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.25 0.94 0.94 0.89 0.79 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.72
Lead Telluride (PbTe) - [Ref. 11] 150 125 100 75 50 30 15 10 7.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.15 0.1017 0.08927 0.06943 0.04959 0.03968 0.02976 0.009919 0.007439 0.006199 0.004959 0.003720
40330 24200 20160 12100 8065 6452 4839 3226 2420 1613 1210 820 720 560 400 320 240 80 60 50 40 30
0.008266 0.009919 0.01240 0.01653 0.02480 0.04133 0.08266 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.4133 0.4959 0.8266 1.240 1.550 2.066 3.100 4.133 6.199 8.266 12.20 13.89 17.86 25.00 31.25 41.67 125.0 166.7 200.0 250.0 333.3
0.72 0.66 0.8 0.72 1.0 1.35 3.8 4.55 6.25 6.10 6.075 5.95 5.77 5.76 5.47 5.38 5.13 4.50 3.58 1.01 2.95 4.9 6.9 11.6 27.7
2.37·10–3 9.71·10–3 4.39·10–2 6.43·10–2 6.87·10–2 7.77·10–2 0.17 0.60 0.92 1.0 2.2 2.86 3.1 2.2 0.71 0.521 0.331 3.55·10–2
9.16·10–3 1.37·10–2 3.06·10–2 9.6·10–2 0.23 1.9 16.6 22.5 27.2 34.8 35.7
12-167
0.61 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.32 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.95
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.002480 0.001240
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
20 10
500.0 1000
27.6 45.1
na
nc
k 39.1 57.8
ka
kc
R 0.95 0.97
Lithium Fluoride (LiF) - [Ref. 12] 2000 1496 1016 725 504 303 250 200 150 100 75 50 25 20 15.1 13 12.0 11.0 10.00 9 7 4.959 4.000 2.952 2.000 0.9919 0.7999 0.4959 0.4000 0.3100 0.2480 0.2000 0.1698 0.1494 0.1240 0.1127 0.1033 0.09537 0.08679 0.07439 0.06199 0.05579 0.04959 0.03720 0.03100 0.02480 0.01240 0.06199 0.04959 0.02480 0.01378 4.798·10–4 1.464·10–4
40000 32260 23810 16130 8000 6452 4000 3226 2500 2000 1613 1370 1205 1000 909.1 833.3 769.2 700 600 500 450 400 300 250 200 100.0 50.0 40.00 20.00 11.11 3.870 1.181
6.199·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.220·10–3 1.710·10–3 2.460·10–3 4.092·10–3 4.959·10–3 6.199·10–3 8.265·10–3 1.240·10–2 1.653·10–2 2.480·10–2 4.959·10–2 6.199·10–2 8.211·10–2 9.537·10–2 0.1033 0.1127 0.12398 0.1375 0.1771 0.250 0.31 0.42 0.62 1.25 1.55 2.5 3.1 4.0 5.0 6.2 7.3 8.3 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.29 16.67 20.00 22.22 25.00 33.33 40.00 50.00 100 200 250 500 900 2584 8469
0.9999347 0.999883 0.999757 0.999643 0.999162 0.99752 0.99632 0.9899 0.9801
0.558 1.20 1.08 1.04 2.28 1.77 1.606 1.53 1.46 1.4189 1.4073 1.3978 1.3915 1.3851 1.3858 1.3731 1.3650 1.3493 1.3266 1.2912 1.2499 1.2036 1.1005 1.0208
0.508 0.124 0.306 0.191 0.208 8.76 4.64 3.69 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.067 3.023 3.023
4.33·10–6 1.28·10–5 5.18·10–5 1.62·10–4 4.96·10–5 3.12·10–4 6.17·10–5 2.12·10–3 3.54·10–3 1.32·10–2 2.63·10–2 7.89·10–2 0.521 0.58 0.68 1.64 0.11 8.07·10–7 7.70·10–7
0.10 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
1.8·10–6
2.6·10–3 8.0·10–3 1.9·10–2 3.7·10–2 7.74·10–2 0.804 1.47 1.88 2.71 3.91 0.287 0.102 0.106 4.0·10–2 2.2·10–2 6.3·10–3 3.1·10–3 1.19·10–3 6.20·10–4
12-168
0.02
0.68 0.85 0.91 0.68 0.42 0.33 0.26 0.26 0.26
0.25 0.25
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
4.053·10–5 1.861·10–7 3.718·10–8
0.3269 1.501·10–3 2.999·10–4
30590 6.662·106 3.335·107
3.023 3.018 3.018
na
nc
k 2.63·10–4 1.6·10–5 1.6·10–5
ka
kc
R 0.25
Potassium Chloride (KCl) - [Ref. 13] 2860.3 2855.3 2849.3 2835.8 2832.3 2829.8 2828.3 219 215 212.5 211 185.1 109.7 43 40 29.9 20.1 15.1 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.199 4.959 3.999 2.952 2.695 2.616 2.384 2.066 1.550 1.033 0.5166 0.2480 0.2000 0.1512 0.09999 0.07560 0.04959 0.03999 0.02976 0.02728 0.02232 0.01860 0.01612 0.01240 0.008679 0.006199 0.001240 0.0006199 0.0004133
50000 40000 32260 23810 21740 21100 19230 16670 12500 8333 4167 2000 1.613 1220 806.5 609.8 400.0 322.6 240 220 180 150 130 100 70 50 10.00 5.000 3.333
4.3347·10–4 4.3423·10–4 4.3514·10–4 4.3721·10–4 4.3775·10–4 4.3814·10–4 4.3837·10–4 5.661·10–3 5.767·10–3 5.834·10–3 5.876·10–3 6.7·10–3 1.13·10–2 0.02883 0.03179 0.04147 0.06168 0.08211 0.1240 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.20 0.25 0.31 0.42 0.46 0.474 0.52 0.60 0.80 1.2 2.4 5.0 6.2 8.2 12.4 16.4 25.0 31.0 41.67 45.45 55.56 66.67 76.92 100.0 142.9 200.0 1000 2000 3000
3.93·10–6 3.39·10–6 4.61·10–6 5.85·10–6 5.85·10–6 1.57·10–6 4.19·10–7 1.82·10–3 1.84·10–3 2.19·10–3 1.82·10–3 0.99874 0.99578 0.96 0.925 0.756 0.910 0.965 1.16 1.99 1.15 2.0 1.71739 1.58972 1.54005 1.50701 1.50115
1.01·10–3 4.22·10–3 3.0·10–2 1.8·10–2 0.145 0.495 0.344 0.38 0.50 0.46 8.46·10–7
0.035 0.13 0.048 0.11 0.070
0.040 7.6·10–11
1.49501 1.48969 1.48291 1.47813 1.47464 1.47048 1.46796 1.46260 1.44611 1.42295 1.34059 1.2431 0.85 0.53 0.31 0.44 4.1 2.7 2.4 2.2
6.57·10–4 0.16 0.35 1.05 4.0 0.32 0.11 9.2·10–2 9.0·10–3 3.7·10–3 2.0·10–3
12-169
0.039 0.038 0.037 0.037 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.033 0.030 0.021 0.012
0.37 0.21 0.17 0.14
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
Silicon Dioxide (Glass) - [Ref. 14] 2000 1860 1609 1496 1204 1093 1016 798 597 396 303 201 151.2 99.99 49.59 40.00 31.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 13.00 11.00 10.00 9.00 7.00 6.00 4.9939 4.1034 3.0640 2.5504 2.4379 2.2705 2.1489 2.1411 2.1102 2.1041 1.9257 1.8892 1.8566 1.7549 1.4550 1.0985 0.60243 0.35354 0.2976 0.2728 0.2480 0.2232 0.1984 0.1736 0.1674 0.1612 0.1500 0.1401 0.1302 0.1209
48390 40278.4 33096.1 24712.3 20570.5 19662.5 18312.5 17332.3 17269.2 17019.5 16970.4 15531.6 15237.6 14974.2 14153.9 11735.6 8860.06 4858.9 2851.4 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1350 1300 1210 1130 1050 975
6.199·10–4 6.665·10–4 7.705·10–4 8.287·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.134·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.554·10–3 2.077·10–3 3.131·10–3 4.092·10–3 6.168·10–3 8.2·10–3 1.24·10–2 2.50·10–2 3.10·10–2 4.00·10–2 0.04959 0.06199 0.08266 0.09537 0.1127 0.1240 0.1378 0.1771 0.2066 0.248272 0.302150 0.404656 0.486133 0.508582 0.546074 0.576959 0.579065 0.587561 0.589262 0.643847 0.656272 0.667815 0.706519 0.852111 1.12866 2.0581 3.5070 4.176 4.545 5.000 5.556 6.250 7.143 7.407 7.692 8.265 8.850 9.524 10.26
0.99993 0.99991 0.99989 0.99987 0.99980 0.99975 0.99971 0.99954 0.99917 0.99812 0.99678 0.99269 0.9871 0.9813 0.9164 0.907 0.851 0.733 0.859 1.168 1.368 1.739 2.330 1.904 1.600 1.543 1.50841 1.48719 1.46961 1.46313 1.46187 1.46008 1.45885 1.45877 1.45847 1.45841 1.45671 1.45637 1.45608 1.45515 1.45248 1.44888 1.43722 1.40568 1.383 1.365 1.342 1.306 1.239 1.053 0.9488 0.7719 0.4530 0.3563 2.760 2.448
1.503·10–5 1.936·10–5 9.941·10–6 1.308·10–5 2.916·10–5 4.155·10–5 5.423·10–5 1.289·10–4 3.560·10–4 4.04·10–4 9.91·10–4 3.63·10–3 7.3·10–3 7.0·10–3 6.5·10–2 9.2·10–2 0.156 0.325 0.585 0.711 0.747 0.569 0.323 1.89·10–2
1.07·10–4 2.56·10–4 3.98·10–3 5.63·10–3 6.52·10–3 1.06·10–2 1.48·10–2 3.72·10–2 0.704 1.53 1.65 0.231
12-170
0.10 0.11 0.11 0.17 0.097 0.053 0.046 0.041 0.038 0.036 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.032 0.028 0.026 0.024 0.021
0.30 0.66 0.35 0.18
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.1091 0.09919 0.08989 0.06943 0.06199 0.04959 0.03720 0.01240 0.007439 0.002480
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
880 800 725 560 500 400 300 100 60 20
11.36 12.50 13.79 17.86 20.00 25.0 33.33 100.0 166.7 500.0
1.784 1.753 1.698 1.337 0.6616 2.739 2.210 1.967 1.959 1.955
na
nc
k
ka
7.75·10–2 0.343 0.175 0.298 0.397 6.7·10–2 1.59·10–2 8.62·10–3 7.96·10–3
kc
R 0.079 0.089 0.071 0.036 0.882 0.23 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.10
Silicon Monoxide (Noncrystalline) - [Ref. 15] 25 20 17.5 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 4 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.240 0.6199 0.3100 0.2480 0.2066 0.1771 0.1653 0.1459 0.1305 0.1240 0.1181 0.1153 0.1127 0.1078 0.1033 0.09537 0.08856
40330 32260 24200 22580 20970 19360 17740 16130 14520 12900 10000 5000 2500 2000 1667 1492 1333 1176 1053 1000 952.4 930.2 909.1 869.6 833.3 769.2 714.3
0.04959 0.06199 0.07085 0.08266 0.09919 0.1240 0.1653 0.2480 0.3100 0.4133 0.4428 0.4769 0.5166 0.5636 0.6199 0.6888 0.7749 1.000 2.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 7.500 8.500 9.500 10.00 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.50 12.00 13.00 14.00
0.8690 0.8853 0.9825 1.132 1.283 1.378 1.593 2.001 2.141 2.116 2.085 2.053 2.021 1.994 1.969 1.948 1.929 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.60 1.42 0.90 1.20 2.00 2.85 2.86 2.82 2.50 2.13 2.04 2.01
0.2717 0.4919 0.5961 0.6651 0.6523 0.6843 0.7473 0.6052 0.4006 0.1211 0.08374 0.05544 0.03533 0.02153 0.01175 0.00523 0.00151
0.18 1.20 1.38 0.90 0.58 0.40 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.30
0.092 0.090 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.092 0.087 0.082 0.074 0.067 0.053
0.024 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.19 0.13 0.12 0.12
Noncrystalline Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) - [Ref. 16] 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
0.05166 0.05391 0.05636 0.05904 0.06199 0.06526 0.06888 0.07293
0.655 0.625 0.611 0.617 0.635 0.676 0.735 0.810
0.420 0.481 0.560 0.647 0.743 0.841 0.936 1.03
12-171
0.28 0.22 0.16 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.25
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 16 15 14 13 12 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 8 7 6 5 4.75 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
96790 88720 84690 80650 76620 72590 64520 56460 48390 40330 38310 36290 32260 28230 24200 20160 16130 12100 8065
0.07749 0.08266 0.08856 0.09537 0.1033 0.1127 0.1181 0.1240 0.1305 0.1378 0.1550 0.1771 0.2066 0.2480 0.2610 0.2755 0.3100 0.3542 0.4133 0.4959 0.6199 0.8266 1.240
0.902 1.001 1.111 1.247 1.417 1.657 1.827 2.000 2.162 2.326 2.651 2.752 2.541 2.278 2.234 2.198 2.141 2.099 2.066 2.041 2.022 2.008 1.998
na
nc
k 1.11 1.18 1.26 1.35 1.43 1.52 1.53 1.49 1.44 1.32 0.962 0.493 0.102 4.9·10–3 1.2·10–3 2.2·10–4
ka
kc
R 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - [Ref. 17] 209.5 206 203 200 26.0 25.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.1 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.00 6.00 5.00 2.952 2.480 2.214 2.000 1.771 1.675 1.550 1.240 1.033 0.6888 0.4959 0.4000 0.3263 0.2952 0.2755 0.2480
48390 40330 23810 20000 17860 16130 14290 13510 12500 10000 8333 5556 4000 3226 2632 2381 2222 2000
5.918·10–3 6.019·10–3 6.107·10–3 6.199·10–3 0.04769 0.04959 0.05636 0.06199 0.06888 0.07700 0.08856 0.1033 0.1240 0.1550 0.2066 0.2480 0.42 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.70 0.74 0.80 1.00 1.2 1.8 2.5 3.1 3.8 4.2 4.5 5.0
0.83 0.83 0.83 0.88 0.89 0.74 0.98 1.22 1.55 1.38 1.75 1.65 1.56324 1.55157 1.54613 1.54228 1.53865 1.53728 1.53560 1.53200 1.53000 1.52712 1.52531 1.52395 1.52226 1.52121 1.52036 1.51883
2.54·10–3 2.62·10–3 2.08·10–3 1.92·10–3 0.15 0.18 0.31 0.34 0.33 0.45 0.89 0.79 0.71 1.10
(1.8±0.2) ·10–9
12-172
0.015 0.018 0.057 0.036 0.033 0.084 0.17 0.12 0.12 0.20 0.074 0.060 0.048 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.045 0.044 0.044 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.042
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.1240 0.1033 0.08856 0.07749 0.06888 0.06199 0.04959 0.04215 0.03720 0.03410 0.03286 0.03224 0.02480 0.02108 0.01984 0.01922 0.01860 0.01736 0.01612 0.01488 0.01240 0.009919 0.07439 0.04959 0.002480 0.001240 0.001033 0.0006888 0.0006199 0.0004959 0.0004797 0.0003875 0.0001464 0.00004053
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
1000 833.3 714.3 625.0 555.5 500.0 400 340 300 275 265 260 200 170 160 155 150 140 130 120 100 80 60 40 20 10 8.333 5.556 5.000 4.000 3.869 3.125 1.181 0.3269
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 25.0 29.41 33.33 36.36 37.74 38.46 50.00 58.82 62.50 64.52 66.67 71.43 76.92 83.33 100.0 125.0 166.7 250.00 500.0 1000 1200 1800 2000 2500 2584 3200 8469 30590
1.49473 1.48000 1.46188 1.4399 1.41364 1.3822 1.27 1.12 0.85 0.59 0.42 0.45 0.14 1.35 6.92 5.50 4.52 3.72 3.31 3.02 2.74 2.57 2.48 2.44 2.43 2.43
na
nc
k
3.5·10–3 1.7·10–2 0.85 0.22 0.50 0.45 1.99 6.03 2.14 0.87 0.380 0.219 0.135 0.110 0.087 0.077 0.055 0.041 0.024 0.006 8.8·10–3 5.4·10–3
2.43
ka
kc
R 0.039 0.037 0.035 0.033 0.029 0.026 0.014 0.0032 0.18 0.084 0.26 0.22 0.89 0.87 0.59 0.49 0.41 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17
0.17 4.4·10–3 2.1·10–3 3.3·10–3 5.8·10–4 2.5·10–4
2.43 2.43 2.43
0.17 0.17
Cubic Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) - [Ref. 18] 2000 1204 1016 901 798 707 597 377 201 100 61.99 41.33 31.00 24.80 17.71 13.78 12.40 9.919 8.266 6.199 6.00
48390
6.199·10–4 1.030·10–3 1.220·10–3 1.376·10–3 1.554·10–3 1.754·10–3 2.077·10–3 9.50·10–3 6.168·10–3 1.240·10–2 2.000·10–2 3.000·10–2 4.000·10–2 5.000·10–2 7.000·10–2 9.000·10–2 0.1000 0.125 0.150 0.200 0.2066
0.999904 0.999777 0.999838 0.999647 0.999520 0.999372 0.999160 0.99789 0.99553 0.99061 0.964 0.941 0.847 0.796 0.747 0.758 0.862 1.02 1.41 2.32 2.24
1.76·10–5 1.00·10–4 3.61·10–5 5.42·10–5 8.28·10–5 1.25·10–4 2.19·10–4 9.50·10–4 4.82·10–3 1.17·10–2 3.32·10–2 5.10·10–2 9.95·10–2 0.171 0.431 0.824 0.876 1.36 1.47 1.62 1.65
12-173
6.2·10–4
2.2·10–2 7.7·10–2 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.29 0.32 0.59
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 4.00 3.00 2.50 2.30 2.00 1.75 1.55 1.40 1.240 1.00 0.80 0.6199 0.45 0.30 0.20 0.1550 0.1240 0.100 0.09 0.07999 0.07 0.06075 0.05 0.03546 0.03472 0.02480 0.01240 0.004955 0.004339 0.003720 0.003100 0.002480 0.001860
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
n
32260 24200 20160 18550 16130 14110 12500 11290 10000 8065 6452 5000 3629 2420 1613 1250 1000 806.5 725.9 645.2 564.6 490 403.3 286 280 200 100 40 35 30 25 20 15
0.3100 0.4133 0.4959 0.5391 0.6199 0.7085 0.7999 0.8856 1.000 1.240 1.550 2.000 2.755 4.133 6.199 8.0 10.00 12.4 13.78 15.5 17.71 20.41 24.80 34.97 35.71 50.00 100.0 250.0 285.7 333.3 400.0 500.0 666.7
2.70 2.54 2.42 2.3950 2.3576 2.3319 2.3146 2.3033 2.2907 2.2795 2.2706 2.2631 2.2587 2.2529 2.2443 2.2213 2.1986 2.1969 2.1793 2.1518 2.1040 2.03 1.6866 3.29 9.54 3.48 3.06 2.903 2.899 2.896 2.894 2.892 2.890
na
nc
k 0.44 4·10–2 3·10–2
3.50·10–6 3.02·10–6
6.2·10–6
4.5·10–6 8.8·10–6
3.82·10–3 8.0·10–3 8.3·10–2 5.2·10–2 3.1·10–2 5.8·10–3 6.2·10–3 7.0·10–3
ka
kc
R 0.22 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.065 0.28 0.66 0.31 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) - [Ref. 19] 4.960 4.769 4.593 4.426 4.276 4.133 4.000 3.875 3.758 3.647 3.543 3.444 3.351 2.255 2.067 1.378 1.305 1.078 1.033 0.9920 0.9538 0.9185
40000 38462 37037 35714 34483 33333 32258 31250 30303 29412 28571 27778 27027 18182 16667 11111 10526 8696 8333 8000 7692 7407
0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290 0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.550 0.600 0.900 0.950 1.150 1.200 1.250 1.300 1.350
0.970 0.972 0.975 0.978 0.980 0.983 0.986 0.988 0.990 0.991 0.992 0.992 0.993 0.993 0.992 0.992 0.991 0.991 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.988
12-174
Ra
Rc
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLIDS (continued) E/eV 0.8857 0.8552 0.8267 0.8000 0.7750 0.7515 0.7294 0.7086 0.6889 0.6703 0.6526 0.6359 0.6200 0.6049 0.5905 0.5767 0.5636 0.5511 0.5487 0.5439 0.5415 0.5368 0.5345 0.5322 0.5299 0.5277 0.5232 0.5188 0.5167 0.5061 0.4960
ν /cm–1
λ/µ µm
7143 6897 6667 6452 6250 6061 5882 5714 5556 5405 5263 51282 5000 4878 4762 4651 4545 44444 44247 4386 4367 4329 4310 4292 4274 4255 4219 4184 4167 4082 4000
1.400 1.450 1.500 1.550 1.600 1.650 1.700 1.750 1.800 1.850 1.900 1.950 2.000 2.050 2.100 2.150 2.200 2.250 2.260 2.280 2.290 2.310 2.320 2.330 2.340 2.350 2.370 2.390 2.400 2.450 2.500
n
na
nc
k
ka
kc
R
Ra
Rc
0.988 0.989 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.987 0.986 0.986 0.985 0.980 0.978 0.978 0.970 0.959 0.951 0.946 0.966 0.965 0.964 0.963 0.961 0.959 0.957 0.956 0.954 0.951 0.950 0.949 0.947 0.946 0.945
REFERENCES 1. Arsenic Selenide D. J. Treacy in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, Editor, Academic Press, 1985, p. 623. (Hereafter abbreviated as HOCS.) R. Zallen, R. E. Drews, R. L. Emerald, and M. L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971) R. Zallen, M. L. Slade, and A. T. Ward, Phys. Rev. B 3, 4257 (1971). U. Strom and P. C. Taylor, Phys. Rev. B 16, 5512 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). C. T. Moynihan, P. B. Macedo, M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, and R. E. Howard, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 17, 369 (1975). Y. Ohmachi, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 630 (1973). 2. Arsenic Sulfide D. J. Treacy in HOCS, 1985, p. 641. P. A. Young, J. Phys. C 4, 93 (1971). W. S. Rodny, I. H. Malitson, and T. A. King, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 633 (1958). R. Zallen, R.E. Drew, R. L. Emerald, and M.L. Slade, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1564 (1971). M. S. Maklad, R. K. Mohr, R. E. Howard, P. B. Macedo, and C. T. Moynihan, Solid State Commun. 15, 855 (1974). P. B. Klein, P. C. Taylor, and D. J. Treacy, Phys. Rev. B16, 4511 (1977). G. Lucovsky, Phys. Rev. B 6, 1480 (1972). 3. Cadmium Telluride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 409. D. T. F. Marple and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Lett. 8, 87 (1962). T. H. Myers, S. W. Edwards, and J. F. Schetzina, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 4231 (1981). D. T. F. Marple, Phys. Rev. 150, 728 (1966). A. N. Pikhtin and A. D. Yas’kov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 12, 622 (1978).
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L. S. Ladd, Infrared Phys. 6, 145 (1966). J. E. Harvey and W. L. Wolfe, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 1267 (1975). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, H. Oshinaga, Y. Ueda, and H. Sei, Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ. Jpn. 17, 263 (1967). J. R. Birch and D. K. Murrey, Infrared Phys. 18, 283 (1978). 4. Gallium Arsenide E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 429. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, in Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, and R. P. H. Chang, J. Appl. Phys. 49, 6097 (1978). H. C. Casey, D. D. Sell, and K. W. Wecht, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 250 (1975). A. H. Kachare, W. G. Spitzer, F. K. Euler, and A. Kahan, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 2938 (1974). R. T. Holm, J. W. Gibson, and E. D. Palik, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 212 (1977). W. Cochran, S. J. Fray, F. A. Johnson, J. E. Quarrington, and N. Williams, J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 32, 2102 (1961). C. P. Christensen, R. Joiner, S. K. T. Nieh, and W. H. Steier, J. Appl. Phys. 45, 4957 (1974). R. H. Stolen, Phys. Rev. B 11, 767 (1975); Appl. Phys. Lett. 15, 74 (1969). 5. Gallium Phosphide A. Borghesi and G. Guizzetti in HOCS, 1985, p. 445. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Intl. Conf. Phys. Semicond. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, E. E. Koch, M. Skibowski, B. Sonntag, and P. Yu. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 659 (1970). S. E. Stokowski and D. D. Sell, Phys. Rev. B 5, 1636 (1972). S. A. Abagyan, G. A. Ivanov, Y. E. Shanurin, and V. I. Amosov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 5, 889 (1971). P. G. Dean, G. Kaminsky, and R. B. Zetterstorm, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 3551 (1967). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). 6. Indium Antimonide R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 491. M. Cardona, W. Gudat, B. Sonntag, and P. Y. Yu, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 10th. Cambridge, 1970, p. 208. US Atom. Comm., Oak Ridge, TN, 1970. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). T. S. Moss, S. D. Smith, and T. D. F. Hawkins, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 70B, 776 (1957). H. Yoshinaga and R. A. Oetjen, Phys. Rev. 101, 526 (1956). R. B. Sanderson, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26, 803 (1965). 7. Indium Arsenide E. D. Palick and R. T. Holm in HOCS, 1985, p. 479. H. R. Philipp and H. Ehrenreich, Phys. Rev. 129, 1550 (1963). B. O. Seraphin and H. E. Bennett in Semiconductors and Semimetals (R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds.), vol. 3, Academic, 1967, p. 499. D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). J. R. Dixon and J. M. Ellis, Phys. Rev. 123, 1560 (1961). A. Memon, T. J. Parker, and J. R. Birch, Proc. SPIE, 289, 20 (1981). 8. Indium Phosphide O. J. Glembocki and H. Piller in HOCS, 1985, p. 503. M. Cardona, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 958 (1961); 36, 2181 (1965). D. E. Aspnes and A. A. Studna, Phys. Rev. B 27, 985 (1983). G. D. Pettit and W. J. Turner, J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2081 (1965). R. Newman, Phys. Rev. 111, 1518 (1958). W. N. Reynolds, M. T. Lilburne, and R. M. Dell, Proc. Phys. Soc. London 71, 416 (1958). H. Jamshidi and T. J. Parker, Int. Meet. Infrared Mm. Waves, 7th., Marseilles, 1983. 9. Lead Selenide G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 517. M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). T. S. Moss, Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Butterworth, 1959, p. 189. J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 8, 423 (1959). K. V. Vyatkin and A. P. Shotov, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 14, 785 (1980); Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 14, 1331 (1980). 10. Lead Sulfide G. Guizzetti and A. Borghesi in HOCS, 1985, p. 525. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970).
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M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. A 133, 1685 (1964). M. Cardona, C. M. Penchina, E. E. Koch, and P. Y. Yu, Phys. Status Solidi B 53, 327 (1972). P. R. Wessel, Phys. Rev. 153, 836 (1967). C. E. Rossi and W. Paul, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 1803 (1967). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. A 140, 330 (1965). 11. Lead Telluride G. Bauer and H. Krenn in HOCS, 1985, p. 535. M. Cardona and R. Haensel, Phys. Rev. B 1, 2605 (1970). M. Cardona and D. L. Greenaway, Phys. Rev. 133, A1685 (1964). D. M. Korn and R. Braunstein, Phys. Rev. B 5, 4837 (1972). W. W. Scanlon, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 8, 423 (1959). J. N. Zemel, J. D. Jensen, and R. B. Schoolar, Phys. Rev. 140, A330 (1965). 12. Lithium Fluoride E. D. Palik and W. R. Hunter in HOCS, 1985, p. 675. B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 168 (1964); 16, 310 (1964). F. C. Brown, C. Gahwiller, A. B. Kunz, and N. O. Lipari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 927 (1970). A. Milgram and M. P. Givens, Phys. Rev. 125, 1506 (1962). T. Tomiki and T. Miyata, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27, 658 (1969). A. Kachare, G. Andermann, and L. R. Brantley, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 33, 467 (1972). 13. Potassium Chloride E. D. Palik in HOCS, 1985, p. 703. O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). A. P. Lukirskii, E. P. Savinov, O. A. Ershov, and Y. F. Shepelev, Opt. Spectrosc. 16, 168 (1964); Opt. Spektrosk. 16, 310 (1964). T. Tomika, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 22, 463 (1967). M. Antinori, A. Balzarotti, and M. Piacentini, Phys. Rev. B 7, 1541 (1973). H. H. Li, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5, 329 (1976). S. D. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). K. W. Johnson and E. E. Bell, Phys. Rev. 139A, 1295 (1965). 14. Silicon Dioxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 749. J. Rife and J. Osantowski, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 1513 (1980). B. L. Henke, P. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. K. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. H. R. Philipp, Solid State Commun. 4, 73 (1966); J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). P. L. Lamy, Appl. Opt. 16, 2212 (1977). H. R. Philipp, J. Appl. Phys. 50 1053 (1979). D. G. Drummond, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 153, 328 (1935). 15. Silicon Monoxide H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 765. H. R. Philipp, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1935 (1971). G. Hass and C. D. Salzberg, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 181 (1954). E. Cremer, T. Kraus, and E. Ritter, Zs. Electrochem. 62, 939 (1958). A. P. Bradford, G. Hass, M. McFarland, and E. Ritter, Appl. Opt. 4, 971 (1965). 16. Silicon Nitride H. R. Philipp in HOCS, 1985, p. 771. H. R. Philipp, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 295 (1973). J. B. Theeten, D. E. Aspnes, F. Simondet, M. Errman, and P. C. Mürau, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 6788 (1981). J. Bauer, Phys. Status Solidi, A 39, 411 (1977). 17. Sodium Chloride J. E. Eldridge and E. D. Palik in HOCS, p. 775. J. A. Harrington, C. J. Duthler, F. W. Patten, and M. Hass, Solid State Commun. 18, 1043 (1976). T. Miyata and T. Tomiki, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 24, 1286 (1968); ibid., 22, 209 (1967). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 279 (1968). D. M. Roessler and W. C. Walker, Phys. Rev. 166, 599 (1968). S. Allen and J. A. Harrington, Appl. Opt. 17, 1679 (1978). O. Aita, I. Nagakura, and T. Sagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 30, 1414 (1971). 18. Zinc Sulfide E. D. Palik and A. Addamiano in HOCS, 1985, p. 597.
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B. L. Henke, P. L. Lee, T. J. Tanaka, R. L. Shimabukuro, and B. F. Fujikawa, Low Energy X-ray Diagnostics-1981 (D. T. Attwood and B. L. Henke, Eds.), AIP Conf. Proc. No. 75, 1981. M. Cardona and G. Harbeke, Phys. Rev. 137, A1467 (1965). Eastman Kodak, Publ. No. U-72, Rochester, New York (1981). C. A. Klein and R. N. Donadio, J. Appl. Phys. 51, 797 (1980). T. Deutsch, Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semicond., 6th Exeter 1962, p. 505. The Inst. of Physics and the Physical Soc., London, 1962. A. Manabe, A. Mitsuishi, and H. Yoshinaga, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6, 593 (1967). W. W. Piper, D. T. F. Marple, and P. D. Johnson, Phys. Rev. 110, 323 (1958). 19. Polytetrafluoroethylene J. W. L. Thomas (NIST), Private communication. NIST Certificate, STM 2044. P. Y. Barnes, E. A. Early, and A. C. Parr, NIST Special Publ. 250-48, NIST Measurement Services: Spectral Reflectance. Diffuse Reflectance Coatings and Materials Sections, Labsphere Catalog, 1996. A. Arecchi and C. Ryder (Labsphere, North Sutten, NJ), private communication.
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FERMI ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF METALS Lev. I. Berger In the classical Drude theory of metals, the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution of electrons is used. It states that the number of electrons r r per unit volume with velocities in the range of d v about any magnitude v at temperature T is Ê m ˆ Ê mv 2 ˆ r r r f B (v )dv = nÁ ˜ expÁ ˜ dv 2 k T p Ë Ë 2kB T ¯ B ¯ where n is the total number of conduction electrons in a unit volume of a metal, m is the free electron mass, and kB is the Boltzmann constant. In an attempt to explain a substantial discrepancy between the experimental data on the specific heat of metals and the values calculated on the basis of the Drude model, Sommerfeld suggested a model of the metal in which the Pauli exclusion principle is applied to free electrons. In this case, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is replaced by the Fermi-Dirac distribution: 3 r r ˘ Ô¸ ˆ Ê m ˆ r ÔÏ ÈÊ mv 2 f (v )dv = 2 dv Ìexp ÍÁ - k B T0 ˜ k B T ˙ + 1˝ Ë h¯ ¯ ˚ ˛Ô ÓÔ ÎË 2
-1
Here h is the Planck constant and T0 is a characteristic temperature which is determined by the normalization condition n=
r
r
Ú dv ◊ f ( v )
The magnitude of T0 is quite high; usually, T0 > 104 K. So, at common temperatures (T < 103 K), the free electron density of a metal is much smaller than in the case of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. This allows us to explain why the experimental data on specific heat for metals are close to those for insulators. The maximum kinetic energy the electrons of a metal may possess at T = 0 K is called the Fermi energy, e.g., EF =
h 2 k F2 Ê e 2 ˆ 2 =Á ˜ (k F rB ) 2m Ë 2kB ¯
where kF is the Fermi momentum or the Fermi wave vector kF = (3p2n)1/3 e is the electron charge, and rB is the Bohr radius rB = 2/me2 = 0.529 ◊ 10–10 m Another, more common expression for the Fermi energy is EF = 1 2 mv F2 where vF = kF/m is the Fermi velocity which can be expressed using the concept of the electron radius, rs. It is equal to radius of a sphere occupied by one free electron. If the total volume of a metal sample is V and the number of conduction electrons in this volume is N, then the volume per electron is equal to V 1 4 3 = = prS N n 3 and rS =
Ê 3 ˆ Ë 4 pn ¯
1/ 3
The following table contains information pertinent to the Sommerfeld model for some metals. The magnitudes of T0 are calculated using the expression T0 =
EF 58.2 ◊ 10 4 = K kB (rS / rB ) 2
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FERMI ENERGY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF METALS (continued) Ground State Properties of the Electron Gas in Some Metals Metal
Valency
n/1028 m–3
rS/pm
rS/rB
EF/eV
Lia 1 4.70 172 3.25 4.74 1 2.65 208 3.93 3.24 Nab 1 1.40 257 4.86 2.12 Kb 1 1.15 275 5.20 1.85 Rbb 1 0.91 298 5.62 1.59 Csb Cu 1 8.47 141 2.67 7.00 Ag 1 5.86 160 3.02 5.49 Au 1 5.90 159 3.01 5.53 Be 2 24.7 99 1.87 14.3 Mg 2 8.61 141 2.66 7.08 Ca 2 4.61 173 3.27 4.69 Sr 2 3.55 189 3.57 3.93 Ba 2 3.15 196 3.71 3.64 Nb 1 5.56 163 3.07 5.32 Fe 2 17.0 112 2.12 11.1 2 16.5 113 2.14 10.9 Mnc Zn 2 13.2 122 2.30 9.47 Cd 2 9.27 137 2.59 7.47 2 8.65 140 2.65 7.13 Hga Al 3 18.1 110 2.07 11.7 Ga 3 15.4 116 2.19 10.4 In 3 11.5 127 2.41 8.63 Tl 3 10.5 131 2.48 8.15 Sn 4 14.8 117 2.22 10.2 Pb 4 13.2 122 2.30 9.47 Bi 5 14.1 119 2.25 9.90 Sb 5 16.5 113 2.14 10.9 a At 78 K. b At 5 K. c a-phase. The data in the table are for atmospheric pressure and room temperature unless other wise noted.
TO/104 K 5.51 3.77 2.46 2.15 1.84 8.16 6.38 6.42 16.6 8.23 5.44 4.57 4.23 6.18 13.0 12.7 11.0 8.68 8.29 13.6 12.1 10.0 9.46 11.8 11.0 11.5 12.7
References 1. 2. 3. 4.
Drude, P., Ann. Physik, 1, 566, 1900; ibid., 3, 369, 1900. Sommerfeld, A. and Bethe, H., Handbuch der Physik, Chapter 3, Springer, 1933. Wyckoff, R.W.G., Crystal Structures, 2nd. ed., Interscience, 1963. Ashcroft, N.W. and Mermin, N.D., Solid State Physics, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976.
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kF/1010 m–1 vF/106 m/s 1.12 0.92 0.75 0.70 0.65 1.36 1.20 1.21 1.94 1.36 1.11 1.02 0.98 1.18 1.71 1.70 1.58 1.40 1.37 1.75 1.66 1.51 1.46 1.64 1.58 1.61 1.70
1.29 1.07 0.86 0.81 0.75 1.57 1.39 1.40 2.25 1.58 1.28 1.18 1.13 1.37 1.98 1.96 1.83 1.62 1.58 2.03 1.92 1.74 1.69 1.90 1.83 1.87 1.96
NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS Robert B. Fox and Edward S. Wilks Organic polymers have traditionally been named on the basis of the monomer used, a hypothetical monomer, or a semi-systematic structure. Alternatively, they may be named in the same way as organic compounds, i.e., on the basis of a structure as drawn. The former method, often called “source-based nomenclature” or “monomer-based nomenclature”, sometimes results in ambiguity and multiple names for a single material. The latter method, termed “structure-based nomenclature”, generates a sometimes cumbersome unique name for a given polymer, independent of its source. Within their limitations, both types of names are acceptable and well-documented.1 The use of stereochemical descriptors with both types of polymer nomenclature has been published.2
Traditional Polymer Names Monomer-Based Names “Polystyrene” is the name of a homopolymer made from the single monomer styrene. When the name of a monomer comprises two or more words, the name should be enclosed in parentheses, as in “poly(methyl methacrylate)” or “poly(4-bromostyrene)” to identify the monomer more clearly. This method can result in several names for a given polymer: thus, “poly(ethylene glycol)”, “poly(ethylene oxide)”, and “poly(oxirane)” describe the same polymer. Sometimes, the name of a hypothetical monomer is used, as in “poly(vinyl alcohol)”. Even though a name like “polyethylene” covers a multitude of materials, the system does provide understandable names when a single monomer is involved in the synthesis of a single polymer. When one monomer can yield more than one polymer, e.g. 1,3-butadiene or acrolein, some sort of structural notation must be used to identify the product, and one is not far from a formal structure-based name. Copolymers, Block Polymers, and Graft Polymers. When more than one monomer is involved, monomer-based names are more complex. Some common polymers have been given names based on an apparent structure, as with “poly(ethylene terephthalate)”. A better system has been approved by the IUPAC.1 With this method, the arrangement of the monomeric units is introduced through use of an italicized connective placed between the names of the monomers. For monomer names represented by A, B, and C, the various types of arrangements are shown in Table 1.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Table 1. IUPAC Source-Based Copolymer Classification Copolymer Type Connective Unspecified or unknown Random (obeys Bernoullian distribution) Statistical (obeys known statistical laws) Alternating (for two monomeric units) Periodic (ordered sequence for 2 or more monomeric units) Block (linear block arrangement) Graft (side chains connected to main chains)
-co-ran-stat-alt-per-block-graft-
Example
poly(A-co-B) poly(A-ran-B) poly(A-stat-B) poly(A-alt-B) poly(A-per-B-per-C) polyA-block-polyB polyA-graft-polyB
Table 2 contains examples of common or semi-systematic names of copolymers. The systematic names of comonomers may also be used; thus, the polyacrylonitrile-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene polymer in Table 2 may also be named poly(prop-2-enenitrile)-block-polybuta1,3-diene-block-poly(ethenylbenzene). IUPAC does not require alphabetized names of comonomers within a polymer name; many names are thus possible for some copolymers. These connectives may be used in combination and with small, non-repeating (i.e. non-polymeric) junction units; see, for example, Table 2, line 8. A long dash may be used in place of the connective -block-; thus, in Table 2, the polymers of lines 7 and 8 may also be written as shown on lines 9 and 10. Table 2. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature No. Copolymer name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
poly(propene-co-methacrylonitrile) poly[(acrylic acid)-ran-(ethyl acrylate)] poly(butene-stat-ethylene-stat-styrene) poly[(sebacic acid)-alt-butanediol] poly[(ethylene oxide)-per-(ethylene oxide)-per-tetrahydrofuran] polyisoprene-graft-poly(methacrylic acid) polyacrylonitrile-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene polystyrene-block-dimethylsilylene-block-polybutadiene polyacrylonitrile—polybutadiene—polystyrene polystyrene—dimethylsilylene—polybutadiene
IUPAC also recommends an alternative scheme for naming copolymers that comprises use of “copoly” as a prefix followed by the names of the comonomers, a solidus (an oblique stroke) to separate comonomer names, and addition before “copoly” of any applicable connectives listed in Table 2 except -co-. Table 3 gives the same examples shown in Table 2 but with the alternative format. Comonomer names need not be parenthesized.
13-1
NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) Table 3. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature (Alternative Format) No. Polymer name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
copoly(propene/methacrylonitrile) -copoly(acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate) -copoly(butene/ethylene/styrene) -copoly(sebacic acid/butanediol) -copoly(acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene) -copoly(ethylene oxide/ethylene oxide/tetrahydrofuran) -copoly(isoprene/methacrylic acid)
Table 4. Connectives for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies No. Type Connective 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Branched (type unspecified) Branched with branch point of functionality f Comb Cross-link Cyclic Interpenetrating polymer network Long-chain branched Network Polymer blend Polymer-polymer complex Semi-interpenetrating polymer network Short-chain branched Star Star with f arms
branch f-branch comb ι (Greek iota) cyclo ipn l-branch net blend compl sipn sh-branch star f-star
Non-linear polymers are named by using the italicized connective as a prefix to the source-based name of the polymer component or components to which the prefix applies; some examples are listed in Table 5. Table 5. Non-Linear Macromolecules No.
Polymer Name
1 2
poly(methacrylic acid)-comb-polyacrylonitrile comb-poly[ethylene-stat-(vinyl chloride)]
3 4 5 6 7 8
polybutadiene-comb-(polyethylene; polypropene) star-(polyA; polyB; polyC; polyD; polyE) star-(polyA-block-polyB-block-polyC) star-poly(propylene oxide) 5-star-poly(propylene oxide) star-(polyacrylonitrile; polypropylene) (Mr 10000: 25000)
Polymer Structural Features Comb polymer with a poly(methacrylic acid) backbone and polyacrylonitrile side chains Comb polymer with unspecified backbone composition and statistical ethylene/vinyl chloride copolymer side chains Comb polymer with butadiene backbone and side chains of polyethylene and polypropene Star polymer with arms derived from monomers A, B, C, D, and E, respectively Star polymer with every arm comprising a tri-block segment derived from comonomers A, B, and C A star polymer prepared from propylene oxide A 5-arm star polymer prepared from propylene oxide A star polymer containing polyacrylonitrile arms of MW 10000 and polypropylene arms of MW 25000
Macromolecular assemblies held together by forces other than covalent bonds are named by inserting the appropriate italicized connective between names of individual components; Table 6 gives examples.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Table 6. Examples of Polymer Blends and Nets Polymer Name polyethylene-blend-polypropene poly(methacrylic acid)-blend-poly(ethyl acrylate) net-poly(4-methylstyrene-ι-divinylbenzene) net-poly[styrene-alt-(maleic anhydride)]-ι-(polyethylene glycol; polypropylene glycol) net-poly(ethyl methacrylate)-sipn-polyethylene [net-poly(butadiene-stat-styrene)]-ipn-[net-poly(4-methylstyrene-ι-divinylbenzene)]
13-2
Structure-Based Polymer Nomenclature Regular Single-Strand Polymers Structure-based nomenclature has been approved by the IUPAC4 and is currently being updated; it is used by Chemical Abstracts.5 Monomer names are not used. To the extent that a polymer chain can be described by a repeating unit in the chain, it can be named “poly(repeating unit)”. For regular single-strand polymers, “repeating unit” is a bivalent group; for regular double-strand (ladder and spiro) polymers, “repeating unit” is usually a tetravalent group.9 Since there are usually many possible repeating units in a given chain, it is necessary to select one, called the “constitutional repeating unit” (CRU) to provide a unique and unambiguous name, “poly(CRU)”, where “CRU” is a recitation of the names of successive units as one proceeds through the CRU from left to right. For this purpose, a portion of the main chain structure that includes at least two repeating sequences is written out. These sequences will typically be composed of bivalent subunits such as -CH2-, -O-, and groups from ring systems, each of which can be named by the usual nomenclature rules.6,7 Where a chain is simply one long sequence comprising repetition of a single subunit, that subunit is itself the CRU, as in “poly(methylene)” or “poly(1,4-phenylene)”. In chains having more than one kind of subunit, a seniority system is used to determine the beginning of the CRU and the direction in which to move along the main chain atoms (following the shortest path in rings) to complete the CRU. Determination of the first, most senior, subunit, is based on a descending order of seniority: (1) heterocyclic rings, (2) hetero atoms, (3) carbocyclic rings, and, lowest, (4) acyclic carbon chains. Within each of these classes, there is a further order of seniority that follows the usual rules of nomenclature. Heterocycles: A nitrogen-containing ring system is senior to a ring system not containing nitrogen.4,9 Further descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) the largest number of hetero atoms (iv) the greatest variety of hetero atoms Hetero atoms: The senior bivalent subunit is the one nearest the top, right-hand corner of the Periodic Table; the order of seniority is: O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, B, Hg. Carbocycles: Seniority4 is determined by: (i) the highest number of rings in the ring system (ii) the largest individual ring in the ring system (iii) degree of ring saturation; an unsaturated ring is senior to a saturated ring of the same size Carbon chains: Descending order of seniority is determined by: (i) chain length (longer is senior to shorter) (ii) highest degree of unsaturation (iii) number of substituents (higher number is senior to lower number) (iv) ascending order of locants (v) alphabetical order of names of substituent groups Among equivalent ring systems, preference is given to the one having lowest locants for the free valences in the subunit, and among otherwise identical ring systems, the one having least hydrogenation is senior. Lowest locants in unsaturated chains are also given preference. Lowest locants for substituents are the final determinant of seniority. Direction within the repeating unit depends upon the shortest path, which is determined by counting main chain atoms, both cyclic and acyclic, from the most senior subunit to another subunit of the same kind or to a subunit next lower in seniority. When identification and orientation of the CRU have been accomplished, the CRU is named by writing, in sequence, the names of the largest possible subunits within the CRU from left to right. For example, the main chain of the polymer traditionally named “poly(ethylene terephthalate)” has the structure shown in Figure 1. O ... CH
2
CH2
O
C
*
C
O
O
CH2 CH2
O
C
O
C O
O
CH2
O
CH2 O
C C
O ...
O Figure 1. Structure-based name: poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl); traditional name: poly(ethylene terephthalate)
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NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) The CRU in Figure 1 is enclosed in brackets and read from left to right. It is selected because (1) either backbone oxygen atom qualifies as the “most senior subunit”, (2) the shortest path length from either -O- to the other -O- is via the ethylene subunit. Orientation of the CRU is thus defined by (1) beginning at the -O- marked with an asterisk, and (2) reading in the direction of the arrow. The structure-based name of this polymer is therefore “poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl)”, not much longer than the traditional name and much more adaptable to the complexities of substitution. As organic nomenclature evolves, more systematic names may be used for subunits, e.g. “ethane-1,2-diyl” instead of “ethylene”. IUPAC still prefers “ethylene” for the -CH2-CH2- unit, however, but also accepts “ethane-1,2-diyl”. Structure-based nomenclature can also be used when the CRU backbone has no carbon atoms. An example is the polymer traditionally named “poly(dimethylsiloxane)”, which on the basis of structure would be named “poly(oxydimethylsilylene)” or “poly(oxydimethylsilanediyl)”. This nomenclature method has also been applied to inorganic and coordination polymers8 and to double-strand (ladder and spiro) organic polymers.9 Irregular Single-Strand Polymers Polymers that cannot be described by the repetition of a single CRU or comprise units not all connected identically in a directional sense can also be named on a structure basis.10 These include copolymers, block and graft polymers, and star polymers. They are given names of the type “poly(A/B/C...)”, where A, B, C, etc. are the names of the component constitutional units, the number of which are minimized. The constitutional units may include regular or irregular blocks as well as atoms or atomic groupings, and each is named by the method described above or by the rules of organic nomenclature. The solidus denotes an unspecified arrangement of the units within the main chain.10 For example, a statistical copolymer derived from styrene and vinyl chloride with the monomeric units joined head-to-tail is named “poly(l-chloroethylene/l-phenylethylene)”. A polymer obtained by 1,4- polymerization and both head-to-head and head-to-tail 1,2- polymerization of 1,3-butadiene would be named “poly(but-1-ene-l,4-diyl/l-vinylethylene/2-vinylethylene)”.12 In graphic representations of these polymers, shown in Figure 2, the hyphens or dashes at each end of each CRU depiction are shown completely within the enclosing parentheses; this indicates that they are not necessarily the terminal bonds of the macromolecule.
Figure 2. Graphic Representations of Copolymers A long hyphen is used to separate components in names of block polymers, as in “poly(A)—poly(B)—poly(C)”, or “poly(A)—X—poly(B)” in which X is a non-polymeric junction unit, e.g. dimethylsilylene. In graphic representations of these polymers, the blocks are shown connected when the bonding is known (Figure 3, for example); when the bonding between the blocks is unknown, the blocks are separated by solidi and are shown completely within the outer set of enclosing parentheses (Figure 4, for example).10,13
Figure 3. polystyrene—polyethylene—polystyrene
Figure 4. poly[poly(methyl methacrylate)—polystyrene—poly(methyl acrylate)] Graft polymers are named in the same way as a substituted polymer but without the ending “yl” for the grafted chain; the name of a regular polymer, comprising Z units in which some have grafts of “poly(A)”, is “poly[Z/poly(A)Z]”. Star polymers are treated as a central unit with substituent blocks, as in “tetrakis(polymethylene)silane”.10,13
13-4
NOMENCLATURE FOR ORGANIC POLYMERS (continued) Other Nomenclature Articles and Publications In addition to the Chemical Abstracts and IUPAC documents cited above and listed below, other articles on polymer nomenclature are available. A 1999 article lists significant documents on polymer nomenclature published during the last 50 years in books, encyclopedias, and journals by Chemical Abstracts, IUPAC, and individual authors.14 A comprehensive review of source-based and structure-based nomenclature for all of the major classes of polymers,15 and a short tutorial on the correct identification, orientation, and naming of most commonly encountered constitutional repeating units were both published in 2000.16 References and Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Stereochemical Definitions and Notations Relating to Polymers (Recommendations 1980), Pure Appl. Chem., 53, 733-752 (1981). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Source-Based Nomenclature for Copolymers (Recommendations 1985), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 1427-1440 (1985). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1975), Pure Appl. Chem., 48, 373-385 (1976). Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing of Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1999 Index Guide. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (1993), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand and Quasi-Single-Strand Inorganic and Coordination Polymers (Recommendations 1984), Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 149-168 (1985). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand (Ladder and Spiro) Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1993), Pure Appl. Chem., 65, 1561-1580 (1993). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Structure-Based Nomenclature for Irregular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1994), Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 873-889 (1994). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Source-Based Nomenclature for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies (Recommendations 1997).” Pure Appl. Chem., 69, 2511-2521 (1997). Poly(1,3-butadiene) obtained by polymerization of 1,3-butadiene in the so-called 1,4- mode is frequently drawn incorrectly in publications as -(CH2-CH=CH-CH2)n-; the double bond should be assigned the lowest locant possible, i.e. the structure should be drawn as –(CH=CH-CH2-CH2)n-. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, “Graphic Representations (Chemical Formulae) of Macromolecules (Recommendations 1994).” Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 2469-2482 (1994). Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 17: “Whither Nomenclature?” Polym. Prepr. 40(2), 6-11 (1999); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html. Wilks, E. S. “Polymer Nomenclature: The Controversy Between Source-Based and Structure-Based Representations (A Personal Perspective).” Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 9-100 (2000). Wilks, E. S. Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 18: “SRUs: Using the Rules.” Polym. Prepr. 41(1), 6a-11a (2000); also available at www.chem.umr.edu/~poly/nomenclature.html; a .pdf format version is also available.
13-5
13-6
SOLVENTS FOR COMMON POLYMERS Abbreviations: HC: hydrocarbons; MEK: methyl ethyl ketone; THF: tetrahydrofuran; DMF: dimethylformamide; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide Polyethylene (HDPE) Polypropylene (atactic) Polybutadiene Polystyrene Polyacrylates Polymethacrylates Polyacrylamide Poly(vinyl ethers) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Polyacrylonitrile Poly(oxyethylene) Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Polyurethanes (linear) Polyureas Polysiloxanes Poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-phosphazene]
HC and halogenated HC HC and halogenated HC HC, THF, ketones ethylbenzene, CHCl3, CCl4, THF, MEK aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, ketones aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, MEK water halogenated HC, MEK, butanol glycols (hot), DMF aromatic HC, chlorinated HC, THF, esters, DMF THF, DMF, DMSO THF (hot), dioxane, DMF DMF, DMSO (hot) DMF, DMSO aromatic HC, CHCl3, alcohols, esters, DMF aromatic HC, halogenated HC phenol, DMSO (hot) aromatic HC, THF, DMF phenol, formic acid HC, THF, DMF THF, ketones, ethyl acetate
13-3
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS Robert B. Fox Polymer names are based on the IUPAC structure-based nomenclature system described in the table “Naming Organic Polymers”. Within each category, names are listed in alphabetical order. Source-based and trivial names are also given (in italics) for the most common polymers. The table does not include polymers for which Tg is not clearly defined because of variability of structure or because of reactions taking place near the glass transition. All values of Tg cited in this table have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) except those values indicated by: (D) (Dil) (M)
dynamic method dilatometry mechanical method
Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name ACYCLIC CARBON CHAINS Polyalkadienes Poly(alkenylene) Polyalkadiene –[CH=CHCH2CH2]– Poly(cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polybutadiene [PBD] Poly(1-chloro-cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-chloro-trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polychloroprene Poly(1-methyl-cis-1-butenylene) cis-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1-methyl-trans-1-butenylene) trans-1,3-polyisoprene Poly(1,4,4-trifluoro-1-butenylene)
171 215 253 233 200 207 238
Polyalkenes Poly(alkylethylene) Poly(alkylethylene) -[RCHCH2]Poly(1-benzylethylene) Poly(1-butylethylene) Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (atactic) Poly(1-cyclohexylethylene) (isotactic) Poly(1,1-dimethylethylene) Polyisobutylene [PIB] Poly(ethylene) Poly(methylene) Poly(1-phenethylethylene) Poly(propylene) (isotactic) Poly(propylene) (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(2-pyridyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-pyridyl)ethylene] Poly(1-vinylethylene)
333 223 393 406 (D) 200 148 155 283 272 ca. 265 377 415 273
Polyacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)ethylene) Poly(alkyl acrylate) –[(ROCO)CHCH2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(butyl acrylate) [PBA]
279 219 (M)
13-4
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-cyanoethylene] Poly[1-(butylcarbamoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-carbamoylethylene) Polyacrylamide [PAM] Poly(1-carboxyethylene) Poly(acrylic acid) [PAA] Poly[1-(2-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-cyanobenzyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyanomethoxycarbonyl)ethylene)] Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(dimethylcarbamoyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(ethyl acrylate) [PEA] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-fluoroethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-ethoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly(methyl acrylate) [PMA] Poly[1-(2-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-methoxyethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxypropoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-naphthyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(pentachlorophenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(m-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(o-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(p-tolyloxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,2,2-trifluorethoxycarbonyl)ethylene]
251 358 319 (M) 438 379 326 331 317 277 433 Dil 363 292 333 362 249 316 303 297 310 223 218 267-270 283 319 311 340 223 324 198 358 420 270 330 298 325 316 263
Polymethacrylics Poly[1-(alkoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly(alkyl methacrylate) –[(ROCO)(Me)CCH2]– Poly[1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(2-bromoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[(1-(butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly(butyl methacrylate) [PBMA] Poly[1-(sec-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] Poly[1-(2-chloroethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyanoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(4-cyanophenoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly[1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic)
327 325 293 333 391 ca 315 364 428 356 324
13-5
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name Poly[1-(dimethylaminoethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-ethylethylene] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) [PEMA] Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (isotactic) Poly[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(hexyloxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(isobutoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene] (atactic) Poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (isotactic) Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethylene)] (syndiotactic) Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxy)-1-methylethylene] Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (atactic) Poly[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-phenylethylene)] (isotactic) Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenethoxycarbonyl)ethylene] Poly[1-methyl-1-(phenoxycarbonyl)ethylene]
292 300 338 285 339 268 326 354 378 311 378 379 391 397 299 383
Polyvinyl ethers, alcohols, and ketones Poly(1-alkoxyethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ether) –[ROCHCH2]– Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) –[HOCHCH2]– Poly(1-alkanoylethylene) Poly(alkyl vinyl ketone) –[RCOCHCH2]– Poly(1-butoxyethylene) Poly(1-sec-butoxyethylene) Poly(1-tert-butoxyethylene) Poly[1-(butylthio)ethylene] Poly(1-ethoxyethylene) Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-hydroxyethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol) [PVA] Poly(hydroxymethylene) Poly(1-isopropoxyethylene) Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)ethylene] Poly(1-methoxyethylene) Poly(methyl vinyl ether) [PMVE] Poly[1-(methylthio)ethylene] Poly(1-propoxyethylene) Poly[1-(trifluoromethoxy)trifluoroethylene]
218 253 361 253 230 325 358 (D) 407 270 319 (M) 242 272 224 268
Polyvinyl halides and nitriles Poly(1-haloethylene) Poly(vinyl halide) –[XCHCH2]– Poly(1-cyanoethylene) Poly(acrylonitrile) –[NCCHCH2]– Poly(1-chloroethylene) Poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC] Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Poly(1-cyanoethylene) Polyacrylonitrile [PAN] Poly(1-cyano-1-methylethylene) Polymethacrylonitrile Poly(1,1-dichloroethylene) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(1-fluoroethylene) Poly(vinyl fluoride)
354 373 370 393 255 ca 233 314 (M)
13-6
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Poly(1-hexafluoropropylene) Poly[1-(2-iodoethyl)ethylene] Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly[1-(trifluoromethyl)ethylene]
425 343 (160) 300
Polyvinyl esters Poly[1-(alkanoyloxy)ethylene] Poly(vinyl alkanoate) –[RCOOCHCH2]– Poly(1-acetoxyethylene) Poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] Poly[1-(benzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-bromobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(cyclohexanoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-isopropylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxybenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methylbenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy)ethylene] Poly[1-(propionoyloxy)ethylene]
305 344 365 335 338 357 349 (M) 343 326 342 338 ca 317 360 343 395 283 (M)
Polystyrenes Poly(1-phenylethylene) Polystyrene –[C6H5CHCH2]– Poly[1-(4-acetylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-benzoylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-butoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-butoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Pol[(1-(4-butylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-carboxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-iodophenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-methyl-1-phenylethylene) Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly[1-(2-(methylamino)phenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-phenylethylene) Polystyrene [PS]
389 (M) 371 (M) 391 ca 320 (M) 349 (M) 279 386 (M) 392 363 383 406 379 440 401 385 398 (M) ca 359 (M) 367 (M) 368 429 386 386 (M) 373 462 (M) 373
13-7
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Poly[1-(4-propoxyphenyl)ethylene] Poly[1-(4-propoxycarbonylphenyl)ethylene] Poly(1-o-tolylethylene)
343 (M) 365 (M) 409
CHAINS WITH CARBOCYCLIC UNITS Poly(arylenealkylene) –[–Ar–(CH2)n]– Poly[1-(2-bromo-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-chloro-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-cyano-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(2-ethyl-1,4-phenylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(1,4-naphthylene)ethylene] Poly[1-(1,4-phenylene)ethylene]
353 (M) 343 (M) 363 (M) 373 (M) 298 (M) 433 (M) ca 353 (M)
CHAINS WITH HETEROATOM UNITS Main chain oxide units Poly(oxyalkylene) Poly(alkylene oxide) –[O(CH2)n]– Poly[oxy(1,1-bis(chloromethyl)trimethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(bromomethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(butoxymethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-butylethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-tert-butylethylene)] Poly[oxy(1-(chloromethyl)ethylene)] Poly(epichlorohydrin) Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1,1-dimethylethylene)] Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1-ethylethylene)] Poly(oxyethylidene) Polyacetaldehyde Poly[oxy(1-(methoxymethyl)ethylene)] Poly[oxy(2-methyl-6-phenyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly[oxy(1-methyltrimethylene)] Poly[oxy(2-methyltrimethylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylene) Poly(phenylene oxide) [PPO] Poly[oxy(1-phenylethylene)] Poly(oxytetramethylene) Poly(tetrahydrofuran) [PTMO] Poly(oxytrimethylene)
265 259 194 203 308 251 440 264 482 493 203 243 211 428 223 (D) 218 358 313 189 195
Main-chain ester or anhydride units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxyalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanedioate)-–[O(CH2)mOCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(oxyadipoyloxydecamethylene) Poly(oxyadipoyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylene-isopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Bisphenol A polycarbonate Poly(oxycarbonylpentamethylene) Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene)
13-8
217 341 422 213 395 333
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Poly[oxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)oxysebacoyl] Poly(oxyethylenecarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenecarbonyl) (trans) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,4-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-1,5-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,6-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyl-2,7-naphthylenecarbonyl) Poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] Poly(oxyisophthaloyl) Poly(oxy(1-oxo-2,2-dimethyltrimethylene)) Poly(pivalolactone) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxysebacoyl) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene) [PEEK] Poly(oxypropyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly[oxyterephthaloyloxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-(D)phenylene)] Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxyoctamethylene) Poly(oxyterephthaloyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(bisphenol A terephthalate) Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(butylene terephthalate) [PBT]
318 291 337 344 386 392 342 403 (D) 263 280 416 341 498 318 (D) 478 323
Main-chain amide units Poly(iminoalkyleneiminoalkanedioyl) Poly(alkylene alkanediamide)–[NH(CH2)mNHCO(CH2)nCO]– Poly(iminoadipoyliminodecamethylene) Nylon 10,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminohexamethylene) Nylon 6,6 Poly(iminoadipoyliminooctamethylene) Nylon 8,6 Poly[iminoadipoyliminotrimethylene(methylimino)trimethylene] Poly(iminocarbonyl-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly[iminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)iminohexamethylene] Poly(iminoethylene-1,4-phenyleneethyleneiminosebacoyl) Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminoazelaoyl) Nylon 6,9 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminododecanedioyl) Nylon 6, 12 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminopimeloyl) Nylon 6,7 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosebacoyl) Nylon 6,10 Poly(iminohexamethyleneiminosuberoyl) Nylon 6,8 Poly(iminoisophthaloylimino-4,4′-biphenylylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminohexamethylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,4-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly(iminoisophthaloyliminomethylene-1,3-phenylenemethylene) Poly[iminomethylene(2,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)methyleneiminosuberoyl] Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoisophthaloyl) Poly(imino-1,5-naphthyleneiminoterephthaloyl) Poly(iminooctamethyleneiminodecanedioyl) Nylon 8,10 Poly(iminooxalyliminohexamethylene) Nylon 6,2 Poly[imino(1-oxohexamethylene)] Nylon 6
13-9
313 ca 323 318 278 466 377 378 (D) 331 319 331 323 330 558 390 481 438 (M) 351 598 578 333 430 326
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Poly[imino(1-oxodecamethylene)] Nylon 10 Poly[imino(1-oxoheptamethylene)] Nylon 7 Poly[imino(1-oxo-3-methyltrimethylene] Poly[imino(1-oxononamethylene)] Nylon 9 Poly[imino(1-oxooctamethylene)] Nylon 8 Poly[imino(1-oxotrimethylene)] Nylon 3 Poly(iminopentamethyleneiminoadipoyl) Nylon 5,6 Poly[iminopentamethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(imino-1,3-phenyleneiminoisophthaloyl) Poly(imino-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl) Poly(iminopimeloyliminoheptamethylene) Nylon 7,7 Poly(iminoterephthaloylimino-4,4′-biphenylylene) Poly(iminotetramethyleneiminoadipoyl) Nylon 4,6 Poly[iminotetramethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(iminotrimethyleneiminoadipoyliminotrimethylene) Poly[iminotrimethyleneiminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene(2-oxoethylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneiminoterephthaloyl-imino-1,4-phenylene) Poly(sulfonylimino-1,4-phenyleneiminoadipoylimino-1,4-phenylene)
315 325 369 319 323 384 318 376 553 (M) 618 328 613 316 357 307 382 613 467
Main-chain urethane units Poly(oxyalkyleneoxycarbonyliminoalkyleneiminocarbonyl)–[O(CH2)mOCONH(CH2)nNHCO]– Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyhexamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxyoctamethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl) Poly[oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino(6-methyl-1,3-phenylene)iminocarbonyl] Poly(oxytetramethyleneoxycarbonylimino-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenyleneiminocarbonyl)
329 325 412 332 305 364 331 337 352 332 315 382
Main-chain siloxanes Poly[oxy(dialkylsilylene)] Poly(dialkylsiloxane) –[O(R2Si)]– Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)] Poly(dimethylsiloxane) [PDMS] Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenylene] Poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene] Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)] Poly(diphenylsiloxane) Poly[oxy(diphenylsilylene)-1,3-phenylene] Poly[oxy((methyl)phenylsilylene)] Poly[oxy((methyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropylsilylene]
13-10
148 363 (M) 318 (M) 238 ca 331 187 <193
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR SELECTED POLYMERS (continued) Glass transition temperature (Tg/K)
Polymer name
Main-chain sulfur-containing units Poly(dithioethylene) Poly(dithiomethylene-1,4-phenylenemethylene) Poly(oxy-4,4′-biphenylylene-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxyethylenedithioethylene) Poly[oxy(2-hydroxytrimethylene)oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene] Poly(oxymethyleneoxyethylenedithioethylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfinyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-4,4′-biphenylylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)isopropylidene (3,5-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene) Poly[oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylene(hexafluoroisopropylidene)1,4-phenylene] Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1.4-phenylenethio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxyterephthaloyl) Poly(oxytetramethylenedithiotetramethylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,2-cyclohexylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,3-cyclohexylene) Poly(sulfonyl-1,4-phenylenemethylene-1,4-phenylene) Poly(thio-1,3-cyclohexylene) Poly[thio(difluoromethylene)] Poly(thioethylene) Poly[thio(1-ethylethylene] Poly[thio(1-methyl-3-oxotrimethylene)] Poly[thio(1-methyltrimethylene)] Pol[(thio(1-oxohexamethylene)] Poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) Poly(thiopropylene) Main-chain heterocyclic units Poly(1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylenemethylene) Poly(vinyl formal) Poly[(2,6-dioxopiperidine-1,4-diyl)trimethylene] Poly[(2-methyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] Poly(vinyl acetal) Poly(1,4-piperazinediylcarbonyloxyethyleneoxycarbonyl) Poly(1,4-piperazinediylisophthaloyl) Poly[(2-propyl-1,3-dioxa-4,6-cyclohexylene)methylene] Poly(vinyl butyral) Poly(3,6-pyridazinediyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenyleneoxy) Poly(2,5-pyridinediylcarbonyliminohexamethyleneiminocarbonyl)
13-11
223 296 503 (M) ca 383 220 (M) 428 214 478 (M) 438 (M) 487 533 508 (M) 478 (M) 478 (M) 449 453 (M) 448 (M) 522 197 401 381 497 221 155 223 218 285 214 292 370 226
378 363 355 333 465 (M) 322 453 (M) 322
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF SELECTED POLYMERS This table lists typical values of the dielectric constant (more properly called relative permittivity) of some important polymers. Values are given for frequencies of 1 kHz, 1 MHz, and 1 GHz; in most cases the dielectric constant at frequencies below 1 kHz does not differ significantly from the value at 1 kHz. Since the dielectric constant of a polymeric material can vary with density, degree of crystallinity, and other details of a particular sample, the values given here should be regarded only as typical or average values. REFERENCES 1. Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, p. 5-132, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. 2. Anderson, H.L., Editor, A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E.H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Name Polyacrylonitrile Polyamides (nylons) Polybutadiene Polycarbonate Polychloroprene (neoprene) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Mylar) Polyisoprene (natural rubber) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polyoxymethylene (polyformaldehyde) Poly(phenylene oxide) Polypropylene Polystyrene Polysulfones Polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
t/°C
1 kHz
1 MHz
25 25 84 25 23 25 23 23 23 27 27 80 25 23 25 25 25 25 50 150 25 100 23 23
5.5 3.50 11 2.5 2.92 6.6 2.65 2.3 3.25 2.6 3.12 3.80 3.8 2.59 2.3 2.6 3.13 2.1
4.2 3.14 4.4
2.8 2.8
2.8 6.3 2.46
4.2 2.39
3.0 2.5 2.76 2.7
2.8 2.4 2.6 2.6
13-15
3.39 5.3 4.6 12.2
2.59 2.3 2.6 2.10 2.1 3.5 8.3 2.9 3.3 3.2 8.9
1 GHz
2.3 2.6 2.1
2.8 2.7 2.7 4.7
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS Christian Wohlfarth Numerous theoretical equations of state for polymer liquids have been developed. These, at the minimum, have to provide accurate fitting functions to experimental data. However, for the purpose of this table, the empirical Tait equation along with a polynomial expression for the zero pressure isobar is used. This equation is able to represent the experimental data for the melt state within the limits of experimental errors, i.e., the maximum deviations between measured and calculated specific volumes are about 0.001-0.002 cm3/g. The general form of the Tait equation is: V(P,T) = V(0,T){1 - C ln[1 + P/B(T)]} (1) where the coefficient C is usually taken to be a universal constant equal to 0.0894. T is the absolute temperature in K and P the pressure in MPa. The volume V is the specific volume in cm3/g. The Tait parameter B(T) has the very simple meaning that it is inversely proportional to the compressibility κ at constant temperature and zero pressure: κ(0,T) = -[1/V(0,T)](dV/dP) = C/B(T)
(2)
B(T) = B0 exp[-B1(T-273.15)]
(3)
B(T) = b0 + b1(T-273.15) + b2(T-273.15)2
(4)
V(0,T) = A0 + A1(T-273.15) + A2(T-273.15)2
(5)
The B(T) function is usually given by:
but, sometimes a polynomial expression is used:
The zero-pressure isobar V(0,T) is usually given by:
where A0, A1, A2 are specific constants for a given polymer (the expression T-273.15 is used because fitting to the zero-pressure isobar is usually done in terms of Celsius temperature). Other forms for V(0,T) are also found in the literature, such as V(0,T) = A3 exp[A4(T-273.15)]
(6)
V(0,T) = A5 exp(A6T1.5)
(7)
or
where A3 and A4 or A5 and A6 are again specific constants for a given polymer. The Tait equation is particularly useful to calculate derivative quantities, such as the isothermal compressibility and the thermal expansivity coefficients. The isothermal compressibility κ(P,T) is derived from equation (1) as:
and the thermal expansivity α(P,T) as:
κ(P,T) = -(1/V)(dV/dP) = 1/{[P + B(T)][1/C - ln(1 + P/B(T))]}
(8)
α(P,T) = (1/V)(dV/dT) = α(0,T) - PB1κ(P,T)
(9)
where α(0,T) represents the thermal expansivity at zero (atmospheric) pressure and is calculated from any suitable fit for the zero-pressure volume, such as equations (5) through (7) above. Because polymer melt PVT-behavior depends only slightly on polymer molar mass above the oligomeric region, usually no information is given in the original literature for the average molar mass of the polymers. Table 1 summarizes the polymers or copolymers considered here and the experimental ranges of pressure and temperature over which data are available. In Table 2 the Tait-equation functions, with parameters obtained from the fit, are given for 90 polymer or copolymer melts.
REFERENCES 1. Zoller, P., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 23, 1051-1056, 1979. 2. Starkweather, H. W., Jones, G. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 26, 257-266,1988. 3. Fakhreddine, Y. A., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 29, 1141-1146, 1991. 4. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48, 1061-1080, 1993. 5. Rodgers, P. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 48, 2075-2083, 1993. 6. Yi, Y. X., and Zoller, P., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 31, 779-788, 1993. 7. Callaghan, T. A., and Paul, D. R., Macromolecules 26, 2439–2450, 1993. 8. Wang, Y. Z., Hsieh, K. H., Chen, L. W.,and Tseng, H. C., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 53, 1191-1201, 1994. 9. Privalko, V. P., Arbuzova, A. P., Korskanov, V. V., and Zagdanskaya, N. E., Polym. Intern. 35, 161-169, 1994. 10. Sachdev, V. K., Yashi, U., and Jain, R. K., J. Polym. Sci., Pt. B Polym. Phys. 36, 841-850, 1998. 11. Sato, Y., Takikawa, T., Sorakubo, A., Takishima, S., Masuoka, H., and Imaizumi, M., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 4813-4819, 2000. 12. Wohlfarth, C., CRC Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Copolymer Solutions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 2001. 13. Mekhilef, N., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 80, 230-241, 2001.
13-16
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 1 Names of the Polymers, Abbreviation Used, and Range of Experimental Data Applied in the Determination of the Equation Constants
Polymer Butylene succinate/butylene adipate copolymer 20 mol% adipate Ethylene/propylene copolymer (50 wt%) Ethylene/styrene copolymer 1.7 mol%styrene 3.5 mol% styrene 6.0 mol% styrene 13.8 mol% styrene 21.5 mol% styrene 29.4 mol% styrene Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer 18 wt% vinyl acetate 25 wt% vinyl acetate 28 wt% vinyl acetate 40 wt% vinyl acetate Polyamide-6 Polyamide-11 Polyamide-66 cis-1,4-Polybutadiene Polybutadiene, 8% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 24% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 40% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 50% 1,2-content Polybutadiene, 87% 1,2-content Poly(1-butene), isotactic Poly(butyl methacrylate) Poly(butylene succinate) Poly(butylene terephthalate) Poly(ε-caprolactone) Polycarbonate-bisphenol-A Polycarbonate-bisphenol-chloral Polycarbonate-hexafluorobisphenol-A Polycarbonate-tetramethylbisphenol-A Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Poly(2,5-dimethylphenylene oxide) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 1000 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 4000 Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Mn = 6000 Poly(epichlorohydrin) Poly(ether ether ketone) Poly(ethyl acrylate) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) Polyethylene, high density Polyethylene, linear Polyethylene, linear, high MW Polyethylene, branched Polyethylene, low density Polyethylene, low density, type A Polyethylene, low density, type B Polyethylene, low density, type C Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Poly(4-hexylstyrene) Polyisobutylene
Symbol
T/K
P/MPa
Ref.
BSBA20 EP50
394-493 413-523
0.1-100 0.1-63
11 4
ES2 ES4 ES6 ES14 ES22 ES29
403-473 403-473 403-473 403-473 353-473 343-473
0.1-170 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200
12 12 12 12 12 12
EVA18 EVA25 EVA28 EVA40 PA6 PA11 PA66 cPBD PBD-8 PBD-24 PBD-40 PBD-50 PBD-87 iPB PnBMA PBS PBT PCL PC BCPC HFPC TMPC PcHMA PPO PDMS PDMS-10 PDMS-40 PDMS-60 PECH PEEK PEA PEMA HDPE LPE HMLPE BPE LDPE LDPE-A LDPE-B LDPE-C PEO PET P4HS PIB
385-491 367-506 367-508 348-508 509-569 478-542 519-571 277-328 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 406-519 307-473 413-493 508-576 373-421 424-613 428-557 432-553 491-563 396-471 473-593 298-343 304-420 298-418 291-423 333-413 619-671 310-490 386-434 413-476 415-473 410-473 398-471 394-448 385-498 385-498 385-498 361-497 547-615 303-403 326-383
0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-177 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-284 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-100 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-177 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-160 0.1-200 0.1-177 0.1-100 0.1-250 0.1-250 0.1-250 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1- 68 0.1-196 30-100 0.1-100
4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 11 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4
13-17
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 1 Names of the Polymers, Abbreviation Used, and Range of Experimental Data Applied in the Determination of the Equation Constants Polymer Polyisoprene, 8% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 14% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 41% 3,4-content Polyisoprene, 56% 3,4-content Poly(methyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly(o-methylstyrene) Polyoxymethylene Phenoxya Polysulfoneb Polyarylatec Polypropylene, atactic Polypropylene, isotactic Polystyrene Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetrahydrofuran) Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer 2.7 wt% acrylonitrile 5.7 wt% acrylonitrile 15.3 wt% acrylonitrile 18.0 wt% acrylonitrile 40 wt% acrylonitrile 70 wt% acrylonitrile Styrene/butadiene copolymer 10 wt% styrene 23.5 wt% styrene 60 wt% styrene 85 wt% styrene Styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer 20 wt% methyl methacrylate 60 wt% methyl methacrylate N-Vinylcarbazole/4-ethylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% ethylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-hexylstyrene copolymer 80 mol% hexylstyrene 67 mol% hexylstyrene 60 mol% hexylstyrene 50 mol% hexylstyrene 40 mol% hexylstyrene 33 mol% hexylstyrene 20 mol% hexylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-octylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% octylstyrene N-Vinylcarbazole/4-pentylstyrene copolymer 50 mol% pentylstyrene Vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer 3.1 mol% hexafluoropropylene 10.5 mol% hexafluoropropylene
Symbol
T/K
P/MPa
Ref.
PI-8 PI-14 PI-41 PI-56 PMA PMMA P4MP PαMS PoMS POM PH PSF PAr aPP iPP PS PTFE PTHF PVAc PVC PVME PVdF
298-473 298-473 298-473 298-473 310-493 387-432 514-592 473-533 412-471 463-493 341-573 475-644 450-583 353-393 443-570 388-469 603-645 335-439 308-373 373-423 303-471 451-521
0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1-196 0.1-170 0.1-180 0.1-196 0.1-177 0.1-196 0.1-177 0.1-100 0.1-196 0.1-200 0.1- 39 0.1- 78 0.1- 80 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200
6 6 6 6 4 4 4 7 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5
SAN3 SAN6 SAN15 SAN18 SAN40 SAN70
378-539 370-540 405-531 377-528 373-543 373-544
0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200 0.1-200
4 4 4 4 4 4
SBR10 SBR23 SBR60 SBR85
393-533 393-533 393-533 393-533
0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196 0.1-196
8 8 8 8
SMMA20 SMMA60
383-543 383-543
0.1-200 0.1-200
4 4
VCES50
393-443
30-100
9
VCHS80 VCHS67 VCHS60 VCHS50 VCHS40 VCHS33 VCHS20
313-423 333-423 383-453 373-443 423-493 463-523 473-523
30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100 30-100
9 9 9 9 9 9 9
VCOS50
403-453
30-100
9
VCPS50
383-443
30-100
9
VdFHFP3 VdFHFP11
433-493 433-493
0.1-120 0.1-120
13 13
aPhenoxy
= Poly(oxy-2-hydroxytrimethyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) = Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene) cPolyarylate = Poly(oxyterephthaloyl/isophthaloyl T/I=50/50)oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene bPolysulfone
13-18
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 2 Tait Equation Parameter Functions for Polymer Melts Polymer BSBA20 EP50 ES2 ES4 ES6 ES14 ES22 ES29 EVA18 EVA25 EVA28 EVA40 PA6 PA11 PA66 cPBD PBD-8 PBD-24 PBD-40 PBD-50 PBD-87 iPB PnBMA PBS PBT PCL PC BCPC HFPC TMPC PcHMA PPO PDMS PDMS-10 PDMS-40 PDMS-60 PECH PEEK PEA PEMA HDPE LPE HMLPE BPE LDPE LDPE-A LDPE-B LDPE-C PEO PET P4HS PIB PI-8 PI-14 PI-41 PI-56 PMA
V(0,T)/cm3g-1
B(T)/MPa
0.6775 exp(7.110 10-4T) 1.2291 + 5.799·10-5(T-273.15) + 1.964·10-6(T-273.15)2 1.17640 – 6.3389 10-4T + 1.7815 10-6T 2 1.36913 – 1.5928 10-3T + 2.8859 10-6T 2 1.00930 + 4.2123 10-5T + 8.8038 10-7T 2 0.98570 – 5.9468 10-5T + 9.8460 10-7T 2 0.93220 + 6.4243 10-5T + 7.7144 10-7T 2 0.96947 – 1.8184 10-4T + 1.0626 10-6T 2 1.02391 exp(2.173·10-5T1.5) 1.00416 exp(2.244·10-5T1.5) 1.00832 exp(2.241·10-5T1.5) 1.06332 exp(2.288·10-5T1.5) 0.7597 exp[4.701·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9581 exp[6.664·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.7657 exp[6.600·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.0970 exp[6.600·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1004 + 6.718·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.584·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1049 + 6.489·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.099·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1013 + 6.593·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.776·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1037 + 5.955·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.789·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1094 + 6.729·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.470·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.1417 exp[6.751·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9341 + 5.5254·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.5803·10-6(T-273.15)2 + 1.5691·10-10(T-273.15)3 0.6821 exp(6.728 10-4T) 0.9640 - 1.017·10-3(T-273.15) + 3.065·10-6(T-273.15)2 0.9049 exp[6.392·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.73565 exp(1.859·10-5T1.5) 0.6737 + 3.634·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.370·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.6111 + 4.898·10-4(T-273.15) + 1.730·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8497 + 5.073·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.832·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8793 + 4.0504·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.774·10-7(T-273.15)2 - 7.7534·10-10(T-273.15)3 0.78075 exp(2.151·10-5T1.5) 1.0079 exp[9.121·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8343 + 5.991·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.734·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8018 + 7.072·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.635·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8146 + 5.578·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.774·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.7216 exp[5.825·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.7158 exp[6.690·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8756 exp[7.241·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8614 exp[7.468·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1595 + 8.0394·10-4(T-273.15) 0.9172 exp[7.806·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8992 exp[8.502·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9399 exp[7.341·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1944 + 2.841·10-4(T-273.15) + 1.872·10-6(T-273.15)2 1.1484 exp[6.950·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1524 exp[6.700·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1516 exp[6.730·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.8766 exp[7.087·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.6883 + 5.90·10-4(T-273.15) 0.8251 + 6.77·10-4T 1.0750 exp[5.651·10-4(T-273.15)] 1.1030 + 6.488·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.125·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.0943 + 6.293·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.231·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.0951 + 6.188·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.629·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.0957 + 6.655·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.661·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8365 exp[6.795·10-4(T-273.15)]
13-19
903.5 exp(-4.441 10-3T) 487.0 exp[-8.103·10-3(T-273.15)] 278.02 exp[-6.449 10-3(T-273.15)] 281.50 exp[-6.694 10-3(T-273.15)] 258.51 exp[-5.502 10-3(T-273.15)] 240.72 exp[-5.059 10-3(T-273.15)] 241.50 exp[-4.732 10-3(T-273.15)] 250.23 exp[-4.948 10-3(T-273.15)] 188.2 exp[-4.537·10-3(T-273.15)] 184.4 exp[-4.734·10-3(T-273.15)] 183.5 exp[-4.457·10-3(T-273.15)] 205.1 exp[-4.989·10-3(T-273.15)] 376.7 exp[-4.660·10-3(T-273.15)] 254.7 exp[-4.178·10-3(T-273.15)] 316.4 exp[-5.040·10-3(T-273.15)] 177.7 exp[-3.593·10-3(T-273.15)] 200.0 exp[-4.606·10-3(T-273.15)] 193.0 exp[-4.519·10-3(T-273.15)] 188.0 exp[-4.437·10-3(T-273.15)] 183.0 exp[-4.425·10-3(T-273.15)] 175.0 exp[-4.538·10-3(T-273.15)] 167.5 exp[-4.533·10-3(T-273.15)] 226.7 exp[-5.344·10-3(T-273.15)] 729.1 exp(-4.232 10-3T) 263.0 exp[-3.444·10-3(T-273.15)] 189.0 exp[-3.931·10-3(T-273.15)] 310.0 exp[-4.078·10-3(T-273.15)] 363.4 exp[-4.921·10-3(T-273.15)] 236.6 exp[-5.156·10-3(T-273.15)] 231.4 exp[-4.242·10-3(T-273.15)] 295.2 exp[-5.220·10-3(T-273.15)] 227.8 exp[-4.290·10-3(T-273.15)] 89.4 exp[-5.701·10-3(T-273.15)] 542.63 exp[-6.69·10-3(T-273.15)] 482.73 exp[-6.09·10-3(T-273.15)] 482.73 exp[-6.09·10-3(T-273.15)] 238.3 exp[-4.171·10-3(T-273.15)] 388.0 exp[-4.124·10-3(T-273.15)] 193.2 exp[-4.839·10-3(T-273.15)] 260.9 exp[-5.356·10-3(T-273.15)] 179.9 exp[-4.739·10-3(T-273.15)] 176.7 exp[-4.661·10-3(T-273.15)] 168.3 exp[-4.292·10-3(T-273.15)] 177.1 exp[-4.699·10-3(T-273.15)] 202.2 exp[-5.243·10-3(T-273.15)] 192.9 exp[-4.701·10-3(T-273.15)] 196.6 exp[-4.601·10-3(T-273.15)] 186.7 exp[-4.391·10-3(T-273.15)] 207.7 exp[-3.947·10-3(T-273.15)] 369.7 exp[-4.150·10-3(T-273.15)] 103.1 exp[-2.417·10-3(T-273.15)] 200.3 exp[-4.329·10-3(T-273.15)] 188.0 exp[-4.541·10-3(T-273.15)] 202.0 exp[-4.653·10-3(T-273.15)] 199.0 exp[-4.622·10-3(T-273.15)] 200.0 exp[-4.644·10-3(T-273.15)] 235.8 exp[-4.493·10-3(T-273.15)]
PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP FOR POLYMER MELTS (continued) Table 2 Tait Equation Parameter Functions for Polymer Melts Polymer
V(0,T)/cm3g-1
B(T)/MPa
PMMA P4MP
0.8254 + 2.8383·10-4(T-273.15) + 7.792·10-7(T-273.15)2 1.4075 - 9.095·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.497·10-6(T-273.15)2
PαMS PoMS POM PH PSF PAr aPP iPP PS PTFE PTHF PVAc PVC PVME PVdF SAN3 SAN6 SAN15 SAN18 SAN40 SAN70 SBR10 SBR23 SBR60 SBR85 SMMA20 SMMA60 VCES50 VCHS80 VCHS67 VCHS60 VCHS50 VCHS40 VCHS33 VCHS20 VCOS50 VCPS50 VdFHFP3 VdFHFP11
0.89365 + 3.4864·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.0184·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9396 exp[5.306·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.7484 exp[6.770·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.76644 exp(1.921·10-5T1.5) 0.7644 + 3.419·10-4(T-273.15) + 3.126·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.73381 exp(1.626·10-5T1.5) 1.1841 - 1.091·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.286·10-6(T-273.15)2 1.1606 exp[6.700·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9287 exp[5.131·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.3200 + 9.5862·10-4(T-273.15) 1.0043 exp[6.691·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.82496 + 5.820·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.940·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.7196 + 5.581·10-5(T-273.15) + 1.468·10-6(T-273.15)2 0.9585 exp[6.653·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.5790 exp[8.051·10-4(T-273.15)] 0.9233 + 3.936·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.685·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9211 + 4.370·10-4(T-273.15) + 5.846·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9044 + 4.207·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.077·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9016 + 4.036·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.206·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8871 + 3.406·10-4(T-273.15) + 4.938·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8528 + 3.616·10-4(T-273.15) + 2.634·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.9053 exp(2.437·10-5T1.5) 0.8986 exp(2.317·10-5T1.5) 0.8812 exp(2.031·10-5T1.5) 0.8704 exp(1.846·10-5T1.5) 0.9063 + 3.570·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.532·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.8610 + 3.350·10-4(T-273.15) + 6.980·10-7(T-273.15)2 0.6676 + 6.63·10-4T 0.7753 + 6.17·10-4T 0.8028 + 6.50·10-4T 0.8213 + 6.23·10-4T 0.7827 + 5.05·10-4T 0.7805 + 4.92·10-4T 0.7710 + 4.86·10-4T 0.6416 + 5.42·10-4T 0.7081 + 7.40·10-4T 0.7814 + 4.36·10-4T 0.587 +4.138 10-4(T-273.15) 0.577 + 4.543 10-4(T-273.15)
13-20
287.5 exp[-4.146·10-3(T-273.15)] 37.67 + 0.2134(T-273.15)] 7.0445·10-4(T-273.15)2 297.7 exp[-4.074·10-3(T-273.15)] 261.9 exp[-4.114·10-3(T-273.15)] 305.6 exp[-4.326·10-3(T-273.15)] 359.9 exp[-4.378·10-3(T-273.15)] 365.9 exp[-3.757·10-3(T-273.15)] 296.9 exp[-3.375·10-3(T-273.15)] 162.1 exp[-6.604·10-3(T-273.15)] 149.1 exp[-4.177·10-3(T-273.15)] 216.9 exp[-3.319·10-3(T-273.15)] 425.2 exp[-9.380·10-3(T-273.15)] 178.6 exp[-4.223·10-3(T-273.15)] 204.9 exp[-4.346·10-3(T-273.15)] 294.2 exp[-5.321·10-3(T-273.15)] 215.8 exp[-4.588·10-3(T-273.15)] 244.0 exp[-5.210·10-3(T-273.15)] 239.8 exp[-4.376·10-3(T-273.15)] 226.9 exp[-4.286·10-3(T-273.15)] 238.4 exp[-3.943·10-3(T-273.15)] 240.4 exp[-3.858·10-3(T -273.15)] 289.3 exp[-4.431·10-3(T-273.15)] 335.4 exp[-3.923·10-3(T-273.15)] 530.3 exp[-3.99·10-3(T-273.15)] 551.6 exp[-4.17·10-3(T-273.15)] 486.0 exp[-4.34·10-3(T-273.15)] 356.7 exp[-4.24·10-3(T-273.15)] 232.0 exp[-4.143·10-3(T-273.15)] 261.0 exp[-4.611·10-3(T-273.15)] 5281.7 exp[-9.264·10-3(T-273.15)] 247.6 exp[-2.604·10-3(T-273.15)] 581.7 exp[-4.553·10-3(T-273.15)] 229.1 exp[-2.133·10-3(T-273.15)] 136.0 exp[-1.083·10-3(T-273.15)] 155.0 exp[-1.605·10-3(T-273.15)] 460.4 exp[-3.453·10-3(T-273.15)] 489.8 exp[-3.193·10-3(T-273.15)] 666.5 exp[-4.503·10-3(T-273.15)] 880.1 exp[-4.393·10-3(T-273.15)] 157.7 exp[-2.83 10-3(T-273.15)] 207.1 exp[-4.15 10-3(T-273.15)]
ASTRONOMICAL CONSTANTS Victor Abalakin The constants in this table are based primarilarly on the set of constants adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. Updates have been made when new data were available. All values are given in SI Units; thus masses are expressed in kilograms and distances in meters. The astronomical unit of time is a time interval of one day (1 d) equal to 86400 s. An interval of 36525 d is one Julian century (1 cy). REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1990. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Defining constants k = 0.01720209895 m3 kg-1 s-2 c = 299792458 m s-1
Gaussian gravitational constant Speed of light Primary constants
τA = 499.004782 s ae = 6378140 m ae = 6378136 m J2 = 0.001082626 GE = 3.986005 × 1014 m3s-2 G = 6.672 × 10-11 m3kg-1s-2 µ = 0.01230002 1/µ = 81.300587
Light-time for unit distance (1 AU) Equatorial radius of earth Equatorial radius of earth (IUGG value) Dynamical form-factor for earth Geocentric gravitational constant Constant of gravitation Ratio of mass of moon to that of earth General precession in longitude, per Julian century, at standard epoch J2000 Obliquity of the ecliptic at standard epoch J2000
ρ = 5029″.0966 ε = 23°26′21″.448
Derived constants Constant of nutation at standard epoch J2000 Unit distance (AU = cτA) Solar parallax (π0 = arcsin(ae/AU)) Constant of aberration for standard epoch J2000 Flattening factor for the earth Heliocentric gravitational constant (GS = A3k2/D2) Ratio of mass of sun to that of the earth (S/E) = (GS)/(GE)) Ratio of mass of sun to that of earth + moon Mass of the sun (S = (GS)/G)
N = 9″.2025 AU = 1.49597870 × 1011 m π0 = 8″.794148 κ = 20″.49552 f = 1/298.257 = 0.00335281 GS = 1.32712438 × 1020 m3 s-2 S/E = 332946.0 (S/E)/(1 + µ) = 328900.5 S = 1.9891 × 1030 kg
Ratios of mass of sun to masses of the planets Mercury Venus Earth + moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
6023600 408523.5 328900.5 3098710 1047.355 3498.5 22869 19314 3000000
14-1
PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM The following tables give various properties of the planets and characteristics of their orbits in the solar system. Certain properties of the sun and of the earth’s moon are also included. Explanations of the column headings: • • • •
Den.: mean density in g/cm3 Radius: radius at the equator in km Flattening: degree of oblateness, defined as (re-rp )/re , where re and rp are the equatorial and polar radii, respectively Potential coefficients: coefficients in the spherical harmonic representation of the gravitational potential U by the equation U(r,φ) = (GM/r) [1 – Σ Jn(a/r)n Pn(sin φ)]
• • • • • • • • • •
where G is the gravitational constant, r the distance from the center of the planet, a the radius of the planet, M the mass, φ the latitude, and Pn the Legendre polynomial of degree n. Gravity: acceleration due to gravity at the surface Escape velocity: velocity needed at the surface of the planet to escape the gravitational pull Dist. to sun: semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit (1 AU = 1.496 × 108 km) ε: eccentricity of the orbit Ecliptic angle: angle between the planetary orbit and the plane of the earth’s orbit around the sun Inclin.: angle between the equatorial plane and the plane of the planetary orbit Rot. period: period of rotation of the planet measured in earth days Albedo: ratio of the light reflected from the planet to the light incident on it Tsur: mean temperature at the surface Psur: pressure of the atmosphere at the surface The following general information on the solar system is of interest:
Mass of the earth = Me = 5.9742 × 1024 kg Total mass of planetary system = 2.669 × 1027 kg = 447 Me Total angular momentum of planetary system = 3.148 × 1043 kg m2/s Total kinetic energy of the planets = 1.99 × 1035 J Total rotational energy of planets = 0.7 × 1035 J Properties of the sun: Mass = 1.9891 × 1030 kg = 332946.0 Me Radius = 6.9599 × 108 m Surface area = 6.087 × 1018 m2 Volume = 1.412 × 1027 m3 Mean density = 1.409 g/cm3 Gravity at surface = 27398 cm/s2 Escape velocity at surface = 6.177 × 105 m/s Effective temperature = 5780 K Total radiant power emitted (luminosity) = 3.86 × 1026 W Surface flux of radiant energy = 6.340 × 107 W/m2 Flux of radiant energy at the earth (Solar Constant) = 1373 W/m2 REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Allen, C. W., Astrophysical Quantities, Third Edition, Athlone Press, London, 1977.
14-2
PROPERTIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (continued) Mass 1024 kg
Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
0.33022 4.8690 5.9742 0.073483 0.64191 1898.8 568.50 86.625 102.78 0.015
Den. g/cm3
Radius km
5.43 5.24 5.515 3.34 3.94 1.33 0.70 1.30 1.76 1.1
2439.7 6051.9 6378.140 1738 3397 71492 60268 25559 24764 1151
Dist. to sun AU
Planet Mercury Venus Earth (Moon) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
ε
Ecliptic angle
0.38710 0.72333 1.00000
0.2056 0.0068 0.0167
7.00° 3.39°
1.52369 5.20283 9.53876 19.19139 30.06107 39.52940
0.0933 0.048 0.056 0.046 0.010 0.248
1.85° 1.31° 2.49° 0.77° 1.77° 17.15°
Flattening
103 J2
0 0 0.00335364 0 0.00647630 0.0648744 0.0979624 0.0229273 0.0171 0
0.027 1.08263 0.2027 1.964 14.75 16.45 12 4
Potential coeffients 106 J3
-2.54
Albedo
0° 177.3° 23.45° 6.68° 25.19° 3.12° 26.73° 97.86° 29.56° 118°
58.6462 -243.01 0.99726968 27.321661 1.02595675 0.41354 0.4375 -0.65 0.768 -6.3867
0.106 0.65 0.367 0.12 0.150 0.52 0.47 0.51 0.41 0.3
Psur bar
CO2
N2
O2
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
440 730 288 218 129 97 58 56 50
2 × 10-15 90 1 0.007
96.4% 0.03% 95.32%
3.4% 78.08% 2.7%
69 ppm 20.95% 0.13%
Atmospheric composition H2O H2 2%
14-3
4.25 10.4 11.2 2.37 5.02 59.6 35.5 21.3 23.3 1.1
No. of satellites 0 0 1 2 16 18 15 8 1
Ar
Ne
CO
4 ppm 0.93% 1.6%
18 ppm 3 ppm
20 ppm 1 ppm 0.07%
98%
0.1% 0 to 3% 0.03% 86.1% 92.4% 89% 89%
1 × 10-5
He
Escape vel. km/s
370 887 980 162 371 2312 896 777 1100 72
36 -580 -1000
Rot. period d
Tsur K
Gravity cm/s2
-1.61
Inclin.
Planet
106 J4
13.8% 7.4% 11% 11%
SATELLITES OF THE PLANETS This table gives characteristics of the known satellites of the planets. The parameters covered are: • • • • • • • •
Orbital period in units of earth days. An R following the value indicates a retrograde motion. Distance from the planet, as measured by the semi-major axis of the orbit. Eccentricity of the orbit. Inclination of the satellite orbit with respect to the equator of the planet. Mass of the satellite relative to the planet. Radius of the satellite in km. Mean density of the satellite. Geometric albedo, which is a measure of the fraction of incident sunlight reflected by the satellite. REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. 3. Burns, J. A., and Matthews, M. S., Eds., Satellites, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1986.
Planet
14-4
Earth Mars Jupiter
Saturn
Satellite
I II I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Moon Phobos Deimos Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Amalthea Himalia Elara Pasiphae Sinope Lysithea Carme Ananke Leda Thebe Adrastea Metis Mimas Enceladus Tethys Dione Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Phoebe
Orb. Period d
Distance 103 km
27.321661 0.31891023 1.2624407 1.769137786 3.551181041 7.15455296 16.6890184 0.49817905 250.5662 259.6528 735 R 758 R 259.22 692 R 631 R 238.72 0.6745 0.29826 0.294780 0.942421813 1.370217855 1.887802160 2.736914742 4.517500436 15.94542068 21.2766088 79.3301825 550.48 R
384.400 9.378 23.459 422 671 1070 1883 181 11480 11737 23500 23700 11720 22600 21200 11094 222 129 128 185.52 238.02 294.66 377.40 527.04 1221.83 1481.1 3561.3 12952
Eccentricity 0.054900489 0.015 0.0005 0.004 0.009 0.002 0.007 0.003 0.15798 0.20719 0.378 0.275 0.107 0.20678 0.16870 0.14762 0.015
0.0202 0.00452 0.00000 0.002230 0.00100 0.029192 0.104 0.02828 0.16326
Inclination 18.28-28.58° 1.0° 0.9-2.7° 0.04° 0.47° 0.21° 0.51° 0.40° 27.63° 24.77° 145° 153° 29.02° 164° 147° 26.07° 0.8°
1.53° 1.86° 1.86° 0.02° 0.35° 0.33° 0.43° 14.72° 177°
Rel. mass 0.01230002 1.5 × 10-8 3 × 10-9 4.68 × 10-5 2.52 × 10-5 7.80 × 10-5 5.66 × 10-5 3.8 × 10-9 5.0 × 10-9 4 × 10-10 1 × 10-10 0.4 × 10-10 0.4 × 10-10 0.5 × 10-10 0.2 × 10-10 0.03 × 10-10 4 × 10-10 0.1 × 10-10 0.5 × 10-10 8.0 × 10-8 1.3 × 10-7 1.3 × 10-6 1.85 × 10-6 4.4 × 10-6 2.38 × 10-4 3 × 10-8 3.3 × 10-6 7 × 10-10
Radius km 1738 13.5 × 10.8 × 9.4 7.5 × 6.1 × 5.5 1815 1569 2631 2400 135 × 83 × 75 93 38 25 18 18 20 15 8 55 × 45 12.5 × 10 × 7.5 20 196 250 530 560 765 2575 205 × 130 × 110 730 110
Den. g/cm3 3.34 <2 <2 3.55 3.04 1.93 1.83
1.44 1.13 1.20 1.41 1.33 1.88 1.15
Albedo 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.61 0.64 0.42 0.20 0.05 0.03 0.03
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.21 0.3 0.2 0.06
SATELLITES OF THE PLANETS (continued) Planet
Uranus
14-5 Neptune
Pluto
Satellite X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV I II III IV V VI VII VIII I
Janus Epimetheus Helene Telesto Calypso Atlas Prometheus Pandora Pan Ariel Umbriel Titania Oberon Miranda Cordelia Ophelia Bianca Cressida Desdemona Juliet Portia Rosalind Belinda Puck Triton Nereid Naiad Thalassa Despina Galatea Larissa Proteus Charon
Orb. Period d
Distance 103 km
0.6945 0.6942 2.7369 1.8878 1.8878 0.6019 0.6130 0.6285 0.5750 2.52037935 4.1441772 8.7058717 13.4632389 1.41347925 0.335033 0.376409 0.434577 0.463570 0.473651 0.493066 0.513196 0.558459 0.623525 0.761832 5.8768541 R 360.13619 0.294396 0.311485 0.334655 0.428745 0.554654 1.122315 6.38725
151.472 151.422 377.40 294.66 294.66 137.670 139.353 141.700 133.583 191.02 266.30 435.91 583.52 129.39 49.77 53.79 59.17 61.78 62.68 64.35 66.09 69.94 75.26 86.01 354.76 5513.4 117.6 73.6 52.6 62.0 50.0 48.2 19.6
Eccentricity
Inclination
0.007 0.009 0.005
0.14° 0.34° 0.0°
0.000 0.003 0.004
0.3° 0.0° 0.0°
0.0034 0.0050 0.0022 0.0008 0.0027 <0.001 0.010 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.000016 0.7512 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.0014 <0.001 <0.001
0.3° 0.36° 0.14° 0.10° 4.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.2° 0.0° 0.2° 0.1° 0.1° 0.3° 0.0° 0.31° 157.345° 27.6° 4.74° 0.21° 0.07° 0.05° 0.20° 0.55° 99°
Rel. mass
1.56 × 10-5 1.35 × 10-5 4.06 × 10-5 3.47 × 10-5 0.08 × 10-5
2.09 × 10-4 2 × 10-7
0.22
Radius km 110 × 100 × 80 70 × 60 × 50 18 × 16 × 15 17 × 14 × 13 17 × 11 × 11 20 × 10 70 × 50 × 40 55 × 45 × 35 10 579 586 790 762 240 13 15 21 31 27 42 54 27 33 77 1353 170 29 40 74 79 104 × 89 218 × 208 × 201 593
Den. g/cm3
1.55 1.58 1.69 1.64 1.25
2.05
Albedo 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.34 0.18 0.27 0.24 0.27 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.7 0.4 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.5
MASS, DIMENSIONS, AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH This table is a collection of data on various properties of the Earth. Most of the values are given in SI units. Note that 1 AU (astronomical unit) = 149,597,870 km. REFERENCES 1. Seidelmann, P. K., Editor, Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1992. 2. Lang, K. R., Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
Quantity
Symbol
Value
Unit
Mass Major orbital semi-axis
M aorb
Distance from sun at perihelion Distance from sun at aphelion Moment of perihelion passage Moment of aphelion passage Siderial rotation period around sun
rπ rα Tπ Tα Porb
Mean rotational velocity Mean equatorial radius Mean polar compression (flattening factor) Difference in equatorial and polar semi-axes Compression of meridian of major equatorial axis Compression of meridian of minor equatorial axis Equatorial compression Difference in equatorial semi-axes Difference in polar semi-axes Polar asymmetry Mean acceleration of gravity at equator Mean acceleration of gravity at poles Difference in acceleration of gravity at pole and at equator Mean acceleration of gravity for entire surface of terrestrial ellipsoid Mean radius Area of surface Volume Mean density Siderial rotational period Rotational angular velocity Mean equatorial rotational velocity Rotational angular momentum Rotational energy Ratio of centrifugal force to force of gravity at equator Moment of inertia Relative braking of earth’s rotation due to tidal friction Relative secular acceleration of earth’s rotation Not secular braking of earth’s rotation Probable value of total energy of tectonic deformation of earth Secular loss of heat of earth through radiation into space Portion of earth’s kinetic energy transformed into heat as a result of lunar and solar tides in the hydrosphere
Uorb a α a–c αa αb ε a–b cN – cS η ge gp
5.9742·1027 1.000000 1.4959787·108 0.9833 1.0167 Jan. 2, 4 h 52 min July 4, 5 h 05 min 31.5581·106 365.25636 29.78 6378.140 1/298.257 21.385 1/295.2 1/298.0 1/30 000 213 ∼70 ~1.10–5 9.78036 9.83208
gp – ge
5.172
cm/s2
g R S V ρ P ω v L E
9.7978 6371.0 5.10·108 1.0832·1012 5.515 86,164.09 7.292116·10–5 0.46512 5.861·1033 2.137·1029
m/s2 km km2 km3 g/cm3 s rad/s km/s Js J
qc I
0.0034677 = 1/288 8.070·1037
kg m2
∆ωe/ω
–4.2·10–8
century–1
∆ωi/ω ∆ω/ω
+1.4·10–8 –2.8·10–8
century–1 century–1
Et
∼1·1023
J/century
∆′Ek
1·1023
J/century
∆″Ek
1.3·1023
J/century
14-6
g AU km AU AU
s d km/s km km
m m m/s2 m/s2
MASS, DIMENSIONS, AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH (continued) Quantity Differences in duration of days in March and August Corresponding relative annual variation in earth’s rotational velocity Presumed variation in earth’s radius between August and March Annual variation in level of world ocean Area of continents
Symbol
Value
Unit
∆P
0.0025 (March-August)
∆*ω/ω
2.9·10–8 (Aug.-March)
∆*R ∆ho SC
cm cm km2 % of surface km2 % of surface m m
s
Area of world ocean
So
Mean height of continents above sea level Mean depth of world ocean Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the continents Mean thickness of lithosphere within the limits of the ocean Mean rate of thickening of continental lithosphere Mean rate of horizontal extension of continental lithosphere Mass of crust Mass of mantle Amount of water released from the mantle and core in the course of geological time Total reserve of water in the mantle Present content of free and bound water in the earth’s lithosphere Mass of hydrosphere Amount of oxygen bound in the earth’s crust Amount of free oxygen Mass of atmosphere Mass of biosphere Mass of living matter in the biosphere Density of living matter on dry land Density of living matter in ocean Age of the earth Age of oldest rocks Age of most ancient fossils
hC ho
–9.2 (Aug.-March) ∼10 (Sept.-March) 1.49·108 29.2 3.61·108 70.8 875 3794
hc.l.
35
km
ho.l.
4.7
km
∆h/∆t
10 - 40
m/106 y
∆l/∆t ml
0.75 - 20 2.36·1022 4.05·1024
km/106 y kg kg
3.40·1021 2·1023
kg kg
2.4·1021 1.664·1021 1.300·1021 1.5·1018 5.136·1018 1.148·1016 3.6·1014 0.1 15·10–8 4.55·109 4.0·109 3.4·109
kg kg kg kg kg kg kg g/cm2 g/cm3 y y y
mh
ma mb
14-7
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Period or Epoch
Beginning and end, in 106 years
Key events
Cenozoic era Quaternian Contemporary Pleistocene Tertiary Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene
0–10,000 y ± 2,000 y 10,000–1,000,000 y ± 50,000 y
Homo Erectus breakout
1.8–5.3 5–25 25–37 37–55 55–67
Ape man fossils Origin of grass Rise of cats, dogs, pigs Debut of hoofed mammals Earliest primates Mesozoic era
Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic
67–138 138–208 208–245
Demise of dinosaurs First birds Appearance of dinosaurs Paleozoic era
Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian
245–290 290–360 360–410 410–435 435–520 520–570
Flowers, insect pollination First conifers First vertebrates ashore Spore-bearing plants First animals ashore Vertebrates appear Pre-Cambrian
Pre-Cambrian III (Proterozoic) Pre-Cambrian II (Archean) Pre-Cambrian I (Hadean)
570–2500 2500–3800 3800–4450
First plants, jellyfish Photosynthetic bacteria Earth formed 4600 million years ago
Reference: Calder, N., Timescale - An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension, Viking Press, New York, 1983.
14-8
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY The acceleration due to gravity is tabulated here as a function of latitude and height above the earth’s surface. Values were calculated from the expression g/(m/s2) = 9.780356 (1 + 0.0052885 sin2 φ –0.0000059 sin2 2 φ) –0.003086 H where φ is the latitude and H is the height in kilometers. REFERENCE Jursa, A. S., Ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, 4th ed., Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985, p. 14-17. φ
H=0
H = 1 km
H = 5 km
H = 10 km
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
9.78036 9.78075 9.78191 9.78381 9.78638 9.78956 9.79324 9.79732 9.80167 9.80616 9.81065 9.81501 9.81911 9.82281 9.82601 9.82860 9.83051 9.83168 9.83208
9.77727 9.77766 9.77882 9.78072 9.78330 9.78647 9.79016 9.79424 9.79858 9.80307 9.80757 9.81193 9.81602 9.81972 9.82292 9.82551 9.82743 9.82860 9.82899
9.76493 9.76532 9.76648 9.76838 9.77095 9.77413 9.77781 9.78189 9.78624 9.79073 9.79522 9.79958 9.80368 9.80738 9.81058 9.81317 9.81508 9.81625 9.81665
9.74950 9.74989 9.75105 9.75295 9.75552 9.75870 9.76238 9.76646 9.77081 9.77530 9.77979 9.78415 9.78825 9.79195 9.79515 9.79774 9.79965 9.80082 9.80122
14-9
DENSITY, PRESSURE, AND GRAVITY AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH WITHIN THE EARTH This table gives the density ρ, pressure p, and acceleration due to gravity g as a function of depth below the earth‘s surface, as calculated from the model of the structure of the earth in Reference 1. The model assumes a radius of 6371 km for the earth. The boundary between the crust and mantle (the Mohorovicic discontinuity) is taken as 21 km, while in reality it varies considerable with location. REFERENCES 1. 2.
Anderson, D. L., and Hart, R. S., J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1461, 1976. Carmichael, R. S., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, p.467, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.
Depth km
ρ g/cm3
p kbar
g cm/s2
Depth km
Crust 0 3 3 21
1.02 1.02 2.80 2.80
0 3 3 5
1771 2071 2371 2671 2886
981 982 982 983
ρ g/cm3 4.96 5.12 5.31 5.45 5.53
p kbar 752 903 1061 1227 1352
g cm/s2 994 1002 1017 1042 1069
Outer core (liquid) Mantle (solid) 21 41 61 81 101 121 171 221 271 321 371 571 871 1171 1471
3.49 3.51 3.52 3.48 3.44 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.37 3.47 3.59 3.95 4.54 4.67 4.81
5 12 19 26 33 39 56 73 89 106 124 199 328 466 607
2886 2971 3371 3671 4071 4471 4871 5156
983 983 984 984 984 985 987 989 991 993 994 999 997 992 991
9.96 10.09 10.63 11.00 11.36 11.69 11.99 12.12
1352 1442 1858 2154 2520 2844 3116 3281
1069 1050 953 874 760 641 517 427
Inner core (solid) 5156 5371 5771 6071 6371
14-10
12.30 12.48 12.52 12.53 12.58
3281 3385 3529 3592 3617
427 355 218 122 0
OCEAN PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF DEPTH AND LATITUDE The following table is based upon an ocean model which takes into account the equation of state of standard seawater and the dependence on latitude of the acceleration of gravity. The tabulated pressure value is the excess pressure over the ambient atmospheric pressure at the surface. REFERENCES 1. International Oceanographic Tables, Volume 4, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 40, Unesco, Paris, 1987. 2. Saunders, P.M., and Fofonoff, N.P., Deep-Sea Res. 23, 109-111, 1976. Pressure in MPa at the Specified Latitude Depth (meters) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000
0° 0.0000 5.0338 10.0796 15.1376 20.2076 25.2895 30.3831 35.4886 40.6056 45.7342 50.8742 56.0255 61.1882 66.3619 71.5467 76.7426 81.9493 87.1669 92.3950 97.6346 102.8800
15° 0.0000 5.0355 10.0832 15.1431 20.2148 25.2985 30.3940 35.5012 40.6201 45.7505 50.8924 56.0456 61.2100 66.3857 71.5724 76.7701 81.9788 87.1983 92.4284 97.6698 102.9170
30° 0.0000 5.0404 10.0930 15.1577 20.2344 25.3231 30.4236 35.5358 40.6598 45.7952 50.9421 56.1004 61.2700 66.4508 71.6427 76.8456 82.0594 87.2841 92.5194 97.7661 103.0185
45° 0.0000 5.0471 10.1064 15.1778 20.2613 25.3568 30.4641 35.5832 40.7140 45.8564 51.0102 56.1755 61.3521 66.5399 71.7388 76.9488 82.1697 87.4016 92.6440 97.8978 103.1572
14-11
60° 0.0000 5.0537 10.1198 15.1980 20.2882 25.3905 30.5047 35.6307 40.7683 45.9176 51.0785 56.2508 61.4344 66.6292 71.8352 77.0523 82.2804 87.5193 92.7689 98.0300 103.2961
75° 0.0000 5.0586 10.1296 15.2127 20.3080 25.4153 30.5345 35.6654 40.8082 45.9626 51.1285 56.3059 61.4947 66.6947 71.9059 77.1282 82.3614 87.6057 92.8606 98.1269 103.3981
90° 0.0000 5.0605 10.1333 15.2182 20.3153 25.4244 30.5453 35.6782 40.8229 45.9791 51.1469 56.3262 61.5168 66.7187 71.9318 77.1560 82.3911 87.6373 92.8941 98.1624 103.4355
PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER In addition to the dependence on temperature and pressure, the physical properties of seawater vary with the concentration of the dissolved constituents. A convenient parameter for describing the composition is the salinity, S, which is defined in terms of the electrical conductivity of the seawater sample. The defining equation for the practical salinity is: S = a0 + a1K1/2 + a2K + a3K3/2 + a4K2 + a5K5/2 , where K is the ratio of the conductivity of the seawater sample at 15°C and atmospheric pressure to the conductivity of a potassium chloride solution in which the mass fraction of KCl is 0.0324356, at the same temperature and pressure. The values of the coefficients are: a0 = 0.0080 a3 = 14.0941 a4 = -7.0261 a1 = -0.1692 a2 = 25.3851 a5 = 2.7081 Σ ai = 35.0000 Thus when K = 1, S = 35 exactly ( S is normally quoted in units of ‰, i.e., parts per thousand). The value of S can be roughly equated with the mass of dissolved material in grams per kilogram of seawater. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid latitudes typically fall between 34 and 36. It is customary in oceanography to define the pressure at a given point as the pressure due to the column of water between that point and the surface. Thus by convention P = 0 at the sea surface. To a good approximation the pressure in decibars (dbar) can be equated to the depth in meters. Thus at 45° latitude the pressure is 5000 dbar at 4902 m, 10000 dbar at 9700 m. The freezing point of seawater varies with salinity and pressure as follows (freezing point in °C): P/dbar 0 50 100 500
S=0 0.000 -0.038 -0.075 -0.377
5 -0.274 -0.311 -0.349 -0.650
10 -0.542 -0.580 -0.618 -0.919
15 -0.812 -0.849 -0.887 -1.188
20 -1.083 -1.121 -1.159 -1.460
25 -1.358 -1.396 -1.434 -1.735
30 -1.638 -1.676 -1.713 -2.014
35 -1.922 -1.960 -1.998 -2.299
40 -2.212 -2.250 -2.287 -2.589
The first table below gives several properties of seawater as a function of temperature for a salinity of 35. The second and third give density and electrical conductivity as a function of salinity at several temperatures, and the last lists typical concentrations of the main constituents of seawater as a function of salinity.
REFERENCES 1. The Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and the International Equation of State of Seawater 1980, Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science No. 36, Unesco, Paris, 1981; sections No. 37, 38, 39, and 40 in this series give background papers and detailed tables. 2. Kennish, M. J., CRC Practical Handbook of Marine Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 3. Poisson, A. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. OE-5, 50, 1981. 4. Webster, F., in AIP Physics Desk Reference, E. R. Cohen, D. R. Lide and G. L. Trigg, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002.
Properties of Seawater as a Function of Temperature at Salinity S = 35 and Normal Atmospheric Pressure ρ = density in g/cm3 β = (1/ρ) (dρ/dS) = fractional change in density per unit change in salinity α = (1/ρ) (dρ/dt) = fractional change in density per unit change in temperature (°C-1) κ = electrical conductivity in S/cm η = viscosity in mPa s (equal to cP) cp = specific heat in J/kg °C v = speed of sound in m/s t/°C
ρ/g cm-3
107β
107 α/°C-1
κ/S cm-1
η/mPa s
cp/J kg-1 °C-1
v/m s-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1.028106 1.027675 1.026952 1.025973 1.024763 1.023343 1.021729 1.019934
7854 7717 7606 7516 7444 7385 7338 7300 7270
526 1136 1668 2141 2572 2970 3341 3687 4004
0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373
1.892 1.610 1.388 1.221 1.085 0.966 0.871
3986.5
1449.1
3986.3
1489.8
3993.9
1521.5
4000.7
1545.6
4003.5
1563.2
14-15
PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER (continued) Density of Surface Seawater in g/cm3 as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
S=0
S=5
S = 10
S = 15
S = 20
S = 25
S = 30
S = 35
S = 40
0.999843 0.999967 0.999702 0.999102 0.998206 0.997048 0.995651 0.994036 0.992220
1.003913 1.003949 1.003612 1.002952 1.002008 1.000809 0.999380 0.997740 0.995906
1.007955 1.007907 1.007501 1.006784 1.005793 1.004556 1.003095 1.001429 0.999575
1.011986 1.011858 1.011385 1.010613 1.009576 1.008301 1.006809 1.005118 1.003244
1.016014 1.015807 1.015269 1.014443 1.013362 1.012050 1.010527 1.008810 1.006915
1.020041 1.019758 1.019157 1.018279 1.017154 1.015806 1.014252 1.012509 1.010593
1.024072 1.023714 1.023051 1.022122 1.020954 1.019569 1.017985 1.016217 1.014278
1.028106 1.027675 1.026952 1.025973 1.024763 1.023343 1.021729 1.019934 1.017973
1.032147 1.031645 1.030862 1.029834 1.028583 1.027128 1.025483 1.023662 1.021679
Electrical Conductivity of Seawater in S/cm as a Function of Temperature and Salinity t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
S=5
S = 10
S = 15
S = 20
S = 25
S = 30
S = 35
S = 40
0.004808 0.005570 0.006370 0.007204 0.008068 0.008960 0.009877
0.009171 0.010616 0.012131 0.013709 0.015346 0.017035 0.018771
0.013357 0.015441 0.017627 0.019905 0.022267 0.024703 0.027204
0.017421 0.020118 0.022947 0.025894 0.028948 0.032097 0.035330
0.021385 0.024674 0.028123 0.031716 0.035438 0.039276 0.043213
0.025257 0.029120 0.033171 0.037391 0.041762 0.046267 0.050888
0.029048 0.033468 0.038103 0.042933 0.047934 0.053088 0.058373
0.032775 0.037734 0.042935 0.048355 0.053968 0.059751 0.065683
Composition of Seawater and Ionic Strength at Various Salinities (Ref. 2) Expressed as molality
As grams per kilogram of seawater
Constituent
S = 30
S = 35
S = 40
S = 30
S = 35
S = 40
ClBrFSO42HCO3NaSO4KSO4Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ MgHCO3+ MgSO4 CaSO4 NaHCO3 H3BO3 Ionic strength
0.482 0.00074
0.562 0.00087 0.00007 0.0114 0.00143 0.0108 0.00012 0.472 0.01039 0.0483 0.00143 0.00009 0.00036 0.00561 0.00115 0.00020 0.00037 0.6675
0.650 0.00100
16.58 0.057
22.36 0.078
0.0122 0.00100 0.0139 0.00015 0.544 0.01200 0.0561 0.00154 0.00011 0.00045 0.00614 0.00126 0.00024 0.00042 0.7701
0.97 0.078 0.98 0.013 9.03 0.338 0.974 0.051 0.007 0.023 0.582 0.135 0.012 0.019
19.33 0.067 0.001 1.06 0.085 1.25 0.016 10.53 0.394 1.139 0.056 0.008 0.030 0.655 0.152 0.016 0.022
0.0104 0.00131 0.0085 0.00010 0.405 0.00892 0.0413 0.00131 0.00008 0.00028 0.00498 0.00102 0.00015 0.00032 0.5736
14-16
1.14 0.059 1.60 0.020 12.13 0.455 1.323 0.060 0.009 0.037 0.717 0.166 0.020 0.025
ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST AND IN THE SEA This table gives the estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (in mg/kg, equivalent to parts per million by mass) and in seawater near the surface (in mg/L). Values represent the median of reported measurements. The concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude. REFERENCES 1. Carmichael, R. S., Ed., CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Bodek,I., et al., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, New York, 1988. 3. Ronov, A. B., and Yaroshevsky, A. A.,“Earth’s Crust Geochemistry”, in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, Fairbridge, R. W.,Ed., Van Nostrand, New York, 1969.
Element Ac Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br C Ca Cd Ce Cl Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu F Fe Ga Gd Ge H He Hf Hg Ho I In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo
Abundance Crust mg/kg 5.5 × 10-10 7.5 × 10-2 8.23 × 104 3.5 1.8 4 × 10-3 1.0 × 101 4.25 × 102 2.8 8.5 × 10-3 2.4 2.00 × 102 4.15 × 104 1.5 × 10-1 6.65 × 101 1.45 × 102 2.5 × 101 1.02 × 102 3 6.0 × 101 5.2 3.5 2.0 5.85 × 102 5.63 × 104 1.9 × 101 6.2 1.5 1.40 × 103 8 × 10-3 3.0 8.5 × 10-2 1.3 4.5 × 10-1 2.5 × 10-1 1 × 10-3 2.09 × 104 1 × 10-4 3.9 × 101 2.0 × 101 8 × 10-1 2.33 × 104 9.50 × 102 1.2
Sea mg/L
Element N Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O Os P Pa Pb Pd Po Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr
4× 2 × 10-3 4.5 × 10-1 3.7 × 10-3 4 × 10-6 4.44 1.3 × 10-2 5.6 × 10-6 2 × 10-5 6.73 × 101 2.8 × 101 4.12 × 102 1.1 × 10-4 1.2 × 10-6 1.94 × 104 2 × 10-5 3 × 10-4 3 × 10-4 2.5 × 10-4 9.1 × 10-7 8.7 × 10-7 1.3 × 10-7 1.3 2 × 10-3 3 × 10-5 7 × 10-7 5 × 10-5 1.08 × 105 7 × 10-6 7 × 10-6 3 × 10-5 2.2 × 10-7 6 × 10-2 2 × 10-2 10-5
3.99 × 102 2.1 × 10-4 3.4 × 10-6 1.8 × 10-1 1.5 × 10-7 1.29 × 103 2 × 10-4 1 × 10-2
14-14
Abundance Crust mg/kg 1.9 × 101 2.36 × 104 2.0 × 101 4.15 × 101 5 × 10-3 8.4 × 101 4.61 × 105 1.5 × 10-3 1.05 × 103 1.4 × 10-6 1.4 × 101 1.5 × 10-2 2 × 10-10 9.2 5 × 10-3 9 × 10-7 9.0 × 101 7 × 10-4 1 × 10-3 4 × 10-13 1 × 10-3 3.50 × 102 2 × 10-1 2.2 × 101 5 × 10-2 2.82 × 105 7.05 2.3 3.70 × 102 2.0 1.2 1 × 10-3 9.6 5.65 × 103 8.5 × 10-1 5.2 × 10-1 2.7 1.20 × 102 1.25 3 × 10-5 3.3 × 101 3.2 7.0 × 101 1.65 × 102
Sea mg/L 5 × 10-1 1.08 × 104 1 × 10-5 2.8 × 10-6 1.2 × 10-4 5.6 × 10-4 8.57 × 105 6 × 10-2 5 × 10-11 3 × 10-5 1.5 × 10-14 6.4 × 10-7 8.9 × 10-11 1.2 × 10-1 4 × 10-6 6 × 10-16 7 × 10-7 9.05 × 102 2.4 × 10-4 6 × 10-7 2 × 10-4 2.2 4.5 × 10-7 4 × 10-6 7.9 2 × 10-6 1.4 × 10-7 1 × 10-6 1 × 10-3 1.9 × 10-5 1.7 × 10-7 3.2 × 10-3 2.5 × 10-3 1 × 10-4 5 × 10-5 1.3 × 10-5 8.2 × 10-7 4.9 × 10-3 3 × 10-5
SOLAR SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE The solar luminosity (total radiant power emitted) is 3.86⋅1026 W, of which 1373 W/m2 reaches the top of the earth’s atmosphere. To a zeroth approximation the sun can be considered a black body with an effective temperature of 5780 K, which implies a peak in the radiation at around 0.520 µm (5200 Å). The actual solar spectral emission is more complex, especially at ultraviolet and shorter wavelengths. The graph below, which was taken from Reference 1, summarizes the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere in the range 0.3 to 10 µm. REFERENCES 1. Jursa, A.S., ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985. 2. Pierce, A.K., and Allen, R.G., “The Solar Spectrum between 0.3 and 10 µm”, in The Solar Output and its Variation, White, O.R., Ed., Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, CO, 1977. 3. Lang, K.R., Astrophysical Data. Planets and Stars, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
2000 1800
Irradiance in W m-2 µm-1
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 X10
200 0
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.0
2
Wavelength in µm
14-15
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) A Standard Atmosphere is a hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density which is roughly representative of year-round, midlatitude conditions. Typical uses are to serve as a basis for pressure altimeter calibrations, aircraft performance calculations, aircraft and rocket design, ballistic tables, meteorological diagrams, and various types of atmospheric modeling. The air is assumed to be dry and to obey the perfect gas law and the hydrostatic equation which, taken together, relate temperature, pressure, and density with vertical position. The atmosphere is considered to rotate with the earth and to be an average over the diurnal cycle, the semiannual variation, and the range from active to quiet geomagnetic and sunspot conditions. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 is an idealized, steady-state representation of mean annual conditions of the earth’s atmosphere from the surface to 1000 km at latitude 45°N, as it is assumed to exist during a period with moderate solar activity. The defining meteorological elements are sea-level temperature and pressure and a temperature-height profile to 1000 km. The 1976 Standard Atmosphere uses the following sea-level values which have been standard for many decades: Temperature — 288.15 K (15°C) Pressure — 101325 Pa (1013.25 mbar, 760 mm of Hg, or 29.92 in. of Hg) Density — 1225 g/m3 (1.225 g/L) Mean molar mass — 28.964 g/mol The parameters included in this condensed version of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere are: Z — Height (geometric) above mean sea level in meters T — Temperature in kelvins P — Pressure in pascals (1 Pa = 0.01 millibars) ρ — Density in kilograms per cubic meter (1 kg/m3 = 1 g/L) n — Number density in molecules per cubic meter ν — Mean collision frequency in collisions per second l — Mean free path in meters η — Absolute viscosity in pascal seconds (1 Pa s = 1000 cP) k — Thermal conductivity in joules per meter second kilogram (W/m K) vs — Speed of sound in meters per second g — Acceleration of gravity in meters per second square The sea-level composition (percent by volume) is taken to be: N2 — 78.084% O2 — 20.9476 Ar — 0.934 CO2 — 0.0314 Ne — 0.001818
He — 0.000524 Kr — 0.000114 Xe — 0.0000087 CH4 — 0.0002 H2 — 0.00005
The T and P columns for the troposphere and lower stratosphere were generated from the following formulas: T/K P/Pa H ≤ 11000 m 288.15 - 0.0065 H 101325(288.15/T)-5.25577 11000 m < H ≤ 20000 m 216.65 22632 e-0.00015768832(H-11000) 20000 m < H ≤ 32000 m 216.65 + 0.0010(H-20000) 5474.87(216.65/T)34.16319 where H = rZ/(r + Z) is the geopotential height in meters and r is the mean earth radius at 45° N latitude, taken as 6356766 m. For altitudes up to 32 km, ρ = 0.003483677(P/T) in the units used here. Formulas for the other quantities may be found in the references. REFERENCES 1. COESA, U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976. 2. Jursa, A.S., ed., Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985.
14-19
T/K
P/Pa
-5000 -4500 -4000 -3500 -3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500 13000 13500 14000 14500 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000
320.68 317.42 314.17 310.91 307.66 304.41 301.15 297.90 294.65 291.40 288.15 284.90 281.65 278.40 275.15 271.91 268.66 265.41 262.17 258.92 255.68 252.43 249.19 245.94 242.70 239.46 236.22 232.97 229.73 226.49 223.25 220.01 216.77 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65 216.65
1.778E+05 1.685E+05 1.596E+05 1.511E+05 1.430E+05 1.352E+05 1.278E+05 1.207E+05 1.139E+05 1.075E+05 1.013E+05 9.546E+04 8.988E+04 8.456E+04 7.950E+04 7.469E+04 7.012E+04 6.579E+04 6.166E+04 5.775E+04 5.405E+04 5.054E+04 4.722E+04 4.408E+04 4.111E+04 3.830E+04 3.565E+04 3.315E+04 3.080E+04 2.858E+04 2.650E+04 2.454E+04 2.270E+04 2.098E+04 1.940E+04 1.793E+04 1.658E+04 1.533E+04 1.417E+04 1.310E+04 1.211E+04 1.035E+04 8.850E+03 7.565E+03 6.467E+03
ρ/kg m-3 1.931 1.849 1.770 1.693 1.619 1.547 1.478 1.411 1.347 1.285 1.225 1.167 1.112 1.058 1.007 0.957 0.909 0.863 0.819 0.777 0.736 0.697 0.660 0.664 0.590 0.557 0.526 0.496 0.467 0.440 0.414 0.389 0.365 0.337 0.312 0.288 0.267 0.246 0.228 0.211 0.195 0.166 0.142 0.122 0.104
n/m-3
ν/s-1
4.015E+25 3.845E+25 3.680E+25 3.520E+25 3.366E+25 3.217E+25 3.102E+25 2.935E+25 2.801E+25 2.672E+25 2.547E+25 2.427E+25 2.311E+25 2.200E+25 2.093E+25 1.990E+25 1.891E+25 1.795E+25 1.704E+25 1.616E+25 1.531E+25 1.450E+25 1.373E+25 1.299E+25 1.227E+25 1.159E+25 1.093E+25 1.031E+25 9.711E+24 9.141E+24 8.598E+24 8.079E+24 7.585E+24 7.016E+24 6.486E+24 5.996E+24 5.543E+24 5.124E+24 4.738E+24 4.380E+24 4.049E+24 3.461E+24 2.959E+24 2.529E+24 2.162E+24
1.151E+10 1.096E+10 1.044E+10 9.933E+09 9.448E+09 8.982E+09 8.623E+09 8.106E+09 7.693E+09 7.298E+09 6.919E+09 6.556E+09 6.208E+09 5.874E+09 5.555E+09 5.250E+09 4.959E+09 4.680E+09 4.414E+09 4.160E+09 3.918E+09 3.687E+09 3.467E+09 3.258E+09 3.058E+09 2.869E+09 2.689E+09 2.518E+09 2.356E+09 2.202E+09 2.056E+09 1.918E+09 1.787E+09 1.653E+09 1.528E+09 1.412E+09 1.306E+09 1.207E+09 1.116E+09 1.032E+09 9.538E+08 8.153E+08 6.969E+08 5.958E+08 5.093E+08
l/m 4.208E-08 4.395E-08 4.592E-08 4.800E-08 5.019E-08 5.252E-08 5.447E-08 5.757E-08 6.032E-08 6.324E-08 6.633E-08 6.961E-08 7.310E-08 7.680E-08 8.073E-08 8.491E-08 8.937E-08 9.411E-08 9.917E-08 1.046E-07 1.103E-07 1.165E-07 1.231E-07 1.302E-07 1.377E-07 1.458E-07 1.545E-07 1.639E-07 1.740E-07 1.848E-07 1.965E-07 2.091E-07 2.227E-07 2.408E-07 2.605E-07 2.818E-07 3.048E-07 3.297E-07 3.566E-07 3.857E-07 4.172E-07 4.881E-07 5.710E-07 6.680E-07 7.814E-07
η/Pa s
k/J m-1s-1K-1
vs/m s-1
g/m s-2
1.942E-05 1.927E-05 1.912E-05 1.897E-05 1.882E-05 1.867E-05 1.852E-05 1.836E-05 1.821E-05 1.805E-05 1.789E-05 1.774E-05 1.758E-05 1.742E-05 1.726E-05 1.710E-05 1.694E-05 1.678E-05 1.661E-05 1.645E-05 1.628E-05 1.612E-05 1.595E-05 1.578E-05 1.561E-05 1.544E-05 1.527E-05 1.510E-05 1.493E-05 1.475E-05 1.458E-05 1.440E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05 1.422E-05
0.02788 0.02763 0.02738 0.02713 0.02688 0.02663 0.02638 0.02613 0.02587 0.02562 0.02533 0.02511 0.02485 0.02459 0.02433 0.02407 0.02381 0.02355 0.02329 0.02303 0.02277 0.02250 0.02224 0.02197 0.02170 0.02144 0.02117 0.02090 0.02063 0.02036 0.02009 0.01982 0.01954 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953 0.01953
359.0 357.2 355.3 353.5 351.6 349.8 347.9 346.0 344.1 342.2 340.3 338.4 336.4 334.5 332.5 330.6 328.6 326.6 324.6 322.6 320.6 318.5 316.5 314.4 312.3 310.2 308.1 306.0 303.9 301.7 299.5 297.4 295.2 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1
9.822 9.830 9.819 9.818 9.816 9.814 9.813 9.811 9.810 9.808 9.807 9.805 9.804 9.802 9.801 9.799 9.797 9.796 9.794 9.793 9.791 9.790 9.788 9.787 9.785 9.784 9.782 9.781 9.779 9.777 9.776 9.774 9.773 9.771 9.770 9.768 9.767 9.765 9.764 9.762 9.761 9.758 9.754 9.751 9.748
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued)
14-20
Z/m
T/K
P/Pa
ρ/kg m-3
n/m-3
ν/s-1
20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000 29000 30000 31000 32000 33000 34000 35000 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000 46000 48000 50000 52000 54000 56000 58000 60000 65000 70000 75000 80000 85000 90000 95000 100000 110000 120000 130000 140000 150000 160000 170000 180000
216.65 217.58 218.57 219.57 220.56 221.55 222.54 223.54 224.53 225.52 226.51 227.50 228.49 230.97 233.74 236.51 239.28 244.82 250.35 255.88 261.40 266.93 270.65 270.65 269.03 263.52 258.02 252.52 247.02 233.29 219.59 208.40 198.64 188.89 186.87 188.42 195.08 240.00 360.00 469.27 559.63 634.39 696.29 747.57 790.07
5.529E+03 4.729E+03 4.048E+03 3.467E+03 2.972E+03 2.549E+03 2.188E+03 1.880E+03 1.610E+03 1.390E+03 1.197E+03 1.031E+03 8.891E+02 7.673E+02 6.634E+02 5.746E+02 4.985E+02 3.771E+02 2.871E+02 2.200E+02 1.695E+02 1.313E+02 1.023E+02 7.978E+01 6.221E+01 4.834E+01 3.736E+01 2.872E+01 2.196E+01 1.093E+01 5.221 2.388 1.052 4.457E-01 1.836E-01 7.597E-02 3.201E-02 7.104E-03 2.538E-03 1.251E-03 7.203E-04 4.542E-04 3.040E-04 2.121E-04 1.527E-04
8.891E-02 7.572E-02 6.451E-02 5.501E-02 4.694E-02 4.008E-02 3.426E-02 2.930E-02 2.508E-02 2.148E-02 1.841E-02 1.579E-02 1.356E-02 1.157E-02 9.887E-03 8.463E-03 7.258E-03 5.367E-03 3.996E-03 2.995E-03 2.259E-03 1.714E-03 1.317E-03 1.027E-03 8.056E-04 6.390E-04 5.045E-04 3.963E-04 3.097E-04 1.632E-04 8.283E-05 3.992E-05 1.846E-05 8.220E-06 3.416E-06 1.393E-06 5.604E-07 9.708E-08 2.222E-08 8.152E-09 3.831E-09 2.076E-09 1.233E-09 7.815E-10 5.194E-10
1.849E+24 1.574E+24 1.341E+24 1.144E+24 9.759E+23 8.334E+23 7.123E+23 6.092E+23 5.214E+23 4.466E+23 3.828E+23 3.283E+23 2.813E+23 2.406E+23 2.056E+23 1.760E+23 1.509E+23 1.116E+23 8.308E+22 6.227E+22 4.697E+22 3.564E+22 2.738E+22 2.135E+22 1.675E+22 1.329E+22 1.049E+22 8.239E+21 6.439E+21 3.393E+21 1.722E+21 8.300E+20 3.838E+20 1.709E+20 7.116E+19 2.920E+19 1.189E+19 2.144E+18 5.107E+17 1.930E+17 9.322E+16 5.186E+16 3.162E+16 2.055E+16 1.400E+16
4.354E+08 3.716E+08 3.173E+08 2.712E+08 2.319E+08 1.985E+08 1.700E+08 1.458E+08 1.250E+08 1.073E+08 9.219E+07 7.925E+07 6.818E+07 5.852E+07 5.030E+07 4.331E+07 3.736E+07 2.794E+07 2.104E+07 1.594E+07 1.215E+07 9.318E+06 7.208E+06 5.620E+06 4.397E+06 3.452E+06 2.696E+06 2.095E+06 1.620E+06 8.294E+05 4.084E+05 1.918E+05 8.656E+04 3.766E+04 1.560E+04 6.440E+03 2.680E+03 5.480E+02 1.630E+02 7.100E+01 3.800E+01 2.300E+01 1.500E+01 1.000E+01 7.200
l/m 9.139E-07 1.073E-06 1.260E-06 1.477E-06 1.731E-06 2.027E-06 2.372E-06 2.773E-06 3.240E-06 3.783E-06 4.414E-06 5.146E-06 5.995E-06 7.021E-06 8.218E-06 9.601E-06 1.120E-05 1.514E-05 2.034E-05 2.713E-05 3.597E-05 4.740E-05 6.171E-05 7.913E-05 1.009E-04 1.272E-04 1.611E-04 2.051E-04 2.624E-04 4.979E-04 9.810E-04 2.035E-03 4.402E-03 9.886E-03 2.370E-02 5.790E-02 1.420E-01 7.880E-01 3.310 8.800 1.800E+01 3.300E+01 5.300E+01 8.200E+01 1.200E+02
η/Pa s
k/J m-1s-1K-1
vs/m s-1
g/m s-2
1.422E-05 1.427E-05 1.432E-05 1.438E-05 1.443E-05 1.448E-05 1.454E-05 1.459E-05 1.465E-05 1.470E-05 1.475E-05 1.481E-05 1.486E-05 1.499E-05 1.514E-05 1.529E-05 1.543E-05 1.572E-05 1.601E-05 1.629E-05 1.657E-05 1.685E-05 1.704E-05 1.703E-05 1.696E-05 1.660E-05 1.640E-05 1.612E-05 1.584E-05 1.512E-05 1.438E-05 1.376E-05 1.321E-05 1.265E-05
0.01953 0.01961 0.01970 0.01978 0.01986 0.01995 0.02003 0.02011 0.02020 0.02028 0.02036 0.02044 0.02053 0.02073 0.02096 0.02119 0.02142 0.02188 0.02233 0.02278 0.02323 0.02376 0.02397 0.02397 0.02384 0.02340 0.02296 0.02251 0.02206 0.02093 0.01978 0.01883 0.01800 0.01716
295.1 295.1 296.4 297.1 297.7 298.4 299.1 299.7 300.4 301.1 301.7 302.4 303.0 304.7 306.5 308.3 310.1 313.7 317.2 320.7 324.1 327.5 329.8 329.8 328.8 325.4 322.0 318.6 315.1 306.2 297.1 289.4 282.5 275.5
9.745 9.742 9.739 9.736 9.733 9.730 9.727 9.724 9.721 9.718 9.715 9.712 9.709 9.706 9.703 9.700 9.697 9.690 9.684 9.678 9.672 9.666 9.660 9.654 9.648 9.642 9.636 9.632 9.624 9.609 9.594 9.579 9.564 9.550 9.535 9.520 9.505 9.476 9.447 9.418 9.389 9.360 9.331 9.302 9.274
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued)
14-21
Z/m
Z/m
825.16 854.56 899.01 929.73 950.99 965.75 976.01 983.16 988.15 991.65 994.10 995.83 998.22 999.24 999.67 999.85 999.93 999.97 999.98 999.99 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00 1000.00
P/Pa
ρ/kg m-3
n/m-3
ν/s-1
1.127E-04 8.474E-05 5.015E-05 3.106E-05 1.989E-05 1.308E-05 8.770E-06 5.980E-06 4.132E-06 2.888E-06 2.038E-06 1.452E-06 6.447E-07 3.024E-07 1.514E-07 8.213E-08 4.887E-08 3.191E-08 2.260E-08 1.704E-08 1.342E-08 1.087E-08 8.982E-09 7.514E-09
3.581E-10 2.541E-10 1.367E-10 7.858E-11 4.742E-11 2.971E-11 1.916E-11 1.264E-11 8.503E-12 5.805E-12 4.013E-12 2.803E-12 1.184E-12 5.215E-13 2.384E-13 1.137E-13 5.712E-14 3.070E-14 1.788E-14 1.136E-14 7.824E-15 5.759E-15 4.453E-15 3.561E-15
9.887E+15 7.182E+15 4.040E+15 2.420E+15 1.515E+15 9.807E+14 6.509E+14 4.405E+14 3.029E+14 2.109E+14 1.485E+14 1.056E+14 4.678E+13 2.192E+13 1.097E+13 5.950E+12 3.540E+12 2.311E+12 1.637E+12 1.234E+12 9.717E+11 7.876E+11 6.505E+11 5.442E+11
5.200 3.900 2.300 1.400 9.300E-01 6.100E-01 4.200E-01 2.900E-01 2.000E-01 1.400E-01 1.000E-01 7.200E-02 3.300E-02 1.600E-02 8.400E-03 4.800E-03 3.100E-03 2.200E-03 1.700E-03 1.400E-03 1.200E-03 1.000E-03 8.700E-04 7.500E-04
l/m 1.700E+02 2.400E+02 4.200E+02 7.000E+02 1.100E+03 1.700E+03 2.600E+03 3.800E+03 5.600E+03 8.000E+03 1.100E+04 1.600E+04 3.600E+04 7.700E+04 1.500E+05 2.800E+05 4.800E+05 7.300E+05 1.000E+06 1.400E+06 1.700E+06 2.100E+06 2.600E+06 3.100E+06
η/Pa s
k/J m-1s-1K-1
vs/m s-1
g/m s-2 9.246 9.218 9.162 9.106 9.051 8.997 8.943 8.889 8.836 8.784 8.732 8.680 8.553 8.429 8.307 8.188 8.072 7.958 7.846 7.737 7.630 7.525 7.422 7.322
U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (1976) (continued)
14-22
190000 200000 220000 240000 260000 280000 300000 320000 340000 360000 380000 400000 450000 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000
T/K
14-20 FIGURE 3. Mean molecular weight as a function of geometric altitude. 1000
FIGURE 1. Temperature-height profile for U.S. Standard Atmosphere.
900
GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km
800 700 600 500 400 300
O1 O2 N2 Ar H1 He TOTAL
200 100 0 8 10 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024 1026 NUMBER DENSITY, m-3
FIGURE 4. Number density of individual species and total number density as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 2. Total pressure and mass density as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 7. Mean air-particle speed as a function of geometric altitude. FIGURE 5. Collision frequency as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 6. Mean free path as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 8. Dynamic viscosity as a function of geometric altitude.
14-21
90 80
GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE, km
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
FIGURE 11. Molecular-diffusion and eddy-diffusion coefficients as a function of geometric altitude.
0 .017 .018 .019 .020 .021 .022 .023 .024 .025 .026 COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, W/(m ⋅ K)
FIGURE 9. Coefficient of thermal conductivity as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 12. Acceleration of gravity as a function of geometric altitude.
FIGURE 10. Speed of sound as a function of geometric altitude.
14-22
GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN SOLAR RADIATION This table gives the amount of solar radiation reaching a unit area at the top of the earth’s atmosphere per day as a function of latitude and approximate date. It is based upon a solar constant (total energy per unit area at the earth’s average orbital distance) of 1373 W/m2. Absorption of radiation by the atmosphere is not taken into consideration. REFERENCE List, R.J., Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, Seventh Edition, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1962.
Daily Solar Radiation in MJ/m2 Lat.
Mar. 21
Apr. 13
May 6
90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90
6.6 13.0 19.0 24.4 29.1 32.9 35.7 37.4 38.0 37.4 35.7 32.9 29.1 24.4 19.0 13.0 6.6
18.0 18.0 22.3 27.0 31.1 34.3 36.7 38.0 38.1 37.1 35.0 31.8 27.8 22.8 17.3 11.4 5.4 0.3
32.8 32.3 31.8 34.4 36.8 38.6 39.4 39.2 37.9 35.5 32.3 28.0 23.1 17.5 11.7 5.9 1.0
Lat.
Sep. 23
Oct. 16
Nov. 8
90° 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 –50 –60 –70 –80 –90
6.5 12.9 18.8 24.1 28.7 32.5 35.3 37.0 37.6 37.0 35.3 32.5 28.7 24.1 18.8 12.9 6.5
0.3 5.5 11.6 17.6 23.1 28.2 32.3 35.5 37.6 38.6 38.5 37.2 34.8 31.5 27.3 22.6 18.2 18.2
1.0 6.2 12.1 18.2 23.9 29.1 33.5 36.9 39.4 40.7 40.9 40.1 38.3 35.7 33.0 33.5 34.0
May 29 42.4 41.8 39.9 39.7 40.7 41.3 41.1 39.7 37.4 34.1 30.0 25.2 19.7 14.0 8.2 2.9
Nov. 30
3.1 8.7 14.8 20.9 26.6 31.8 36.1 39.5 42.0 43.3 43.6 43.1 41.9 42.2 44.2 44.8
14-23
Jun. 2
Jul. 15
45.7 45.0 43.0 41.6 42.0 42.1 41.4 39.7 37.1 33.5 29.2 24.1 18.5 12.6 7.0 2.0
42.2 41.6 39.7 39.4 40.5 41.1 40.8 39.5 37.2 34.0 29.9 25.1 19.7 13.9 8.2 2.9
Dec. 22
2.1 7.5 13.5 19.8 25.7 31.1 35.8 39.6 42.4 44.2 45.0 44.8 44.4 45.9 48.1 48.8
Jan. 13
3.1 8.7 14.9 21.0 26.7 31.9 36.3 39.7 42.2 43.5 43.8 43.2 42.1 42.4 44.4 45.1
Aug. 8
Aug. 31
32.5 32.0 31.5 34.0 36.5 38.3 39.1 38.9 37.6 35.2 32.0 27.8 22.8 17.4 11.6 5.9 1.0
17.7 17.7 22.0 26.7 30.8 33.9 36.3 37.5 37.7 36.6 34.6 31.5 27.4 22.6 17.2 11.3 5.3 0.3
Feb. 4
Feb. 26
1.0 6.2 12.3 18.4 24.1 29.3 33.8 37.3 39.7 41.1 41.3 40.5 38.6 36.0 33.3 33.8 34.4
0.3 5.6 11.7 17.8 23.5 28.4 32.7 35.9 38.0 39.1 39.0 37.7 35.2 31.9 27.7 22.9 18.4 18.4
ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 1958-2000 The data in this table were taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii and represent averages adjusted to the 15th of each month. The last column gives the average over the year. The concentration of CO2 is given in parts per million by volume. Data from other measurement sites may be found in Reference 1. The first graph illustrates the seasonal variation of CO2 concentration and the steady increase over the last 40 years. The second graph summarizes the growth in the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere as a result of burning of fossil fuels (Reference 2).
REFERENCES 1. Keeling, C.D., and Whorf, T.P., Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN; . 2. Marland, G., Boden, T. A., and Andres, R. J., Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN;
CO2 Concentration in ppm at Mauna Loa Year
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
315.58 316.43 316.89 317.94 318.74 319.57 319.44 320.62 322.33 322.57 324.00 325.06 326.17 326.77 328.54 329.35 330.40 331.74 332.92 334.97 336.23 338.01 339.23 340.75 341.37 343.70 344.97 346.29 348.02 350.43 352.76 353.66 354.72 355.98 356.70 358.36 359.96 362.05 363.18 365.32 368.15 369.08
316.47 316.97 317.70 318.56 319.08
315.71 316.65 317.58 318.54 319.69 319.86
317.45 317.72 319.03 319.48 320.58 321.39
320.44 321.59 322.50 323.15 324.42 325.98 326.68 327.63 329.56 330.71 331.41 332.56 333.41 335.39 336.76 338.36 340.47 341.61 342.52 344.50 346.00 346.96 348.47 351.72 353.07 354.70 355.75 356.72 357.16 358.91 361.00 363.25 364.00 366.15 368.86 369.40
320.89 322.39 323.04 323.89 325.64 326.93 327.18 327.75 330.30 331.48 332.04 333.50 334.70 336.64 337.96 340.08 341.38 342.70 343.10 345.29 347.43 347.86 349.42 352.22 353.68 355.39 357.16 357.81 358.38 359.97 361.64 364.02 364.56 367.31 369.58 370.45
322.13 323.70 324.42 325.03 326.66 328.14 327.78 329.72 331.50 332.65 333.31 334.58 336.07 337.76 338.89 340.77 342.51 343.57 344.94 347.08 348.35 349.55 350.99 353.59 355.42 356.20 358.60 359.15 359.46 361.27 363.45 364.72 366.36 368.61 371.12 371.59
317.50 318.29 320.03 320.58 321.01 322.24 322.24 322.16 324.07 325.00 325.57 327.38 328.07 328.92 330.07 332.48 333.08 333.96 334.87 336.74 338.01 339.47 341.46 342.91 344.13 345.75 347.43 348.93 350.21 351.84 354.22 355.67 357.16 359.33 359.66 360.28 361.68 363.79 365.41 366.80 369.30 370.97 371.75
318.16 319.59 319.77 320.61 321.47 321.89 321.87 323.75 324.09 325.36 326.70 327.66 328.57 329.09 332.07 332.25 333.59 334.34 336.27 337.89 339.29 341.17 342.25 343.35 345.32 346.79 348.25 349.54 351.25 353.79 355.13 356.22 358.24 359.25 359.59 360.94 363.26 364.97 365.62 368.87 370.32 371.62
315.85 316.55 318.18 318.58 319.61 319.74 320.44 321.21 322.41 322.55 324.14 325.89 326.35 327.37 328.05 330.87 331.18 331.91 333.05 334.93 336.54 337.73 339.56 340.49 342.06 343.99 345.40 346.56 347.94 349.52 352.39 353.90 354.82 356.18 357.03 357.58 359.55 361.90 363.65 364.47 367.64 369.25 370.04
314.93 314.80 315.91 316.79 317.40 317.77 318.70 318.87 320.37 320.92 322.11 323.67 324.69 325.43 326.32 329.31 329.40 330.06 330.94 332.75 334.68 336.09 337.60 338.43 339.82 342.39 343.28 344.69 345.91 348.11 350.44 351.67 352.91 354.03 355.00 355.52 357.49 359.46 361.49 362.51 365.77 366.91 368.04
313.19 313.84 314.16 314.99 316.26 316.21 316.70 317.81 318.64 319.26 320.33 322.38 323.10 323.36 324.84 327.51 327.44 328.56 329.30 331.58 332.76 333.91 335.88 336.69 337.97 339.86 341.07 343.09 344.86 346.44 348.72 349.80 350.96 352.16 353.01 353.70 355.84 358.06 359.46 360.19 363.90 364.60 366.53
313.34 313.84 315.31 315.42 315.99 316.87 317.30 318.10 319.39 320.25 321.78 323.07 323.57 325.20 327.18 327.37 328.34 328.94 331.16 332.54 333.86 336.02 336.85 337.86 339.99 341.35 342.80 344.17 346.36 348.88 349.99 351.18 352.21 353.31 353.98 355.99 357.75 359.60 360.77 364.23 365.09 366.63
313.34 314.82 315.00 316.10 316.69 317.06 317.68 318.87 319.79 320.72 321.33 322.85 324.01 324.80 326.50 328.16 328.46 329.49 330.31 332.40 333.92 335.29 337.10 338.36 339.26 341.16 342.98 344.24 345.66 347.81 350.07 351.30 352.83 353.75 354.16 355.33 357.58 359.56 360.76 362.43 365.46 366.63 368.20
314.67 315.59 316.19 317.01 317.69 318.36 318.71 319.42 321.03 321.96 322.90 324.12 325.13 326.01 327.55 328.64 329.58 330.76 331.68 333.85 334.95 336.73 338.21 339.61 340.49 342.99 344.22 345.56 346.90 348.96 351.34 352.53 354.21 354.99 355.40 356.80 359.04 360.70 362.33 364.28 366.97 367.96 369.43
14-28
Annual
315.98 316.91 317.65 318.45 318.99 320.03 321.37 322.18 323.05 324.62 325.68 326.32 327.46 329.68 330.25 331.15 332.15 333.90 335.50 336.85 338.69 339.93 341.13 342.78 344.42 345.91 347.15 348.93 351.48 352.91 354.19 355.59 356.37 357.04 358.89 360.88 362.64 363.76 366.63 368.29 369.40
ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE, 1958-2000 (continued)
CO2 Concentration at Mauna Loa
Million
CO2 Emissions from Burning of Fossil Fuels
14-29
MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900-1992 Historical records of atmospheric temperatures have been analyzed to obtain mean temperatures in °C for 23 climatically distinct regions of the United States. The table below gives the average over these 23 regions, which cover completely the contiguous 48 states. Data for the individual regions and for other parts of the world may be found in the references. The data are presented as temperature anomalies, i.e., as deviations (in °C) from the average temperature at each individual recording station over a 1961-1990 reference period. The trend in the temperature anomaly thus gives an indication of the long-term variation in average temperatures. CY Mean: Calendar year mean (January-December) Winter: December-February Spring: March-May Summer: June-August Fall: September-November
REFERENCES 1. Karl, T. R., Easterling, D. R., Knight, R. W., and Hughes, P. Y., in Trends ’93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, p. 686, Boden, T. A., Kaiser, D. P., Sepanski, R. J., and Stoss, F. W., Editors, ORNL/CDIAC-65, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1994. 2. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, WWW site . Year 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
CY Mean 0.46 -0.21 -0.14 -0.77 -0.72 -0.45 -0.04 -0.23 -0.11 -0.36 -0.14 0.02 -0.88 -0.23 -0.05 -0.11 -0.77 -1.34 -0.14 -0.16 -0.37 0.87 0.01 -0.10 -1.01 0.20 -0.01 0.20 -0.08 -0.68 -0.12 0.81 -0.14 0.35 0.86 0.12 -0.10 -0.13 0.71 0.38 0.06
Winter
Spring
0.07 -0.69 -0.84 -1.86 -1.86 0.23 1.09 0.73 0.82 -2.08 0.52 -1.50 -0.74 0.48 -0.37 -0.29 -1.93 -2.02 0.69 -0.83 1.56 -0.44 0.23 0.13 -0.44 0.97 1.11 -0.40 -1.94 0.07 1.16 1.75 -0.60 1.45 0.84 -2.23 -0.65 1.31 0.36 0.03
0.21 -0.46 0.48 0.10 -0.39 0.67 -0.69 -0.61 0.36 -1.06 0.95 0.20 -0.75 -0.65 0.04 -0.18 -0.36 -1.75 0.30 0.00 -0.96 0.83 0.15 -1.02 -1.27 0.57 -0.58 0.41 -0.28 0.30 0.09 -0.71 -0.58 -0.08 0.77 0.12 0.48 -0.24 0.98 0.34 -0.10
14-27
Summer 0.27 0.48 -0.58 -0.83 -0.92 -0.32 -0.42 -0.85 -0.64 0.06 -0.55 -0.19 -0.76 -0.07 0.14 -1.16 -0.30 -0.73 0.03 0.12 -0.67 0.52 0.16 -0.07 -0.64 0.05 -0.27 -0.83 -0.43 -0.39 -0.07 0.51 0.26 0.45 0.86 0.31 1.00 0.66 0.39 0.18 0.18
Fall 0.85 -0.28 0.12 -1.02 -0.21 -0.25 -0.10 -0.39 -0.59 0.01 0.13 -0.62 -0.51 0.22 0.32 0.31 -1.23 -1.04 -0.09 -0.13 0.02 0.32 0.41 -0.09 -0.53 -0.41 0.02 0.83 -0.08 -0.78 -0.25 1.41 -0.78 0.54 0.82 -0.47 -0.32 -0.03 0.08 0.15 0.12
MEAN TEMPERATURES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1901-1992 (continued) Year 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
CY Mean 0.79 0.01 -0.17 0.04 -0.02 0.53 0.10 -0.22 0.05 -0.37 -0.45 0.03 0.61 0.57 -0.25 -0.05 0.45 0.14 0.12 -0.27 -0.01 -0.04 -0.06 -0.27 -0.03 -0.34 -0.13 -0.28 -0.06 -0.12 -0.04 -0.13 0.48 0.16 -0.09 -0.62 0.32 -0.37 -0.53 0.18 0.64 -0.08 0.40 0.21 -0.26 0.93 0.67 -0.07 -0.30 0.72 0.77
Winter
Spring
Summer
1.56 0.35 0.20 0.61 0.30 -0.26 0.47 -0.67 -0.77 0.39 0.05 0.68 1.91 1.47 -0.33 -0.16 1.02 0.93 -0.60 0.43 -0.02 -0.52 -1.35 -1.30 -0.07 -0.31 0.23 -0.31 -0.36 -0.17 -0.08 0.20 -0.23 0.52 0.63 0.88 -1.95 -1.31 -2.92 0.72 0.90 -0.86 2.33 -0.78 -0.78 0.22 1.52 -0.26 -0.28 0.41 0.32 2.48
0.44 0.22 -0.46 -0.38 0.25 1.21 -0.42 -0.01 0.39 -1.02 -0.69 -0.40 0.03 -0.22 0.12 -0.42 0.44 0.06 0.16 -0.98 -0.17 -0.09 0.61 -0.24 -0.56 -0.25 -0.05 -0.16 -0.54 -0.44 -0.99 0.26 0.47 0.74 -0.79 -0.09 1.07 0.23 0.09 -0.25 0.80 0.03 -0.36 -0.30 1.24 1.22 0.97 -0.06 0.36 0.72 1.36 0.82
0.28 0.08 0.54 -0.20 -0.47 -0.21 0.03 0.02 0.33 -0.86 -0.30 0.49 0.31 0.36 0.19 0.01 0.25 0.11 0.50 0.01 0.18 -0.41 0.12 -0.08 -0.42 -0.07 -0.37 -0.12 0.12 0.32 0.01 -0.19 0.22 -0.32 0.03 -0.54 0.60 0.09 -0.21 0.43 0.57 -0.11 0.58 0.31 -0.23 0.45 0.33 0.57 0.12 0.41 0.56 -0.70
14-28
Fall 0.85 0.06 -0.79 0.43 0.08 0.18 0.85 -0.15 0.23 0.13 -0.70 -1.22 0.31 0.70 -0.60 -0.37 -0.13 0.45 -0.52 0.56 -0.29 0.65 1.38 -0.40 0.28 -0.13 -0.32 0.01 -0.16 -0.07 0.56 0.05 0.90 -0.39 -0.20 -1.72 0.68 0.21 -0.07 -0.04 0.36 0.06 0.94 0.07 0.05 0.49 -0.17 0.04 -0.27 0.66 -0.31
GLOBAL TEMPERATURE TREND, 1856-2000 This table and graph summarize the trend in annual mean global surface temperature from 1856 to 2000. The values were calculated from mean temperature anomalies by assuming an absolute global mean of 14.00°C, which is the best estimate for the 1961–1990 period. The 95% confidence interval for the annual mean temperature values since 1951 is ± 0.12°C; prior to 1900 this interval is ± 0.18°C.
REFERENCE Jones, P. D., Parker, D. E., Osborn, T. J., and Briffa, K. R., Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies—land and marine instrumental records. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, 2001. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN; . Year
t/°C
Year
t/°C
Year
t/°C
Year
t/°C
Year
t/°C
1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886
13.63 13.54 13.58 13.77 13.61 13.59 13.47 13.75 13.55 13.76 13.79 13.70 13.79 13.71 13.68 13.64 13.79 13.71 13.61 13.58 13.59 13.87 14.00 13.71 13.72 13.75 13.77 13.69 13.64 13.67 13.74
1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917
13.63 13.69 13.83 13.62 13.67 13.58 13.55 13.62 13.64 13.84 13.85 13.66 13.77 13.86 13.76 13.63 13.56 13.51 13.63 13.69 13.50 13.48 13.50 13.54 13.52 13.59 13.59 13.75 13.85 13.63 13.51
1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948
13.62 13.71 13.77 13.78 13.69 13.72 13.66 13.76 13.90 13.80 13.77 13.62 13.84 13.92 13.88 13.75 13.87 13.83 13.87 13.96 14.06 13.98 13.97 14.06 14.04 14.04 14.19 14.06 13.88 13.89 13.89
1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
13.88 13.79 13.92 14.01 14.07 13.82 13.81 13.74 14.04 14.10 14.03 13.99 14.04 14.02 14.05 13.77 13.84 13.93 13.92 13.90 14.03 13.97 13.81 13.96 14.09 13.82 13.88 13.78 14.06 13.97 14.07
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
14.11 14.13 14.06 14.25 14.03 14.01 14.10 14.25 14.25 14.19 14.34 14.29 14.14 14.19 14.26 14.38 14.22 14.43 14.59 14.33 14.29
Annual Mean Global Temperature in °C
14-32
SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA The speed of sound in various solids, liquids, and gases is given in these tables. While only a single parameter v is needed for liquids and gases, sound propagation in isotropic solids is characterized by three velocity parameters. For a solid of infinite extent (or of finite extent if all dimensions are much larger than a wavelength, there are two relevant quantities, v1: velocity of longitudinal waves vs: velocity of shear waves. For a cylindrical rod with diameter much smaller than a wavelength, vext: velocity of extensional waves along the rod. (Torsional waves in the rod are propagated at the same speed as sheer waves in an infinite solid.) Table 1 lists values for a variety of solid materials. Table 2 covers gases liquids and gases; values for cryogenic liquids are given at the normal boiling point. Table 3 gives the speed of sound in pure water and in seawater of salinity S = 3.5% as a function of temperature. All values are in meters per second and are given for normal atmospheric pressure. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Gray, D.E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972. Anderson, H.L., Ed., A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989. Younglove, B.A., Thermophysical Proeprties of Fluids. Part I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Suppl. 1, 1982. Younglove, B.A., and Ely, J.F., Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Part II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 577, 1987. Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1984. Mason, W.P., Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, N.J., 1958. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/5, Molecular Acoustics, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg, 1967.
TABLE 1 Speed of Sound in Solids at Room Temperature Name
v1/m s–1
vs/m s–1
vext/m s–1
Metals Aluminum, rolled Beryllium Brass (70 Cu, 30 Zn) Constantan Copper, annealed Copper, rolled Duralumin 17S Gold, hard-drawn Iron, cast Iron, electrolytic Iron, Armco Lead, annealed Lead, rolled Magnesium, annealed Molybdenum Monel metal Nickel Platinum Silver Steel (1% C)
6420 12890 4700 5177 4760 5010 6320 3240 4994 5950 5960 2160 1960 5770 6250 5350 6040 3260 3650 5940
3040 8880 2110 2625 2325 2270 3130 1200 2809 3240 3240 700 690 3050 3350 2720 3000 1730 1610 3220
5000 12870 3480 4270 3810 3750 5150 2030 4480 5120 5200 1190 1210 4940 5400 4400 4900 2800 2680 5180
Name Steel, 347 Stainless Steel, K9 Tin, rolled Titanium Tungsten, annealed Tungsten, drawn Zinc, rolled Other materials Fused silica Glass, heavy silicate flint Glass, light borate crown Glass, pyrex Lucite Nylon 6-6 Polyethylene Polystyrene Rubber, butyl Rubber, gum Rubber, neoprene Tungsten carbide
14-41
v1/m s–1
vs/m s–1
vext/m s–1
5790 5940 3320 6070 5220 5410 4210
3100 3250 1670 3125 2890 2640 2440
5000 5250 2730 5090 4620 4320 3850
5968 3980 5100 5640 2680 2620 1950 2350 1830 1550 1600 6655
3764 2380 2840 3280 1100 1070 540 1120
5760 3720 4540 5170 1840 1800 920 1840
3980
6220
SPEED OF SOUND IN VARIOUS MEDIA (continued) TABLE 2 Speed of Sound in Liquids and Gases Name Liquids Acetone Argon Benzene Bromobenzene Butane 1-Butanol Carbon disulphide Chlorobenzene Cyclohexane 1-Decene Diethyl ether Ethane Ethanol Ethylene Ethylene glycol Fluorobenzene Glycerol Helium Heptane 1-Heptene Hexane Hydrogen Iodobenzene Mercury Methane Methanol Nitrobenzene Nitrogen 1-Nonene Octane 1-Octene Oxygen 1-Pentadecene
t/°C
v/m s–1
20 -185.9 25 20 -0.5 20 25 20 19 20 25 -88.6 20 -103.8 25 20 25 -268.9 20 20 20 -252.9 20 25 -161.5 20 25 -195.8 20 20 20 -183.0 20
1203 813 1310 1169 1034 1258 1140 1311 1280 1250 976 1326 1162 1309 1658 1183 1904 180 1162 1128 1083 1101 1114 1450 1337 1121 1463 939 1218 1197 1184 906 1351
Name Pentane Propane 1-Propanol Tetrachloromethane Trichloromethane 1-Undecene Water Water (sea, S = 3.5%) Gases at 1 atm Air, dry Ammonia Argon Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Chlorine Deuterium Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen sulfide Methane Neon Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Sulfur dioxide Water (steam)
t/°C
v/m s–1
20 -42.1 20 25 25 20 25 25
1008 1158 1223 930 987 1275 1497 1535
25 0 27 0 0 0 0 27 27 0 27 0 0 0 0 27 0 10 27 0 27 0 100
346 415 323 338 259 206 890 312 331 965 1310 200 296 157 289 450 435 325 353 263 330 213 473
TABLE 3 Speed of Sound in Water and Seawater (S = 3.5%) at Different Temperatures t/°C 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80
v/m s–1 Water Seawater 1401.0 1447.8 1483.2 1497.4 1509.5 1528.4 1541.4 1549.5 1553.2 1552.8
14-42
1449.4 1490.4 1522.2 1535.1 1546.2
ATTENUATION AND SPEED OF SOUND IN AIR AS A FUNCTION OF HUMIDITY AND FREQUENCY This table gives the attenuation and speed of sound as a function of frequency at various values of relative humidity. All values refer to still air at 20°C. REFERENCES 1. Tables of Absorption and Velocity of Sound in Still Air at 68°F (20°C), AD-738576, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. 2. Evans, L. B., Bass, H. E., and Sutherland, L. C., J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 51, 1565, 1972.
Frequency (Hz)
Attenuation (dB/km)
Speed (m/s)
Frequency (Hz)
0.51 1.07 1.26 1.43 1.67 1.84 1.96 2.11 2.27 2.82 4.14 8.84 14.89 26.28 35.81 52.15 75.37 267.01 644.66 1032.14
20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000
343.477 343.514 343.525 343.536 343.550 343.559 343.561 343.562 343.562 343.562 343.562 343.564 343.565 343.566 343.566 343.567 343.567 343.567 343.567 343.567
0.03 0.11 0.17 0.25 0.50 1.01 1.59 2.24 2.85 5.09 10.93 38.89 90.61 204.98 294.08 422.51 563.66 1110.97 1639.47 2083.08
0.02 0.06 0.09 0.15 0.34 0.99 1.94 2.57 2.94 4.01 6.55 18.73 42.51 101.84 155.67 247.78 373.78 1195.37 2220.64 2951.71
344.182 344.183 344.183 344.184 344.185 344.190 344.197 344.200 344.201 344.202 344.203 344.204 344.204 344.206 344.208 344.211 344.215 344.238 344.262 344.274
Relative humidity 100%
Relative humidity 30% 20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000
Speed (m/s)
Relative humidity 60%
Relative humidity 0% 20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000
Attenuation (dB/km)
20 40 50 63 100 200 400 630 800 1250 2000 4000 6300 10000 12500 16000 20000 40000 63000 80000
343.807 343.808 343.810 343.810 343.814 343.821 343.826 343.827 343.828 343.828 343.829 343.831 343.836 343.846 343.854 343.865 343.877 343.911 343.924 343.929
14-40
0.01 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.22 0.77 2.02 3.05 3.57 4.59 6.29 13.58 27.72 63.49 96.63 154.90 237.93 884.28 1973.62 2913.01
344.685 344.685 344.685 344.685 344.686 344.689 344.695 344.699 344.701 344.704 344.705 344.706 344.706 344.706 344.707 344.708 344.709 344.718 344.731 344.742
SPEED OF SOUND IN DRY AIR The values in this table were calculated from the equation of state for dry air (average molecular weight 28.96) treated as a real gas. Values refer to standard atmospheric pressure. The speed of sound varies only slightly with pressure; at two atmospheres and -100°C the value decreases by 0.13%, while at two atmospheres and 80°C the speed increases by 0.04%. REFERENCE Sytchev, V.V., Vasserman, A.A., Kozlov, A.D., Spiridonov, G.A., and Tsymarny, V.A., Thermodynamic Properties of Air, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1987. t/°C
vs/m s–1
t/°C
vs/m s–1
t/°C
vs/m s–1
-100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40
263.5 267.3 271.1 274.8 278.5 282.1 285.7 289.2 292.7 296.1 299.5 302.9 306.2
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
309.5 312.7 315.9 319.1 322.3 325.4 328.4 331.5 334.5 337.5 340.4 343.4 346.3
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
349.1 352.0 354.8 357.6 360.4 363.2 365.9 368.6 371.3 374.0 376.7
14-41
MUSICAL SCALES EQUAL TEMPERED CHROMATIC SCALE A4 = 440 Hz American Standard pitch. Adopted by the American Standards Association in 1936
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
C0 C#0 D0 D#0 E0 F0 F#0 G0 G#0 A0 A#0 B0 C1 C#1 D1 D#1 E1 F1 F#1 G1 G#1 A1 A#1 B1
16.35 17.32 18.35 19.45 20.60 21.83 23.12 24.50 25.96 27.50 29.14 30.87 32.70 34.65 36.71 38.89 41.20 43.65 46.25 49.00 51.91 55.00 58.27 61.74
C2 C#2 D2 D#2 E2 F2 F#2 G2 G#2 A2 A#2 B2 C3 C#3 D3 D#3 E3 F3 F#3 G3 G#3 A3 A#3 B3
65.41 69.30 73.42 77.78 82.41 87.31 92.50 98.00 103.83 110.00 116.54 123.47 130.81 138.59 146.83 155.56 164.81 174.61 185.00 196.00 207.65 220.00 233.08 246.94
C4 C#4 D4 D#4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 A4 A#4 B4 C5 C#5 D5 D#5 E5 F5 F#5 G5 G#5 A5 A#5 B5
261.63 277.18 293.66 311.13 329.63 349.23 369.99 392.00 415.30 440.00 466.16 493.88 523.25 554.37 587.33 622.25 659.26 698.46 739.99 783.99 830.61 880.00 932.33 987.77
C6 C#6 D6 D#6 E6 F6 F#6 G6 G#6 A6 A#6 B6 C7 C#7 D7 D#7 E7 F7 F#7 G7 G#7 A7 A#7 B7 C8
1046.50 1108.73 1174.66 1244.51 1318.51 1396.91 1479.98 1567.98 1661.22 1760.00 1864.66 1975.53 2093.00 2217.46 2349.32 2489.02 2637.02 2793.83 2959.96 3135.96 3322.44 3520.00 3729.31 3951.07 4186.01
EQUAL TEMPERED CHROMATIC SCALE A4 = 435 Hz International Pitch, adopted 1891
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
C0 C#0 D0
16.17 17.13 18.15
C2 C#2 D2
64.66 68.51 72.58
C4 C#4 D4
258.65 274.03 290.33
C6 C#6 D6
1034.61 1096.13 1161.31
D#0 E0 F0 F#0 G0 G#0 A0 A#0 B0 C1 C#1 D1 D#1 E1 F1 F#1 G1 G#1 A1 A#1 B1
19.22 20.37 21.58 22.86 24.22 25.66 27.19 28.80 30.52 32.33 34.25 36.29 38.45 40.74 43.16 45.72 48.44 51.32 54.38 57.61 61.03
D#2 E2 F2 F#2 G2 G#2 A2 A#2 B2 C3 C#3 D3 D#3 E3 F3 F#3 G3 G#3 A3 A#3 B3
76.90 81.47 86.31 91.45 96.89 102.65 108.75 115.22 122.07 129.33 137.02 145.16 153.80 162.94 172.63 182.89 193.77 205.29 217.50 230.43 244.14
D#4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 A4 A#4 B4 C5 C#5 D5 D#5 E5 F5 F#5 G5 G#5 A5 A#5 B5
307.59 325.88 345.26 365.79 387.54 410.59 435.00 460.87 488.27 517.31 548.07 580.66 615.18 651.76 690.52 731.58 775.08 821.17 870.00 921.73 976.54
D#6 E6 F6 F#6 G6 G#6 A6 A#6 B6 C7 C#7 D7 D#7 E7 F7 F#7 G7 G#7 A7 A#7 B7 C8
1230.37 1303.53 1381.04 1463.16 1550.16 1642.34 1740.00 1843.47 1953.08 2069.22 2192.26 2322.62 2460.73 2607.05 2762.08 2926.32 3100.33 3284.68 3480.00 3686.93 3906.17 4138.44
SCIENTIFIC OR JUST SCALE C4 = 256 Hz
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
Note
Frequency
C0 D0 E0 F0 G0 A0 B0 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A1 B1
16 18 20 21.33 24 26.67 30 32 36 40 42.67 48 53.33 60
C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A2 B2 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3 A3 B3
64 72 80 85.33 96 106.67 120 128 144 160 170.67 192 213.33 240
C4 D4 E4 F4 G4 A4 B4 C5 D5 E5 F5 G5 A5 B5
256 288 320 341.33 384 426.67 480 512 576 640 682.67 768 853.33 960
C6 D6 E6 F6 G6 A6 B6 C7 D7 E7 F7 G7 A7 B7 C8
1024 1152 1280 1365.33 1536 1706.67 1920 2048 2304 2560 2730.67 3072 3413.33 3840 4096
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN HEARING The human ear is sensitive to sound waves with frequencies in the range from a few hertz to almost 20 kHz. Auditory response is usually expressed in terms of the loudness level of a sound, which is a measure of the sound pressure. The reference level, which is given in the unit phon, is a pure tone of frequency 1000 Hz with sound pressure of 20 mPa (in cgs units, 2 ·10-4 dyn/cm2 ); loudness level is usually expressed in decibels (dB) relative to this reference level. If a normal observer perceives an arbitrary sound to be equally loud as this reference sound, the sound is said to have the loudness level of the reference. The sensitivity of the typical human ear ranges from about 0 dB, the threshold loudness level, to about 140 dB, the level at which pain sets in. The minimum detectable level thus represents a sound wave of pressure 20 mPa and intensity (power density) 10-16 W/cm2. The following figure illustrates the frequency dependence of the threshold for an average young adult.
Frequency in Hz
The relation between loudness level and frequency for a typical person is expressed by the following table:
Sound pressure level in dB relative to 20 mPa 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
125
500
Frequency in Hz 1000 4000
4 17 34 52 70 86 98 108
16 27 39 52 65 76 86 96 105
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
18 28 37 45 54 64 73 83 94 106
8000
10000
11 21 30 38 47 56 66 77 88
17 26 35 44 54 64 74 86
Thus, a 10,000 Hz tone at a pressure level of 50 dB seems equally loud as a 1000 Hz tone at a pressure of 35 dB. The term noise refers to any unwanted sound, either a pure tone or a mixture of frequencies. Since the sensitivity of the ear is frequency dependent, as illustrated by the above table, noise level is expressed in a frequency-weighted scale, known as A-weighting. Decibel readings on this scale are designated as dBa. Typical noise levels from various sources are illustrated in this table:
14-47
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN HEARING (continued)
Source
Noise level in dBa
Rocket engine Jet aircraft engine Light aircraft, cruising Tractor, 150 hp Electric motor, 100 hp at 2600 rpm Pneumatic drill Subway train Vacuum cleaner Heavy automobile traffic Conversational speech Whispered speech Background noise, recording studio
200 160 140 115 105 100 90 85 75 65 40 25-30
Recommended noise thresholds in the workplace have been established by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygenists. Some examples of the maximum safe levels for different daily exposure times are given below. Duration of exposure
Max. level in dBa
24 h 8h 4h 1h 30 min 15 min 2 min 28 s 0.11 s
80 85 88 94 97 100 109 115 139
No exposure greater than 140 dBa is permitted. Further details may be found in Reference 3.
REFERENCES 1. Anderson, H. L., Editor, A Physicist’s Desk Reference, American Institute of Physics, New York, 1989, chap. 2. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972, chap. 3. 3. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents; Biological Exposure Indices, 1999 Edition, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.
14-48
INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES Frank J. Lovas and Lewis E. Snyder A number of molecules have been detected in the interstellar medium, in circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars, and comae and tails of comets through observation of their microwave, infrared, or optical spectra. The following list gives the molecules and the particular isotopic species that have been reported thus far. Molecules are listed by molecular formula in the Hill order. All species not footnoted otherwise are observed in interstellar clouds, while some are also found in comets and circumstellar clouds. The list was last updated in November 2002. REFERENCES 1. Lovas, F. J., “Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecule Microwave Transitions - 1991 Revision”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 21, 181-272, 1992. 2. Snyder, L. E., “Cometary Molecules”, Internat. Astron. Union Symposium No. 150, Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena, ed. P.D. Singh, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 427-434 (1992). Molecular formula
Name
AlCl
Aluminum monochloride
AlF CAlN CH CH+ CHN
Aluminum monofluoride Aluminum isocyanide Methylidyne Methyliumylidene Hydrogen cyanide
CHN
Hydrogen isocyanide
CHNO
Isocyanic acid
CHNS CHO CHO+
Isothiocyanic acid Oxomethyl Oxomethylium
CHO+ CHO2+ CHS+ CH2 CH2N+ CH2N CH2N2 CH2O
CH2O2
CH2S
Hydroxymethylidyne Hydroxyoxomethylium Thiooxomethylium Methylene Iminomethylium Methylene amidogen Cyanamide Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Thioformaldehyde
Isotopic species
Molecular formula
AlCla Al37Cla AlFa AlNCa CH CH+ HCN H13CN HC15N DCN HNC H15NC HN13C DNC D15NC HNCO DNCO HNCS HCO HCO+ H13CO+ HC17O+ HC18O+ DCO+ D13CO+ HOC+ HOCO+ HCS+ CH2 HCNH+ CH2N NH2CN H2CO H213CO H2C18O HDCO D2CO HCOOH H13COOH HCOOD DCOOH H2CS H213CS
14-6
Name
CH3 CH3N
Methyl Methanimine
CH3NO
Formamide
CH3O+ CH4 CH4O
Hydroxy methylium ion Methane Methanol
CH4S CH5N CMgN CMgN
Methanethiol Methylamine Magnesium cyanide Magnesium isocyanide
CN
Cyanide radical
CN+ CNNa CNSi CN2 CO
Cyanide radical ion Sodium cyanide Silicon cyanide Cyanoimidogen Carbon monoxide
CO+ COS
Carbon monoxide ion Carbon oxysulfide
CO2 CO2+ CP CS
Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ion Carbon phosphide Carbon monosulfide
Isotopic species H2C34S HDCS CH3 a CH2NH 13CH NH 2 NH2CHO NH213CHO H2COH+ CH4 CH3OH 13CH OH 3 CH318OH CH2DOH CH3OD CHD2OH CH3SH CH3NH2 MgCNa 24MgNCa 25MgNCa 26MgNCa CN 13CN C15N CN+ b NaCNa SiCNa NCNb CO 13CO C17O C18O 13C18O CO+ OCS OC34S O13CS 18OCS CO2 CO2+ b CPa CS C33S
INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES (continued) Molecular formula
Name
CSi C2 C2 H
Silicon carbide Dicarbon Ethynyl
C2HN C2 H 2 C2H2N C2H2O C2H3N
Cyanomethylene Acetylene Cyanomethyl Ketene Acetonitrile
C2H3N C2 H 4 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2 H 6 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O2 C2 O C2 S
Isocyanomethane Ethylene Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Ethenol Methyl formate Acetic acid Glycolaldehyde Ethane trans-Ethanol gauche-Ethanol Dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol Oxoethenylidene Thioxoethenylidene
C2Si
Silicon dicarbide
C3 C3 H C3 H C3HN
Tricarbon Cyclopropenylidyne Propenylidyne Cyanoacetylene
C3HN C3HN C3 H 2
Isocyanoacetylene 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-imino Cyclopropenylidene
C3 H 2 C3H2N+ C3H2O C3H3N
Propadienylidene Protonated cyanoacetylene 2-Propynal Acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide)
Isotopic species
Molecular formula
C34S C36S 13CS 13C34S SiCa C2 C2 H 13CCH C13CH C2 D HCCN HCCH CH2CN H2CCO CH3CN 13CH CN 3 CH313CN CH3C15N CH2DCN CH3NC H2CCH2 CH3CHO c-C2H4O c CH2CHOH CH3OCHO CH3COOH CH2OHCHO CH3CH3b t-CH3CH2OH g-CH3CH2OH CH3OCH3 HOCH2CH2OH CCO CCS CC34S c-SiC2 c-29SiC2 c-30SiC2 c-Si13CC C3 c-C3H c l-C3H d HCCCN H13CCCN HC13CCN HCC13CN HCCC15N DCCCN HCCNC HNCCC c-C3H2 c c-H13CCCH c-HC13CCH c-C3HD l-H2CCC HCCCNH+ HCCCHO CH2CHCN
C3H4
Propyne
C3H5N C3H6O C3N C3O C3S C3Si C4H
Propanenitrile (ethyl cyanide) Acetone Cyanoethynyl 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-oxo 1,2-Propadienylidene, 3-thioxo Silicon tricarbon 1,3-Butadiynyl radical
C4H2 C4H2 C4H3N C4Si C5 C5H C5HN
Butatrienylidene 1,3-Butadiyne 2-Butynenitrile Silicon tetracarbide Pentacarbon 2,4-Pentadiynylidyne 2,4-Pentadiynenitrile
C5H4 C5N C6H C6H2 C6H2 C6H6 C7H C7HN C8H C9HN C11HN ClH
1,3-Pentadiyne 1,3-Butadiynylium, 4-cyano 1,3,5-Hexatriynyl 1,3,5-Hexatriyne 1,2,3,4,5-Hexapentaenylidene Benzene 2,4,6-Heptatriynylidyne 2,4,6-Heptatriynenitrile 1,3,5,7-Octatetraynyl 2,4,6,8-Nonatetraynenitrile 2,4,6,8,10-Undecapentaynenitrile Hydrogen chloride
ClK
Potassium chloride
ClNa
Sodium chloride
FH FeO HLi HN HNO HN2+
Hydrogen fluoride Iron monoxide Lithium hydride Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Hydrodinotrogen(1+)
HO
Hydroxyl
14-7
Name
Isotopic species CH3CCH CH3C13CH 13CH CCH 3 CH2DCCH CH3CH2CN (CH3)2CO CCCN CCCO CCCS SiC3 HCCCC H13CCCC HC13CCC HCC13CC HCCC13C DCCCC H2CCCC HCCCCH a CH3CCCN SiC4a C5a HCCCCC HCCCCCN H13CCCCCN HC13CCCCN HCC13CCCN HCCC13CCN HCCCC13CN DCCCCCN CH3C4H C5N HCCCCCC HCCCCCCHa H2CCCCCC C6H6 HCCCCCCC HC7N HC8 HC9N HC11N H35Cl H37Cl K35Cla K37Cl Na35Cla Na37Cla HF FeO 7LiH HN HNO N2H+ 15NNH+ N15NH+ N2D+ OH 17OH 18OH
INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES (continued) Molecular formula
Name
HO+ HS H2 H2 N H2 O
Oxoniumylidene Mercapto Hydrogen Amidogen Water
H2 O+ H2 S
Oxoniumyl Hydrogen sulfide
H3 +
Trihydrogen ion
H3 N
Ammonia
H3 O+ H4Si NO NP
Oxonium hydride Silane Nitric oxide Phosphorus nitride
Isotopic species
Molecular formula
HO+ b SH H2 NH2 H2 O H218O HDO H2O+b H2 S H234S HDS H3 + H2 D+ NH3 15NH 3 NH2D NHD2 ND3 H3 O+ SiH4a NO NP
Name
NS
Nitrogen sulfide
NSi N2+ N2O OS
Silicon nitride Nitrogen ion Nitrous oxide Sulfur monoxide
OS+ OSi
Sulfur monoxide ion Silicon monoxide
O2S
Sulfur dioxide
SSi
Silicon monosulfide
S2
Disulfur
l- before the isotopic species indicates a linear configuration, while c- indicates a cyclic molecule. Reported only in circumstellar clouds. b Reported only in comets. a
14-8
Isotopic species NS N34S SiNa N2+ b N2O SO 34SO 33SO S18O SO+ SiO 29SiO 30SIO SO2 33SO 2 34SO 2 OS18O SiS Si33S Si34S 29SiS 30SiS S2b
STANDARD ITS-90 THERMOCOUPLE TABLES The Instrument Society of America (ISA) has assigned standard letter designations to a number of thermocouple types having specified emf-temperature relations. These designations and the approximate metal compositions which meet the required relations, as well as the useful temperature ranges, are given below: Type B Type E Type J Type K Type N Type R Type S Type T
(Pt + 30% Rh) vs. (Pt + 6% Rh) (Ni + 10% Cr) vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) Fe vs. (Cu + 43% Ni) (Ni + 10% Cr) vs. (Ni + 2% Al + 2% Mn + 1% Si) (Ni + 14% Cr + 1.5% Si) vs. (Ni + 4.5% Si + 0. 1% Mg) (Pt + 13% Rh) vs. Pt (Pt + 10% Rh) vs. Pt Cu vs. (Cu + 43% Ni)
0 to 1820°C -270 to 1000°C -210 to 1200°C -270 to 1372°C -270 to 1300°C -50 to 1768°C -50 to 1768°C -270 to 400°C
The compositions are given in weight percent, and the positive leg is listed first. It should be emphasized that the standard letter designations do not imply a precise composition but rather that the specified emf-temperature relation is satisfied. The first set of tables below lists, for each thermocouple type, the emf as a function of temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The coefficients in the equation used to generate the table are also given. The second set of tables gives the inverse relationships, i.e., the coefficients in the polynomial equation which expresses the temperature as a function of thermocouple emf. The accuracy of these equations is also stated. Further details and tables at closer intervals may be found in Reference 1. REFERENCES 1. Burns, G. W., Seroger, M. G., Strouse, G. F., Croarkin, M. C., and Guthrie, W.F., Temperature-Electromotive Force Reference Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90, Nat. Inst. Stand. Tech. (U.S.) Monogr. 175, 1993. 2. Schooley, J. F., Thermometry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.
Type B thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 -0.002 -0.003 -0.002 -0.000 0.033 0.043 0.053 0.065 0.078 0.178 0.199 0.220 0.243 0.267 0.431 0.462 0.494 0.527 0.561 0.787 0.828 0.870 0.913 0.957
0.002 0.092 0.291 0.596 1.002
0.006 0.107 0.317 0.632 1.048
0.011 0.123 0.344 0.669 1.095
0.017 0.141 0.372 0.707 1.143
0.025 0.159 0.401 0.746 1.192
0.033 0.178 0.431 0.787 1.242
500 600 700 800 900
1.242 1.792 2.431 3.154 3.957
1.293 1.852 2.499 3.230 4.041
1.344 1.913 2.569 3.308 4.127
1.397 1.975 2.639 3.386 4.213
1.451 2.037 2.710 3.466 4.299
1.505 2.101 2.782 3.546 4.387
1.561 2.165 2.854 3.626 4.475
1.617 2.230 2.928 3.708 4.564
1.675 2.296 3.002 3.790 4.653
1.733 2.363 3.078 3.873 4.743
1.792 2.431 3.154 3.957 4.834
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
4.834 5.780 6.786 7.848 8.956
4.926 5.878 6.890 7.957 9.069
5.018 5.976 6.995 8.066 9.182
5.111 6.075 7.100 8.176 9.296
5.205 6.175 7.205 8.286 9.410
5.299 6.276 7.311 8.397 9.524
5.394 6.377 7.417 8.508 9.639
5.489 6.478 7.524 8.620 9.753
5.585 6.580 7.632 8.731 9.868
5.682 5.780 6.683 6.786 7.740 7.848 8.844 8.956 9.984 10.099
1500 1600 1700 1800
10.099 11.263 12.433 13.591
10.215 11.380 12.549 13.706
10.331 10.447 10.563 10.679 11.497 11.614 11.731 11.848 12.666 12.782 12.898 13.014 13.820
10.796 10.913 11.965 12.082 13.130 13.246
11.029 11.146 11.263 12.199 12.316 12.433 13.361 13.476 13.591
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. 0°C to 630.615°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
= = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 0 -2.465 081 834 6 × 10-4 5.904 042 117 1 × 10-6 -1.325 793 163 6 × 10-9 1.566 829 190 1 × 10-12 -1.694 452 924 0 × 10-15 6.299 034 709 4 × 10-19 ............ ............
630.615°C to 1820°C -3.893 816 862 1 2.857 174 747 0 × 10-2 -8.488 510 478 5 × 10-5 1.578 528 016 4 × 10-7 -1.683 534 486 4 × 10-10 1.110 979 401 3 × 10-13 -4.451 543 103 3 × 10-17 9.897 564 082 1 × 10-21 -9.379 133 028 9 × 10-25
Type E thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0 t/°C
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-8.825 -9.063 -9.274 -9.455 -9.604 -9.718 -5.237 -5.681 -6.107 -6.516 -6.907 -7.279 0.000 -0.582 -1.152 -1.709 -2.255 -2.787 0
10
20
30
40
50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-9.797 -7.632 -3.306
-9.835 -7.963 -3.811
60
70
80
90
100
-8.273 -8.561 -8.825 -4.302 -4.777 -5.237
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.591 1.192 1.801 2.420 3.048 3.685 6.319 6.998 7.685 8.379 9.081 9.789 10.503 13.421 14.164 14.912 15.664 16.420 17.181 17.945 21.036 21.817 22.600 23.386 24.174 24.964 25.757 28.946 29.747 30.550 31.354 32.159 32.965 33.772
4.330 11.224 18.713 26.552 34.579
4.985 11.951 19.484 27.348 35.387
5.648 12.684 20.259 28.146 36.196
6.319 13.421 21.036 28.946 37.005
500 600 700 800 900
37.005 45.093 53.112 61.017 68.787
42.671 50.718 58.659 66.473 74.115
43.479 51.517 59.446 67.246 74.869
44.286 52.315 60.232 68.017 75.621
45.093 53.112 61.017 68.787 76.373
1000
76.373
37.815 45.900 53.908 61.801 69.554
38.624 46.705 54.703 62.583 70.319
39.434 47.509 55.497 63.364 71.082
40.243 48.313 56.289 64.144 71.844
41.053 49.116 57.080 64.922 72.603
41.862 49.917 57.870 65.698 73.360
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C 0°C to to 0°C 1000°C c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 = c10 = c11 = c12 = c13 =
0.000 000 000 0 5.866 550 870 8 × 10-2 4.541 097 712 4 × 10-5 -7.799 804 868 6 × 10-7 -2.580 016 084 3 × 10-8 -5.945 258 305 7 × 10-10 -9.321 405 866 7 × 10-12 -1.028 760 553 4 × 10-13 -8.037 012 362 1 × 10-16 -4.397 949 739 1 × 10-18 -1.641 477 635 5 × 10-20 -3.967 361 951 6 × 10-23 -5.582 732 872 1 × 10-26 -3.465 784 201 3 × 10-29
0.000 000 000 0 5.866 550 871 0 × 10-2 4.503 227 558 2 × 10-5 2.890 840 721 2 × 10-8 -3.305 689 665 2 × 10-10 6.502 440 327 0 × 10-13 -1.919 749 550 4 × 10-16 -1.253 660 049 7 × 10-18 2.148 921 756 9 × 10-21 -1.438 804 178 2 × 10-24 3.596 089 948 1 × 10-28 ............ ............ ............
Type J thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0
t/°C
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-7.890 -8.095 -4.633 -5.037 -5.426 -5.801 -6.159 -6.500 0.000 -0.501 -0.995 -1.482 -1.961 -2.431
0
10
20
30
40
50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-6.821 -2.893
-7.123 -3.344
60
70
80
90
100
-7.403 -7.659 -7.890 -3.786 -4.215 -4.633
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.507 1.019 1.537 2.059 2.585 3.116 5.269 5.814 6.360 6.909 7.459 8.010 8.562 10.779 11.334 11.889 12.445 13.000 13.555 14.110 16.327 16.881 17.434 17.986 18.538 19.090 19.642 21.848 22.400 22.952 23.504 24.057 24.610 25.164
3.650 9.115 14.665 20.194 25.720
4.187 9.669 15.219 20.745 26.276
4.726 10.224 15.773 21.297 26.834
5.269 10.779 16.327 21.848 27.393
500 600 700 800 900
27.393 33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877
30.788 36.675 42.919 49.353 55.561
31.362 37.284 43.559 49.989 56.164
31.939 37.896 44.203 50.622 56.763
32.519 38.512 44.848 51.251 57.360
33.102 39.132 45.494 51.877 57.953
57.953 58.545 59.134 59.721 60.307 60.890 61.473 63.792 64.370 64.948 65.525 66.102 66.679 67.255 69.553
62.054 67.831
62.634 63.214 63.792 68.406 68.980 69.553
1000 1100 1200
27.953 33.689 39.755 46.141 52.500
28.516 34.279 40.382 46.786 53.119
29.080 34.873 41.012 47.431 53.735
29.647 35.470 41.645 48.074 54.347
30.216 36.071 42.281 48.715 54.956
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -210°C to 760°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
= = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 0 5.038 118 781 5 × 10-2 3.047 583 693 0 × 10-5 -8.568 106 572 0 × 10-8 1.322 819 529 5 × 10-10 -1.705 295 833 7 × 10-13 2.094 809 069 7 × 10-16 -1.253 839 533 6 × 10-19 1.563 172 569 7 × 10-23
760°C to 1200°C 2.964 562 568 1 × 102 -1.497 612 778 6 3.178 710 392 4 × 10-3 -3.184 768 670 1 × 10-6 1.572 081 900 4 × 10-9 -3.069 136 905 6 × 10-13 ............ ............ ............
Type K thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0
t/°C
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-5.891 -6.035 -6.158 -6.262 -6.344 -6.404 -3.554 -3.852 -4.138 -4.411 -4.669 -4.913 0.000 -0.392 -0.778 -1.156 -1.527 -1.889
0
10
20
30
40
50
-60
-70
-6.441 -5.141 -2.243
-6.458 -5.354 -2.587
60
70
-80
-90
-100
-5.550 -5.730 -5.891 -2.920 -3.243 -3.554
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.397 0.798 1.203 1.612 2.023 2.436 4.096 4.509 4.920 5.328 5.735 6.138 6.540 8.138 8.539 8.940 9.343 9.747 10.153 10.561 12.209 12.624 13.040 13.457 13.874 14.293 14.713 16.397 16.820 17.243 17.667 18.091 18.516 18.941
2.851 6.941 10.971 15.133 19.366
3.267 3.682 4.096 7.340 7.739 8.138 11.382 11.795 12.209 15.554 15.975 16.397 19.792 20.218 20.644
500 600 700 800 900
20.644 24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326
21.071 25.330 29.548 33.685 37.725
21.497 25.755 29.965 34.093 38.124
21.924 26.179 30.382 34.501 38.522
22.350 26.602 30.798 34.908 38.918
22.776 27.025 31.213 35.313 39.314
23.203 27.447 31.628 35.718 39.708
23.629 27.869 32.041 36.121 40.101
24.055 28.289 32.453 36.524 40.494
1000 1100 1200 1300
41.276 45.119 48.838 52.410
41.665 45.497 49.202 52.759
42.053 45.873 49.565 53.106
42.440 46.249 49.926 53.451
42.826 46.623 50.286 53.795
43.211 46.995 50.644 54.138
43.595 47.367 51.000 54.479
43.978 47.737 51.355 54.819
44.359 44.740 45.119 48.105 48.473 48.838 51.708 52.060 52.410
24.480 28.710 32.865 36.925 40.885
24.905 29.129 33.275 37.326 41.276
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t 2 + c3t 3 + ... cnt n, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. In the 0°C to 1372°C range there is also an exponential term that must be evaluated and added to the equation. The exponential term is of the form: c0exp[c1(t-126.9686)2] , where t is the temperature in °C and c0 and c1 are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175.
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10
= = = = = = = = = = =
-270°C to 0°C
0°C to 1372°C
0.000 000 000 0 3.945 012 802 5 × 10-2 2.362 237 359 8 × 10-5 -3.285 890 678 4 × 10-7 -4.990 482 877 7 × 10-9 -6.750 905 917 3 × 10-11 -5.741 032 742 8 × 10-13 -3.108 887 289 4 × 10-15 -1.045 160 936 5 × 10-17 -1.988 926 687 8 × 10-20 -1.632 269 748 6 × 10-23
-1.760 041 368 6 × 10-2 3.892 120 497 5 × 10-2 1.855 877 003 2 × 10-5 -9.945 759 287 4 ×10-8 3.184 094 571 9 × 10-10 -5.607 284 488 9 × 10-13 5.607 505 905 9 × 10-16 -3.202 072 000 3 × 10-19 9.715 114 715 2 × 10-23 -1.210 472 127 5 × 10-26 ...........
0°C to 1372°C (exponential term) 1.185 976 × 10-1 -1.183 432 × 10-4 ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
Type N thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0 t/°C
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-3.990 -4.083 -4.162 -4.226 -4.277 -4.313 -2.407 -2.612 -2.808 -2.994 -3.171 -3.336 0.000 -0.260 -0.518 -0.772 -1.023 -1.269 0
10
20
30
40
50
-60
-70
-4.336 -3.491 -1.509
-4.345 -3.634 -1.744
60
70
-80
-90
-100
-3.766 -3.884 -3.990 -1.972 -2.193 -2.407 80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.261 0.525 0.793 1.065 1.340 2.774 3.072 3.374 3.680 3.989 4.302 5.913 6.245 6.579 6.916 7.255 7.597 9.341 9.696 10.054 10.413 10.774 11.136 12.974 13.346 13.719 14.094 14.469 14.846
1.619 1.902 4.618 4.937 7.941 8.288 11.501 11.867 15.225 15.604
2.189 2.480 2.774 5.259 5.585 5.913 8.637 8.988 9.341 12.234 12.603 12.974 15.984 16.366 16.748
500 600 700 800 900
16.748 20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371
19.059 22.958 26.883 30.807 34.707
19.835 23.742 27.669 31.590 35.482
1000 1100 1200 1300
17.131 21.003 24.919 28.847 32.761
17.515 21.393 25.312 29.239 33.151
17.900 21.784 25.705 29.632 33.541
18.286 22.175 26.098 30.024 33.930
18.672 22.566 26.491 30.416 34.319
36.256 36.641 37.027 37.411 37.795 38.179 40.087 40.466 40.845 41.223 41.600 41.976 43.846 44.218 44.588 44.958 45.326 45.694 47.513
19.447 23.350 27.276 31.199 35.095
38.562 38.944 42.352 42.727 46.060 46.425
20.224 24.134 28.062 31.981 35.869
39.326 39.706 40.087 43.101 43.474 43.846 46.789 47.152 47.513
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C to 0°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10
= = = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 0 2.615 910 596 2 × 10-2 1.095 748 422 8 × 10-5 -9.384 111 155 4 × 10-8 -4.641 203 975 9 × 10-11 -2.630 335 771 6 × 10-12 -2.265 343 800 3 × 10-14 -7.608 930 079 1 × 10-17 -9.341 966 783 5 × 10-20 .......... ..........
20.613 24.527 28.455 32.371 36.256
0°C to 1300°C 0.000 000 000 0 2.592 939 460 1 × 10-2 1.571 014 188 0 × 10-5 4.382 562 723 7 × 10-8 -2.526 116 979 4 × 10-10 6.431 181 933 9 × 10-13 -1.006 347 151 9 × 10-15 9.974 533 899 2 × 10-19 -6.086 324 560 7 × 10-22 2.084 922 933 9 × 10-25 -3.068 219 615 1 × 10-29
Type R thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C 0
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
0.000 -0.051 -0.100 -0.145 -0.188 -0.226
t/°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.647 1.469 2.401 3.408
0.054 0.723 1.558 2.498 3.512
0.111 0.800 1.648 2.597 3.616
0.171 0.879 1.739 2.696 3.721
0.232 0.959 1.831 2.796 3.827
0.296 1.041 1.923 2.896 3.933
0.363 1.124 2.017 2.997 4.040
0.431 1.208 2.112 3.099 4.147
0.501 1.294 2.207 3.201 4.255
0.573 1.381 2.304 3.304 4.363
0.647 1.469 2.401 3.408 4.471
500 600 700 800 900
4.471 5.583 6.743 7.950 9.205
4.580 5.697 6.861 8.073 9.333
4.690 5.812 6.980 8.197 9.461
4.800 5.926 7.100 8.321 9.590
4.910 6.041 7.220 8.446 9.720
5.021 6.157 7.340 8.571 9.850
5.133 5.245 6.273 6.390 7.461 7.583 8.697 8.823 9.980 10.111
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
10.506 11.850 13.228 14.629 16.040
10.638 11.986 13.367 14.770 16.181
10.771 12.123 13.507 14.911 16.323
10.905 12.260 13.646 15.052 16.464
11.039 12.397 13.786 15.193 16.605
11.173 12.535 13.926 15.334 16.746
1500 1600 1700
17.451 17.591 17.732 17.872 18.012 18.152 18.849 18.988 19.126 19.264 19.402 19.540 20.222 20.356 20.488 20.620 20.749 20.877
11.307 12.673 14.066 15.475 16.887
11.442 12.812 14.207 15.616 17.028
18.292 18.431 19.677 19.814 21.003
5.357 5.470 5.583 6.507 6.625 6.743 7.705 7.827 7.950 8.950 9.077 9.205 10.242 10.374 10.506 11.578 12.950 14.347 15.758 17.169
11.714 13.089 14.488 15.899 17.310
11.850 13.228 14.629 16.040 17.451
18.571 18.710 18.849 19.951 20.087 20.222
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -50°C to 1064.18°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 00. 5.289 617 297 65 × 10-3 1.391 665 897 82 × 10-5 -2.388 556 930 17 × 10-8 3.569 160 010 63 × 10-11 -4.623 476 662 98 × 10-14 5.007 774 410 34 × 10-17 -3.731 058 861 91 × 10-20 1.577 164 823 67 × 10-23 -2.810 386 252 51 × 10-27
1064.18°C to 1664.5°C 2.951 579 253 16 -2.520 612 513 32 × 10-3 1.595 645 018 65 × 10-5 -7.640 859 475 76 × 10-9 2.053 052 910 24 × 10-12 -2.933 596 681 73 × 10-16 ............. ............. ............. .............
1664.5°C to 1768.1°C 1.522 321 182 09 × 102 -2.688 198 885 45 × 10-1 1.712 802 804 71 × 10-4 -3.458 957 064 53 × 10-8 -9.346 339 710 46 × 10-15 ............. ............. ............. ............. .............
Type S thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C
t/°C 0
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
0.000 -0.053 -0.103 -0.150 -0.194 -0.236
t/°C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
0.000 0.646 1.441 2.323 3.259
0.055 0.720 1.526 2.415 3.355
0.113 0.795 1.612 2.507 3.451
0.173 0.872 1.698 2.599 3.548
0.235 0.950 1.786 2.692 3.645
0.299 1.029 1.874 2.786 3.742
0.365 1.110 1.962 2.880 3.840
0.433 1.191 2.052 2.974 3.938
0.502 1.273 2.141 3.069 4.036
0.573 1.357 2.232 3.164 4.134
0.646 1.441 2.323 3.259 4.233
500 600 700 800 900
4.233 5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449
4.332 5.341 6.381 7.454 8.562
4.432 5.443 6.486 7.563 8.674
4.532 5.546 6.593 7.673 8.787
4.632 5.649 6.699 7.783 8.900
4.732 5.753 6.806 7.893 9.014
4.833 5.857 6.913 8.003 9.128
4.934 5.961 7.020 8.114 9.242
5.035 6.065 7.128 8.226 9.357
5.137 6.170 7.236 8.337 9.472
5.239 6.275 7.345 8.449 9.587
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
9.587 10.757 11.951 13.159 14.373
9.703 10.875 12.071 13.280 14.494
9.819 10.994 12.191 13.402 14.615
9.935 11.113 12.312 13.523 14.736
10.051 11.232 12.433 13.644 14.857
10.168 11.351 12.554 13.766 14.978
10.285 11.471 12.675 13.887 15.099
10.403 11.590 12.796 14.009 15.220
10.520 11.710 12.917 14.130 15.341
10.638 11.830 13.038 14.251 15.461
10.757 11.951 13.159 14.373 15.582
1500 1600 1700
15.582 15.702 15.822 15.942 16.062 16.182 16.777 16.895 17.013 17.131 17.249 17.366 17.947 18.061 18.174 18.285 18.395 18.503
16.301 16.420 17.483 17.600 18.609
16.539 16.658 16.777 17.717 17.832 17.947
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -50°C to 1064.18°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
= = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 00 5.403 133 086 31 × 10-3 1.259 342 897 40 × 10-5 -2.324 779 686 89 × 10-8 3.220 288 230 36 × 10-11 -3.314 651 963 89 × 10-14 2.557 442 517 86 × 10-17 -1.250 688 713 93 × 10-20 2.714 431 761 45 × 10-24
1064.18°C to 1664.5°C 1.329 004 440 85 3.345 093 113 44 × 10-3 6.548 051 928 18 × 10-6 -1.648 562 592 09 × 10-9 1.299 896 051 74 × 10-14 ............. ............. ............. .............
1664.5°C to 1768.1°C 1.466 282 326 36 × 10 2 -2.584 305 167 52 × 10-1 1.636 935 746 41 × 10-4 -3.304 390 469 87 × 10-8 -9.432 236 906 12 × 10-15 ............. ............. ............. .............
Type T thermocouples: emf-temperature (°C) reference table and equations Thermocouple emf in Millivolts as a Function of Temperature in Degrees Celsius (ITS-90) Reference Junctions at 0°C t/°C -200 -100 0
t/°C 0 100 200 300 400
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-5.603 -5.753 -5.888 -6.007 -6.105 -6.180 -3.379 -3.657 -3.923 -4.177 -4.419 -4.648 0.000 -0.383 -0.757 -1.121 -1.475 -1.819
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.000 0.391 0.790 1.196 1.612 2.036 4.279 4.750 5.228 5.714 6.206 6.704 9.288 9.822 10.362 10.907 11.458 12.013 14.862 15.445 16.032 16.624 17.219 17.819 20.872
-60
-70
-6.232 -4.865 -2.153
-6.258 -5.070 -2.476
60
70
2.468 2.909 7.209 7.720 12.574 13.139 18.422 19.030
-80
-90
-100
-5.261 -5.439 -5.603 -2.788 -3.089 -3.379
80
90
100
3.358 3.814 4.279 8.237 8.759 9.288 13.709 14.283 14.862 19.641 20.255 20.872
Temperature Ranges and Coefficients of Equations Used to Compute the Above Table The equations are of the form: E = c0 + c1t + c2t2 + c3t3 + ... cntn, where E is the emf in millivolts, t is the temperature in degrees Celsius (ITS-90), and c0, c1, c2, c3, etc. are the coefficients. These coefficients are extracted from NIST Monograph 175. -270°C to 0°C c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 c10 c11 c12 c13 c14
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 000 0 3.874 810 636 4 × 10-2 4.419 443 434 7 × 10-5 1.184 432 310 5 × 10-7 2.003 297 355 4 × 10-8 9.013 801 955 9 × 10-10 2.265 115 659 3 × 10-11 3.607 115 420 5 × 10-13 3.849 393 988 3 × 10-15 2.821 352 192 5 × 10-17 1.425 159 477 9 × 10-19 4.876 866 228 6 × 10-22 1.079 553 927 0 × 10-24 1.394 502 706 2 × 10-27 7.979 515 392 7 × 10-31
0°C to 400°C 0.000 000 000 0 3.874 810 636 4 × 10-2 3.329 222 788 0 × 10-5 2.061 824 340 4 × 10-7 -2.188 225 684 6 × 10-9 1.099 688 092 8 × 10-11 -3.081 575 877 2 × 10-14 4.547 913 529 0 × 10-17 -2.751 290 167 3 × 10-20 ............ ............ ............ ............ ............ ............
Type B thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
250°C to 700°C
700°C to 1820°C
emf Range:
0.291 mV to 2.431 mV
2.431 mV to 13.820 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
9.842 332 1 × 101 6.997 150 0 × 102 -8.476 530 4 × 102 1.005 264 4 × 103 -8.334 595 2 × 102 4.550 854 2 × 102 -1.552 303 7 × 102 2.988 675 0 × 101 -2.474 286 0
2.131 507 1× 102 2.851 050 4 × 102 -5.274 288 7 × 101 9.916 080 4 -1.296 530 3 1.119 587 0 × 10-1 -6.062 519 9 × 10-3 1.866 169 6 × 10-4 -2.487 858 5 × 10-6
= = = = = = = = =
Type E thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-200°C to 0°C
0°C to 1000°C
emf Range:
-8.825 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 76.373 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 1.697 728 8 × 101 -4.351 497 0 × 10-1 -1.585 969 7 × 10-1 -9.250 287 1 × 10-2 -2.608 431 4 × 10-2 -4.136 019 9 × 10-3 -3.403 403 0 × 10-4 -1.156 489 0 × 10-5 .......
0.000 000 0 1.705 703 5 × 101 -2.330 175 9 × 10-1 6.543 558 5 × 10-3 -7.356 274 9 × 10-5 -1.789 600 1 × 10-6 8.403 616 5 × 10-8 -1.373 587 9 × 10-9 1.062 982 3 × 10-11 -3.244 708 7 × 10-14
Type J thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-210°C to 0°C
0°C to 760°C
760°C to 1200°C
emf Range:
-8.095 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 42.919 mV
42.919 mV to 69.553 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
= = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 1.952 826 8 ×101 -1.228 618 5 -1.075 217 8 -5.908 693 3 × 10-1 -1.725 671 3 × 10-1 -2.813 151 3 × 10-2 -2.396 337 0 × 10-3 -8.382 332 1 × 10-5
0.000 000 1.978 425 × 101 -2.001 204 × 10-1 1.036 969 × 10-2 -2.549 687 × 10-4 3.585 153 × 10-6 -5.344 285 × 10-8 5.099 890 × 10-10 .......
-3.113 581 87 × 103 3.005 436 84 × 102 -9.947 732 30 1.702 766 30 × 10-1 -1.430 334 68 × 10-3 4.738 860 84 × 10-6 ....... ....... .......
Type K thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-200°C to 0°C
0°C to 500°C
500°C to 1372°C
emf Range:
-5.891 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 20.644 mV
20.644 mV to 54.886 mV
0.000 000 0 2.508 355 × 101 7.860 106 × 10-2 -2.503 131 × 10-1 8.315 270 × 10-2 -1.228 034 × 10-2 9.804 036 × 10-4 -4.413 030 × 10-5 1.057 734 × 10-6 -1.052 755 × 10-8
-1.318 058 × 102 4.830 222 × 101 -1.646 031 5.464 731 × 10-2 -9.650 715 × 10-4 8.802 193 × 10-6 -3.110 810 × 10-8 ....... ....... .......
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 2.517 346 2 × 101 -1.166 287 8 -1.083 363 8 -8.977 354 0 × 10-1 -3.734 237 7 × 10-1 -8.663 264 3 × 10-2 -1.045 059 8 × 10-2 -5.192 057 7 × 10-4 .......
Type N thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-200°C to 0°C
0°C to 600°C
600°C to 1300°C
emf Range:
-3.990 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 20.613 mV
20.613 mV to 47.513 mV
0.000 00 3.868 96 × 101 -1.082 67 4.702 05 × 10-2 -2.121 69 × 10-6 -1.172 72 × 10-4 5.392 80 × 10-6 -7.981 56 × 10-8 ......... .........
1.972 485 × 101 3.300 943 × 101 -3.915 159 × 10-1 9.855 391 × 10-3 -1.274 371 × 10-4 7.767 022 × 10-7 ......... ......... ......... .........
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 3.843 684 7 × 101 1.101 048 5 5.222 931 2 7.206 052 5 5.848 858 6 2.775 491 6 7.707 516 6 × 10-1 1.158 266 5 × 10-1 7.313 886 8 × 10-3
Type R thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-50°C to 250°C
250°C to 1200°C
1064°C to 1664.5°C
1664.5°C to 1768.1°C
emf Range:
-0.226 mV to 1.923 mV
1.923 mV to 13.228 mV
11.361 mV to 19.739 mV
19.739 mV to 21.103 mV
c0 = c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = c5 = c6 = c7 = c8 = c9 = c10 =
0.000 000 0 1.889 138 0 × 102 -9.383 529 0 × 101 1.306 861 9 × 102 -2.270 358 0 × 102 3.514 565 9 × 102 -3.895 390 0 × 102 2.823 947 1 × 102 -1.260 728 1 × 102 3.135 361 1 × 101 -3.318 776 9
1.334 584 505 × 101 1.472 644 573 × 102 -1.844 024 844 × 101 4.031 129 726 -6.249 428 360 × 10-1 6.468 412 046 × 10-2 -4.458 750 426 × 10-3 1.994 710 149 × 10-4 -5.313 401 790 × 10-6 6.481 976 217 × 10-8 ..........
-8.199 599 416 × 101 1.553 962 042 × 102 -8.342 197 663 4.279 433 549 × 10-1 -1.191 577 910 × 10-2 1.492 290 091 × 10-4 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
3.406 177 836 × 104 -7.023 729 171 × 103 5.582 903 813 × 102 -1.952 394 635 × 101 2.560 740 231 × 10-1 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Type S thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-50°C to 250°C
250°C to 1200°C
1064°C to 1664.5°C
1664.5°C to 1768.1°C
emf Range:
-0.235 mV to 1.874 mV
1.874 mV to 11.950 mV
10.332 mV to 17.536 mV
17.536 mV to 18.693 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
= = = = = = = = = =
1.291 507 177 × 101 1.466 298 863 × 102 -1.534 713 402 × 101 3.145 945 973 -4.163 257 839 × 10-1 3.187 963 771 × 10-2 -1.291 637 500 × 10-3 2.183 475 087 × 10-5 -1.447 379 511 × 10-7 8.211 272 125 × 10-9
0.000 000 00 1.849 494 60 × 102 -8.005 040 62 × 101 1.022 374 30 × 102 -1.522 485 92 × 102 1.888 213 43 × 102 -1.590 859 41 × 102 8.230 278 80 × 101 -2.341 819 44 × 101 2.797 862 60
-8.087 801 117 × 101 1.621 573 104 × 102 -8.536 869 453 4.719 686 976 × 10-1 -1.441 693 666 × 10-2 2.081 618 890 × 10-4 .......... .......... .......... ..........
5.333 875 126 × 104 -1.235 892 298 × 104 1.092 657 613 × 103 -4.265 693 686 × 101 6.247 205 420 × 10-1 .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
Type T thermocouples: coefficients (ci ) of polynomials for the computation of temperatures in °C as a function of the thermocouple emf in various temperature and emf ranges
Temperature Range:
-200°C to 0°C
0°C to 400°C
emf Range:
-5.603 mV to 0.0 mV
0.0 mV to 20.872 mV
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7
= = = = = = = =
0.000 000 0 2.594 919 2 × 101 -2.131 696 7 × 10-1 7.901 869 2 × 10-1 4.252 777 7 × 10-1 1.330 447 3 × 10-1 2.024 144 6 × 10-2 1.266 817 1 × 10-3
0.000 000 2.592 800 × 101 -7.602 961 × 10-1 4.637 791 × 10-2 -2.165 394 × 10-3 6.048 144 × 10-5 -7.293 422 × 10-7 ..........
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS This table give properties of 200 organic solvents which are frequently used in laboratory and industrial applications. Compounds are listed in alphabetical order by the most common name; synonyms are given in some cases. The properties tabulated are: MF: CAS RN: Mr: tm: tb: ρ: cp: vp: µ:
Molecular formula Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number Molecular weight Melting point in °C Normal boiling point in °C Density in g/cm3 at the temperature in °C indicated by the superscript Specific heat capacity of the liquid at constant pressure at 25°C in J/g K Vapor pressure at 25°C in kPa (1 kPa = 7.50 mmHg) Electric dipole moment in debye units. Values in parentheses are measurements on the pure liquid or in solution; these are less reliable than the other values, which were obtained in the gas phase. FP: Flash point temperature in °C. The fact that no flash point is listed does not necessarily mean that the substance is nonflammable, because some liquids will burn if the quantity is large or impurities are present. Fl. Lim.: Flammable (explosive) range in air in percent by volume Ign. Temp.: Autoignition temperature in °C TLV: Threshold limit for allowable airborne concentration, given in parts per million by volume at 25°C and atmospheric pressure (see table “Threshold Limit Values for Airborne Contaminants” in Section 16)
15-14
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Lide, D.R., Handbook of Organic Solvents, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. Riddick, J.A., Bunger, W.B., and Sakano, T.K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 10th Edition , National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1991. Urben, P.G., Ed., Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. Name
Acetal (1,1-Diethoxyethane) Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylacetone Acrylonitrile Adiponitrile Allyl alcohol Allylamine 2-Aminoisobutanol Benzal chloride Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzonitrile Benzyl chloride Bromochloromethane Bromoform (Tribromomethane)
MF C6H14O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O C2H3N C5H8O2 C3H3N C6H8N2 C3H6O C3H7N C4H11NO C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C6H6 C7H5N C7H7Cl CH2BrCl CHBr3
CAS RN 105-57-7 64-19-7 67-64-1 75-05-8 123-54-6 107-13-1 111-69-3 107-18-6 107-11-9 124-68-5 98-87-3 100-52-7 71-43-2 100-47-0 100-44-7 74-97-5 75-25-2
Mr 118.18 60.05 58.08 41.05 100.12 53.06 108.14 58.08 57.10 89.14 161.03 106.12 78.11 103.12 126.59 129.38 252.73
tm/°C -100 17 -95 -44 -23 -83.5 1 -129 -88.2 25.5 -17 -26 6 -12.7 -45 -87.9 8.0
tb/°C
ρ/g cm–3
102.2 118 56 82 138 77.3 295 97.0 53.3 165.5 205 179.0 80 191.1 179 68.0 149
0.8254 20 1.0492 20 0.7899 20 0.7857 20 0.9721 25 0.8060 20 0.9676 20 0.8540 20 0.758 20 0.934 20 1.26 25 1.0415 10 0.8765 20 1.0093 15 1.1004 20 1.9344 20 2.899 15
cp/J g–1K–1 2.01 2.06 2.18 2.23 2.08 2.05 1.19 2.39
1.62 1.74 1.60 1.44 0.41 0.52
vp/kPa
µ/D
3.68 2.07 30.8 11.8 1.02 14.1 <0.01 3.14 33.1
(1.4) 1.70 2.88 3.92 (2.8) 3.87
0.06 0.17 12.7 0.11 0.16 19.5 0.73
(2.1) (3.0) 0 4.18 (1.8) (1.7) 0.99
1.60 1.2
FP/°C -21 39 -20 6 34 0 93 21 -29 67 63 -11 67 83
Fl. Lim. 2-10% 4-20% 3-13% 3-16%
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
3-17% 2-5% 3-18% 2-22%
230 463 465 524 340 481 550 378 374
1-8%
192 498
1%-
585
10 750 40 2 2 2
10 1 200 0.5
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS (continued) Name
15-15
Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol sec-Butyl alcohol tert-Butyl alcohol Butylamine tert-Butylamine Butyl methyl ketone p-tert-Butyltoluene γ-Butyrolactone Caprolactam Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chloropentafluoroethane Cumene (Isopropylbenzene) Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexylamine Cyclopentane Cyclopentanone p-Cymene cis-Decalin trans-Decalin Diacetone alcohol 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromofluoromethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Dibutylamine o-Dichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Dichloroethyl ether Dichloromethane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Diethanolamine Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
MF C6H12O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H11N C4H11N C6H12O C11H16 C4H6O2 C6H11NO CS2 CCl4 C2H3ClF2 C6H5Cl CHCl3 C2ClF5 C9H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H10O C6H13N C5H10 C5H8O C10H14 C10H18 C10H18 C6H12O2 C2H4Br2 CHBr2F CH2Br2 C2Br2F4 C8H19N C6H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C4H8Cl2O CH2Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C4H11NO2 C4H11N C5H10O3 C4H10O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3
CAS RN 123-86-4 71-36-3 78-92-2 75-65-0 109-73-9 75-64-9 591-78-6 98-51-1 96-48-0 105-60-2 75-15-0 56-23-5 75-68-3 108-90-7 67-66-3 76-15-3 98-82-8 110-82-7 108-93-0 108-94-1 108-91-8 287-92-3 120-92-3 99-87-6 493-01-6 493-02-7 123-42-2 106-93-4 1868-53-7 74-95-3 124-73-2 111-92-2 95-50-1 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-35-4 156-59-2 156-60-5 111-44-4 75-09-2 78-87-5 76-14-2 111-42-2 109-89-7 105-58-8 111-46-6 111-96-6 111-90-0
Mr 116.16 74.12 74.12 74.12 73.14 73.14 100.16 148.25 86.09 113.16 76.14 153.82 100.50 112.56 119.38 154.47 120.19 84.16 100.16 98.14 99.18 70.13 84.12 134.22 138.25 138.25 116.16 187.86 191.83 173.83 259.82 129.25 147.00 98.96 98.96 96.94 96.94 96.94 143.01 84.93 112.99 170.92 105.14 73.14 118.13 106.12 134.18 134.18
tm/°C -78 -90 -114.7 26 -49 -67 -56 -52 -43.3 69 -112 -23 -131 -45 -64 -99 -96.0 7 25 -31 -18 -93.8 -51.3 -69 -42.9 -30.3 -44 9.9 -78 -52.5 -110.4 -62 -17 -97 -36 -122.5 -80 -50 -52 -95 -100 -94 28 -50 -43 -10 -68
tb/°C 126 118 99.5 82 77 44 128 190 204 270 46 77 -10 132 61 -38 152 81 161 155 134 49.3 130.5 177 195.8 187.3 168 131.6 64.9 97 47.3 160 180 57 84 31.6 60 49 179 40 96 4 269 55 126 246 162 196
ρ/g cm–3 0.8825 20 0.8098 20 0.8063 20 0.7887 20 0.7414 20 0.6958 20 0.8113 20 0.8612 20 1.1284 16 1.2632 20 1.5940 20 1.107 25 1.1058 20 1.4832 20 1.5678 -42 0.8618 20 0.7785 20 0.9624 20 0.9478 20 0.8191 20 0.7457 20 0.9487 20 0.8573 20 0.8965 20 0.8699 20 0.9387 20 2.1791 20 2.421 20 2.4969 20 2.149 25 0.7670 20 1.3059 20 1.1757 20 1.2351 20 1.213 20 1.2837 20 1.2565 20 1.22 20 1.3266 20 1.1560 20 1.518 4 1.0966 20 0.7056 20 0.9752 20 1.1197 15 0.9434 20 0.9885 20
cp/J g–1K–1 1.96 2.39 2.66 2.97 2.45 2.63 2.13
vp/kPa
µ/D (1.9) 1.66 (1.8) (1.7) 1.0 (1.3) (2.7) ≈0 4.27 (3.9) 0 0 2.14 1.69 1.04 0.52 0.79 ≈0
1.84 1.84 1.76 1.68 1.65 1.91 0.72
1.66 0.86 2.32 5.52 12.2 48.4 1.54 0.09 0.43 <0.01 48.2 15.2 351 1.6 26.2 912 0.61 13.0 0.10 0.53 1.20 42.3 1.55 0.19 0.10 0.16 0.22 1.55
0.61 0.69 2.27 1.10 1.28 1.30 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.54 1.19 1.32 0.96 2.22 2.31 1.80 2.31 2.04 2.24
6.12 43.4 0.34 0.18 30.5 10.6 80.0 26.8 44.2 0.14 58.2 6.62 215 <0.01 30.1 1.63 <0.01 0.31 0.02
1.43
1.64 1.38 1.00 0.85 1.30 1.33 0.96 1.19 1.75 1.84 2.08 1.86
2.87 (1.3) ≈0 3.3 ≈0 ≈0 ≈0 (3.2) (1.2)
(1.0) 2.50 2.06 (1.8) 1.34 1.90 0 (2.6) 1.60 (1.8) 0.5 (2.8) 0.92 1.10 (2.3) (2.0) (1.6)
FP/°C
Fl. Lim.
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
22 37 24 11 -12 -9 25 68 98 125 -30
2-8% 1-11% 2-10% 2-8% 2-10% 2-9% 1-8%
425 343 405 478 312 380 423
1-50%
90
28
1-10%
593
36 -20 68 44 31 <-7 26 47
1-7% 1-8% 1-9% 1-9% 1-9% 2%-
424 245 300 420 293 361
1-6%
436
54 58
1-5% 2-7%
255 643
47 66 -17 13 -15 6 2 55 16 172 -23 25 124 67 96
1-6% 2-9% 5-11% 6-16% 7-16% 3-15% 6-13% 3%13-23% 3-15%
648 458 413 570 460 460 369 556 557
2-13% 2-10%
662 312
2-17%
224
150 50 100 100 5 5 10 5 10 5 10 10 1000 50 300 50 25 10 600
50
25 100 10 5 200 200 5 50 75 1000 0.46 5
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS (continued) Name
15-16
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylenetriamine Diethyl ether Diisobutyl ketone Diisopropyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine Dimethyl disulfide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentene Epichlorohydrin Ethanolamine (Glycinol) Ethyl acetate Ethyl acetoacetate Ethyl alcohol Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl bromide Ethyl chloride Ethylene carbonate Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol diethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethylene glycol momomethyl ether acetate Ethyl formate Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Heptane 1-Heptanol Hexane 1-Hexanol (Caproyl alcohol) Hexylene glycol Hexyl methyl ketone Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl alcohol
MF
CAS RN
Mr
tm/°C
tb/°C
ρ/g cm–3
C8H16O4
112-15-2
176.21
-25
218.5
1.0096 20
C5H12O3 C4H13N3 C4H10O C9H18O C6H14O C4H9NO C2H7N C2H6S2 C3H7NO C2H6OS C4H8O2 C3H6O2 C10H16 C3H5ClO C2H7NO C4H8O2 C6H10O3 C2H6O C2H7N C8H10 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C3H4O3 C2H8N2 C2H6O2 C6H14O2 C4H10O2 C6H14O2 C4H10O2 C6H12O3 C3H8O2
111-77-3 111-40-0 60-29-7 108-83-8 108-20-3 127-19-5 124-40-3 624-92-0 68-12-2 67-68-5 123-91-1 646-06-0 7705-14-8 106-89-8 141-43-5 141-78-6 141-97-9 64-17-5 75-04-7 100-41-4 74-96-4 75-00-3 96-49-1 107-15-3 107-21-1 629-14-1 110-71-4 111-76-2 110-80-5 111-15-9 109-86-4
120.15 103.17 74.12 142.24 102.18 87.12 45.08 94.20 73.09 78.14 88.11 74.08 136.24 92.52 61.08 88.11 130.14 46.07 45.08 106.17 108.97 64.51 88.06 60.10 62.07 118.18 90.12 118.18 90.12 132.16 76.10
-39 -116 -42 -87 -20 -92 -85 -60 19 12 -95 -95.5 -26 11 -84 -45 -114 -81 -95 -118.6 -139 36.4 11 -13 -74 -58 -75 -70 -62 -85
193 207 34 169 69 165 7 109.8 153 189 101 78 178 116 171 77 180.8 78 17 136 38.5 12 248 117 197 119.4 85 168 135 156 124
1.035 20 0.9569 20 0.7138 20 0.8062 20 0.7241 20 0.9366 25 0.6804 0 1.0625 20 0.944 25 1.1014 20 1.0337 20 1.060 20 0.8402 21 1.1812 20 1.0180 20 0.9003 20 1.0368 10 0.7893 20 0.686 17 0.8670 20 1.4604 20 0.909 12 1.3214 39 0.8979 20 1.1088 20 0.8484 20 0.8691 20 0.9015 20 0.9297 20 0.9740 20 0.9647 20
C5H10O3 C3H6O2 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C3H8O3 C7H16 C7H16O C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O2 C8H16O C6H12O2 C4H10O
110-49-6 109-94-4 110-00-9 98-01-1 98-00-0 56-81-5 142-82-5 111-70-6 110-54-3 111-27-3 107-41-5 111-13-7 110-19-0 78-83-1
118.13 74.08 68.08 96.09 98.10 92.09 100.20 116.20 86.18 102.18 118.18 128.21 116.16 74.12
-70 -80 -86 -37 -31 18 -91 -34 -95 -44.6 -50 -16 -99 -108
143 54 31 162 171 290 98 176.4 69 157.6 197 172.5 117 108
1.0074 19 0.9168 20 0.9514 20 1.1594 20 1.1296 20 1.2613 20 0.6837 20 0.8219 20 0.6548 25 0.8136 20 0.923 15 0.820 20 0.8712 20 0.8018 20
cp/J g–1K–1
µ/D
vp/kPa
FP/°C
0.03
(1.8)
110
2.26 2.46 2.33 2.09 2.12 2.02 3.05 1.55 2.06 1.96 1.74 1.59 1.83 1.42 3.20 1.94 1.91 2.44 2.88 1.73 0.93 1.62 1.52 2.87 2.41 2.19 2.14 2.38 2.34 2.85 2.25
0.02 0.03 71.7 0.23 19.9 0.07 203 3.82 0.44 0.08 4.95 14.6 0.26 2.2 0.05 12.6 0.09 7.87 142 1.28 62.5 160 <0.01 1.62 0.01 4.33 9.93 0.15 0.71 0.24 1.31
(1.6) (1.9) 1.15 (2.7) 1.13 (3.7) 1.01 (1.8) 3.82 3.96 0 1.19
96 98 -45 49 -28 70 20 24 58 95 12 2 45 31 86 -4 57 13 <-18 21
2.62 2.02 1.69 1.70 2.08 2.38 2.24 2.34 2.27 2.35 2.84 2.13 2.01 2.44
(1.8) (2.3) 1.78 1.69 1.22 0.59 2.03 2.05 (4.9) 1.99 2.28
Fl. Lim.
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
425 1-23% 2-7% 2-36% 1-7% 1-8% 2-12% 3-14%
240 358 180 396 443 490 400
2-15% 3-42% 2-22%
445 215 180
4-21% 3-24% 2-12% 1-10% 3-19% 4-14% 1-7% 7-8% 4-15%
237 411 410 426 295 363 385 432 511 519
1000 5 100 5 1000
3-12% 3-22%
385 398
10 50
4-13% 3-18% 2-8% 2-14%
202 238 235 379 285
25 5 5 5
1 400 25 250 10 5 10 25
2 3 400
(2.1) (2.1) (2.2) 2.36
-50 143 40 111 35 -2 69 43 56 39
0.67 32.3 80.0 0.29 0.10 <0.01 6.09
(2.1) 1.9 0.66 (3.5) (1.9) (2.6) ≈0
49 -20 <0 60 75 199 -4
2-12% 3-16% 2-14% 2-19% 2-16% 3-19% 1-7%
392 455
5 100
316 491 370 204
2 10 400
20.2 0.11 <0.01
≈0
-22 63 102 52 18 28
1-8%
225
50
1-9%
306
25
1-11% 2-11%
421 415
150 50
2.39 1.39
(2.9) (2.7) (1.9) 1.64
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS (continued) Name
15-17
Isobutylamine Isopentyl acetate Isophorone Isopropyl acetate Isopropyl alcohol Isoquinoline d-Limonene (Citrene) 2,6-Lutidine Mesitylene Mesityl oxide Methyl acetate Methylal Methyl alcohol Methylamine Methyl benzoate Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone N-Methylformamide Methyl formate Methyl iodide Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl isopentyl ketone 2-Methylpentane 4-Methyl-2-pentanol Methyl pentyl ketone Methyl propyl ketone N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Morpholine Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Octane 1-Octanol Pentachloroethane Pentamethylene glycol Pentane 1-Pentanol Pentyl acetate 2-Picoline α-Pinene β-Pinene Piperidine Propanenitrile Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Propylamine Propylbenzene
MF C4H11N C7H14O2 C9H14O C5H10O2 C3H8O C9H7N C10H16 C7H9N C9H12 C6H10O C3H6O2 C3H8O2 CH4O CH5N C8H8O2 C7H14 C4H8O C2H5NO C2H4O2 CH3I C6H12O C7H14O C6H14 C6H14O C7H14O C5H10O C5H9NO C4H9NO C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C8H18 C8H18O C2HCl5 C5H12O2 C5H12 C5H12O C7H14O2 C6H7N C10H16 C10H16 C5H11N C3H5N C5H10O2 C3H8O C3H9N C9H12
CAS RN
Mr
tm/°C
tb/°C
ρ/g cm–3
78-81-9 123-92-2 78-59-1 108-21-4 67-63-0 119-65-3 5989-27-5 108-48-5 108-67-8 141-79-7 79-20-9 109-87-5 67-56-1 74-89-5 93-58-3 108-87-2 78-93-3 123-39-7 107-31-3 74-88-4 108-10-1 110-12-3 107-83-5 108-11-2 110-43-0 107-87-9 872-50-4 110-91-8 98-95-3 79-24-3 75-52-5 108-03-2 79-46-9 111-65-9 111-87-5 76-01-7 111-29-5 109-66-0 71-41-0 628-63-7 109-06-8 80-56-8 127-91-3 110-89-4 107-12-0 109-60-4 71-23-8 107-10-8 103-65-1
73.14 130.19 138.21 102.13 60.10 129.16 136.24 107.16 120.19 98.14 74.08 76.10 32.04 31.06 136.15 98.19 72.11 59.07 60.05 141.94 100.16 114.19 86.18 102.18 114.19 86.13 99.13 87.12 123.11 75.07 61.04 89.09 89.09 114.23 130.23 202.29 104.15 72.15 88.15 130.19 93.13 136.24 136.24 85.15 55.08 102.13 60.10 59.11 120.19
-87 -79 -8 -73 -90 26.47 -97 -6.1 -45 -59 -98 -105 -98 -93 -15 -127 -87 -3.8 -99 -66.4 -84
68 143 215 89 82 243.2 178 144.1 165 130 57 42 65 -6 199 101 80 199.5 32 42.5 116 144 60.2 132 151 102 202 128 211 114 101 131.1 120 126 195.1 160 239 36 138 149 129 156 166 106 97 102 97 47 159.2
0.724 25 0.876 15 0.9255 20 0.8718 20 0.7855 20 1.0910 30 0.8411 20 0.9226 20 0.8652 20 0.8653 20 0.9342 20 0.8593 20 0.7914 20 0.656 25 1.0933 15 0.7694 20 0.8054 20 1.011 19 0.9742 20 2.279 20 0.7978 20 0.888 20 0.650 25 0.8075 20 0.8111 20 0.809 20 1.0230 25 1.0005 20 1.2037 20 1.0448 25 1.1371 20 0.9961 25 0.9821 25 0.6986 25 0.8262 25 1.6796 20 0.9914 20 0.6262 20 0.8144 20 0.8756 20 0.9443 20 0.8539 25 0.860 25 0.8606 20 0.7818 20 0.8878 20 0.8035 20 0.7173 20 0.8620 20
-153.7 -90 -35 -77 -24 -5 6 -90 -29 -108 -91 -57 -15.5 -29 -18 -130 -79 -71 -67 -64 -61.5 -11 -93 -93 -126 -83 -99.5
cp/J g–1K–1 2.50 1.91 1.83 1.95 2.58 1.52 1.83 1.73 1.74 2.17 1.92 2.12 2.53 3.29 1.63 1.88 2.20 2.10 1.98 0.89 2.13 2.25 2.67 2.04 2.14 3.11 1.89 1.51 1.79 1.75 1.97 1.91 2.23 2.34 0.86 3.08 2.32 2.36 2.00 1.70
2.11 2.17 1.92 2.39 2.75 1.79
µ/D
vp/kPa 19.0 0.73 0.06 8.1 6.02 0.28 0.75 0.33 1.47 28.8 53.1 16.9 353 0.05 6.18 12.6 78.1 53.9 2.64 0.69 28.2 0.70 0.49 4.97 0.04 1.34 0.03 2.79 4.79 1.36 2.3 1.86 0.01 0.48 68.3 0.26 0.60 1.5 0.64 0.61 4.28 6.14 4.49 2.76 42.1
(1.3) (1.9)
1.56 2.73
FP/°C -9 25 84 2 12
Fl. Lim.
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
2-12% 1-8% 1-4% 2-8% 2-13%
378 360 460 460 399
100 5 250 400
50 31 -10 -32 11 0 83 -4 -9
1-5% 1-7% 3-16% 2-14% 6-36% 5-21%
559 344 454 237 464 430
25 15 200 1000 200 5
1-7% 1-11%
250 404
400 200
-19
5-23%
449
18 36 <-29 41 39 7 96 37 88 28 35 36 24 13 81
1-8% 1-8% 1-7% 1-6% 1-8% 2-8% 1-10% 1-11% 2-9% 3-17% 7-22% 2%3-11% 1-7%
448 191 264
100 2 50 50
49 (1.7) 0 (2.8) 1.72 (0.7) 1.70 1.31 (1.9) ≈0 2.78 3.83 1.77 1.62
≈0 (2.6) (2.7) (4.1) 1.55 4.22 3.23 3.46 3.66 3.73 ≈0 (1.8) 0.92 (2.5) ≈0 (1.7) 1.75 1.85
(1.2) 4.05 (1.8) 1.55 1.17 ≈0
129 <-40 33 16 39 35 38 16 2 13 23 -37 30
2-8% 1-10% 1-8%
1-10% 3-14% 2-8% 2-14% 2-10% 1-6%
393 452 346 290 482 414 418 421 428 206
335 260 300 360 538 275 275 512 450 412 318 450
25 50 200 20 1 100 20 25 10 300
600 100
200 200
PROPERTIES OF COMMON LABORATORY SOLVENTS (continued) Name
15-18
Propylene glycol Pseudocumene Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Styrene Sulfolane α-Terpinene 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2difluoroethane 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Tetraethylene glycol Tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Tetrahydropyran Tetramethylsilane Toluene o-Toluidine Triacetin Tributylamine 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trichlorofluoromethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triethylene glycol Triethyl phosphate Trimethylamine Trimethylene glycol Trimethyl phosphate Veratrole o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
MF
CAS RN
Mr
tm/°C
tb/°C
ρ/g cm–3 1.0361 20
C3H8O2 C9H12 C5H5N C4H5N C4H9N C4H7NO C9H7N C8H8 C4H8O2S C10H16
57-55-6 95-63-6 110-86-1 109-97-7 123-75-1 616-45-5 91-22-5 100-42-5 126-33-0 99-86-5
76.10 120.19 79.10 67.09 71.12 85.11 129.16 104.15 120.17 136.24
-60 -44 -42 -23.4 -57.8 25 -14.78 -31 28
188 169 115 129.7 86.5 251 237.1 145 287 174
0.8758 20 0.9819 20 0.9698 20 0.8586 20 1.120 20 1.0977 15 0.9060 20 1.2723 18 0.8375 19
C2Cl4F2
76-11-9
203.83
40.6
91.5
1.649 25
C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 C8H18O5 C4H8O C10H12 C5H10O C4H12Si C7H8 C7H9N C9H14O6 C12H27N C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F C2Cl3F3 C6H15NO3 C10H22O2 C6H14O4 C6H15O4P C3H9N C3H8O2 C3H9O4P C8H10O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10
76-12-0 630-20-6 79-34-5 127-18-4 112-60-7 109-99-9 119-64-2 142-68-7 75-76-3 108-88-3 95-53-4 102-76-1 102-82-9 71-55-6 79-00-5 79-01-6 75-69-4 76-13-1 102-71-6 121-44-8 112-27-6 78-40-0 75-50-3 504-63-2 512-56-1 91-16-7 95-47-6 108-38-3 106-42-3
203.83 167.85 167.85 165.83 194.23 72.11 132.21 86.13 88.22 92.14 107.16 218.21 185.35 133.40 133.40 131.39 137.37 187.38 149.19 101.19 150.17 182.16 59.11 76.10 140.08 138.17 106.17 106.17 106.17
26 -70 -44 -22 -6.2 -108 -36 -45 -99.0 -95 -16.3 -78 -70 -30 -37 -85 -111 -35 21 -115 -7 -56.4 -117 -26.7 -46 22.5 -25 -48 13
93 131 146 121 328 65 208 88 26.6 111 200.3 259 217 74 114 87 24 48 335 89 285 215.5 3 214.4 197.2 206 144 139 138
1.6447 25 1.5406 20 1.5953 20 1.6227 20 1.1285 15 0.8892 20 0.9660 25 0.8814 20 0.648 19 0.8669 20 0.9984 20 1.1583 20 0.7770 20 1.3390 20 1.4397 20 1.4642 20 1.478 24 1.5635 25 1.1242 20 0.7275 20 1.1274 15 1.0695 20 0.627 25 1.0538 20 1.2144 20 1.0810 25 0.8802 10 0.8642 20 0.8611 20
cp/J g–1K–1 2.51 1.79 1.68 1.90 2.20 1.99 1.51 1.75 1.50
vp/kPa 0.02 0.30 2.76 1.10 8.40
0.81 <0.01
µ/D (2.2) ≈0 2.21 1.74 (1.6) (3.5) 2.29 (4.8)
FP/°C
Fl. Lim.
Ign. Temp./°C TLV
99 44 20 39 3 129
3-13% 1-6% 2-12%
371 500 482
25 5
31 177
1-7%
480 490
50
7.36 0.85 0.92 0.97 0.86 2.21 1.72 1.65 1.82 2.31 1.70 1.96 1.76 1.08 1.13 0.95 0.89 0.91 2.61 2.17 2.18 2.33
7.51 1.6 0.62 2.42 21.6 0.05 9.54 94.2 3.79 0.04 <0.01 0.01 16.5 3.1 9.91 106 44.8 <0.01 7.70
215 0.11
1.75 1.72 1.71
0.88 1.13 1.19
500 500 5-12% 20-54%
1.32 0 1.75 ≈0 1.74 0 0.37 (1.6) (0.8) 1.76 (1.4) (0.8) 0.46 (3.6) 0.66 (3.1) 0.61 (2.5) (3.2) (1.3) 0.64 ≈0 0
182 -14 71 -20 4 85 138 86 32 32
179 -7 177 115 -7
1 50
2-12% 1-5%
321 385
200
1-7%
480 482 433
50 2
537 460 420
350 10 50 1000 1000 0.5 1
1%1-5% 8-13% 6-28% 8-11%
1-10% 1-8% 1-9% 2-12%
249 371 454 190 400
5
107 32 27 27
1-7% 1-7% 1-7%
463 527 528
100 100 100
DEPENDENCE OF BOILING POINT ON PRESSURE The normal boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches standard atmospheric pressure, 101.325 kPa. The change in boiling point with pressure may be calculated from the representation of the vapor pressure by the Antoine Equation, ln p = A1 – A2/(T + A3) where p is the vapor pressure, T the absolute temperature, and A1, A2, and A3 are constants. This table, which has been calculated using the Antoine constants in Reference 1, gives values of ∆t/∆p for a number of liquids, in units of both °C/kPa and °C/mmHg. The correction to the boiling point is generally accurate to 0.1 to 0.2 °C as long as the pressure is within 10% of standard atmospheric pressure. A slightly less accurate estimate of ∆t/∆p may be obtained from the Claussius-Clapeyron equation, with the assumption that the change in volume upon vaporization equals the ideal-gas volume of the vapor. This leads to the equation ∆t/∆p = RTb2 /p0 ∆vapH(Tb) where R is the molar gas constant, p0 is 101.325 kPa, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute), and ∆vapH(Tb) is the molar enthalpy of vaporization at the normal boiling point. Values of the last quantity may be obtained from the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6. REFERENCE 1. Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, pp. 4959. tb
Compound
°C
°C/kPa
Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Ammonia Aniline Anisole Benzaldehyde Benzene Bromine Butane 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorine Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane Chloroethane Chloroethylene Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Decane Dibutyl ether Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Dipropyl ether Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Heptane Hexafluorobenzene Hexane
20.1 117.9 56.0 81.6 -33.33 184.1 153.7 179.0 80.0 58.8 -0.5 117.7 46.2 -34.04 131.7 78.6 12.3 -13.3 80.7 160.8 155.4 174.1 140.2 39.6 34.5 189.0 101.5 90.0 78.2 77.1 197.3 98.5 80.2 68.7
0.261 0.324 0.289 0.316 0.198 0.378 0.367 0.392 0.321 0.300 0.267 0.278 0.304 0.224 0.365 0.321 0.262 0.241 0.328 0.344 0.382 0.388 0.363 0.276 0.278 0.379 0.321 0.326 0.249 0.300 0.331 0.336 0.305 0.314
∆t/∆p °C/mmHg 0.0348 0.0432 0.0385 0.0421 0.0264 0.0504 0.0489 0.0523 0.0428 0.0400 0.0356 0.0371 0.0405 0.0299 0.0487 0.0428 0.0349 0.0321 0.0437 0.0459 0.0509 0.0517 0.0484 0.0368 0.0371 0.0505 0.0428 0.0435 0.0332 0.0400 0.0441 0.0448 0.0407 0.0419
tb
Compound 1-Hexanol Hydrogen fluoride Iodomethane Isobutane Methanol Methyl acetate Methyl formate N-Methylaniline N-Methylformamide Nitrobenzene Nitromethane 1-Octanol Pentane 1-Pentanol Phenol Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Styrene Sulfur dioxide Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane Trimethylamine Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
15-19
°C
°C/kPa
157.6 20.1 42.5 -11.7 64.6 56.8 31.7 196.2 199.5 210.8 101.1 195.1 36.0 137.9 181.8 -42.1 97.2 82.3 115.2 129.7 86.5 145.1 -10.05 121.3 76.8 110.6 87.2 61.1 2.8 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3
0.318 0.276 0.291 0.254 0.251 0.282 0.582 0.396 0.371 0.418 0.320 0.360 0.289 0.296 0.349 0.224 0.261 0.247 0.340 0.330 0.309 0.369 0.221 0.354 0.325 0.353 0.330 0.302 0.248 0.276 0.373 0.368 0.369
∆t/∆p °C/mmHg 0.0424 0.0368 0.0388 0.0339 0.0335 0.0376 0.0776 0.0528 0.0495 0.0557 0.0427 0.0480 0.0385 0.0395 0.0465 0.0299 0.0348 0.0329 0.0453 0.0440 0.0412 0.0492 0.0295 0.0472 0.0433 0.0471 0.0440 0.0403 0.0331 0.0368 0.0497 0.0491 0.0492
EBULLIOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF BOILING POINT ELEVATION The boiling point Tb of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, non-dissociating solute is elevated relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solution is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), the amount of elevation depends only on the number of particles of solute present. Hence the change in boiling point ∆Tb can be expressed as ∆Tb = Eb m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Eb is the Ebullioscopic Constant, a characteristic property of the solvent. The Ebullioscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Eb = R Tb2 M/∆vapH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the normal boiling point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ∆vapH the molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization of the solvent at its normal boiling point. This table lists Eb values for some common solvents, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Vaporization” in Section 6. Compound Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Aniline Anisole Benzaldehyde Benzene 1-Butanol Carbon disulfide Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Decane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol Heptane
Eb/K kg mol–1
Compound Hexane Iodomethane Methanol Methyl acetate N-Methylaniline N-Methylformamide Nitrobenzene Nitromethane 1-Octanol Phenol 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloromethane Toluene Trichloroethylene Trichloromethane Water o-Xylene
3.22 1.80 1.44 3.82 4.20 4.24 2.64 2.17 2.42 4.36 3.13 2.92 3.5 6.10 2.42 2.20 3.22 3.01 1.23 2.82 2.26 3.62
15-20
Eb/K kg mol–1 2.90 4.31 0.86 2.21 4.3 2.2 5.2 2.09 5.06 3.54 1.66 1.58 2.83 2.33 2.32 6.18 5.26 3.40 4.52 3.80 0.513 4.25
CRYOSCOPIC CONSTANTS FOR CALCULATION OF FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION The freezing point Tf of a dilute solution of a non-volatile, non-dissociating solute is depressed relative to that of the pure solvent. If the solution is ideal (i.e., follows Raoult’s Law), this lowering is a function only of the number of particles of solute present. Thus the absolute value of the lowering of freezing point ∆Tf can be expressed as ∆Tf = Ef m2 where m2 is the molality (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent) and Ef is the Cryoscopic Constant, a characteristic property of the solvent. The Cryoscopic Constant may be calculated from the relation Ef = R Tf2 M/∆fusH where R is the molar gas constant, Tb is the freezing point temperature (absolute) of the solvent, M the molar mass of the solvent, and ∆fusH the molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion of the solvent. This table lists cryscopic constants for selected substances, as calculated from data in the table “Enthalpy of Fusion” in Section 6.
Compound Acetamide Acetic acid Acetophenone Aniline Benzene Benzonitrile Benzophenone (+)-Camphor 1-Chloronaphthalene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol cis-Decahydronaphthalene trans-Decahydronaphthalene Dibenzyl ether p-Dichlorobenzene Diethanolamine Dimethyl sulfoxide
Ef/K kg mol–1 3.92 3.63 5.16 5.23 5.07 5.35 8.58 37.8 7.68 5.92 7.76 7.20 20.8 42.2 6.42 4.70 6.17 7.57 3.16 3.85
15-21
Compound
Ef/K kg mol–1
1,4-Dioxane Diphenylamine Ethylene glycol Formamide Formic acid Glycerol Methylcyclohexane Naphthalene Nitrobenzene Phenol Pyridine Quinoline Succinonitrile 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Toluene p-Toluidine Tribromomethane Water p-Xylene
4.63 8.38 3.11 4.25 2.38 3.56 2.60 7.45 6.87 6.84 4.26 6.73 19.3 21.4 41.0 3.55 4.91 15.0 1.86 4.31
FREEZING POINT LOWERING BY ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION REFERENCE Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1956. Lowering of freezing point of water (in °C) as function of molality (mol/kg) Compound
0.05
0.10
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
CaCl2 CuSO4 HCl HNO3 H2SO4 KBr KCl KNO3 K2SO4 LiCl MgSO4 NH4Cl NaCl NaNO3
0.25 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.23 0.18 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.18
0.49 0.23 0.36 0.35 0.39 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.43 0.35 0.24 0.34 0.35 0.36
1.27 0.47 0.90 0.88 0.96 0.92 0.86 0.78 1.01 0.88 0.55 0.85 0.85 0.80
2.66 0.96 1.86 1.80 1.95 1.78 1.68 1.47 1.87 1.80 1.01 1.70 1.68 1.62
4.28
6.35
10.78
15.27
20.42
28.08
2.90 2.78 3.04
4.02 3.80 4.28
6.63 5.98 7.35
9.94 8.34 11.35
10.95 16.32
13.92
2.49 2.11
3.29 2.66
4.88
6.50
8.14
9.77
2.08
3.41
2.78 1.50 2.55 2.60 2.63
1-22
3.10
DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM DEW POINT The relative humidity of a water vapor-air mixture is defined as 100 times the partial pressure of water divided by the saturation vapor pressure of water at the same temperature. The relative humidity may be determined from the dew point tdew, which is the temperature at which liquid water first condenses when the mixture is cooled from an initial temperature t. This table gives relative humidity as a function of the dew point depression t - tdew for several values of the dew point. Values are calculated from the vapor pressure table in Section 6.
t - tdew
-10
0
tdew/°C 10
20
30
t - tdew
-10
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0
100 99 97 95 94 92 91 90 88 87 86 84 83 82 80 79 78 77 76 75 73 72 71 70 69 69 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 60 59 58 57 56 55 54
100 99 97 96 94 93 92 90 89 88 87 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 60 59 58 57
100 99 97 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 63 62 61 60 60
100 99 98 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 70 69 68 67 66 66 65 64 63 63 62
100 99 98 97 96 94 93 92 91 90 89 89 87 86 85 84 83 82 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 75 74 73 72 71 71 70 69 68 68 67 66 65 65 64
8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0
54 53 52 51 51 50 49 48 48 47 45 44 42 41 39 38 37 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 24 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
15-23
0 56 56 55 54 53 53 52 51 51 50 48 47 45 44 42 41 40 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14
tdew/°C 10
20
59 58 57 57 56 55 55 54 53 53 51 49 48 47 45 44 43 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
61 60 60 59 58 58 57 56 56 55 54 52 51 49 48 46 45 44 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 33 32 30 29 27 26 24 23 22 21 20 19
30 63 63 62 61 61 60 59 59 58 57 56 55 53 52 50 49 48 47 45 44
DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FROM WET AND DRY BULB TEMPERATURES Relative humidity may be determined by comparing temperature readings of wet and dry bulb thermometers. The following table, extracted from more extensive U.S. National Weather Service tables, gives the relative humidity as a function of air temperature td (dry bulb) and the difference td - tw between dry and wet bulb temperatures. The data assume a pressure near normal atmospheric pressure and an instrumental configuration with forced ventilation.
td/°C
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
(td - tw)/°C 3.0 3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40
83 86 88 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97
67 71 74 77 79 81 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 94
51 57 61 66 69 72 76 78 79 81 82 83 85 85 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 91
35 43 49 55 60 64 68 71 73 75 77 78 79 81 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 88
19 29 37 44 50 55 60 63 66 69 71 73 75 76 77 78 80 80 81 82 83 84 85
15 25 33 40 46 52 57 60 63 66 68 70 71 73 74 76 77 78 78 79 81 82
12 22 29 37 43 48 51 55 58 60 63 65 66 68 69 71 72 73 75 77
12 21 29 36 41 46 50 53 56 58 61 63 64 66 67 69 70 72 74
13 22 29 35 40 44 48 51 54 57 59 61 62 64 65 67 69 72
5 14 22 29 35 39 43 47 50 53 55 57 59 61 62 64 67 69
7 16 24 29 34 39 42 46 49 51 54 56 58 59 61 64 67
td/°C
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
(td - tw)/°C 9.0 10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
9 17 24 29 34 38 42 45 48 50 53 54 56 58 60 61 62 63 64
11 19 24 29 34 38 41 44 47 49 51 53 55 57 58 59 61 62
5 14 20 25 30 34 38 41 44 46 49 51 52 54 56 57 58 59
8 15 21 26 30 34 37 40 43 46 48 50 51 53 54 56 57
10 16 22 26 30 34 37 40 43 45 47 49 51 52 54 54
6 12 18 23 27 31 34 37 40 42 44 46 48 50 51 53
8 14 18 22 26 29 32 35 37 39 41 43 44
7 12 17 20 24 27 30 32 35 37 39 40
6 11 15 19 22 25 28 30 33 35 36
6 10 14 18 21 24 26 29 31 33
5 10 13 17 20 23 25 27 29
15-24
8 23 31 38 44 49 54 57 60 63 65 67 69 70 72 73 74 75 76 78 80
5 10 15 20 24 28 31 34 37 39 41 43 45 47 48
CONSTANT HUMIDITY SOLUTIONS Anthony Wexler An excess of a water soluble salt in contact with its saturated solution and contained within an enclosed space produces a constant relative humidity and water vapor pressure according to RH = A exp(B/T) where RH is the percent relative humidity (generally accurate to ±2 %), T is the temperature in kelvin, and the constants A and B and the range of valid temperatures are given in the table below. The vapor pressure, p, can be calculated from p = (RH/100) × p0 where p0 is the vapor pressure of pure water at temperature T as given in the table in Section 6 titled “Vapor Pressure of Water from 0 to 370°C”. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
Wexler, A. S. and Seinfeld, J. H., Atmospheric Environment, 25A, 2731, 1991. Greenspan, L., J. Res. National Bureau of Standards, 81A, 89, 1977. Broul, et al., Solubility of Inorganic Two-Component Systems, Elsevier, New York, 1981. Wagman, D. D. et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982.
Compound
NaOH ⋅ H2O LiBr ⋅ 2H2O ZnBr2 ⋅ 2H2O KOH ⋅ 2H2O LiCl ⋅ H2O CaBr2 ⋅ 6H2O LiI ⋅ 3H2O CaCl2⋅ 6H2O MgCl2⋅ 6H2O NaI⋅ 2H2O Ca(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O Mg(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O NaBr ⋅ 2H2O NH4NO3 KI SrCl2 ⋅ 6H2O NaNO3 NaCl NH4Cl KBr (NH4)2SO4 KCl Sr(NO3)2 ⋅ 4H2O BaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O CsI KNO3 K2SO4
Temperature range (°C)
RH 25°C
15—60 10—30 5—30 5—30 20—65 11—22 15—65 15—25 5—45 5—45 10—30 5—35 0—35 10—40 5—30 5—30 10—40 10—40 10—40 5—25 10—40 5—25 5—25 5—25 5—25 0—50 10—50
6 6 8 9 11 16 18 29 33 38 51 53 58 62 69 71 74 75 79 81 81 84 85 90 91 92 97
15-25
A
B
5.48 0.23 1.69 0.014 14.53 0.17 0.15 0.11 29.26 3.62 1.89 25.28 20.49 3.54 29.35 31.58 26.94 69.20 35.67 40.98 62.06 49.38 28.34 69.99 70.77 43.22 86.75
27 996 455 1924 –75 1360 1424 1653 34 702 981 220 308 853 254 241 302 25 235 203 79 159 328 75 75 225 34
STANDARD SALT SOLUTIONS FOR HUMIDITY CALIBRATION Saturated aqueous solutions of inorganic salts are convenient secondary standards for calibration of instruments for measurement of relative humidity. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has recommended salt solutions for calibrations in the range of 10% to 90% relative humidity, and the American Society for Testing and Materials has published similar standards. The data in this table are taken from the IUPAC recommendations, except for K2CO3 and K2SO4, which are ASTM recommendations. Details on the preparation and use of these standards may be found in References 1 and 2. Data for other salts are given in Reference 3.
REFERENCES 1. Marsh, K. N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987, pp.157-162. 2. Standard Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by Means of Aqueous Solutions, ASTM Standard E 104-85, Reapproved 1991. 3. Greenspan, L., J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 81A, 89, 1977. Relative Humidity in % t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
LiCl
MgCl2
K2CO3
Mg(NO3)2
NaCl
KCl
K2SO4
11.31±0.31 11.30±0.27 11.28±0.24 11.25±0.22 11.21±0.21 11.16±0.21 11.10±0.22 11.03±0.23 10.95±0.26 10.86±0.29 10.75±0.33 10.64±0.38 10.51±0.44
33.66±0.33 33.60±0.28 33.47±0.24 33.30±0.21 33.07±0.18 32.78±0.16 32.44±0.14 32.05±0.13 31.60±0.13 31.10±0.13 30.54±0.14 29.93±0.16 29.26±0.18 28.54±0.21 27.77±0.25 26.94±0.29 26.05±0.34
43.1±0.7 43.1±0.5 43.1±0.4 43.2±0.3 43.2±0.3 43.2±0.4 43.2±0.5
60.35±0.55 58.86±0.43 57.36±0.33 55.87±0.27 54.38±0.23 52.89±0.22 51.40±0.24 49.91±0.29 48.42±0.37 46.93±0.47 45.44±0.60
75.51±0.34 75.65±0.27 75.67±0.22 75.61±0.18 75.47±0.14 75.29±0.12 75.09±0.11 74.87±0.12
88.61±0.53 87.67±0.45 86.77±0.39 85.92±0.33 85.11±0.29 84.34±0.26 83.62±0.25 82.95±0.25 82.32±0.25 81.74±0.28 81.20±0.31 80.70±0.35 80.25±0.41 79.85±0.48 79.49±0.57 79.17±0.66 78.90±0.77
98.8±2.1 98.5±0.9 98.2±0.8 97.9±0.6 97.6±0.5 97.3±0.5 97.0±0.4 96.7±0.4 96.4±0.4 96.1±0.4 95.8±0.5
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LOW TEMPERATURE BATHS FOR MAINTAINING CONSTANT TEMPERATURE A liquid-solid slurry is a convenient means of maintaining a constant temperature environment below room temperature. The following is a list of readily available organic liquids suitable for this purpose, arranged in order of their melting (freezing) points tm. The normal boiling points tb are also given. Compound Isopentane (2-Methylbutane) Methylcyclopentane 3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride) Pentane Allyl alcohol Ethanol Carbon disulfide Isobutyl alcohol Toluene Acetone Ethyl acetate Dry ice + acetone p-Cymene Trichloromethane (Chloroform) N-Methylaniline Chlorobenzene Anisole Bromobenzene Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride) Benzonitrile
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
tm/°C -159.9 -142.5 -134.5 -129.7 -129 -114.1 -111.5 -108 -94.9 -94.8 -83.6 -78 -68.9 -63.6 -57 -45.2 -37.5 -30.6 -23 -12.7
tb/°C 27.8 71.8 45.1 36.0 97.0 78.2 46 107.8 110.6 56.0 77.1 177.1 61.1 196.2 131.7 153.7 156.0 76.8 191.1
WIRE TABLES The resistance per unit length of wires of various metals is tabulated here. Values were calculated from resistivity values in the tables “Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals” and “Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys”, which appear in Section 12. In practice, resistance may vary because of differing heat treatments and metal composition. The values in the table refer to 20°C, but values at other temperatures may be calculated from the following resistivity data: Resistivity in 10–8 Ω m at temperature 20°C 25°C
0°C
Metal Aluminum Brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan (60% Cu, 40% Ni) Copper Nichrome (79% Ni, 21% Cr) Platinum Silver Tungsten
2.417 5.87 45.43 1.543 107.3 9.6 1.467 4.82
2.650 6.08 45.38 1.678 107.5 10.5 1.587 5.28
2.709 6.13 45.35 1.712 107.6 10.7 1.617 5.39
100°C 3.56 6.91 45.11 2.22 108.3 13.6 2.07 7.18
Resistance per unit length at 20°C in Ω/m B&S Gauge 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Diameter (mm)
Aluminum
Brass
Constantan
Copper
8.252 6.543 5.189 4.115 3.264 2.588 2.053 1.628 1.291 1.024 0.8118 0.6439 0.5105 0.4049 0.3211 0.2548 0.2019 0.1601 0.1270 0.1007 0.07988
0.000495 0.000788 0.00125 0.00199 0.00317 0.00504 0.00800 0.0127 0.0202 0.0322 0.0512 0.0814 0.129 0.206 0.327 0.520 0.828 1.32 2.09 3.33 5.29
0.00114 0.00181 0.00287 0.00457 0.00727 0.0115 0.0184 0.0292 0.0464 0.0738 0.117 0.187 0.297 0.472 0.751 1.19 1.90 3.02 4.80 7.63 12.1
0.00848 0.0135 0.0214 0.0341 0.0542 0.0863 0.137 0.218 0.347 0.551 0.877 1.39 2.22 3.52 5.60 8.90 14.2 22.5 35.8 57.0 90.5
0.000314 0.000499 0.000793 0.00126 0.00200 0.00319 0.00507 0.00806 0.0128 0.0204 0.0324 0.0515 0.0820 0.130 0.207 0.329 0.524 0.833 1.32 2.11 3.35
15-27
Nichrome
Platinum
Silver
Tungsten
0.0201 0.0320 0.0508 0.0808 0.128 0.204 0.325 0.516 0.821 1.30 2.08 3.30 5.25 8.35 13.3 21.1 33.6 53.4 84.9 135 214
0.00196 0.00312 0.00496 0.00789 0.0125 0.0200 0.0317 0.0504 0.0802 0.127 0.203 0.322 0.513 0.815 1.30 2.06 3.28 5.22 8.29 13.2 20.9
0.000297 0.000472 0.000750 0.00119 0.00190 0.00302 0.00479 0.00762 0.0121 0.0193 0.0307 0.0487 0.0775 0.123 0.196 0.311 0.496 0.788 1.25 1.99 3.17
0.00099 0.00157 0.00250 0.00397 0.00631 0.0100 0.0159 0.0254 0.0403 0.0641 0.102 0.162 0.258 0.410 0.652 1.03 1.65 2.62 4.17 6.63 10.5
DENSITY OF VARIOUS SOLIDS This table gives the range of density for miscellaneous solid materials whose characteristics depend on the source or method of preparation.
REFERENCES 1. Forsythe, W. E., Smithsonian Physical Tables, Ninth Edition, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1956. 2. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, Longman, London, 1995. 3. Brandrup, J., and Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Material
ρ/ g cm-3
Material
ρ/ g cm-3
Material
ρ/ g cm-3
Agate Alabaster, carbonate sulfate Albite Amber Amphiboles Anorthite Asbestos Asbestos slate Asphalt Basalt Beeswax Beryl Biotite Bone Brasses Brick Bronzes Butter Calamine Calcspar Camphor Cardboard Celluloid Cement, set Chalk Charcoal, oak pine Cinnabar Clay Coal, anthracite bituminous Coke Copal Cork Corundum Diamond Dolomite Ebonite Emery Epidote Feldspar Flint Fluorite Galena Garnet Gelatin Glass, common lead
2.5-2.7
Pyrex Granite Graphite Gum arabic Gypsum Hematite Hornblende Ice Iron, cast Ivory Kaolin Leather, dry Lime, slaked Limestone Linoleum Magnetite Malachite Marble Meerschaum Mica Muscovite Ochre Opal Paper Paraffin Peat blocks Pitch Polyamides Polyethylene Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polypropylene Polystyrene Polytetrafluoroethylene Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Porcelain Porphyry Pyrite Quartz Resin Rock salt Rubber, hard soft pure gum Neoprene Sandstone Serpentine Silica, fused, Silicon carbide Slag Slate
2.23 2.64-2.76 2.30-2.72 1.3-1.4 2.31-2.33 4.9-5.3 3.0 0.917 7.0-7.4 1.83-1.92 2.6 0.86 1.3-1.4 2.68-2.76 1.18 4.9-5.2 3.7-4.1 2.6-2.84 0.99-1.28 2.6-3.2 2.76-3.00 3.5 2.2 0.7-1.15 0.87-0.91 0.84 1.07 1.15-1.25 0.92-0.97 1.19 0.91-0.94 1.06-1.12 2.28-2.30 1.19 1.39-1.42 2.3-2.5 2.6-2.9 4.95-5.10 2.65 1.07 2.18
Soapstone Solder Starch Steel, stainless Sugar Talc Tallow, beef Tar Topaz Tourmaline Tungsten carbide Wax, sealing Wood (seasoned) alder apple ash balsa bamboo basswood beech birch blue gum box butternut cedar cherry dogwood ebony elm hickory holly juniper larch locust logwood mahogany maple oak pear pine, pitch white yellow plum poplar satinwood spruce sycamore teak, Indian walnut water gum willow Wood’s metal
2.6-2.8 8.7-9.4 1.53 7.8 1.59 2.7-2.8 0.94 1.02 3.5-3.6 3.0-3.2 14.0-15.0 1.8
2.69-2.78 2.26-2.32 2.62-2.65 1.06-1.11 2.9-3.2 2.74-2.76 2.0-2.8 1.8 1.1-1.5 2.4-3.1 0.96-0.97 2.69-2.70 2.7-3.1 1.7-2.0 8.44-8.75 1.4-2.2 8.74-8.89 0.86-0.87 4.1-4.5 2.6-2.8 0.99 0.69 1.4 2.7-3.0 1.9-2.8 0.57 0.28-0.44 8.12 1.8-2.6 1.4-1.8 1.2-1.5 1.0-1.7 1.04-1.14 0.22-0.26 3.9-4.0 3.51 2.84 1.15 4.0 3.25-3.50 2.55-2.75 2.63 3.18 7.3-7.6 3.15-4.3 1.27 2.4-2.8 3-4
15-29
1.19 1.1 0.91-0.93 1.23-1.25 2.14-2.36 2.50-2.65 2.21 3.16 2.0-3.9 2.6-3.3
0.42-0.68 0.66-0.84 0.65-0.85 0.11-0.14 0.31-0.40 0.32-0.59 0.70-0.90 0.51-0.77 1.00 0.95-1.16 0.38 0.49-0.57 0.70-0.90 0.76 1.11-1.33 0.54-0.60 0.60-0.93 0.76 0.56 0.50-0.56 0.67-0.71 0.91 0.66-0.85 0.62-0.75 0.60-0.90 0.61-0.73 0.83-0.85 0.35-0.50 0.37-0.60 0.66-0.78 0.35-0.50 0.95 0.48-0.70 0.40-0.60 0.66-0.98 0.64-0.70 1.00 0.40-0.60 9.70
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF INSULATING MATERIALS L. I. Berger The loss of the dielectric properties by a sample of a gaseous, liquid, or solid insulator as a result of application to the sample of an electric field* greater than a certain critical magnitude is called dielectric breakdown. The critical magnitude of electric field at which the breakdown of a material takes place is called the dielectric strength of the material (or breakdown voltage). The dielectric strength of a material depends on the specimen thickness (as a rule, thin films have greater dielectric strength than that of thicker samples of a material), the electrode shape**, the rate of the applied voltage increase, the shape of the voltage vs. time curve, and the medium surrounding the sample, e.g., air or other gas (or a liquid — for solid materials only). Breakdown in Gases The current carriers in gases are free electrons and ions generated by external radiation. The equilibrium concentration of these particles at normal pressure is about 103 cm-3, and hence the electrical conductivity is very small, of the order of 10-16 - 10-15 S/cm. But in a strong electric field, these particles acquire kinetic energy along their free pass, large enough to ionize the gas molecules. The new charged particles ionize more molecules; this avalanche-like process leads to formation between the electrodes of channels of conducting plasma (streamers), and the electrical resistance of the space between the electrodes decreases virtually to zero. Because the dielectric strength (breakdown voltage) of gases strongly depends on the electrode geometry and surface condition and the gas pressure, it is generally accepted to present the data for a particular gas as a fraction of the dielectric strength of either nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride measured at the same conditions. In Table 1, the data are presented in comparison with the dielectric strength of nitrogen, which is considered equal to 1.00. For convenience to the reader, a few average magnitudes of the dielectric strength of some gases are expressed in kilovolts per millimeter. The data in the table relate to the standard conditions, unless indicated otherwise. Breakdown in Liquids If a liquid is pure, the breakdown mechanism in it is similar to that in gases. If a liquid contains liquid impurities in the form of small drops with greater dielectric constant than that of the main liquid, the breakdown is the result of formation of ellipsoids from these drops by the electric field. In a strong enough electric field, these ellipsoids merge and form a high-conductivity channel between the electrodes. The current increases the temperature in the channel, liquid boils, and the current along the steam canal leads to breakdown. Formation of a conductive channel (bridge) between the electrodes is observed also in liquids with solid impurities. If a liquid contains gas impurities in the form of small bubbles, breakdown is the result of heating of the liquid in strong electric fields. In the locations with the highest current density, the liquid boils, the size of the gas bubbles increases, they merge and form gaseous channels between the electrodes, and the breakdown medium is again the gas plasma. Breakdown in Solids It is known that the current in solid insulators does not obey Ohm’s law in strong electric fields. The current density increases almost exponentially with the electric field, and at a certain field magnitude it jumps to very high magnitudes at which a specimen of a material is destroyed. The two known kinds of electric breakdown are thermal and electrical breakdowns. The former is the result of material heating by the electric current. Destruction of a sample of a material happens when, at a certain voltage, the amount of heat produced by the current exceeds the heat release through the sample surface; the breakdown voltage in this case is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the material. The electrical breakdown results from the tunneling of the charge carriers from electrodes or from the valence band or from the impurity levels into the conduction band, or by the impact ionization. The tunnel effect breakdown happens mainly in thin layers, e.g., in thin p-n junctions. Otherwise, the impact ionization mechanism dominates. For this mechanism, the dielectric strength of an insulator can be estimated using Boltzmann’s kinetic equation for electrons in a crystal. In the following tables, the dielectric strength values are for room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, unless indicated otherwise.
* The unit of electric field in the SI system is newton per coulomb or volt per meter. ** For example, the U.S. standard ASTM D149 is based on use of symmetrical electrodes, while per U.K. standard BS2918 one electrode is a plane and the other is a rod with the axis normal to the plane.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Table 1 Dielectric Strength of Gases
Material Nitrogen, N2 Hydrogen, H2 Helium, He Oxygen, O2 Air Air (flat electrodes), kV/mm Air, kV/mm Air, kV/mm Neon, Ne Argon, Ar Chlorine, Cl2 Carbon monoxide, CO Carbon dioxide, CO2
Nitrous oxide, N2O Sulfur dioxide, SO2 Sulfur monochloride, S2Cl2 (at 12.5 Torr) Thionyl fluoride, SOF2 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, kV/mm Perchloryl fluoride, ClO3F Tetrachloromethane, CCl4 Tetrafluoromethane, CF4 Methane, CH4 Bromotrifluoromethane, CF3Br Bromomethane, CH3Br Chloromethane, CH3Cl Iodomethane, CH3I Iodomethane, CH3I, at 370 Torr Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2 Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2 Chlorotrifluoromethane, CClF3
Dielectric* Strength Ref. 1.00 0.50 0.15 0.92 0.97 3.0 0.4-0.7 1.40 0.25 0.16 0.18 1.55 1.02 1.05 0.88 0.82 0.84 1.24 2.63 2.68 1.02
1,2 1 2 6 3 4 5 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 6 2 2 6 1
2.50 2.50 2.63 8.50 9.8 2.73 6.33 6.21 1.01 1.00 1.13 1.35 1.97 0.71 1.29 3.02 2.20 1.92 2.42 2.63 1.43 1.53
1 1 2 7 8 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 7 2 1 2,6 1 2
*Relative to nitrogen, unless units of kV/mm are indicated.
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Material Trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F
Dielectric* Strength Ref.
3.50 4.53 Trichloromethane, CHCl3 4.2 4.39 Methylamine, CH3NH2 0.81 Difluoromethane, CH2F2 0.79 Trifluoromethane, CHF3 0.71 3.84 Bromochlorodifluoromethane, CF2ClBr Chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2 1.40 1.11 Dichlorofluoromethane, CHCl2F 1.33 2.61 Chlorofluoromethane, CH2ClF 1.03 Hexafluoroethane, C2F6 1.82 2.55 Ethyne (Acetylene), C2H2 1.10 1.11 2.3 Chloropentafluoroethane, C2ClF5 3.0 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, C2Cl2F4 2.52 Chlorotrifluoroethylene, C2ClF3 1.82 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 6.55 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 6.05 Chloroethane, C2H5Cl 1.00 1,1-Dichloroethane 2.66 Trifluoroacetonitrile, CF3CN 3.5 Acetonitrile, CH3CN 2.11 Dimethylamine, (CH3)2NH 1.04 Ethylamine, C2H5NH2 1.01 Ethylene oxide (oxirane), CH3CHO 1.01 Perfluoropropene, C3F6 2.55 Octafluoropropane, C3F8 2.19 2.47 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propene, CH2CHCF3 2.11 Pentafluoroisocyanoethane, C2F5NC 4.5 1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluoro-2-butyne, CF3CCCF3 5.84 Octafluorocyclobutane, C4F8 3.34 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,4-Octafluoro-2-butene 2.8 Decafluorobutane, C4F10 3.08 5.5 Perfluorobutanenitrile, C3F7CN Perfluoro-2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, C5F8 5.5 Hexafluorobenzene, C6F6 2.11 Perfluorocyclohexane, C6F12, (saturated vapor) 6.18
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 6 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Table 2 Dielectric Strength of Liquids
Material Helium, He, liquid, 4.2 K Static Dynamic Nitrogen, N2, liquid, 77K Coaxial cylinder electrodes Sphere to plane electrodes Water, H2O, distilled Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 Hexane, C6H14 Two 2.54 cm diameter spherical electrodes, 50.8 µm space Cyclohexane, C6H12 2-Methylpentane, C6H14 2,2-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 2,3-Dimethylbutane, C6H14 Benzene, C6H6 Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, C8H18 Phenylxylylethane Heptane, C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane, C7H16 Toluene, C6H5CH3
Octane, C8H18
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref.
10 10 5 23
9 11 11 12
20 60 65-70 5.5 16.0 42.0
10 10 13 14 15 16
156 42-48 149 133 138 163 7.1 18.8 140 23.6 166 133 199 46 12.0 20.4 16.6
17,18 16 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18 14 15 17,18 19 17,18 17,18 17,18 16 14 15 14
Material
Ethylbenzene, C8H10 Propylbenzene, C9H12 Isopropylbenzene, C9H12 Decane, C10H22 Synthetic Paraffin Mixture Synfluid 2cSt PAO Butylbenzene, C10H14 Isobutylbenzene, C10H14 Silicone oils—polydimethylsiloxanes, (CH3)3Si-O-[Si(CH3)2]x-O-Si(CH3)3 Polydimethylsiloxane silicone fluid Dimethyl silicone Phenylmethyl silicone Silicone oil, Basilone M50 Mineral insulating oils Polybutene oil for capacitors Transformer dielectric liquid Isopropylbiphenyl capacitor oil Transformer oil Transformer oil Agip ITE 360 Perfluorinated hydrocarbons Fluorinert FC 6001 Fluorinert FC 77 Perfluorinated polyethers Galden XAD (Mol. wt. 800) Galden D40 (Mol. wt. 2000) Castor oil
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref.
20.4 179 226 250 238 192
15 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18 17,18
29.5 275 222
37 17,18 17,18
15.4 24.0 23.2 10-15 11.8 13.8 28-30 23.6 110.7 9-12.6
20 21,22 22 23 6 6 6 6 24 23
8.0 10.7
23 23
10.5 10.2 65
23 23 25
Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids
Material Sodium chloride, NaCl, crystalline Potassium bromide, KBr, crystalline Ceramics Alumina (99.9% Al2O3) Aluminum silicate, Al2SiO5 Berillia (99% BeO) Boron nitride, BN Cordierite, Mg2Al4Si5O18 Forsterite, Mg2SiO4 Porcelain Steatite, Mg3Si4O11•H2O Titanates of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Pb Barium titanate, glass bonded Zirconia, ZrO2 Glasses Fused silica, SiO2 Alkali-silicate glass Standard window glass Micas Muscovite, ruby, natural
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref
150 80
26 26
13.4 5.9 13.8 37.4 7.9 9.8 35-160 9.1-15.4 20-120 >30 11.4
6,27a 6 6,27b 6 6,27c 28 26 6 3 36 29
470-670 200 9.8-13.8
26 26 28
118
6
Material Phlogopite, amber, natural Fluorophlogopite, synthetic Glass-bonded mica Thermoplastic Polymers Polypropylene Amide polymer nylon 6/6, dry Polyamide-imide copolymer Modified polyphenylene oxide Polystyrene Polymethyl methacrylate Polyetherimide Amide polymer nylon 11(dry) Polysulfone Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Polyethersulfone Polybutylene terephthalate Polystyrene-butadiene copolymer Acetal homopolymer Acetal copolymer
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref
118 118 14.0-15.7
6 6 6
23.6 23.6 22.8 21.7 19.7 19.7 18.9 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.0 15.0
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids (continued)
Material
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Polyphenylene sulfide 15.0 Polycarbonate 15.0 Acetal homopolymer resin (molding resin) 15.0 Acetal copolymer resin 15.0 Thermosetting Molding Compounds Glass-filled allyl 15.7 (Type GDI-30 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled epoxy, electrical grade 15.4 Glass-filled phenolic 15.0 (Type GPI-100 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled alkyd/polyester 14.8 (Type MAI-60 per MIL-M-14G) Glass-filled melamine 13.4 (Type MMI-30 per MIL-M-14G) Extrusion Compounds for High-Temperature Insulation Polytetrafluoroethylene 19.7 Perfluoroalkoxy polymer 21.7 Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer 19.7 Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer 15.7 Polyvinylidene fluoride 10.2 Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 19.3 copolymer Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 19.7 Extrusion Compounds for Low-Temperature Insulation Polyvinyl chloride Flexible 11.8-15.7 Rigid 13.8-19.7 Polyethylene 18.9 Polyethylene, low-density 21.7 300 Polyethylene, high-density 19.7 Polypropylene/polyethylene copolymer 23.6 Embedding Compounds Basic epoxy resin: 19.7 bisphenol-A/epichlorohydrin polycondensate Cycloaliphatic epoxy: alicyclic 19.7 diepoxy carboxylate Polyetherketone 18.9 Polyurethanes Two-component, polyol-cured 25.4 Two-part solventless, 24.0 polybutylene-based Silicones Clear two-part heat curing eletrical 21.7 grade silicone embedding resin Red insulating enamel (MIL-E-22118) Dry 47.2 Wet 11.8 Enamels Red enamel, fast cure Standard conditions 78.7 Immersion conditions 47.2 Black enamel Standard conditions 70.9 Immersion conditions 47.2
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
Ref. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
30 30 28 6 31 6 6 6
6 30 6 6
6
6 6
6 6 6 6
Material
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Varnishes Vacuum-pressure impregnated baking type solventless polyester varnish Rigid, two-part 70.9 Semiflexible high-bond thixotropic 78.7 Rigid high-bond high-flash 68.9 freon-resistant Baking type epoxy varnish Solventless, rigid, low viscosity, 90.6 one-part Solventless, semiflexible, one-part 82.7 Solventless, semirigid, chemical 106.3 resistant, low dielectric constant Solvable, for hermetic electric motors 181.1 Polyurethane coating Clear conformal, fast cure Standard conditions 78.7 Immersion conditions 47.2 Insulating Films and Tapes Low-density polyethylene film 300 (40 µm thick) Poly-p-xylylene film 410-590 Aromatic polymer films Kapton H (Du Pont) 389-430 Ultem (GE Plastic and Roem AG) 437-565 Hostaphan (Hoechst AG) 338-447 Amorphous Stabar K2000 404-422 (ICI film) Stabar S100 (ICI film) 353-452 Polyetherimide film (26 µm) 486 Parylene N/D (poly-p-xylylene/polydichloro-p-xylylene) 25 µm film 275 Cellulose acetate film 157 Cellulose triacetate film 157 Polytetrafluoroethylene film 87-173 Perfluoroalkoxy film 157-197 Fluorinated ethylene-propylene 197 copolymer film Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene film 197 Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 197 copolymer film Polychlorotrifluoroethylene film 118-153.5 High-voltage rubber insulating tape 28 Composites Isophthalic polyester (vinyl toluene monomer) filled with Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 15.0 Gypsum, CaSO4 14.4 Alumina trihydrate 15.4 Clay 14.4 BPA fumarate polyester (vinyl toluene monomer) filled with Calcium carbonate 6.1 Gypsum 5.9 Alumina trihydrate 11.8 Clay 12.6
Ref.
6 6 6
6 6 6 6
6 6 31 32 33 33 33 33 33 34 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
38 38 38 38
38 38 38 38
Table 3 Dielectric Strength of Solids (continued)
Material Polysulfone resin—30% glass fiber Polyamid resin (Nylon 66)— 30% carbon fiber Polyimide thermoset resin, glass reinforced Polyester resin (thermoplastic)— 40% glass fiber Epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A), glass reinforced Various Insulators Rubber, natural
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref.
16.5-18.7
38
13.0
38
12.0
39
20.0
38
16.0
40
100-215
26
Material Butyl rubber Neoprene Silicone rubber Room-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber Ureas (from carbamide to tetraphenylurea) Dielectric papers Aramid paper, calendered Aramid paper, uncalendered Aramid with Mica
Dielectric strength kV/mm
Ref.
23.6 15.7-27.6 26-36 9.2-10.9
6 6 6 35
11.8-15.7
28
28.7 12.2 39.4
6 6 6
REFERENCES 1. Vijh, A. K. IEEE Trans., EI-12, 313, 1997. 2. Brand, K. P., IEEE Trans., EI-17, 451, 1982. 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary in Physics, Vedensky, B. A. and Vul, B. M., Eds., Vol. 4, Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, Moscow, 1965. 4. Kubuki, M., Yoshimoto, R., Yoshizumi, K., Tsuru, S., and Hara, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 92, 1997. 5. Al-Arainy, A. A. Malik, N. H., and Cureshi, M. I., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 305, 1994. 6. Shugg, W. T., Handbook of Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986. 7. Devins, J. C., IEEE Trans., EI-15, 81, 1980. 8. Xu, X., Jayaram, S., and Boggs, S. A., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 836, 1996. 9. Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Nayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 120, 1997. 10. Hayakawa, H., Sakakibara, H., Goshima, H., Hikita, M., and Okubo, H., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 127, 1997. 11. Okubo, H., Wakita, M., Chigusa, S., Hayakawa, N., and Hikita, M., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 220, 1997. 12. Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954. 13. Jones, H. M. and Kunhards, E. E., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1016, 1994. 14. Nitta, Y. and Ayhara, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-11, 91, 1976. 15. Gallagher, T. J., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 249, 1977. 16. Wong, P. P. and Forster, E. O., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 1, 1979. 17. Kao, K. C. IEEE Trans., EI-11, 121, 1976. 18. Sharbaugh, A. H., Crowe, R. W., and Cox, E. B., J. Appl. Phys., 27, 806, 1956. 19. Miller, R. L., Mandelcorn, L., and Mercier, G. E., in Proc. Intl. Conf. on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Xian, China, June 24-28, 1985; cited in Ref. 6, p. 492. 20. Hakim, R. M., Oliver, R. G., and St-Onge, H., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 360, 1977. 21. Hosticka, C., IEEE Trans., 389, 1977. 22. Yasufuku, S., Umemura, T., and Ishioka, Y., IEEE Trans., EI-12, 402, 1977. 23. Forster, E. O., Yamashita, H., Mazzetti, C., Pompini, M., Caroli, L., and Patrissi, S., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 440, 1994. 24. Bell, W. R., IEEE Trans., 281, 1977. 25. Ramu, T. C. and Narayana Rao, Y., in Dielectric Materials. Measurements and Applications, IEE Conf. Publ. 177, 37. 26. Skanavi, G. I., Fizika Dielektrikov; Oblast Silnykh Polei (Physics of Dielectrics; Strong Fields). Gos. Izd. Fiz. Mat. Nauk (State Publ. House for Phys. and Math. Scis.), Moscow, 1958. 27. Kleiner, R. N., in Practical Handbook of Materials Science, Lynch, C. T., Ed., CRC Press, 1989; 27a: p. 304; 27b: p.300; 27c: p. 316. 28. Materials Selector Guide. Materials and Methods, Reinhold Publ., New York, 1973. 29. Flinn, R. A. and Trojan, P. K., Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin, 1981, p. 614. 30. Lynch, C. T., Ed., Practical Handbook of Materials Science, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 31. Suzuki, H., Mukai, S., Ohki, Y., Nakamichi, Y., and Ajiki, K., IEEE Trans., DEI-4, 238, 1997. 32. Mori, T., Matsuoka, T., and Muzitani, T., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 71, 1994. 33. Bjellheim, P. and Helgee, B., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 89, 1994. 34. Zheng, J. P., Cygan, P. J., and Jow, T. R., IEEE Trans., DEI-3, 144, 1996. 35. Danukas, M. G., IEEE Trans., DEI-1, 1196, 1994. 36. Burn, I. and Smithe, D. H., J. Mater. Sci., 7, 339, 1972. 37. Hope, K.D., Chevron Chemical, Private Communication.
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38. Engineering Materials Handbook, vol. 1, Composites, C.A. Dostal, Ed., ASM Intl., 1987. 39. 1985 Materials Selector, Mater. Eng., (12) 1984. 40. Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, v. 62 (No. 10A) 1985–1986. Review Literature on the Subject R1.Kuffel, E. and Zaengl, W. S., HV Engineering Fundamentals, Pergamon, 1989. R2.Kok, J. A., Electrical Breakdown of Insulating Liquids, Phillips Tech. Library, Cleaver-Hum, Longon, 1961. R3.Gallagher, T. J., Simple Dielectric Liquids, Clarendon, Oxford, 1975. R4.Meek, J. M. and Craggs, J. D., Eds., Electric Breakdown in Gases, John Wiley & Sons, 1976. R5.Von Hippel, A. R., Dielectric Materials and Applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1954.
© 2000 by CRC PRESS LLC
ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE RADIO SPECTRUM In the United States the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) has responsibility for assigning each portion of the radio spectrum (9 kHz to 300 GHz) for different uses. These assignments must be compatible with the rules of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), to which the United States is bound by treaty. The current assignments are given in a wall chart (Reference 1) and may also be found on the NTIA web site (Reference 2). The list below summarizes the broad features of the spectrum allocation, with particular attention to those sections of scientific interest. The references should be consulted for details of the allocations in the frequency bands listed here, which in some cases are quite complex. REFERENCES 1. United States Frequency Allocations, 1996 Spectrum Wall Chart, Stock No. 003-000-00652-2, U. S. Government Printing Office, P. O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. 2. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html Frequency range 9 - 19.95 kHz 19.95 - 20.05 kHz 20.05 - 535 kHz 535 - 1605 kHz 1605 - 3500 kHz 3.5 - 4.0 MHz 4.0 - 5.95 MHz 5.95 - 13.36 MHz 13.36 - 13.41 MHz 13.41 - 25.55 MHz 25.55 - 25.67 MHz 25.67 - 37.5 MHz 37.5 -38.25 MHz 38.25 - 50.0 MHz 50.0 - 54.0 MHz 54.0 - 72.0 MHz 72.0 - 73.0 MHz 73.0 - 74.6 MHz 74.6 - 76.0 MHz 76.0 - 88.0 MHz 88.0 - 108.0 MHz 108.0 - 118.0 MHz 118.0 - 174.0 MHz 174.0 - 216.0 MHz 216.0 - 400.05 MHz 400.05 - 400.15 MHz 400.15 - 406.1 MHz 406.1 - 410.0 MHz 410.0 - 470.0 MHz 470.0 - 512.0 MHz 512.0 - 608.0 MHz 608.0 - 614.0 MHz 614.0 - 806.0 MHz 806 -1400 MHz 1400 - 1427 MHz 1427 - 1660 MHz 1660 - 1710 MHz 1710 - 2655 MHz 2655 - 2700 MHz 2.7 - 4.99 GHz 4.99 - 5.0 GHz 5.0 - 10.6 GHz 10.6 - 10.7 GHz 10.7 - 15.35 GHz 15.35 - 15.4 GHz 15.4 - 22.21 GHz
Allocation Maritime communication, navigation Standard frequency and time signal (also at 60 kHz and 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 MHz) Maritime and aeronautical communication, navigation AM radio broadcasting Mobile communication and navigation, amateur radio (1800-1900 kHz) Amateur radio Mobile communication Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur, short-wave broadcasting Radioastronomy Mobile communication Amateur TV channels 2-4 Mobile communication Radioastronomy Mobile communication TV channels 5-6 FM radio broadcasting Aeronautical navigation Mobile communication, space research, meteorological satellites TV channels 7-13 Mobile communication Standard frequency and time satellite (also 20 and 25 GHz) Meteorological aids (radiosonde) Radioastronomy Mobile communication, amateur TV channels 14-20 TV channels 21-36 Radioastronomy TV channels 38-69 Mobile communication, navigation Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research, meteorology Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications
15-36
ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE RADIO SPECTRUM (continued) Frequency range
Allocation
22.21 - 22.5 GHz 22.25 - 23.6 GHz 23.6 - 24.0 GHz 24.0 - 31.3 GHz 31.3 - 31.8 GHz 31.8 - 42.5 GHz 42.5 - 43.5 GHz 43.5 - 51.4 GHz 51.4 - 54.25 GHz 54.25 - 58.2 GHz 58.2 - 59.0 GHz 59.0 - 64.0 GHz 64.0 - 65.0 GHz 65.0 - 72.77 GHz 72.77 - 72.91 GHz 72.91 - 86.0 GHz 86.0 - 92.0 GHz 92.0 - 105.0 GHz 105.0 - 116.0 GHz 116.0 - 164.0 GHz 164.0 - 168.0 GHz 168.0 - 182.0 GHz 182.0 - 185.0 GHz 185.0 - 217.0 GHz 217.0 - 231.0 GHz 231.0 - 265.0 GHz 265.0 - 275.0 GHz 275.0 - 300.0 GHz
Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Space research Radioastronomy, space research Satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy, space research Various navigation and satellite applications Radioastronomy Mobile communications
15-37
CORRECTION OF BAROMETER READINGS TO 0°C TEMPERATURE The following corrections are used to reduce the reading of a mercury barometer with a brass scale to 0°C. The number in the table should be subtracted from the observed height of the mercury column to give the true pressure in mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322 Pa). The table is calculated from the formula ∆h = -0.0001634 ht/(1+0.0001818 t), where h is the observed column height in mm and t the Celsius temperature. This relation is based on thermal expansion coefficients of 181.8·10-6 °C-1 for mercury and 18.4·10-6 °C-1 for brass. Observed Height in mm t/°C 620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
0.00 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.62 0.72 0.82 0.92 1.03 1.13 1.23 1.34 1.44 1.54 1.64 1.74 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.26 2.36 2.46 2.56 2.66 2.77 2.87 2.97 3.07 3.17 3.28 3.38 3.48 3.58 3.68 3.78 3.88 3.99 4.09
0.00 0.10 0.21 0.31 0.42 0.52 0.63 0.73 0.84 0.94 1.04 1.15 1.25 1.36 1.46 1.56 1.67 1.77 1.88 1.98 2.08 2.19 2.29 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.71 2.81 2.91 3.02 3.12 3.22 3.33 3.43 3.53 3.64 3.74 3.84 3.95 4.05 4.15
0.00 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.42 0.53 0.64 0.74 0.85 0.95 1.06 1.17 1.27 1.38 1.48 1.59 1.69 1.80 1.91 2.01 2.12 2.22 2.33 2.43 2.54 2.64 2.75 2.85 2.96 3.06 3.17 3.27 3.38 3.48 3.59 3.69 3.80 3.90 4.01 4.11 4.22
0.00 0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.75 0.86 0.97 1.08 1.18 1.29 1.40 1.51 1.61 1.72 1.83 1.93 2.04 2.15 2.26 2.36 2.47 2.58 2.68 2.79 2.90 3.00 3.11 3.22 3.32 3.43 3.54 3.64 3.75 3.86 3.96 4.07 4.18 4.28
0.00 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.87 0.98 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.42 1.53 1.64 1.75 1.86 1.96 2.07 2.18 2.29 2.40 2.51 2.62 2.72 2.83 2.94 3.05 3.16 3.27 3.37 3.48 3.59 3.70 3.81 3.92 4.02 4.13 4.24 4.35
0.00 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.55 1.66 1.77 1.88 1.99 2.10 2.21 2.32 2.43 2.54 2.66 2.77 2.88 2.99 3.10 3.21 3.32 3.43 3.54 3.64 3.75 3.86 3.97 4.08 4.19 4.30 4.41
0.00 0.11 0.23 0.34 0.45 0.56 0.68 0.79 0.90 1.01 1.13 1.24 1.35 1.46 1.57 1.69 1.80 1.91 2.02 2.13 2.25 2.36 2.47 2.58 2.69 2.81 2.92 3.03 3.14 3.25 3.36 3.48 3.59 3.70 3.81 3.92 4.03 4.14 4.25 4.37 4.48
0.00 0.11 0.23 0.34 0.46 0.57 0.69 0.80 0.91 1.03 1.14 1.26 1.37 1.48 1.60 1.71 1.82 1.94 2.05 2.17 2.28 2.39 2.51 2.62 2.73 2.85 2.96 3.07 3.19 3.30 3.41 3.53 3.64 3.75 3.87 3.98 4.09 4.20 4.32 4.43 4.54
0.00 0.12 0.23 0.35 0.46 0.58 0.70 0.81 0.93 1.04 1.16 1.27 1.39 1.50 1.62 1.74 1.85 1.97 2.08 2.20 2.31 2.43 2.54 2.66 2.77 2.89 3.00 3.12 3.23 3.35 3.46 3.58 3.69 3.81 3.92 4.03 4.15 4.26 4.38 4.49 4.61
0.00 0.12 0.24 0.35 0.47 0.59 0.71 0.82 0.94 1.06 1.17 1.29 1.41 1.53 1.64 1.76 1.88 1.99 2.11 2.23 2.34 2.46 2.58 2.69 2.81 2.93 3.04 3.16 3.28 3.39 3.51 3.63 3.74 3.86 3.98 4.09 4.21 4.32 4.44 4.56 4.67
0.00 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.71 0.83 0.95 1.07 1.19 1.31 1.43 1.55 1.67 1.78 1.90 2.02 2.14 2.26 2.38 2.50 2.61 2.73 2.85 2.97 3.09 3.20 3.32 3.44 3.56 3.68 3.79 3.91 4.03 4.15 4.27 4.38 4.50 4.62 4.74
0.00 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.60 0.72 0.85 0.97 1.09 1.21 1.33 1.45 1.57 1.69 1.81 1.93 2.05 2.17 2.29 2.41 2.53 2.65 2.77 2.89 3.01 3.13 3.25 3.37 3.49 3.61 3.73 3.85 3.97 4.09 4.21 4.32 4.44 4.56 4.68 4.80
0.00 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.98 1.10 1.22 1.35 1.47 1.59 1.71 1.83 1.96 2.08 2.20 2.32 2.44 2.56 2.69 2.81 2.93 3.05 3.17 3.29 3.41 3.54 3.66 3.78 3.90 4.02 4.14 4.26 4.38 4.50 4.62 4.75 4.87
0.00 0.12 0.25 0.37 0.50 0.62 0.74 0.87 0.99 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.49 1.61 1.73 1.86 1.98 2.10 2.23 2.35 2.47 2.60 2.72 2.84 2.97 3.09 3.21 3.34 3.46 3.58 3.71 3.83 3.95 4.07 4.20 4.32 4.44 4.56 4.69 4.81 4.93
0.00 0.13 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.63 0.75 0.88 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.38 1.51 1.63 1.76 1.88 2.01 2.13 2.26 2.38 2.51 2.63 2.76 2.88 3.01 3.13 3.26 3.38 3.51 3.63 3.75 3.88 4.00 4.13 4.25 4.38 4.50 4.62 4.75 4.87 5.00
0.00 0.13 0.25 0.38 0.51 0.64 0.76 0.89 1.02 1.15 1.27 1.40 1.53 1.65 1.78 1.91 2.03 2.16 2.29 2.41 2.54 2.67 2.79 2.92 3.05 3.17 3.30 3.42 3.55 3.68 3.80 3.93 4.05 4.18 4.31 4.43 4.56 4.68 4.81 4.94 5.06
0.00 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.52 0.64 0.77 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.29 1.42 1.55 1.67 1.80 1.93 2.06 2.19 2.32 2.44 2.57 2.70 2.83 2.96 3.08 3.21 3.34 3.47 3.60 3.72 3.85 3.98 4.11 4.23 4.36 4.49 4.62 4.74 4.87 5.00 5.13
0.00 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.52 0.65 0.78 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.30 1.44 1.57 1.70 1.83 1.96 2.09 2.22 2.35 2.48 2.60 2.73 2.86 2.99 3.12 3.25 3.38 3.51 3.64 3.77 3.90 4.03 4.16 4.29 4.42 4.55 4.68 4.80 4.93 5.06 5.19
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.51 0.61 0.71 0.81 0.91 1.01 1.11 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.52 1.62 1.72 1.82 1.92 2.02 2.12 2.22 2.32 2.42 2.52 2.62 2.72 2.82 2.92 3.02 3.12 3.22 3.32 3.42 3.52 3.62 3.72 3.82 3.92 4.02
15-23
METALS AND ALLOYS WITH LOW MELTING TEMPERATURE L. I. Berger
Metal or Alloy System Hg Cs-K Cs-Na K-Na Na-Rb Ga-In-Sn Ga-Sn-Zn Cs Ga K-Rb Bi-Cd-In-Pb-Sn Bi-In-Pb-Sn Bi-In-Sn K Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn Bi-In Bi-Cd-Pb Bi-Pb-Sn Na Bi-Cd-Sn In-Sn Cd-In Bi-Pb Bi-Sn-Zn Bi-Sn Bi-Cd In Li Pb-Sn Bi-Tl Sn-Zn Sb-Sn Au-Pb Ag-Sn Bi-Pb-Sb-Sn Cu-Sn Sn
Weight
Melting Temperature °C
Composition, %* Atomic
100 77.0-23.0 94.5-5.5 76.7-23.3 8.0-92.0 62.5-21.5-16.0 82.0-12.0-6.0 100 100 32.0-68.0 44.7-5.3-19.1-22.6-8.3 49.5-21.3-17.6-11.6 32.5-51.0-16.5 100 50.0-12.5-25.0-12.5 33.0-67.0 51.6-8.2-40.2 52.5-32.0-15.5 100 54.0-20.0-26.0 51.8-48.2 25.3-74.7 55.5-44.5 56.0-40.0-4.0 70-30 60.3-39.7 100 100 38.1-61.9 48.0-52.0 91.0-9.0 8.0-92.0 14.6-85.4 3.5-96.5 48.0-28.5-9.0-14.5 0.75-99.25 100
100 50.0-50.0 75.0-25.0 65.9-34.1 24.4-75.6 73.6-15.3-11.1 86.0-7.3-6.7 100 100 50-50 35.1-8.2-27.3-17.9-11.5 39.2-30.7-14.0-16.2 21.1-60.1-18.8 100 41.5-19.3-21.0-18.2 21.3-78.7 48.1-14.2-37.7 46.8-28.7-24.5 100 39.4-27.2-33.4 52.6-47.4 25.7-74.3 55.3-44.7 40.2-50.6-9.2 57.0-43.0 45.0-55.0 100 100 26.1-73.9 47.5-52.5 85.0-15.0 7.8-92.2 15.2-84.8 3.8-96.2 40.8-24.5-13.1-21.6 1.3-98.7 100
-38.84 -37.5 -30.0 -12.65 -5 11 17 28.44 29.77 33 46.7 58.2 60.5 63.38 70 72 91.5 95 97.8 102.5 119 120 124 130 138.5 145.5 156.6 180.5 183 185 198 199 212 221 226 227 231.9
Comments
Ref.
Eutectic (?) Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic
1 2 3 4 5 5
Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic
4 6 6 7
Wood’s alloy Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic
6 8 6 6
Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic
6 9 10 11 6, 7 6, 12 13, 14
Eutectic Eutectic Eutectic White Metal Eutectic Eutectic Matrix Alloy Eutectic
6,15 13 14 16 17 13,18 6 13, 19
*The useful expression for correlations between the atomic and weight concentrations of an alloy components are:
f (w, Ak )
f (a, Ak ) =
N
Mk
∑ i =1
f (w, Ai )
and f (w, Ak ) =
M k ⋅ f (a, Ak ) N
∑ M ⋅ f (a , A ) i
Mi
(i = 1,K, k,K, N )
i
i =1
where f(a, Ai) and f(w, Ai) are the atomic and weight concentrations of component Ai, respectively, and Mi is the atomic weight of this component.
15-28
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Zintle, E. and Hauke, W., Z. Electrochem., 44, 104, 1938. Rinck, E., Compt. Rend., 199, 1217, 1934. Krier, C. A., Craign, R. S., and Wallace, W. E., J. Phys. Chem., 61, 522, 1957. Goria, C., Gazz. Chim. Ital., 65, 865, 1935. Baker, H., Ed., ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., Materials Park, OH, 1992. Sedlacek, V., Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys, Elsevier, 1986. Villars, P., Prince, A., Okamoto, H., Eds., Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Intl., 1994. Palatnik, L. S., Kosevich, V. M., and Tyrina, L. V., Phys. Metals Metallog. (USSR), 11, 75, 1961. Neumann, T. and Alpout, O., J. Less-Common Metals, 6, 108, 1964. Neumann, T. and Predel, B., Z. Metallk., 50, 309, 1959. Roy, P., Orr, R. L., and Hultgren, R., J. Phys. Chem., 64, 1034, 1960. Dobovicek, B. and Smajic, N., Rudarsko-Met. Zbornik, 4, 353, 1962. Massalski, T. B., Okamoto, H., Subramanian, P. R., and Kacprzak, L., Eds., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd ed., ASM Intl., 1990. Dobovicek, B. and Straus, B., Rudarsko-Met. Zbornik, 3, 273, 1960. Schurmann, E. and Gilhaus, F. J., Arch. Eisenhuettenw., 32, 867, 1961. Rosenblatt, G. M. and Birchenall, C. E., Trans. AIME, 224, 481, 1962. Evans, D. S. and Prince, A., in Alloy Phase Diagrams, MRS Simposia Proc., Vol. 19, North-Holland, 1983, p. 383. Umanskiy, M. M., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 14, 846, 1940. Homer, C. E. and Plummer, H., J. Inst. Met., 64, 169, 1939.
15-29
FLAME TEMPERATURES This table gives the adiabatic flame temperature for stoichemetric mixtures of various fuels and oxidizers. The temperatures are calculated from thermodynamic and transport properties under ideal adiabatic conditions, using methods described in the reference.
REFERENCE Fristrom, R. M., Flame Structures and Processes, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
Adiabatic Flame Temperature in K for Various Fuel-Oxidizer Combinations Oxidizer Fuel
Air
Organic liquids and gases Acetaldehyde 2288 Acetone 2253 Acetylene 2607 Benzene 2363 Butane 2248 Carbon disulfide 2257 Cyanogen 2596 Cyclohexane 2250 Cyclopropane 2370 Decane 2286 Ethane 2244 Ethanol 2238 Ethylene 2375 Hexane 2238 Methane 2236 Methanol 2222 Oxirane 2177 Pentane 2250 Propane 2250 Toluene 2344 Solids Aluminum Lithium Phosphorus (white) Zirconium Other Ammonia Carbon monoxide 1388 Diborane Hydrazine Hydrogen 2169 Hydrogen sulfide 2091 Phosphine Silane
O2
F2
Cl2
N2 O
NO
4006
2493
2965
3127
4855
4005 2711 3242 4278 2845 3350 3037 3000 3414 3139 3043
15-40
DENSITY OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURES This table gives the density of mixtures of ethanol and water as a function of composition and temperature. The composition is specified in weight percent of ethanol, i.e., mass of ethanol per 100 g of solution. Values from the reference have been converted to true densities.
REFERENCE Washburn, E. W., Ed., International Critical Tables of Numerical Data of Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, Vol. 3, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1926-1932.
Weight % Ethanol 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
10 ∞C
15 ∞C
Density in g/cm3 20 ∞C 25 ∞C
30 ∞C
35 ∞C
40 ∞C
0.99970 0.99095 0.98390 0.97797 0.97249 0.96662 0.95974 0.95159 0.94235 0.93223 0.92159 0.91052 0.89924 0.88771 0.87599 0.86405 0.85194 0.83948 0.82652 0.81276 0.79782
0.99910 0.99029 0.98301 0.97666 0.97065 0.96421 0.95683 0.94829 0.93879 0.92849 0.91773 0.90656 0.89520 0.88361 0.87184 0.85985 0.84769 0.83522 0.82225 0.80850 0.79358
0.99820 0.98935 0.98184 0.97511 0.96861 0.96165 0.95379 0.94491 0.93515 0.92469 0.91381 0.90255 0.89110 0.87945 0.86763 0.85561 0.84341 0.83093 0.81795 0.80422 0.78932
0.99565 0.98667 0.97872 0.97130 0.96392 0.95604 0.94738 0.93787 0.92767 0.91689 0.90577 0.89434 0.88275 0.87097 0.85905 0.84695 0.83470 0.82218 0.80920 0.79553 0.78073
0.99403 0.98498 0.97682 0.96908 0.96131 0.95303 0.94400 0.93422 0.92382 0.91288 0.90165 0.89013 0.87848 0.86664 0.85467 0.84254 0.83027 0.81772 0.80476 0.79112 0.77639
0.99222 0.98308 0.97472 0.96667 0.95853 0.94988 0.94052 0.93048 0.91989 0.90881 0.89747 0.88586 0.87414 0.86224 0.85022 0.83806 0.82576 0.81320 0.80026 0.78668 0.77201
0.99705 0.98814 0.98040 0.97331 0.96636 0.95892 0.95064 0.94143 0.93145 0.92082 0.90982 0.89847 0.88696 0.87524 0.86337 0.85131 0.83908 0.82658 0.81360 0.79989 0.78504
15-33
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES This table gives properties related to the flammability of about 900 chemical substances. The properties listed are: tB : Normal boiling point in °C ( at 101.325 kPa pressure). FP: Flash point, which is the minimum temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. Flash point is not an intrinsic physical property but depends on the conditions of measurement (see Reference 1). Fl. Limits: Flammable limits (often called explosive limits), which specify the range of concentration of the vapor in air (in percent by volume) for which a flame can propagate. Below the lower flammable limit, the gas mixture is too lean to burn; above the upper flammable limit, the mixture is too rich. Values refer to ambient temperature and pressure and are dependent on the precise test conditions. A ? indicates that one of the limits is not known. IT: Ignition temperature (sometimes called autoignition temperature), which is the minimum temperature required for self-sustained combustion in the absence of an external ignition source. As in the case of flash point, the value depends on specified test conditions. Even in cases where very careful measurements of flash point have been replicated in several laboratories, observed values can differ by 3 to 6°C (Reference 4). For more typical measurements, larger uncertainties should be assumed in both flash points and autoignition temperatures. The absence of a flash point entry in this table does not mean that the substance is nonflammable, but only that no reliable value is available. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. Substances not containing carbon are listed first, followed by those that contain carbon. To locate an organic compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. REFERENCES 1. Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, 11th Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 1994. 2. Urben, P.G., Editor, Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1995. 3. Daubert, T.E., Danner, R.P., Sibul, H.M., and Stebbins, C.C., Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Compounds: Data Compilation, extant 1994 (core with 4 supplements), Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA. 4. Report of Investigation: Flash Point Reference Materials, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Materials Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995. Mol. Form.
tB/°C
Name
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
-90 30 <0
1-98% 0.4-?
≈40 35 ≈20 ≈20 36 104 ≈20 ≈50
Compounds not containing carbon B2H6 B5H9 BrH3Si Br3HSi Cl2H2Si Cl3HSi GeH4 Ge2H6 H2 H2S H2S2 H2Te H3N H3P H4N2 H4P2 H4Si H6Si2 H8Si3 P
Diborane Pentaborane(9) Bromosilane Tribromosilane Dichlorosilane Trichlorosilane Germane Digermane Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen disulfide Hydrogen telluride Ammonia Phosphine Hydrazine Diphosphine Silane Disilane Trisilane Phosphorus (white)
-92.4 60 1.9 109 8.3 33 -88.1 29 -252.8 -59.55 70.7 -2 -33.33 -87.75 113.55 63.5 -111.9 -14.3 52.9 280.5
4.1-99% -50
4-74% 4-44%
260
<22 -50
38 -112 -14 <0
16-25% 1.8-? 5-100% 1.4-?
≈20 ≈20 ≈20 ≈20 38
Compounds containing carbon CHN CH2Cl2 CH2N2
Hydrogen cyanide Dichloromethane Cyanamide
26 40
-18 141
16-16
6-40% 13-23%
538 556
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form CH2O (CH2O)x CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4 CH4Cl2Si CH4O CH4S CH5N CH6N2 CO COS CS2 C2ClF3 C2F4 C2HCl3 C2HCl3O C2H2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2F2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl2NO2 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3Si C2H3F C2H3N C2H3NO C2H4 C2H4ClNO2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O3 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3Si C2H5N C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO3 C2H6 C2H6Cl2Si C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6OS C2H6O2
tB/°C
Name Formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Formamide Nitromethane Methane Dichloromethylsilane Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine Methylhydrazine Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon disulfide Chlorotrifluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Trichloroethylene Dichloroacetyl chloride Acetylene 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1-Difluoroethylene Bromoethylene Chloroethylene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichlorovinylsilane Fluoroethylene Acetonitrile Methyl isocyanate Ethylene 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Ethaneperoxoic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Ethylene chlorohydrin Trichloroethylsilane Ethyleneimine Nitroethane Ethyl nitrite Ethyl nitrate Ethane Dichlorodimethylsilane Ethanol Dimethyl ether 2-Mercaptoethanol Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol
-19.1 101 3.5 -24.0 65.6 220 101.1 -161.5 41 64.6 5.9 -6.3 87.5 -191.5 -50 46 -27.8 -75.9 87.2 108 -84.7 31.6 60.1 48.7 -85.7 15.8 -13.3 -9.7 50.7 123.5 74.0 113.8 91.5 -72 81.6 39.5 -103.7 124.5 57.4 83.5 20.1 10.6 117.9 31.7 110 38.5 12.3 128.6 100.5 56 114.0 18 87.2 -88.6 70.3 78.2 -24.8 158 189 197.3
16-17
FP/°C 85 70 50
-9 154 35 -9 11 -18 0 -8
-30
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
7.0-73% 7.0-73% 18-57% 10-16% 8.1-17.4% 7.6->20%
424 300 434 537 632 >404
7.3-? 5.0-15.0% 6.0-55% 6.0-36% 3.9-21.8% 4.9-20.7% 2.5-92% 12.5-74% 12-29% 1.3-50.0% 8.4-16.0% 10.0-50.0% 8-10.5%
418 537 316 464 430 194 609 90 200 420
66 2.5-100% 6.5-15.5% 3-15% 6-13% 5.5-21.3% 9-15% 3.6-33.0% 6-18%
305 570 460 460
8-10.5% 6-28%
500 460
6 -7
2.6-21.7% 3.0-16.0% 5.3-26% 2.7-36%
524 534 450
56 -17 13 -39 -20 39 -19 41
5.4-11.4% 6.2-16% 4.0-60% 3.0-100% 4.0-19.9% 4.5-23%
458 413 175 429 463 449
6.8-8.0% 3.8-15.4% 4.9-15.9%
511 519 425
3.3-54.8% 3.4-17% 4.0-50% 4-? 3.0-12.5% 3.4-9.5% 3.3-19% 3.4-27.0%
320 414 90
363 350
2.6-42% 3.2-22%
215 398
-28 6 2
-78 4 76 32 21
-50 60 22 -11 28 -35 10 <21 13 -41 74 95 111
530 472 632 390
472
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C2H6O4S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C2H8N2 C2N2 C3H3Br C3H3N C3H4 C3H4ClN C3H4Cl2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5ClO C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl2NO2 C3H5Cl3 C3H5Cl3Si C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5N3O9 C3H6 C3H6 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6ClNO2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2O C3H6N2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C3H7Cl3Si C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2
tB/°C
Name Dimethyl sulfate Ethanethiol Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl disulfide Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Cyanogen 3-Bromo-1-propyne 2-Propenenitrile Propyne 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2,3-Dichloropropene Propargyl alcohol Acrolein Propenoic acid 2-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate 3-Bromopropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin Propanoyl chloride 2-Chloropropanoic acid Ethyl chloroformate Methyl chloroacetate 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitropropane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Trichloro-2-propenylsilane Propanenitrile 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile Trinitroglycerol Propene Cyclopropane 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol Dimethylcyanamide Allyl alcohol Methyl vinyl ether Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Ethyl formate Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Dimethyl carbonate 1,3,5-Trioxane 1-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 2-Chloro-1-propanol 1-Chloro-2-propanol Trichloropropylsilane Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide 1-Nitropropane
35.1 37.3 109.8 16.5 6.8 171 117 63.9 -21.1 89 77.3 -23.2 175.5 94 113.6 52.6 141 162 248 70.1 22.6 45.1 118 80 185 95 129.5 145 157 117.5 97.1 221 -47.6 -32.8 142 96.4 176 163.5 97.0 5.5 48 56.0 35 141.1 54.4 56.8 78 90.5 114.5 71.1 46.5 35.7 133.5 127 123.5 53.3 153 131.1
16-18
FP/°C 83 -17 -37 24 -16 20 86 40 -15 10 0 76 15 36 -26 50 74 143 -1 -37 -32 31 12 107 16 57 66 71 35 2 129
62 57 21 74 71 21 -30 -20 -37 52 -20 -10 2 19 45 <-18 -32 52 52 37 -29 58 36
Fl. Limits 2.8-18.0% 2.2-19.7% 3.5-14% 2.8-14.4% 3.0-23.5% 2.5-12.0% 2-95% 6.6-32% 3.0-? 3.0-17.0% 2.1-12.5%
IT/°C 188 300 206 385 400 410 385 249 324 481
2.6-7.8% 2.8-31% 2.4-8.0% 2.9-?
220 438
4.4-7.3% 4.5-16% 2.9-11.1% 3.8-21.0%
295 485 411 500 500
7.5-18.5% 3.2-12.6% 3.1-14%
512
2.0-11.1% 2.4-10.4%
270 455 498
3.4-14.5%
557
2.5-18.0%
378 287 207 465 449 465 455 454
2.6-17% 2.5-12.8% 3.1-27.5% 2.9-12.1% 2.8-16.0% 3.1-16%
3.6-29% 2.6-11.1% 2.8-10.7%
414 490 520 593
2.2-22% 2.2-15.2% 2.2-?
374 445 421
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C3H7NO2 C3H7NO3 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H9BO3 C3H9ClSi C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H9O3P C3H9O4P C3H10N2 C4Cl6 C4H2O3 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5Cl C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O6 C4H7Br C4H7BrO2 C4H7Cl C4H7Cl C4H7ClO C4H7ClO2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8
tB/°C
Name 2-Nitropropane Propyl nitrate Propane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Ethyl methyl ether 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Dimethoxymethane Glycerol Trimethyl borate Trimethylchlorosilane Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 3-Amino-1-propanol 1-Amino-2-propanol N-Methyl-2-ethanolamine Trimethyl phosphite Trimethyl phosphate 1,3-Propanediamine Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Maleic anhydride 1-Buten-3-yne Succinonitrile Furan Diketene Thiophene 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 2-Butenenitrile Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butyne Divinyl ether Ethoxyacetylene trans-2-Butenal 3-Buten-2-one Vinyloxirane Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2,3-Butanedione gamma-Butyrolactone Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate L-Tartaric acid 1-Bromo-2-butene Ethyl bromoacetate 2-Chloro-1-butene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether Ethyl chloroacetate Butanenitrile 2-Methylpropanenitrile Acetone cyanohydrin 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene
120.2 110 -42.1 97.2 82.3 7.4 187.6 214.4 124.1 42 290 67.5 60 47.2 31.7 2.8 187.5 159.4 158 111.5 197.2 139.8 215 202 5.1 266 31.5 126.1 84.0 59.4 120.5 90.3 129.7 -4.4 26.9 28.3 50 102.2 81.4 68 162.5 72.5 80.7 88 204 139.5 242 104.5 168.5 58.5 71.5 108 144.3 117.6 103.9 251 -6.2 3.7 0.8
16-19
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
24 20 -104 23 12 -37 99
2.6-11.0% 2-100% 2.1-9.5% 2.2-13.7% 2.0-12.7% 2.0-10.1% 2.6-12.5%
39 -32 199 -8 -28 -37 -37 -5 80 77 74 54 107 24
1.8-14% 2.2-13.8% 3-19%
102 132 -36 34 -1 -20 16 1 39 -31 <-30 <-7 13 -7 <-50 77 -8 -3 27 98 49 135 210
2.0-10.4% 2.0-11.6%
IT/°C 428 175 450 412 399 190 371 400 285 237 370 395 318 402 190 374
1.4-7.1% 21-100%
610 477
2.3-14.3%
4.0-20.0% 2-6.8% 2.0-12.0% 1.4-? 1.7-27%
420 360
2.1-15.5% 2.1-15.6%
232 491
1.6-8.8% 2.6-13.4% 2.8-25%
68 402 468
2.7-10.3%
316 425
4.6-12.0% 48 -19 -12 27 64 24 8 74 129
2.3-9.3% 3.2-8.1%
1.6-? 2.2-12.0%
501 482 688
1.6-10.0% 1.7-9.0% 1.8-9.7%
385 325 324
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl3Si C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H9NO3 C4H10 C4H10 C4H10N2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O2S C4H10O3 C4H10O4S C4H10S C4H10S
tB/°C
Name Isobutene Cyclobutane 1,2-Dichlorobutane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 2-Buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-2-propenol Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Oxathiane Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Isopropyl formate Ethyl acetate Methyl propanoate 3-Hydroxybutanal 1,4-Dioxane Sulfolane Methyl lactate Ethylene glycol monoacetate 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane Butyltrichlorosilane Pyrrolidine N-Ethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Butanal oxime 2-Butanone oxime Morpholine N-Acetylethanolamine Butyl nitrate Butane Isobutane Piperazine 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether 1,2-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Butanediol 2,3-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether tert-Butyl hydroperoxide 2,2′-Thiodiethanol Diethylene glycol Diethyl sulfate 1-Butanethiol 2-Butanethiol
-6.9 12.6 124.1 161 178.5 121.5 114.5 35.5 63.4 74.8 64.5 79.5 65 147 163.7 154.4 80.9 68.2 77.1 79.8 101.5 287.3 144.8 188 101.6 91.2 78.6 68.2 68.5 50.9 148.5 86.5 205 165 154 152.5 128 133 -0.5 -11.7 146 117.7 99.5 107.8 82.4 34.5 39.1 190.5 207.5 235 182.5 135 85 282 245.8 208 98.5 85
16-20
FP/°C <10
Fl. Limits 1.8-9.6% 1.8-?
IT/°C 465 275
52 55 27 33 <-46 -22 -22 -18 -9 -14 42 72 56 -3 -6 -4 -2 66 12 177 49 102 18 21 -12 -10 -6 0 54 3 110 70 58 ≈70 37 179 36 -60 -87 81 37 24 28 11 -45 -20 40 121 121 43 -2 27 160 124 104 2 -23
2.7-? 4.2-35.3%
369 349
1.7-28% 1.7-19% 1.9-12.5% 1.6-10.6% 1.4-11.4% 2-11.8%
202 439 218 196 404 321
2.0-10.0% 2.0-9.2%
2.0-22%
443 481 455 485 426 469 250 180
2.2-?
385
2.6-6.6%
265
1.9-10.1%
240
2.0-11.5% 2.5-13%
2.0-8.7%
1.8-11.5%
490
1.4-11.2%
290 460
1.9-8.5% 1.8-8.4%
287 460
1.4-11.2% 1.7-9.8% 1.7-10.6% 2.4-8.0% 1.9-36.0% 2.0-14.8%
343 405 415 478 180
395
3-18%
402 235 202
2-17%
298 224 436
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C4H10S C4H10S C4H10Se C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO C4H11NO C4H11NO2 C4H12Sn C4H13N3 C5H4O2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H7N C5H7NO C5H7NO2 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O3 C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10Cl2 C5H10N2 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2
tB/°C
Name 2-Methyl-1-propanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl selenide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine 2-Amino-1-butanol 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol Diethanolamine Tetramethylstannane Diethylenetriamine Furfural Pyridine 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 2-Methylpyrazine 3-Methylfuran Furfuryl alcohol 1-Methylpyrrole 2-Furanmethanamine Ethyl cyanoacetate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne Cyclopentene 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-one Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran Allyl acetate Isopropenyl acetate Vinyl propanoate Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Methyl acetoacetate N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene cis-2-Pentene trans-2-Pentene 2-Methyl-1-butene 3-Methyl-1-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene Cyclopentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile Cyclopentanol Pentanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Methyl butanoate 3-Ethoxypropanal Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
88.5 64.3 108 77.0 63.5 44.0 67.7 55.5 178 165.5 268.8 78 207 161.7 115.2 32 137 66 171 115 145.5 205 34.0 40.1 44.2 98 130.5 86 103.5 94 91.2 99.4 100.5 138 171.7 202 29.9 36.9 36.3 31.2 20.1 38.5 49.3 179 173 140.4 103 102.2 101.9 88 78 186.1 176.5 106.1 98.2 101.5 88.6 99.1 102.8 135.2 178
16-21
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
2 <-29 -12 -9 -9 -9 -23 74 67 172 -12 98 60 20 <-7 50 -30 75 16 37 110 -54 <-20 -29
2.5-? 1.7-9.8%
312
1.7-8.9% 2-12% 1.8-10.1%
380 378 312
2-13% 1.9-? 2-6.7% 2.1-19.3% 1.8-12.4%
662 358 316 482
1.8-16.3%
491
1.5-8.9%
395 395
1.8-9.0% 26 -18 22 26 1 10 10 34 77 96 -18 <-20 <-20 -20 -7 -20 -25 >27 65 51 12 7 13 -20 -11 96 18 5 13 2 12 14 38 75
374 432 1.4-14% 1.7-8.2%
372
1-10% 1.5-8.7%
340 280 346 275
1.5-9.1%
365
1.5-?
361
1.5-8.2% 1.6-?
222 452 450
1.7-8.2% 2-9% 1.7-8% 1.8-8% 1.9-11%
400 416 322 320 450 460 440
1.5-9.7%
282
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11Cl3Si C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12N2 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C5H12S C5H12S C5H13N C5H13N C6H2Cl4 C6H3ClN2O4 C6H3Cl3 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5Cl3Si C6H5F C6H5NO2 C6H5N3O4 C6H6 C6H6 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H6O2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N
tB/°C
Name Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Trichloropentylsilane Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine Isopentyl nitrite Pentane Isopentane Neopentane 1-Methylpiperazine Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Ethyl propyl ether 1,5-Pentanediol 2-Isopropoxyethanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1-Pentanethiol 3-Methyl-2-butanethiol Pentylamine Butylmethylamine 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene o-Chlorophenol p-Chlorophenol 3,4-Dichloroaniline Trichlorophenylsilane Fluorobenzene Nitrobenzene 2,4-Dinitroaniline 1,5-Hexadien-3-yne Benzene p-Nitroaniline Phenol 1,2-Benzenediol Resorcinol p-Hydroquinone Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine
126 143 154.5 129.8 107.8 85.6 98.9 172 106.2 81 116 99.2 36.0 27.8 9.4 138 176.5 137.9 119.3 116.2 128 131.1 102.4 112.9 113.5 63.2 239 145 208 193 126.6 104.3 91 244.5 315 213.5 242 180 173 174 210 156.0 131.7 174.9 220 272 201 84.7 210.8 85 80.0 332 181.8 245 287 184.1 129.3 145.3
16-22
FP/°C 25 49 46 32 13 <21 63 16 -14 24 -40 -51 -65 42 77 33 34 41 50 43 19 38 37 <-20 129 33 129 96 18 3 -1 13 155 194 105 127 66 72 66 114 51 28 64 121 166 91 -15 88 224 <-20 -11 199 79 127 127 165 70 39 57
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
1.5-12.3% 1.5-?
392 400
1.6-8.6% 1.5-7.4% 1.5-7.4%
260 345
1.4-8.0% 1.4-7.6% 1.4-7.5%
1.2-10.0% 1.2-9.0% 1.2-9.0% 1.2-9.0% 1.2-9.0%
210 260 420 450
300 343 435 385 350 437
1.7-9.0% 335
1.38-22.7%
399 240
2.2-22%
2.0-22% 2.5-6.6%
571
2.2-9.2%
648
1.3-9.6%
565 593
1.8-?
482
1.5-? 1.2-7.8%
498
1.8-8.6%
715
1.4-?
608 516 615 538
1.3-11%
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H8ClN C6H8Cl2O2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8N2 C6H8O C6H8O4 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11NO C6H11NO2 C6H11NO2 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12Cl2O2 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2
tB/°C
Name Aniline, hydrochloride Hexanedioyl dichloride Adiponitrile o-Phenylenediamine Phenylhydrazine 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 2,5-Dimethylfuran Dimethyl maleate 1,4-Hexadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-Methyl-1,3-pentadiene 2-Hexyne Cyclohexene Diallyl ether Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Vinyl butanoate Ethyl 2-butenoate Ethyl methacrylate 2,5-Hexanedione Ethyl acetoacetate Propanoic anhydride Adipic acid Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane Caprolactam Nitrocyclohexane 4-Acetylmorpholine 1-Hexene cis-2-Hexene 2-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-cis-2-pentene 4-Methyl-trans-2-pentene 2-Ethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Ethylcyclobutane 2-Methyl-2-pentene 1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane cis-3-Hexen-1-ol Butyl vinyl ether Isobutyl vinyl ether Hexanal 2-Ethylbutanal 2-Methylpentanal 2-Hexanone 3-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Cyclohexanol Hexanoic acid 2-Methylpentanoic acid Diethylacetic acid Pentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Propyl propanoate
295 257 243.5 155 93.5 202 65 75.8 76.5 84.5 82.9 94 155.4 130 116.7 136.5 117 194 180.8 170 337.5 185.7 190 142 270 205 63.4 68.8 62.1 53.9 56.3 58.6 64.7 55.6 73.3 80.7 71.8 70.8 67.3 232 156.5 94 83 131 117 127.6 123.5 116.5 160.8 205.2 195.6 194 130.4 126.1 112 116.5 122.5
16-23
FP/°C 193 72 93 156 88 64 7 113 -21 -12 -34 -10 -12 -7 44 31 20 2 20 79 57 63 196 76 88 32 125 88 113 -26 -21 -28 -7 -32 -29 <-20 <-20 <-20 -20 -29 -15 <-7 121 54 -9 -9 32 21 17 25 35 18 68 102 107 99 26 22 31 18 79
Fl. Limits
1.0-? 1.5-?
IT/°C
550
2.0-6.1%
1.2-?
310
1.1-9.4% 1.4-7.2% 1.4-8.8%
420 344
1.4-9.5% 1.3-9.5%
499 295 285 420
1.6-8.4%
482
1.2-6.9%
253 300 300
1.3-8% 1.0-8.35% 1.2-7.7%
315 360 401 245 258 210
255
1.2-7.7% 1-8% 1-8% 1.2-8.0% 1-9%
1.7-7.6% 1.7-9.8% 1.3-10.5%
199 423 448 300 380 378 400 425 421
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3 C6H12O3 C6H12S C6H13Cl C6H13N C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO C6H13NO2 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14N2O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H14O4 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO2 C6H15NO3 C6H15N3 C6H15O4P C6H16N2 C7H3ClF3NO2 C7H4ClF3 C7H4F3NO2 C7H5ClO C7H5ClO C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H6N2O4 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7NO2
tB/°C
Name Ethyl butanoate Ethyl 2-methylpropanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Paraldehyde Cyclohexanethiol 1-Chlorohexane Cyclohexylamine N-Butylacetamide 2,6-Dimethylmorpholine N-Ethylmorpholine 4-Morpholineethanol Hexane 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Piperazineethanol 1-Hexanol 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Ethyl-1-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether 2,5-Hexanediol 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Ethylene glycol diethyl ether 1,2,6-Hexanetriol Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Trimethylolpropane Triethylene glycol Hexylamine Butylethylamine Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Diisopropanolamine Triethanolamine 1-Piperazineethanamine Triethyl phosphate N,N-Diethylethylenediamine 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzoyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid o-Bromotoluene p-Bromotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Nitrotoluene
121.5 110.1 167.9 156.4 124.3 158.9 135 134 229 146.6 138.5 227 68.7 60.2 63.2 49.7 57.9 246 157.6 149 131.6 147 90.0 68.5 92.3 218 197.1 168.4 102.2 119.4 196 162 285 132.8 107.5 109.3 83.9 89 250 335.4 220 215.5 144 232 152.2 202.8 197.2 213.5 221 102.1 179.0 249.2 197 181.7 184.3 179 222
16-24
FP/°C 24 13 58 56 36 43 35 31 116 44 32 99 -22 <-29 -7 -48 -29 124 63 54 41 57 21 -28 4 110 102 69 -21 27 191 96 67 149 177 29 18 17 -1 -7 127 179 93 115 46 135 59 103 72 88 127 12 207 63 121 78 157 79 85 67 106
Fl. Limits
IT/°C 463
1.8-6.9% 2-8% 1.3-?
643 379 238
1.9-9.4%
293
1.1-7.5% 1.0-7.0% 1.2-7.0% 1.2-7.0% 1.2-7.0%
225 264 278 405 405
1.1-9.65% 1.0-5.5%
310
1.3-7.0% 1.4-7.9%
188 443
1-9% 4-13% 1.6-10.4%
306 238 230 205
0.9-9.2%
371
1.1-7.1% 1.2-8.0%
299 316 249 374
1-10% 454
211
192 570 1.1-?
540
1.1-?
585
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C7H7NO2 C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O2 C7H8O3S C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H10O C7H10O4 C7H12 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O2 C7H12O4 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15NO2 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16N2O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C7H18N2 C8H4O3 C8H6O4 C8H6O4 C8H7ClO C8H7N C8H8
tB/°C
Name m-Nitrotoluene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole 4-Methoxyphenol p-Toluenesulfonic acid o-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline o-Anisidine 3-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene 4-Methylcyclohexene Butyl acrylate Isobutyl acrylate Cyclohexyl formate Diethyl malonate 1-Heptene trans-2-Heptene Cycloheptane Methylcyclohexane Ethylcyclopentane 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 4-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate sec-Pentyl acetate Butyl propanoate Propyl butanoate Ethyl N-butylcarbamate Heptane 2-Methylhexane 3-Methylhexane 2,3-Dimethylpentane 2,4-Dimethylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 4-Morpholinepropanamine 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol 2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol Heptylamine N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Phthalic anhydride Phthalic acid Terephthalic acid α-Chloroacetophenone Benzeneacetonitrile Styrene
232 238.3 110.6 89.5 191.0 202.2 201.9 205.3 153.7 243 200.3 200.4 224 105 180 102.7 145 132 162 200 93.6 98 118.4 100.9 103.5 151.0 147 144 144 165 167.5 174.5 174.5 173 174 149.2 142.5 130.5 146.8 143.0 202 98.5 90.0 92 89.7 80.4 80.8 220 159 157 138.7 131 156 168.5 295
247 233.5 145
16-25
FP/°C 106 106 4 -21 81 86 86 93 52 132 184 85 87 118 57 82 -1 29 30 51 93 -1 <0 <21 -4 <21 39 46 49 36 65 65 70 70 70 70 16 25 32 32 37 92 -4 -1 -4 -56 -12 <0 104 71 60 49 <0 54 59 152 168 260 118 113 31
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
1.1-7.1%
480
1.4-? 1.1-? 1.1-?
599 558 558 436 475 421 482 482
1.7-9.9%
292 427
260 1.1-6.7% 1.2-6.7% 1.1-6.7% 1.1-7.9%
1.0-8.2%
1.1-7.5% 1.0-7.5%
250 260 393
191 296 296 295 295 295 295 360 360 426
1.05-6.7% 1.0-6.0% 1.1-6.7%
204 280 280 335 412
375
1.7-10.5%
570 496
0.9-6.8%
490
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H9Cl C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H12 C8H12 C8H12O4 C8H12O4 C8H14O2 C8H14O2 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O3 C8H14O4 C8H14O5 C8H14O6 C8H15ClO C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2
tB/°C
Name Phenyloxirane Benzeneacetaldehyde Acetophenone Benzeneacetic acid Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde Methyl salicylate 1-Chloro-4-ethylbenzene Acetanilide Methyl 2-aminobenzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Ethylphenol Benzeneethanol α-Methylbenzyl alcohol Phenetole Benzyl methyl ether 4-Methylanisole 2-Phenoxyethanol N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,3-Xylidine 2,6-Xylidine α-Methylbenzylamine 5-Ethyl-2-picoline N-Phenylethanolamine o-Phenetidine p-Phenetidine 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diethyl maleate Diethyl fumarate Cyclohexyl acetate Butyl methacrylate Butanoic anhydride 2-Methylpropanoic anhydride Butyl acetoacetate Ethyl succinate Diethylene glycol diacetate Diethyl tartrate Octanoyl chloride 1-Octene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene Ethylcyclohexane cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Propylcyclopentane Octanal 2-Ethylhexanal 2-Octanone Hexyl acetate sec-Hexyl acetate 2-Ethylbutyl acetate Pentyl propanoate Butyl butanoate
194.1 195 202 265.5 196 199 243.5 222.9 184.4 304 256 136.1 144.5 139.1 138.3 217.9 218.2 205 169.8 170 175.5 245 203.0 194.1 221.5 215 187 178.3 279.5 232.5 254 150.8 128 223 214 173 160 200 183 217.7 200 281 195.6 121.2 101.4 104.9 131.9 129.8 123.5 124.4 131 171 163 172.5 171.5 147.5 162.5 168.6 166
16-26
FP/°C 74 71 77 >100 80 83 118 96 64 169 >100 21 32 27 27 104 96 93 63 135 60 121 85 63 97 96 79 68 152 115 116 35 16 121 104 58 52 54 59 85 90 135 93 82 21 -5 2 35 16 11 16
Fl. Limits
IT/°C 498 570
454 530 0.8-6.7% 0.9-6.7% 1.1-7.0% 1.1-7.0%
432 463 527 528
371 1.0-?
1.1-6.6%
269 350 335 0.9-5.8% 1.0-6.2%
0.8-4.8% 0.9-6.6%
279 329
230 391 305 238 304 304 269
52 44 52 45 45 54 41 53
0.85-7.2%
190
378
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O3 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H17Cl C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O2 C8H18O3 C8H18O4 C8H18O5 C8H18S C8H18S C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20O4Si C8H23N5 C9H6N2O2 C9H7N C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H11NO C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O2 C9H12O3S C9H13N C9H14O C9H14O C9H14O6 C9H16
tB/°C
Name Isobutyl butanoate Isobutyl isobutanoate Ethyl hexanoate 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol Pentyl lactate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane Octane 2,3-Dimethylhexane 2,4-Dimethylhexane 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol Di-tert-butyl peroxide Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 2,5,8,11-Tetraoxadodecane Tetraethylene glycol 1-Octanethiol Dibutyl sulfide Octylamine Dibutylamine Diisobutylamine 2-Ethylhexylamine Ethyl silicate Tetraethylenepentamine Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Quinoline o-Methylstyrene m-Methylstyrene p-Methylstyrene Isopropenylbenzene 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 4-Methylacetophenone Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Methyl 2-phenylacetate 4-Methylacetanilide Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene α−Ethylbenzyl alcohol Ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate Amphetamine Phorone Isophorone Triacetin Octahydroindene
156.9 148.6 167 283 218.5 181.5 172 125.6 115.6 109.5 115.6 110 99.2 114.8 195.1 180 184.6 140.2 244 235 111 188 216 328 199.1 185 179.6 159.6 139.6 169.2 168.8 341.5 251 237.1 169.8 164 172.8 165.4 217.5 226 212 213 216.5 307 159.2 152.4 165.2 161.3 162 176.1 169.3 164.7 219 256 203 197.5 215.2 259 167
16-27
FP/°C 50 38 49 167 79 110 70 60 13 7 10 <21 <21 -12 <21 81 88 73 25 127 113 18 82 111 182 69 76 60 47 29 60 52 163 127
Fl. Limits 0.96-7.59%
IT/°C 432 316 425
1.0-6.5%
206 438 460 346 418 425
0.88-9.7% 1.5-7.6%
231 194 360 346
1.1-6%
321 0.9-9.5%
53 53 53 54 99 96 88 90 91 168 30 36
0.8-11.0% 0.8-11.0% 0.8-11.0% 1.9-6.1%
44 44 50 100 129 158 <100 85 84 138
0.8-6.6% 0.9-6.4% 1-5%
480 538 538 538 574
490 460
0.8-6.0% 0.9-6.5%
450 424 440 480 475 470 500 559 352
0.8-3.8% 1.0-?
460 433 296
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C9H16O2 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H21BO3 C9H21N C9H21NO3 C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8O C10H9N C10H10O2 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H10O4 C10H11NO2 C10H12 C10H12O2 C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H14O2 C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO2 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 C10H16O C10H18 C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O C10H18O
tB/°C
Name Allyl hexanoate 1-Nonene Propylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane Butylcyclopentane 2-Nonanone Diisobutyl ketone Pentyl butanoate Isopentyl butanoate Butyl 3-methylbutanoate Nonane 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane 4-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 3,3-Diethylpentane 3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane Triisopropyl borate Tripropylamine Triisopropanolamine 1-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthalenamine Safrole Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl isophthalate Dimethyl terephthalate Acetoacetanilide 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Isopropyl benzoate Ethyl phenylacetate Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene o-Diethylbenzene m-Diethylbenzene p-Diethylbenzene Butyl phenyl ether 4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol N-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline N-Phenyl-N,N-diethanolamine Dipentene d-Limonene α-Pinene β-Pinene β-Phellandrene Camphor trans-Decahydronaphthalene Borneol Linalol α-Terpineol Cineole
186 146.9 156.7 154.8 156.6 195.3 169.4 186.4 179 150.8 140 133.8 124.0 146.3 136.7 140.2 133.0 140 156 259 217.9 285 300.8 234.5 283.7 282 288 207.6 216 227 183.3 173.3 169.1 172.7 177.1 205 198 196.8 184 181.1 183.7 210 285 243.5 216.3 178 178 156.2 166 171.5 207.4 187.3 198 220 176.4
16-28
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
IT/°C
66 26
60 49 57 59 53 31 24 <21 13 390 <21 <21 28 41 160 121 79 153 157 100 146 138 153 185 71 99 99 71 52 60 55 47 74 71 54 57 56 55 82 130 107 85 196 45 45 33 38 49 66 54 66 71 90 48
0.9-5.9% 0.8-7.1%
248 283 250 360 396
0.8-2.9%
205
0.7-?
280
0.7-5.7%
290
0.8-4.9%
430
0.9-5.9%
320 >558 526
0.9-?
490 518
0.8-5.0%
385
0.8-5.8% 0.8-6.9% 0.7-5.7% 0.8-6.0% 0.7-5.6%
410 418 450 427 436 427 427
0.7-6.0%
0.7-? 0.7-6.1%
0.6-3.5% 0.7-5.4%
395 450 430
630 387 237 237 255 275 466 255
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C10H18O C10H18O4 C10H19NO2 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H20O2 C10H21N C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22O C10H22O C10H22O2 C10H22O5 C10H22S C10H23N C10H23N C11H10 C11H12O3 C11H14O2 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16 C11H16O C11H17N C11H20O2 C11H22 C11H22O C11H22O2 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24O C12H9Br C12H10 C12H10Cl2Si C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H12 C12H14O4 C12H14O4 C12H16 C12H16O3 C12H17NO C12H18 C12H20O4 C12H22O4 C12H22O6 C12H23N C12H24 C12H24O2 C12H25Br C12H26 C12H26O
tB/°C
Name trans-Geraniol Dibutyl oxalate N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate 1-Decene Butylcyclohexane Isobutylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane Citronellol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl octanoate N-Butylcyclohexanamine Decane 2-Methylnonane 3-Ethyloctane 4-Ethyloctane 1-Decanol Dipentyl ether Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipentyl sulfide Decylamine Dipentylamine 1-Methylnaphthalene Ethyl benzoylacetate Butyl benzoate p-tert-Butyltoluene Pentylbenzene 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol p-tert-Pentylaniline 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Pentylcyclohexane 2-Undecanone Nonyl acetate Undecane 2-Methyldecane 2-Undecanol 4-Bromo-1,1'-Biphenyl Biphenyl Dichlorodiphenylsilane o-Phenylphenol Diphenyl ether 2-Aminobiphenyl Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene Diethyl phthalate Diethyl terephthalate Cyclohexylbenzene Pentyl salicylate N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene Dibutyl maleate Dimethyl sebacate Dibutyl tartrate Dicyclohexylamine 1-Dodecene Ethyl decanoate 1-Bromododecane Dodecane 1-Dodecanol
230 241 170.5 180.9 171.3 171.5 224 199 208.5 174.1 167.1 166.5 163.7 231.1 190 203.3 275.3 220.5 202.5 244.7 250.3 190 205.4 205 232 237 260.5 203.7 231.5 210 195.9 189.3 228 310 256.1 305 286 258.0 299 302 258.6 295 302 240.1 270 281 240 280 320 213.8 241.5 276 216.3 259
16-29
FP/°C
Fl. Limits
>100 104 96 <55
96 71 79 93 51
IT/°C
235 246 274 342 0.76-8.14%
268
0.8-5.4%
210 210 230 229 288 170
82 57 85 141 85 99 51
529 141 107 68 66 455 427
93 118 102 82
252 239
89 68 69 225 113 144 113 142 124 112
0.6-5.8%
0.8-1.5%
153 161 117 99 132 141 71 141 145 91 >99 79 >100 144 74 127
0.7-?
540 530 618 450 634 480 457
284
0.6-?
203 275
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
C12H26O C12H26O3 C12H26S C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C13H12 C13H12 C13H14N2 C13H26 C13H26O C13H28 C13H28O C14H8O2 C14H10 C14H10 C14H12O2 C14H12O3 C14H14 C14H14O C14H16 C14H16N2O2 C14H23N C14H28 C14H30 C14H30O C15H18 C15H24 C15H24O C15H26O6 C15H33N C16H14O C16H18 C16H22O4 C16H26 C16H34 C16H34O C16H35N C17H20N2O C17H34O C17H36O C18H14 C18H14 C18H15O3P C18H15O4P C18H15P C18H30 C18H32O7 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C18H36O2 C18H37Cl3Si C18H38 C18H38O C19H16 C19H38O C19H38O2 C19H40 C20H14O4 C20H28 C20H42
2-Butyl-1-octanol Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 1-Dodecanethiol Tributyl borate Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate 2-Methylbiphenyl Diphenylmethane p,p′-Diaminodiphenylmethane 1-Tridecene 2-Tridecanone Tridecane 1-Tridecanol 9,10-Anthracenedione Anthracene Phenanthrene Benzyl benzoate Benzyl salicylate 1,1-Diphenylethane Dibenzyl ether 1-Butylnaphthalene o-Dianisidine N,N-Dibutylaniline 1-Tetradecene Tetradecane 1-Tetradecanol 1-Pentylnaphthalene Nonylbenzene 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Tributyrin Tripentylamine 1,3-Diphenyl-2-buten-1-one 2-Butyl-1,1'-biphenyl Dibutyl phthalate Decylbenzene Hexadecane Dioctyl ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine N,N′-Diethylcarbanilide 2-Heptadecanone 1-Heptadecanol o-Terphenyl m-Terphenyl Triphenyl phosphite Triphenyl phosphate Triphenylphosphine Dodecylbenzene Butyl citrate Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Stearic acid Trichlorooctadecylsilane Octadecane 1-Octadecanol Triphenylmethane 2-Nonadecanone Methyl stearate Nonadecane Diphenyl phthalate 1-Decylnaphthalene Eicosane
tB/°C 246.5 256 277 234 216.5 289 255.5 265.0 398 232.8 263 235.4 377 339.9 340 323.5 320 272.6 298 289.3 274.8 233 253.5 289 307 280.5 265 307.5 242.5 342.5 340 298 286.8 283
320 333 332 363 360
328 360 344.5
316.3 359 443 329.9 379 343
16-30
FP/°C 110 118 128 93 63 146 137 130 220 79 107 79 121 185 121 171 148 >100 >100 135 360 206 110 110 112 141 124 99 127 180 102 177 >100 157 107 136 >100 132 150 120 154 163 191 218 220 180 140 157 189 178 196 89 >100 >100 124 153 >100 224 177 >100
Fl. Limits
IT/°C 310
502 485
0.6-?
540 480 440
0.5-?
235 200
0.5-?
407
0.5-?
430 402 202 205
0.4-?
368 363 365 395 227 450
230
232
FLAMMABILITY OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (continued) Mol. Form. C21H21O4P C21H26O3 C21H32O2 C22H42O2 C22H42O4 C22H44O2 C23H46O2 C24H20Sn C24H38O4 C25H48O4
tB/°C
Name Tri-o-cresyl phosphate 4-Octylphenyl salicylate Methyl abietate Butyl oleate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate Butyl stearate Pentyl stearate Tetraphenylstannane Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) azelate
410
343 420 384
16-31
FP/°C 225 216 180 180 206 160 185 232 218 227
Fl. Limits
IT/°C 385 416
0.4-?
377 355
0.3-?
374
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS Several organizations recommend limits of exposure to airborne contaminants in the workplace. These include the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the non-governmental organization, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The threshold limit value (TLV) for a substance is defined as the concentration level under which the majority of workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effects. The TLV recommendations are given in two forms: • Time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for a normal 8-h workday and 40-h workweek. • Short-term exposure limit (STEL), which should not be exceeded for more than 15 min. Both kinds of limits are specified for some substances. The following table gives threshold limit values for a number of substances that may be encountered in the atmosphere of a chemical laboratory or industrial facility. All values refer to the concentration in air at 25°C and normal atmospheric pressure. Data for gases are given both in parts per million by volume (ppm) and in mass concentration (mg/m3). Values for liquids refer to mists or aerosols, and those for solids to dusts or fumes; both are stated in mg/m3. A “C” following a value indicates a ceiling limit which should not be exceeded even for very brief periods because of acute toxic effects of the substance. Substances are listed by systematic name, which is followed by molecular formula in the Hill format and Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. Common synonyms are given in brackets [ ] for some compounds.
REFERENCES 1. 2000 TLV’s and BEI’s, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 452401634, 2000. 2. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994. 3. Chemical Information Manual, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC, 1991.
Substance Abate [Temephos] Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetone cyanohydrin Acetonitrile Acetophenone 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid [Aspirin] Acrolein [2-Propenal] Acrylamide Acrylic acid [2-Propenoic acid] Acrylonitrile [Propenenitrile] Adipic acid Adiponitrile Aldrin Allyl alcohol [2-Propen-1-ol] Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl propyl disulfide Aluminum (metal dust) Aluminum oxide 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridinecarboxlic acid [Picloram] Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium sulfamate Aniline Antimony Arsenic Arsine
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C16H20O6P2S3 C2H4O C2H4O2 C4H6O3 C3H6O C4H7NO C2H3N C8H8O C9H8O4 C3H4O C3H5NO C3H4O2 C3H3N C6H10O4 C6H8N2 C12H8Cl6 C3H6O C6H10O2 C6H12S2 Al Al2O3
3383-96-8 75-07-0 64-19-7 108-24-7 67-64-1 75-86-5 75-05-8 98-86-2 50-78-2 107-02-8 79-06-1 79-10-7 107-13-1 124-04-9 111-69-3 309-00-2 107-18-6 106-92-3 2179-59-1 7429-90-5 1344-28-1
C6H3Cl3N2O2 H3N ClH4N C8H4F15NO2 H6N2O3S C6H7N Sb As AsH3
1918-02-1 7664-41-7 12125-02-9 3825-26-1 7773-06-0 62-53-3 7440-36-0 7440-38-2 7784-42-1
16-32
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
10 10 5 500
25 21 1188
40 10
67 49 5
2 2 2 0.5 1 2
25
2
0.05
0.03 5.9 4.3 5 9 0.25 1.2 5 12 10 10 10 17 10 0.01 10 7.6 0.5 0.01 0.16
25 C 15
45 C 37
750 4.7 C 60
1780 5C 101
0.1 C
0.23 C
3
18
35
24 20
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Atrazine Azinphos-methyl Barium Barium sulfate Benomyl Benzene 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine [m-Xylene diamine] Benzenethiol [Phenyl mercaptan] p-Benzoquinone [Quinone] Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl peroxide Benzyl acetate Beryllium Biphenyl Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane [4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)] Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether [2,2'-Dichlorethyl ether] Bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether [DMAEE] Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [Di-sec-octyl phthalate] Bismuth telluride Boron oxide Boron tribromide Boron trifluoride Bromacil Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Bromochloromethane [Halon 1011] 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane [Halothane] Bromoethane [Ethyl bromide] Bromoethene [Vinyl bromide] Bromomethane [Methyl bromide] Bromotrifluoromethane 1,3-Butadiene Butane 1-Butanethiol [Butyl mercaptan] 1-Butanol 2-Butanol [sec-Butyl alcohol] 2-Butanone [Methyl ethyl ketone] trans-2-Butenal [Crotonaldehyde] 3-Buten-2-one Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butylamine tert-Butyl chromate Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl lactate o-sec-Butylphenol p-tert-Butyltoluene Cadmium Calcium carbonate
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C8H14ClN5 C10H12N3O3PS2 Ba BaO4S C14H18N4O3 C6H6
1912-24-9 86-50-0 7440-39-3 7727-43-7 17804-35-2 71-43-2
C8H12N2 C6H6S C6H4O2 C7H5ClO C14H10O4 C9H10O2 Be C12H10
1477-55-0 108-98-5 106-51-4 98-88-4 94-36-0 140-11-4 7440-41-7 92-52-4
0.2
5 61 0.002 1.3
C13H12Cl2N2
101-14-4
0.01
0.11
C4H8Cl2O C2H4Cl2O C8H20N20
111-44-4 542-88-1 3033-62-3
5 0.001 0.05
29 0.0047 0.33
C24H38O4 Bi2Te3 B2O3 BBr3 BF3 C9H13BrN2O2 Br2 BrF5 CH2BrCl
117-81-7 1304-82-1 1303-86-2 10294-33-4 7637-07-2 314-40-9 7726-95-6 7789-30-2 74-97-5
C2HBrClF3 C2H5Br C2H3Br CH3Br CBrF3 C4H6 C4H10 C4H10S C4H10O C4H10O C4H8O C4H6O C4H6O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C7H12O2 C4H11N C8H18CrO4 C7H14O2 C7H14O3 C10H14O C11H16 Cd CCaO3
151-67-7 74-96-4 593-60-2 74-83-9 75-63-8 106-99-0 106-97-8 109-79-5 71-36-3 78-92-2 78-93-3 4170-30-3 78-94-4 123-86-4 105-46-4 540-88-5 141-32-2 109-73-9 1189-85-1 2426-08-6 138-22-7 89-72-5 98-51-1 7440-43-9 1317-65-3
16-33
0.84 0.5
5 0.2 0.5 10 10 1.6
0.5 0.1
2.3 0.44
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
2.5
8 0.1 C
0.5 C 10
0.01
10
58
0.15
1.0
5 10 10
0.1 0.1 200
10 0.66 0.72 1060
50 5 0.5 1 1000 2 800 0.5
404 22 2.2 3.9 6090 4.4 1900 1.8
100 200
303 590
150 200 200 2
713 950 950 10
25 5 5 1
133 30 31 6.1 0.01 10
2.8 C
10
1C 1C
10 C 2.8 C
0.2
1.3
50 C
152 C
300 0.3 C 0.2 C 200
885 0.9 C 0.6 C 950
5C
15 C 0.1 C
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
Calcium chromate Calcium cyanamide Calcium hydroxide Calcium metasilicate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Camphor Caprolactam Captafol Captan Carbaryl Carbofuran Carbon black Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbonyl chloride [Phosgene] Carbonyl fluoride Cesium hydroxide Chlordane Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trifluoride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroacetone α-Chloroacetophenone Chloroacetyl chloride Chlorobenzene o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene [Chloroprene] Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane [Ethyl chloride] 2-Chloroethanol [Ethylene chlorohydrin] Chloroethene [Vinyl chloride] Chloromethane [Methyl chloride] (Chloromethyl)benzene [Benzyl chloride] 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane Chloropentafluoroethane 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropene [Allyl chloride] 2-Chlorostyrene o-Chlorotoluene Chlorpyrifos Chromium Chromyl chloride Clopidol Cobalt Cobalt carbonyl Cobalt hydrocarbonyl Copper Cresol (all isomers) Crufomate Cyanamide Cyanogen Cyanogen chloride Cyclohexane
CaCrO4 CCaN2 CaH2O2 CaO3Si CaO CaO4S C10H16O C6H11NO C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C12H11NO2 C12H15NO3 C CO2 CS2 CO CCl2O CF2O CsHO C10H6Cl8 Cl2 ClO2 ClF3 C2H3ClO C3H5ClO C8H7ClO C2H2Cl2O C6H5Cl C10H5ClN2 C4H5Cl CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H3Cl CH3Cl C7H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C3H6ClNO2 C2ClF5 C3H5ClO2 C3H5Cl C8H7Cl C7H7Cl C9H11Cl3NO3PS Cr Cl2CrO2 C7H7Cl2NO Co C8Co2O8 C4HCoO4 Cu C7H8O C12H19ClNO3P CH2N2 C2N2 CClN C6H12
13765-19-0 156-62-7 1305-62-0 1344-95-2 1305-78-8 7778-18-9 76-22-2 105-60-2 2425-06-1 133-06-2 63-25-2 1563-66-2 1333-86-4 124-38-9 75-15-0 630-08-0 75-44-5 353-50-4 21351-79-1 57-74-9 7782-50-5 10049-04-4 7790-91-2 107-20-0 78-95-5 532-27-4 79-04-9 108-90-7 2698-41-1 126-99-8 75-45-6 75-00-3 107-07-3 75-01-4 74-87-3 100-44-7 100-00-5 600-25-9 76-15-3 598-78-7 107-05-1 2039-87-4 95-49-8 2921-88-2 7440-47-3 14977-61-8 2971-90-6 7440-48-4 10210-68-1 16842-03-8 7440-50-8 1319-77-3 299-86-5 420-04-2 460-19-5 506-77-4 110-82-7
16-34
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
0.5 0.1
0.003 0.5 5 10 2 10 12 1 (solid) 0.1 5 5 0.1 3.5 9000 31 29 0.40 5.4 2 0.5 1.5 0.28
0.05 0.05 10
0.32 0.23 46
10 1000 100
36 3540 264
1 50 1 0.1 2 1000 0.1 1 50 50
10
2.5 103 5.2 0.64 10 6320 0.44 3 283 259 0.2 0.5 0.16 10 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.2 22 5 2 21
300
1030
2 5 (gas)
5000 10 25 0.1 2
0.025
5
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
4 10 (gas)
24 3 (solid)
30,000
54,000
5
13
1 0.3 0.1 C 1C 1C
2.9 0.83 0.38 C 3.2 C 3.8 C
0.15
0.69
0.05 C
0.39 C
1C
3.3 C
100
207
2 75
6 425
0.3 C
0.75 C
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclohexylamine Cyclonite [Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro1,3,5-triazine] 1,3-Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentane Cyhexatin Decaborane(14) Diacetone alcohol 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane [4,4-Methylene dianiline] Diazinon Diazomethane Diborane Dibromodifluoromethane 2-Dibutylaminoethanol 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol Dibutylphenyl phosphate Dibutyl phosphate Dibutyl phthalate Dichloroacetylene o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichloro-2-butene (unspecified isomer) Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT] 1,1-Dichloroethane [Ethylidene dichloride] 1,2-Dichloroethane [Ethylene dichloride] 1,1-Dichloroethene [Vinylidene chloride] 1,2-Dichloroethylene (both isomers) Dichlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane [Methylene chloride] 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1,2-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid 1,3-Dichloropropene (both isomers) 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Dichlorvos Dicrotophos m-Dicyanobenzene [m-Phthalodinitrile] Dicyclopentadiene Dieldrin Diethanolamine Diethylamine 2-Diethylaminoethanol Diethylenetriamine [Bis(2-amimoethyl)amine] Diethyl ether Diethyl phthalate 1,1-Difluoroethene Diglycidyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether Dimethoxymethane [Methylal]
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
C6H12O C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N
108-93-0 108-94-1 110-83-8 108-91-8
50 25 300 10
C3H6N6O6 C5H6 C5H10 C18H34OSn B10H14 C6H12O2
121-82-4 542-92-7 287-92-3 13121-70-5 17702-41-9 123-42-2
C13H14N2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 B2H6 CBr2F2 C10H23NO C15H24O C14H23O4P C8H19O4P C16H22O4 C2Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H6Cl2 CCl2F2 C5H6Cl2N2O2 C14H9Cl5 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CHCl2F CH2Cl2 C2H3Cl2NO2 C8H6Cl2O3 C3H6Cl2 C3H4Cl2O2 C3H4Cl2 C2Cl2F4 C4H7Cl2O4P C8H16NO5P C8H4N2 C10H12 C12H8Cl6O C4H11NO2 C4H11N C6H15NO C4H13N3 C4H10O C12H14O4 C2H2F2 C6H10O3 C6H15N C6H14O C3H8O2
101-77-9 333-41-5 334-88-3 19287-45-7 75-61-6 102-81-8 128-37-0 2528-36-1 107-66-4 84-74-2 7572-29-4 95-50-1 106-46-7 764-41-0 75-71-8 118-52-5 50-29-3 75-34-3 107-06-2 75-35-4 540-59-0 75-43-4 75-09-2 594-72-9 94-75-7 78-87-5 75-99-0 542-75-6 76-14-2 62-73-7 141-66-2 626-17-5 77-73-6 60-57-1 111-42-2 109-89-7 100-37-8 111-40-0 60-29-7 84-66-2 75-38-7 2238-07-5 108-18-9 108-20-3 109-87-5
16-35
75 600 0.05 50 0.1 0.2 0.1 100 0.5 0.3 1
25 10 0.005 1000
100 10 5 200 10 50 2 75 1 1000 0.1
5 0.46 5 2 1 400 500 0.1 5 250 1000
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
206 100 1010 41 0.5 203 1720 5 0.25 238 0.81 0.1 0.34 0.11 858 3.5 10 3.5 8.6 5 150 60 0.026 4950 0.2 1 405 40 20 793 42 174 12 10 347 5 4.5 7000 0.90 0.25 5 27 0.25 2 15 9.6 4.2 1210 5 1310 0.53 21 1040 3110
0.15
0.75
2
17
0.1 C 50
0.39 C 301
0.4
110
508
15
45
500
1520
310
1300
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Dimethyl mercury N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone [Diisobutyl ketone] 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl sulfate Dinitrobenzene (all isomers) Dinitrotoluene (all isomers) 1,4-Dioxane Dioxathion Diphenylamine Diphenyl ether 4,4'-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether Diquat Disulfiram Disulfoton Diuron Divinyl benzene (all isomers) Endosulfan Endrin Enflurane Epichlorohydrin [(Chloromethyl)oxirane] 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane [Vinylcyclohexene dioxide] 1,2-Ethanediamine [Ethylenediamine] Ethanethiol [Ethyl mercaptan] Ethanol Ethanolamine Ethion Ethoxydimethylsilane Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine Ethylbenzene Ethyl tert-butyl ether [ETBE] Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol dinitrate Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether [2-Butoxyethanol] Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether [2-Ethoxyethanol] Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate [2-Ethoxyethyl acetate] Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether [2-Methoxyethanol] Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate [2-Methoxyethyl acetate] Ethyleneimine Ethylene oxide [Oxirane] Ethyl formate Ethylidene norbornene
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C2H6Hg C4H9NO C2H7N C8H11N C6H14 C6H14 C3H7NO C9H18O C2H8N2 C10H10O4 C2H6O4S C6H4N2O4 C7H6N2O4 C4H8O2 C12H26O6P2S4 C12H11N C12H10O C15H10N2O2 C7H16O3 C12H12N2 C10H20N2S4 C8H19O2PS3 C9H10Cl2N2O C10H10 C9H6Cl6O3S C12H8Cl6O C3H2ClF5O C3H5ClO
593-74-8 127-19-5 124-40-3 121-69-7 75-83-2 79-29-8 68-12-2 108-83-8 57-14-7 131-11-3 77-78-1 25154-54-5 25321-14-6 123-91-1 78-34-2 122-39-4 101-84-8 101-68-8 34590-94-8 231-36-7 97-77-8 298-04-4 330-54-1 1321-74-0 115-29-7 72-20-8 13838-16-9 106-89-8
C8H12O2 C2H8N2 C2H6S C2H6O C2H7NO C9H22O4P2S4 C4H12OSi C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C2H7N C8H10 C6H14O C2H6O2 C2H4N2O6
106-87-6 107-15-3 75-08-1 64-17-5 141-43-5 563-12-2 14857-34-2 141-78-6 140-88-5 75-04-7 100-41-4 637-92-3 107-21-1 628-96-6
C6H14O2
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
10 5 5 500 500 10 25 0.01 0.1 0.15 20
1 0.005 100
10
75 0.5
0.5 400 5 5 100 5
0.57 25 1.3 1880 7.5 0.4 2.1 1440 20 9.2 434 20
0.05
0.31
111-76-2
20
97
C4H10O2
110-80-5
5
18
C6H12O3
111-15-9
5
27
C3H8O2
109-86-4
5
16
C5H10O3 C2H5N C2H4O C3H6O2 C9H12
110-49-6 151-56-4 75-21-8 109-94-4 16219-75-3
5 0.5 1 100
24 0.88 1.8 303
16-36
0.1 10 0.5 1000 3
0.01 36 9.2 25 1760 1760 30 145 0.025 5 0.52 1.0 0.2 72 0.2 10 7 0.051 600 0.5 2 0.1 10 53 0.1 0.1 566 1.9
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3 0.03 15 10 1000 1000
27.6 50 3500 3500
2
14
150
900
6
15
1.5
6.4
15 15 125
61 27.6 543 100 C
5C
25 C
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance N-Ethylmorpholine Ethyl p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphate [EPN] Ethyl silicate Fenamiphos Fensulfothion Fenthion Ferbam Ferrocene [Dicyclopentadienyl iron] Fluorine Fluorine monoxide [Oxygen difluoride] Fonofos Formaldehyde Formamide Formic acid Furfural [2-Furaldehyde] Furfuryl alcohol [2-Furanmethanol] Germane [Germanium tetrahydride] Glycerol Graphite Hafnium Heptachlor Heptane 2-Heptanone [Methyl pentyl ketone] 3-Heptanone [Ethyl butyl ketone] 4-Heptanone [Dipropyl ketone] Hexachlorobenzene Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane [Lindane] Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane [Perchloroethane] Hexachloronaphthalene (all isomers) Hexamethylene diisocyanate Hexane 1,6-Hexanediamine [Hexamethylenediamine] 2-Hexanone [Butyl methyl ketone] 1-Hexene sec-Hexyl acetate Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide p-Hydroquinone [1,4-Benzenediol] 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate Indene Indium Iodine Iodomethane [Methyl iodide] Iron(III) oxide Iron pentacarbonyl Isobutyl acetate Isopentane
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
C6H13NO
100-74-3
5
C14H14NO4PS C8H20O4Si C13H22NO3PS C11H17O4PS2 C10H15O3PS2 C9H18FeN3S6 C10H10Fe F2 F2O C10H15OPS2 CH2O CH3NO CH2O2 C5H4O2 C5H6O2 GeH4 C3H8O3 C Hf C10H5Cl7 C7H16 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C6Cl6 C4Cl6 C6H6Cl6 C5Cl6 C2Cl6 C10H2Cl6 C8H12N2O2 C6H14 C6H16N2 C6H12O C6H12 C8H16O2 H4N2 HN3 BrH ClH CHN FH H2O2 H2Se H2S C6H6O2 C6H10O3 C9H8 In I2 CH3I Fe2O3 C5FeO5 C6H12O2 C5H12
2104-64-5 78-10-4 22224-92-6 115-90-2 55-38-9 14484-64-1 102-54-5 7782-41-4 7783-41-7 944-22-9 50-00-0 75-12-7 64-18-6 98-01-1 98-00-0 7782-65-2 56-81-5 7440-44-0 7440-58-6 76-44-8 142-82-5 110-43-0 106-35-4 123-19-3 118-74-1 87-68-3 58-89-9 77-47-4 67-72-1 1335-87-1 822-06-0 110-54-3 124-09-4 591-78-6 592-41-6 108-84-9 302-01-2 7782-79-8 10035-10-6 7647-01-0 74-90-8 7664-39-3 7722-84-1 7783-07-5 7783-06-4 123-31-9 999-61-1 95-13-6 7440-74-6 7553-56-2 74-88-4 1309-37-1 13463-40-6 110-19-0 78-78-4
16-37
10
1
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
24 0.1 85 0.1 0.1 0.2 10 10 1.6
2 0.05 C
3.1 0.11 C
0.3 C
0.37 C
10
19
15
60
500
2050
75
350
10
40
0.11 C 3C 5C 4.7 C 3C
0.19 C 9.9 C 7.5 C 5C 2.3 C
15
21
0.1 C
1.0 C
0.2
0.45
0.1 10 5 2 10 0.2
400 50 50 50 0.02 0.01 1 0.005 50 0.5 5 30 50 0.01
1 0.05 10 0.5 10
2 0.1 150 600
18 9.4 7.9 40 0.63 10 2 0.5 0.05 1640 233 233 233 0.002 0.21 0.5 0.11 9.7 0.2 0.034 176 2.3 20 103 295 0.013
1.4 0.16 14 2 2.8 48 0.1 12 5 0.23 713 1770
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Isopentyl acetate [Isoamyl acetate] Isophorone Isophorone diisocyanate Isopropenylbenzene [α-Methyl styrene] 2-Isopropoxyethanol Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine N-Isopropylaniline Isopropylbenzene [Cumene] Isopropyl glycidyl ether Kaolin Ketene Lead Lead(II) arsenate Lead(II) chromate Lithium hydride Magnesium carbonate [Magnesite] Magnesium oxide Malathion Maleic anhydride Manganese Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl Mercury Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid [2-Methylpropenoic acid] Methanethiol [Methyl mercaptan] Methanol Methomyl o-Methoxyaniline [o-Anisidine] p-Methoxyaniline [p-Anisidine] Methoxychlor 4-Methoxyphenol Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Methylamine o-Methylaniline [o-Toluidine] m-Methylaniline [m-Toluidine] p-Methylaniline [p-Toluidine] N-Methylaniline 3-Methyl-1-butanol [Isoamyl alcohol] 3-Methyl-2-butanone [Methyl isopropyl ketone] Methyl tert-butyl ether [MTBE] Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclohexanol (all isomers) 2-Methylcyclohexanone 2-Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl Methyl demeton 2-Methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzamide [Dinitolmide] 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol [Dinitro-o-cresol] Methylene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate) Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Methyl formate 6-Methyl-1-heptanol [Isooctyl alcohol] 5-Methyl-3-heptanone
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C7H14O2 C9H14O C12H18N2O2 C9H10 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C3H9N C9H13N C9H12 C6H12O2 C2H2O Pb As2O8Pb3 CrO4Pb HLi CMgO3 MgO C10H19O6PS2 C4H2O3 Mn C8H5MnO3 Hg C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4S CH4O C5H10N2O2S C7H9NO C7H9NO C16H15Cl3O2 C7H8O2 C3H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H5N CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C5H12O C5H10O C5H12O C5H5NO2 C7H14 C7H14O C7H12O
123-92-2 78-59-1 4098-71-9 98-83-9 109-59-1 108-21-4 75-31-0 768-52-5 98-82-8 4016-14-2 1332-58-7 463-51-4 7439-92-1 7784-40-9 7758-97-6 7580-67-8 546-93-0 1309-48-4 121-75-5 108-31-6 7439-96-5 12079-65-1 7439-97-6 141-79-7 79-41-4 74-93-1 67-56-1 16752-77-5 90-04-0 104-94-9 72-43-5 150-76-5 79-20-9 96-33-3 126-98-7 74-89-5 95-53-4 108-44-1 106-49-0 100-61-8 123-51-3 563-80-4 1634-04-4 137-05-3 108-87-2 25639-42-3 583-60-8
C9H7MnO3 C6H15O3PS2 C8H7N3O5 C7H6N2O5 C15H22N2O2 C8H18O2 C2H4O2 C8H18O C8H16O
12108-13-3 8022-00-2 148-01-6 534-52-1 5124-30-1 1338-23-4 107-31-3 26952-21-6 541-85-5
16-38
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3 100
532
0.005 50 25 250 5 2 50 50
200 2 1 5 2 2 2 0.5 100 200 40 0.2 400 50 50
0.045 242 106 1040 12 11 246 238 2 0.86 0.05 0.15 0.075 0.025 10 10 10 4 0.2 0.4 0.025 60 70 0.98 262 2.5 0.5 0.5 10 5 606 7 2.7 6.4 8.8 8.8 8.8 2.2 361 705 144 0.9 1610 234 229
0.005
0.8 0.5 5 0.2 0.054
100 50 25
246 266 131
0.5
0.1
15 20 0.5 200 0.1 0.1
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
5C
28 C
100
483
310 10
1290 24
75
356
1.5
2.6
25
100
250
328
250
757
15
19
125
452
75
344
0.2 C 150
1.5 C 368
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance 5-Methyl-2-hexanone [Methyl isopentyl ketone] Methylhydrazine Methyl isocyanate Methyl methacrylate Methyloxirane [1,2-Propylene oxide] Methyl parathion 2-Methylpentane 3-Methylpentane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol [Hexylene glycol] 4-Methyl-2-pentanol [Methyl isobutyl carbinol] 4-Methyl-2-pentanone [Isobutyl methyl ketone] 2-Methyl-1-propanol [Isobutyl alcohol] 2-Methyl-2-propanol [tert-Butyl alcohol] Methylstyrene (all isomers) N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline [Tetryl] Metribuzin Mevinphos Mica Molybdenum Monocrotophos Morpholine Naled Naphthalene 1-Naphthalenylthiourea [ANTU] Neopentane Nickel Nickel carbonyl Nickel(III) sulfide Nicotine Nitrapyrin Nitric acid Nitric oxide p-Nitroaniline Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trifluoride Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Nitrotoluene (all isomers) Nitrous oxide Nonane (all isomers) Octachloronaphthalene Octane (all isomers) Osmium(VIII) oxide [Osmium tetroxide] Oxalic acid 2-Oxetanone [β-Propiolactone] Oxiranemethanol [Glycidol] Ozone Paraquat Parathion Pentaborane(9) Pentachloronaphthalene (unspecified isomer) Pentachloronitrobenzene Pentachlorophenol Pentaerythritol
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C7H14O CH6N2 C2H3NO C5H8O2 C3H6O C8H10NO5PS C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O2 C6H14O C6H12O C4H10O C4H10O C9H10 C7H5N5O8 C8H14N4OS C7H13O6P
110-12-3 60-34-4 624-83-9 80-62-6 75-56-9 298-00-0 107-83-5 96-14-0 107-41-5 108-11-2 108-10-1 78-83-1 75-65-0 25013-15-4 479-45-8 21087-64-9 7786-34-7 12001-26-2 7439-98-7 6923-22-4 110-91-8 300-76-5 91-20-3 86-88-4 463-82-1 7440-02-0 13463-39-3 12035-72-2 54-11-5 1929-82-4 7697-37-2 10102-43-9 100-01-6 98-95-3 79-24-3 10102-44-0 7783-54-2 75-52-5 108-03-2 79-46-9 1321-12-6 10024-97-2 111-84-2 2234-13-1 111-65-9 20816-12-0 144-62-7 57-57-8 556-52-5 10028-15-6 4685-14-7 56-38-2 19624-22-7 1321-64-8 82-68-8 87-86-5 115-77-5
Mo C7H14NO5P C4H9NO C4H7Br2Cl2O4P C10H8 C11H10N2S C5H12 Ni C4NiO4 Ni3S2 C10H14N2 C6H3Cl4N HNO3 NO C6H6N2O2 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 NO2 F3N CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C7H7NO2 N2O C9H20 C10Cl8 C8H18 O4Os C2H2O4 C3H4O2 C3H6O2 O3 C12H14N2 C10H14NO5PS B5H9 C10H3Cl5 C6Cl5NO2 C6HCl5O C5H12O4
16-39
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3 50 0.01 0.02 50 20 500 500 25 50 50 100 50
0.01
20 10 600 0.05
2 25 1 100 3 10 20 25 10 2 50 200 300 0.0002 0.5 2 0.1
0.005
234 0.019 0.047 205 48 0.2 1760 1760 104 205 152 303 242 1.5 5 0.092 3 10 0.25 71 3 52 0.3 1770 1.5 0.12 0.14 0.5 10 5.2 31 3 5 307 5.6 29 50 91 36 11 90 1050 0.1 1400 0.0016 1 1.5 6.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.013 0.5 0.5 0.5 10
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
100
410
1000 1000 25 C 40 75
3500 3500 121 C 167 307
100
483
0.03
0.27
15
79
4
20 10
5
9.4
375 0.0006
0.3 1750 0.0047 2
0.015
0.039
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Pentanal [Valeraldehyde] Pentane Pentanedial [Glutaraldehyde] 2-Pentanone [Methyl propyl ketone] 3-Pentanone [Diethyl ketone] Pentyl acetate (all isomers) Perchloromethyl mercaptan Perchloryl fluoride Perfluoroacetone [Hexafluoroacetone] Perfluoroisobutene Phenol 10H-Phenothiazine Phenylenediamine (all isomers) Phenyl glycidyl ether Phenylhydrazine Phenylphosphine Phorate Phosphine Phosphoric acid Phosphorus (white) Phosphorus(III) chloride [Phosphorus trichloride] Phosphorus(V) chloride [Phosphorus pentachloride] Phosphorus(V) oxychloride [Phosphoryl chloride] Phosphorus(V) sulfide Phthalic anhydride Piperazine dihydrochloride 2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione [Pindone] Platinum Potassium hydroxide Propane Propanoic acid 1-Propanol 2-Propanol [Isopropyl alcohol] Propargyl alcohol [2-Propyn-1-ol] Propoxur Propyl acetate 1,2-Propylene glycol dinitrate Propylene glycol monomethyl ether Propyleneimine Propyl nitrate Propyne [Methylacetylene] 2-Pyridinamine [2-Aminopyridine] Pyridine Pyrocatechol [Catechol] Resorcinol Rhodium Ronnel Rotenone Selenium Selenium hexafluoride Sesone Silane Silicon Silicon carbide
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C5H10O C5H12 C5H8O2 C5H10O C5H10O C7H14O2 CCl4S ClFO3 C3F6O C4F8 C6H6O C12H9NS C6H8N2 C9H10O2 C6H8N2 C6H7P C7H17O2PS3 H3P H3O4P P
110-62-3 109-66-0 111-30-8 107-87-9 96-22-0 628-63-7 594-42-3 7616-94-6 684-16-2 382-21-8 108-95-2 92-84-2 25265-76-3 122-60-1 100-63-0 638-21-1 298-02-2 7803-51-2 7664-38-2 7723-14-0
Cl3P
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3 50 600
176 1770
200 200 50 0.1 3 0.1
705 700 265 0.76 13 0.68
5
19 5 0.1 0.6 0.44
0.1 0.1
0.02
0.05 0.42 1 0.1
7719-12-2
0.2
1.1
Cl5P
10026-13-8
0.1
0.85
Cl3OP P2S5 C8H4O3 C4H12Cl2N2 C14H14O3 Pt HKO C3H8 C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H4O C11H15NO3 C5H10O2 C3H6N2O6 C4H10O2 C3H7N C3H7NO3 C3H4 C5H6N2 C5H5N C6H6O2 C6H6O2 Rh C8H8Cl3O3PS C23H22O6 Se F6Se C8H7Cl2NaO5S H4Si Si CSi
10025-87-3 1314-80-3 85-44-9 142-64-3 83-26-1 7440-06-4 1310-58-3 74-98-6 79-09-4 71-23-8 67-63-0 107-19-7 114-26-1 109-60-4 6423-43-4 107-98-2 75-55-8 627-13-4 74-99-7 504-29-0 110-86-1 120-80-9 108-46-3 7440-16-6 299-84-3 83-79-4 7782-49-2 7783-79-1 136-78-7 7803-62-5 7440-21-3 409-21-2
0.1
0.63 1 6.1 5 0.1 1 2C 4500 30 492 983 2.3 0.5 835 0.34 369 4.7 107 1640 1.9 16 23 45 1 10 5 0.2 0.95 10 6.6 10 10
16-40
0.3
1
2500 10 200 400 1 200 0.05 100 2 25 1000 0.5 5 5 10
0.12 5
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
750 0.05 C 250 300 100
2210 0.2 C 881 1050 530
6
25
0.01 C
0.082 C
0.05 C
0.23 C 0.2 1.4 3
1
0.5
2.8
3
250 500
614 1230
250
1040
150
553
40
172
20
90
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Silicon dioxide (α-quartz) Silicon dioxide (tridymite) Silicon dioxide (cristobalite) Silicon dioxide (vitreous) Silver Sodium azide Sodium fluoroacetate Sodium hydrogen sulfite Sodium hydroxide Sodium metabisulfite Sodium pyrophosphate Sodium tetraborate decahydrate Stibine Strontium chromate Strychnine Styrene Sucrose Sulfotep Sulfur chloride Sulfur decafluoride Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfuric acid Sulfuryl fluoride Sulprofos Talc Tantalum Tantalum(V) oxide Tellurium Tellurium hexafluoride Terephthalic acid Terphenyl (all isomers) 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane [Acetylene tetrabromide] Tetrabromomethane [Carbon tetrabromide] 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene [Perchloroethylene] Tetrachloromethane [Carbon tetrachloride] Tetrachloronaphthalene (all isomers) Tetraethyl lead Tetraethyl pyrophosphate [TEPP] Tetrahydrofuran [Oxolane] Tetramethyl lead Tetramethyl silicate Tetramethyl succinonitrile Tetranitromethane Thallium 4,4'-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) Thioglycolic acid Thionyl chloride Thiram Tin Titanium(IV) oxide [Titanium dioxide] Toluene
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
O2Si O2Si O2Si O2Si Ag N3Na C2H2FNaO2 HNaO3S HNaO Na2O5S2 Na4O7P2 B4H20Na2O17 H3Sb CrO4Sr C21H22N2O2 C8H8 C12H22O11 C8H20O5P2S2 Cl2S2 F10S2 O2S F6S F4S H2O4S F2O2S C12H19O2PS3 Ta O5Ta2 Te F6Te C8H6O4 C18H14
14808-60-7 15468-32-3 14464-46-1 60676-86-0 7440-22-4 26628-22-8 62-74-8 7631-90-5 1310-73-2 7681-57-4 7722-88-5 1303-96-4 7803-52-3 7789-06-2 57-24-9 100-42-5 57-50-1 3689-24-5 10025-67-9 5714-22-7 7446-09-5 2551-62-4 7783-60-0 7664-93-9 2699-79-8 35400-43-2 14807-96-6 7440-25-7 1314-61-0 13494-80-9 7783-80-4 100-21-0 26140-60-3
C2H2Br4 CBr4 C2Cl4F2 C2Cl4F2 C2H2Cl4 C2Cl4 CCl4 C10H4Cl4 C8H20Pb C8H20O7P2 C4H8O C4H12Pb C4H12O4Si C8H12N2 CN4O8 Tl C22H30O2S C2H4O2S Cl2OS C6H12N2S4 Sn O2Ti C7H8
79-27-6 558-13-4 76-11-9 76-12-0 79-34-5 127-18-4 56-23-5 1335-88-2 78-00-2 107-49-3 109-99-9 75-74-1 681-84-5 3333-52-6 509-14-8 7440-28-0 96-69-5 68-11-1 7719-09-7 137-26-8 7440-31-5 13463-67-7 108-88-3
16-41
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.29 C 0.05 5 2C
0.1
20
2 1000
5
0.02
1 0.1 500 500 1 25 5
5 5 5 0.51 0.002 0.15 85 10 0.2
5.2 6000 1 21 1 2 5 5 0.1 0.10 10
1
14 1.4 4170 4170 6.9 170 31 2 0.1 0.05 590 0.15 6 2.8 0.04 0.1 10 3.8
50
1 2 10 188
200 1 0.5 0.005
40
170
1C 0.01 C 5
5.5 C 0.10 C 13
0.1 C 10
0.44 C 3 42
0.53 C
5C
0.3
4.1
100 10
685 63
250
737
1C
4.9 C
THRESHOLD LIMITS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (continued)
Substance Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine Tribromomethane [Bromoform] Tributyl phosphate Trichloroacetic acid 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane [Methyl chloroform] 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane [Chloroform] (Trichloromethyl)benzene [Benzotrichloride] Trichloronaphthalene (all isomers) Trichloronitromethane [Chloropicrin] 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Triethanolamine Triethylamine Triiodomethane [Iodoform] Trimellitic anhydride [1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride] Trimethylamine Trimethylbenzene (all isomers) Trimethyl phosphite Trinitroglycerol [Nitroglycerin] 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol [Picric acid] 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene [TNT] Triphenylamine Triphenyl phosphate Tungsten Uranium Vanadium(V) oxide Vinyl acetate 4-Vinylcyclohexene Warfarin Xylene (all isomers) Xylidine (all isomers) Yttrium Zinc chloride Zinc chromate, basic Zinc oxide Zirconium
Molecular Formula
CAS Reg. No.
C9H6N2O2 C2H4N4 CHBr3 C12H27O4P C2HCl3O2 C6H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 CCl3F CHCl3 C7H5Cl3 C10H5Cl3 CCl3NO2 C8H5Cl3O3 C3H5Cl3 C2Cl3F3 C21H21O4P C6H15NO3 C6H15N CHI3
584-84-9 61-82-5 75-25-2 126-73-8 76-03-9 120-82-1 71-55-6 79-00-5 79-01-6 75-69-4 67-66-3 98-07-7 1321-65-9 76-06-2 93-76-5 96-18-4 76-13-1 78-30-8 102-71-6 121-44-8 75-47-8
C9H4O5 C3H9N C9H12 C3H9O3P C3H5N3O9 C6H3N3O7 C7H5N3O6 C18H15N C18H15O4P W U O5V2 C4H6O2 C8H12 C19H16O4 C8H10 C8H11N Y Cl2Zn CrH2O4Zn OZn Zr
552-30-7 75-50-3 25551-13-7 121-45-9 55-63-0 88-89-1 118-96-7 603-34-9 115-86-6 7440-33-7 7440-61-1 1314-62-1 108-05-4 100-40-3 81-81-2 1330-20-7 1300-73-8 7440-65-5 7646-85-7 13530-65-9 1314-13-2 7440-67-7
16-42
Time-Weighted Average ppm mg/m3
Short-Term Exposure Limit ppm mg/m3
0.005
0.02
0.14
5C 450
37 C 2460
100 1000 C
537 5620 C
0.01 C
0.08 C
1250
9590
3
12
15
0.04 C 36
0.5 0.2 1
0.036 0.2 5.2 2.2 6.7
350 10 50
1910 55 269
10
49
0.1 10 1000
1 0.6
5 25 2 0.05
10 0.1 100 0.5
5 0.67 10 60 7670 0.1 5 4.1 10
12 123 10 0.46 0.1 0.1 5 3 5 0.2 0.05 35 0.44 0.1 434 2.5 1 1 0.045 5 5
10 0.6 15
53
150
651
2 10 10
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS The octanol-water partition coefficient, P, is a widely used parameter for correlating biological effects of organic substances. It is a property of the two-phase system in which water and 1-octanol are in equilibrium at a fixed temperature and the substance is distributed between the water-rich and octanol-rich phases. P is defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentration of the substance in the octanol-rich phase to that in the water-rich phase, in the limit of zero concentration. In general, P tends to be large for compounds with extended non-polar structures (such as long chain or multiring hydrocarbons) and small for compounds with highly polar groups. Thus P (or, in its more common form of expression, log P) provides a measure of the lipophilic vs. hydrophilic nature of a compound, which is an important consideration in assessing the potential toxicity. A discussion of methods of measurement and accuracy considerations for log P may be found in Reference 1. This table gives selected values of log P for about 450 organic compounds, including many of environmental importance. All values refer to a nominal temperature of 25°C. The source of each value is indicated in the last column. These references contain data on many more compounds than are included here. Compounds are listed by molecular formula following the Hill convention. To locate a compound by name or CAS Registry Number when the molecular formula is not known, use the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3 and its indexes to determine the molecular formula. REFERENCES 1. Sangster, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1111, 1989. 2. Mackay, D., Shiu, W.Y., and Ma, K.C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 3. Shiu, W.Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. 4. Pinsuwan, S., Li, L., and Yalkowsky, S.H., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 623, 1995. 5. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 6. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 7. Miller, M.M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S.P., Tewari, Y.B., and Martire, D.E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 184, 1984. Mol. Form. CCl2F2 CCl3F CCl4 CHBr3 CHCl3 CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3Br CH3Cl CH3F CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH4O CH5N C2Cl3F3 C2Cl4 C2Cl6 C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl4 C2H3Cl C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3N C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2
Name Dichlorodifluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Tetrachloromethane Tribromomethane Trichloromethane Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Bromomethane Chloromethane Fluoromethane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methanol Methylamine 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Tetrachloroethylene Hexachloroethane Trichloroethylene Pentachloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Chloroethylene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Acetonitrile 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
Name
log P
Ref.
2.16 2.53 2.64 2.38 1.97 1.41 2.3 1.25 0.20 2.5 0.35 -0.54 1.19 0.91 0.51 1.5 -1.51 -0.33 -0.74 -0.57 3.16 2.88 4.00 2.53 2.89 2.13 1.86 1.93 2.39 1.38 2.49 2.38 -0.34 1.79 1.48
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5I C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2S C2H7N C2H7N C3H3N C3H4Cl2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H5Br C3H5ClO C3H5Cl3 C3H5N C3H5NO C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7I
Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Bromoethane Chloroethane Iodoethane Acetamide Nitroethane Ethanol Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl sulfone Ethylamine Dimethylamine 2-Propenenitrile cis-1,3-Dichloropropene Propargyl alcohol Acrolein 3-Bromopropene Epichlorohydrin 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Propanenitrile Acrylamide 1,2-Dichloropropane Allyl alcohol Propanal Acetone Methyloxirane Propanoic acid Methyl acetate 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane 2-Chloropropane 1-Iodopropane
0.45 -0.30 -0.17 1.6 1.43 2 -1.26 0.18 -0.30 0.10 -1.35 -1.41 -0.13 -0.38 0.25 2.03 -0.38 -0.01 1.79 0.30 2.63 0.16 -0.78 2.0 0.17 0.59 -0.24 0.03 0.33 0.18 2.1 1.9 2.04 1.90 2.5
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C4H4O C4H4S C4H5N C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H7N C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H9Br C4H9Cl C4H9F C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO2 C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C5H5N C5H6O C5H7N C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10
Name Allylamine N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 1-Propanol 2-Propanol 1-Propanethiol Propylamine Isopropylamine Ethylmethylamine Trimethylamine Furan Thiophene Pyrrole 1,3-Butadiene 2-Butyne 2,5-Dihydrofuran Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate Butanenitrile cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene Isobutene Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Ethyl vinyl ether Butanal 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran Butanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate 1-Bromobutane 1-Chlorobutane 1-Fluorobutane 1-Iodobutane Pyrrolidine Butanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide 1-Nitrobutane Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether 1-Butanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine Pyridine 2-Methylfuran 1-Methylpyrrole 1,4-Pentadiene 1-Pentyne Methyl methacrylate Ethyl acrylate Pentanenitrile 1-Pentene
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
0.03 -1.01 -1.05 0.87 0.25 0.05 1.81 0.48 0.26 0.15 0.16 1.34 1.81 0.75 1.99 1.46 0.46 0.93 0.73 0.80 0.60 2.33 2.31 2.35 1.12 1.04 0.88 0.29 0.46 0.79 0.83 0.73 2.75 2.64 2.58 3 0.46 -0.21 -0.77 1.47 2.8 0.84 0.65 0.76 0.35 0.89 2.28 1.95 0.86 0.40 0.58 0.65 1.85 1.21 2.48 1.98 1.38 1.32 0.94 2.2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H11Br C5H11F C5H11N C5H11NO2 C5H12 C5H12 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H13N C6Cl6 C6HCl5 C6HCl5O C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H2Cl4 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H3Cl3 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2O C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6O C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8 C6H8O C6H8O C6H8O C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O2
Name Cyclopentane 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 3-Methyl-2-butanone Tetrahydropyran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Pentanoic acid Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Diethyl carbonate 1-Bromopentane 1-Fluoropentane Piperidine 1-Nitropentane Pentane Neopentane 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-2-butanol 2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol Methyl tert-butyl ether Pentylamine Hexachlorobenzene Pentachlorobenzene Pentachlorophenol 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene Nitrobenzene Benzene Phenol Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 1,4-Cyclohexadiene 5-Hexyn-2-one 2-Cyclohexen-1-one 2-Ethylfuran 1,5-Hexadiene 1-Hexyne Cyclohexene 5-Hexen-2-one Cyclohexanone Ethyl methacrylate
log P
Ref.
3.00 0.84 0.82 0.56 0.82 1.85 1.39 1.24 1.21 1.21 3.37 2.33 0.84 2.01 3.45 3.11 1.51 1.25 1.21 1.28 0.89 1.28 1.31 0.94 1.49 5.47 5.03 5.07 4.55 4.65 4.51 4.04 3.98 4.02 3.38 3.48 3.38 3.23 2.99 2.84 2.27 3.28 1.85 2.13 1.48 2.52 0.90 1.11 1.20 1.22 2.3 0.58 0.61 2.40 2.8 2.73 2.86 1.02 0.81 1.94
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
C6H11Br C6H11N C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H13Br C6H13N C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5N C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3 C7H7Br C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7NO2 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H14 C7H14 C7H14O C7H14O C7H15Br C7H15Cl C7H15I
Bromocyclohexane Hexanenitrile 1-Hexene 4-Methyl-1-pentene Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Cyclohexanol Hexanal 2-Hexanone 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Hexanoic acid Butyl acetate 1-Bromohexane Cyclohexylamine Hexane 3-Methylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 1-Hexanol 2-Hexanol 3-Hexanol 3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Hexylamine Dipropylamine Triethylamine 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid Benzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Phenyl formate Salicylic acid (Bromomethyl)benzene o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene p-Nitrotoluene Toluene 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole Benzylamine o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 1-Heptene Methylcyclohexane 2-Heptanone 5-Methyl-2-hexanone 1-Bromoheptane 1-Chloroheptane 1-Iodoheptane
3.20 1.66 3.40 2.5 3.44 3.37 1.23 1.78 1.38 1.31 1.92 1.82 3.80 1.49 4.00 3.60 3.82 3.85 2.03 1.76 1.65 1.48 2.03 1.52 2.06 1.67 1.45 2.20 2.87 2.86 1.56 1.48 1.88 1.26 2.20 2.92 3.42 3.28 3.33 2.30 2.42 2.73 2.63 1.98 1.98 1.97 1.05 2.11 1.09 1.32 1.40 1.39 1.66 3.99 3.88 1.98 1.88 4.36 4.15 4.70
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C7H16 C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H16O C7H17N C8H6 C8H6O C8H6S C8H7N C8H7N C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H14O2 C8H15N C8H16 C8H16 C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H17Br C8H18 C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C9H7N
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Name Heptane 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 4-Heptanol Heptylamine Phenylacetylene Benzofuran Benzo[b]thiophene Benzeneacetonitrile Indole Styrene Acetophenone 2-Methylbenzaldehyde Benzeneacetaldehyde 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Phenyloxirane o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid Phenyl acetate Methyl benzoate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene o-Ethylphenol m-Ethylphenol p-Ethylphenol 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Benzeneethanol α-Methylbenzyl alcohol 3-Methylbenzenemethanol 4-Methylbenzenemethanol Phenetole Benzyl methyl ether 2-Methylanisole 3-Methylanisole 4-Methylanisole p-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine Butyl methacrylate Octanenitrile 1-Octene Cyclooctane 2-Octanone Octanoic acid 1-Bromooctane Octane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 4-Octanol Dibutyl ether Quinoline
log P
Ref.
4.50 2.62 2.31 2.24 2.22 2.57 2.40 2.67 3.12 1.56 2.14 3.05 1.63 2.26 1.78 2.14 1.61 2.32 2.37 2.34 1.41 1.49 2.20 3.15 3.12 3.20 3.15 2.47 2.50 2.50 2.35 2.34 2.36 3.23 2.35 1.36 1.42 1.60 1.58 2.51 1.35 2.74 2.66 2.81 1.96 2.31 1.41 2.88 2.75 4.57 4.45 2.37 3.05 4.89 5.15 3.07 2.90 2.68 3.21 2.03
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form. C9H7N C9H8 C9H8O2 C9H9N C9H10 C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12 C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H12O C9H13N C9H13N C9H18 C9H18O C9H18O C9H20 C9H20O C9H21N C10H7Cl C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H8 C10H8O C10H8O C10H12O2 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14O C10H20O C10H20O2 C10H22 C10H22O C11H9N C11H10 C11H10 C11H16 C11H16 C11H22O C11H22O2 C12Cl10 C12HCl9
Name Isoquinoline Indene trans-Cinnamic acid Benzenepropanenitrile Indan 1-Phenyl-1-propanone 1-Phenyl-2-propanone 4-Methylacetophenone 2-Phenylpropanoic acid Benzyl acetate 4-Methylphenyl acetate Ethyl benzoate Propylbenzene Isopropylbenzene o-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 2-Propylphenol 4-Propylphenol 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol 2,4,6-Trimethylphenol Benzenepropanol N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine Amphetamine 1-Nonene 2-Nonanone 5-Methyl-2-octanone Nonane 1-Nonanol Tripropylamine 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene Naphthalene Azulene 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol Isopropyl benzoate Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene p-Cymene 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 4-Butylphenol 2-Decanone Decanoic acid Decane 1-Decanol 4-Phenylpyridine 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Pentylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 2-Undecanone Methyl decanoate Decachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,5,5′,6,6′Nonachlorobiphenyl
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
2.08 2.92 2.13 1.72 3.33 2.19 1.44 2.19 1.80 1.96 2.11 2.64 3.69 3.66 3.53 3.63 3.60 3.63 3.42 2.93 3.20 2.67 2.46 1.88 1.98 1.76 5.15 3.16 2.92 5.65 4.02 2.79 3.90 3.98 3.34 3.22 2.84 2.70 3.18 4.26 4.11 4.01 4.10 4.10 4.00 4.10 3.65 3.77 4.09 6.25 4.57 2.59 3.87 4.00 4.90 4.56 4.09 4.41 8.26
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
C12H2Cl8
8.16
3
C12H3Cl7 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H4Cl6 C12H5Cl5 C12H5Cl5 C12H6Cl4 C12H6Cl4 C12H7Cl3 C12H7Cl3 C12H8Cl2 C12H8Cl2 C12H8O C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H9Cl C12H9N C12H10 C12H10 C12H10N2 C12H10O C12H10S C12H11N C12H12 C12H12 C12H12 C12H14O C12H18 C12H18 C12H22O C12H24O2 C12H26O C13H8O C13H9N C13H10 C13H10O C13H10O2 C13H11NO C13H12 C13H12 C13H12O C13H12O C14H10 C14H10 C14H12 C14H12 C14H12O C14H12O2 C14H14 C14H14 C14H22 C14H28O2 C15H12 C15H12 C15H12 C16H10 C16H10 C16H14 C16H32O2
Name 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′Octachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,3,3′,6,6′-Hexachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2′,4′,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl 2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl 2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl Dibenzofuran 2-Chlorobiphenyl 3-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl Carbazole Acenaphthene Biphenyl Azobenzene Diphenyl ether Diphenyl sulfide Diphenylamine 1-Ethylnaphthalene 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene 4-Phenylcyclohexanone Hexylbenzene Hexamethylbenzene Cyclododecanone Dodecanoic acid 1-Dodecanol 9H-Fluoren-9-one Acridine 9H-Fluorene Benzophenone Phenyl benzoate N-Phenylbenzamide Diphenylmethane 4-Methylbiphenyl Diphenylmethanol Benzyl phenyl ether Anthracene Phenanthrene trans-Stilbene 1-Methylfluorene 2-Phenylacetophenone Benzyl benzoate 1,2-Diphenylethane 4,4′-Dimethylbiphenyl Octylbenzene Tetradecanoic acid 2-Methylanthracene 9-Methylanthracene 1-Methylphenanthrene Fluoranthene Pyrene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene Hexadecanoic acid
log P
Ref.
7.10 6.70 7.00 7.00 6.70 6.30 6.40 5.72 5.73 5.60 5.47 5.10 5.00 4.12 4.52 4.58 4.61 3.72 3.96 3.76 3.82 4.21 4.45 3.44 4.40 4.31 4.37 2.45 5.52 4.69 4.10 4.6 5.13 3.58 3.40 4.20 3.18 3.59 2.62 4.14 4.63 2.67 3.79 4.56 4.52 4.81 4.97 3.18 3.97 4.70 5.09 6.30 6.1 5.15 5.07 5.14 5.07 5.08 5.69 7.17
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4 1 1
OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (continued) Mol. Form.
Name
log P
Ref.
Mol. Form.
C17H12 C17H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H12 C18H15N C18H30O2 C18H32O2 C18H34O2
11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 11H-Benzo[b]fluorene Benz[a]anthracene Chrysene Naphthacene Triphenylene Triphenylamine Linolenic acid Linoleic acid Oleic acid
5.40 5.75 5.91 5.73 5.76 5.49 5.74 6.46 7.05 7.64
1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1
C18H36O2 C19H16O C20H12 C20H12 C20H32O2 C20H40O2 C21H16
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
C22H12 C24H12
Name Stearic acid Triphenylmethanol Perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Arachidonic acid Arachidic acid 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene Benzo[ghi]perylene Coronene
log P
Ref.
8.23 3.68 6.25 6.20 6.98 9.29
1 1 1 4 1 1
6.75 6.90 6.05
1 1 4
PROTECTION AGAINST IONIZING RADIATION The following data and rules of thumb are helpful in estimating the penetrating capability of and danger of exposure to various types of ionizing radiation. More precise data should be used for critical applications.
Alpha Particles Alpha particles of at least 7.5 MeV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick.
Electrons Electrons of at least 70 keV are required to penetrate the epidermis, the protective layer of skin, 0.07 mm thick. The range of electrons in g/cm2 is approximately equal to the maximum energy (E) in MeV divided by 2. The range of electrons in air is about 3.65 m per MeV; for example, a 3 MeV electron has a range of about 11 m in air. A chamber wall thickness of 30 mg/cm2 will transmit 70% of the initial fluence of 1 MeV electrons and 20% of that of 0.4 MeV electrons. When electrons of 1 to 2 MeV pass through light materials such as water, aluminum, or glass, less than 1% of their energy is dissipated as bremsstrahlung. The bremsstrahlung from 1 Ci of 32P aqueous solution in a glass bottle is about 1 mR/h at 1 meter distance. When electrons from a 1 Ci source of 90Sr - 90Y are absorbed, the bremsstrahlung hazard is approximately equal to that presented by the gamma radiation from 12 mg of radium. The average energy of the bremsstrahlung is about 300 keV.
Gamma Rays The air-scattered radiation (sky-shine) from a 100 Ci 60Co source placed 1 ft behind a 4 ft high shield is about 100 mrad/h at 6 ft from the outside of the shield. Within ±20% for point source gamma emitters with energies between 0.07 and 4 MeV, the exposure rate (R/h) at 1 ft is 6C⋅E⋅n where C is the activity in curies, E is the energy in MeV, and n is the number of gammas per disintegration.
Neutrons An approximate HVL (thickness of absorber for which the neutron flux falls to half its initial value) for 1 MeV neutrons is 3.2 cm of paraffin; that for 5 MeV neutrons is 6.9 cm of paraffin).
Miscellaneous The activity of any radionuclide is reduced to less than 1% after 7 half-lives (i.e., 2-7 = 0.8%). For nuclides with a half-life greater than 6 days, the change in activity in 24 hours will be less than 10%. 10 HVL (half-value layers) attenuates approximately by 10-3. There is 0.64 mm3 of radon gas at STP in transient equilibrium with 1 Ci of radium. The natural background from all sources in most parts of the world leads to an equivalent dose rate of about 0.04 to 4 mSv per year for the average person. About 84% of this comes from terrestrial sources, the remainder from cosmic rays. The U. S. average is about 3.6 mSv/yr but can range up to 50 mSv/yr in some areas. A passenger in a plane flying at 12,000 meters receives 5 µSv/hr from cosmic rays (as compared to about 0.03 µSv/hr at sea level). The ICRP recommended exposure limit to man-made sources of ionizing radiation (Reference 2) is 20 mSv/yr averaged over 5 years, with the dose in any one year not to exceed 50 mSv. A whole-body dose of about 3 Gy over a short time interval will typically lead to 50% mortality in 30 days assuming no medical treatment.
Units The gray (Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose; it is a measure of the mean energy imparted to a sample of irradiated matter, divided by the mass of the sample. Gy is a special name for the SI unit J/kg. The sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of equivalent dose, which is defined as the absorbed dose multiplied by a weighting factor that expresses the longterm biological risk from low-level chronic exposure to a specified type of radiation. The Sv is another special name for J/kg. 1 curie (Ci) = 3.7⋅1010 becquerel (Bq); i.e., 3.7⋅1010 disintegrations per second. 1 roentgen (R) = 2.58⋅10-4 coulomb per kilogram (C/kg); a measure of the charge (positive or negative) liberated by x-ray or gamma radiation in air, divided by the mass of air. 1 rad = 0.01 Gy 1 rem = 0.01 Sv REFERENCES 1. Padikal, T.N., and Fivozinsky, S.P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1981. 2. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 3. Radiation: Doses, Effects, Risks, United Nations Sales No. E.86.III.D.4, 1985. 4. Review of Particle Properties, Phys. Rev. D, 50, 1173, 1994 (p. 1268).
16-47
ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES K. F. Eckerman The following table lists, for workers, the annual limits on oral and inhalation intakes (ALI) for selected radionuclides based on the occupational radiation protection guidance of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (References 1 and 2). An intake of one ALI corresponds to an annual whole body dose of 0.02 Sv (2 rem). The ALI is expressed in the SI unit of activity, the becquerel (Bq), and in the conventional unit, the microcurie (µCi); 1 µCi = 3.7⋅104 Bq. The chemical form of inhaled radionuclides is, in most instances, stated in terms of the rate of absorption to blood from the lungs and the fractional absorption from the small intestine. Type F, M, and S denote chemical forms which are absorbed from the lungs at rates characterized as fast, moderate, and slow, respectively. The time to absorb 90% of the deposited radionuclide, in the absence of radioactive decay, corresponds to about 10 minutes, 150 days, and 7000 days for Type F, M, and S compounds, respectively. Type F compounds can be considered to be more soluble than M or S, S being the most insoluble. Chemical form consideration for ingestion is specified by the fractional absorption from the small intestine, denoted as f1. The f1 values range from 10–5 to 1. Higher fractional absorption is associated with greater solubility of the compound. REFERENCES 1. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP 21, (1—3), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1991. 2. Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, ICRP Publication 68, Annals of the ICRP, 24(4), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1995.
Inhalation intakes Physical half-life 3H
12.3 y
11C
0.340 h
14C
5730 y
18F
1.83 h
22Na 32P
2.60 y 15.0 h 14.3 d
35S
87.4 d
24Na
42K
51Cr
12.4 h 22.6 h 163 d 4.53 d 27.7 d
54Mn
312 d
52Fe
8.28 h
55Fe
2.70 y
43K 45Ca 47Ca
Chemical form Type/f1 HT gas HTO vapor CO CO2 Organic compounds CO CO2 Organic compounds F 1.000 M 1.000 S 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 F 0.800 M 0.800 Inorganic compounds F 0.800 M 0.800 Vapor Organic compounds F 1.000 F 1.000 M 0.300 M 0.300 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100
Oral intakes
ALI
Chemical form f1
Bq
µCi
ALI
Bq
µCi
1.1E+13 1.1E+09 1.7E+10 9.1E+09 6.2E+09
3.0E+08 3.0E+04 4.5E+05 2.5E+05 1.7E+05
1.000
1.1E+13
3.0E+08
1.000
8.3E+08
2.3E+04
2.5E+10 3.1E+09 3.4E+07
6.8E+05 8.3E+04 9.3E+02
1.000
3.4E+07
9.3E+02
3.7E+08 2.2E+08 2.2E+08 1.0E+07 3.8E+07 1.8E+07 6.9E+06
1.0E+04 6.1E+03 5.8E+03 2.7E+02 1.0E+03 4.9E+02 1.9E+02
1.000
4.1E+08
1.1E+04
1.000 1.000 0.800
6.3E+06 4.7E+07 8.3E+06
1.7E+02 1.3E+03 2.3E+02
2.5E+08 1.8E+07 1.7E+08
6.8E+03 4.9E+02 4.5E+03
0.800 0.100
1.4E+08 1.1E+08
3.9E+03 2.8E+03
1.000
2.6E+07
7.0E+02
1.000 1.000 0.300 0.300 0.100 0.010
4.7E+07 8.0E+07 2.6E+07 1.3E+07 5.3E+08 5.4E+08
1.3E+03 2.2E+03 7.1E+02 3.4E+02 1.4E+04 1.5E+04
0.100
2.8E+07
7.6E+02
0.100
1.4E+07
3.9E+02
0.100
6.1E+07
1.6E+03
1.0E+08 7.7E+07 8.7E+06 9.5E+06 6.7E+08 5.9E+08 5.6E+08 1.8E+07 1.7E+07 2.9E+07 2.1E+07 2.2E+07 6.1E+07
2.7E+03 2.1E+03 2.4E+02 2.6E+02 1.8E+04 1.6E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+02 4.5E+02 7.8E+02 5.7E+02 5.9E+02 1.6E+03
16-48
ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Physical half-life 59Fe
44.5 d
57Co
271 d
58Co
70.8 d
60Co
5.27 y
64Cu
12.7 h
59Ni
75000 y
63Ni
96.0 y
65Zn 67Ga
244 d 3.26 d
68Ga
1.13 h
68Ge
288 d
75Se
120 d
79Se
65000 y
86Rb 85Sr
18.6 d 64.8 d
87mSr
2.80 h
89Sr
50.5 d
90Sr
29.1 y
99Mo
2.75 d
99mTc
6.02 h
99Tc
213000 y
106Ru
1.01 y
111In
2.83 d
113mIn
1.66 h
113Sn
115 d
123I
13.2 h
125I
60.1 d
129I
1.57⋅107 y
Chemical form Type/f1 F 0.100 M 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.050 M 0.100 S 0.050 M 0.100 S 0.050 F 0.500 M 0.500 S 0.500 F 0.050 M 0.050 Vapor F 0.050 M 0.050 Vapor S 0.500 F 0.001 M 0.001 F 0.001 M 0.001 F 1.000 M 1.000 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 1.000 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.300 S 0.010 F 0.800 S 0.050 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.800 M 0.800 F 0.050 M 0.050 S 0.050 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 0.020 M 0.020 F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000
Oral intakes
ALI Bq
µCi
6.7E+06 6.3E+06 5.1E+07 3.3E+07 1.4E+07 1.2E+07 2.8E+06 1.2E+06 2.9E+08 1.3E+08 1.3E+08 9.1E+07 2.1E+08 2.4E+07 3.8E+07 6.5E+07 1.0E+07 7.1E+06 1.8E+08 7.1E+07 4.1E+08 2.5E+08 2.4E+07 2.5E+06 1.4E+07 1.2E+07 1.3E+07 6.5E+06 1.5E+07 3.6E+07 3.1E+07 9.1E+08 5.7E+08 1.4E+07 3.6E+06 6.7E+05 2.6E+05 5.6E+07 1.8E+07 1.0E+09 6.9E+08 5.0E+07 6.3E+06 2.0E+06 1.2E+06 5.7E+05 9.1E+07 6.5E+07 1.1E+09 6.3E+08 2.5E+07 1.1E+07 1.8E+08 9.5E+07 2.7E+06 1.4E+06 3.9E+05
1.8E+02 1.7E+02 1.4E+03 9.0E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 7.6E+01 3.2E+01 7.9E+03 3.6E+03 3.6E+03 2.5E+03 5.8E+03 6.5E+02 1.0E+03 1.7E+03 2.7E+02 1.9E+02 4.9E+03 1.9E+03 1.1E+04 6.7E+03 6.5E+02 6.8E+01 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 3.4E+02 1.7E+02 4.2E+02 9.7E+02 8.4E+02 2.5E+04 1.5E+04 3.9E+02 9.7E+01 1.8E+01 7.0E+00 1.5E+03 4.9E+02 2.7E+04 1.9E+04 1.4E+03 1.7E+02 5.5E+01 3.2E+01 1.5E+01 2.5E+03 1.7E+03 2.8E+04 1.7E+04 6.8E+02 2.8E+02 4.9E+03 2.6E+03 7.4E+01 3.9E+01 1.1E+01
16-49
Chemical form f1
Bq
µCi
0.100
1.1E+07
3.0E+02
0.100 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.500
9.5E+07 1.1E+08 2.7E+07 2.9E+07 5.9E+06 8.0E+06 1.7E+08
2.6E+03 2.8E+03 7.3E+02 7.7E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.5E+03
0.050
3.2E+08
8.6E+03
0.050
1.3E+08
3.6E+03
0.500 0.001
5.1E+06 1.1E+08
1.4E+02 2.8E+03
0.001
2.0E+08
5.4E+03
1.000
1.5E+07
4.2E+02
0.800 0.050 0.800 0.050 1.000 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.300 0.010 0.800 0.050 0.800
7.7E+06 4.9E+07 6.9E+06 5.1E+07 7.1E+06 3.6E+07 6.1E+07 6.7E+08 6.1E+08 7.7E+06 8.7E+06 7.1E+05 7.4E+06 2.7E+07 1.7E+07 9.1E+08
2.1E+02 1.3E+03 1.9E+02 1.4E+03 1.9E+02 9.7E+02 1.6E+03 1.8E+04 1.6E+04 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 1.9E+01 2.0E+02 7.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.5E+04
0.800
2.6E+07
6.9E+02
0.050
2.9E+06
7.7E+01
0.020
6.9E+07
1.9E+03
0.020
7.1E+08
1.9E+04
0.020
2.7E+07
7.4E+02
1.000
9.5E+07
2.6E+03
1.000
1.3E+06
3.6E+01
1.000
1.8E+05
4.9E+00
ALI
ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Physical half-life 131I
8.04 d
129Cs
141Ce
1.34 d 2.06 y 13.1 d 30.0 y 32.5 d
144Ce
284 d
133Ba 169Yb
10.7 y 12.7 d 32.0 d
198Au
2.69 d
198mAu
2.30 d
197Hg
2.67 d
134Cs 136Cs 137Cs
140Ba
203Hg
201Tl
46.6 d
207Bi
3.04 d 22.3 y 38.0 y
210Po
138 d
224Ra
228Th
3.66 d 1600 y 5.75 y 1.91 y
230Th
77000 y
232Th
1.40⋅1010 y
234U
2.44⋅105 y
210Pb
226Ra 228Ra
Chemical form Type/f1
Oral intakes
ALI
Chemical form f1
Bq
µCi
1.000
9.1E+05
2.5E+01
1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 5.0E-04
3.3E+08 1.1E+06 6.7E+06 1.5E+06 2.8E+07
9.0E+03 2.8E+01 1.8E+02 4.2E+01 7.6E+02
5.0E-04
3.8E+06
1.0E+02
0.100 0.100 5.0E-04
2.0E+07 8.0E+06 2.8E+07
5.4E+02 2.2E+02 7.6E+02
0.100
2.0E+07
5.4E+02
0.100
1.5E+07
4.2E+02
1.000 0.400
2.0E+08 1.2E+08
5.5E+03 3.2E+03
ALI
Bq
µCi
Vapor F 1.000 Vapor F 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 F 1.000 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 F 0.100 F 0.100 M 5.0E-04 S 5.0E-04 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 F 0.100 M 0.100 S 0.100 Inorganic compounds F 0.400
2.1E+05 1.8E+06 1.0E+06 2.5E+08 2.1E+06 1.1E+07 3.0E+06 7.4E+06 6.5E+06 8.7E+05 6.9E+05 1.1E+07 1.3E+07 9.5E+06 8.3E+06 5.1E+07 2.0E+07 1.8E+07 3.4E+07 1.0E+07 1.1E+07
5.6E+00 4.9E+01 2.7E+01 6.7E+03 5.6E+01 2.8E+02 8.1E+01 2.0E+02 1.7E+02 2.4E+01 1.9E+01 3.0E+02 3.4E+02 2.6E+02 2.3E+02 1.4E+03 5.5E+02 4.9E+02 9.2E+02 2.7E+02 2.8E+02
2.4E+08
6.4E+03
Vapor Organic compounds F 0.020 M 0.020 Inorganic compounds F 0.400
4.5E+06
1.2E+02
2.0E+08 7.1E+07
5.4E+03 1.9E+03
0.020
8.7E+07
2.4E+03
2.7E+07
7.2E+02
1.000 0.400
1.1E+07 1.8E+07
2.8E+02 4.9E+02
Vapor Organic compounds F 0.020 M 0.020 F 1.000 F 0.200 F 0.050 M 0.050 F 0.100 M 0.100 M 0.200 M 0.200 M 0.200 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 2.0E-04 F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002
2.9E+06
7.7E+01
3.4E+07 1.1E+07 2.6E+08 1.8E+04 2.4E+07 6.3E+06 2.8E+04 9.1E+03 8.3E+03 1.7E+03 1.2E+04 8.7E+02 6.3E+02 7.1E+02 2.8E+03 6.9E+02 1.7E+03 3.1E+04 9.5E+03 2.9E+03
9.2E+02 2.8E+02 7.1E+03 4.9E-01 6.4E+02 1.7E+02 7.6E-01 2.5E-01 2.3E-01 4.5E-02 3.2E-01 2.4E-02 1.7E-02 1.9E-02 7.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.5E-02 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 7.9E-02
0.020
3.7E+07
1.0E+03
1.000 0.200 0.050
2.1E+08 2.9E+04 1.5E+07
5.7E+03 7.9E-01 4.2E+02
0.100
8.3E+04
2.3E+00
0.200 0.200 0.200 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 5.0E-04 2.0E-04 0.020 0.002
3.1E+05 7.1E+04 3.0E+04 2.9E+05 5.7E+05 9.5E+04 2.3E+05 9.1E+04 2.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.4E+06
8.3E+00 1.9E+00 8.1E-01 7.7E+00 1.5E+01 2.6E+00 6.2E+00 2.5E+00 5.9E+00 1.1E+01 6.5E+01
16-50
ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES (continued) Inhalation intakes Physical half-life
Oral intakes
Chemical form Type/f1
Bq
µCi
F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002 F 0.020 M 0.020 S 0.002 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05
3.3E+04 1.1E+04 3.3E+03 3.4E+04 1.3E+04 3.5E+03 1.3E+03 1.8E+07 6.7E+02 1.8E+03
9.0E-01 3.0E-01 8.9E-02 9.3E-01 3.4E-01 9.5E-02 3.6E-02 4.9E+02 1.8E-02 4.9E-02
ALI
235U
7.04⋅108 y
238U
4.47⋅109 y
237Np 238Pu
2.14⋅106 y 2.36 d 87.7 y
239Pu
24100 y
M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05
6.3E+02 2.4E+03
1.7E-02 6.5E-02
241Pu
14.4 y
M 5.0E-04 S 1.0E-05
3.4E+04 2.4E+05
9.3E-01 6.4E+00
241Am
432 y 18.1 y 2.64 y
M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04 M 5.0E-04
7.4E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03
2.0E-02 3.2E-02 4.2E-02
239Np
244Cm 252Cf
16-51
Chemical form f1
Bq
µCi
0.020 0.002
4.3E+05 2.4E+06
1.2E+01 6.5E+01
0.020 0.002
4.5E+05 2.6E+06
1.2E+01 7.1E+01
5.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 1.0E-05 1.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04 5.0E-04
1.8E+05 2.5E+07 8.7E+04 2.3E+06 4.1E+05 8.0E+04 2.2E+06 3.8E+05 4.3E+06 1.8E+08 2.1E+07 1.0E+05 1.7E+05 2.2E+05
4.9E+00 6.8E+02 2.4E+00 6.1E+01 1.1E+01 2.2E+00 6.0E+01 1.0E+01 1.2E+02 4.9E+03 5.6E+02 2.7E+00 4.5E+00 6.0E+00
ALI
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS The following substances are listed in the 10th Report on Carcinogens, released in December 2002 by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) under the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Substances are grouped in two classes: - Known to be human carcinogens: There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates a causal relationship between exposure to the substance and human cancer. - Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens: There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans which indicates that causal interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations, such as chance, bias, or confounding factors, could not be adequately excluded; or there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. The NTP report also lists many poorly defined materials such as soots, tars, mineral oils, coke oven emissions, etc. These materials are not included here. The table lists the name normally used in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, followed by additional names by which the substance is known. In many cases the primary name given here is different from that used in the NTP report; however, names used in the NTP report appear in the Other names column. The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN), given in the last column, is taken from the NTP report. Extensive details on each substance are given in the reference. REFERENCE Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 10th Report on Carcinogens, available on the Internet at http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/toc10.html
Substance Known to be Human Carcinogens Aflatoxins 4-Aminobiphenyl Arsenic compounds, inorganic Asbestos Azathioprine Benzene p-Benzidine Beryllium and beryllium compounds Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide Bis(chloromethyl) ether 1,3-Butadiene 1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate Cadmium and cadmium compounds Chlorambucil Chloroethene 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)1-nitrosourea Chloromethyl methyl ether Chromium hexavalent compounds Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporin A Diethylstilbestrol Erionite Estrogens, steroidal Melphalan Methoxsalen (with UV therapy) 2-Naphthylamine Nickel compounds Oxirane Radon Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Silicon dioxide (respirable size) Tamoxifen 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Thorium(IV) oxide Triethylenethiophosphoramide
Other names
CAS RN
1402-68-2 92-67-1
p-Biphenylamine
1H-Purine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)thio][1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine Mustard gas
Myleran; Busulfan
Vinyl chloride; Chloroethylene
1332-21-4 446-86-6 71-43-2 92-87-5 7440-41-7 505-60-2 542-88-1 106-99-0 55-98-1 7440-43-9 305-03-3 75-01-4
MeCCNU; Urea,
13909-09-6 107-30-2
2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorin-2-amine, N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-, 2-oxide Cyclosporine
50-18-0 59865-13-3 56-53-1 66733-21-9
L-Phenylalanine, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]PUVA; 9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one 2-Aminonaphthalene; b-Naphthylamine
148-82-3 298-81-7 91-59-8
Ethylene oxide
75-21-8 10043-92-2 14808-60-7 14464-46-1 15468-32-3 10540-29-1 1746-01-6 1314-20-1 52-24-4
Quartz; Silica Cristobalite; Silica Tridymite; Silica TCDD; Dioxin Thorium dioxide Thiotepa; Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine, sulfide
16-53
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance
Other names
Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogens Acetaldehyde Ethanal 2-(Acetylamino)fluorene Acrylamide 2-Propenamide Acrylonitrile Propenenitrile Adriamycin Doxorubicin 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione 2-Aminoanthraquinone 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone 2-Amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline IQ Azacitidine 5-Azacytidine; 1,3,5-Triazine-2(1H)-one, 4-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylBenz[a]anthracene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benz[e]acephenanthrylene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene 2,3,1',8'-Binaphthylene Benzo[a]pyrene 2,2'-Bioxirane Diepoxybutane Bis(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methane 4,4-Methylene-bis(2-chloraniline); MBOCA 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol BBMP; Pentaerythritol dibromide Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride N,N’-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea BCNU; Carmustine Bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methane Michler’s Base; 4,4-Methylenebis(N,N-dimethylbenzenamine) 1,3-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzene Diglycidyl resorcinol ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP; Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bromodichloromethane Bromoethene Vinyl bromide tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole BHA; Butylated hydroxyanisole Chloramphenicol Chlorendic acid 5-Norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloroChlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% Cl) 4-Chloro-1,2-benzenediamine 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene Chloroprene 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea CCNU; Lomustine; Belustine 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline p-Chloro-o-toluidine 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline hydrochloride p-Chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene Dimethylvinyl chloride 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene Chlorozotocin D-Glucose, 2-[[[(2-chloroethyl)nitrosoamino]carbonyl]amino]-2-deoxyC.I. Basic Red 9, monohydrochloride Cupferron Dacarbazine 1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazenyl)cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum Cisplatin 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate 1,3-Benzenediamine, 4-methoxy, sulfate 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-Methylenedianiline Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromoethane Ethylene dibromide; EDB 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol DBP 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate p-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 3,3'-Dichloro-p-benzidine [1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine, 3,3'-dichloro-
16-54
CAS RN
75-07-0 53-96-3 79-06-1 107-13-1 23214-92-8 117-79-3 82-28-0 76180-96-6 320-67-2 56-55-3 205-99-2 205-82-3 207-08-9 50-32-8 1464-53-5 101-14-4 3296-90-0 55-86-7 154-93-8 101-61-1 101-90-6 117-81-7 75-27-4 593-60-2 25013-16-5 56-75-7 115-28-6 108171-26-2 95-83-0 126-99-8 13010-47-4 95-69-2 3165-93-3 513-37-1 563-47-3 54749-90-5 569-61-9 135-20-6 4342-03-4 15663-27-1 39156-41-7 101-80-4 101-77-9 226-36-8 224-42-0 53-70-3 194-59-2 192-65-4 189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0 96-12-8 106-93-4 96-13-9 126-72-7 106-46-7 91-94-1
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance 3,3'-Dichloro-p-benzidine dihydrochloride 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,3-Dichloropropene (unspecified isomer) Diethyl sulfate 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo4(1H)-pyrimidinone 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene 2',3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene Dimethylcarbamic chloride 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine Dimethyl sulfate 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dinitropyrene 1,4-Dioxane 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Disperse Blue No. 1 Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide Ethyl carbamate Ethyl methanesulfonate N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea Fluoroethene Formaldehyde Furan Hexachlorobenzene 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2a,3b,4a,5a,6b) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2a,3b,4a,5b,6b) 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1a,2b,3a,4b,5a,6b) Hexachlorocyclohexane (other isomers) Hexachloroethane Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hydrazine Hydrazine sulfate 2-Imidazolidinethione Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene Kepone Lead(II) acetate Lead(II) phosphate o-Methoxyaniline hydrochloride 2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline o-Methylaniline o-Methylaniline hydrochloride 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 5-Methylchrysene 4,4-Methylenedianiline dihydrochloride Methyl methanesulfonate N-Methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea Methyloxirane Metronidazole
Other names 3,3'-Dichloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine dihydrochloride Ethylene dichloride Methylene chloride
Propylthiouracil Danthron; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Methyleugenol Dianisidine
CAS RN 612-83-9 107-06-2 75-09-2 542-75-6 64-67-5 51-52-5
Perchlorobenzene Lindane; g-Hexachlorocyclohexane
117-10-2 93-15-2 119-90-4 60-11-7 97-56-3 79-44-7 57-14-7 77-78-1 42397-64-8 42397-65-9 123-91-1 122-66-7 2475-45-8 106-89-8 106-87-6 62-44-2 51-79-6 62-50-0 759-73-9 75-02-5 50-00-0 110-00-9 118-74-1 58-89-9
a-Hexachlorocyclohexane
319-84-6
b-Hexachlorocyclohexane
319-85-7
o-Aminoazotoluene; 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride UDMH
Hydrazobenzene 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4,5,8-tetraamino(Chloromethyl)oxirane 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide Phenacetin Urethane ENU; N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea Vinyl fluoride
Perchloroethane Hexamethylphosphoramide; Tris(dimethylamino)phosphine oxide
Ethylene thiourea 1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene Chlordecone
o-Anisidine hydrochloride p-Cresidine; 5-Methyl-o-anisidine o-Toluidine o-Toluidine hydrochloride Isoprene Benzenamine, 4,4'-methylenedi-, dihydrochloride
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea 1,2-Propylene oxide 2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol
16-55
608-73-1 67-72-1 680-31-9 302-01-2 10034-93-2 96-45-7 193-39-5 143-50-0 301-04-2 7446-27-7 134-29-2 120-71-8 95-53-4 636-21-5 78-79-5 3697-24-3 13552-44-8 66-27-3 70-25-7 684-93-5 75-56-9 443-48-1
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance Mirex Nickel (metallic) Nitrilotriacetic acid 2-Nitroanisole 6-Nitrochrysene Nitrofen 2-Nitropropane 1-Nitropyrene 4-Nitropyrene N-Nitrosodibutylamine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone N-Nitroso-N-methylvinylamine 4-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosonornicotine N-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitroso-N-propyl-1-propanamine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrososarcosine Norethisterone Ochratoxin A 2-Oxetanone Oxiranemethanol Oxymetholone Phenazopyridine hydrochloride Phenolphthalein Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride Phenyloxirane Phenytoin Polybrominated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls Procarbazine hydrochloride Progesterone 1,3-Propane sultone Propyleneimine Reserpine Safrole Selenium sulfide Streptozotocin Sulfallate Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetrafluoroethene N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4'diaminobenzophenone Tetranitromethane Thioacetamide Thiourea o-Tolidine Toluene-2,4-diamine Toluene diisocyanate (unspecified isomer) Toxaphene 1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane
Other names
CAS RN
1,3,4-Metheno-1H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalene, 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-dodecachlorooctahydro-
2385-85-5
N,N-Bis(carboxymethyl)glycine 1-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzene Benzene, 2,4-dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-
Ethanol, 2,2'-(nitrosoimino)DEN; Diethylnitrosamine DMN; Dimethylnitrosamine NNK; Ketone, 3-pyridyl-3-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)propyl Ethenamine, N-methyl-N-nitrosoN-Nitrosomorpholine 1-Nitrosopiperidine N-Nitrosodipropylamine Glycine, N-methyl-N-nitroso19-Norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17-hydroxy-, (17 a)b-Propiolactone Glycidol Androstan-3-one, 17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethylene)-17-methyl2,6-Pyridinediamine, 3-(phenylazo)-, monohydrochloride 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone Benzenemethanamine, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N(1-methyl-2-phenoxyethyl)-, hydrochloride Styrene-7,8-oxide 5,5-Diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione PBBs PCBs Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide 2-Methylaziridine 5-(2-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole D-Glucopyranose, 2-deoxy-2-[[(methylnitrosoamino)carbonyl]amino]N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamic acid, 2-chloroallyl ester Perchloroethylene Carbon tetrachloride Tetrafluoroethylene Bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone; Michler’s Ketone
3,3-Dimethylbenzidine 2,4-Diaminotoluene Polychlorocamphene Amitrole DDT; Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
16-56
7440-02-0 139-13-9 91-23-6 7496-02-8 1836-75-5 79-46-9 5522-43-0 57835-92-4 924-16-3 1116-54-7 55-18-5 62-75-9 64091-91-4 4549-40-0 59-89-2 16543-55-8 100-75-4 621-64-7 930-55-2 13256-22-9 68-22-4 303-47-9 57-57-8 556-52-5 434-07-1 136-40-3 77-09-8 63-92-3 96-09-3 57-41-0 1336-36-3 366-70-1 57-83-0 1120-71-4 75-55-8 50-55-5 94-59-7 7446-34-6 18883-66-4 95-06-7 127-18-4 56-23-5 116-14-3 90-94-8 509-14-8 62-55-5 62-56-6 119-93-7 95-80-7 26471-62-5 8001-35-2 61-82-5 50-29-3
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS (continued) Substance Trichloroethene Trichloromethane (Trichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Other names Trichloroethylene Chloroform Benzotrichloride
CAS RN 79-01-6 67-66-3 98-07-7 88-06-2 96-18-4
16-57
MISCELLANEOUS MATHEMATICAL CONSTANTS
p CONSTANTS p ¼ 3.14159 1=p ¼ 0.31830 p2 ¼ 9.86960 loge p ¼ 1.14472 logp10ffiffiffiffiffi pffi ¼ 0.49714 log10 2p ¼ 0.39908
26535 98861 44010 98858 98726 99341
89793 83790 89358 49400 94133 79057
23846 67153 61883 17414 85435 52478
26433 77675 44909 34273 12682 25035
83279 26745 99876 51353 88290 91507
50288 02872 15113 05871 89887 69595
41971 40689 53136 16472 36516 02099
69399 19291 99407 94812 78324 34102
37511 48091 24079 91531 38044 92128
77572 74458 31803 22943 76011
47093 11131 15570 97005 01488
69996 03177 55185 80367 62877
85696 05702 80755 67881 69428 83918 46474 92001
71875 51464 00134 89881 05253 69253 90557 28864
37695 70151 36026 46211 81039 49935 82275 19070
CONSTANTS INVOLVING e e ¼ 2.71828 1/e ¼ 0.36787 e2 ¼ 7.38905 M ¼ log10e ¼ 0.43429 1/M ¼ loge10 ¼ 2.30258 log10M ¼ 9.63778
18284 94411 60989 44819 50929 43113
59045 71442 30650 03251 94045 00536
23536 32159 22723 82765 68401 78912
02874 55237 04274 11289 79914 29674
71352 70161 60575 18916 54684 98645
66249 46086 00781 60508 36420 10
pe AND ep CONSTANTS pe ¼ 22.45915 ep ¼ 23.14069 ep ¼ 0.04321 e1=2p ¼ 4.81047 ii ¼ e1=2p ¼ 0.20787
77183 26327 39182 73809 95763
61045 79269 63772 65351 50761
47342 00572 24977 65547 90854
71522 90864 44177 30357 69556
NUMERICAL CONSTANTS pffiffiffi 2ffiffiffi ¼ 1.41421 p 3 2 ¼ 1.25992 loge2 ¼ 0.69314 logp 102 ffiffiffi ¼ 0.30102 3ffiffiffi ¼ 1.73205 p 3 3 ¼ 1.44224 loge3 ¼ 1.09861 log103 ¼ 0.47712
35623 10498 71805 99956 08075 95703 22886 12547
73095 94873 59945 63981 68877 07408 68109 19662
04880 16476 30941 19521 29352 38232 69139 43729
16887 72106 72321 37388 74463 16383 52452 50279
24209 07278 21458 94724 41505 10780 36922 03255
69807 22835 17656 49302 87236 10958 52570 11530
OTHER CONSTANTS Euler’s Constant ¼ 0.57721 56649 01532 86061 loge ¼ 0.54953 93129 81644 82234 Golden Ratio ¼ 1.61803 39887 49894 84820 45868 34365 63811 77203 09180
A-1
EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS ex x
Value
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72
1.0000 1.0101 1.0202 1.0305 1.0408 1.0513 1.0618 1.0725 1.0833 1.0942 1.1052 1.1163 1.1275 1.1388 1.1503 1.1618 1.1735 1.1853 1.1972 1.2092 1.2214 1.2337 1.2461 1.2586 1.2712 1.2840 1.2969 1.3100 1.3231 1.3364 1.3499 1.3634 1.3771 1.3910 1.4049 1.4191 1.4333 1.4477 1.4623 1.4770 1.4918 1.5063 1.5220 1.5373 1.5527 1.5683 1.5841 1.6000 1.6161 1.6323 1.6487 1.6653 1.6820 1.6989 1.7160 1.7333 1.7507 1.7683 1.7860 1.8040 1.8221 1.8404 1.8589 1.8776 1.8965 1.9155 1.9348 1.9542 1.9739 1.9937 2.0138 2.0340 2.0544
sinh x log
10
0.00000 .00434 .00869 .01303 .01737 .02171 .02606 .03040 .03474 .03909 .04343 .04777 .05212 .05646 .06080 .06514 .06949 .07383 .07817 .08252 .08686 .09120 .09554 .09989 .10423 .10857 .11292 .11726 .12160 .12595 .13029 .13463 .13897 .14332 .14766 .15200 .15635 .16069 .16503 .16937 .17372 .17806 .18240 .18675 .19109 .19543 .19978 .20412 .20846 .21280 .21715 .22149 .22583 .23018 .23452 .23886 .24320 .24755 .25189 .25623 .26058 .26492 .26926 .27361 .27795 .28229 .28664 .29098 .29532 .29966 .30401 .30835 .31269
ex (value)
Value
1.00000 0.99005 .98020 .97045 .96079 .95123 .94176 .93239 .92312 .91393 .90484 .89583 .88692 .87809 .86936 .86071 .85214 .84366 .83527 .82696 .81873 .81058 .80252 .79453 .78663 .77880 .77105 .76338 .75578 .74826 .74082 .73345 .72615 .71892 .71177 .70469 .69768 .69073 .68386 .67706 .67032 .66365 .65705 .65051 .64404 .63763 .63128 .62500 .61878 .61263 .60653 .60050 .59452 .58860 .58275 .57695 .57121 .56553 .55990 .55433 .54881 .54335 .53794 .53259 .52729 .52205 .51685 .51171 .50662 .50158 .49659 .49164 .48675
0.0000 .0100 .0200 .0300 .0400 .0500 .0600 .0701 .0801 .0901 .1002 .1102 .1203 .1304 .1405 .1506 .1607 .1708 .1810 .1911 .2013 .2115 .2218 .2320 .2423 .2526 .2629 .2733 .2837 .2941 .3045 .3150 .3255 .3360 .3466 .3572 .3678 .3785 .3892 .4000 .4108 .4216 .4325 .4434 .4543 .4653 .4764 .4875 .4986 .5098 .5211 .5324 .5438 .5552 .5666 .5782 .5897 .6014 .6131 .6248 .6367 .6485 .6605 .6725 .6846 .6967 .7090 .7213 .7336 .7461 .7586 .7712 .7838
A-2
cosh x log
10
1 2 .00001 2.30106 2 .47719 2 .60218 2 .69915 2 .77841 2 .84545 2 .90355 2 .95483 1 .00072 1 .04227 1 .08022 1 .11517 1 .14755 1 .17772 1 .20597 1 .23254 1 .25762 1 .28136 1 .30392 1 .32541 1 .34592 1 .36555 1 .38437 1 .40245 1 .41986 1 .43663 1 .45282 1 .46847 1 .48362 1 .49830 1 .51254 1 .52637 1 .53981 1 .55290 1 .56564 1 .57807 1 .59019 1 .60202 1 .61358 1 .62488 1 .63594 1 .64677 1 .65738 1 .66777 1 .67797 1 .68797 1 .69779 1 .70744 1 .71692 1 .72624 1 .73540 1 .74442 1 .75330 1 .76204 1 .77065 1 .77914 1 .78751 1 .79576 1 .80390 1 .81194 1 .81987 1 .82770 1 .83543 1 .84308 1 .85063 1 .85809 1 .86548 1 .87278 1 .88000 1 .88715 1 .89423
value
log10
tanh x (value)
1.0000 1.0001 1.0002 1.0005 1.0008 1.0013 1.0018 1.0025 1.0032 1.0041 1.0050 1.0061 1.0072 1.0085 1.0098 1.0113 1.0128 1.0145 1.0162 1.0181 1.0201 1.0221 1.0243 1.0266 1.0289 1.0314 1.0340 1.0367 1.0395 1.0423 1.0453 1.0484 1.0516 1.0549 1.0584 1.0619 1.0655 1.0692 1.0731 1.0770 1.0811 1.0852 1.0895 1.0939 1.0984 1.1030 1.1077 1.1125 1.1174 1.1225 1.1276 1.1329 1.1383 1.1438 1.1494 1.1551 1.1609 1.1669 1.1730 1.1792 1.1855 1.1919 1.1984 1.2051 1.2119 1.2188 1.2258 1.2330 1.2402 1.2476 1.2552 1.2628 1.2706
0.00000 .00002 .00009 .00020 .00035 .00054 .00078 .00106 .00139 .00176 .00217 .00262 .00312 .00366 .00424 .00487 .00554 .00625 .00700 .00779 .00863 .00951 .01043 .01139 .01239 .01343 .01452 .01564 .01681 .01801 .01926 .02054 .02187 .02323 .02463 .02607 .02755 .02907 .03063 .03222 .03385 .03552 .03723 .03897 .04075 .04256 .04441 .04630 .04822 .05018 .05217 .05419 .05625 .05834 .06046 .06262 .06481 .06703 .06929 .07157 .07389 .07624 .07861 .08102 .08346 .08593 .08843 .09095 .09351 .09609 .09870 .10134 .10401
0.00000 .01000 .02000 .02999 .03998 .04996 .05993 .06989 .07983 .08976 .09967 .10956 .11943 .12927 .13909 .14889 .15865 .16838 .17808 .18775 .19738 .20697 .21652 .22603 .23550 .24492 .25430 .26362 .27291 .28213 .29131 .30044 .30951 .31852 .32748 .33638 .34521 .35399 .36271 .37136 .37995 .33847 .39693 .40532 .41364 .42190 .43008 .43820 .44624 .45422 .46212 .46995 .47770 .48538 .49299 .50052 .50798 .51536 .52267 .52990 .53705 .54413 .55113 .55805 .56490 .57167 .57836 .58498 .59152 .59798 .60437 .61068 .61691
EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued) ex x
Value
0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43
2.0751 2.0959 2.1170 2.1383 2.1598 2.1815 2.2034 2.2255 2.2479 2.2705 2.2933 2.3164 2.3396 2.3632 2.3869 2.4100 2.4351 2.4596 2.4843 2.5093 2.5345 2.5600 2.5857 2.6117 2.6379 2.6645 2.6912 2.7183 2.7456 2.7732 2.8011 2.8292 2.8577 2.8864 2.9154 2.9447 2.9743 3.0042 3.0344 3.0659 3.0957 3.1268 3.1582 3.1899 3.2220 3.2544 3.2871 3.3201 3.3535 3.3872 3.4212 3.4556 3.4903 3.5254 3.5609 3.5996 3.6328 3.6693 3.7062 3.7434 3.7810 3.8190 3.8574 3.8962 3.9354 3.9749 4.0149 4.0552 4.0960 4.1371 4.1787
sinh x log
10
.31703 .32138 .32572 .33006 .33441 .33875 .34309 .34744 .35178 .35612 .36046 .36481 .36915 .37349 .37784 .38218 .38652 .39087 .39521 .39955 .40389 .40824 .41258 .41692 .42127 .42561 .42995 .43429 .43864 .44298 .44732 .45167 .45601 .46035 .46470 .46904 .47338 .47772 .48207 .48641 .49075 .49510 .49944 .50378 .50812 .51247 .51681 .52115 .52550 .52984 .53418 .53853 .54287 .54721 .55155 .55590 .56024 .56458 .56893 .57327 .57761 .58195 .58630 .59064 .59498 .59933 .60367 .60801 .61236 .61670 .62104
ex (value)
Value
.48191 .47711 .47237 .46767 .46301 .45841 .45384 .44933 .44486 .44043 .43605 .43171 .42741 .42316 .41895 .41478 .41066 .40657 .40242 .39852 .39455 .39063 .38674 .38289 .37908 .37531 .37158 .36788 .36422 .36060 .35701 .35345 .34994 .34646 .34301 .33960 .33622 .33287 .32956 .32628 .32303 .31982 .31644 .31349 .31037 .30728 .30422 .30119 .29820 .29523 .29229 .28938 .28650 .28365 .28083 .27804 .27527 .27253 .26982 .26714 .26448 .26185 .25924 .25666 .25411 .25158 .24908 .24660 .24414 .24171 .23931
.7966 .8094 .8223 .8353 .8484 .8615 .8748 .8881 .9015 .9150 .9286 .9423 .9561 .9700 .9840 .9981 1.0122 1.0265 1.0409 1.0554 1.0700 1.0847 1.0995 1.1144 1.1294 1.1446 1.1598 1.1752 1.1907 1.2063 1.2220 1.2379 1.2539 1.2700 1.2862 1.3025 1.3190 1.3356 1.3524 1.3693 1.3863 1.4035 1.4208 1.4382 1.4558 1.4735 1.4914 1.5095 1.5276 1.5460 1.5645 1.5831 1.6019 1.6209 1.6400 1.6593 1.6788 1.6984 1.7182 1.7381 1.7583 1.7786 1.7991 1.8198 1.8406 1.8617 1.8829 1.9043 1.9259 1.9477 1.9697
A-3
cosh x log
10
1 .90123 1 .90817 1 .91504 1 .92185 1 .92859 1 .93527 1 .94190 1 .94846 1 .95498 1 .96144 1 .96784 1 .97420 1 .98051 1 .98677 1 .99299 1 .99916 0.00528 .01137 .01741 .02341 .02937 .03530 .04119 .04704 .05286 .05864 .06439 .07011 .07580 .06146 .08708 .09268 .09825 .10379 .10930 .11479 .12025 .12569 .13111 .13649 .14186 .14720 .15253 .15783 .16311 .16836 .17360 .17882 .18402 .18920 .19437 .19951 .20464 .20975 .21485 .21993 .22499 .23004 .23507 .24009 .24509 .25008 .25505 .26002 .26496 .26990 .27482 .27974 .28464 .28952 .29440
Value
log10
tanh x (value)
1.2785 1.2865 1.2947 1.3030 1.3114 1.3199 1.3286 1.3374 1.3464 1.3555 1.3647 1.3740 1.3835 1.3932 1.4029 1.4128 1.4229 1.4331 1.4434 1.4539 1.4645 1.4753 1.4862 1.4973 1.5085 1.5199 1.5314 1.5431 1.5549 1.5669 1.5790 1.5913 1.6038 1.6164 1.6292 1.6421 1.6552 1.6685 1.6820 1.6956 1.7083 1.7233 1.7374 1.7517 1.7662 1.7808 1.7957 1.8107 1.8258 1.8412 1.8568 1.8725 1.8884 1.9045 1.9208 1.9373 1.9540 1.9709 1.9880 2.0053 2.0228 2.0404 2.0583 2.0764 2.0947 2.1132 2.1320 2.1509 2.1700 2.1894 2.2090
.10670 .10942 .11216 .11493 .11773 .12055 .12340 .12627 .12917 .13209 .13503 .13800 .14099 .14400 .14704 .15009 .15317 .15627 .15939 .16254 .16570 .16888 .17208 .17531 .17855 .18181 .18509 .18839 .19171 .19504 .19839 .20176 .20515 .20855 .21197 .21541 .21886 .22233 .22582 .22931 .23283 .23636 .23990 .24346 .24703 .25062 .25422 .25784 .26146 .26510 .26876 .27242 .27610 .27979 .28349 .28721 .29093 .29467 .29842 .30217 .30594 .30972 .31352 .31732 .32113 .32495 .32878 .33262 .33647 .34033 .34420
.62307 .62915 .63515 .64108 .64693 .65721 .65841 .66404 .66959 .67507 .68048 .68581 .69107 .69626 .70137 .70642 .71139 .21630 .72113 .72590 .73059 .73522 .73978 .74428 .74870 .75307 .75736 .76159 .76576 .76987 .77391 .77789 .78181 .78566 .78946 .79320 .79688 .80050 .80406 .80757 .81102 .81441 .81775 .82104 .82427 .82745 .83058 .83365 .83668 .83965 .84258 .83546 .84828 .85106 .85380 .85648 .85913 .86172 .86428 .86678 .86925 .87167 .87405 .87639 .87869 .88095 .88317 .88535 .88749 .88960 .89167
EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued) ex x
Value
1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15
4.2207 4.2631 4.3060 4.3492 4.3929 4.4371 4.4817 4.5267 4.5722 4.6182 4.6646 4.7115 4.7588 4.8066 4.8550 4.9037 4.9530 5.0028 5.0531 5.1039 5.1552 5.2070 5.2593 5.3122 5.3656 5.4195 5.4739 5.5290 5.5845 5.6407 5.6973 5.7546 5.8124 5.8709 5.9299 5.9895 6.0496 6.1104 6.1719 6.2339 6.2965 6.3598 6.4237 6.4383 6.5535 6.6194 6.6859 6.7531 6.8210 6.8895 6.9588 7.0287 7.0993 7.1707 7.2427 7.3155 7.3891 7.4633 7.5383 7.6141 7.6906 7.7679 7.8460 7.9248 8.0045 8.0849 8.1662 8.2482 8.3311 8.4149 8.4994 8.5849
sinh x log
10
.62538 .62973 .63407 .63841 .64276 .64710 .65144 .65578 .66013 .66447 .66881 .67316 .67750 .68184 .68619 .69053 .69487 .69921 .70356 .70790 .71224 .71659 .72093 .72527 .72961 .73396 .73830 .74264 .74699 .75133 .75567 .76002 .76436 .76870 .77304 .77739 .78173 .78607 .79042 .79476 .79910 .80344 .80779 .81213 .81647 .82082 .82516 .82950 .83385 .83819 .84253 .84687 .85122 .85556 .85990 .86425 .86859 .87293 .87727 .88162 .88596 .89030 .89465 .89899 .90333 .90768 .91202 .91636 .92070 .92505 .92939 .93373
ex (value)
Value
.23693 .23457 .23224 .22993 .22764 .22537 .22313 .22091 .21871 .21654 .21438 .21225 .21014 .20805 .20598 .20393 .20190 .19989 .19790 .19593 .19398 .19205 .19014 .18825 .18637 .18452 .18268 .18087 .17907 .17728 .17552 .17377 .17204 .17033 .16864 .16696 .16530 .16365 .16203 .16041 .15882 .15724 .15567 .15412 .15259 .15107 .14957 .14808 .14661 .14515 .14370 .14227 .14086 .13946 .13807 .13670 .13534 .13399 .13266 .13134 .13003 .12873 .12745 .12619 .12493 .12369 .12246 .12124 .12003 .11884 .11765 .11648
1.9919 2.0143 2.0369 2.0597 2.0827 2.1059 2.1293 2.1529 2.1768 2.2008 2.2251 2.2496 2.2743 2.2993 2.3245 2.3499 2.3756 2.4015 2.4276 2.4540 2.4806 2.5075 2.5346 2.5620 2.5896 2.6175 2.6456 2.6740 2.7027 2.7317 2.7609 2.7904 2.8202 2.8503 2.8806 2.9112 2.9422 2.9734 3.0049 3.0367 3.0689 3.1013 3.1340 3.1671 3.2005 3.2341 3.2682 3.3025 3.3372 3.3722 3.4075 3.4432 3.4792 3.5156 3.5923 3.5894 3.6269 3.6647 3.7028 3.7414 3.7803 3.8196 3.8593 3.8993 3.9398 3.9806 4.0219 4.0635 4.1056 4.1480 4.1909 4.2342
A-4
cosh x 10
log
.29926 .30412 .30896 .31379 .31862 .32343 .32823 .33303 .33781 .34258 .34735 .35211 .35686 .36160 .36633 .37105 .37577 .38048 .38518 .38987 .39456 .39923 .40391 .40857 .41323 .41788 .42253 .42717 .43180 .43643 .44105 .44567 .45028 .45488 .45948 .46408 .46867 .47325 .47783 .48241 .48698 .49154 .49610 .50066 .50521 .50976 .51430 .51884 .52338 .52791 .53244 .53696 .54148 .54600 .55051 .55502 .55953 .56403 .56853 .57303 .57753 .58202 .58650 .59099 .59547 .59995 .60443 .60890 .61337 .61784 .62231 .62677
Value
log10
tanh x (value)
2.2288 2.2488 2.2691 2.2896 2.3103 2.3312 2.3524 2.3738 2.3955 2.4174 2.4395 2.4619 2.4845 2.5073 2.5305 2.5538 2.5775 2.6013 2.6255 2.6499 2.6746 2.6995 2.7247 2.7502 2.7760 2.8020 2.8283 2.8549 2.8818 2.9090 2.9364 2.9642 2.9922 3.0206 3.0492 3.0782 3.1075 3.1371 3.1669 3.1972 3.2277 3.2585 3.2897 3.3212 3.3530 3.3852 3.4177 3.4506 3.4838 3.5173 3.5512 3.5855 3.6201 3.6551 3.6904 3.7261 3.7622 3.7987 3.8335 3.8727 3.9103 3.9483 3.9867 4.0255 4.0647 4.1043 4.1443 4.1847 4.2256 4.2669 4.3085 4.3507
.34807 .35196 .35585 .35976 .36367 .36759 .37151 .37545 .37939 .38334 .38730 .39126 .39524 .39921 .40320 .40719 .41119 .41520 .41921 .42323 .42725 .43129 .43532 .43937 .44341 .44747 .45153 .45559 .45966 .46374 .46782 .47191 .47600 .48009 .48419 .48830 .49241 .49652 .50064 .50476 .50889 .51302 .51716 .52130 .52544 .52959 .53374 .53789 .54205 .54621 .55038 .55455 .55872 .56290 .56707 .57126 .57544 .57963 .58382 .58802 .59221 .59641 .60061 .60482 .60903 .61324 .61745 .62167 .62589 .63011 .63433 .63856
.89370 .89569 .89765 .89958 .90147 .90332 .90515 .90694 .90870 .91042 .91212 .91379 .91542 .91703 .91860 .92015 .92167 .92316 .92462 .92606 .92747 .92886 .93022 .93155 .93286 .93415 .93541 .93665 .93786 .93906 .94023 .94138 .94250 .94361 .94470 .94576 .94681 .94783 .94884 .94983 .95080 .95175 .95268 .95359 .95449 .95537 .95624 .95709 .95792 .95873 .95953 .96032 .96109 .96185 .96259 .96331 .96403 .96473 .96541 .96609 .96675 .96740 .96803 .96865 .96926 .96986 .97045 .97103 .97159 .97215 .97269 .97323
EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued) ex x
Value
2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76 2.77 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82 2.83 2.84 2.85 2.86
8.6711 8.7583 8.8463 8.9352 9.0250 9.1157 9.2073 9.2999 9.3933 9.4877 9.5831 9.6794 9.7767 9.8749 9.9742 10.074 10.176 10.278 10.381 10.486 10.591 10.697 10.805 10.913 11.023 11.134 11.246 11.359 11.473 11.588 11.705 11.822 11.941 12.061 12.182 12.305 12.429 12.554 12.680 12.807 12.936 13.066 13.197 13.330 13.464 13.599 13.736 13.874 14.013 14.154 14.296 14.440 14.585 14.732 14.880 15.029 15.180 15.333 15.487 15.643 15.800 15.959 16.119 16.281 16.445 16.610 16.777 16.945 17.116 17.288 17.462
sinh x log
10
.93808 .94242 .94676 .95110 .95545 .95979 .96413 .96848 .97282 .97716 .98151 .98585 .99019 .99453 .99888 1.00322 1.00756 1.01191 1.01625 1.02059 1.02493 1.02928 1.03362 1.03796 1.04231 1.04665 1.05099 1.05534 1.05968 1.06402 1.06836 1.07271 1.07705 1.08139 1.08574 1.09008 1.09442 1.09877 1.10311 1.10745 1.11179 1.11614 1.12048 1.12482 1.12917 1.13351 1.13785 1.14219 1.14654 1.15008 1.15522 1.15957 1.16391 1.16825 1.17260 1.17694 1.18128 1.18562 1.18997 1.19431 1.19865 1.20300 1.20734 1.21168 1.21602 1.22037 1.22471 1.22905 1.23340 1.23774 1.24208
ex (value)
Value
.11533 .11418 .11304 .11192 .11080 .10970 .10861 .10753 .10646 .10540 .10435 .10331 .10228 .10127 .10026 .09926 .09827 .09730 .09633 .09537 .09442 .09348 .09255 .09163 .09072 .08982 .08892 .08804 .08716 .08629 .08543 .08458 .08374 .08291 .08208 .08127 .08046 .07966 .07887 .07808 .07730 .07654 .07577 .07502 .07427 .07353 .07280 .07208 .07136 .07065 .06995 .06925 .06856 .06788 .06721 .06654 .06587 .06522 .06457 .06393 .06329 .06266 .06204 .06142 .06081 .06020 .05961 .05901 .05843 .05784 .05727
4.2779 4.3221 4.3666 4.4116 4.4571 4.5030 4.5494 4.5962 4.6434 4.6912 4.7394 4.7880 4.8372 4.8868 4.9370 4.9876 5.0387 5.0903 5.1425 5.1951 5.2483 5.3020 5.3562 5.4109 5.4662 5.5221 5.5785 5.6354 5.6929 5.7510 5.8097 5.8689 5.9288 5.9892 6.0502 6.1118 6.1741 6.2369 6.3004 6.3645 6.4293 6.4946 6.5607 6.6274 6.6947 6.7628 6.8315 6.9008 6.9709 7.0417 7.1132 7.1854 7.2583 7.3319 7.4063 7.4814 7.5572 7.6338 7.7112 7.7894 7.8683 7.9480 8.0285 8.1098 8.1919 8.2749 8.3586 8.4432 8.5287 8.6150 8.7021
A-5
cosh x log
10
.63123 .63569 .64015 .64460 .64905 .65350 .65795 .66240 .66684 .67128 .67572 .68016 .68459 .68903 .69346 .69789 .70232 .70675 .71117 .71559 .72002 .72444 .72885 .73327 .73769 .74210 .74652 .75093 .75534 .75975 .76415 .76856 .77296 .77737 .78177 .78617 .79057 .79497 .79937 .80377 .80816 .81256 .81695 .82134 .82573 .83012 .83451 .83890 .84329 .84768 .85206 .85645 .86083 .86522 .86960 .87398 .87836 .88274 .88712 .89150 .89588 .90026 .90463 .90901 .91339 .91776 .92213 .92651 .93088 .93525 .93963
Value
log10
tanh x (value)
4.3932 4.4362 4.4797 4.5236 4.5679 4.6127 4.6580 4.7037 4.7499 4.7966 4.8437 4.8914 4.9395 4.9881 5.0372 5.0868 5.1370 5.1876 5.2388 5.2905 5.3427 5.3954 5.4487 5.5026 5.5569 5.6119 5.6674 5.7235 5.7801 5.8373 5.8951 5.9535 6.0125 6.0721 6.1323 6.1931 6.2545 6.3166 6.3793 6.4426 6.5066 6.5712 6.6365 6.7024 6.7690 6.8363 6.9043 6.9729 7.0423 7.1123 7.1831 7.2546 7.3268 7.3998 7.4735 7.5479 7.6231 7.6991 7.7758 7.8533 7.9316 8.0106 8.0905 8.1712 8.2527 8.3351 8.4182 8.5022 8.5871 8.6728 8.7594
.64278 .64701 .65125 .65548 .65972 .66396 .66820 .67244 .67668 .68093 .68518 .68943 .69368 .69794 .70219 .70645 .71071 .71497 .71923 .72349 .72776 .73203 .73630 .74056 .74484 .74911 .75338 .75766 .76194 .76621 .77049 .77477 .77906 .78334 .78762 .79191 .79619 .80048 .80477 .80906 .81335 .81764 .82194 .82623 .83052 .83482 .83912 .84341 .84771 .85201 .85631 .86061 .86492 .86922 .87352 .87783 .88213 .89644 .89074 .89505 .89936 .90367 .90798 .91229 .91660 .92091 .92522 .92953 .93385 .93816 .94247
.97375 .97426 .97477 .97526 .97574 .97622 .97668 .97714 .97759 .97803 .97846 .97888 .97929 .97970 .98010 .98049 .98087 .98124 .98161 .98197 .98233 .98267 .98301 .98335 .98367 .98400 .98431 .98462 .98492 .98522 .98551 .98579 .98607 .98635 .98661 .98688 .98714 .98739 .98764 .98788 .98812 .98835 .98858 .98881 .98903 .98924 .98946 .98966 .98987 .99007 .99026 .99045 .99064 .99083 .99101 .99118 .99136 .99153 .99170 .99186 .99202 .99218 .99233 .99248 .99263 .99278 .99292 .99306 .99320 .99333 .99346
EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR COMMON LOGARITHMS (continued) ex x
Value
2.87 2.88 2.89 2.90 2.91 2.92 2.93 2.94 2.95 2.96 2.97 2.98 2.99 3.00 3.05 3.10 3.15 3.20 3.25 3.30 3.35 3.40 3.45 3.50 3.55 3.60 3.65 3.70 3.75 3.80 3.85 3.90 3.95 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00
17.637 17.814 17.993 18.174 18.357 18.541 18.728 18.916 19.106 19.298 19.492 19.688 19.886 20.086 21.115 22.198 23.336 24.533 25.790 27.113 28.503 29.964 31.500 33.115 34.813 36.598 38.475 40.447 42.521 44.701 46.993 49.402 51.935 54.598 60.340 66.686 73.700 81.451 90.017 99.484 109.95 121.51 134.29 148.41 164.02 181.27 200.34 221.41 244.69 270.43 298.87 330.30 365.04 403.43 518.01 665.14 854.06 1096.6 1808.0 2981.0 4914.8 8103.1 13360. 22026.
sinh x log
10
1.24643 1.25077 1.25511 1.25945 1.26380 1.26814 1.27248 1.27683 1.28117 1.28551 1.28985 1.29420 1.29854 1.30288 1.32460 1.34631 1.36803 1.38974 1.41146 1.43317 1.45489 1.47660 1.49832 1.52003 1.54175 1.56346 1.58517 1.60689 1.62860 1.65032 1.67203 1.69375 1.71546 1.73718 1.78061 1.82404 1.86747 1.91090 1.95433 1.99775 2.04118 2.08461 2.12804 2.17147 2.21490 2.25833 2.30176 2.34519 2.38862 2.43205 2.47548 2.51891 2.56234 2.60577 2.71434 2.82291 2.93149 3.04006 3.25721 3.47436 3.69150 3.90865 4.12580 4.34294
ex (value)
Value
.05670 .05613 .05558 .05502 .05448 .05393 .05340 .05287 .05234 .05182 .05130 .05079 .05029 .04979 .04736 .04505 .04285 .04076 .03877 .03688 .03508 .03337 .03175 .03020 .02872 .02732 .02599 .02472 .02352 .02237 .02128 .02024 .01925 .01832 .01657 .01500 .01357 .01227 .01111 .01005 .00910 .00823 .00745 .00674 .00610 .00552 .00499 .00452 .00409 .00370 .00335 .00303 .00274 .00248 .00193 .00150 .00117 .00091 .00055 .00034 .00020 .00012 .00007 .00005
8.7902 8.8791 8.9689 9.0596 9.1512 9.2437 9.3371 9.4315 9.5268 9.6231 9.7203 9.8185 9.9177 10.018 10.534 11.076 11.647 12.246 12.876 13.538 14.234 14.965 15.734 16.543 17.392 18.286 19.224 20.211 21.249 22.339 23.486 24.691 25.958 27.290 30.162 33.336 36.843 40.719 45.003 49.737 54.969 60.751 67.141 74.203 82.008 90.633 100.17 110.70 122.34 135.21 149.43 165.15 182.52 201.71 259.01 332.57 427.03 548.32 904.02 1490.5 2457.4 4051.5 6679.9 11013.
A-6
cosh x log
10
.94400 .94837 .95274 .95711 .96148 .96584 .97021 .97458 .97895 .98331 .98768 .99205 .99641 1.00078 1.02259 1.04440 1.06620 1.08799 1.10977 1.13155 1.15332 1.17509 1.19685 1.21860 1.24036 1.26211 1.28385 1.30559 1.32733 1.34907 1.37081 1.39254 1.41427 1.43600 1.47946 1.52291 1.56636 1.60980 1.65324 1.69668 1.74012 1.78355 1.82699 1.87042 1.91389 1.95729 2.00074 2.04415 2.08758 2.13101 2.17444 2.21787 2.26130 2.30473 2.41331 2.52188 2.63046 2.73904 2.95618 3.17333 3.39047 3.60762 3.82477 4.04191
Value
log10
tanh x (value)
8.8469 8.9352 9.0244 9.1146 9.2056 9.2976 9.3905 9.4844 9.5791 9.6749 9.7716 9.8693 9.9680 10.068 10.581 11.122 11.690 12.287 12.915 13.575 14.269 14.999 15.766 16.573 17.421 18.313 19.250 20.236 21.272 22.362 23.507 24.711 25.977 27.308 30.178 33.351 36.857 40.732 45.014 49.747 54.978 60.759 67.149 74.210 82.014 90.639 100.17 110.71 122.35 135.22 149.44 165.15 182.52 201.72 259.01 332.57 427.03 548.32 904.02 1490.5 2457.4 4051.5 6679.9 11013.
.94679 .95110 .95542 .95974 .96405 .96837 .97269 .97701 .98133 .98565 .98997 .99429 .99861 1.00293 1.02454 1.04616 1.06779 1.08943 1.11108 1.13273 1.15439 1.17605 1.19772 1.21940 1.24107 1.26275 1.28444 1.30612 1.32781 1.34951 1.37120 1.39290 1.41459 1.43629 1.47970 1.52310 1.56652 1.60993 1.65335 1.69677 1.74019 1.78361 1.82704 1.87046 1.91389 1.95731 2.00074 2.04417 2.08760 2.13103 2.17445 2.21788 2.26131 2.30474 2.41331 2.52189 2.63046 2.73903 2.95618 3.17333 3.39047 3.60762 3.82477 4.04191
.99359 .99372 .99384 .99396 .99408 .99420 .99431 .99443 .99454 .99464 .99475 .99485 .99496 0.99505 0.99552 0.99595 0.99633 0.99668 0.99700 0.99728 0.99754 0.99777 0.99799 0.99818 0.99835 0.99851 9.99865 0.99878 0.99889 0.99900 0.99909 0.99918 0.99926 0.99933 0.99945 0.99955 0.99963 0.99970 0.99975 0.99980 0.99983 0.99986 0.99989 0.99991 0.99993 0.99994 0.99995 0.99996 0.99997 0.99997 0.99998 0.99998 0.99998 0.99999 0.99999 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000 1.00000
NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES x radians .0000 .0029 .0058 .0087 .0116 .0145 .0175 .0204 .0233 .0262 .0291 .0320 .0349 .0378 .0407 .0436 .0465 .0495 .0524 .0553 .0582 .0611 .0640 .0669 .0698 .0727 .0756 .0785 .0814 .0844 .0873 .0902 .0931 .0960 .0989 .1018 .1047 .1076 .1105 .1134 .1164 .1193 .1222 .1251 .1280 .1309 .1338 .1367 .1396 .1425 .1454 .1484 .1513 .1542 .1571 .1600 .1629 .1658 .1687 .1716 .1745 .1774 .1804 .1833 .1862 .1891 .1920 .1949 .1978 .2007
x degrees
0
0 00 10 20 30 40 50 1 000 10 20 30 40 50 2 000 10 20 30 40 50 3 000 10 20 30 40 50 4 000 10 20 30 40 50 5 000 10 20 30 40 50 6 000 10 20 30 40 50 7 000 10 20 30 40 50 8 000 10 20 30 40 50 9 000 10 20 30 40 50 10 000 10 20 30 40 50 11 000 10 20 30
sin x
cos x
tan x
cot x
sec x
csc x
.0000 .0029 .0058 .0087 .0116 .0145 .0175 .0204 .0233 .0262 .0291 .0320 .0349 .0378 .0407 .0436 .0465 .0494 .0523 .0552 .0581 .0610 .0640 .0669 .0698 .0727 .0756 .0785 .0814 .0843 .0872 .0901 .0929 .0958 .0987 .1016 .1045 .1074 .1103 .1132 .1161 .1190 .1219 .1248 .1276 .1305 .1334 .1363 .1392 .1421 .1449 .1478 .1507 .1536 .1564 .1593 .1622 .1650 .1679 .1708 .1736 .1765 .1794 .1822 .1851 .1880 .1908 .1937 .1965 .1994
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 .9999 .9999 .9998 .9998 .9997 .9997 .9996 .9995 .9994 .9993 .9992 .9990 .9989 .9988 .9986 .9985 .9983 .9981 .9980 .9978 .9976 .9974 .9971 .9969 .9967 .9964 .9962 .9959 .9957 .9954 .9951 .9948 .9945 .9942 .9939 .9936 .9932 .9929 .9925 .9922 .9918 .9914 .9911 .9907 .9903 .9899 .9894 .9890 .9886 .9881 .9877 .9872 .9868 .9863 .9858 .9853 .9848 .9843 .9838 .9833 .9827 .9822 .9816 .9811 .9805 .9799
.0000 .0029 .0058 .0087 .0116 .0145 .0175 .0204 .0233 .0262 .0291 .0320 .0349 .0378 .0407 .0437 .0466 .0495 .0524 .0553 .0582 .0612 .0641 .0670 .0699 .0729 .0758 .0787 .0816 .0846 .0875 .0904 .0934 .0963 .0992 .1022 .1051 .1080 .1110 .1139 .1169 .1198 .1228 .1257 .1287 .1317 .1346 .1376 .1405 .1435 .1465 .1495 .1524 .1554 .1584 .1614 .1644 .1673 .1703 .1733 .1763 .1793 .1823 .1853 .1883 .1914 .1944 .1974 .2004 .2035
– 343.8 171.9 114.6 85.94 68.75 57.29 49.10 42.96 38.19 34.37 31.24 28.64 26.43 24.54 22.90 21.47 20.21 19.08 18.07 17.17 16.35 15.60 14.92 14.30 13.73 13.20 12.71 12.25 11.83 11.43 11.06 10.71 10.39 10.08 9.788 9.514 9.255 9.010 8.777 8.556 8.345 8.144 7.953 7.770 7.596 7.429 7.269 7.115 6.968 6.827 6.691 6.561 6.435 6.314 6.197 6.084 5.976 5.871 5.769 5.671 5.576 5.485 5.396 5.309 5.226 5.145 5.066 4.989 4.915
1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.003 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.006 1.006 1.006 1.006 1.007 1.007 1.008 1.008 1.008 1.009 1.009 1.009 1.010 1.010 1.011 1.011 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.013 1.013 1.014 1.014 1.015 1.015 1.016 1.016 1.017 1.018 1.018 1.019 1.019 1.020 1.020
– 343.8 171.9 114.6 85.95 68.76 57.30 49.11 42.98 38.20 34.38 31.26 28.65 26.45 24.56 22.93 21.49 20.23 19.11 18.10 17.20 16.38 15.64 14.96 14.34 13.76 13.23 12.75 12.29 11.87 11.47 11.10 10.76 10.43 10.13 9.839 9.567 9.309 9.065 8.834 8.614 8.405 8.206 8.016 7.834 7.661 7.496 7.337 7.185 7.040 6.900 6.765 6.636 6.512 6.392 6.277 6.166 6.059 5.955 5.855 5.759 5.665 5.575 5.487 5.403 5.320 5.241 5.164 5.089 5.016
90 000 50 40 30 20 10 89 000 50 40 30 20 10 88 000 50 40 30 20 10 87 000 50 40 30 20 10 86 000 50 40 30 20 10 85 000 50 40 30 20 10 84 000 50 40 30 20 10 83 000 50 40 30 20 10 82 000 50 40 30 20 10 81 000 50 40 30 20 10 80 000 50 40 30 20 10 79 000 50 40 30
1.5708 1.5679 1.5650 1.5621 1.5592 1.5563 1.5533 1.5504 1.5475 1.5446 1.5417 1.5388 1.5359 1.5330 1.5301 1.5272 1.5243 1.5213 1.5184 1.5155 1.5126 1.5097 1.5068 1.5039 1.5010 1.4981 1.4952 1.4923 1.4893 1.4864 1.4835 1.4806 1.4777 1.4748 1.4719 1.4690 1.4661 1.4632 1.4603 1.4573 1.4544 1.4515 1.4486 1.4457 1.4428 1.4399 1.4370 1.4341 1.4312 1.4283 1.4254 1.4224 1.4195 1.4166 1.4137 1.4108 1.4079 1.4050 1.4021 1.3992 1.3963 1.3934 1.3904 1.3875 1.3846 1.3817 1.3788 1.3759 1.3730 1.3701
cos x
sin x
cot x
tan x
csc x
sec x
x degrees
x radians
A-7
NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES (continued) x radians .2036 .2065 .2094 .2123 .2153 .2182 .2211 .2240 .2269 .2298 .2327 .2356 .2385 .2414 .2443 .2473 .2502 .2531 .2560 .2589 .2618 .2647 .2676 .2705 .2734 .2763 .2793 .2822 .2851 .2880 .2909 .2938 .2967 .2996 .3025 .3054 .3083 .3113 .3142 .3171 .3200 .3229 .3258 .3287 .3316 .3345 .3374 .3403 .3432 .3462 .3491 .3520 .3599 .3578 .3607 .3636 .3665 .3694 .3723 .3752 .3782 .3811 .3840 .3869 .3898 .3927 .3956 .3985 .4014 .4043
x degrees
sin x
cos x
tan x
cot x
sec x
csc x
40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10
.2022 .2051 .2079 .2108 .2136 .2164 .2193 .2221 .2250 .2278 .2306 .2334 .2363 .2391 .2419 .2447 .2476 .2404 .2532 .2560 .2588 .2616 .2644 .2672 .2700 .2728 .2756 .2784 .2812 .2840 .2868 .2896 .2924 .2952 .2979 .3007 .3035 .3062 .3090 .3118 .3145 .3173 .3201 .3228 .3256 .3283 .3311 .3338 .3365 .3393 .3420 .3448 .3475 .3502 .3529 .3557 .3584 .3611 .3638 .3665 .3692 .3719 .3746 .3773 .3800 .3827 .3854 .3881 .3907 .3934
.9793 .9787 .9781 .9775 .9769 .9763 .9757 .9750 .9744 .9737 .9730 .9724 .9717 .9710 .9703 .9696 .9689 .9681 .9674 .9667 .9659 .9652 .9644 .9636 .9628 .9621 .9613 .9605 .9596 .9588 .9580 .9572 .9563 .9555 .9546 .9537 .9528 .9520 .9511 .9502 .9492 .9483 .9474 .9465 .9455 .9446 .9436 .9426 .9417 .9407 .9397 .9387 .9377 .9367 .9356 .9346 .9336 .9325 .9315 .9304 .9293 .9283 .9272 .9261 .9250 .9239 .9228 .9216 .9205 .9194
.2065 .2095 .2126 .2156 .2186 .2217 .2247 .2278 .2309 .2339 .2370 .2401 .2432 .2462 .2493 .2524 .2555 .2586 .2617 .2648 .2679 .2711 .2732 .2773 .2805 .2836 .2867 .2899 .2931 .2962 .2994 .3026 .3057 .3089 .3121 .3153 .3185 .3217 .3249 .3281 .3314 .3346 .3378 .3411 .3443 .3476 .3508 .3541 .3574 .3607 .3640 .3673 .3706 .3739 .3772 .3805 .3839 .3872 .3906 .3939 .3973 .4006 .4040 .4074 .4108 .4142 .4176 .4210 .4245 .4279
3.843 4.773 4.705 4.638 4.574 4.511 4.449 4.390 4.331 4.275 4.219 4.165 4.113 4.061 4.011 3.962 3.914 3.867 3.821 3.776 3.732 3.689 3.647 3.606 3.566 3.526 3.487 3.450 3.412 3.376 3.340 3.305 3.271 3.237 3.204 3.172 3.140 3.108 3.078 3.047 3.018 2.989 2.960 2.932 2.904 2.877 2.850 2.824 2.798 2.773 2.747 2.723 2.699 2.675 2.651 2.628 2.605 2.583 2.560 2.539 2.517 2.496 2.475 2.455 2.434 2.414 2.394 2.375 2.356 2.337
1.021 1.022 1.022 1.023 1.024 1.025 1.025 1.026 1.026 1.027 1.028 1.028 1.029 1.030 1.031 1.031 1.032 1.033 1.034 1.034 1.035 1.036 1.037 1.038 1.039 1.039 1.040 1.041 1.042 1.043 1.044 1.045 1.046 1.047 1.048 1.049 1.049 1.050 1.051 1.052 1.053 1.054 1.056 1.057 1.058 1.059 1.060 1.061 1.062 1.063 1.064 1.065 1.066 1.068 1.069 1.070 1.071 1.072 1.074 1.075 1.076 1.077 1.079 1.080 1.081 1.082 1.084 1.085 1.086 1.088
4.945 4.876 4.810 4.745 4.682 4.620 4.560 4.502 4.445 4.390 4.336 4.284 4.232 4.182 4.134 4.086 4.039 3.994 3.950 3.906 3.864 3.822 3.782 3.742 3.703 3.665 3.628 3.592 3.556 3.521 3.487 3.453 3.420 3.388 3.356 3.326 3.295 3.265 3.236 3.207 3.179 3.152 3.124 3.098 3.072 3.046 3.021 2.996 2.971 2.947 2.924 2.901 2.878 2.855 2.833 2.812 2.790 2.769 2.749 2.729 2.709 2.689 2.669 2.650 2.632 2.613 2.595 2.577 2.559 2.542
cos x
sin x
cot x
tan x
csc x
sec x
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
A-8
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50
x degrees
1.3672 1.3643 1.3614 1.3584 1.3555 1.3526 1.3497 1.3468 1.3439 1.3410 1.3381 1.3352 1.3323 1.3294 1.3265 1.3235 1.3206 1.3177 1.3148 1.3119 1.3090 1.3061 1.3032 1.3003 1.2974 1.2945 1.2915 1.2886 1.2857 1.2828 1.2799 1.2770 1.2741 1.2712 1.2683 1.2654 1.2625 1.2595 1.2566 1.2537 1.2508 1.2479 1.2450 1.2421 1.2392 1.2363 1.2334 1.2305 1.2275 1.2246 1.2217 1.2188 1.2159 1.2130 1.2101 1.2072 1.2043 1.2014 1.1985 1.1956 1.1926 1.1897 1.1868 1.1839 1.1810 1.1781 1.1752 1.1723 1.1694 1.1665 x radians
NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS TO FOUR PLACES (continued) x radians .4072 .4102 .4131 .4160 .4189 .4218 .4247 .4276 .4305 .4334 .4363 .4392 .4422 .4451 .4480 .4509 .4538 .4567 .4596 .4625 .4654 .4683 .4712 .4741 .4771 .4800 .4829 .4858 .4887 .4916 .4945 .4974 .5003 .5032 .5061 .5091 .5120 .5149 .5178 .5207 .5236 .5265 .5294 .5323 .5352 .5381 .5411 .5440 .5469 .5498 .5527 .5556 .5585 .5614 .5643 .5672 .5701 .5730 .5760 .5789 .5818 .5847 .5876 .5905 .5934 .5963 .5992 .6021 .6050 .6080
x degrees
sin x
cos x
tan x
cot x
sec x
csc x
20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50 000 10 20 30 40 50
.3961 .3987 .4014 .4041 .4067 .4094 .4120 .4147 .4173 .4200 .4226 .4253 .4279 .4305 .4331 .4358 .4384 .4410 .4436 .4462 .4488 .4514 .4540 .4566 .4592 .4617 .4643 .4669 .4695 .4720 .4746 .4772 .4797 .4823 .4848 .4874 .4899 .4924 .4950 .4975 .5000 .5025 .5050 .5075 .5100 .5125 .5150 .5175 .5200 .5225 .5250 .5275 .5299 .5324 .5348 .5373 .5398 .5422 .5446 .5471 .5495 .5519 .5544 .5568 .5592 .5616 .5640 .5664 .5688 .5712
.9182 .9171 .9159 .9147 .9135 .9124 .9112 .9100 .9088 .9075 .9063 .9051 .9038 .9026 .9013 .9001 .8988 .8975 .8962 .8949 .8936 .8923 .8910 .8897 .8884 .8870 .8857 .8843 .8829 .8816 .8802 .8788 .8774 .8760 .8746 .8732 .8718 .8704 .8689 .8675 .8660 .8646 .8631 .8616 .8601 .8587 .8572 .8557 .8542 .8526 .8511 .8496 .8480 .8465 .8450 .8434 .8418 .8403 .8397 .8371 .8355 .8339 .8323 .8307 .8290 .8274 .8258 .8241 .8225 .8208
.4314 .4348 .4383 .4417 .4452 .4487 .4522 .4557 .4592 .4628 .4663 .4699 .4734 .4770 .4806 .4841 .4877 .4913 .4950 .4986 .5022 .5059 .5095 .5132 .5169 .5206 .5243 .5280 .5317 .5354 .5392 .5430 .5467 .5505 .5543 .5581 .5619 .5658 .5696 .5735 .5774 .5812 .5851 .5890 .5930 .5969 .6009 .6048 .6088 .6128 .6168 .6208 .6249 .6289 .6330 .6371 .6412 .6453 .6494 .6536 .6577 .6619 .6661 .6703 .6745 .6787 .6830 .6873 .6916 .6959
2.318 2.300 2.282 2.264 2.246 2.229 2.211 2.194 2.177 2.161 2.145 2.128 2.112 2.097 2.081 2.066 2.050 2.035 2.020 2.006 1.991 1.977 1.963 1.949 1.935 1.921 1.907 1.894 1.881 1.868 1.855 1.842 1.829 1.816 1.804 1.792 1.780 1.767 1.756 1.744 1.732 1.720 1.709 1.698 1.686 1.675 1.664 1.653 1.643 1.632 1.621 1.611 1.600 1.590 1.580 1.570 1.560 1.550 1.540 1.530 1.520 1.511 1.501 1.492 1.483 1.473 1.464 1.455 1.446 1.437
1.089 1.090 1.092 1.093 1.095 1.096 1.097 1.099 1.100 1.102 1.103 1.105 1.106 1.108 1.109 1.111 1.113 1.114 1.116 1.117 1.119 1.121 1.122 1.124 1.126 1.127 1.129 1.131 1.133 1.134 1.136 1.138 1.140 1.142 1.143 1.145 1.147 1.149 1.151 1.153 1.155 1.157 1.159 1.161 1.163 1.165 1.167 1.169 1.171 1.173 1.175 1.177 1.179 1.181 1.184 1.186 1.188 1.190 1.192 1.195 1.197 1.199 1.202 1.204 1.206 1.209 1.211 1.213 1.216 1.218
2.525 2.508 2.491 2.475 2.459 2.443 2.427 2.411 2.396 2.381 2.366 2.352 2.337 2.323 2.309 2.295 2.281 2.268 2.254 2.241 2.228 2.215 2.203 2.190 2.178 2.166 2.154 2.142 2.130 2.118 2.107 2.096 2.085 2.074 2.063 2.052 2.041 2.031 2.020 2.010 2.000 1.990 1.980 1.970 1.961 1.951 1.942 1.932 1.923 1.914 1.905 1.896 1.887 1.878 1.870 1.861 1.853 1.844 1.836 1.828 1.820 1.812 1.804 1.796 1.788 1.781 1.773 1.766 1.758 1.751
cos x
sin x
cot x
tan x
csc x
sec x
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
A-9
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10 000 50 40 30 20 10
x degrees
1.1636 1.1606 1.1577 1.1548 1.1519 1.1490 1.1461 1.1432 1.1403 1.1374 1.1345 1.1316 1.1286 1.1257 1.1228 1.1199 1.1170 1.1141 1.1112 1.1083 1.1054 1.1025 1.0996 1.0966 1.0937 1.0908 1.0879 1.0850 1.0821 1.0792 1.0763 1.0734 1.0705 1.0676 1.0647 1.0617 1.0588 1.0559 1.0530 1.0501 1.0472 1.0443 1.0414 1.0385 1.0356 1.0327 1.0297 1.0268 1.0239 1.0210 1.0181 1.0152 1.0123 1.0094 1.0065 1.0036 1.0007 .9977 .9948 .9919 .9890 .9861 .9832 .9803 .9774 .9745 .9716 .9687 .9657 .9628 x radians
RELATION OF ANGULAR FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF ONE ANOTHER
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS sin a
cos a
sin
sin
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 cos2
cos
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 sin2
cos
Function
tan cot
sin pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 sin2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 sin2 sin
tan a
sec a
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ cot2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sec2 1 sec
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ tan2
cot pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ cot2
tan
1 cot
1 tan pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ tan2
cot
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 cos2 cos cos pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 cos2
sec
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 sin2
1 cos
csc
1 sin
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 cos2
Note:
cot a
tan pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ tan2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ cot2 cot pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ cot2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ tan2 tan
1 sec pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sec2 1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sec2 1
cosh x
sinh x ¼
sinh x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosh2 x 1
cosh x ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ sinh2 x
cosh x
tanh x ¼ cosech x ¼ sech x ¼ coth x ¼
sinh x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ sinh2 x
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosh2 x 1
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ sinh2 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ sinh2 x sinh x
1 cosh x
cosech x
sinh x ¼
1 cosech x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosech2 x þ 1 cosech x
tanh x ¼ cosech x ¼ sech x ¼ coth x ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosh2 x 1 cosh x
1 sinh x
Function
cosh x ¼
sec pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sec2 1
csc
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosech1 x þ 1
tanh x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 tanh2 x 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 tanh2 x tanh x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 tanh2 x tanh x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 tanh2 x 1 tanh x
sech x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 sech2 x sech x
coth x
cosech x
sech x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 sech2 x
cosech x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosech2 x þ 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosech2 x þ 1
sech x 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 sech2 x
Whenever two signs are shown, choose þ sign if x is positive, sign if x is negative.
A-11
tanh x
cosh x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cosh2 x 1
1 sech x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 sech2 x
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi csc2 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi csc2 1 csc pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi csc2 1
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS sinh x
1 csc pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi csc2 1 csc
sec
The choice of sign depends upon the quadrant in which the angle terminates.
Function
csc a
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi coth2 x 1 coth x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi coth2 x 1 1 coth x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi coth2 x 1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi coth2 x 1 coth x coth x
Derivatives* In the following formulas u, v, w represent functions of x, while a, c, n represent fixed real numbers. All arguments in the trigonometric functions are measured in radians, and all inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions represent principal values. 1.
d ðaÞ ¼ 0 dx
2.
d ðxÞ ¼ 1 dx
3.
d du ðauÞ ¼ a dx dx
4.
d du dv dw ðu þ v wÞ ¼ þ dx dx dx dx
5.
d dv du ðuvÞ ¼ u þ v dx dx dx
6.
d dw du dv ðuvwÞ ¼ uv þ vw þ uw dx dx dx dx
du dv d u v dx u dx 1 du u dv 7. ¼ ¼ v2 dx v v dx v2 dx 8.
d n du ðu Þ ¼ nu n1 dx dx
d pffiffiffi 1 du u ¼ pffiffiffi dx 2 u dx d 1 1 du 10. ¼ 2 dx u u dx d 1 n du 11. ¼ nþ1 n dx u u dx n n1 d u u du dv 12. ¼ mþ1 nv mu dx vm dx dx v d n m du dv ðu v Þ ¼ un1 vm1 nv þ mu 13. dx dx dx
9.
14.
d d du ½ f ðuÞ ¼ ½ f ðuÞ dx du dx
dy d½ f ðxÞ ¼ ¼ f 0 ðxÞ define respectively a function and its derivative for any value x in their dx dx common domain. The differential for the function at such a value x is accordingly defined as * Let y ¼ f (x) and
dy ¼ d½ f ðxÞ ¼
dy d½ f ðxÞ dx ¼ dx ¼ f 0 ðxÞ dx dx dx
Each derivative formula has an associated differential formula. For example, formula 6 above has the differential formula dðuvwÞ ¼ uv dw þ vw du þ uw dv
A-12
DERIVATIVES (Continued)
d2 df ðuÞ d 2 u d 2 f ðuÞ du 2
15. ½ f ðuÞ ¼ þ
du dx2 du2 dx dx2 n 2 n2 n d u n dv d n1 u n d vd u v nþ þ n1 0 dx 1 dx dx 2 dx2 dxn2 k nk n n d vd u n d v þ
þ þ
þ u n k nk dx k dx dx n n n n! where ¼ 0 ¼ 1. 0 the binomial coefficient, n non-negative integer and r 0 r ðn rÞ du 1 dx ¼ 6¼ 0 if 17. dx dx du du dn 16. ½uv ¼ dxn
18.
d 1 du ðloga uÞ ¼ ðloga eÞ dx u dx
19.
d 1 du ðloge uÞ ¼ dx u dx
20.
d u du ða Þ ¼ au ðloge aÞ dx dx
21.
d u du ðe Þ ¼ eu dx dx
22.
d v du dv ðu Þ ¼ vuv1 þ ðloge uÞ uv dx dx dx
23.
d du ðsin uÞ ¼ ðcos uÞ dx dx
24.
d du ðcos uÞ ¼ ðsin uÞ dx dx
25.
d du ðtan uÞ ¼ ðsec2 uÞ dx dx
26.
d du ðcot uÞ ¼ ðcsc2 uÞ dx dx
27.
d du ðsec uÞ ¼ sec u tan u dx dx
28.
d du ðcsc uÞ ¼ csc u cot u dx dx
29.
d du ðvers uÞ ¼ sin u dx dx
30.
d 1 du p p ðarc sin uÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , arc sin u dx 2 2 1 u2 dx A-13
DERIVATIVES (Continued)
31.
d 1 du ðarc cos uÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , dx 1 u2 dx
32.
d 1 du ðarc tan uÞ ¼ , dx 1 þ u2 dx
33.
d 1 du ðarc cot uÞ ¼ , dx 1 þ u2 dx
34.
d 1 du ðarc sec uÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , dx u u2 1 dx
35.
d 1 du ðarc csc uÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , 2 dx dx u u 1
36.
d 1 du ðarc vers uÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , dx 2u u2 dx
37.
d du ðsinh uÞ ¼ ðcosh uÞ dx dx
38.
d du ðcosh uÞ ¼ ðsinh uÞ dx dx
39.
d du ðtanh uÞ ¼ ðsech2 uÞ dx dx
40.
d du ðcoth uÞ ¼ ðcsch2 uÞ dx dx
41.
d du ðsech uÞ ¼ ðsech u tanh uÞ dx dx
42.
d du ðcsch uÞ ¼ ðcsch u coth uÞ dx dx
43.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi d d 1 du ðsinh1 uÞ ¼ ½log ðu þ u2 þ 1Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx dx u2 þ 1 dx
44.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi d d 1 du ðcosh1 uÞ ¼ ½log ðu þ u2 1Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , 2 dx dx dx u 1
45.
d d 1 1þu 1 du ðtanh1 uÞ ¼ log ¼ , dx dx 2 1u 1 u2 dx
ðu2 < 1Þ
46.
d d 1 uþ1 1 du ðcoth1 uÞ ¼ log ¼ , dx dx 2 u1 1 u2 dx
ðu2 > 1Þ
47.
" pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi# d d 1 þ 1 u2 1 du ðsech1 uÞ ¼ log ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , dx dx u u 1 u2 dx
ð0 arc cos u pÞ p p < arc tan u < 2 2 ð0 arc cot u pÞ p p 0 arc sec u < , p arc sec u < 2 2 p p 0 < arc csc u , p < arc csc u 2 2 ð0 arc vers u pÞ
" pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi# d d 1 þ 1 þ u2 1 du 1 ðcsch uÞ ¼ log 48. ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx dx u juj 1 þ u2 dx
A-14
ðu > 1, cosh1 u > 0Þ
ð0 < u < 1, sech1 u > 0Þ
49.
50.
51.
d dq d dp d da
Z
q
½ p constant
f ðxÞ dx ¼ f ðqÞ, p
Z
q
f ðxÞ dx ¼ f ð pÞ,
½q constant
p
Z
Z
q
f ðx, aÞ dx ¼ p
p
q
@ dq dp ½ f ðx, aÞ dx þ f ðq, aÞ f ð p, aÞ @a da da
A-15
INTEGRATION The following is a brief discussion of some integration techniques. A more complete discussion can be found in a number of good text books. However, the purpose of this introduction is simply to discuss a few of the important techniques which may be used, in conjunction with the integral table which follows, to integrate particular functions. No matter how extensive the integral table, it is a fairly uncommon occurrence to find in the table the exact integral desired. Usually some form of transformation will have to be made. The simplest type of transformation, and yet the most general, is substitution. Simple forms of substitution, such as y ¼ ax, are employed almost unconsciously by experienced users of integral tables. Other substitutions may require more thought. In some sections of the tables, appropriate substitutions are suggested for integrals which are similar to, but not exactly like, integrals in the table. Finding the right substitution is largely a matter of intuition and experience. Several precautions must be observed when using substitutions: 1. Be sure to make the substitution in the dx term, as well as everywhere else in the integral. 2. Be sure that the function substituted is one-to-one and continuous. If this is not the case, the integral must be restricted in such a way as to make it true. See the example following. 3. With definite integrals, the limits should also be expressed in terms of the new dependent variable. With indefinite integrals, it is necessary to perform the reverse substitution to obtain the answer in terms of the original independent variable. This may also be done for definite integrals, but it is usually easier to change the limits. Example: Z
x4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx 2 a x2
Here we make the substitution x ¼ jaj sin . Then dx ¼ jaj cos d, and pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 ¼ a2 a2 sin2 ¼ jaj 1 sin2 ¼ ja cos j
Notice the absolute value signs. It is very important to keep in mind that a square root radical always pffiffiffiffiffi denotes the positive square root, and to assure the sign is always kept positive. Thus x2 ¼ jxj. Failure to observe this is a common cause of errors in integration. Notice also that the indicated substitution is not a one-to-one function, that is, it does not have a unique inverse. Thus we must restrict the range of in such a way as to make the function one-to-one. Fortunately, this is easily done by solving for ¼ sin1
x jaj
p p and restricting the inverse sine to the principal values, . 2 2
A-15
Thus the integral becomes Z
a4 sin4 jaj cos d jaj j cos j
Now, however, in the range of values chosen for , cos is always positive. Thus we may remove the absolute value signs from cos in the denominator. (This is one of the reasons that the principal values of the inverse trigonometric functions are defined as they are.) Then the cos terms cancel, and the integral becomes Z a4 sin4 d By application of integral formulas 299 and 296, we integrate this to a4
sin3 cos 3a4 3a4 cos sin þ þC 4 8 8
We now must perform the inverse substitution to get the result in terms of x. We have x ¼ sin1 jaj sin ¼ Then
x jaj
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a 2 x2 x2 2 cos ¼ 1 sin ¼ 1 2 ¼ : a jaj
Because of the previously mentioned fact that cos is positive, we may omit the sign. The reverse substitution then produces the final answer Z x4 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3a4 1 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ x3 a2 x2 a2 x a2 x2 þ þ C: sin 4 8 jaj 8 a 2 x2 Any rational function of x may be integrated, if the denominator is factored into linear and irreducible quadratic factors. The function may then be broken into partial fractions, and the individual partial fractions integrated by use of the appropriate formula from the integral table. See the section on partial fractions for further information. Many integrals may be reduced to rational functions by proper substitutions. For example, z ¼ tan
x 2
will reduce any rational function of the six trigonometric functions of x to a rational function of z. (Frequently there are other substitutions which are simpler to use, but this one will always work. See integral formula number 484.) pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi Any rational function of x and ax þ b may be reduced to a rational function of z by making the substitution pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi z ¼ ax þ b: Other likely substitutions will be suggested by looking at the form of the integrand. The other main method of transforming integrals is integration by parts. This involves applying formula number 5 or 6 in the accompanying integral table. The critical factor in thisRmethod is R the choice of the functions u and v. In order for the method to be successful, v ¼ dv and v du must be easier to integrate than the original integral. Again, this choice is largely a matter of intuition and experience. A-16
Example: Z x sin x dx Two obvious choices are u ¼ x,R dv ¼ sin x dx, or u ¼ sin x, dv ¼ x dx. Since a preliminary mental calculation indicates that v du in the second choice would be more, rather than less, complicated than the original integral (it would contain x2), we use the first choice. u¼x du ¼ dx dv ¼ sin x dx v ¼ cos x Z Z Z Z x sin x dx ¼ u dv ¼ uv v du ¼ x cos x þ cos x dx ¼ sin x x cos x Of course, this result could have been obtained directly from the integral table, but it provides a simple example of the method. In more complicated examples the choice of u and v may not be so obvious, and several different choices may have to be tried. Of course, there is no guarantee that any of them will work. Integration by parts may be applied more than once, or combined with substitution. A fairly common case is illustrated by the following example. Example: Z
ex sin x dx
Let u ¼ ex Z
du ¼ ex dx
Then
dv ¼ sin x dx v ¼ cos x Z Z Z ex sin x dx ¼ u dv ¼ uv v du ¼ ex cos x þ ex cos x dx
In this latter integral, Let u ¼ ex
Then du ¼ ex dx
dv ¼ cos x dx Z
ex sin x dx ¼ ex cos x þ
v ¼ sin x Z
ex cos x dx ¼ ex cos x þ x
Z u dv
¼ e cos x þ uv
Z v du
¼ ex cos x þ ex sin x
Z
ex sin x dx
This looks as if a circular transformation has taken place, since we are back at the same integral we started from. However, the above equation can be solved algebraically for the required integral: Z ex sin x dx ¼ 12ðex sin x ex cos xÞ In the second integration by parts, if the parts had been chosen as u ¼ cos x, dv ¼ ex dx, we would indeed have made a circular transformation, and returned to the starting place. A-17
In general, when doing repeated integration by parts, one should never choose the function u at any stage to be the same as the function v at the previous stage, or a constant times the previous v. The following rule is called the extended rule for integration by parts. It is the result of n þ 1 successive applications of integration by parts. If Z Z g1 ðxÞ ¼ gðxÞ dx, g2 ðxÞ ¼ g1 ðxÞ dx, Z Z g3 ðxÞ ¼ g2 ðxÞ dx, . . . , gm ðxÞ ¼ gm1 ðxÞ dx, . . . , then Z
f ðxÞ gðxÞ dx ¼ f ðxÞ g1 ðxÞ f 0 ðxÞ g2 ðxÞ þ f 00 ðxÞ g3 ðxÞ þ Z n ðnÞ nþ1 f ðnþ1Þ ðxÞgnþ1 ðxÞ dx: þ ð1Þ f ðxÞgnþ1 ðxÞ þ ð1Þ
A useful special case of the above rule is when f (x) is a polynomial of degree n. Then f ðnþ1Þ ðxÞ ¼ 0, and Z f ðxÞ gðxÞ dx ¼ f ðxÞ g1 ðxÞ f 0 ðxÞ g2 ðxÞ þ f 00 ðxÞ g3 ðxÞ þ þ ð1Þn f ðnÞ ðxÞgnþ1 ðxÞ þ C Example: If f (x) ¼ x2, g(x) ¼ sin x Z x2 sin x dx ¼ x2 cos x þ 2x sin x þ 2 cos x þ C Another application of this formula occurs if f 00 ðxÞ ¼ af ðxÞ
and
g00 ðxÞ ¼ bgðxÞ,
where a and b are unequal constants. In this case, by a process similar to that used in the R above example for ex sin x dx, we get the formula Z f ðxÞ g0 ðxÞ f 0 ðxÞ gðxÞ þC f ðxÞgðxÞ dx ¼ ba This formula could have been used in the example mentioned. Here is another example. Example: If f (x) ¼ e2x, g(x) ¼ sin 3x, then a ¼ 4, b ¼ 9, and Z 3 e2x cos 3x 2 e2x sin 3x e2x þC ¼ ð2 sin 3x 3 cos 3xÞ þ C e2x sin 3x dx ¼ 9 4 13 The following additional points should be observed when using this table. 1. A constant of integration is to be supplied with the answers for indefinite integrals. 2. Logarithmic expressions are to base e ¼ 2.71828. . . , unless otherwise specified, and are to be evaluated for the absolute value of the arguments involved therein. 3. All angles are measured in radians, and inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions represent principal values, unless otherwise indicated. 4. If the application of a formula produces either a zero denominator or the square root of a negative number in the result, there is usually available another form of the answer which A-18
avoids this difficulty. In many of the results, the excluded values are specified, but when such are omitted it is presumed that one can tell what these should be, especially when difficulties of the type herein mentioned are obtained. 5. When inverse trigonometric functions occur in the integrals, be sure that any replacements made for them are strictly in accordance with the rules for such functions. This causes little difficulty when the argument of the inverse trigonometric function is positive, since then all angles involved are in the first quadrant. However, if the argument is negative, special care must be used. Thus if u > 0, sin1 u ¼ cos1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1 u2 ¼ csc1 , etc: u
However, if u < 0, sin1 u ¼ cos1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1 u2 ¼ p csc1 , etc: u
See the section on inverse trigonometric functions for a full treatment of the allowable substitutions. 6. In integrals 340–345 and some others, the right side includes expressions of the form A tan1 ½B þ C tan f ðxÞ :
In these formulas, the tan1 does not necessarily represent the principal value. Instead of always employing the principal branch of the inverse tangent function, one must instead use that branch of the inverse tangent function upon which f (x) lies for any particular choice of x. Example: Z
4p
0
x 2 tan þ 1 4p dx 2 1 p2ffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi tan 2 þ sin x 3 3 0
2 1 2 tan 2p þ 1 1 2 tan 0 þ 1 pffiffiffi pffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi tan tan 3 3 3 pffiffiffi
2 13p p 4p 4 3p ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ ¼ pffiffiffi 6 3 3 6 3
Here tan1
2 tan 2p þ 1 1 13p pffiffiffi ¼ tan1 pffiffiffi ¼ , 6 3 3
since f (x) ¼ 2p; and tan1
2 tan 0 þ 1 1 p pffiffiffi ¼ tan1 pffiffiffi ¼ , 3 3 6
since f (x) ¼ 0. 7. Bn and En where used in Integrals represents the Bernoulli and Euler numbers as defined in tables of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials contained in certain mathematics reference and hand-books, as for example, Beyer, W. H., Handbook of Mathematical Sciences, 5th ed., CRC Press, Inc., West Palm Beach 1978, 577–583.
A-19
INTEGRALS
ELEMENTARY FORMS Z a dx ¼ ax
1. Z
Z a f ðxÞ dx ¼ a
2. Z
Z ðyÞ dx ¼
3. Z
ðyÞ dy, y0
Z Z u
6. Z 7. Z 8. Z 9. Z 10. Z 11. Z 12. Z 13.
xn dx ¼
where u and v are any functions of x
v dx,
Z dv
dv dx ¼ uv dx
dy dx
Z u dx þ
Z u dv ¼ u
5.
where y0 ¼
Z ðu þ vÞ dx ¼
4.
f ðxÞ dx
Z v du ¼ uv
Z v
v du
du dx dx
xnþ1 , nþ1
except n ¼ 1
f 0 ðxÞ dx ¼ log f ðxÞ, f ðxÞ
ðdf ðxÞ ¼ f 0 ðxÞ dxÞ
dx ¼ log x x f 0 ðxÞ dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ f ðxÞ, 2 f ðxÞ
ðdf ðxÞ ¼ f 0 ðxÞ dxÞ
ex dx ¼ ex eax dx ¼ eax =a
bax dx ¼
bax , a log b
ðb > 0Þ
Z log x dx ¼ x log x x
14. Z 15. Z 16.
ax log a dx ¼ ax ,
ða > 0Þ
dx 1 x ¼ tan1 a2 þ x2 a a
8 1 1 x > > > a tanh a > > Z < dx or ¼ 17. a2 x2 > > > > 1 > : log a þ x , 2a ax 8 1 > 1 x > > coth > Z < a a dx 18. ¼ or 2 2 > x a > > 1 xa > : log , 2a xþa
ða2 > x2 Þ
ðx2 > a2 Þ
A-20
INTEGRALS (Continued)
8 x > sin1 > > > jaj > Z < dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 19. or 2 2 > a x > > > > cos1 x , : jaj Z 20. Z 21. Z 22.
ða2 > x2 Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ log ðx þ x2 a2 Þ 2 2 x a dx 1 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ sec1 a x x2 a2 jaj dx 1 aþ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ log a x a2 x2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! a2 x2 x
FORMS CONTAINING (a þ bx) For forms containing a þ bx, but not listed in the table, the substitution u ¼ may prove helpful. Z ða þ bxÞnþ1 23. ða þ bxÞn dx ¼ , ðn 6¼ 1Þ ðn þ 1Þb Z 24. Z 25.
xða þ bxÞn dx ¼
1 a ða þ bxÞnþ2 2 ða þ bxÞnþ1 , b2 ðn þ 2Þ b ðn þ 1Þ
x2 ða þ bxÞn dx ¼
a þ bx x
ðn 6¼ 1, 2Þ
1 ða þ bxÞnþ3 ða þ bxÞnþ2 ða þ bxÞnþ1 2a þ a2 3 b nþ3 nþ2 nþ1
8 mþ1 Z x ða þ bxÞn an > > xm ða þ bxÞn1 dx þ > > > mþnþ1 mþnþ1 > > > > > or > > >
Z > Z < 1 nþ1 mþ1 þ ðm þ n þ 2Þ xm ða þ bxÞnþ1 dx 26. xm ða þ bxÞn dx ¼ aðn þ 1Þ x ða þ bxÞ > > > > > > or > > > >
Z > > > 1 > : xm ða þ bxÞnþ1 ma xm1 ða þ bxÞn dx bðm þ n þ 1Þ Z 27. Z 28. Z 29.
dx 1 ¼ log ða þ bxÞ a þ bx b dx 1 ¼ bða þ bxÞ ða þ bxÞ2 dx 1 ¼ ða þ bxÞ3 2bða þ bxÞ2
81 > ½a þ bx a log ða þ bxÞ > > 2 > > Z > > > > x : a log ða þ bxÞ b b2
A-21
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z
x dx 1 a ¼ 2 log ða þ bxÞ þ 2 b a þ bx ða þ bxÞ
Z
x dx 1 1 a þ , n ¼ 2 n2 n1 ða þ bxÞ b ðn 2Þ ða þ bxÞ ðn 1Þða þ bxÞ
31.
32.
n 6¼ 1, 2
Z
x2 dx 1 1 ¼ 3 ða þ bxÞ2 2aða þ bxÞ þ a2 log ða þ bxÞ a þ bx b 2
Z
x2 dx 1 a2 ¼ 3 a þ bx 2a log ða þ bxÞ 2 b a þ bx ða þ bxÞ
Z
x2 dx 1 2a a2 ¼ log ða þ bxÞ þ a þ bx 2ða þ bxÞ2 ða þ bxÞ3 b3
Z
x2 dx 1 1 2a a2 þ , n ¼ 3 n3 n2 n1 ða þ bxÞ b ðn 3Þ ða þ bxÞ ðn 2Þ ða þ bxÞ ðn 1Þ ða þ bxÞ
33.
34.
35.
36. Z 37. Z 38. Z 39. Z 40. Z 41. Z 42.
dx 1 a þ bx ¼ log xða þ bxÞ a x dx 1 1 a þ bx log ¼ x xða þ bxÞ2 aða þ bxÞ a2 " # dx 1 1 2a þ bx 2 x ¼ þ log a þ bx xða þ bxÞ3 a3 2 a þ bx dx 1 b a þ bx ¼ þ 2 log x2 ða þ bxÞ ax a x dx 2bx a b2 x ¼ þ 3 log x3 ða þ bxÞ 2a2 x2 a þ bx a dx a þ 2bx 2b a þ bx þ log ¼ 2 a xða þ bxÞ a3 x x2 ða þ bxÞ2 FORMS CONTAINING c2 x2, x2 c2
Z 43. Z 44. Z 45. Z 46. Z 47.
dx 1 cþx , ¼ log c2 x2 2c cx
ðc2 > x2 Þ
dx 1 xc , ¼ log x2 c2 2c xþc
ðx2 > c2 Þ
x dx 1 ¼ log ðc2 x2 Þ c2 x2 2 x dx 1 ¼ 2nðc2 x2 Þn ðc2 x2 Þnþ1
Z
Z dx 1 x dx ¼ þ ð2n 3Þ n ðc2 x2 Þ 2c2 ðn 1Þ ðc2 x2 Þn1 ðc2 x2 Þn1
Z
Z dx 1 x dx ¼ ð2n 3Þ ðx2 c2 Þn 2c2 ðn 1Þ ðx2 c2 Þn1 ðx2 c2 Þn1
48.
49. Z 50.
dx 1 x ¼ tan1 c2 þ x2 c c
x dx 1 ¼ log ðx2 c2 Þ x2 c2 2
A-22
n 6¼ 1, 2, 3
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 51.
x dx 1 ¼ 2n ðx2 c2 Þn ðx2 c2 Þnþ1 FORMS CONTAINING a þ bx and c þ dx u ¼ a þ bx, v ¼ c þ dx, k ¼ ad bc
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.
59.
c If k ¼ 0, then v ¼ u a Z v dx 1 ¼ log u v k u Z h i x dx 1 a c ¼ log ðuÞ log ðvÞ u v k b d Z dx 1 1 d v þ log ¼ u2 v k u k u Z x dx a c v log ¼ u2 v bku k2 u
Z 2 x dx a2 1 c2 aðk bcÞ ¼ þ log ðvÞ þ log ðuÞ u2 v b2 ku k2 d b2
Z Z dx 1 1 dx ¼ ðm þ n 2Þb un vm kðm 1Þ un1 vm1 un vm1 Z u bx k dx ¼ þ 2 log ðvÞ v d d 8 mþ1
Z m 1 u u > > > þ bðn m 2Þ dx > n1 n1 > kðn 1Þ v v > > > > or > >
> Z Z m 1 um um1 u dx < þ mk dx ¼ dðn m 1Þ vn1 vn > vn > > > or > > > m > Z m1
> > 1 u u > > mb dx : n1 dðn 1Þ v vn1
FORMS CONTAINING (a þ bxn) pffiffiffiffiffi dx 1 1 x ab p ffiffiffiffiffi , ðab > 0Þ ¼ tan a þ bx2 a ab 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > 1 a þ x ab > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi log p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , ðab < 0Þ > > > Z a x ab < 2 ab dx or 61. ¼ a þ bx2 > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > > > 1 x ab > > , ðab < 0Þ : pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tanh1 a ab Z dx 1 bx 62. ¼ tan1 a2 þ b2 x2 ab a Z x dx 1 63. ¼ logða þ bx2 Þ a þ bx2 2b Z Z x2 dx x a dx 64. ¼ 2 a þ bx b b a þ bx2 Z Z dx x 1 dx þ 65. ¼ ða þ bx2 Þ2 2aða þ bx2 Þ 2a a þ bx2 Z
60.
A-23
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 66.
Z 67.
Z 68. Z 69. Z 70. Z 71.
Z 72.
Z 73.
dx ða þ bx2 Þmþ1
Z 8 1 x 2m 1 dx > > þ m > 2 > 2ma ða þ bx Þ 2ma ða þ bx2 Þm > > < or ¼ " # > Z > m > > ð2mÞ! x X r!ðr 1Þ! 1 dx > > þ : mr r ð4aÞm a þ bx2 ðm!Þ2 2a r¼1 ð4aÞ ð2rÞ!ða þ bx2 Þ
x dx 1 ¼ 2bmða þ bx2 Þm ða þ bx2 Þmþ1 x2 dx x 1 ¼ mþ 2mb ða þ bx2 Þmþ1 2mbða þ bx2 Þ
Z
dx ða þ bx2 Þm
dx 1 x2 ¼ log 2 xða þ bx Þ 2a a þ bx2 dx 1 b ¼ x2 ða þ bx2 Þ ax a
dx xða þ bx2 Þmþ1
Z
dx a þ bx2
Z 8 1 1 dx > > þ m > 2 > 2amða þ bx a xða þ bx2 Þm Þ > > < or ¼ " # > > m > X > 1 ar x2 > > þ log : mþ1 r 2a rða þ bx2 Þ a þ bx2 r¼1
dx 1 ¼ x2 ða þ bx2 Þmþ1 a
Z
dx b x2 ða þ bx2 Þm a
Z
dx ða þ bx2 Þmþ1
Z
dx k 1 ðk þ xÞ3 pffiffiffi 2x k log ¼ þ 3 tan1 pffiffiffi , 3 3 a þ bx 3a 2 a þ bx k 3
Z
x dx 1 1 a þ bx3 pffiffiffi 2x k log ¼ þ 3 tan1 pffiffiffi , 3 3 a þ bx 3bk 2 k 3 ðk þ xÞ
74.
75. Z 76. Z 77. Z 78. Z 79. Z 80. Z 81.
dx 1 a þ bx log ¼ a2 b2 x2 2ab a bx
rffiffiffi 3 a k¼ b k¼
rffiffiffi 3 a b
x2 dx 1 ¼ logða þ bx3 Þ a þ bx3 3b
dx k 1 x2 þ 2kx þ 2k2 2kx 1 log ¼ þ tan , a þ bx4 2a 2 2k2 x2 x2 2kx þ 2k2
dx k 1 xþk 1 x log þ tan , ¼ a þ bx4 2a 2 xk k x dx 1 x2 tan1 , ¼ 4 a þ bx 2bk k x dx 1 x2 k log 2 , ¼ a þ bx4 4bk x þk
ab < 0, k ¼
ab > 0, k ¼
rffiffiffiffiffi 4 a 4b
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a 4 b
rffiffiffi a ab > 0, k ¼ b ab < 0, k ¼
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a b
x2 dx 1 1 x2 2kx þ 2k2 2kx 1 log ¼ þ tan , a þ bx4 4bk 2 2k2 x2 x2 þ 2kx þ 2k2
A-24
rffiffiffiffiffi 4 a ab > 0, k ¼ 4b
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 82. Z 83. Z 84. Z 85. Z 86.
x3 dx 1 ¼ logða þ bx4 Þ a þ bx4 4b dx 1 xn ¼ log xða þ bxn Þ an a þ bxn dx 1 ¼ ða þ bxn Þmþ1 a xm dx 1 ¼ ða þ bxn Þpþ1 b
Z 87.
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a 4 ab < 0, k ¼ b
x2 dx 1 xk 1 x log þ 2 tan ¼ , a þ bx4 4bk xþk k
xm ða
Z
Z
dx 1 ¼ þ bxn Þpþ1 a
dx b ða þ bxn Þm a xmn dx a ða þ bxn Þp b Z xm ða
Z
Z
xn dx ða þ bxn Þmþ1 xmn dx ða þ bxn Þpþ1
dx b þ bxn Þp a
Z
dx xmn ða þ bxn Þpþ1
Z 8 1 > mn n p mnþ1 n pþ1 > x ða þ bx Þ aðm n þ 1Þ x ða þ bx Þ dx > > bðnp þ m þ 1Þ > > > > > > > > > or > > > > > >
> Z > > 1 > > xmþ1 ða þ bxn Þp þ anp xm ða þ bxn Þp1 dx > > > > np þ m þ 1 > Z < m n p 88. x ða þ bx Þ dx ¼ or > > > > >
Z > > 1 > > xmþ1 ða þ bxn Þpþ1 ðm þ 1 þ np þ nÞb xmþn ða þ bxn Þp dx > > > aðm þ 1Þ > > > > > > > or > > > > > >
Z > > 1 > > : xmþ1 ða þ bxn Þpþ1 þ ðm þ 1 þ np þ nÞ xm ða þ bxn Þpþ1 dx anðp þ 1Þ
FORMS CONTAINING c3 x3 Z 89.
dx 1 ðc xÞ3 1 2x c ¼ 2 log 3 þ pffiffiffi tan1 pffiffiffi c3 x3 6c c x3 c2 3 c 3
Z 90.
ðc3 Z
91. Z 92. Z 93.
dx x 2 þ ¼ x3 Þ2 3c3 ðc3 x3 Þ 3c3
Z
dx c3 x3
Z dx 1 x dx ¼ þ ð3n 1Þ n ðc3 x3 Þn ðc3 x3 Þnþ1 3nc3 ðc3 x3 Þ x dx 1 c3 x3 1 2x c ¼ log pffiffiffi tan1 pffiffiffi c3 x3 6c c 3 ðc xÞ3 c 3 x dx x2 1 þ ¼ ðc3 x3 Þ2 3c3 ðc3 x3 Þ 3c3
Z
x dx c3 x3
A-25
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 94. Z 95.
Z x dx 1 x2 x dx ¼ þ ð3n 2Þ n ðc3 x3 Þn ðc3 x3 Þnþ1 3nc3 ðc3 x3 Þ x2 dx 1 ¼ logðc3 x3 Þ c3 x3 3
Z 96.
ðc3 Z
97.
x2 dx 1 ¼ 3nðc3 x3 Þn x3 Þnþ1 dx 1 x3 ¼ 3 log 3 3 x Þ 3c c x3
xðc3 Z
dx 1 1 x3 þ ¼ log 3 c x3 xðc3 x3 Þ2 3c3 ðc3 x3 Þ 3c6 Z Z dx 1 1 dx 99. ¼ n þ 3 nþ1 3 3 3 3 3 3nc ðc x Þ c xðc3 x3 Þn xðc x Þ Z Z dx 1 1 x dx ¼ 100. x2 ðc3 x3 Þ c3 x c3 c3 x3 Z Z Z dx 1 dx 1 x dx 101. ¼ n c3 ðc3 x3 Þnþ1 x2 ðc3 x3 Þnþ1 c3 x2 ðc3 x3 Þ 98.
FORMS CONTAINING c4 x4 " pffiffiffi pffiffiffi # dx 1 1 x2 þ cx 2 þ c2 1 cx 2 pffiffiffi log pffiffiffi 102. ¼ þ tan c4 þ x4 2c3 2 2 c2 x2 x2 cx 2 þ c2
Z dx 1 1 cþx x þ tan1 ¼ 3 log 103. 4 4 c x 2c 2 cx c Z 2 x dx 1 x ¼ tan1 2 104. c4 þ x4 2c2 c Z x dx 1 c2 þ x2 105. ¼ log 2 c4 x4 4c2 c x2 " pffiffiffi pffiffiffi # Z x2 dx 1 1 x2 cx 2 þ c2 1 cx 2 pffiffiffi 106. ¼ pffiffiffi log þ tan c4 þ x4 2c 2 2 c2 x2 x2 þ cx 2 þ c2 Z
Z 107. Z 108.
x2 dx 1 1 cþx 1 x log tan ¼ c4 x4 2c 2 cx c x3 dx 1 ¼ log ðc4 x4 Þ c4 x4 4 FORMS CONTAINING (a þ bx þ cx2) X ¼ a þ bx þ cx2 and q ¼ 4ac b2
b 2 If q ¼ 0, then X ¼ c x þ , and formulas starting with 23 should 2c be used in place of these. Z dx 2 2cx þ b ¼ pffiffiffi tan1 pffiffiffi , 109. ðq > 0Þ X q q 8 2 1 2cx þ b > > ffi tanh pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > > pffiffiffiffiffiffi Z q q < dx or ¼ 110. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > X > 2cx þ b q 1 > > : pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi log ðq < 0Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , q 2cx þ b þ q Z Z dx 2cx þ b 2c dx 111. þ ¼ X2 qX q X
A-26
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 112.
Z dx 2cx þ b 1 3c 6c2 dx ¼ þ þ 2 3 2 X q 2X qX X q
Z 8 2cx þ b 2ð2n 1Þc dx > > þ > n > nqX qn Xn > > Z < dx or ¼ 113. # X nþ1 > " Z > n > > ð2nÞ! c n 2cx þ b X q r ðr 1Þ!r! dx > > þ : q cX ð2rÞ! X ðn!Þ2 q r¼1 Z
Z x dx 1 b dx ¼ log X X 2c 2c X Z Z x dx bx þ 2a b dx 115. ¼ 2 X qX q X Z Z x dx 2a þ bx bð2n 1Þ dx 116. ¼ nþ1 n X nqX nq Xn 114.
Z 117. Z 118. Z 119.
Z 120. Z 121. Z 122.
x2 x b b2 2ac dx ¼ 2 log X þ c 2c 2c2 X x2 ðb2 2acÞx þ ab 2a þ dx ¼ cqX q X2
dx X
dx 1 x2 b ¼ log xX 2a X 2a
Z
Z
xm1 dx X nþ1
dx X
2 Z dx b X 1 b c dx ¼ 2 log 2 þ 2 2 x X 2a x ax a X 2a dx 1 b ¼ xX n 2aðn 1ÞX n1 2a dx xm X nþ1
Z
dx 1 þ Xn a
Z
dx xX n1
1 nþm1 b
ðm 1Þaxm1 X n m1 a Z 2n þ m 1 c dx
m1 a xm2 X nþ1
¼
FORMS CONTAINING 124.
dx X
xm dx xm1 nmþ1 b
¼ nþ1 X ð2n m þ 1ÞcX n 2n m þ 1 c Z m2 m1 a x dx
þ 2n m þ 1 c X nþ1
Z 123.
Z
Z
Z
dx xm1 X nþ1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a þ bx
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 ða þ bxÞ3 a þ bx dx ¼ 3b Z
125.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2ð2a 3bxÞ ða þ bxÞ3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x a þ bx dx ¼ 15b2
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2ð8a2 12abx þ 15b2 x2 Þ ða þ bxÞ3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 126. x a þ bx dx ¼ 105b3 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Z 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 3 > m m1 > x ða þ bxÞ ma x a þ bx dx > > bð2m þ 3Þ > > Z < pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi m or 127. x a þ bx dx ¼ > > m > > 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi X m!ðaÞmr > > ða þ bxÞrþ1 : mþ1 a þ bx b r!ðm rÞ!ð2r þ 3Þ r¼0 Z
2
A-27
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx a þ bx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ 2 a þ bx þ a 128. x x a þ bx 129.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a þ bx a þ bx b dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ dx ¼ 2 x x 2 x a þ bx
2qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ða þ bxÞ3 ð2m 5Þb Z a þ bx 1 a þ bx 4 dx ¼ þ dx5 130. ðm 1Þa 2 xm xm1 xm1 Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx 2 a þ bx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ b a þ bx
Z
x dx 2ð2a bxÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ a þ bx 3b2 a þ bx
Z
x2 dx 2ð8a2 4abx 3b2 x2 Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ a þ bx 15b3 a þ bx
131.
132.
133.
8 Z m1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 x dx > m > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x a þ bx ma > > > ð2m þ 1Þb a þ bx > > Z < xm dx or pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 134. a þ bx > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi m > > > 2ðaÞm a þ bx X ð1Þr m!ða þ bxÞr > > : mþ1 b ð2r þ 1Þr!ðm rÞ!ar r¼0 Z 135. Z 136. Z 137.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi dx 1 a þ bx a pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi log pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi , a x a þ bx a þ bx þ a dx 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan1 a x a þ bx dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ x2 a þ bx
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a þ bx , a
ða > 0Þ
ða < 0Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z dx a þ bx b pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2a x a þ bx ax
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 8 Z ð2n 3Þb dx a þ bx > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > > n1 > ð2n 2Þa xn1 a þ bx ðn 1Þax > > > > > " pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > > n1 Z < ð2n 2Þ! r!ðr 1Þ! b nr1 a þ bx X dx p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ¼ 138. xr 2ðrÞ! 4a a ½ðn 1Þ! 2 xn a þ bx > r¼1 > > > > > # > Z > > > b n1 dx > > p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi þ : 4a x a þ bx Z 139. Z
n2
xða þ bxÞ
140. Z 141.
2n
n
ða þ bxÞ2 dx ¼
2ða þ bxÞ 2 bð2 nÞ
" # 4n 2n 2 ða þ bxÞ 2 aða þ bxÞ 2 dx ¼ 2 b 4n 2n
dx 1 m ¼ a xða þ bxÞ2
Z
dx xða þ bxÞ
m2 2
b a
A-28
Z
dx m
ða þ bxÞ 2
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 142. Z 143.
ða þ bxÞn=2 dx ¼b x
Z
ða þ bxÞ ðn2Þ =2 dx þ a
Z
ða þ bxÞ ðn2Þ =2 dx x
Z 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 z a f ,z z dz, ðz ¼ a þ bxÞ f ðx, a þ bxÞ dx ¼ b b
FORMS CONTAINING u ¼ a þ bx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a þ bx and c þ dx
v ¼ c þ dx
k ¼ ad bc
c If k ¼ 0, then, v ¼ u, and formulas starting with 124 should a be used in place of these. 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > bduv 2 > 1 > p ffiffiffiffiffi ffi , bd > 0, k < 0 tanh > > bv > bd > > > > > > or > > > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z < dx 2 bduv pffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 144. pffiffiffiffiffiffi tanh1 , bd > 0, k > 0: uv > du bd > > > > > > or > > > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > > > 1 ðbv þ bduvÞ2 > > , ðbd > 0Þ : pffiffiffiffiffiffi log v bd 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > 2 bduv > 1 > p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan > > Z < bd bv dx pffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 145. or uv > > > 1 2bdx þ ad þ bc > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > , sin1 : jkj bd Z 146.
pffiffiffiffiffi k þ 2bvpffiffiffiffiffi k2 uv dx ¼ uv 4bd 8bd
Z
dx pffiffiffiffiffi uv
8 pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 d u kd > > pffiffiffiffiffiffi log pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi > > > d u þ kd kd > > Z < dx pffiffiffi ¼ 147. or v u > > > pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi > > 1 > ðd u kd Þ2 > : pffiffiffiffiffiffi log , v kd Z 148. Z
pffiffiffiffiffi Z uv ad þ bc x dx dx pffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi bd uv 2bd uv
Z
pffiffiffiffiffi dx 2 uv pffiffiffiffiffi ¼ kv v uv
Z
pffiffiffiffiffi Z uv k v dx dx pffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi b 2b uv uv
149.
150.
151.
152.
ðkd < 0Þ
Z Z rffiffiffi v v v dx pffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ u jvj uv Z
153.
pffiffiffi dx 2 d u pffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , v u kd kd
ðkd > 0Þ
pffiffiffi vm u dx ¼
Z m pffiffiffi 1 v dx pffiffiffi 2vmþ1 u þ k ð2m þ 3Þd u
A-29
ðbd < 0Þ
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 154.
Z pffiffiffi dx 1 3 dx u pffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi þ m b m1 m1 ðm 1Þk v 2 v u u
vm
8 Z m1
> 2 v > m pffiffiffi > pffiffiffi dx v u mk > > bð2m þ 1Þ u > > > > Z m < v dx or pffiffiffi ¼ 155. > u > > pffiffiffi m > > > 2ðm!Þ2 u X 4k mr ð2rÞ! r > > v > : bð2m þ 1Þ! b ðr!Þ2 r¼0 FORMS CONTAINING 156.
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 dx ¼ 12½x x2 a2 a2 log ðx þ x2 a2 Þ Z
157. Z 158. Z 159.
160.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ log ðx þ x2 a2 Þ 2 2 x a dx 1 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ sec1 a x x2 a2 jaj dx 1 aþ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ log a x x2 þ a2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! x2 þ a2 x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a þ x2 þ a2 x2 þ a2 dx ¼ x2 þ a2 a log x x
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 x dx ¼ x2 a2 jaj sec1 161. a x Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ x2 a2 162. x2 a2 Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 163. x x2 a2 dx ¼ 13 ðx2 a2 Þ3 164.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 3a2 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3a4 x2 a2 þ logðx þ x2 a2 Þ ðx2 a2 Þ3 dx ¼ x ðx2 a2 Þ3 4 2 2 Z
165. Z 166.
x dx 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 a2 3 x ðx2 a2 Þ
Z
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x ðx2 a2 Þ3 dx ¼ 15 ðx2 a2 Þ5
Z
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x a2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a4 ðx2 a2 Þ3 x x2 a2 log ðx þ x2 a2 Þ x2 x2 a2 dx ¼ 4 8 8
Z
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 a Þ ða2 þ x2 Þ3 x3 x2 þ a2 dx ¼ ð15x2 15
Z
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 a2 ðx2 a2 Þ5 þ ðx2 a2 Þ3 x3 x2 a2 dx ¼ 5 3
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 dx x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ x2 a2 log ðx þ x2 a2 Þ 2 2 2 2 x a
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
dx x qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 2 ðx2 a2 Þ3 a x a
A-30
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 172.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x3 dx 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ðx2 a2 Þ3 a2 x2 a2 2 2 3 x a
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 173. a2 x x2 x2 a2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z dx 1 a þ x2 þ a2 x2 þ a2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 174. þ log 2a3 2a2 x2 x x3 x2 þ a2 Z
Z 175.
dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ x3 x2 a2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 1 x þ 3 sec1 2a2 x2 2ja j a
Z
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x a2 x a4 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðx2 a2 Þ5 ðx2 a2 Þ3 x2 a2 x2 ðx2 a2 Þ3 dx ¼ 6 24 16 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a6 log ðx þ x2 a2 Þ 16
Z
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 a2 ðx2 a2 Þ7 ðx2 a2 Þ5 x3 ðx2 a2 Þ3 dx ¼ 7 5
176.
177.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 dx x2 a2 þ log ðx þ x2 a2 Þ ¼ 178. x2 x 179.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 a þ x2 þ a2 x2 þ a2 x2 þ a2 log dx ¼ 2a x3 2x2 x
180.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 x2 a2 1 x sec1 dx ¼ þ 3 x 2x2 2jaj a
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðx2 a2 Þ3 x2 a2 dx ¼ 181. 4 x 3a2 x3 Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 dx x qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ log ðx þ x2 a2 Þ 2 2 3 x a ðx2 a2 Þ
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x3 dx a2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ x2 a2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 x a2 ðx2 a2 Þ3
182.
183. Z 184. Z 185. Z 186. Z 187. Z 188. Z 189.
dx 1 1 aþ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 log 2 x2 þ a2 a 3 a 2 2 x ðx þ a Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 þ a2 x
dx 1 1 x qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 sec1 2 x2 a2 ja j a 3 a 2 2 x ðx a Þ dx 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 4 a 3 x2 ðx2 a2 Þ
"pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi # x2 a2 x þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x x2 a2
dx 1 3 3 aþ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ log 2a2 x2 x2 þ a2 2a4 x2 þ a2 2a5 x3 ðx2 þ a2 Þ3 dx 1 3 3 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 5 sec1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 x2 x2 a2 4 x2 a2 2ja a j 3 2a 2a x3 ðx2 a2 Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi m 1 xm 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ xm1 x2 a2 a2 2 2 m m x a
A-31
Z
xm2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx x2 a2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 þ a2 x
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 190.
Z 191. Z 192. Z 193. Z 194.
Z 195. Z 196.
" m X x2m ð2mÞ! pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi r!ðr 1Þ! pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ ða2 Þmr ð2xÞ2r1 x2 a2 2 ð2rÞ! 22m ðm!Þ x2 a2 r¼1 # pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ ð a2 Þm log ðx þ x2 a2 Þ m pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi X x2mþ1 ð2rÞ!ðm!Þ2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ x2 a2 ð4a2 Þmr x2r 2 x2 a2 r¼0 ð2m þ 1Þ!ðr!Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z x2 a2 dx ðm 2Þ dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðm 1Þa2 xm1 ðm 1Þa2 xm2 x2 a2 xm x2 a2 1 X pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi m dx ðm 1Þ!m!ð2rÞ!22m2r1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ x2 a2 2 2 mr x2rþ1 x2m x2 a2 r¼0 ðr!Þ ð2mÞ!ða Þ
dx ð2mÞ! pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ x2mþ1 x2 þ a2 ðm!Þ2
dx ð2mÞ! pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ x2mþ1 x2 a2 ðm!Þ2
"pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi m r!ðr 1Þ! x2 þ a2 X ð1Þmrþ1 2 Þmr x2r 2ð2rÞ!ð4a a2 r¼1 # pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð1Þmþ1 x2 þ a2 þ a þ 2m 2mþ1 log 2 a x "pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi # m x2 a2 X r!ðr 1Þ! 1 1 x þ sec mr a2 2ð2rÞ!ð4a2 Þ x2r 22m jaj2mþ1 a r¼1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 2 aðx aÞ ðx aÞ x a
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 2 aðx þ aÞ ðx þ aÞ x a Z Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 198. f ðx, x2 þ a2 Þ dx ¼ a f ða tan u, a sec uÞ sec2 u du, Z
197.
Z f ðx,
199.
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 Þ dx ¼ a f ða sec u, a tan uÞ sec u tan u du,
FORMS CONTAINING
200.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x a2 x2 dx ¼ x a2 x2 þ a2 sin1 2 jaj Z
201.
Z 202.
8 1 x > > > sin jaj < dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ or a2 x2 > > > cos1 x : jaj dx 1 aþ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ log a x a2 x2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! a2 x2 x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 a þ a2 x2 2 2 dx ¼ a x a log 203. x x Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ a2 x2 a2 x2 Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 205. x a2 x2 dx ¼ 13 ða2 x2 Þ3
204.
A-32
x u ¼ tan1 , a > 0 a x u ¼ sec1 , a > 0 a
INTEGRALS (Continued)
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Z qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 3a2 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3a4 1 x a2 x2 þ sin 206. ða2 x2 Þ3 dx ¼ x ða2 x2 Þ3 þ 4 2 jaj 2 Z dx x qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 207. 2 2 2 ða2 x2 Þ3 a a x Z 208. Z 209.
x dx 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 x2 3 a 2 2 ða x Þ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x ða2 x2 Þ3 dx ¼ 15 ða2 x2 Þ5
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x a2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x ða2 x2 Þ3 þ x a2 x2 þ a2 sin1 x2 a2 x2 dx ¼ 4 jaj 8 Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 211. x3 a2 x2 dx ¼ ð15x2 15 a Þ ða2 x2 Þ3 Z
210.
Z
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 a2 x a4 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a6 x ða2 x2 Þ3 þ a2 x2 þ sin1 x2 ða2 x2 Þ3 dx ¼ x ða2 x2 Þ5 þ 6 24 16 jaj 16
Z
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 a2 ða2 x2 Þ7 ða2 x2 Þ5 x3 ða2 x2 Þ3 dx ¼ 7 5
Z
x2 dx x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ a2 x2 þ sin1 2 jaj 2 a2 x2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ a2 x x2 a2 x2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 a2 x2 x sin1 dx ¼ x2 x jaj pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 a2 x2 1 a þ a2 x2 log dx ¼ þ x3 2x2 x 2a qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ða2 x2 Þ3 a2 x2 dx ¼ 4 3a2 x3 x
212.
213.
214. Z 215. Z 216. Z 217. Z 218. Z 219.
x2 dx x x qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin1 2 x2 jaj 3 a 2 2 ða x Þ
Z
x3 dx 2 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ða2 x2 Þ3=2 x2 ða2 x2 Þ1=2 ¼ a2 x2 ðx2 þ 2a2 Þ 2 2 3 3 a x
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x3 dx x2 a2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2ða2 x2 Þ1=2 þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ a2 x2 1=2 2 2 2 2 ða x Þ a x ða2 x2 Þ3
220.
221.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 dx 1 a þ a2 x2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ log 2a2 x2 x 2a3 x3 a2 x2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z dx 1 1 a þ a2 x2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 log 223. 2 a2 x2 x a 3 a 2 2 x ða x Þ Z
222.
Z 224. Z 225.
" pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi # a2 x2 dx 1 x qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 4 þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x a a2 x2 x2 ða2 x2 Þ3 dx 1 3 3 aþ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 5 log qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 x2 a2 x2 4 a2 x2 2a 3 2a 2a 3 2 2 x ða x Þ
A-33
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 x
INTEGRALS (Continued)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z Z xm xm1 a2 x2 ðm 1Þa2 xm2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx þ 226. m m a2 x2 a2 x2 Z 227. Z 228. Z 229.
" # m pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi X x2m ð2mÞ! r!ðr 1Þ! 2m2r 2r1 a2m 1 x 2 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ a a x x þ 2m sin 22m2rþ1 ð2rÞ! jaj 2 ðm!Þ2 a2 x2 r¼1 m pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi X x2mþ1 ð2rÞ!ðm!Þ2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ a2 x2 ð4a2 Þmr x2r 2 2 2 a x r¼0 ð2m þ 1Þ!ðr!Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z a2 x2 dx m2 dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ 2 m1 2 m 2 2 ðm 1Þa x ðm 1Þa x a x xm2 a2 x2
Z 230.
x2m Z
" pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi# m a2 x2 X dx ð2mÞ! r!ðr 1Þ! 1 a a2 x2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ þ log 2ð2rÞ!ð4a2 Þmr x2r 22m a2mþ1 a2 x x2mþ1 a2 x2 ðm!Þ2 r¼1
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx 1 ðb a2 x2 þ x a2 b2 Þ2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi log , b2 x2 ðb2 x2 Þ a2 x2 2b a2 b2
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx 1 x b2 a2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , b a2 x2 ðb2 x2 Þ a2 x2 b b2 a2
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx 1 x a2 þ b2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðb2 þ x2 Þ a2 x2 b a2 þ b2 b a2 x2
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
1 X pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi m ax ðm 1Þ!m!ð2rÞ!22m2r1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ a2 x2 2 2m2r x2rþ1 2 2 a x r¼0 ðr!Þ ð2mÞ!a
ðb2 > a2 Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 x a2 þ b2 1 x a2 þ b2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin1 sin dx ¼ 2 2 b þx jaj jbj jaj x2 þ b2 Z f ðx,
236.
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 Þ dx ¼ a f ða sin u, a cos uÞ cos u du,
FORMS CONTAINING
x u ¼ sin1 , a > 0 a
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a þ bx þ cx2
X ¼ a þ bx þ cx2 , q ¼ 4ac b2 , and k ¼ pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi b X ¼ c x þ 2c 8 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffi > pffiffiffi logð2 cX þ 2cx þ bÞ > > > > < c
If q ¼ 0, then
Z 237.
Z 238. Z 239.
ða2 > b2 Þ
dx or pffiffiffiffi ¼ X > > > 1 2cx þ b > > : pffiffiffi sinh1 pffiffiffi , q c
dx 1 2cx þ b pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi sin1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , q c X
ðc > 0Þ
ðc < 0Þ
dx 2ð2cx þ bÞ pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffi X X q X
A-34
4c q
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 240.
dx 2ð2cx þ bÞ 1 pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi ¼ þ 2k X X2 X 3q X
8 pffiffiffiffi Z 2ð2cx þ bÞ X 2kðn 1Þ dx > > > pffiffiffiffi þ > n > 2n 1 ð2n 1ÞqX > X n1 X Z < dx or pffiffiffiffi ¼ 241. Xn X > > n1 > ð2rÞ! > ð2cx þ bÞðn!Þðn 1Þ!4n kn1 X > > pffiffiffiffi : r 2 q½ð2nÞ! X r¼0 ð4kXÞ ðr!Þ 242.
pffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffi Z ð2cx þ bÞ X 1 dx pffiffiffiffi X dx ¼ þ 4c 2k X Z
pffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffi ð2cx þ bÞ X 3 3 dx þ 2 pffiffiffiffi Xþ X X dx ¼ 2k 8k 8c X
Z
pffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffi ð2cx þ bÞ X 5X 15 5 dx pffiffiffiffi þ 2 þ X X dx ¼ X2 þ 3 4k 8k 16k 12c X
243.
244.
2
pffiffiffiffi 8 Z pffiffiffiffi ð2cx þ bÞX n X 2n þ 1 > > X n1 X dx þ > > > 2ðn þ 1Þk 4ðn þ 1Þc > > Z < pffiffiffiffi or 245. X n X dx ¼ > " # > pffiffiffiffi n Z > > > ð2n þ 2Þ! kð2cx þ bÞ X X r!ðr þ 1Þ!ð4kXÞr dx > > p ffiffiffiffi þ : ð2r þ 2Þ! c ½ðn þ 1Þ! 2 ð4kÞnþ1 X r¼0 Z 246. Z 247.
x dx 2ðbx þ 2aÞ pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffi X X q X
Z
pffiffiffiffi Z X x dx b dx pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffi n n ð2n 1ÞcX 2c X n X X X
Z
Z x2 dx x 3b pffiffiffiffi 3b2 4ac dx pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffi 2 Xþ 2 2c 4c 8c X X
248.
249. Z 250. Z 251.
x2 dx ð2b2 4acÞx þ 2ab 1 pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffi þ c X X cq X
Z
dx pffiffiffiffi X
x2 dx ð2b2 4acÞx þ 2ab 4ac þ ð2n 3Þb2 pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffi þ n ð2n 1Þcq X X ð2n 1Þcq X n1 X
Z
dx pffiffiffiffi X n1 X
Z
2 Z x3 dx x 5bx 5b2 2a pffiffiffiffi 3ab 5b3 dx pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffi X þ þ 4c2 16c3 3c 12c2 8c3 3c2 X X
Z
pffiffiffiffi ð2n 1Þb xn dx 1 pffiffiffiffi ¼ xn1 X nc 2nc X
Z
pffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffi X X bð2cx þ bÞ pffiffiffiffi b dx pffiffiffiffi X x X dx ¼ 3c 8c2 4ck X
Z
pffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi X2 X b X X dx xX X dx ¼ 2c 5c
252.
253.
254.
255.
pffiffiffiffi Z X x dx b dx pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffi 2c c X X
Z
xn1 dx ðn 1Þa pffiffiffiffi nc X
A-35
Z
xn2 dx pffiffiffiffi X
INTEGRALS (Continued)
pffiffiffiffi Z Z pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi X nþ1 X b X n X dx 256. xX n X dx ¼ ð2n þ 3Þc 2c Z
pffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffi 5b X X 5b2 4ac pffiffiffiffi X dx x2 X dx ¼ x þ 2 6c 16c 4c
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx 1 2 aX þ bx þ 2a pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi log , a x x X
257.
258. Z 259. Z 260. Z 261.
dx 1 bx þ 2a pffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , jxj q a x X pffiffiffiffi dx 2 X pffiffiffiffi ¼ , bx x X
ða > 0Þ
ða < 0Þ
ða ¼ 0Þ
pffiffiffiffi Z X dx b dx pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 2a x X ax x X
262.
Z Z Z pffiffiffiffi X dx pffiffiffiffi b dx dx pffiffiffiffi þ a pffiffiffiffi ¼ Xþ x 2 X x X
263.
pffiffiffiffi Z Z Z pffiffiffiffi X dx X b dx dx p ffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi þ ¼ þ c x2 x 2 x X X FORMS INVOLVING
264.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2ax x2
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 xa 2ax x2 dx ¼ ðx aÞ 2ax x2 þ a2 sin1 2 jaj
8 ax > cos1 > > > jaj > Z < dx p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi or 265. ¼ 2ax x2 > > > > 1 x a > : sin jaj 8 Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi xn1 ð2ax x2 Þ3=2 ð2n þ 1Þa > > > xn1 2ax x2 dx þ > > n þ 2 n þ 2 > > > > > > or > Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi < " # n 2 n 266. x 2ax x dx ¼ X pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi xnþ1 ð2n þ 1Þ!ðr!Þ2 anrþ1 r > 2 > x > > 2ax x n þ 2 2nr ð2r þ 1Þ!ðn þ 2Þ!n! > > r¼0 > > > > ð2n þ 1Þ!anþ2 1 x a > > : þ n sin jaj 2 n!ðn þ 2Þ! 267.
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 2ax x 2ax x ð2ax x2 Þ3=2 n3 dx ¼ þ dx xn xn1 ð2n 3Þa ð3 2nÞaxn
8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z xn1 2ax x2 að2n 1Þ xn1 > > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx þ > > n n > 2ax x2 > Z < xn dx or pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 268. 2ax x2 > > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi X n > ð2nÞ!r!ðr 1Þ!anr r1 ð2nÞ!an 1 x a > > 2 > x þ sin : 2ax x jaj 2nr ð2rÞ!ðn!Þ2 2n ðn!Þ2 r¼1
A-36
INTEGRALS (Continued)
8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z > n1 dx 2ax x2 > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ > n > ð2n 1Þa xn1 2ax x2 að1 2nÞx > > > Z < dx or pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 269. n 2 > x 2ax x > > n1 nr > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi X > 2 ðn 1Þ!n!ð2rÞ! > 2 > > : 2ax x 2 nr rþ1 x r¼0 ð2nÞ!ðr!Þ a Z 270. Z 271.
dx xa ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð2ax x2 Þ3=2 a2 2ax x2 x dx x ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð2ax x2 Þ3=2 a 2ax x2 MISCELLANEOUS ALGEBRAIC FORMS
Z 272.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ logðx þ a þ 2ax þ x2 Þ 2ax þ x2
273.
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi c ax2 þ c þ pffiffiffi log ðx a þ ax2 þ cÞ, ax2 þ c dx ¼ 2 2 a
274.
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi c a ax2 þ c þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin1 x , ax2 þ c dx ¼ 2 2 a c
275.
Z rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1þx dx ¼ sin1 x 1 x2 1x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi 8 1 axn þ c c > > p ffiffi ffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p log pffiffiffi > > n c > axn þ c þ c > Z < dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 276. or x axn þ c > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi > > > axn þ c c 2 > : pffiffiffi log pffiffiffiffiffi , n c xn Z 277. Z 278. Z 279.
dx 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi sec1 x axn þ c n c
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi axn , c
ða < 0Þ
ðc > 0Þ
ðc < 0Þ
pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffi logðx a þ ax2 þ cÞ, a ax2 þ c rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx 1 a pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin1 x , c a ax2 þ c
ða > 0Þ
ða > 0Þ
ða < 0Þ
8 Z 1 xðax2 þ cÞmþ1=2 ð2m þ 1Þc > > ðax2 þ cÞm 2 dx þ > > > 2ðm þ 1Þ 2ðm þ 1Þ > > > > > > or > > Z < m pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi X 280. ðax2 þ cÞmþ1=2 dx ¼ ð2m þ 1Þ!ðr!Þ2 cmr 2 > ðax2 þ cÞr > > x ax þ c 2m2rþ1 m!ðm þ 1Þ!ð2r þ 1Þ! > 2 > r¼0 > > > > > mþ1 Z > > dx > þ ð2m þ 1Þ!c : pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2mþ1 2 m!ðm þ 1Þ! ax2 þ c Z 281.
1
xðax2 þ cÞmþ2 dx ¼
3
ðax2 þ cÞm þ 2 ð2m þ 3Þa
A-37
INTEGRALS (Continued)
8 Z > ðax2 þ cÞmþ1=2 ðax2 þ cÞm1=2 > > þc dx > > 2m þ 1 x > > Z < ðax2 þ cÞmþ1=2 or dx ¼ 282. > x > Z > m mr > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi X c ðax2 þ cÞr dx > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > þ cmþ1 : ax2 þ c 2r þ 1 x ax2 þ c r¼0
Z 283.
dx ðax2 þ cÞmþ1=2
Z 8 x 2m 2 dx > > þ > > 2 þ cÞm1=2 2 þ cÞm1=2 ð2m 1Þc > ð2m 1Þcðax ðax > < ¼ or > > m1 X 22m2r1 ðm 1Þ!m!ð2rÞ! > x > > > : pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 ax þ c r¼0 ð2mÞ!ðr!Þ2 cmr ðax2 þ cÞr
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z dx ðm 2Þa dx ax2 þ c pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðm 1Þcxm1 ðm 1Þc xm2 ax2 þ c xm ax2 þ c pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z 1 þ x2 1 x 2 þ 1 þ x4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ pffiffiffi log 285. 1 x2 2 ð1 x2 Þ 1 þ x4 Z
284.
pffiffiffi 1 x2 1 x 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ pffiffiffi tan1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 ð1 þ x2 Þ 1 þ x4 1 þ x4 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z dx 2 a þ xn þ a2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ log pffiffiffiffiffi 287. na xn x xn þ a2 Z dx 2 a pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ sin1 pffiffiffiffiffin 288. na x x xn a2 Z rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x3=2 x 2 289. dx ¼ sin1 a3 x3 3 a Z
286.
FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Z 290. Z 291. Z 292. Z 293. Z 294. Z 295. Z 296. Z 297. Z 298. Z 299.
1 ðsin axÞ dx ¼ cos ax a 1 ðcos axÞ dx ¼ sin ax a 1 1 ðtan axÞ dx ¼ log cos ax ¼ log sec ax a a 1 1 ðcot axÞ dx ¼ log sin ax ¼ log csc ax a a p ax 1 1 ðsec axÞ dx ¼ logðsec ax þ tan axÞ ¼ log tan þ a a 4 2 1 1 ax ðcsc axÞ dx ¼ logðcsc ax cot axÞ ¼ log tan a a 2 ðsin2 axÞ dx ¼
1 1 1 1 cos ax sin ax þ x ¼ x sin 2ax 2a 2 2 4a
ðsin3 axÞ dx ¼
1 ðcos axÞðsin2 ax þ 2Þ 3a
ðsin4 axÞ dx ¼
3x sin 2ax sin 4ax þ 8 4a 32a
ðsinn axÞ dx ¼
sinn1 ax cos ax n 1 þ na n
A-38
Z
ðsinn2 axÞ dx
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 300. Z 301. Z 302. Z 303. Z 304. Z 305. Z 306. Z 307. Z 308. Z 309. Z 310.
ðsin2m axÞ dx ¼
ðsin2mþ1 axÞ dx ¼
m cos ax X 22m2r ðm!Þ2 ð2rÞ! 2r sin ax a r¼0 ð2m þ 1Þ!ðr!Þ2
ðcos2 axÞ dx ¼
1 1 1 1 sin ax cos ax þ x ¼ x þ sin 2ax 2a 2 2 4a
ðcos3 axÞ dx ¼
1 ðsin axÞðcos2 ax þ 2Þ 3a
ðcos4 axÞ dx ¼
3x sin 2ax sin 4ax þ þ 8 4a 32a
ðcosn axÞ dx ¼
1 n1 cosn1 ax sin ax þ na n
ðcos2m axÞ dx ¼
dx ¼ sin2 ax
Z
dx ¼ sinm ax
sin
Z
1 cos ax m2
þ ðm 1Þa sinm1 ax m 1
Z
dx sinm2 ax
m 1 2m2r1 X 1 2 ðm 1Þ!m!ð2rÞ! ðcsc2m axÞ dx ¼ cos ax a ð2mÞ!ðr!Þ2 sin2rþ1 ax r¼0
¼
ax
m sin ax X 22m2r ðm!Þ2 ð2rÞ! cos2r ax a r¼0 ð2m þ 1Þ!ðr!Þ2
ðcscm axÞ dx ¼
Z
dx 2mþ1
ðcosn2 axÞ dx
1 ðcsc2 axÞ dx ¼ cot ax a
Z
dx ¼ sin2m ax
Z
1 X sin ax m ð2mÞ!ðr!Þ2 ð2mÞ! cos2rþ1 ax þ x a r¼0 22m2r ð2r þ 1Þ!ðm!Þ2 22m ðm!Þ2
ðcos2mþ1 axÞ dx ¼
Z 311.
1 X cos ax m ð2mÞ!ðr!Þ2 ð2mÞ! sin2rþ1 ax þ x a r¼0 22m2r ð2r þ 1Þ!ðm!Þ2 22m ðm!Þ2
ðcsc2mþ1 axÞ dx
m 1 X 1 ð2mÞ!ðr!Þ2 1 ð2mÞ! ax þ ¼ cos ax log tan 2m2r ðm!Þ2 ð2r þ 1Þ! sin2rþ2 ax 2m ðm!Þ2 a a 2 2 2 r¼0
Z 312. Z 313. Z 314. Z 315.
dx ¼ cos2 ax dx ¼ cosn ax
Z Z
dx ¼ cos2m ax
ðsecn axÞ dx ¼ Z
ax
¼
1 sin ax n2
þ ðn 1Þa cosn1 ax n 1
Z
dx cosn2 ax
m 1 2m2r1 X 1 2 ðm 1Þ!m!ð2rÞ! ðsec2m axÞ dx ¼ sin ax a ð2mÞ!ðr!Þ2 cos2rþ1 ax r¼0
Z
dx cos2mþ1
1 ðsec2 axÞ dx ¼ tan ax a
ðsec2mþ1 axÞ dx
m 1 X 1 ð2mÞ!ðr!Þ2 1 ð2mÞ! þ logðsec ax þ tan axÞ ¼ sin ax 2 2m2r ðm!Þ ð2r þ 1Þ! cos2rþ2 ax a a 22m ðm!Þ2 2 r¼0
Z ðsin mxÞ ðsin nxÞ dx ¼
316.
sinðm nÞx sinðm þ nÞx , 2ðm nÞ 2ðm þ nÞ
Z ðcos mxÞ ðcos nxÞ dx ¼
317. Z 318.
ðsin axÞ ðcos axÞ dx ¼
sinðm nÞx sinðm þ nÞx þ , 2ðm nÞ 2ðm þ nÞ
1 sin2 ax 2a
A-39
ðm2 6¼ n2 Þ ðm2 6¼ n2 Þ
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z ðsin mxÞ ðcos nxÞ dx ¼
319. Z 320. Z 321. Z 322.
cosðm nÞx cosðm þ nÞx , 2ðm nÞ 2ðm þ nÞ
ðsin2 axÞ ðcos2 axÞ dx ¼
ðsin axÞ ðcosm axÞ dx ¼
ðsinm axÞ ðcos axÞ dx ¼
ðm2 6¼ n2 Þ
1 x sin 4ax þ 32a 8
cosmþ1 ax ðm þ 1Þa
sinmþ1 ax ðm þ 1Þa
8 Z cosm1 ax sinnþ1 ax m 1 > > > þ ðcosm2 axÞ ðsinn axÞ dx > > ðm þ nÞa mþn > > Z < 323. ðcosm axÞ ðsinn axÞ dx ¼ or > > > Z > n1 > sin ax cosmþ1 ax n 1 > > : þ ðcosm axÞ ðsinn2 axÞ dx ðm þ nÞa mþn Z 8 cosmþ1 ax m n þ 2 cosm ax > > dx > n1 > n1 > ðn 1Þa sin ax sinn2 ax > > Z < cosm ax 324. dx ¼ or > sinn ax > > Z > > > cosm1 ax m 1 cosm2 ax > : dx þ n1 sinn ax aðm nÞ sin ax m n 8 Z sinmþ1 ax mnþ2 sinm ax > > dx > > n1 > aðn 1Þ cos ax n1 cosn2 ax > > Z < sinm ax 325. dx ¼ or > cosn ax > > Z > > > sinm1 ax m 1 sinm2 ax > : þ dx n1 aðm nÞ cos ax m n cosn ax Z 326. Z 327. Z 328. Z 329. Z 330. Z 331. Z 332.
p ax sin2 ax 1 1 dx ¼ sin ax þ log tan þ cos ax a a 4 2 cos ax 1 csc ax ¼ dx ¼ a sin ax a sin2 ax dx 1 ¼ log tan ax ðsin axÞ ðcos axÞ a dx 1 ax ¼ sec ax þ log tan 2 ðsin axÞ ðcos axÞ a 2 dx 1 ¼ þ ðsin axÞ ðcosn axÞ aðn 1Þ cosn1 ax
Z
dx ðsin axÞ ðcosn2 axÞ
p ax dx 1 1 ¼ csc ax þ log tan þ a a 4 2 ðsin axÞ ðcos axÞ 2
Z 333.
sin ax 1 sec ax ¼ dx ¼ cos2 ax a cos ax a
dx 2 ¼ cot 2ax a ðsin2 axÞ ðcos2 axÞ
A-40
INTEGRALS (Continued)
8 1 > > > > > aðm 1Þ ðsinm1 axÞ ðcosn1 axÞ > > Z > > mþn2 dx > Z < þ dx m2 m 1 ¼ 334. ðsin axÞ ðcosn axÞ sinm ax cosn ax > > > or > > Z > > > 1 mþn2 dx > > : n1 sinm ax cosn2 ax aðn 1Þ sinm1 ax cosn1 ax Z 335. Z 336. Z 337. Z 338. Z 339.
1 sinða þ bxÞ dx ¼ cosða þ bxÞ b 1 cosða þ bxÞ dx ¼ sinða þ bxÞ b p ax dx 1 ¼ tan 1 sin ax a 4 2 dx 1 ax ¼ tan 1 þ cos ax a 2 dx 1 ax ¼ cot 1 cos ax a 2
8 x > a tan þ b > > 2 1 > 2 > ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p p tan > > > a2 b2 a2 b2 > > > Z < dx or ¼ *340. a þ b sin x > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > x > > a tan þ b b2 a2 > 1 > 2 > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > x > b2 a2 log : a tan þ b þ b2 a2 2 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x > a2 b2 tan > 2 > 1 2 > ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p > tan > > aþb a2 b2 > > > > Z < dx or *341. ¼ a þ b cos x > 0pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 > > x > 2 a2 tan þ a þ b > b > 1 > C 2 > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi logB @pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi A > x > : b2 a2 b2 a2 tan a b 2 Z *342.
dx a þ b sin x þ c cos x 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x > b b2 þ c2 a2 þ ða cÞ tan > > 1 > 2 > ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p if a2 < b2 þ c2 , a 6¼ c log > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x, > 2 þ c2 a2 > 2 þ c2 a2 þ ða cÞ tan b > b þ b > > 2 > > > > or > > > > < x b þ ða cÞ tan ¼ 2 1 > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 , if a2 > b2 þ c2 > > > a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 > > > > > > or > > >
> > > 1 a ðb þ cÞ cos x ðb cÞ sin x > > , if a2 ¼ b2 þ c2 , a 6¼ c: : a a ðb cÞ cos x þ ðb þ cÞ sin x
*See note 6 on page A-19.
A-41
INTEGRALS (Continued)
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z sin2 x dx 1 aþb a x tan1 tan x , ¼ *343. 2 a þ b cos x b a aþb b Z *344.
a2 Z
*345. Z 346. Z 347.
Z 348.
cos2
ðab > 0, or jaj > jbjÞ
dx 1 b tan x ¼ tan1 2 2 a x þ b sin x ab
cos2 cx dx ¼ 2 a þ b2 sin2 cx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 þ b2 a2 þ b2 tan cx x 1 tan 2 2 b ab c a
sin cx cos cx 1 logða cos2 cx þ b sin2 cxÞ dx ¼ 2cðb aÞ a cos2 cx þ b sin2 cx cos cx dx ¼ a cos cx þ b sin cx
Z
dx a þ b tan cx 1 ½acx þ b logða cos cx þ b sin cxÞ ¼ cða2 þ b2 Þ
sin cx dx ¼ a sin cx þ b cos cx
Z
dx 1 ¼ ½acx b log ða sin cx þ b cos cxÞ a þ b cot cx cða2 þ b2 Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 8 1 c tan x þ b b2 ac > > > ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , log ðb2 > acÞ > > > 2 b2 ac c tan x þ b þ b2 ac > > > > > or > > > Z < dx 1 xþb ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan1 cptan *349. ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , ðb2 < acÞ 2 a cos2 x þ 2b cos x sin x þ c sin2 x > > ac b ac b2 > > > > > or > > > > > > 1 > : , ðb2 ¼ acÞ c tan x þ b Z
p ax sin ax 1 dx ¼ x þ tan 1 sin ax a 4 2
Z
p ax 1 dx 1 ax ¼ tan þ log tan ðsin axÞ ð1 sin axÞ a 4 2 a 2
Z
p ax 1 p ax dx 1 tan3 ¼ tan 2 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 ð1 þ sin axÞ
Z
p ax 1 p ax dx 1 þ cot3 ¼ cot 2 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 ð1 sin axÞ
Z
p ax 1 p ax sin ax 1 þ tan3 dx ¼ tan 2 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 ð1 þ sin axÞ
Z
p ax 1 p ax sin ax 1 þ cot3 dx ¼ cot 2a 4 2 6a 4 2 ð1 sin axÞ2
350.
351.
352.
353.
354.
355. Z 356. Z 357. Z 358.
sin x dx x a ¼ a þ b sin x b b
Z
dx a þ b sin x
dx 1 x b ¼ log tan ðsin xÞ ða þ b sin xÞ a 2 a
Z
dx a þ b sin x
dx b cos x a þ ¼ ða þ b sin xÞ2 ða2 b2 Þ ða þ b sin xÞ a2 b2
*See note 6 on page A-19.
A-42
Z
dx a þ b sin x
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z
Z sin x dx a cos x h dx þ ¼ ða þ b sin xÞ2 ðb2 a2 Þða þ b sin xÞ b2 a2 a þ b sin x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z dx 1 a2 þ b2 tan cx ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan1 *360. 2 a a2 þ b2 sin cx ac a2 þ b2 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 b2 tan cx 1 > > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan1 , ða2 > b2 Þ > > 2 2 Z a < ac a b dx ¼ *361. or pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 b2 sin2 cx > > > b2 a2 tan cx þ a 1 > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi log pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , ða2 < b2 Þ : 2 2 b2 a2 tan cx a 2ac b a Z cos ax 1 ax 362. dx ¼ x tan 1 þ cos ax a 2 Z cos ax 1 ax dx ¼ x cot 363. 1 cos ax a 2 Z p ax 1 dx 1 ax ¼ log tan þ tan 364. ðcos axÞð1 þ cos axÞ a 4 2 a 2 Z p ax 1 dx 1 ax ¼ log tan þ cot 365. ðcos axÞð1 cos axÞ a 4 2 a 2 Z dx 1 ax 1 ax 366. ¼ tan þ tan3 2 6a 2 ð1 þ cos axÞ2 2a 359.
Z 367. Z 368.
dx 1 ax 1 ax ¼ cot cot3 2a 2 6a 2 ð1 cos axÞ2 cos ax 1 ax 1 ax dx ¼ tan tan3 2a 2 6a 2 ð1 þ cos axÞ2
Z
cos ax 1 ax 1 ax dx ¼ cot cot3 2a 2 6a 2 ð1 cos axÞ2 Z Z cos x dx x a dx ¼ 370. a þ b cos x b b a þ b cos x Z x p b Z dx 1 dx ¼ log tan þ 371. ðcos xÞða þ b cos xÞ a 2 4 a a þ b cos x Z Z dx b sin x a dx 372. ¼ ða þ b cos xÞ2 ðb2 a2 Þða þ b cos xÞ b2 a2 a þ b cos x 369.
Z cos x a sin x b dx dx ¼ ða2 b2 Þða þ b cos xÞ a2 b2 a þ b cos x ða þ b cos xÞ2 Z dx 2 cx 1 a þ b tan ¼ tan *374. a2 þ b2 2ab cos cx cða2 b2 Þ ab 2 Z dx 1 a tan cx ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi *375. a2 þ b2 cos2 cx ac a2 þ b2 a2 þ b2 8 1 a tan cx > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi tan1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , ða2 > b2 Þ > > > Z ac a2 b2 a2 b2 < dx ¼ *376. or pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > a2 b2 cos2 cx > 1 a tan cx b2 a2 > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi log ðb2 > a2 Þ > : a tan cx þ b2 a2 2ac b2 a2 Z
373.
Z 377.
sin ax 1 dx ¼ logð1 cos axÞ 1 cos ax a
*See note 6 on page A-19.
A-43
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 378. Z 379. Z 380. Z 381. Z 382. Z 383. Z 384.
cos ax 1 dx ¼ log ð1 sin axÞ 1 sin ax a dx 1 1 ax ¼ þ log tan ðsin axÞð1 cos axÞ 2að1 cos axÞ 2a 2 p dx 1 1 ax ¼ þ log tan þ ðcos axÞð1 sin axÞ 2að1 sin axÞ 2a 4 2 sin ax 1 dx ¼ logðsec ax 1Þ ðcos axÞð1 cos axÞ a cos ax 1 dx ¼ logðcsc ax 1Þ ðsin axÞð1 sin axÞ a p sin ax 1 1 ax dx ¼ log tan þ ðcos axÞð1 sin axÞ 2að1 sin axÞ 2a 4 2 cos ax 1 1 ax dx ¼ log tan ðsin axÞð1 cos axÞ 2að1 cos axÞ 2a 2
Z
ax p dx 1 ¼ pffiffiffi log tan sin ax cos ax 2 8 a 2
Z
dx 1 p tan ax ¼ 2 2a 4 ðsin ax cos axÞ
Z
dx 1 ax ¼ log 1 tan 1 þ cos ax sin ax a 2
385.
386.
387. Z 388.
dx 1 b tan cx þ a log ¼ 2abc b tan cx a a2 cos2 cx b2 sin2 cx
Z
1 x sin ax cos ax a2 a
xðsin axÞ dx ¼
389. Z 390. Z 391.
x2 ðsin axÞ dx ¼
2x a2 x2 2 sin ax cos ax 2 a a3
x3 ðsin axÞ dx ¼
3a2 x2 6 a2 x3 6x sin ax cos ax 4 a a3
Z 8 1 m > > xm 1 cos ax dx xm cos ax þ > > a a > > > > > or > > Z < ½X m=2 m! xm2r 392. xm sin ax dx ¼
2rþ1 cos ax ð1Þrþ1 > > > ðm 2rÞ! a > r¼0 > > > ½ðm1Þ=2 > X m! xm2r1 > > > þ sin ax
2rþ2 ð1Þr : ðm 2r 1Þ! a r¼0
% & %& Note: [s] means greatest integer s; 312 ¼ 3, 12 ¼ 0, etc.
Z
xðcos axÞ dx ¼
393. Z 394. Z 395.
1 x cos ax þ sin ax a2 a
x2 ðcos axÞ dx ¼
2x cos ax a2 x2 2 þ sin ax a2 a3
x3 ðcos axÞ dx ¼
3a2 x2 6 a2 x3 6x cos ax þ sin ax 4 a a3
A-44
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 8 m x sin ax m > > xm1 sin ax dx > > a a > > > > > or > > Z < ½X m=2 m m! xm2r 396. x ðcos axÞ dx ¼
2rþ1 ð1Þr > > sin ax > ðm 2rÞ! a > r¼0 > > > ½ðm1Þ=2 > X > m! xm2r1 > >
2rþ2 þ cos ax ð1Þr : ðm 2r 1Þ! a r¼0 See note integral 392. Z r X sin ax ðaxÞ2nþ1 397. dx ¼ ð1Þn x ð2n þ 1Þð2n þ 1Þ! n¼0 Z 398. Z
r X cos ax ðaxÞ2n dx ¼ log x þ ð1Þn x 2nð2nÞ! n¼1
x2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax 4a 8a2 4 2 Z x3 x 1 x cos 2ax 3 sin 2ax 400. x2 ðsin2 axÞ dx ¼ 4a2 6 4a 8a Z x cos 3ax sin 3ax 3x cos ax 3 sin ax þ 401. xðsin3 axÞ dx ¼ 12a 36a2 4a 4a2 Z x2 x sin 2ax cos 2ax þ 402. xðcos2 axÞ dx ¼ þ 4a 8a2 4 2 Z x3 x 1 x cos 2ax 3 sin 2ax þ 403. x2 ðcos2 axÞ dx ¼ þ 4a2 6 4a 8a Z x sin 3ax cos 3ax 3x sin ax 3 cos ax þ þ 404. xðcos3 axÞ dx ¼ þ 12a 36a2 4a 4a2 Z Z sin ax sin ax a cos ax 405. dx ¼ þ dx xm ðm 1Þxm1 m 1 xm1 Z Z cos ax cos ax a sin ax 406. dx ¼ dx m m1 x ðm 1Þx m 1 xm1 Z x x cos ax 1 dx ¼ þ logð1 sin axÞ 407. 1 sin ax að1 sin axÞ a2 Z x x ax 2 ax dx ¼ tan þ 2 log cos 408. 1 þ cos ax a 2 a 2 Z x x ax 2 ax dx ¼ cot þ 2 log sin 409. 1 cos ax a 2 a 2 Z x þ sin x x dx ¼ x tan 410. 1 þ cos x 2 Z x sin x x dx ¼ x cot 411. 1 cos x 2 pffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ax 2 sin ax 2 2 412. 1 cos ax dx ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ cos 2 a a 1 cos ax pffiffiffi Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 sin ax 2 2 ax 413. 1 þ cos ax dx ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ sin 2 a a 1 þ cos ax Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x x 414. 1 þ sin x dx ¼ 2 sin cos , 2 2 p p ½use þ if ð8k 1Þ < x ð8k þ 3Þ , otherwise ; k an integer] 2 2 399.
xðsin2 axÞ dx ¼
A-45
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x x 415. 1 sin x dx ¼ 2 sin þ cos , 2 2 h i p p use þ if ð8k 3Þ < x ð8k þ1Þ , otherwise ; k an integer 2 2 Z pffiffiffi dx x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 log tan , 416. 4 1 cos x ½use þ if 4kp < x < ð4kþ2Þp, otherwise ; k an integer] Z
417.
x þ p pffiffiffi dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 log tan , 4 1 þ cos x ½use þ if ð4k 1Þp < x < ð4k þ 1Þp, otherwise ; k an integer] Z
x p pffiffiffi dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 log tan , 4 8 1 sin x p p ½use þ if ð8k þ 1Þ < x < ð8k þ 5Þ , otherwise ; k an integer] 2 2 Z p ffiffi ffi dx x p pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 log tan þ , 419. 4 8 1 þ sin x p p ½use þ if ð8k 1Þ < x < ð8k þ 3Þ , otherwise ; k an integer] 2 2 Z 1 420. ðtan2 axÞ dx ¼ tan ax x a 418.
Z 421. Z 422. Z 423. Z 424. Z 425. Z 426. Z 427. Z 428. Z 429.
Z 430. Z 431.
ðtan3 axÞ dx ¼
1 1 tan2 ax þ log cos ax 2a a
ðtan4 axÞ dx ¼
tan3 ax 1 tan x þ x 3a a
ðtann axÞ dx ¼
tann1 ax aðn 1Þ
Z
ðtann2 axÞ dx
1 ðcot2 axÞ dx ¼ cot ax x a ðcot3 axÞ dx ¼
1 1 cot2 ax log sin ax 2a a
ðcot4 axÞ dx ¼
1 1 cot3 ax þ cot ax þ x 3a a
ðcotn axÞ dx ¼
cotn1 ax aðn 1Þ
x dx ¼ sin2 ax
Z
x dx ¼ sinn ax
x dx ¼ cos2 ax x dx ¼ cosn ax
Z
Z Z
Z
ðcotn2 axÞ dx
xðcsc2 axÞ dx ¼
x cot ax 1 þ 2 log sin ax a a
x cos ax 1 aðn 1Þsinn1 ax a2 ðn 1Þðn 2Þsinn2 ax Z ðn 2Þ x dx þ ðn 1Þ sinn2 ax
xðcscn axÞ dx ¼
1 1 xðsec2 axÞ dx ¼ x tan ax þ 2 log cos ax a a xðsecn axÞ dx ¼
x sin ax 1 aðn 1Þ cosn1 ax a2 ðn 1Þðn 2Þ cosn2 ax Z n2 x þ dx n 1 cosn2 ax
A-46
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 432.
sin ax 1 b cos ax pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ sin1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ab 1 þ b2 1 þ b2 sin2 ax
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin ax 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ logðb cos ax þ 1 b2 sin2 axÞ 2 ab 1 b2 sin ax
Z
ffi 1 þ b2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cos ax pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi b cos ax 1 þ b2 sin2 ax sin1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðsin axÞ 1 þ b2 sin2 ax dx ¼ 2a 2ab 1 þ b2
Z
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cos ax pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 b2 sin2 ax ðsin axÞ 1 b2 sin2 ax dx ¼ 2a pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 b2 logðb cos ax þ 1 b2 sin2 axÞ 2ab
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cos ax 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ logðb sin ax þ 1 þ b2 sin2 axÞ ab 1 þ b2 sin2 ax
433.
434.
435.
436. Z 437.
cos ax 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ sin1 ðb sin axÞ 2 ab 2 1 b sin ax
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi sin ax pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðcos axÞ 1 þ b2 sin2 ax dx ¼ 1 þ b2 sin2 ax 2a pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 logðb sin ax þ 1 þ b2 sin2 axÞ þ 2ab
Z
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin ax pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1 b2 sin2 ax þ sin1 ðb sin axÞ ðcos axÞ 1 b2 sin2 ax dx ¼ 2a 2ab
438.
439.
! rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx 1 ab pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin1 sin cx , ða > jbjÞ a a þ b tan2 cx c a b p p ½use þ if ð2k 1Þ < x ð2k þ 1Þ , otherwise ; k an integer 2 2 Z
440.
FORMS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Z 441. Z 442. Z 443. Z 444.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 a2 x2 a
ðcos1 axÞ dx ¼ x cos1 ax
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 a2 x2 a
ðtan1 axÞ dx ¼ x tan1 ax
1 log ð1 þ a2 x2 Þ 2a
ðcot1 axÞ dx ¼ x cot1 ax þ
1 log ð1 þ a2 x2 Þ 2a
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ðsec1 axÞ dx ¼ x sec1 ax log ðax þ a2 x2 1Þ a
Z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ðcsc1 axÞ dx ¼ x csc1 ax þ log ðax þ a2 x2 1Þ a
445.
446.
ðsin1 axÞ dx ¼ x sin1 ax þ
447.
Z x x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin1 dx ¼ x sin1 þ a2 x2 , a a
448.
Z x x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cos1 dx ¼ x cos1 a2 x2 , a a
A-47
ða > 0Þ
ða > 0Þ
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z x x a 449. tan1 dx ¼ x tan1 log ða2 þ x2 Þ a a 2 450.
Z x x a cot1 dx ¼ x cot1 þ logða2 þ x2 Þ a a 2 Z
451. Z 452. Z 453. Z 454. Z 455. Z 456. Z 457. Z 458. Z 459. Z 460. Z 461. Z 462. Z 463. Z 464.
x ½sin1 ðaxÞ dx ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ½ð2a2 x2 1Þ sin1 ðaxÞ þ ax 1 a2 x2 4a2
x ½cos1 ðaxÞ dx ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 ½ð2a2 x2 1Þ cos1 ðaxÞ ax 1 a2 x2 4a2
xn ½sin1 ðaxÞ dx ¼
xnþ1 a sin1 ðaxÞ nþ1 nþ1
xn ½cos1 ðaxÞ dx ¼
xnþ1 a cos1 ðaxÞ þ nþ1 nþ1
xðtan1 axÞ dx ¼
Z
xnþ1 dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi, 1 a2 x2 xnþ1 dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi, 1 a2 x2
ðn 6¼ 1Þ
ðn 6¼ 1Þ
1 þ a2 x2 x tan1 ax 2a 2a2
xn ðtan1 axÞ dx ¼
xðcot1 axÞ dx ¼
Z
xnþ1 a tan1 ax nþ1 nþ1
Z
xnþ1 dx 1 þ a2 x2
1 þ a2 x2 x cot1 ax þ 2a 2a2
xn ðcot1 axÞ dx ¼
xnþ1 a cot1 ax þ nþ1 nþ1
sin1 ðaxÞ 1 dx ¼ a log x2
Z
xnþ1 dx 1 þ a2 x2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! 1 a2 x2 sin1 ðaxÞ x x
cos1 ðaxÞ dx 1 1þ ¼ cos1 ðaxÞ þ a log x2 x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 a2 x2 x
tan1 ðaxÞ dx 1 a 1 þ a2 x2 ¼ tan1 ðaxÞ log 2 x x 2 x2 cot1 ax 1 a x2 dx ¼ cot1 ax log 2 2 x2 x 2 a x þ1 ðsin1 axÞ2 dx ¼ xðsin1 axÞ2 2x þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 1 a2 x2 sin1 ax a
ðcos1 axÞ2 dx ¼ xðcos1 axÞ2 2x
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 1 a2 x2 cos1 ax a
8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z > n 1 a2 x2 > 1 n 1 n1 > ðsin xðsin axÞ þ axÞ 100 nðn 1Þ ðsin1 axÞn2 dx > > > a > > > > or > > Z < ½n=2 1 n X n! 465. ðsin axÞ dx ¼ > xðsin1 axÞn2r ð1Þr > > ðn 2rÞ! > r¼0 > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > ½ðn1Þ=2 > X > 1 a2 x2 > r n! > ðsin1 axÞn2r1 þ ð1Þ > : ðn 2r 1Þ!a r¼0
Note: [s] means greatest integer s. Thus [3.5] means 3; ½5 ¼ 5, ½12 ¼ 0.
A-48
INTEGRALS (Continued)
8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z > n 1 a2 x2 > n 1 > ðcos1 axÞn1 120 nðn 1Þ ðcos1 axÞn2 dx > xðcos axÞ > > a > > > > or > > Z < ½n=2 466. ðcos1 axÞn dx ¼ X n! > xðcos1 axÞn2r ð1Þr > > ðn 2rÞ! > > r¼0 > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > ½ðn1Þ=2 > X > n! 1 a2 x2 > > ðcos1 axÞn2r1 ð1Þr > : ðn 2r 1Þ!a r¼0 Z 467. Z 468.
Z 469. Z 470.
Z 471. Z 472. Z 473. Z 474. Z 475. Z 476. Z 477. Z 478.
1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðsin1 axÞ dx ¼ ðsin1 axÞ2 2a 1 a 2 x2 xn xn1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi xn pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðsin1 axÞ dx ¼ 2 1 a2 x2 sin1 ax þ 2 na n a 1 a2 x2 Z n1 xn2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin1 ax dx þ 2 na 1 a2 x2 1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðcos1 axÞ dx ¼ ðcos1 axÞ2 2a 1 a 2 x2 xn xn1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi xn pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðcos1 axÞ dx ¼ 2 1 a2 x2 cos1 ax 2 2 2 na n a 1a x Z n1 xn2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cos1 ax dx þ na2 1 a2 x2 tan1 ax 1 dx ¼ ðtan1 axÞ2 a2 x2 þ 1 2a cot1 ax 1 dx ¼ ðcot1 axÞ2 a2 x2 þ 1 2a x sec1 ax dx ¼
x2 1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sec ax 2 a2 x2 1 2a 2
xn sec1 ax dx ¼
xnþ1 1 sec1 ax nþ1 nþ1
sec1 ax sec1 ax þ dx ¼ x2 x x csc1 ax dx ¼
Z
xn dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 1 x
x2 1 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi csc ax þ 2 a2 x2 1 2a 2
xn csc1 ax dx ¼
xnþ1 1 csc1 ax þ nþ1 nþ1
csc1 ax csc1 ax dx ¼ 2 x x
Z
xn dx pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 x2 1 x
FORMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS Z
Z 480.
f
2z dz , 2 1 þ z 1 þ z2
x z ¼ tan 2
f
1 z2 dz , 2 1 þ z 1 þ z2
x z ¼ tan 2
Z f ðsin xÞ dx ¼ 2
479.
Z f ðcos xÞ dx ¼ 2
A-49
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z
Z
du f ðuÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , ðu ¼ sin xÞ 1 u2 Z Z du *482. f ðcos xÞ dx ¼ f ðuÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , ðu ¼ cos xÞ 1 u2 Z Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi du *483. f ðsin x, cos xÞ dx ¼ f ðu, 1 u2 Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , ðu ¼ sin xÞ 1 u2 Z Z 2z 1 z2 dz x , , z ¼ tan 484. f ðsin x, cos xÞ dx ¼ 2 f 1 þ z2 1 þ z2 1 þ z2 2 *481.
f ðsin xÞ dx ¼
LOGARITHMIC FORMS
Z
ðlog xÞ dx ¼ x log x x
485: Z
xðlog xÞ dx ¼
486: Z 487: Z 488: Z 489:
x2 x2 log x 2 4
x2 ðlog xÞ dx ¼
x3 x3 log x 3 9
xn ðlog axÞ dx ¼
xnþ1 xnþ1 log ax nþ1 ðn þ 1Þ2
ðlog xÞ2 dx ¼ xðlog xÞ2 2x log x þ 2x
Z 8 > xðlog xÞn n ðlog xÞn1 dx, > > > > Z < or 490: ðlog xÞn dx ¼ > n > X > ð log xÞr > n > : ð1Þ n!x r! r¼0 Z 491: Z 492: Z 493: Z 494:
ðn 6¼ 1Þ
ðlog xÞn 1 ðlog xÞnþ1 dx ¼ nþ1 x dx ðlog xÞ2 ðlog xÞ3 ¼ logðlog xÞ þ log x þ þ þ
log x 2 2! 3 3! dx ¼ logðlog xÞ x log x dx 1 ¼ xðlog xÞn ðn 1Þðlog xÞn1
Z xm dx xmþ1 mþ1 xm dx þ n ¼ n1 ðlog xÞ n 1 ðlog xÞn1 ðn 1Þðlog xÞ 8 Z xmþ1 ðlog xÞn n > > > xm ðlog xÞn1 dx > > mþ1 > Z < mþ1 or 496: xm ðlog xÞn dx ¼ > n > X > n! ð log xÞr > n mþ1 > > : ð1Þ m þ 1 x r!ðm þ 1Þnr Z
495:
r¼0
Z 497: Z 498:
xp cosðb ln xÞ dx ¼
x
½b sinðb ln xÞ þ ð p þ 1Þ cosðb ln xÞ þ c ð p þ 1Þ2 þ b2
xp sinðb ln xÞ dx ¼
xpþ1
½ð p þ 1Þ sinðb ln xÞ b cosðb ln xÞ þ c ð p þ 1Þ2 þ b2
½logðax þ bÞ dx ¼
ax þ b logðax þ bÞ x a
Z 499:
pþ1
* The square roots appearing in these formulas may be plus or minus, depending on the quadrant of x. Care must be used to give them the proper sign.
A-50
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 500. Z 501.
Z 502.
503.
logðax þ bÞ a ax þ b logðax þ bÞ dx ¼ log x x2 b bx xm ½logðax þ bÞ dx ¼
" mþ1 # 1 b xmþ1 logðax þ bÞ mþ1 a mþ1 m þ1 X 1 b 1 axr mþ1 a r b r¼1
logðax þ bÞ 1 logðax þ bÞ 1 am1 ax þ b dx ¼ þ log xm m1 xm1 m1 b x r m 2 X m1 1 a 1 b þ , ðm > 2Þ m1 b r ax r¼1
Z h x þ ai dx ¼ ðx þ aÞ logðx þ aÞ ðx aÞ logðx aÞ log xa Z
504.
h x þ ai xmþ1 ðaÞmþ1 xmþ1 amþ1 dx ¼ xm log logðx þ aÞ logðx aÞ xa mþ1 mþ1 ½ðmþ1Þ=2 xm2rþ2 2amþ1 X 1 þ m þ 1 r¼1 m 2r þ 2 a
See note integral 392. Z 1 h x þ ai 1 xa 1 x2 a2 dx ¼ log log log 505. x2 xa x xþa a x2 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > 4ac b2 b 2cx þ b > > tan1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; x þ log X 2x þ > > > c 2c 4ac b2 > > > > or > Z < pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 506. ðlog XÞ dx ¼ b2 4ac b 2cx þ b > tanh1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; xþ log X 2x þ > > > 2c c b2 4ac > > > where > > > > : X ¼ a þ bx þ cx2 Z 507.
Z 508. Z 509. Z 510.
xnþ1 2c log X nþ1 nþ1 where X ¼ a þ bx þ cx2 xn ðlog XÞ dx ¼
½logðx2 a2 Þ dx ¼ x logðx2 a2 Þ 2x þ a log
x ½logðx þ Z
xnþ1 dx X
x a
xþa xa
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 a2 Þ dx ¼ x logðx þ x2 a2 Þ x2 a2
Z
513.
Z
ðb2 4ac > 0Þ
x ½logðx2 a2 Þ dx ¼ 12ðx2 a2 Þ logðx2 a2 Þ 12x2
½logðx þ
512.
xnþ2 b dx nþ1 X
½logðx2 þ a2 Þ dx ¼ x logðx2 þ a2 Þ 2x þ 2a tan1
Z 511.
Z
ðb2 4ac < 0Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x a2 x x2 a2 logðx þ x2 a2 Þ x2 a2 Þ dx ¼ 4 2 4
xm ½logðx þ
Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi xmþ1 1 xmþ1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx logðx þ x2 a2 Þ x2 a2 Þ dx ¼ mþ1 mþ1 x2 a2
A-51
INTEGRALS (Continued)
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z logðx þ x2 þ a2 Þ logðx þ x2 þ a2 Þ 1 a þ x2 þ a2 log 514. dx ¼ a x2 x x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Z 2 2 2 2 logðx þ x a Þ logðx þ x a Þ 1 x þ sec1 dx ¼ 515. jaj x2 x a 2 Z 1 4 nþ1 x logðx2 a2 Þ anþ1 logðx aÞ 516. xn logðx2 a2 Þ dx ¼ nþ1 nþ1
ðaÞ
3 a2r xn2rþ1 5 logðx þ aÞ 2 n 2r þ 1 r¼0 ½X n=2
See note integral 392. EXPONENTIAL FORMS Z 517. Z 518. Z 519. Z
ex dx ¼ ex ex dx ¼ ex eax dx ¼
eax a
eax ðax 1Þ a2 8 xm eax m Z > xm1 eax dx > > > a > Z < a or 521. xm eax dx ¼ > m > X > m!xmr > ax > ð1Þr :e ðm rÞ!arþ1 r¼0
520.
x eax dx ¼
Z
eax dx ax a2 x2 a3 þ x3 ¼ log x þ þ þ þ
x 1! 2 2! 3 3! Z ax Z e 1 eax a eax 523. dx ¼ þ dx m 1 xm1 m 1 xm1 xm Z Z eax log x 1 eax dx 524. eax log x dx ¼ a a x Z dx ex 525. ¼ x logð1 þ ex Þ ¼ log x 1þe 1 þ ex Z dx x 1 526. ¼ logða þ bepx Þ a þ bepx a ap rffiffiffi Z dx 1 a ; ða > 0; b > 0Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi tan1 emx 527. mx mx ae þ be b m ab 8 pffiffiffi mx pffiffiffi > ae b 1 > > p ffiffiffiffiffi log p ffiffiffiffi mx pffiffiffi > > > Z a e þ b 2m ab < dx ¼ 528. or aemx bemx > > rffiffiffi > > a mx > 1 > e ; ða > 0; b > 0Þ : pffiffiffiffiffi tanh1 b m ab Z ax þ ax 529. ðax ax Þ dx ¼ log a Z ax e 1 530. dx ¼ logðb þ ceax Þ ac b þ ceax Z x eax eax 531. dx ¼ 2 a ð1 þ axÞ ð1 þ axÞ2 522.
A-52
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 532. Z 533. Z 534.
2
2
x ex dx ¼ 12ex eax ½sinðbxÞ dx ¼
eax ½a sinðbxÞ b cosðbxÞ a2 þ b2
eax ½sinðbxÞ ½sinðcxÞ dx ¼
eax ½ðb cÞ sinðb cÞx þ a cosðb cÞx 2½a2 þ ðb cÞ2 eax ½ðb þ cÞ sinðb þ cÞx þ a cosðb þ cÞx 2½a2 þ ðb þ cÞ2
8 ax e ½a sinðb cÞx ðb cÞ cosðb cÞx > > > > > 2½a2 þ ðb cÞ2 > > > > > > > eax ½a sinðb þ cÞx ðb þ cÞ cosðb þ cÞx > > þ > > > 2½a2 þ ðb þ cÞ2 > > > > > > > or > > Z < ax ax 535. e ½sinðbxÞ ½cosðcxÞ dx ¼ e ½ða sin bx b cos bxÞ½cosðcx Þ > > > > > > > > cðsin bxÞ sinðcx Þ > > > > > > where > > > > qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > > > > ¼ ða2 þ b2 c2 Þ2 þ 4a2 c2 , > > > > : cos ¼ a2 þ b2 c2 , sin ¼ 2ac Z 536. Z 537. Z 538. Z 539.
Z 540. Z 541. Z 542.
Z 543.
eax ½sinðbxÞ ½sinðbx þ cÞ dx ¼
eax cos c eax ½a cosð2bx þ cÞ þ 2b sinð2bx þ cÞ 2a 2ða2 þ 4b2 Þ
eax ½sinðbxÞ ½cosðbx þ cÞ dx ¼
eax sin c eax ½a sinð2bx þ cÞ 2b cosð2bx þ cÞ þ 2a 2ða2 þ 4b2 Þ
eax ½cosðbxÞ dx ¼
eax ½a cosðbxÞ þ b sinðbxÞ a2 þ b2
eax ½cosðbxÞ ½cosðcxÞ dx ¼
eax ½ðb cÞ sinðb cÞx þ a cosðb cÞx 2½a2 þ ðb cÞ2 ax e ½ðb þ cÞ sinðb þ cÞx þ a cosðb þ cÞx þ 2½a2 þ ðb þ cÞ2
eax ½cosðbxÞ ½cosðbx þ cÞ dx ¼
eax ½cosðbxÞ ½sinðbx þ cÞ dx ¼
eax ½sinn bx dx ¼
eax ½cosn bx dx ¼
eax cos c eax ½a cosð2bx þ cÞ þ 2b sinð2bx þ cÞ þ 2a 2ða2 þ 4b2 Þ
eax sin c eax ½a sinð2bx þ cÞ 2b cosð2bx þ cÞ þ 2a 2ða2 þ 4b2 Þ
1 ða sin bx nb cos bxÞeax sinn1 bx a2 þ n2 b2
Z þ nðn 1Þb2 eax ½sinn2 bx dx
a2
1 ða cos bx þ nb sin bxÞeax cosn1 bx 2 2 þn b
Z þ nðn 1Þb2 eax ½cosn2 bx dx
A-53
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 544.
Z 545.
Z 546.
1 xm ex sin x dx ¼ xm ex ðsin x cos xÞ 2 Z Z m m xm1 ex sin x dx þ xm1 ex cos x dx 2 2
xm eax ½sin bx dx ¼
8 a sin bx b cos bx > > xm eax > > > a2 þ b2 > > > > > Z > > m > > > xm1 eax ða sin bx b cos bxÞ dx 2 > > a þ b2 > > > > > > < or > m > X > ð1Þr m!xmr > > sin½bx ðr þ 1Þ eax > > > rþ1 ðm rÞ! > r¼0 > > > > > > > > where > > > > > ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p > : ¼ a2 þ b2 ; cos ¼ a; sin ¼ b
1 xm ex cos x dx ¼ xm ex ðsin x þ cos xÞ 2 Z Z m m xm1 ex sin x dx xm1 ex cos x dx 2 2
8 a cos bx þ b sin bx > > xm eax > > > a2 þ b2 > > > > > Z > > m > > > xm1 eax ða cos bx þ b sin bxÞ dx > > a2 þ b2 > > Z < 547. xm eax cos bx dx ¼ or > > > > > m > X ð1Þr m!xmr > > > cos½bx ðr þ 1Þ > eax > > rþ1 ðm rÞ! > r¼0 > > > > > > pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ¼ a2 þ b2 ; cos ¼ a; sin ¼ b
A-54
INTEGRALS (Continued)
8 eax cosm1 x sinn x½a cos x þ ðm þ nÞ sin x > > > > > > ðm þ nÞ2 þ a2 > > > Z > > na > > > eax ðcosm1 xÞðsinn1 xÞ dx > 2 > > ðm þ nÞ þ a2 > > > Z > > > ðm 1Þðm þ nÞ > > þ eax ðcosm2 xÞðsinn xÞ dx > > > ðm þ nÞ2 þ a2 > > > > > or > > > > > ax m > e cos x ½sinn1 x½a sin x ðm þ nÞ cos x > > > > > ðm þ nÞ2 þ a2 > > > Z > > > ma > > þ eax ðcosm1 xÞðsinn1 xÞ dx > > > ðm þ nÞ2 þ a2 > > > > Z > > ðn 1Þðm þ nÞ > > eax ðcosm xÞðsinn2 xÞ dx þ > 2 > 2 > ðm þ nÞ þ a > Z < or 548. eax ðcosm xÞðsinn xÞ dx ¼ > > > eax ðcosm1 xÞðsinn1 xÞða sin x cos x þ m sin2 x n cos2 xÞ > > > > > > ðm þ nÞ2 þ a2 > > > > Z > > mðm 1Þ > ax m2 > xÞðsinn xÞ dx > > þ ðm þ nÞ2 þ a2 e ðcos > > > > > Z > > nðn 1Þ > > > þ eax ðcosm xÞðsinn2 xÞ dx > 2 > ðm þ nÞ þ a2 > > > > > or > > > > > ax > > e ðcosm1 xÞðsinn1 xÞða cos x sin x þ m sin2 x n cos2 xÞ > > > > > ðm þ nÞ2 þ a2 > > > Z > > > mðm 1Þ > > eax ðcosm2 xÞðsinn2 xÞ dx þ > > > ðm þ nÞ2 þ a2 > > > Z > > > ðn mÞðn þ m 1Þ > > eax ðcosm xÞðsinn2 xÞ dx : þ ðm þ nÞ2 þ a2 Z 549. Z 550. Z 551. Z 552. Z 553.
xeax ðsin bxÞ dx ¼
xeax ðcos bxÞ dx ¼
xeax eax ða sin bx b cos bxÞ ½ða2 b2 Þ sin bx 2ab cos bx a2 þ b2 ða2 þ b2 Þ2 xeax eax ða cos bx b sin bxÞ ½ða2 b2 Þ cos bx 2ab sin bx 2 2 þb ða þ b2 Þ2
a2
eax eax ½a sin x þ ðn 2Þ cos x a2 þ ðn 2Þ2 þ n dx ¼ sin x ðn 1Þðn 2Þ ðn 1Þðn 2Þ sinn1 x eax eax ½a cos x ðn 2Þ sin x a2 þ ðn 2Þ2 dx ¼ þ ðn 1Þðn 2Þ cosn1 x cosn x ðn 1Þðn 2Þ eax tann x dx ¼ eax
tann1 x a n1 n1
Z
eax tann1 x dx
HYPERBOLIC FORMS Z ðsinh xÞ dx ¼ cosh x
554. Z 555.
ðcosh xÞ dx ¼ sinh x
A-55
Z
Z
Z
eax dx sinn2 x eax dx cosn2 x
eax tann2 x dx
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z ðtanh xÞ dx ¼ log cosh x
556. Z
ðcoth xÞ dx ¼ log sinh x
557. Z 558. Z 559.
ðsech xÞ dx ¼ tan1 ðsinh xÞ x ðcsch xÞ dx ¼ log tanh 2
Z xðsinh xÞ dx ¼ x cosh x sinh x
560. Z 561.
xn ðsinh xÞ dx ¼ xn cosh x n
Z
xn1 ðcosh xÞ dx
Z xðcosh xÞ dx ¼ x sinh x cosh x
562. Z 563.
xn ðcosh xÞ dx ¼ xn sinh x n
Z
xn1 ðsinh xÞ dx
Z ðsech xÞðtanh xÞ dx ¼ sech x
564. Z
ðcsch xÞðcoth xÞ dx ¼ csch x
565. Z
sinh 2x x 4 2 8 1 > > ðsinhmþ1 xÞðcoshn1 xÞ > > m þn > > > Z > > n1 > > ðsinhm xÞðcoshn2 xÞ dx þ > > > mþn Z < or 567. ðsinhm xÞðcoshn xÞ dx ¼ > > > 1 > > sinhm1 x coshnþ1 x > > > mþn > > Z > > > > m 1 ðsinhm2 xÞðcoshn xÞ dx, ðm þ n 6¼ 0Þ : mþn 8 1 > > > m1 > > ðm nÞðsinh xÞðcoshn1 xÞ > > > Z > > > mþn2 dx > > , ðm 6¼ 1Þ > m2 > m 1 > ðsinh xÞðcoshn xÞ Z < dx or 568. ðsinhm xÞðcoshn xÞ > > > 1 > > > > m1 > ðn 1Þ sinh x coshn1 x > > > Z > > > mþn2 dx > > , ðn 6¼ 1Þ : þ n1 ðsinhm xÞðcoshn2 xÞ Z 569. ðtanh2 xÞ dx ¼ x tanh x
566.
Z 570. Z 571. Z 572.
ðsinh2 xÞ dx ¼
ðtanhn xÞ dx ¼
tanhn1 x þ n1
Z
ðtanhn2 xÞ dx,
ðsech2 xÞ dx ¼ tanh x ðcosh2 xÞ dx ¼
sinh 2x x þ 4 2
A-56
ðn 6¼ 1Þ
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z 573. Z 574. Z 575.
ðcoth2 xÞ dx ¼ x coth x ðcothn xÞ dx ¼
cothn1 x þ n1
ðsinh mxÞðsinh nxÞ dx ¼
579. 580.
581.
582.
583. 584. 585. 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. 591.
sinhðm þ nÞx sinhðm nÞx þ , 2ðm þ nÞ 2ðm nÞ
ðm2 6¼ n2 Þ
ðsinh mxÞðcosh nxÞ dx ¼
coshðm þ nÞx coshðm nÞx þ , 2ðm þ nÞ 2ðm nÞ
ðm2 6¼ n2 Þ
Z x x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi dx ¼ x sinh1 x2 þ a2 , ða > 0Þ sinh1 a a 2 Z x x a2 x x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x sinh1 dx ¼ x2 þ a2 , ða > 0Þ þ sinh1 a a 4 2 4 nþ1 Z Z x 1 xnþ1 xn sinh1 x dx ¼ dx, ðn 6¼ 1Þ sinh1 x n þ 1 ð1 þ x2 Þ1=2 nþ1 8 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x > x cosh1 x2 a2 , cosh1 > 0 > > Z < a a x or dx ¼ cosh1 > a pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > x > : x cosh1 x þ x2 a2 , ða > 0Þ cosh1 < 0 , a a Z 1 x 2x2 a2 x x x cosh1 dx ¼ cosh1 ðx2 a2 Þ2 a a 4 4 Z Z xnþ1 1 xnþ1 cosh1 x xn ðcosh1 xÞ dx ¼ dx, ðn 6¼ 1Þ 2 n þ 1 ðx 1Þ1=2 nþ1 Z x x x a tanh1 dx ¼ x tanh1 þ logða2 x2 Þ, <1 a a 2 a Z x x x a dx ¼ x coth1 þ logðx2 a2 Þ, coth1 >1 a a 2 a Z 2 2 x x a x ax x dx ¼ tanh1 þ , x tanh1 <1 a a 2 a 2 Z nþ1 Z nþ1 x 1 x tanh1 x dx, ðn 6¼ 1Þ xn ðtanh1 xÞ dx ¼ n þ 1 1 x2 nþ1 Z x x x2 a2 x ax dx ¼ coth1 þ , x coth1 >1 a a 2 a 2 Z nþ1 Z xnþ1 1 x coth1 x þ dx, ðn 6¼ 1Þ xn coth1 x dx ¼ n þ 1 x2 1 nþ1 Z ðsech1 xÞ dx ¼ xsech1 x þ sin1 x Z
x2 1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 1x sech1 x 2 2 Z Z xnþ1 1 xn sech1 x þ 593. xn sech1 x dx ¼ dx, n þ 1 ð1 x2 Þ1=2 nþ1 Z x 594. csch1 x dx ¼ xcsch1 x þ sinh1 x jxj 592.
ðm2 6¼ n2 Þ
ðcosh mxÞðcosh nxÞ dx ¼ Z
578.
ðn 6¼ 1Þ
sinhðm þ nÞx sinhðm nÞx , 2ðm þ nÞ 2ðm nÞ
Z 577.
cothn2 x dx,
ðcsch2 xÞ dx ¼ ctnh x
Z 576.
Z
xsech1 x dx ¼
A-57
ðn 6¼ 1Þ
INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z
x2 1 x pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2 1þx csch1 x þ 2 jxj 2 Z Z xnþ1 1 x xn csch1 x þ dx, 596. xn csch1 x dx ¼ n þ 1 jxj ðx2 þ 1Þ12 nþ1 xcsch1 x dx ¼
595.
ðn 6¼ 1Þ
DEFINITE INTEGRALS Z
1
597. 0
Z
1 n 1þ 1 1 m xn1 ex dx ¼ log dx ¼ x n m¼1 1 þ n 0 m ¼ ðnÞ, n 6¼ 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . Z 1
1
tn pt dt ¼
598. 0
Z
n! , ðlog pÞnþ1
1
tn1 eðaþ1Þt dt ¼
599. 0
Z
1
600. 0
n1
1 Y
ðGamma FunctionÞ
ðn ¼ 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . and p > 0Þ
ðnÞ , ða þ 1Þn
ðn > 0, a > 1Þ
1 n ðn þ 1Þ xm log dx ¼ , x ðm þ 1Þnþ1
ðm > 1, n > 1Þ
601. ðnÞ is finite if n > 0, ðn þ 1Þ ¼ nðnÞ 602. ðnÞ ð1 nÞ ¼
p sin np
603. ðnÞ ¼ ðn 1Þ! if n ¼ integer > 0 Z1 pffiffiffi 2 604. ð12Þ ¼ 2 et dt ¼ p ¼ 1:7724538509 ¼ ð12Þ! 0
1 3 5 . . . ð2n 1Þ pffiffiffi p n ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . . 2n p ffiffiffi ð1Þn 2n p n ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . . 606. ðn þ 12Þ ¼ 1 3 5 . . . ð2n 1Þ Z1 Z1 xm1 ðmÞðnÞ ¼ Bðm, nÞ xm1 ð1 xÞn1 dx ¼ dx ¼ ðm þ nÞ ð1 þ xÞmþn 607. 0 0 ðBeta functionÞ 605. ðn þ 12Þ ¼
608. Bðm, nÞ ¼ Bðn, mÞ ¼ Z
ðmÞðnÞ , where m and n are any positive real numbers: ðm þ nÞ
b
ðx aÞm ðb xÞn dx ¼ ðb aÞmþnþ1
609. a
Z
1
610. 1
Z
1
611. 0
Z
1
612. 0
Z
1
613. 0
Z 614. 0
1
dx 1 , ¼ xm m 1
ðm þ 1Þ ðn þ 1Þ , ðm þ n þ 2Þ
½m > 1
dx ¼ p csc pp, ð1 þ xÞxp dx ¼ p cot pp, ð1 xÞxp
½ p < 1 ½ p < 1
xp1 dx p ¼ ð1 þ xÞ sin pp ¼ Bð p, 1 pÞ ¼ ð pÞð1 pÞ, m1
x dx p ¼ mp , 1 þ xn n sin n
½0 < m < n
A-58
½0 < p < 1
ðm > 1, n > 1, b > aÞ
DEFINITE INTEGRALS (Continued)
3 2 aþ1 aþ1 c 1 7 xa dx mðaþ1bcÞ=b 6 b b 6 7 ¼ 4 5 b Þc ðm þ x b ðcÞ 0
Z 615.
Z
a > 1, b > 0, m > 0, c > aþ1 b
1
dx pffiffiffi ¼ p ð1 þ xÞ x
1
a dx p ¼ , a2 þ x2 2
616. 0
Z 617. 0
Z
p if a > 0; 0, if a ¼ 0; , if a < 0 2
a
ða2 x2 Þn=2 dx ¼
618. 0
1 2
Z
a
ða2 x2 Þn=2 dx ¼
a
1 3 5...n p
anþ1 2 4 6 . . . ðn þ 1Þ 2
ðn oddÞ
8 1 mþnþ1 m þ 1 n þ 2 > > > a , B > > 2 2 2 > > > > > Za or < xm ða2 x2 Þn=2 dx ¼ 619. mþ1 nþ2 > 0 > > 1 mþnþ1 2 2 > > > a > > mþnþ3 >2 > : 2
Z
p=2
ðsinn xÞ dx ¼
620. 0
Z
sin mx dx p ¼ , x 2
1
cos x dx ¼1 x
1
tan x dx p ¼ x 2
0
622. 0
Z 623. 0
Z
p if m > 0; 0, if m ¼ 0; , if m < 0 2
Z
p
p
sin ax sin bx dx ¼
624. 0
Z
cos ax cos bx dx ¼ 0,
ða 6¼ b; a, b integersÞ
0
Z
p=a
p
½sinðaxÞ ½cosðaxÞ dx ¼ 0
½sinðaxÞ ½cosðaxÞ dx ¼
625. 0
Z
ðn an even integer, n 6¼ 0Þ
2 4 6 8 . . . ðn 1Þ > > , ðn an odd integer, n 6¼ 1Þ > > 1 3 5 7 . . . ðnÞ > > > > > or > > > > > nþ1 > > > pffiffiffi > > p 2 > > , ðn > 1Þ > > : 2 nþ1 2
1
621. Z
8 Z p=2 > > ðcosn xÞ dx > > > > 0 > > > > or > > > > 1 3 5 7 . . . ðn 1Þ p > > > > 2 4 6 8 . . . ðnÞ 2 , > > > > > < or
0 p
½sinðaxÞ ½cosðbxÞ dx ¼
626. 0
Z 627. 0
1
sin x cos mx dx ¼ 0, x
2a , if a b is odd, or 0 if a b is even a2 b2 if m < 1 or m > 1;
A-59
p p , if m ¼ 1; , if m2 < 1 4 2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS (Continued)
Z
1
sin ax sin bx pa dx ¼ , ða bÞ x2 2 Zp Zp p 629: sin2 mx dx ¼ cos2 mx dx ¼ 2 0 0 628:
0
Z
1
sin2 ð pxÞ pp dx ¼ x2 2
1
sin x p , dx ¼ xp 2ð pÞ sinð pp=2Þ
0
cos x p , dx ¼ xp 2ðpÞ cosðpp=2Þ
0
630: 0
Z 631: 0
Z
1
632: 0
Z
1
1 cos px pp dx ¼ x2 2
1
n o sin px cos qx p p dx ¼ 0, q > p > 0; , p > q > 0; , p ¼ q > 0 x 2 4
1
cosðmxÞ p jmaj e dx ¼ x2 þ a2 2jaj
633: 0
Z 634: 0
Z 635: 0
Z
1
cosðx2 Þ dx ¼
636:
Z
0
Z
sinðx2 Þ dx ¼
0 1
sin axn dx ¼
637: 0
Z
1
rffiffiffi 1 p 2 2
1 p ð1=nÞ sin , na1=n 2n
n>1
1
1 p ð1=nÞ cos , na1=n 2n rffiffiffi Z1 Z1 sin x cos x p pffiffiffi dx ¼ pffiffiffi dx ¼ 639: x x 2 0 0 cos axn dx ¼
638:
n>1
0
Z
1
640: ðaÞ 0
Z
1
sin3 x 3p dx ¼ x3 8
1
sin4 x p dx ¼ x4 3
641: 0
Z 642: 0
Z
p=2
643: 0
Z 644: 0
Z
p
2p
0
Z 0
Z
1
ða > b 0Þ ða2 < 1Þ
dx p ¼ a2 sin2 x þ b2 cos2 x 2ab
p=2
dx pða2 þ b2 Þ ¼ , 2 4a3 b3 ða2 sin x þ b2 cos2 xÞ 2
0
0
ða < 1Þ
p=2
648: Z
dx cos1 a ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , 1 þ a cos x 1 a2
sin3 x 3 dx log 3 x2 4
cos ax cos bx b dx ¼ log x a
0
649:
1
0
dx 2p ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , 1 þ a cos x 1 a2
647: Z
Z ðbÞ
dx p ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi , a þ b cos x a2 b2
645:
646:
sin3 x p dx ¼ x 4
p=2
1 n m , sinn1 x cosm1 x dx ¼ B , 2 2 2
A-60
ða, b > 0Þ
m and n positive integers
DEFINITE INTEGRALS (Continued) Z
p=2
ðsin2nþ1 Þ d ¼
650: 0
Z
p=2
ðsin2n Þ d ¼
651: 0
Z
p=2
652: 0
Z
p=2
3 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð2pÞ2 cos d ¼ % & 2 ð14Þ
654: 0
Z
p=2
ðtanh Þ d ¼
655: 0
Z
1
656: 0
ðn ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . .Þ
, x 1 1 1 1 dx ¼ 2 2 2 þ 2 2 þ sin x 1 3 5 7 dx p ¼ 1 þ tanm x 4
0
ðn ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . .Þ
1 3 5 . . . ð2n 1Þ p , 2 4 . . . ð2nÞ 2
p=2
653: Z
2 4 6 . . . ð2nÞ , 1 3 5 . . . ð2n þ 1Þ
p , hp 2 cos 2
ð0 < h < 1Þ
tan1 ðaxÞ tan1 ðbxÞ p a dx ¼ log , x 2 b
ða, b > 0Þ b
b
b
657. The area enclosed by a curve defined through the equation xc þ yc ¼ ac where a > 0, c a positive odd integer and b a positive even integer is given by h c i2 2 2ca b 2c b b ZZZ 658. I ¼ xh1 ym1 zn1 dv, where R denotes the region of space bounded by the R
xp yq zk þ þ ¼ 1, which a b c lies in the first octant and where h, m, n, p, q, k, a, b, c, denote positive real numbers is given by h m n Z h½1ðx=aÞp 1=e Z c½1ðx=aÞp ðy=bÞq 1=e Za ah bm cn p q k h1 m n1 x dx y dy z dz ¼ h m n pqk 0 0 0 þ þ þ1 p q k Z1 1 659: eax dx ¼ , ða > 0Þ a 0 co-ordinate planes and that portion of the surface
Z
1 ax
e
660: 0
ebx b dx ¼ log , a x
ða, b > 0Þ
8 ðn þ 1Þ > > , ðn > 1, a > 0Þ > > Z1 < anþ1 661: xn eax dx ¼ or > 0 > > n! > : , ða > 0, n positive integerÞ anþ1 Z1 ðkÞ nþ1 662: xn expðaxp Þ dx ¼ k , n > 1, p > 0, a > 0, k ¼ pa p 0 Z
1
2 2
ea
663:
x
0
Z 664: 0
1
dx ¼
1 pffiffiffi 1 1 p¼ , 2a 2a 2
ða > 0Þ
2
xex dx ¼ 12
A-61
DEFINITE INTEGRALS (Continued) pffiffiffi 1 p 2 x2 ex dx ¼ 4 0 rffiffiffi Z1 1 3 5 . . . ð2n 1Þ p 2 x2n eax dx ¼ 2nþ1 an a 0 Z1 n! 2 x2nþ1 eax dx ¼ nþ1 , ða > 0Þ 2a 0 " # Z1 m X m! ar xm eax dx ¼ mþ1 1 ea a r! 0 r¼0 Z
665:
666: 667:
668:
pffiffiffi e2a p , ða 0Þ 2 0 rffiffiffi Z1 pffiffiffi 1 p enx x dx ¼ 2n n 0 rffiffiffi Z 1 nx e p pffiffiffi dx ¼ n x 0 Z1 a eax ðcos mxÞ dx ¼ 2 , ða > 0Þ a þ m2 0 Z1 m eax ðsin mxÞ dx ¼ 2 , ða > 0Þ a þ m2 0 Z1 2ab xeax ½sinðbxÞ dx ¼ , ða > 0Þ ða2 þ b2 Þ2 0 Z1 a2 b2 xeax ½cosðbxÞ dx ¼ , ða > 0Þ ða2 þ b2 Þ2 0 Z
669:
670:
671: 672: 673: 674:
675:
Z
1
2
eðx
a2 =x2 Þ
dx ¼
xn eax ½sinðbxÞ dx ¼
n!½ða þ ibÞnþ1 ða ibÞnþ1 , 2iða2 þ b2 Þnþ1
ði2 ¼ 1, a > 0Þ
xn eax ½cosðbxÞ dx ¼
n!½ða ibÞnþ1 þ ða þ ibÞnþ1 , 2ða2 þ b2 Þnþ1
ði2 ¼ 1, a > 0Þ
1
676: 0
Z
1
677: 0
Z
1 ax
Z
1
sin x dx ¼ cot1 a, ða > 0Þ x 0 pffiffiffi Z1 b2 p 2 2 679: ea x cos bx dx ¼ exp 2 , ðab 6¼ 0Þ 4a 2a 0 Z1 p p et cos tb1 ½sinðt sin Þ dt ½ðbÞ sinðbÞ, b > 0, < < 680: 2 2 0 Z1 p p 681: et cos tb1 ½cosðt sin Þ dt ½ðbÞ cosðbÞ, b > 0, < < 2 2 0 Z1 bp 682: tb1 cos t dt ¼ ½ðbÞ cos , ð0 < b < 1Þ 2 0 Z1 bp tb1 ðsin tÞ dt ¼ ½ðbÞ sin , ð0 < b < 1Þ 683: 2 0 e
678:
684:
ðlog xÞn dx ¼ ð1Þn n!
0
log
pffiffiffi 1 p 1 2 dx ¼ x 2
log
1 pffiffiffi 1 2 dx ¼ p x
Z 1 685: 0
Z 1 686: 0
A-62
DEFINITE INTEGRALS (Continued) Z 1 1 n log dx ¼ n! 687: x 0 Z
1
x logð1 xÞ dx ¼ 34
688: 0
Z
1
x logð1 þ xÞ dx ¼ 14
689: 0
Z
1
xm ðlog xÞn dx ¼
690: 0
691:
692:
693:
694:
695:
696:
697:
698:
ð1Þn n! , ðm þ 1Þnþ1
m > 1, n ¼ 0, 1, 2, . . .
If n 6¼ 0, 1, 2, . . . replace n! by ðn þ 1Þ: Z1 log x p2 dx ¼ 1 þ x 12 0 Z1 log x p2 dx ¼ 1 x 6 0 Z1 logð1 þ xÞ p2 dx ¼ x 12 0 Z1 logð1 xÞ p2 dx ¼ x 6 0 Z1 p2 ðlog xÞ½logð1 þ xÞ dx ¼ 2 2 log 2 12 0 Z1 p2 ðlog xÞ½logð1 xÞ dx ¼ 2 6 0 Z1 log x p2 dx ¼ 2 1 x 8 0 Z1 1 þ x dx p2
¼ log 1 x x 4 0 Z
1
log x dx p pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ log 2 2 1 x2 Z 1 n 1 ðn þ 1Þ 700: xm log dx ¼ , if m þ 1 > 0, n þ 1 > 0 x ðm þ 1Þnþ1 0 Z1 p ðx xq Þ dx pþ1 ¼ log 701: , ð p þ 1 > 0, q þ 1 > 0Þ log x qþ1 0 699:
0
Z
1
702: 0
Z
1
703: 0
Z
pffiffiffi dx sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ¼ p, ðsame as integral 686Þ 1 log x x e þ1 p2 log x dx ¼ e 1 4 Z
p=2
p=2
p log cos x dx ¼ log 2 2
p=2
p log csc x dx ¼ log 2 2
ðlog sin xÞ dx ¼
704: 0
Z
0
Z
p=2
ðlog sec xÞ dx ¼
705: 0
Z
0 p
xðlog sin xÞ dx ¼
706: 0
Z
p2 log 2 2
p=2
ðsin xÞðlog sin xÞ dx ¼ log 2 1
707: 0
A-63
DEFINITE INTEGRALS (Continued) Z
p=2
ðlog tan xÞ dx ¼ 0
708: 0
Z
p
logða b cos xÞ dx ¼ p log
709:
aþ
0
Z 710:
p
logða2 2ab cos x þ b2 Þ dx ¼
0
Z
1
sin ax p ap dx ¼ tanh sinh bx 2b 2b
1
cos ax p p dx ¼ sech cosh bx 2b 2b
1
dx p ¼ cosh ax 2a
1
x dx p2 ¼ 2 sinh ax 4a
711: 0
Z 712: 0
Z 713: 0
Z 714: 0
Z
1
715: Z Z
ð0 jbj < aÞ
eax ðsinh bxÞ dx ¼
b , a2 b2
ð0 jbj < aÞ
1
1
sinh ax p ap 1 dx ¼ csc ebx þ 1 2b b 2a
1
sinh ax 1 p ap dx ¼ cot ebx 1 2a 2b b
0
Z 718: 0
Z
p=2
719: 0
Z
p=2
720: 0
Z
ab>0 ba>0
a , a2 b2
0
717:
2p log a, 2p log b,
ða bÞ
eax ðcosh bxÞ dx ¼
0
716:
,
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! a2 b2 , 2
" # 2 dx p 1 1 3 2 4 1 3 5 2 6 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 1þ k þ k2 þ k þ
, 2 2 4 2 4 6 1 k2 sin2 x 2 # " 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p 1 1 3 2 k4 1 3 5 2 k6 1
, 1 k2 sin2 x dx ¼ k2 2 2 2 4 3 2 4 6 5
1
ex log x dx ¼ ¼ 0:5772157 . . .
721: 0
Z
1
2
ex log x dx ¼
722: 0
Z
1
723: 0
Z 724: 0
1
pffiffiffi p ð þ 2 log 2Þ 4
1 1 ex dx ¼ ¼ 0:5772157 . . . x 1e x
[Euler’s Constant]
1 1 ex dx ¼ ¼ 0:5772157 . . . x 1þx
For n even: Z n=21 1 X n sinðn 2kÞx 1 n þ n x 725: cosn x dx ¼ n1 k ðn 2kÞ 2 n=2 2 k¼0
A-64
if k2 < 1
if k2 < 1
DEFINITE INTEGRALS (Continued) Z
n
sin x dx ¼
726:
1 2n1
n=21 X k¼0
h p i 1 n sin ðn 2kÞ 2 x þ n k 2 2k n
For n odd: Z ðn1Þ=2 1 X n sinðn 2kÞx 727: cosn x dx ¼ n1 k n 2k 2 k¼0 Z 728:
sinn x dx ¼
1 2n1
ðn1Þ=2 X k¼0
h i sin ðn 2kÞ p x n 2 k 2k n
A-65
n n=2
! x
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS SPECIAL FORMULAS Certain types of differential equations occur sufficiently often to justify the use of formulas for the corresponding particular solutions. The following set of tables I to XIV covers all first, second, and nth order ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients for which the right members are of the form PðxÞerx sin sx or PðxÞerx cos sx, where r and s are constants and P(x), is a polynomial of degree n. When the right member of a reducible linear partial differential equation with constant coefficients is not zero, particular solutions for certain types of right members are contained in tables XV to XXI. In these tables both F and P are used to denote polynomials, and it is assumed that no denominator is zero. In any formula the roles of x and y may be reversed throughout, changing a formula in which x dominates to one in which y dominates. Tables XIX, m m! stands for and is the XX, XXI are applicable whether the equations are reducible or not. The symbol n ðm nÞ!n! nþ1 st coefficient in the expansion of (a þ b)m. Also 0! ¼ 1 by definition. The tables as herewith given are those contained in the text Differential Equations by Ginn and Company (1955) and are published with their kind permission and that of the author, Professor Frederick H. Steen.
Solution of Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients Any linear differential equation with constant coefficients may be written in the form pðDÞy ¼ RðxÞ where D is the differential operation Dy ¼
dy dx
p(D) is a polynomial in D, y is the dependent variable, x is the independent variable, R(x) is an arbitrary function of x. A power of D represents repeated differentiation, that is Dn y ¼
dny dxn
For such an equation, the general solution may be written in the form y ¼ yc þ yp where yp is any particular solution, and yc is called the complementary function. This complementary function is defined as the general solution of the homogeneous equation, which is the original differential equation with the right side replaced by zero, i.e. pðDÞy ¼ 0 The complementary function yc may be determined as follows: 1. 2.
Factor the polynomial p(D) into real and complex linear factors, just as if D were a variable instead of an operator. For each nonrepeated linear factor of the form (D a), where a is real, write down a term of the form
ceax where c is an arbitrary constant.
A-65
3.
For each repeated real linear factor of the form (D a)n, write down n terms of the form c1 eax þ c2 xeax þ c3 x2 eax þ þ cn xn1 eax
4.
where the ci’s are arbitrary constants. For each non-repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D a þ ib)(D a ib), write down 2 terms of the form c1 eax cos bx þ c2 eax sin bx
5.
For each repeated conjugate complex pair of factors of the form (D a þ ib)n(D a ib)n, write down 2n terms of the form c1 eax cos bx þ c2 eax sin bx þ c3 xeax cos bx þ c4 xeax sin bx þ þ c2n1 xn1 eax cos bx þ c2n xn1 eax sin bx
6.
The sum of all the terms thus written down is the complementary function yc.
To find the particular solution yp, use the following tables, as shown in the examples. For cases not shown in the tables, there are various methods of finding yp. The most general method is called variation of parameters. The following example illustrates the method: Find yp for (D2 4) y ¼ ex. This example can be solved most easily by use of equation 63 in the tables following. However it is given here as an example of the method of variation of parameters. The complementary function is yc ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e2x To find yp, replace the constants in the complementary function with unknown functions, yp ¼ ue2x þ ve2x We now prepare to substitute this assumed solution into the original equation. We begin by taking all the necessary derivatives: yp ¼ ue2x þ ve2x y0p ¼ 2ue2x þ 2ve2x þ u0 e2x v0 e2x For each derivative of yp except the highest, we set the sum of all the terms containing u0 and v0 to 0. Thus the above equation becomes u0 e2x þ v0 e2x ¼ 0
and y0p ¼ 2ue2x 2ve2x
Continuing to differentiate, we have y00p ¼ 4ue2x þ 4ve2x þ 2u0 e2x 2v0 e2x When we substitute into the original equation, all the terms not containing u0 or v0 cancel out. This is a consequence of the method by which yp was set up. Thus all that is necessary is to write down the terms containing u0 or v0 in the highest order derivative of yp, multiply by the constant coefficient of the highest power of D in p(D), and set it equal to R(x). Together with the previous terms in u0 and v0 which were set equal to 0, this gives us as many linear equations in the first derivatives of the unknown functions as there are unknown functions. The first derivatives may then be solved for by algebra, and the unknown functions found by integration. In the present example, this becomes u0 e2x þ v0 e2x ¼ 0 0 2x
2u e 0
2v0 e2x ¼ ex
0
We eliminate v and u separately, getting 4u0 e2x ¼ ex 4v0 e2x ¼ ex Thus u0 ¼ 14ex v0 ¼ 14e3x Therefore, by integrating u ¼ 14ex 1 3x v ¼ 12 e
A constant of integration is not needed, since we need only one particular solution. Thus 1 3x 2x yp ¼ ue2x þ ve2x ¼ 14ex e2x 12 e e 1 x ¼ 14ex 12 e ¼ 13ex
A-66
and the general solution is y ¼ yc þ yp ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e2x 13ex The following samples illustrate the use of the tables. Example 1. Solve (D2 4)y ¼ sin 3x. Substitution of q ¼ 4, s ¼ 3 in formula 24 gives yp ¼
sin 3x 9 4
wherefore the general solution is sin 3x 13 Example 2. Obtain a particular solution of ðD2 4D þ 5Þy ¼ x2 e3x sin x: Applying formula 40 with a ¼ 2, b ¼ 1, r ¼ 3, s ¼ 1, P(x) ¼ x2, s þ b ¼ 2, s b ¼ 0, a r ¼ 1, (a r)2 þ (s þ b)2 ¼ 5, (a r)2 þ (s b)2 ¼ 1, we have
e3x sin x 2 0 2 2ð1Þ2 2ð1Þ0 3 1 2 23 3 1 0 0 x þ 2x þ 2 yp ¼ 2 5 1 25 1 1 125
e3x cos x 1 1 2 14 10 1 3ð1Þ4 1 3ð1Þ0 x þ 2x þ 2 2 5 1 25 1 125 1 1 2 4 2 2 28 136 3x x x e3x sin x þ x2 þ x e cos x ¼ 5 25 125 5 25 125 y ¼ c1 e2x þ c2 e2x
The special formulas effect a very considerable saving of time in problems of this type. Example 3. Obtain a particular solution of (D2 4D þ 5)y ¼ x2e2x cos x. (Compare with Example 2.) Formula 40 is not applicable here since for this equation r ¼ a, s ¼ b, wherefore the denominator (a r)2 þ (s b)2 ¼ 0. We turn instead to formula 44. Substituting a ¼ 2, b ¼ 1, P(x) ¼ x2 and replacing sin by cos, cos by sin, we obtain Z e2x cos x 2 2 e2x sin x 1 x x2 yp ¼ þ dx 4 4 2 2 2 3 x 1 x x e2x cos x þ e2x sin x ¼ 4 8 6 4 which is the required solution. Example 4. Find zp for ðDx 3Dy Þ z ¼ lnðy þ 3xÞ. Referring to Table XV we note that formula 69 (not 68) is applicable. This gives zp ¼ x lnðy þ 3xÞ It is easily seen that y=3 lnðy þ 3xÞ would serve equally well. Example 5. Solve ðDx þ 2Dy 4Þ z ¼ y cosðy 2xÞ. Since R in formula 76 contains a polynomial in x, not y, we rewrite the given equation in the form ðDy þ12 Dx 2Þ z ¼12 y cos ðy 2xÞ Then
zc ¼ e2y F x 21 yÞ ¼ e2x f ð2x yÞ
and by the formula 1 y 12 þ zp ¼ cosðy 2xÞ 2 2 2 1 ¼ ð2y þ 1Þ cos ðy 2xÞ 8 3 Example 6. Find zp for ðDx þ 4Dy Þ z ¼ ð2x yÞ2 . Using formula 79, we obtain RRR 2 3 u du u5 ð2x yÞ5 zp ¼ ¼ ¼ 3 5 4 3 ð8Þ 480 ½2 þ 4ð1Þ Example 7. Find zp for ðD3x þ 5D2x Dy 7Dx þ 4Þz ¼ e2xþ3y . By formula 87 zp ¼
23
e2xþ3y e2xþ3y ¼ 2 þ5 2 37 2þ4 58
Example 8. Find zp for ðD4x þ 6D3x Dy þ Dx Dy þ D2y þ 9Þz ¼ sin ð3x þ 4yÞ
A-67
Since every term in the left member is of even degree in the two operators Dx and Dy, formula 90 is applicable. It gives sinð3x þ 4yÞ ð9Þ2 þ 6ð9Þð12Þ þ ð12Þ þ ð16Þ þ 9 sinð3x þ 4yÞ ¼ 710
zp ¼
TABLE I: (D a)y ¼ R R 1. erx 2. sin sx* 3. P(x) 4. erx sin sx* 5. P(x) erx 6. P(x) sin sx*
7. P(x)erx sin sx* 8. eax 9. eax sin sx* 10. P(x)eax 11. P(x)eax sin sx
yp erx ra a sin sx þ s cos sx 1 s ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin sx þ tan1 2 2 2 2 a a þs " a þs # 1 P0 ðxÞ P00 ðxÞ PðnÞ ðxÞ PðxÞ þ þ 2 þ
þ a a an a Replace a by a r in formula 2 and multiply by erx. Replace a by a r in formula 3 and multiply by erx.
# ak k2 ak2 s2 þ k4 ak4 s4 a a2 s2 0 a3 3as2 00 ðk1Þ PðxÞ þ P ðxÞ þ P ðxÞ þ
þ P ðxÞ þ
a2 þ s2 ða2 þ s2 Þ2 ða2 þ s2 Þ3 ða2 þ s2 Þk # " k k1 2 3 a s k3 ak3 s3 þ 1 s 2as 3a s s 00 0 ðk1Þ PðxÞ þ P ðxÞ þ P ðxÞ þ
þ P ðxÞ þ
cos sx 2 a þ s2 ða2 þ s2 Þ2 ða2 þ s2 Þ3 ða2 þ s2 Þk "
sin sx
Replace a by a r in formula 6 and multiply by erx. xeax eax cos sx Z s eax PðxÞ dx " #
eax sin sx P0 ðxÞ P000 ðxÞ Pv ðxÞ eax cos sx P00 ðxÞ Piv ðxÞ þ
þ
PðxÞ s s s5 s3 s3 s2 s4 *For cos sx in R replace ‘‘sin’’ by ‘‘cos’’ and ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘ sin’’ in yp.
Dn ¼
dn dxn
m n
¼
m! ðm nÞ!n!
0! ¼ 1
TABLE II: (D a)2y ¼ R R
yp
12. erx
erx ðr aÞ2
13. sin sx*
14. P(x) 15. erx sin sx* 16. P(x)erx 17. P(x) sin sx*
1 1 2 2 1 2as s Þ sin sx þ 2as cos sx ¼ sin sx þ tan ½ða ða2 þ s2 Þ a2 þ s 2 a2 s 2 " # 1 2P0 ðxÞ 3P00 ðxÞ ðn þ 1ÞPðnÞ ðxÞ PðxÞ þ þ
þ þ a an a2 a2 Replace a by a r in formula 13 and multiply by erx. rx Replace " a by a r in formula 14 and multiply by e . sin sx
a2 s2 a3 3as2 0 a4 6a2 s2 þ s4 00 P ðxÞ þ 3 PðxÞ þ 2 2 P ðxÞ þ ða2 þ s2 Þ2 ða þ s2 Þ3 ða2 þ s2 Þ4 ak
þ ðk 1Þ
k 2
ak2 s2 þ
k k4 4 s
4 a
ða2 þ s2 Þk
3 ðk2Þ
P
ðxÞ þ 5
" þ cos sx
2as 3a2 s s3 0 4a3 s 4as3 00 P ðxÞ þ 3 2 PðxÞ þ 2 2 P ðxÞ þ ða2 þ s2 Þ2 ða þ s2 Þ3 ða þ s2 Þ4 þ ðk 1Þ
18. P(x)erx sin sx* 19. eax 20. eax sin sx 21. P(x)eax ax
22. P(x)e
sin sx*
k 1
ak1 s 2
k 3
ak3 s3 þ 2 k
ða þ s Þ
3 Pðk2Þ ðxÞ þ 5
Replace a by a r in formula 17 and multiply by erx. 1 2 ax 2x e eax sin sx s2 Z Z eax PðxÞ dx dx " #
eax sin sx 3P00 ðxÞ 5Piv ðxÞ 7Pvi ðxÞ eax cos sx 2P0 ðxÞ 4P000 ðxÞ 6Pv ðxÞ PðxÞ þ þ
þ 5 2 2 4 6 2 3 s s s s s s s s *For cos sx in R replace ‘‘sin’’ by ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘ sin’’ in yp.
A-68
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) TABLE III: (D2 þ q)y ¼ R R
yp
23. erx 24. sin sx* 25. P(x) 26. erx sin sx rx
27. P(x) e
28. P(x) sin sx*
erx r2 þ q sin sx s2 þ q " # ð2kÞ 1 P00 ðxÞ Piv ðxÞ ðxÞ kP PðxÞ þ
þ ð1Þ q q qk q2
ðr2 s2 þ qÞerx sin sx 2rserx cos sx erx 2rs 1 ¼ q ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi sin sx tan 2 2 2 2 r s þq ðr2 s2 þ qÞ þ ð2rsÞ ðr2 s2 þ qÞ2 þ ð2rsÞ2 " rx 2 3 e 2r 3r q 00 4r 4qr 000 P ðxÞ 2 P ðxÞ þ PðxÞ 2 P0 ðxÞ þ 2 r þq r2 þ q ðr þ qÞ2 ðr þ qÞ3 # ðk Þrk1 ðk3 Þrk3 q þ ðk5 Þrk5 q2 ðk1Þ þ þ ð1Þk1 1 P ðxÞ þ
ðr2 þ qÞk1 " sin sx 3s2 þ q 5s4 þ 10s2 q þ q2 iv P00 ðxÞ þ P ðxÞ þ PðxÞ 2 2 2 ðs þ qÞ ðs2 þ qÞ4 ðs þ qÞ # 2kþ1 2k 2kþ1 2k2 2k4 2 q þ 2kþ1 q þ ð2kÞ s þ 3 s 5 s þ ð1Þk 1 P ðxÞ þ
ðs2 þ qÞ2k " # 2k 2k2 2k 2k4 0 2 þ 3 s q þ ð2k1Þ s cos sx 2P ðxÞ 4s þ 4q 000 kþ1 1 s P ðxÞ þ
þ ð1Þ P ðxÞ þ
ðs2 þ qÞ ðs2 þ qÞ ðs2 þ qÞ3 ðs2 þ qÞ2k1
TABLE IV: (D2 þ b2)y ¼ R 29. sin bx*
30. P(x) sin bx*
x cos bx 2b " #
Z sin bx P00 ðxÞ Piv ðxÞ cos bx P00 ðxÞ PðxÞ PðxÞ þ
þ dx 2b ð2bÞ2 ð2bÞ2 ð2bÞ4 ð2bÞ2 * For cos sx in R replace ‘‘sin’’ by ‘‘cos’’ and ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘sin’’ in yp.
TABLE V: (D2 þ pD þ q)y ¼ R R
yp
erx r2 þ pr þ q
31. erx
32. sin sx*
33. P(x) 34. erx sin sx* 35. P(x) erx
36. P(x) sin sx*
rx 37. PðxÞe sin sx ax
38. PðxÞe
ðq s2 Þ sin sx ps cos sx 1 ps ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin sx tan1 2 2 2 2 qs ðq s Þ þ ðpsÞ ðq s2 Þ2 þ ðpsÞ2 " # n n4 2 n1 n2 2 3 q þ ðn2 q ðnÞ 1 p p q 00 p 2pq 000 n p ð 1 Þp 2 Þp P ðxÞ P ðxÞ þ
þ ð1Þ P ðxÞ PðxÞ P0 ðxÞ þ qn q q q2 q3 Replace p by p þ 2r, q by q þ pr þ r2 in formula 32 and multiply by erx. Replace p by p þ 2r, q by q þ pr þ r2 in formula 33 and multiply by erx.
TABLE VI: (D b)(D a)y ¼ R
# ! ! a b a2 s2 b2 s2 a3 3as2 b3 3bs2 00 0 PðxÞ þ ðxÞ þ ðxÞ þ
P P a2 þ s2 b2 þ s2 ða2 þ s2 Þ2 ðb2 þ s2 Þ2 ða2 þ s2 Þ3 ðb2 þ s2 Þ3 " cos sx s s 2as 2bs PðxÞ þ :P0 ðxÞ þ ba a2 þ s2 b2 þ s2 ða2 þ s2 Þ2 ðb2 þ s2 Þ2 #y ! 3a2 s s2 3b2 s s3 00 þ ðxÞ þ
P ða2 þ s2 Þ3 ðb2 þ s2 Þ3
sin sx ba
"
rx Replace "Z a by a – r, b by b - r in formula 36 and multiply by e . # eax PðxÞ P0 ðxÞ P00 ðxÞ PðnÞ ðxÞ þ PðxÞ dx þ þ þ
þ ðb aÞ ðb aÞ2 ðb aÞ3 ab ðb aÞnþ1
*For cos sx in R replace ‘‘sin’’ by ‘‘cos’’ and ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘sin’’ in yp. y For additional terms, compare with formula 6.
A-69
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) TABLE VII: ðD2 2aD þ a2 þ b2 Þy ¼ R R 39.
PðxÞ sin sx
yp " ! sin sx sþb sb 2aðs þ bÞ 2aðs bÞ P0 ðxÞ PðxÞ þ % & % & 2 2 2b a2 þ ðs þ bÞ2 a2 þ ðs bÞ2 a2 þ ðs þ bÞ2 a2 þ ðs bÞ2 þ
cos sx 2b
40. PðxÞerx sin sx 41. PðxÞeax ax 42. e sin sx ax 43. e sin bx
44. PðxÞeax sin bx
# ! 3a2 ðs þ bÞ ðs þ bÞ3 3a2 ðs bÞ ðs bÞ3 00 ðxÞ þ
P % 2 &3 % 2 &3 a þ ðs þ bÞ2 a þ ðs bÞ2
! a a a2 ðs þ bÞ2 a2 ðs bÞ2 0 PðxÞ þ % &2 % 2 &2 P ðxÞ a2 þ ðs þ bÞ2 a2 þ ðs bÞ2 a2 þ ðs þ bÞ2 a þ ðs bÞ2
#y ! a2 3aðs þ bÞ2 a3 3aðs bÞ2 00 þ % &3 % 2 &3 P ðxÞ þ a2 þ ðs þ bÞ2 a þ ðs bÞ2 rx Replace a by a r in formula 39 " # and multiply by e . eax P00 ðxÞ Piv ðxÞ PðxÞ 2 þ
b b4 b2 eax sin sx s2 þ b2 xeax cos bx 2b " # # Z " eax sin bx P00 ðxÞ Piv ðxÞ eax cos bx P00 ðxÞ Piv ðxÞ PðxÞ þ
þ
dx PðxÞ 2b ð2bÞ2 ð2bÞ2 ð2bÞ4 ð2bÞ2 ð2bÞ4 *For cos sx in R replace ‘‘sin’ by ‘‘cos’ and ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘sin’’ in yp. y For additional terms, compare with formula 6.
TABLE VIII: f ðDÞy ¼ ½Dn þ an1 Dn1 þ þ a1 D þ a0 y ¼ R R
yp
rx 45. e
erx f ðrÞ
46. sin sx*
½a0 a2 s2 þ a4 s4 sin sx ½a1 s a3 s3 þ a5 s5 þ cos sx ½a0 a2 s2 þ a4 s4 2 þ ½a1 s a3 s3 þ a5 s5 2
TABLE IX: f ðD2 Þy ¼ R 47. sin sx*
sin sx sin sx ¼ f ðs2 Þ a0 a2 s2 þ s2n
TABLE X: ðD aÞn y ¼ R rx
48. erx 49. sin sx 50. PðxÞ 51. erx sin sx 52. erx PðxÞ 53. PðxÞ sin sx
e ðr aÞn ð1Þn f½an ðn2 Þan2 s2 þ ðn4 Þan4 s4 sin sx þ ½ðn1 Þan1 s ðn3 Þan3 s3 þ cos sxg ða2 þ s 2 Þ2
n P0 ðxÞ nþ1 P00 ðxÞ nþ2 P000 ðxÞ ð1Þn PðxÞ þ þ þ
þ 1 2 3 an a a2 a2 Replace a by a r in formula 49 and multiply by erx. Replace a by a r in formula 50 and multiply by erx. n n 0 000 nþ1 ð1Þ sin sx½An PðxÞ þ ð1 ÞAnþ1 P ðxÞ þ 2 Anþ2 P00 ðxÞ þ nþ2 3 Anþ3 P ðxÞ þ þ ð1Þn cos sx½Bn PðxÞ þ ðn1 ÞBnþ1 P0 ðxÞ þ A1 ¼
erx sin sx
2
Bnþ2 P00 ðxÞ þ
nþ2 000 3 Bnþ3 P ðxÞ þ
a a2 s2 ak ðk2 Þak2 s2 þ ðk4 Þak4 s4 , A2 ¼ 2 , . . . , Ak ¼ 2 2 2 a þs ða þ s Þ ða2 þ s2 Þk 2
a 2as ðk Þak1 s ðk3 Þak3 s3 þ , B2 ¼ 2 , . . . , Bk ¼ 1 a 2 þ s2 ða þ s2 Þ2 ða2 þ s2 Þk Replace a by a r in formula 53 and multiply by erx. B1 ¼
54.
nþ1
A-70
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) 55. eax PðxÞ
eax
Z Z
Z
PðxÞ dxn
n þ 4 Pv ðxÞ ð 1Þ e sin sx n P0 ðxÞ n þ 2 P000 ðxÞ þ
n 5 3 n1 s n1 s n1 s s " # 00 ðnþ1Þ=2 ax n þ 3 Piv ðxÞ ð 1Þ e cos sx n 1 n þ 1 P ðxÞ þ þ
PðxÞ n1 sn n1 n1 s2 s4
ðn1Þ=2 ax
ax 56. PðxÞe sin sx
ð 1Þn=2 eax sin sx sn þ
"
ðn oddÞ
# n þ 3 Piv ðxÞ n1 n þ 1 P00 ðxÞ þ
PðxÞ n1 n1 n1 s2 s4
n þ 4 Pv ðxÞ ð 1Þn=2 eax cos sx n P0 ðxÞ n þ 2 P000 ðxÞ þ
n1 sn n1 s n1 s5 s3
ðn evenÞ
*For cos sx in R replace ‘‘sin’’ by ‘‘cos’’ and ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘sin’’ in yp.
TABLE XI: (D a)nf (D)y ¼ R
xn eax
n! f ðaÞ *For cos sx in R replace ‘‘sin’’ by ‘‘cos’’ and ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘sin’’ in yp.
57. eax
TABLE XII: (D2 þ q)ny ¼ R R 58. e
yp rx
59. sin sx
erx =ðr2 þ qÞn
60. PðxÞ 61. erx sin sx
sin sx=ðq s2 Þn " # n P00 ðxÞ nþ1 Piv ðxÞ nþ2 Pvi ðxÞ 1 PðxÞ þ þ
1 3 2 qn q2 q2 q3 /% n n n2 2 n n4 4 & % & 0 erx A 2 A B þ 4 A B sin sx n1 An1 B n3 An3 B3 þ cos sx ðA2 þB2 Þn A ¼ r2 s2 þ q,
B ¼ 2rs
TABLE XIII: (D2 þ b2)ny ¼ R xn cos bx n!ð2bÞn
ð1Þn=2
xn sin bx n!ð2bÞn
62. sin bx
ð1Þðnþ1Þ=2
rx 63. e
erx =ðrn qÞ " # 1 PðnÞ ðxÞ Pð2nÞ ðxÞ PðxÞ þ
þ q q q2 ðn1Þ=2 n q sin sx þ ð 1Þ s cos sx sin sx ðn evenÞ ðn oddÞ, q2 þ s2n ð s2 Þn=2 q rx rx rx Ae sin sx Be cos sx e B ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin sx tan1 A A 2 þ B2 A 2 þ B2 % & % & A ¼ rn n2 rn2 s2 þ n4 rn4 s4 q, B ¼ n1 rn1 s n3 rn3 s3 þ *For cos sx in R replace ‘‘sin’’ by ‘‘cos’’ and ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘ sin’’ in yp.
ðn oddÞ,
ðn evenÞ
TABLE XIV: (Dn q)y ¼ R
64. PðxÞ 65. sin sx 66. erx sin sx
TABLE XV: (Dx þ mDy)z ¼ R R 67. eaxþby 68. f ðax þ byÞ
zp eaxþby a þ mb R f ðuÞ du , a þ mb
u ¼ ax þ by
69. f ðy mxÞ
xf ðy mxÞ R 70. ðx, yÞf ðy mxÞ f ðy mxÞ ðx, a þ mxÞ dx ða ¼ y mx after integration)
A-71
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) TABLE XVI: ðDx þ mDy kÞz ¼ R axþby
71. eaxþby
e a þ mb k
72. sinðax þ byÞ
73. exþ y sinðax þ byÞ 74. exk f ðax þ byÞ 75. f ðy mxÞ 76. pðxÞf ðy mxÞ 77. ekx f ðy mxÞ
ða þ bmÞ cosðax þ byÞ þ k sinðax þ byÞ ða þ bmÞ2 þ k2 Replace k in 72 by k m and multiply by exþ y R ekx f ðuÞ du , u ¼ ax þ by a þ mb f ðy mxÞ k " # 1 P0 ðxÞ P00 ðxÞ PðnÞ ðxÞ f ðy mxÞ pðxÞ þ þ 2 þ
þ k k kn k xekx f ðy mxÞ *For cosðax þ byÞ replace ‘‘sin’’ by ‘‘cos’’ and ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘sin’’ in zp . @ @ @kþr Dx ¼ ; Dy ¼ ; Dxk Dyr ¼ @xk @y r @x @y
TABLE XVII: ðDz þ mDy Þn z ¼ R zp
R 78. e
axþby
79. f ðax þ byÞ 80. f ðy mxÞ 81.
ðx, yÞf ðy þ mxÞ
eaxþby ða þ mbÞn RR
R
f ðuÞ dun , ða þ mbÞn
xn f ðy mxÞ n! Z Z f ðy mxÞ
u ¼ ax þ by
Z
ðx, a þ mxÞ dxn ða ¼ y mx after integrationÞ
TABLE XVIII: ðDx þ mDy kÞn z ¼ R axþby
82. eaxþby
e ða þ mb kÞn
83. f ðy mxÞ
ð1Þn f ðy mxÞ kn
84. PðxÞf ðy mxÞ 85. ekz f ðax þ byÞ 86. ekx f ðy mxÞ
n P0 ðxÞ n þ 1 P00 ðxÞ n þ 2 P000 ðxÞ ð1Þn f ðy mxÞ PðxÞ þ þ þ
þ n 2 3 k 1 3 k 2 k k RR R kx n e
f ðuÞ du , u ¼ ax þ by ða þ mbÞn xn kx e f ðy mxÞ n!
h i TABLE XIX: Dnx þ a1 Dxn1 Dy þ a2 Dxn2 D2y þ þ an Dny z ¼ R 87. eaxþby
a þ a1 a
n1
eaxþby b þ a2 an2 b2 þ þ an bn
88. f ðax þ byÞ
RR
R
f ðuÞdun , ðu ¼ ax þ byÞ an þ a1 an1 b þ a2 an2 b2 þ þ an bn
89. eaxþby
eaxþby Fða, bÞ
TABLE XX: FðDx , Dy Þz ¼ R
TABLE XXI: F D2x , Dx Dy , D2y z ¼ R 90. sinðax þ byÞ
sinðax þ byÞ Fða2 , ab, b2 Þ *For cosðax þ byÞreplace ‘‘sin ’’ by ‘‘cos’’, and ‘‘cos’’ by ‘‘sin’’ in zp .
A-72
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Differential equation Separation of variables
Method of solution Z
f1 ðxÞg1 ðyÞ dx þ f2 ðxÞg2 ðyÞ dy ¼ 0 Exact equation
f1 ðxÞ dx þ f2 ðxÞ
Z M@xþ
Z
g2 ðyÞ dy ¼ c g1 ðyÞ
Z Z @ M@x dy ¼ c n @y
Mðx, yÞ dx þ Nðx, yÞ dy ¼ 0 where @M=@y ¼ @N=@x
Linear first order equation
where @x indicates that the integration is to be performed with respect to x keeping y constant. Z R R ye P dx ¼ Qe P dx dx þ c
dy þ PðxÞy ¼ QðxÞ dx R
Z
R
Bernoulli’s equation
veð1nÞ
dy þ PðxÞy ¼ QðxÞyn dx
where v ¼ y1n : If n ¼ 1, the solution is
Pdx
¼ ð1 nÞ
Qeð1nÞ
Pdx
dx þ c
Z ln y ¼
Homogeneous equation y dy ¼F dx x
Reducible to homogeneous ða1 x þ b1 y þ c1 Þ dx þ ða2 x þ b2 y þ c2 Þ
Z ln x ¼
ðQ PÞ dx þ c
dv þc FðvÞ v
where v ¼ y=x: If FðvÞ ¼ v, the solution is y ¼ cx
Set u ¼ a1 x þ b1 y þ c1 v ¼ a2 x þ b2 y þ c2
dy ¼ 0 a1 b1 6¼ a2 b2
Eliminate x and y and the equation becomes homogenous
Reducible to separable
Set u ¼ a1 x þ b1 y
ða1 x þ b1 y þ c1 Þ dx þ ða2 x þ b2 y þ c2 Þ
Eliminate x or y and equation becomes separable
dy ¼ 0 a1 b1 ¼ a2 b2
A-73
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued)
yFðxyÞ dx þ x GðxyÞ dy ¼ 0
Z ln x ¼
GðvÞ dv þc vfGðvÞ FðvÞg
where v ¼ xy: If GðvÞ ¼ FðvÞ, the solution is xy ¼ c:
Linear, homogeneous second order equation
Let m1 , m2 be the roots of m2 þ bm þ c ¼ 0: Then there are 3 cases:
d2y dy þ b þ cy ¼ 0 dx dx2
Case 1. m1 , m2 real and distinct: y ¼ c1 em1 x þ c2 em2 x
b, c are real constants
Case 2. m1 , m2 real and equal: y ¼ c1 em1 x þ c2 xem1 x Case 3. m1 ¼ p þ qi, m2 ¼ p qi : y ¼ epx ðc1 cos qx þ c2 sin qxÞ where p ¼ b=2, q ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4c b2 =2
Linear, nonhomogeneous second order equation
There are 3 cases corresponding to those immediately above:
d2y dy þ b þ cy ¼ RðxÞ dx dx2
Case 1. y ¼ c1 em1 x þ c2 em2 x em1 x m1 m2
Z
þ
em2 x m2 m1
Z
þ
b, c are real constants
em1 x RðxÞ dx
em2 x RðxÞ dx
Case 2. y ¼ c1 em1 x þ c2 xem1 x Z
þ xem1 x
em1 x
Z
em1 x RðxÞ dx
xem1 x RðxÞ dx
Case 3. y ¼ epx ðc1 cos qx þ c2 sin qxÞ
A-74
Z
þ
epx sin qx q
epx cos qx q
Z
epx RðxÞ cos qx dx
epx RðxÞ sin qx dx
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (Continued) Euler or Cauchy equation x2
d2y dy þ bx þ cy ¼ SðxÞ dx dx
Putting x ¼ et , the equation becomes d2y dy þ ðb 1Þ þ cy ¼ Sðet Þ dt dt2 and can then be solved as a linear second order equation.
Bessel’s equation x2
d2y dy þ x þ ð 2 x2 n2 Þy ¼ 0 dx dx2
Transformed Bessel’s equation x2
y ¼ c1 Jn ð xÞ þ c2 Yn ð xÞ
d2y dy þ ð2p þ 1Þx þ ð2 x2r þ 2 Þy ¼ 0 dx dx2
n o y ¼ xp c1 Jq=r xr þ c2 Yq=r xr r r qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi where q ¼ p2 2 :
Legendre’s equation y ¼ c1 Pn ðxÞ þ c2 Qn ðxÞ d2y dy ð1 x Þ 2 2x þ nðn þ 1Þy ¼ 0 dx dx 2
FOURIER SERIES If f (x) is a bounded periodic function of period 2L ði:e: fx þ 2LÞ ¼ f ðxÞ, and satisfies the Dirichlet conditions: A. In any period f (x) is continuous, except possibly for a finite number of jump discontinuities. B. In any period f (x) has only a finite number of maxima and minima. Then f(x) may be represented by the Fourier series 1 a0 X npx npx þ bn sin þ an cos L L 2 n¼1
where an and bn are as determined below. This series will converge to f(x) at every point where f(x) is continuous, and to f ðxþ Þ þ f ðx Þ 2 (i.e., the average of the left-hand and right-hand limits) at every point where f(x) has a jump discontinuity. Z 1 L npx dx, n ¼ 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , an ¼ f ðxÞ cos L L L ZL 1 npx bn ¼ dx, n ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . . f ðxÞ sin L L L we may also write an ¼
1 L
Z
þ2L
f ðxÞ cos
npx 1 dx and bn ¼ L L
where is any real number. Thus if ¼ 0, Z 1 2L npx dx, an ¼ f ðxÞ cos L 0 L Z 2L 1 npx dx, bn ¼ f ðxÞ sin L 0 L
A-75
Z
þ2L
f ðxÞ sin
n ¼ 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . .
npx dx L
2. If in addition to the above restrictions, f (x), is even (i.e., f( x) ¼ f (x)) the Fourier series reduces to 1 a0 X npx þ an cos L 2 n¼1
That is, bn ¼ 0. In this case, a simpler formula for an is Z 2 L npx dx, an ¼ f ðxÞ cos L 0 L
n ¼ 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
3. If in addition to the restrictions in (1), f(x) is an odd function (i.e., f( x) ¼ f(x)), then the Fourier series reduces to 1 X
npx L
bn sin
n¼1
That is, an ¼ 0. In this case, simpler formula for the bn is Z 2 L npx dx, bn ¼ f ðxÞsin L 0 L
n ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . .
4. If in addition to the restrictions in (2) above, f(x) ¼ f (L x), then an will be 0 for all even values of n, including n ¼ 0. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to 1 X
a2m1 cos
m¼1
ð2m 1Þpx L
5. If in addition to the restrictions in (3) above, f(x), ¼ f(L x), then bn will be 0 for all even values of n. Thus in this case, the expansion reduces to 1 X
b2m1 sin
m¼1
ð2m 1Þpx L
(The series in (4) and (5) are known as odd-harmonic series, since only the odd harmonics appear. Similar rules may be stated for even-harmonic series, but when a series appears in the even-harmonic form, it means that 2L has not been taken as the smallest period of f(x). Since any integral multiple of a period is also a period, series obtained in this way will also work, but in general computation is simplified if 2L is taken to be the smallest period.) 6. If we write the Euler definitions for cos and sin , we obtain the complex form of the Fourier Series known either as the ‘‘Complex Fourier Series’’ or the ‘‘Exponential Fourier Series’’ of f(x). It is represented as f ðxÞ ¼
þ1 1 n ¼X cn ei!n x 2 n¼1
where cn ¼
1 L
Z
L
f ðxÞ ei!n x dx,
n ¼ 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
L
np , n ¼ 0, 1, 2, . . . L The set of coefficients {cn} is often referred to as the Fourier spectrum. 7. If both sine and cosine terms are present and if f(x) is of period 2L and expandable by a Fourier series, it can be represented as with !n ¼
f ðxÞ ¼
1 npx a0 X þ n , þ cn sin L 2 n¼1
where an ¼ cn sin n , qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi bn ¼ cn cos n , cn ¼ a2n þ b2n ,
n ¼ arc tan
an bn
It can also be represented as f ðxÞ ¼
1 npx a0 X þ n , þ cn cos L 2 n¼1
where an ¼ cn cos n , qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi bn ¼ cn sin n , cn ¼ a2n þ b2n ,
where n is chosen so as to make an, bn, and cn hold.
A-76
bn n ¼ arc tan an
8. The following table of trigonometric identities should be helpful for developing Fourier Series.
n
n even
n odd
n/2 odd
n/2 even
sin np
0
0
0
0
0
cos np
ð1Þn
þ1
1
þ1
þ1
sin
np 2
0
ð1Þðn1Þ=2
0
0
cos
np 2
ð1Þn=2
0
1
þ1
pffiffiffi 2 2 ð1Þðn þ4nþ11Þ=8 2
ð1Þðn2Þ=4
0
sin
np 4
*A useful formula for sin
sin
np np and cos is given by 2 2
np ðiÞnþ1 np ðiÞn ¼ ½ð1Þn 1 and cos ¼ ½ð1Þn þ 1 , 2 2 2 2
where i2 ¼ 1:
AUXILIARY FORMULAS FOR FOURIER SERIES 1¼
4 px 1 3px 1 5px sin þ sin þ sin þ
p k 3 k 5 k
x¼
2k px 1 2px 1 3px sin sin þ sin
p k 2 k 3 k
x¼
k 4k px 1 3px 1 5px 2 cos þ 2 cos þ 2 cos þ
2 p k 3 k 5 k
½0 < x < k
½k < x < k
½0 < x < k
2 2 p 4 px p2 2px p 4 3px þ 3 sin sin sin k k k 1 1 2 3 3
p2 4px p2 4 5px þ þ
½0 < x < k sin sin k k 4 5 53
x2 ¼
2k2 p3
x2 ¼
k2 4k2 px 1 2px 1 3px 1 4px þ 2 cos 2 cos þ
2 cos 2 cos k 2 k 3 k 4 k 3 p
1 1 1 p 1 þ þ
¼ 3 5 7 4 1
1 1 1 p2 þ 2 þ 2 þ
¼ 2 2 3 4 6
1
1 1 1 p2 þ þ
¼ 22 32 42 12
1þ
1 1 1 p2 þ 2 2 þ
¼ 2 3 5 7 8
1 1 1 1 p2 þ þ þ þ
¼ 22 42 62 82 24
A-77
½k < x < k
FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
f(x) 1 0
L
−1
4 X 1 npx sin p n¼1, 3, 5, ... n L
f ðxÞ ¼
2L x
f (x) c
1 0
L
−1
f ðxÞ ¼
x
2L
1 2X ð1Þn npc npx 1 sin cos p n¼1 n L L
c
f(x) 2c
1 0
L
2L
f ðxÞ ¼
x
1 c 2X ð1Þn npc npx þ cos sin L p n¼1 n L L
f (x) 1/c
c 3L/ 2
0 1/c
L/ 2
L
f ðxÞ ¼
x
2L
1 2X np sin 12 npc=L npx sin sin 1 L n¼1 2 L 2npc=L
c
f (x) 1 2L
L
0
f ðxÞ ¼
x
−1
1 2X ð1Þnþ1 npx sin p n¼1 L n
f(x) 1 0
2L
L
f ðxÞ ¼
x
1 4 X 1 npx cos 2 p2 n¼1, 3, 5, ... n2 L
f (x) 1 3L/ 2
0 −1
L/ 2
L
2L
x
f ðxÞ ¼
8 X ð1Þðn1Þ=2 npx sin p2 n¼1, 3, 5, ... L n2
f(x) 1 0
2L
x
1 1 1X 1 npx sin f ðxÞ ¼ 2 p n¼1 n L
A-78
FOURIER EXPANSIONS FOR BASIC PERIODIC FUNCTIONS (Continued ) f(x)
1 X 1 2 1 npx ; f ðxÞ ¼ ð1 þ aÞ þ 2 ½ð1Þn cos npa 1 cos 2 p ð1 aÞ n¼1 n2 L c a¼ 2L
c
1 0
L
x
2L
f (x) c/ 2
1
f ðxÞ ¼
0
L
−1
2L
x
1 2X ð1Þn1 sin npa npx ; 1þ sin p n¼1 npð1 aÞ L n
c a¼ 2L
c/ 2
f (x) c
f ðxÞ ¼
1 0
c/2
L
2L − c/2 2L
X 1 1 4 npx ; cos npa cos 2 p2 ð1 2aÞ n¼1, 3, 5, ... n2 L
c a¼ 2L
x
f(x) c/2
1 0 −1
f ðxÞ ¼
2L − c/2 c/2
2L
L
x
1 2X ð1Þn 1 þ ð1Þn npx ; 1þ sin npa sin p n¼1 n L npð1 2aÞ
c a¼ 2L
c/2
f (x) 1 0 −1
c
f ðxÞ
7L /4 L /4
2L
L
x
1 4X 1 np npx sin sin npa sin ; p n¼1 n 4 L
c a¼ 2L
c
f (x) 1 5L/3 2L 0 −1
L /3
L
f ðxÞ ¼
1 9 X 1 np npx ; sin sin p2 n¼1 n2 3 L
f ðxÞ ¼
1 32 X 1 np npx ; sin sin 2 3p n¼1 n2 4 L
c a¼ 2L
x
f (x) 1 0 −1
7L /4 2 L L/4
L
c a¼ 2L
x
f (x) sin ωt T = 2π /ω
f ðxÞ ¼
1 0
π /ω
2π /ω
1 1 2 X 1 þ sin !t cos n!t p 2 p n¼2, 4, 6, ... n2 1
t
Extracted from graphs and formulas, pages 372, 373, Differential Equations in Engineering Problems, Salvadori and Schwarz, published by Prentice-Hall, Inc.,1954.
A-79
THE FOURIER TRANSFORMS* R. E. Gaskell For a piecewise continuous function F(x) over a finite interval 0 % x % p, the finite Fourier cosine transform of F(x) is Zp fc ðnÞ ¼ FðxÞ cos nx dx ðn ¼ 0, 1, 2, . . .Þ ð1Þ 0
If x ranges over the interval 0 % x % L, the substitution x0 ¼ px=L allows the use of this definition, also. The inverse transform is written. x 1 2X FðxÞ ¼ fc ð0Þ fc ðnÞ cos nx ð0 < x < pÞ p p n¼1 ½Fðx þ oÞ þ Fðx oÞ . We observe that FðxÞ ¼ FðxÞ ¼ at point of continuity. The formula where FðxÞ ¼ 2 Zp fcð2Þ ðnÞ ¼ F 00 ðxÞ cos nx dx
ð2Þ
0
¼ n2 f c ðnÞ F 0 ð0Þ þ ð1Þn F 0 ðpÞ makes the finite Fourier cosine transform useful in certain boundary value problems. Analogously, the finite Fourier sine transform of F(x) is Zp fs ðnÞ ¼ FðxÞ sin nx dx ðn ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . .Þ
ð3Þ
ð4Þ
0
and FðxÞ ¼
1 2X fs ðnÞ sin nx ð0 < x < pÞ p n¼1
ð5Þ
Corresponding to (3) we have fsð2Þ ðnÞ ¼
Z
p
F 00 ðxÞ sin nx dx
0
ð6Þ
¼ n2 fs ðnÞ n Fð0Þ nð1Þn FðpÞ Fourier Transforms If FðxÞ is defined for x ^ 0 and is piecewise continuous over any finite interval, and if Z
x
FðxÞ dx 0
is absolutely convergent, then fc ðÞ ¼
rffiffiffi Z x 2 FðxÞ cosðxÞ dx p 0
is the Fourier cosine transform of FðxÞ. Furthermore, rffiffiffi Z x 2 FðxÞ ¼ fc ðÞ cosðxÞ d p 0 n d F if limx!1 n ¼ 0, an important property of the Fourier cosine transform dx rffiffiffi Z x 2 d 2r F cosðxÞ dx fcð2rÞ ðÞ ¼ p 0 dx2r rffiffiffi r1 2X ð1Þn a2r2n1 2n þ ð1Þr 2r fc ðÞ ¼ p n¼0 d rF where limx!1 r ¼ ar, makes it useful in the solution of many problems. dx Under the same conditions. rffiffiffi Z x 2 FðxÞ sinðxÞ dx fs ðÞ ¼ p 0
ð7Þ
ð8Þ
ð9Þ
ð10Þ
*From Beyer, W. H., Ed., CRC Handbook of Mathematical Sciences, 5th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1978, 592–598. With permission.
A-80
defines the Fourier sine transform of FðxÞ, and FðxÞ ¼
rffiffiffi Z x 2 fs ðÞ sinðxÞ d p 0
ð11Þ
Corresponding to (9) we have
rffiffiffi Z 1 2 d 2r F sinðxÞ dx p 0 dx2r rffiffiffi r 2X ¼ ð1Þn 2n1 a2r2n þ ð1Þr1 2r fs ðÞ p n¼1 R1 Similarly, if FðxÞ is defined for 1 < x < 1, and if 1 FðxÞ dx is absolutely convergent, then Z1 1 FðxÞeiax dx f ðÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p 1 is the Fourier transform of FðxÞ, and Z1 1 FðxÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi f ðÞeiax d 2p 1 Also, if n d F lim n ¼ 0 ðn ¼ 1, 2, . . . , r 1Þ jxj!1 dx fsð2rÞ ðÞ ¼
then 1 f ðrÞ ðÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p
Z
F ðrÞ ðxÞeix dx ¼ ðiÞr f ðÞ
1
FðxÞ
fs ðnÞ 1
p
FðxÞ sin nx dx ðn ¼ 1, 2, . . .Þ
fs ðnÞ ¼
FðxÞ
0
2
ð1Þnþ1 fs ðnÞ
Fðp xÞ
3
1 n
px p x p
4 5 6
ð1Þnþ1 n 1 ð1Þn n 2 np sin 2 n2
1 ,
x when 0 < x < p=2 p x when p=2 < x < p
7
ð1Þnþ1 n3
xðp2 x2 Þ 6p
8
1 ð1Þn n3
xðp xÞ 2
p2 ð1Þn1 2½1 ð1Þn n n3 ! 2 6 p 10 pð1Þn 3 n n 9
11 12
ð13Þ
ð14Þ
1
Finite Sine Transforms
Z
ð12Þ
x2 x3
n ½1 ð1Þn ecp n2 þ c2 n n2 þ c2
ecx sinh cðp xÞ sinh cp
n ðk 6¼ 0, 1, 2, . . .Þ n2 k2 8 < p when n ¼ m 2 ðm ¼ 1, 2, . . .Þ 14 : 0 when n 6¼ m
sin kðp xÞ sin kp
13
sin mx
A-81
ð15Þ
fs ðnÞ
FðxÞ
n 15 ½1 ð 1Þn cos kp n 2 k2 ðk 6¼ 1, 2, . . . Þ 8 n nþm > ½1 < n2 m2 ð 1Þ 16 > when n 6¼ m ¼ 1, 2, . . . : 0 when n ¼ m n 17 ðk 6¼ 0, 1, 2, . . . Þ ðn2 k2 Þ2 bn 18 ðjbj % 1Þ n 1 ð 1Þn n b ðjbj % 1Þ 19 n
cos kx
cos mx
p sin kx x cos kðp xÞ 2k sin kp 2k sin2 kp 2 bsinx arc tan p 1 b cos x 2 2b sinx arc tan p 1 b2
Finite Cosine Transforms fc ðnÞ Z 1
fc ðnÞ ¼
2 3
n
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12 13 14
FðxÞ
p
FðxÞ cos nx dx ðn ¼ 0, 1, 2, . . . Þ
FðxÞ
0
ð 1Þ fc ðnÞ 0 when n ¼ 1, 2, . . . ; fc ð0Þ ¼ p 2 np sin ; fc ð0Þ ¼ 0 n 2 1 ð 1Þn p2 ; fc ð0Þ ¼ 2 2 n ð 1Þn p2 ; f ð0Þ ¼ c 6 n2 1 ; f ð0Þ ¼ 0 c n2 ð 1Þn 1 ð 1Þn p4 3p2 6 ; fc ð0Þ ¼ 2 4 4 n n ð 1Þn ec p 1 2 2 n þc 1 2 n þ c2
Fðp xÞ 1 , 1 when 0 < x < p=2 1 when p=2 < x < p x
k ½ð 1Þn cos pk 1 n 2 k2 ðk 6¼ 0, 1, 2, Þ
sin kx
ð 1Þnþm 1 ; fc ðmÞ ¼ 0 ðm ¼ 1, 2, Þ n2 m 2 1 ðk 6¼ 0, 1, 2, . . . Þ n 2 k2
1 sin mx m
0 when n ¼ 1, 2, . . . ; p ðm ¼ 1, 2, Þ fc ðmÞ ¼ 2
cos mx
x2 2p ðp xÞ2 p 2p 6 x3 1 cx e c cosh cðp xÞ c sinh cp
cos kðp xÞ k sin kp
Fourier Sine Transforms* FðxÞ , 1
2 3
1 0
ð0 < x < aÞ ðx > aÞ
xp1 ð0 < p < 1Þ , sinx ð0 < x < aÞ 0 ðx > aÞ
4
ex
5
xex =2 x2 cos 2
6
2
fs ðÞ rffiffiffi
2 1 cos p rffiffiffi 2 ðpÞ pp sin p p 2
1 sin½að1 Þ sin½að1 þ Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1þ 2p rffiffiffi
2 p 1 þ 2 2
e" =2 ! !# pffiffiffi 2 2 2 2 2 sin c cos S 2 2 2 2
A-82
FðxÞ
fs ðÞ " ! !# pffiffiffi 2 2 2 2 þ sin S 2 cos C 2 2 2 2
2
7
sin
x 2
*C(y) and S(y) are the Fresnel integrals
1 CðyÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p
Z
1 SðyÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p
y
1 pffiffi cos t dt, t
0
Z
y
0
1 pffiffi sin t dt t
*More extensive tables of the Fourier sine and cosine transforms can be found in Fritz Oberhettinger, Tabellen zur-Fourier Transformation, Springer, 1957. Fourier Cosine Transforms FðxÞ , 1
1 0
f c ðÞ rffiffiffi 2 sin a p rffiffiffi 2 ðpÞ pp cos p p 2
1 sin½að1 Þ sin½að1 þ Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffi þ 1 1 þ 2p rffiffiffi 2 1 p 1 þ 2
ð0 < x < aÞ ðx > aÞ
xp1 ð0 < p < 1Þ , cos x ð0 < x < aÞ 3 0 ðx > aÞ 2
4 ex 2
5 ex
2
=2
e
=2
6
x2 cos 2
cos
2 p 2 4
7
sin
x2 2
cos
2 p þ 2 4
! !
Fourier Transforms FðxÞ
1
sin ax x ,
2 , 3 4
fs ðÞ 8 rffiffiffi > < p 2 > : 0
eiwx 0
ðp, x < qÞ ðx < p, x > qÞ
ecxþiwx 0
epx
2
ðx > 0Þ ðc > 0Þ ðx < 0Þ
RðpÞ > 0 2
5
cos px
6
sin px2
7 jxjp
ð0 < p < 1Þ
8
eajxj pffiffiffiffiffiffi j xj
9
cosh ax cosh px
ðp < a < pÞ
sinh ax ðp < a < pÞ sinh px 8 1 > < pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ðjxj < aÞ 11 a 2 x2 > : 0 ðjxj > aÞ
jj < a jj > a
i eipðwþÞ eiqðwþÞ pffiffiffiffiffiffi ðw þ Þ 2p i pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2pðw þ þ icÞ 1 2 =4p pffiffiffiffiffi e 2p " # 1 2 p pffiffiffiffiffi cos 4p 4 2p " # 1 2 p pffiffiffiffiffi cos þ 4p 4 2p rffiffiffi pp 2 ð1 pÞ sin 2 p jjð1pÞ qp ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ða2 þ 2 Þ þ a pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 þ 2 rffiffiffi 2 cos a2 cosh 2 p cosh þ cos a 1 sin a pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p cosh þ cos a
10
rffiffiffi p J ðaÞ 2 0
A-83
FðxÞ
f ðÞ 8 0 < rffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p J ða b2 2 Þ : 2 0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sin½b a2 þ x2 12 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 þ x2 ( pn ðxÞ ðjxj < 1Þ 13 0 ðjxj > 1Þ 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > a 2 x2 < cos½b pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 14 a x2 > : 0 8 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > a 2 x2 < cosh½b pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 x2 15 a > : 0
ðjj > bÞ ðjj < bÞ
n
i pffiffiffi J 1 ðÞ nþ2 ðjxj < aÞ ðjxj > aÞ ðjxj < aÞ ðjxj > aÞ
rffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p J ða a2 þ b2 Þ 2 0 rffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p J ða 2 b2 Þ 2 0
* More extensive tables of Fourier transforms can be found in W. Magnus and F. Oberhettinger, Formulas and Theorems of the Special Functions of Mathematical Physics. Chelsea, 1949, 116–120. The following functions appear among the entries of the tables on transforms. Function EiðxÞ
Definition Z
Name
v
x
e dv; or sometimes defined v Z x v e dv as EiðxÞ ¼ v Zx x sin v dv v 0 Zx cos v dv; or sometimes defined v x as negative of this integral
Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral tables pages 548–556
x
SiðxÞ CiðxÞ
erf ðxÞ erfcðxÞ
2 pffiffiffi p
x
Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral tables pages 548–556
2
ev dv
Error function
0
2 1 erf ðxÞ ¼ pffiffiffi p x
Ln ðxÞ
Z
Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integral tables pages 548–556
Z
1
e
v2
Complementary function to error function
dv
x
n
e d ðxn ex Þ, n! dxn
n ¼ 0, 1, . . .
Laguerre polynomial of degree n
SERIES EXPANSION The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x. BINOMIAL nðn 1Þ n2 2 nðn 1Þðn 2Þ n3 3 x y þ x y þ
ðx þ yÞn ¼ xn þ nxn1 y þ 2! 3! ð1 xÞn ¼ 1 nx þ
nðn 1Þx2 nðn 1Þðn 2Þx3 þ
2! 3!
ðx2 < 1Þ
ð1 xÞn ¼ 1 nx þ
nðn þ 1Þx2 nðn þ 1Þðn þ 2Þx3 þ
2! 3!
ðx2 < 1Þ
ð1 xÞ1 ¼ 1 x þ x2 x3 þ x4 x5 þ
ðx2 < 1Þ
ð1 xÞ2 ¼ 1 2x þ 3x2 4x3 þ 5x4 6x5 þ
ðx2 < 1Þ
REVERSION OF SERIES Let a series be represented by y ¼ a1 x þ a2 x2 þ a3 x3 þ a4 x4 þ a5 x5 þ a6 x6 þ to find the coefficients of the series x ¼ A1 y þ A2 y2 þ A3 y3 þ A4 y4 þ 1 a2 1 A2 ¼ 3 A3 ¼ 5 2a22 a1 a3 a1 a1 a1 1 A4 ¼ 7 5a1 a2 a3 a21 a4 5a32 a1 A1 ¼
A-84
ðaj 6¼ 0Þ
ðy2 < x2 Þ
SERIES EXPANSION The expression in parentheses following certain of the series indicates the region of convergence. If not otherwise indicated it is to be understood that the series converges for all finite values of x. BINOMIAL nðn 1Þ n2 2 nðn 1Þðn 2Þ n3 3 x y þ x y þ
ðx þ yÞn ¼ xn þ nxn1 y þ 2! 3! ð1 xÞn ¼ 1 nx þ
nðn 1Þx2 nðn 1Þðn 2Þx3 þ
2! 3!
ðx2 < 1Þ
ð1 xÞn ¼ 1 nx þ
nðn þ 1Þx2 nðn þ 1Þðn þ 2Þx3 þ
2! 3!
ðx2 < 1Þ
ð1 xÞ1 ¼ 1 x þ x2 x3 þ x4 x5 þ
ðx2 < 1Þ
ð1 xÞ2 ¼ 1 2x þ 3x2 4x3 þ 5x4 6x5 þ
ðx2 < 1Þ
REVERSION OF SERIES Let a series be represented by y ¼ a1 x þ a2 x2 þ a3 x3 þ a4 x4 þ a5 x5 þ a6 x6 þ to find the coefficients of the series x ¼ A1 y þ A2 y2 þ A3 y3 þ A4 y4 þ 1 a2 1 A2 ¼ 3 A3 ¼ 5 2a22 a1 a3 a1 a1 a1 1 A4 ¼ 7 5a1 a2 a3 a21 a4 5a32 a1 A1 ¼
ðaj 6¼ 0Þ
ðy2 < x2 Þ
1 2 6a1 a2 a4 þ 3a21 a23 þ 14a42 a31 a5 21a1 a22 a3 a91 1 A6 ¼ 11 7a31 a2 a5 þ 7a31 a3 a4 þ 84a1 a32 a3 a41 a6 28a21 a22 a4 28a21 a2 a33 42a52 a1 1 A7 ¼ 13 8a41 a2 a6 þ 8a41 a3 a5 þ 4a41 a24 þ 120a21 a32 a4 þ 180a21 a22 a23 þ 132a62 a51 a7 a1 36a31 a22 a5 72a31 a2 a3 a4 12a31 a33 330a1 a42 a3 A5 ¼
TAYLOR 2
1: f ðxÞ ¼ f ðaÞ þ ðx aÞf 0 ðaÞ þ
ðx aÞ 00 ðx a)3 000 f ðaÞ f ðaÞ þ 3! 2!
ðx aÞn ðnÞ f ðaÞ þ ðTaylor0 s SeriesÞ n! (Increment form)
þ
þ
h2 00 h3 f ðxÞ þ f 000 ðxÞ þ 2! 3! x2 00 x3 000 0 ¼ f ðhÞ þ xf ðhÞ þ f ðhÞ þ f ðhÞ þ 2! 3! 3. If f (x) is a function possessing derivatives of all orders throughout the interval a % x % b, then there is a value X, with aXb, such that 2: f ðx þ hÞ ¼ f ðxÞ þ hf 0 ðxÞ þ
f ðbÞ ¼ f ðaÞ þ ðb aÞf 0 ðaÞ þ f ða þ hÞ ¼ f ðaÞ þ hf 0 ðaÞ þ
ðb aÞ2 00 ðb aÞn1 ðn1Þ ðb aÞn ðnÞ f ðaÞ þ þ f f ðXÞ ðaÞ þ 2! ðn 1Þ! n!
h2 00 hn1 ðn1Þ hn f ðaÞ þ þ f ðaÞ þ f ðnÞ ða þ hÞ, b ¼ a þ h, 0 < < 1: 2! ðn 1Þ! n!
or f ðxÞ ¼ f ðaÞ þ ðx aÞf 0 ðaÞ þ
ðx aÞ2 00 f ðn1Þ ðaÞ þ Rn , f ðaÞ þ þ ðx aÞn1 ðn 1Þ! 2!
where f ðnÞ ½a þ ðx aÞ ðx aÞn , 0 < < 1: n! The above forms are known as Taylor’s series with the remainder term. 4. Taylor’s series for a function of two variables @ @ @f ðx, yÞ @f ðx, yÞ þk ; If h þ k f ðx, yÞ ¼ h @x @y @x @y @ @ 2 @2 f ðx, yÞ @2 f ðx, yÞ @2 f ðx, yÞ þ k2 h þk f ðx, yÞ ¼ h2 þ 2hk 2 @x @y @x @x@y @y2 n @ @ etc., and if h þ k f ðx, yÞ x¼a y¼b with the bar and subscripts means that after differentiation we are to replace x by @x @y a and y by b, @ @ 1 @ @ n f ðx, yÞ x¼a þ þ h þk f ðx, yÞ x¼a þ f ða þ h, b þ kÞ ¼ f ða, bÞ þ h þ k y¼b y¼b @x @y n! @x @y Rn ¼
MACLAURIN 2
f ðxÞ ¼ f ð0Þ þ xf 0 ð0Þ þ
x 00 x3 f ðn1Þ ð0Þ þ Rn , f ð0Þ þ f 000 ð0Þ þ þ xn1 ðn 1Þ! 2! 3!
where Rn ¼
xn f ðnÞ ðxÞ , n!
0 < < 1:
EXPONENTIAL 1 1 1 1 þ þ þ þ
1! 2! 3! 4! x2 x3 x4 ex ¼ 1 þ x þ þ þ þ 2! 3! 4! e¼1þ
A-85
ðall real values of xÞ
ðx loge aÞ2 ðx loge aÞ3 þ þ
2! 3!
ðx aÞ2 ðx aÞ3 þ þ
ex ¼ ea 1 þ ðx aÞ þ 2! 3! ax ¼ 1 þ x loge a þ
LOGARITHMIC
loge x ¼
x1 1 x1 þ x 2 x
2 þ
1 x1 3 þ
3 x
loge x ¼ ðx 1Þ 12ðx 1Þ2 þ 13ðx 1Þ3 " # x1 1 x1 3 1 x1 5 þ þ þ
loge x ¼ 2 xþ1 3 xþ1 5 xþ1 loge ð1 þ xÞ ¼ x 12x2 þ 13x3 14x4 þ
1 1 1 loge ðn þ 1Þ loge ðn 1Þ ¼ 2 þ 3 þ 5 þ n 3n 5n " # 3 5 x 1 x 1 x þ þ þ
loge ða þ xÞ ¼ loge a þ 2 2a þ x 3 2a þ x 5 2a þ x
1þx x3 x5 x2n1 loge ¼ 2 x þ þ þ
þ þ
1x 3 5 2n 1 2
loge x ¼ loge a þ
ðx > 12Þ ð2 x > 0Þ ðx > 0Þ ð1 < x 1Þ
ða > 0, a < x < þ1Þ 1 < x < 1
3
ðx aÞ ðx aÞ ðx aÞ þ þ
a 2a2 3a3
0 < x % 2a
TRIGONOMETRIC 3
5
7
x x x þ þ ðall real values of xÞ 3! 5! 7! x2 x4 x6 cos x ¼ 1 þ þ ðall real values of xÞ 2! 4! 6! x3 2x5 17x7 62x9 ð1Þn1 22n ð22n 1ÞB2n 2n1 þ þ þ
þ x tan x ¼ x þ þ þ
, 3 15 315 2835 ð2nÞ! h i 2 p2 x < 4 , and Bn represents the nth Bernoulli number. sin x ¼ x
cot x ¼
1 x x3 2x5 x7 ð1Þnþ1 22n
B2n x2n1 , x 3 45 945 4725 ð2nÞ! ½x2 < p2 , and Bn represents the nth Bernoulli number:
sec x ¼ 1 þ
x2 5 61 6 277 8 ð1Þn x þ x þ
þ þ x4 þ E2n x2n þ , 720 8064 2 24 ð2nÞ! h i 2 x2 < p4 , and En represents the nth Euler number.
1 x 7 3 31 127 þ þ x þ x5 þ x7 þ x 6 360 15; 120 604; 800 ð1Þnþ1 2ð22n1 1Þ B2n x2n1 þ , þ ð2nÞ! ½x2 < p2 , and Bn represents nth Bernoulli number.] x2 x2 x2 ðx2 < 1Þ sin x ¼ x 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 p 2 p 3 p 4x2 4x2 4x2 1 2 2 1 2 2
ðx2 < 1Þ l cos x ¼ 1 2 p 3 p 5 p x3 1 3 5 1 3 5 7 p p x þ x þ
x2 < 1, < sin1 x < þ sin1 x ¼ x þ 2 4 6 7 2 2 2 3 2 4 5 p x3 1 3 5 1 3 5x7 1 2 1 x þ cos x ¼ x þ þ þ
ðx < 1, 0 < cos x < pÞ 2 2 3 2 4 5 2 4 6 7 3 5 7 x x x ðx2 < 1Þ tan1 x ¼ x þ þ 3 5 7 p 1 1 1 1 ðx > 1Þ tan1 x ¼ þ 3 5 þ 7 2 x 3x 5x 7x p 1 1 1 1 tan1 x ¼ þ 3 5 þ 7 ðx < 1Þ 2 x 3x 5x 7x 3 5 7 p x x x ðx2 < 1Þ cot1 x ¼ x þ þ 2 3 5 7 csc x ¼
A-86
x2 x4 x6
6 180 2835 x2 x4 x6 17x8 loge cos x ¼
2 12 45 2520 2 4 x 7x 62x6 þ þ
loge tan x ¼ loge x þ þ 3 90 2835 x2 3x4 8x5 3x6 56x7 þ þ
esin x ¼ 1 þ x þ 2! 4! 5! 6! 7! 2 4 6 x 4x 31x ecos x ¼ e 1 þ þ
2! 4! 6! x2 3x3 9x4 37x5 þ þ þ
etan x ¼ 1 þ x þ þ 2! 3! 4! 5! loge sin x ¼ loge x
ðx aÞ2 sin a 2! 3 4 ðx aÞ ðx aÞ cos a þ sin a þ 3! 4!
sin x ¼ sin a þ ðx aÞ cos a
A-87
ðx2 < p2 Þ p2 x2 < 4 2 p x2 < 4
p2 x2 < 4
VECTOR ANALYSIS Definitions Any quantity which is completely determined by its magnitude is called a scalar. Examples of such are mass, density, temperature, etc. Any quantity which is completely determined by its magnitude and direction is called a vector. Examples of such are velocity, acceleration, force, etc. A vector quantity is represented by a directed line segment, the length of which represents the magnitude of the vector. A vector quantity is usually represented by a boldfaced letter such as V. Two vectors V1 and V2 are equal to one another if they have equal magnitudes and are acting in the same directions. A negative vectors written as V, is one which acts in the opposite direction to V, but is of equal magnitude to it. If we represent the magnitude of V by v, we write jVj ¼ v. A vector parallel to V, but equal 1 to the reciprocal of its magnitude is written as V1 or as . V V The unit vector ðv 6¼ 0Þ is that vector which has the same direction as V, but has a magnitude of unity (sometimes v represented as V0 or ^v). Vector Algebra The vector sum of V1 and V2 is represented by V1 þV2 . The vector sum of V1 and V2, or the difference of the vector V2 from V1 is represented by V1 V2 . If r is a scalar, then rV ¼ Vr, and represents a vector r times the magnitude of V, in the same direction as V if r is positive, and in the opposite direction if r is negative. If r and s are scalars, V1, V2, V3, vectors, then the following rules of scalars and vectors hold: V1 þ V2 ¼ V2 þ V1 ðr þ sÞV1 ¼ rV1 þ sV1 ;
rðV1 þ V2 Þ ¼ rV1 þ rV2
V1 þ ðV2 þ V3 Þ ¼ ðV1 þ V2 Þ þ V3 ¼ V1 þ V2 þ V3 Vectors in Space A plane is described by two distinct vectors V1 and V2. Should these vectors not intersect each other, then one is displaced parallel to itself until they do (fig. 1). Any other vector V lying in this plane is given by V ¼ rV1 þ sV2 A position vector specifies the position in space of a point relative to a fixed origin. If therefore V1 and V2 are the position vectors of the points A and B, relative to the origin O, then any point P on the line AB has a position vector V given by V ¼ rV1 þ ð1 rÞV2 The scalar ‘‘r’’ can be taken as the parametric representation of P since r ¼ 0 implies P ¼ B and r ¼ 1 implies P ¼ A (fig. 2). If P divides the line AB in the ratio r : s then r s V¼ V1 þ V2 rþs rþs
B(r = 0)
0>r
1>r>0
V1 A(r = 1)
V2 V1
r>1 V2
o
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
The vectors V1, V2, V3, . . ., Vn are said to be linearly dependent if there exist scalars r1, r2, r3, . . . , rn, not all zero, such that r1 V1 þ r2 V2 þ þ rn Vn ¼ 0 A vector V is linearly dependent upon the set of vectors V1, V2, V3, . . . ,Vn if V ¼ r1 V1 þ r2 V2 þ r3 V3 þ þ rn Vn Three vectors are linearly dependent if and only if they are co-planar. All points in space can be uniquely determined by linear dependence upon three base vectors i.e., three vectors any one of which is linearly independent of the other two. The simplest set of base vectors are the unit vectors along the coordinate Ox, Oy and Oz axes. These are usually designated by i, j and k respectively. If V is a vector in space, and a, b and c are the respective magnitudes of the projections of the vector along the axes then V ¼ ai þ bj þ ck and v¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi a2 þ b2 þ c2
and the direction cosines of V are cos ¼ a=v,
cos ¼ b=v,
cos ¼ c=v:
The law of addition yields V1 þ V2 ¼ ða1 þ a2 Þi þ ðb1 þ b2 Þj þ ðc1 þ c2 Þk The Scalar, Dot, or Inner Product of Two Vectors V1 and V2 This product is represented as V1 V2 and is defined to be equal to v1 v2 cos , where is the angle from V1 to V2, i.e., V1 V2 ¼ v1 v2 cos The following rules apply for this product: V1 V2 ¼ a1 a2 þ b1 b2 þ c1 c2 ¼ V2 V1 It should be noted that this verifies that scalar multiplication is commutative. ðV1 þ V2 Þ V3 ¼ V1 V3 þ V2 V3 V1 ðV2 þ V3 Þ ¼ V1 V2 þ V1 V3 If V1 is perpendicular to V2 then V1 V2 ¼ 0, and if V1 is parallel to V2 then V1 V2 ¼ v1 v2 ¼ rw12 In particular i i ¼ j j ¼ k k ¼ 1, and i j¼j k¼k i¼0 The Vector or Cross Product of Vectors V1 and V2 This product is represented as V1 V2 and is defined to be equal to v1 v2 ðsin Þ1, where is the angle from V1 to V2 and 1 is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of V1 and V2, and so directed that a right-handed screw driven in the direction of 1 would carry V1 into V2, i.e., V1 V2 ¼ v1 v2 ðsin Þ1 and tan ¼
jV1 V2 j V1 V2
The following rules apply for vector products: V1 V2 ¼ V2 V1 V1 ðV2 þ V3 Þ ¼ V1 V2 þ V1 V3 ðV1 þ V2 Þ V3 ¼ V1 V3 þ V2 V3 V1 ðV2 V3 Þ ¼ V2 ðV3 V1 Þ V3 ðV1 V2 Þ i i ¼ j j ¼ k k ¼ 0:1 ðzero vectorÞ ¼0 i j ¼ k,
j k ¼ i,
ki¼j
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If V1 ¼ a1 i þ b1 j þ c1 k, then
V2 ¼ a2 i þ b2 j þ c2 k,
V3 ¼ a3 i þ b3 j þ c3 k,
i j k V1 V2 ¼ a1 b1 c1 ¼ ðb1 c2 b2 c1 Þi þ ðc1 a2 c2 a1 Þj þ ða1 b2 a2 b1 Þk a2 b2 c2 It should be noted that, since V1 V2 ¼ V2 V1 , the vector product is not commutative.
Scalar Triple Product There is only one possible interpretation of the expression V1 V2 V3 and that is V1 ðV2 V3 Þ which is obviously a scalar. Further V1 ðV2 V3 Þ ¼ ðV1 V2 Þ V3 ¼ V2 ðV3 V1 Þ a1 b1 c1 ¼ a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 ¼ r1 r2 r3 cos sin ,
Where is the angle between V2 and V3 and is the angle between V1 and the normal to the plane of V2 and V3. This product is called the scalar triple product and is written as [V1V2V3]. The determinant indicates that it can be considered as the volume of the parallelepiped whose three determining edges are V1, V2 and V3. It also follows that cyclic permutation of the subscripts does not change the value of the scalar triple product so that ½V1 V2 V3 ¼ ½V2 V3 V1 ¼ ½V3 V1 V2 and ½V1 V1 V2 0 etc: but ½V1 V2 V3 ¼ ½V2 V1 V3 etc: Given three non-coplanar reference vectors V1, V2 and V3, the reciprocal system is given by V1 , V2 and V3 , where 1 ¼ v1 v1 ¼ v2 v2 ¼ v3 v3 0 ¼ v1 v2 ¼ v1 v3 ¼ v2 v1 etc: V2 V3 V3 V1 V1 V2 , V2 ¼ , V3 ¼ V1 ¼ ½V1 V2 V3 ½V1 V2 V3 ½V1 V2 V3 The system i, j, k is its own reciprocal. Vector Triple Product The product V1 ðV2 V3 Þ defines the vector triple product. Obviously, in this case, the brackets are vital to the definition. V1 ðV2 V3 Þ ¼ ðV1 V3 ÞV2 ðV1 V2 ÞV3 i j k a1 b1 c1 ¼ b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2 b c c a a b 3
3
i.e. it is a vector, perpendicular to V1, lying in the plane of Similarly i b c 1 1 ðV1 V2 Þ V3 ¼ b2 c2 a3
3
3
3
3
V2, V3. c1 c 2
j
a1 a2
b3
a1 a 2
b1 b2 c3 k
V1 ðV2 V3 Þ þ V2 ðV3 V1 Þ þ V3 ðV1 V2 Þ 0
If V1 ðV2 V3 Þ ¼ ðV1 V2 Þ V3 then V1, V2, V3 form an orthogonal set. Thus i, j, k form an orthogonal set. Geometry of the Plane, Straight Line and Sphere The position vectors of the fixed points A, B, C, D relative to O are V1, V2, V3, V4 and the position vector of the variable point P is V. The vector form of the equation of the straight line through A parallel to V2 is V ¼ V1 þ rV2 or ðV V1 Þ ¼ rV2 or ðV V1 Þ V2 ¼ 0 while that of the plane through A perpendicular to V2 is ðV V1 Þ V2 ¼ 0 The equation of the line AB is V ¼ rV1 þ ð1 rÞV2
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and those of the bisectors of the angles between V1 and V2 are V1 V2 V¼r v1 v2 or V ¼ rð^v1 ^v2 Þ The perpendicular from C to the line through A parallel to V2 has as its equation V ¼ V1 V3 ^v2 ðV1 V3 Þ^v2 : The condition for the intersection of the two lines, V ¼ V1 þ rV3 and V ¼ V2 þ sV4 is ½ðV1 V2 ÞV3 V4 ¼ 0: The common perpendicular to the above two lines is the line of intersection of the two planes ½ðV V1 ÞV3 ðV3 V4 Þ ¼ 0 and ½ðV V2 ÞV4 ðV3 V4 Þ ¼ 0 and the length of this perpendicular is ½ðV1 V2 ÞV3 V4 : jV3 V4 j The equation of the line perpendicular to the plane ABC is V ¼ V1 V2 þ V2 V3 þ V3 V1 and the distance of the plane from the origin is ½V1 V2 V3 : jðV2 V1 Þ ðV3 V1 Þj In general the vector equation V V2 ¼ r defines the plane which is perpendicular to V2, and the perpendicular distance from A to this plane is r V1 V2 v2 The distance from A, measured along a line parallel to V3, is r V1 V2 r V1 V2 or V2 ^v3 v2 cos where is the angle between V2 and V3. (If this plane contains the point C then r ¼ V3 V2 and if it passes through the origin then r ¼ 0.) Given two planes V V1 ¼ r V V2 ¼ s then any plane through the line of intersection of these two planes is given by V ðV1 þ V2 Þ ¼ r þ s where is a scalar parameter. In particular ¼ v1 =v2 yields the equation of the two planes bisecting the angle between the given planes. The plane through A parallel to the plane of V2, V3 is V ¼ V1 þ rV2 þ sV3 or ðV V1 Þ V2 V3 ¼ 0 or ½VV2 V3 ½V1 V2 V3 ¼ 0 so that the expansion in rectangular Cartesian coordinates yields ðx a1 Þ ðy b1 Þ ðz c1 Þ ¼ 0 a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 ðV xi þ yj þ zkÞ which is obviously the usual linear equation in x, y and z. The plane through AB parallel to V3 is given by ½ðV V1 ÞðV1 V2 ÞV3 ¼ 0 or ½VV2 V3 ½VV1 V3 ½V1 V2 V3 ¼ 0 The plane through the three points A, B and C is V ¼ V1 þ sðV2 V1 Þ þ tðV3 V1 Þ
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or
V ¼ rV1 þ sV2 þ tV3
or
½ðV V1 ÞðV1 V2 ÞðV2 V3 Þ ¼ 0
ðr þ s þ t 1Þ
or
½VV1 V2 þ ½VV2 V3 þ ½VV3 V1 ½V1 V2 V3 ¼ 0
For four points A, B, C, D to be coplanar, then rV1 þ sV2 þ tV3 þ uV4 0 r þ s þ t þ u The following formulae relate to a sphere when the vectors are taken to lie in three dimensional space and to a circle when the space is two dimensional. For a circle in three dimensions take the intersection of the sphere with a plane. The equation of a sphere with center O and radius OA is V V ¼ v21 ðnot V ¼ V1 Þ ðV V1 Þ ðV þ V1 Þ ¼ 0
or while that of a sphere with center B radius v1 is
ðV V2 Þ ðV V2 Þ ¼ v21 V ðV 2V2 Þ ¼ v21 v22
or
If the above sphere passes through the origin then V ðV 2V2 Þ ¼ 0 (note that in two dimensional polar coordinates this is simply) r ¼ 2a cos while in three dimensional Cartesian coordinates it is x2 þ y2 þ z2 2 ða2 x þ b2 y þ c2 xÞ ¼ 0: The equation of a sphere having the points A and B as the extremities of a diameter is ðV V1 Þ ðV V2 Þ ¼ 0: The square of the length of the tangent from C to the sphere with center B and radius v1 is given by ðV3 V2 Þ ðV3 V2 Þ ¼ v21 The condition that the plane V V3 ¼ s is tangential to the sphere ðV V2 Þ ðV V2 Þ ¼ v21 is ðs V3 V2 Þ ðs V3 V2 Þ ¼ v21 v23 : The equation of the tangent plane at D, on the surface of sphere ðV V2 Þ ðV V2 Þ ¼ v21 , is ðV V4 Þ ðV4 V2 Þ ¼ 0 or
V V4 V2 ðV þ V4 Þ ¼ v21 v22
The condition that the two circles ðV V2 Þ ðV V2 Þ ¼ v21 and ðV V4 Þ ðV V4 Þ ¼ v23 intersect orthogonally is clearly ðV2 V4 Þ ðV2 V4 Þ ¼ v21 þ v23 The polar plane of D with respect to the circle ðV V2 Þ ðV V2 Þ ¼ v21
is
V V4 V2 ðV þ V4 Þ ¼ v21 v22 Any sphere through the intersection of the two spheres ðV V2 Þ ðV V2 Þ ¼ v21 and ðV V4 Þ ðV V4 Þ ¼ v23 is given by ðV V2 Þ ðV V2 Þ þ ðV V4 Þ ðV V4 Þ ¼ v21 þ v23 while the radical plane of two such spheres is V ðV2 V4 Þ ¼ 12ðv21 v22 v23 þ v24 Þ
Differentiation of Vectors If V1 ¼ a1 i þ b1 j þ c1 k, and V2 ¼ a2 i þ b2 j þ c2 k, and if V1 and V2 are functions of the scalar t, then d dV1 dV2 ðV1 þ V2 þ Þ ¼ þ þ
, dt dt dt dV1 da1 db1 dc1 ¼ iþ jþ k, etc: where dt dt dt dt d dV1 dV2 ðV1 V2 Þ ¼
V2 þ V1 dt dt dt d dV1 dV2 ðV1 V2 Þ ¼ V2 þ V1 dt dt dt dV dv ¼v V dt dt
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In particular, if V is a vector of constant length then the right hand side of the last equation is identically zero showing that V is perpendicular to its derivative.
The derivatives of the triple products are
and
d dV1 dV2 dV3 ½V1 V2 V3 ¼ V2 V3 þ V1 V3 þ V1 V2 dt dt dt dt d dV1 dV2 dV3 fV1 ðV2 V3 Þg ¼ ðV2 V3 Þ þ V1 V3 þ V1 V2 dt dt dt dt
Geometry of Curves in Space s ¼ the length of arc, measured from some fixed point on the curve (fig. 3). V1 ¼ the position vector of the point A on the curve V1 þ V1 ¼ the position vector of the point P in the neighborhood of A ^t ¼ the unit tangent to the curve at the point A, measured in the direction of s increasing. The normal plane is that plane which is perpendicular to the unit tangent. The principal normal is defined as the intersection of the normal plane with the plane defined by V1 and V1 þ V1 in the limit as V1 0. ^n ¼ the unit normal (principal) at the point A. The plane defined by ^t and ^ n is called the osculating plane (alternatively plane of curvature or local plane). ¼ the radius of curvature at A. ¼ the angle subtended at the origin by V1. ¼
d 1 ¼ ds
^b ¼ the unit binormal i.e. the unit vector which is parallel to ^t ^ n at the point A:
¼ the torsion of the curve at A
A
b t n
P
s increasing
ρ
s=0 V1
V1 + δV1
δθ
o
Figure 3. Frenet’s Formulae: d^t ¼ ^n ds d^n ¼ ^t þ ^b ds d ^b ¼ ^n ds
The following formulae are also applicable: ^t ¼ dV1 ds
Unit tangent
ðV V1 Þ ^t ¼ 0
Equation of the tangent or
V ¼ V1 þ q^t ^n ¼
Unit normal
1d 2 V1 ds2
ðV V1 Þ ^t ¼ 0
Equation of the normal plane Equation of the normal
ðV V1 Þ ^ n¼0 or
V ¼ V1 þ r^ n ^b ¼ ^t ^ n
Unit binormal
ðV V1 Þ ^ b¼0
Equation of the binormal or
V ¼ V 1 þ u^ b
or
V ¼ V1 þ w
Equation of the osculating plane:
dV1 d 2 V1 ds ds2
½ðV V1 Þ^t^ n ¼ 0
dV1 d 2 V1 ¼0 or ðV V1 Þ 2 ds ds
A geodetic line on a surface is a curve, the osculating plane of which is everywhere normal to the surface.
A-92
The differential equation of the geodetic is ½^ndV1 d 2 V1 ¼ 0 Differential Operators—Rectangular Coordinates dS ¼
@S @S @S
dx þ
dy þ
dz @x @y @z
By definition @ @ @ þj þk @x @y @z @2 @2 @2 r2 Laplacian 2 þ 2 þ 2 @x @y @z r del i
If S is a scalar function, then @S @S @S iþ jþ k dx dy dz Grad S defines both the direction and magnitude of the maximum rate of increase of S at any point. Hence the name gradient and also its vectorial nature. rS is independent of the choice of rectangular coordinates. rS grad S
S
S+d
S + dS
V +d
n
V
S S
V
o Figure 4. @S ^n @n where ^n is the unit normal to the surface S ¼ constant, in the direction of S increasing. The total derivative of S at a point having the position vector V is given by (fig. 4) @S ^n dV dS ¼ @n ¼ dV rS and the directional derivative of S in the direction of U is U rS ¼ U ðrSÞ ¼ ðU rÞS Similarly the directional derivative of the vector V in the direction of U is ðU rÞV The distributive law holds for finding a gradient. Thus if S and T are scalar functions rðS þ TÞ ¼ rS þ rT The associative law becomes the rule for differentiating a product: rðSTÞ ¼ SrT þ TrS If V is a vector function with the magnitudes of the components parallel to the three coordinate axes Vx, Vy, Vz, then @Vx @Vy @Vz þ þ r V div V @x @y @z The divergence obeys the distributive law. Thus, if V and U are vector functions, then r ðV þ UÞ ¼ r V þ r U rS ¼
r ðSVÞ ¼ ðrSÞ V þ Sðr VÞ r ðU VÞ ¼ V ðr UÞ U ðr VÞ As with the gradient of a scalar, the divergence of a vector is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. r V curl V ðsometimes r V or rot VÞ @Vy @Vx @Vx @Vy @Vx @Vz iþ jþ k @y @z @z @x @x @y i j k @ @ @ ¼ @x @y @z V V V x
y
z
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The curl (or rotation) of a vector is a vector which is invariant under a transformation from one set of rectangular coordinates to another. r ðU þ VÞ ¼ r U þ r V r ðSVÞ ¼ ðrSÞ V þ Sðr VÞ r ðU VÞ ¼ ðV rÞU ðU rÞV þ Uðr VÞ Vðr UÞ grad ðU VÞ ¼ rðU VÞ ¼ ðV rÞU þ ðU rÞV þ V ðr UÞ þ U ðr VÞ If
V ¼ V x i þ Vy j þ Vz k r V ¼ rVx i þ rVy j þ rVz k and r V ¼ rVx i þ rVy j þ rVz k
The operator r can be used more than once. The number of possibilities where r is used twice are r ðrÞ div grad r ðrÞ curl grad rðr VÞ grad div V r ðr VÞ div curl V r ðr VÞ curl curl V Thus:
div grad S r ðr SÞ Laplacian S r2 S
@2 S @2 S @2 S þ þ @x2 @y2 @z2
curl grad S 0; curl curl V grad div V r2 V; div curl V 0 Taylor’s expansion in three dimensions can be written where and
f ðV þ "Þ ¼ e" r f ðVÞ V ¼ xi þ yj þ zk " ¼ hi þ lj þ mk
(note the analogy with fp ¼ ephDf0 in finite difference methods). Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates If at a point P there exist three uniform point functions u, v and w so that the surfaces u ¼ const., v ¼ const., and w ¼ const., intersect in three distinct curves through P then the surfaces are called the coordinate surfaces through P. The three lines of intersection are referred to as the coordinate lines and their tangents a, b, and c as the coordinate axes. When the coordinate axes form an orthogonal set the system is said to define orthogonal curvilinear coordinates at P. Consider an infinitesimal volume enclosed by the surfaces u, v, w, u þ du, v þ dv, and w þ dw (fig. 5). w
S
h3dw
P
h2 dv
u h 1d
R v
Q u Figure 5.
The surface PRS u ¼ const., and the face of the curvilinear figure immediately opposite this is u þ du ¼ const. etc. In terms of these surface constants P ¼ Pðu, v, wÞ Q ¼ Qðu þ du, v, wÞ
and PQ ¼ h1 du
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R ¼ Rðu, v þ dv, wÞ S ¼ Sðu, v, w þ dwÞ
PR ¼ h2 dv PS ¼ h3 dw
where h1, h2, and h3 are functions of u, v, and w. In rectangular Cartesians i, j, k h1 ¼ 1,
h2 ¼ 1, ^b @ @ ¼j , @y h2 @v
^a @ @ ¼i , @x h1 @u ^ , k^ In cylindrical coordinates ^r, f h1 ¼ 1, ^a @ @ ¼ ^r , @r h1 @u
h3 ¼ 1: ^c @ ^ @ ¼k @z h3 @w h3 ¼ 1:
h2 ¼ r, ^ @ b^ @ f ¼ , h2 @v r @
^c @ ^ @ ¼k @z h3 @w
^ In spherical coordinates ^r,^u, f h1 ¼ 1,
h3 ¼ r sin
h2 ¼ r, ^ @ b @ f ¼ , h2 @v r @
^a @ @ ¼ ^r , @r h1 @u
^ @ ^c @ f ¼ h3 @w r sin @
The general expressions for grad, div and curl together with those for r2 and the directional derivative are, in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, given by ^a @S ^b @S ^c @S þ þ h1 @u h2 @v h3 @w V1 @S V2 @S V3 @S þ þ ðV rÞS ¼ h1 @u h2 @v h3 @w , 1 @ @ @ ðh2 h3 V1 Þ þ ðh3 h1 V2 Þ þ ðh1 h2 V3 Þ r V¼ h1 h2 h3 @u @v @w , , ^a b^ @ @ @ @ ðh3 V3 Þ ðh2 V2 Þ þ ðh1 V1 Þ ðh3 V3 Þ rV¼ h3 h1 @w @w @u h2 h3 @v , ^c @ @ þ ðh2 V2 Þ ðh1 V1 Þ @v h1 h2 @u , 1 @ h2 h3 @S @ h3 h1 @S @ h1 h2 @S 2 þ þ r S¼ h1 h2 h3 @u h1 @u @v h2 @v @w h3 @w rS ¼
FORMULAS OF VECTOR ANALYSIS Rectangular coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates
Conversion to rectangular coordinates
x ¼ r cos ’ @ @ @ iþ jþ k @x @y @z
Gradient .......
J ¼
Divergence....
J A¼
Curl ..............
@Ax @Ay @Az þ þ @x @y @z
i @ JA¼ @x A
x
j @ @y Ay
k @ @z A z
J ¼
y ¼ r sin ’ z ¼ z
@ 1 @ @ rþ fþ k @r r @’ @z
J A¼
1 @ðrAr Þ 1 @A’ þ r @r r @’ @Az þ @z
1 r r JA¼ @ @r A r
Laplacian......
2
r2 ¼
2
2
@ @ @ þ þ @x2 @y2 @z2
f @ @’ rA’
1 k r @ @z A z
1@ @ 1 @2 r þ 2 2 r2 ¼ r @r @r r @’ þ
@2 @z2
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Spherical coordinates
x ¼ r cos ’ sin y ¼ r sin ’ sin z ¼ r cos @ 1 @ 1 @ rþ uþ f @r r @ r sin @’
J ¼
J A¼
1 @ðr2 Ar Þ 1 @ðA sin Þ þ r sin @ r2 @r 1 @A’ þ r sin @’
r 2 r sin JA¼ @ @r A r
r2 ¼
rA
rA’ sin f r @ @’
1 @ 2 @ 1 @ @ r þ sin @r @ r2 @r r2 sin @ þ
r2
u r sin @ @
1 @2 2 @’2 sin
Transformation of Integrals s ¼ the distance along some curve ‘‘C’’ in space and is measured from some fixed point. S ¼ a surface area V ¼ a volume contained by a specified surface ^t ¼ the unit tangent to C at the point P ^n ¼ the unit outward pointing normal F ¼ some vector function ds ¼ the vector element of curve (¼ ^t ds) dS ¼ the vector element of surface (¼ ^ n dS) Z
F ^t ds ¼
Then
Z
ðcÞ
and when
F ds ðcÞ
F ¼ r Z
ðrÞ ^t ds ¼
Z
ðcÞ
Gauss’ Theorem (Green’s Theorem) When S defines a closed region having a volume V ZZZ
also and
ZZ
ZZ ðF ^nÞ dS ¼
ðr FÞ dV ¼
ZZZ
ZZ
ðvÞ
d ðcÞ
ðsÞ
ðrÞ dV ¼ ^ n dS Z Z Z ðvÞ ZðsÞZ ðr FÞ dV ¼ ð^ n FÞ dS ðvÞ
ðsÞ
Stokes’ Theorem When C is closed and bounds the open surface S. ZZ
Z
^n ðr FÞ dS ¼ ðsÞ
Z
ZZ also
ð^n rÞ dS ¼ ðsÞ
Green’s Theorem
F dS ðsÞ
F ds ðcÞ
ds ðcÞ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZZ
ðsÞ
ðr2 Þ dV
^n ðrÞ dS ¼
ðr rÞ dS ¼ ZZ
ðsÞ
ZZZ
ðvÞ
ðr2 Þ dV
^nðrÞ dS ¼
¼ ðsÞ
ðvÞ
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t ^n
^n
MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR VARIOUS BODIES OF MASS The mass of the body is indicated by m Body
Axis
Moment of inertia
Normal to the length, at one l2 m end 3 Uniform thin rod Normal to the length, at the l2 m center 12 The rectangular sheet, sides Through the center parallel a2 m a and b to b 12 Uniform thin rod
Thin rectangular sheet, sides Through the center perpena2 þ b2 m a and b dicular to the sheet 12 Thin circular sheet of radius Normal to the plate through r2 m r the center 2 Thin circular sheet of radius Along any diameter r2 m r 4 Thin circular ring. Radii r1 Through center normal to r 2 þ r2 2 m 1 and r2 plane of ring 2 Thin circular ring. Radii r1 Any diameter and r2
m
r1 2 þ r2 2 4
Rectangular parallelopiped, Through center perpendicua2 þ b2 edges a, b, and c lar to face ab, (parallel to m 12 edge c) Sphere, radius r
Any diameter
Spherical shell, external Any diameter radius, r1, internal radius r2
2 m r2 5 m
2 ðr1 5 r2 5 Þ 5 ðr1 3 r2 3 Þ
Body
Axis
Spherical shell, very thin, Any diameter mean radius, r
Moment of inertia
2 m r2 3
Right circular cylinder of The longitudinal axis of r2 m radius r, length l the solid 2 ! Right circular cylinder of Transverse diameter r2 l 2 þ m radius r, length l 4 12 Hollow circular cylinder, The longitudinal axis of ðr 2 þ r2 2 Þ m 1 the figure length l, radii r1 and r2 2 Thin cylindrical shell, length The longitudinal axis of mr2 l, mean radius, r the figure " # Hollow circular cylinder, Transverse diameter r 2 þ r2 2 l 2 þ m 1 length l, radii r1 and r2 4 12 ! Hollow circular cylinder, Transverse diameter r2 l 2 þ m length l, very thin, mean 2 12 radius ! Elliptic cylinder, length l, Longitudinal axis a2 þ b2 m transverse semiaxes a and b 4 Right cone, altitude h, radius Axis of the figure of base r
m
3 2 r 10
Spheroid of revolution, Polar axis equatorial radius r
m
2r2 5
m
ðb2 þ c2 Þ 5
Ellipsoid, axes 2a, 2b, 2c
A-96
Axis 2a
Bessel Functions* 1. Bessel’s differential equation for a real variable x is d2y dy x2 2 þ x þ ðx2 n2 Þy ¼ 0 dx dx * From Beyer, W. H., Ed., CRC Handbook of Mathematical Sciences, 5th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1978, 500–503. With permission.
2. When n is not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are Jn(x), Jn(x), where Jn ðxÞ ¼
xnþ2k ð1Þk k!ðn þ k þ 1Þ 2 k¼0
1 X
3. If n is an integer Jn ðxÞ ¼ ð1Þn Jn ðxÞ, where Jn ðxÞ ¼
, xn x2 x4 x6 1 þ þ þ
2n n! 22 1!ðn þ 1Þ 24 2!ðn þ 1Þ ðn þ 2Þ 26 3!ðn þ 1Þ ðn þ 2Þ ðn þ 3Þ
4. For n ¼ 0 and n ¼ 1, this formula becomes x2 x4 x6 x8 þ þ
22 ð1!Þ2 24 ð2!Þ2 26 ð3!Þ2 28 ð4!Þ2 3 5 7 9 x x x x x þ þ
J1 ðxÞ ¼ 3 2 2 1!2! 25 2!3! 27 3!4! 29 4!5!
J0 ðxÞ ¼ 1
5. When x is large and positive, the following asymptotic series may be used
1 2 2n p po Q0 ðxÞ sin x P0 ðxÞ cos x px 4 4 1 , 2 2 3p 3p Q1 ðxÞ sin x J1 ðxÞ ¼ P1 ðxÞ cos x px 4 4
J0 ðxÞ ¼
where 12 32 12 32 52 72 12 32 52 72 92 112 þ þ
2!ð8xÞ2 4!ð8xÞ4 6!ð8xÞ6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 5 1 3 5 7 9 þ Q0 ðxÞ þ
1!8x 5!ð8xÞ5 3!ð8xÞ3 12 3 5 12 32 52 7 9 12 32 52 72 92 11 13 P1 ðxÞ 1 þ þ þ
2!ð8xÞ2 4!ð8xÞ4 6!ð8xÞ6 1 3 12 32 5 7 12 32 52 72 9 11 Q1 ðxÞ þ
1!8x 5!ð8xÞ5 3!ð8xÞ3 P0 ðxÞ 1
[In P1(x) the signs alternate from þ to after the first term] 6. If x > 25, it is convenient to use the formulas J0 ðxÞ ¼ A0 ðxÞ sin x þ B0 ðxÞ cos x J1 ðxÞ ¼ B1 ðxÞ sin x A1 ðxÞ cos x where A0 ðxÞ ¼ B0 ðxÞ ¼
P0 ðxÞ Q0 ðxÞ 1
and A1 ðxÞ ¼
1
and B1 ðxÞ ¼
ðpxÞ2 P0 ðxÞ þ Q0 ðxÞ ðpxÞ2
P1 ðxÞ Q1 ðxÞ 1
ðpxÞ2 P1 ðxÞ þ Q1 ðxÞ 1
ðpxÞ2
7. The zeros of J0(x) and J1(x) If j0s and j1s are the sth zeros of J0(x) and J1(x) respectively, and if a ¼ 4s 1, b ¼ 4s þ 1 , 1 2 62 15,116 12,554,474 8,368,654,292 þ þ
j0, s pa 1 þ 2 2 4 4 þ 4 p a 3p a 15p6 a6 105p8 a8 315p10 a10 , 1 6 6 4716 3,902,418 895,167,324 j1, s pb 1 2 2 þ 4 4 6 6 þ þ
8 8 10 10 4 p b p b 5p b 35p b 35p b 3 sþ1 2 , ð1Þ 2 56 9664 7,381,280 J1 ð j0, s Þ 1 þ þ
1 3p4 a4 5p6 a6 21p8 a8 pa2 3, ð1Þs 22 24 19,584 2,466,720 1þ 4 4 þ
J0 ð j1, s Þ 1 6 6 8 8 p b 10p b 7p b pb2
A-97
8. Table of zeros for J0(x) and J1(x) J1 ðn Þ ¼ 0 Roots n
J0 ð n Þ ¼ 0 Roots n
J1 ðn Þ
J0 ð n Þ
2.4048
0.5191
0.0000
1.0000
5.5201
0.3403
3.8317
0.4028
8.6537
0.2715
7.0156
0.3001
11.7915
0.2325
10.1735
0.2497
14.9309
0.2065
13.3237
0.2184
18.0711
0.1877
16.4706
0.1965
21.2116
0.1733
19.6159
0.1801
9. Recurrence formulas 2n Jn ðxÞ x Jn1 ðxÞ Jnþ1 ðxÞ ¼ 2Jn0 ðxÞ
nJn ðxÞ þ xJn0 ðxÞ ¼ xJn1 ðxÞ
Jn1 ðxÞ þ Jnþ1 ðxÞ ¼
10. If Jn is written for Jn(x) and important
JnðkÞ
nJn ðxÞ xJn0 ðxÞ ¼ xJnþ1 ðxÞ dk is written for k fJn ðxÞg, then the following derivative relationships are dx
J0ðrÞ ¼ J1ðr1Þ 1 1 J0ð2Þ ¼ J0 þ J1 ¼ ðJ2 J0 Þ x 2 1 2 1 ð3Þ J0 ¼ J0 þ 1 2 J1 ¼ ðJ3 þ 3J1 Þ x x 4 3 2 6 1 ð4Þ 3 J1 ¼ ðJ4 4J2 þ 3J0 Þ, etc: J0 ¼ 1 2 J0 x x x 8 11. Half order Bessel functions
rffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 sin x px 2 rffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 cos x J1 ðxÞ ¼ px 2 1 1 d J 3 ðxÞ ¼ xnþ2 fx nþ2 J 1 ðxÞg nþ2 nþ2 dx 1 1 nþ2 d nþ2 fx Jnþ1 ðxÞg Jn1 ðxÞ ¼ x dx 2 2 px1 px1 2 2 Jnþ1 ðxÞ Jnþ1 ðxÞ 2 2 2 2 sin x cos x cos x sin x sin x cos x x x 3 3 3 3 1 sin x cos x 1 cos x þ sin x x x x2 x2 15 6 15 15 6 15 sin x 2 1 cos x 3 cos x 2 1 sin x 3 x x x x x x etc: J1 ðxÞ ¼
n 0 1 2 3
12. Additional solutions to Bessel’s equation are Yn ðxÞ ðalso called Weber’s function, and sometimes denoted by Nn ðxÞÞ Hnð1Þ ðxÞ
and Hnð2Þ ðxÞ ðalso called Hankel functions)
These solutions are defined as follows 8 Jn ðxÞ cos ðnpÞ Jn ðxÞ > > n not an integer > < sin ðnpÞ Yn ðxÞ ¼ > > > limv!n Jv ðxÞ cos ðvpÞ Jv ðxÞ n an integer : sin ðvpÞ
A-98
Hnð1Þ ðxÞ ¼ Jn ðxÞ þ iYn ðxÞ Hnð2Þ ðxÞ ¼ Jn ðxÞ iYn ðxÞ
The additional properties of these functions may all be derived from the above relations and the known properties of Jn(x). 13. Complete solutions to Bessel’s equation may be written as or or
if n is not an integer 9 c1 Jn ðxÞ þ c2 Yn ðxÞ = for any value of n c H ð1Þ x þ c H ð2Þ ðxÞ ;
c1 Jn ðxÞ þ c2 Jn ðxÞ
1
n
2
n
14. The modified (or hyperbolic) Bessel’s differential equation is d2y dy þ x ðx2 þ n2 Þy ¼ 0 dx2 dx 15. When n is not an integer, two independent solutions of the equation are In(x) and In(x), where 1 xnþ2k X 1 In ðxÞ ¼ k!ðn þ k þ 1Þ 2 k¼0 x2
16. If n is an integer, In ðxÞ ¼ In ðxÞ ¼
, xn x2 x4 1þ 2 þ n 2 n! 2 1!ðn þ 1Þ 24 2!ðn þ 1Þðn þ 2Þ x6 þ
þ 6 2 3!ðn þ 1Þ ðn þ 2Þ ðn þ 3Þ
17. For N ¼ 0 and n ¼ 1, this formula becomes x2 x4 x6 x8 þ þ þ þ
2 2 2 22 ð1!Þ 24 ð2!Þ 26 ð3!Þ 28 ð4!Þ2 x x3 x5 x7 x9 þ 5 þ 7 þ 9 þ
I1 ðxÞ ¼ þ 3 2 2 1!2! 2 2!3! 2 3!4! 2 4!5! 18. Another solution to the modified Bessel’s equation is 8 1 In ðxÞ In ðxÞ > > n not an integer > p < 2 sin ðnpÞ Kn ðxÞ ¼ > 1 Iv ðxÞ Iv ðxÞ > > n an integer : lim p v!n 2 sin ðvpÞ I0 ðxÞ ¼ 1 þ
This function is linearly independent of In(x) for all values of n. Thus the complete solution to the modified Bessel’s equation may be written as c1 In ðxÞ þ c2 In ðxÞ
n not an integer
c1 In ðxÞ þ c2 Kn ðxÞ
any n
or 19. The following relations hold among the various Bessel functions: In ðzÞ ¼ im Jm ðizÞ 2 Yn ðizÞ ¼ ðiÞnþ1 In ðzÞ in Kn ðzÞ p Most of the properties of the modified Bessel function may be deduced from the known properties of Jn(x) by use of these relations and those previously given. 20. Recurrence formulas In1 ðxÞ Inþ1 ðxÞ ¼
2n In ðxÞ x
n In1 ðxÞ In ðxÞ ¼ In0 ðxÞ x
A-99
In1 ðxÞ þ Inþ1 ðxÞ ¼ 2In0 ðxÞ n In0 ðxÞ ¼ Inþ1 ðxÞ þ In ðzÞ x
Z Definition: ðnÞ ¼
The Gamma Function*
1
t
n1 t
n>0
e dt
0
Recursion Formula:
ðn þ 1Þ ¼ nðnÞ ðn þ 1Þ ¼ n!; if n ¼ 0, 1, 2, . . . where 0! ¼ 1 For n < 0 the gamma function can be defined by using ðn þ 1Þ ðnÞ ¼ n
* From Beyer, W. H., Ed., CRC Handbook of Mathematical Sciences, 5th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1978, 484–485. With permission. ðnÞ ¼
ðn þ 1Þ n
Graph:
5 Γ(n) 4 3 2 1 −5 −4
−3 −2 −1
ð12Þ ¼
Special Values:
1 2 3 4 5 −1 −2 −3 −4 −5 pffiffiffi p
1 3 5 ð2m 1Þ pffiffiffi p 2m m m pffiffiffi ð1Þ 2 p ðm þ 12Þ ¼ 1 3 5 ð2m 1Þ ðm þ 12Þ ¼
n
m ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . . m ¼ 1, 2, 3, . . .
Definition: 1 2 3
k kx þ 1Þ ðx þ 2Þ ðx þ kÞ 1 n Y 1 x x=m o ¼ xex e 1þ ðxÞ m m¼1
ðx þ 1Þ ¼ lim
k!1 ðx
This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where is Euler’s constant. Properties: Z
1
ex ln x dx ¼ 0 ðxÞ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ¼ þ þ þ
þ þ
ðxÞ 1 x 2 xþ1 n xþn1 , pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 1 139 þ þ
ðx þ 1Þ ¼ 2px xx ex 1 þ 12x 288x2 51, 840x3 0 ð1Þ ¼
0
This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series. If we let x ¼ n a positive integer, then a useful approximation for n! where n is large (e.g., n > 10) is given by Stirling’s formula pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi n! 2pn nn en
A-100
The Gamma Function* Z 1
ex xn1 dx; ðn þ 1Þ ¼ nðnÞ
Values of ðnÞ ¼ 0
n
(n)
n
(n)
n
(n)
n
(n)
1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24
1.00000 .99433 .98884 .98355 .97844 .97350 .96874 .96415 .95973 .95546 .95135 .94740 .94359 .93993 .93642 .93304 .92980 .92670 .92373 .92089 .91817 .91558 .91311 .91075 .90852
1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49
0.90640 .90440 .90250 .90072 .89904 .89747 .89600 .89464 .89338 .89222 .89115 .89018 .88931 .88854 .88785 .88726 .88676 .88636 .88604 .88581 .88566 .88560 .88563 .88575 .88595
1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74
.88623 .88659 .88704 .88757 .88818 .88887 .88964 .89049 .89142 .89243 .89352 .89468 .89592 .89724 .89864 .90012 .90167 .90330 .90500 .90678 .90864 .91057 .91258 .91466 .91683
1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00
.91906 .92137 .92376 .92623 .92877 .93138 .93408 .93685 .93969 .94261 .94561 .94869 .95184 .95507 .95838 .96177 .96523 .96877 .97240 .97610 .97988 .98374 .98768 .99171 .99581 1.00000
* For large positive values of x, (x) approximates Stirling’s asymptotic series
xx ex
rffiffiffiffiffiffi
2p 1 1 139 571 1þ þ þ
x 12x 288x2 51840x3 2488320x4
Z Definition: Bðm, nÞ ¼
The Beta Function*
1
t
m1
ð1 tÞ
m1
dt
m > 0, n > 0
0
Relationship with Gamma Function: Bðm, nÞ ¼ Properties:
ðmÞðnÞ ðm þ nÞ Bðm, nÞ ¼ Bðn, mÞ Z p=2 Bðm, nÞ ¼ 2 sin2m1 cos2n1 d 0 Z1 tm1 Bðm, nÞ ¼ dt ð1 þ tÞmþn 0 Z 1 m1 t ð1 tÞn1 Bðm, nÞ ¼ rn ðr þ 1Þm dt ðr þ tÞmþn 0
The Error Function Z 2 x t2 Definition: erf(x) ¼ pffiffiffi e dt p 0 3 2 x 1 x5 1 x7 þ
Series: erf(x) ¼ pffiffiffi x þ 3 2! 5 3! 7 p Property: erf(x) ¼ erf ðxÞ
1 x f ðtÞ dt ¼ erf pffiffiffi 2 2 0 pffiffiffi x To evaluate erf (2.3), one proceeds as follows: Since pffiffiffi ¼ 2:3, one finds x ¼ ð2:3Þ ð 2Þ ¼ 3:25. In the normal 2 probability function table (page A-104), one finds the entry 0.4994 opposite the value 3.25. Thus erf (2.3) ¼ 2(0.4994) ¼ 0.9988. Z 2 1 t2 erfc (z) ¼ 1 erf(z) ¼pffiffiffi e dt p z
Relationship with Normal Probability Function f(t):
is known as the complementary error function.
Z
x
Orthogonal Polynomials* I Name: Legendre Symbol: Pn(x) Interval: [ 1, 1] Differential Equation: ð1 x2 Þy00 2 xy0 þ nðn þ 1Þy ¼ 0 y ¼ Pn ðxÞ Explicit Expression: Pn ðxÞ ¼
½n=2 1X n 2n 2m n2m x ð1Þm n m n 2 m¼0
Recurrence Relation: ðn þ 1ÞPnþ1 ðxÞ ¼ ð2n þ 1ÞxPn ðxÞ nPn1 ðxÞ Weight: 1 Standardization: Pn(1) ¼ 1 Z þ1 2 ½Pn ðxÞ 2 dx ¼ Norm: 2n þ1 1 ð1Þn d n Rodrigues’ Formula: Pn ðxÞ ¼ n fð1 x2 Þn g 2 n! dxn R1 ¼
Generating Function:
1 X
Pn ðxÞzn ; 1 < x < 1,
jzj < 1,
n¼0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi R ¼ 1 2xz þ z2 Inequality: jPn ðxÞj 1, 1 x 1: II Name: Tschebysheff, First Kind Symbol: Tn(x) Differential Equation:
2
0
Interval: [ 1, 1]
2
ð1 x Þy xy þ n y ¼ 0 y ¼ Tn ðxÞ
nX ðn m 1Þ! ð2xÞn2m ¼ cos ðn arc cos xÞ ¼ Tn ðxÞ ð1Þm 2 m¼0 m!ðn 2mÞ! ½n=2
Explicit Expression:
Recurrence Relation: Tnþ1 ðxÞ ¼ 2xTn ðxÞ Tn1 ðxÞ Weight: ð1 x2 Þ1=2 Standardization: Tn ð1Þ ¼ 1 , Z þ1 p=2, n 6¼ 0 ð1 x2 Þ1=2 ½Tn ðxÞ 2 dx ¼ Norm: p, n¼0 1 pffiffiffi n n 2 1=2 p d ð1Þ ð1 x Þ fð1 x2 Þnð1=2Þ g ¼ Tn ðxÞ Rodrigues’ Formula: dxn 2nþ1 ðn þ 12Þ 1 X 1 xz ¼ Tn ðxÞ zn , 1 < x < 1, jzj < 1 Generating Function: 1 2xz z2 n¼0 Inequality: jTn ðxÞj 1, 1 x 1: III Name: Tschebysheff, Second Kind Symbol: Un(x) Interval: [ 1, 1] Differential Equation: ð1 x2 Þy00 3 xy0 þ nðn þ 2Þy ¼ 0 y ¼ Un ðxÞ Explicit Expression:
Un ðxÞ ¼
½n=2 X m¼0
Un ðcos Þ ¼
ð1Þm
ðm nÞ! ð2xÞn2m m!ðn 2mÞ!
sin½ðn þ 1Þ sin
* From Beyer, W. H., Ed., CRC Handbook of Mathematical Sciences, 5th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1978, 557– 560. With permission.
A-102
Recurrence Relation: Unþ1 ðxÞ ¼ 2xUn ðxÞ Un1 ðxÞ Weight: (1 x2)1/2 Standardization: Un ð1Þ ¼ n þ 1 Z þ1 p ð1 x2 Þ1=2 ½Un ðxÞ 2 dx ¼ Norm: 2 1 pffiffiffi ð1Þn ðn þ 1Þ p dn Rodrigues’ Formula: Un ðxÞ ¼ fð1 x2 Þnþð1=2Þ g 1=2 nþ1 3 dxn 2 ð1 x Þ 2 ðn þ 2Þ 1 X 1 ¼ Un ðxÞ zn , 1; < x < 1, jzj < 1 Generating Function: 2 1 2xz þ z n¼0 Inequality: jUn ðxÞj n þ 1, 1 x 1: IV Þ Name: Jacobi Symbol: Pð, ðxÞ n Differential Equation:
Interval: [ 1, 1]
ð1 x2 Þy00 þ ½ ð þ þ 2Þx y0 þ nðn þ þ þ 1Þy ¼ 0 Þ ðxÞ y ¼ Pð, n Þ ðxÞ ¼ Explicit Expression: Pð, n
Recurrence Relation:
n 1X nþ nþ ðx 1Þnm ðx þ 1Þm m nm 2n m¼0
Þ 2ðn þ 1Þ ðn þ þ þ 1Þ ð2n þ þ ÞPð, nþ1 ðxÞ
¼ ð2n þ þ þ 1Þ½ð2 2 Þ þ ð2n þ þ þ 2Þ Þ ðxÞ ð2n þ þ Þx Pð, n Þ 2ðn þ Þ ðn þ Þ ð2n þ þ þ 2ÞPð, ðxÞ n1 nþ ð, Þ Weight: ð1 xÞ ð1 þ xÞ ; , > 1 Standardization: Pn ðxÞ ¼ n Z þ1 þ þ1 2 ðn þ þ 1Þðn þ þ 1Þ ð, Þ ð1 xÞ ð1 þ xÞ ½Pn ðxÞ 2 dx ¼ Norm: ð2n þ þ þ 1Þn!ðn þ þ þ 1Þ 1 ð1Þn dn Þ Rodrigues’ Formula: Pð, ðxÞ ¼ n fð1 xÞnþ ð1 þ xÞnþ g n 2 n!ð1 xÞ ð1 þ xÞ dxn
Generating Function:
R1 ð1 z þ RÞ ð1 þ z þ RÞ ¼ R¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 2xz þ z2 ,
1 X
Þ 2 Pð, ðxÞzn , n
n¼0
jzj < 1
8 nþq > > nq if q ¼ max ð, Þ 12 > > n > > > > > < jPð, Þ ðx0 Þj n1=2 if q < 1 n Þ 2 ðxÞj ¼ Inequality: max jPð, n > x0 is one of the two maximum points nearest 1 x 1 > > > > > > > > : þ þ1 V Name: Generalized Laguerre Differential Equation:
Symbol: LðÞ Interval: ½0, 1 n ðxÞ xy00 þ ð þ 1 xÞy0 þ ny ¼ 0
y ¼ LðÞ n ðxÞ 1 m m nþ ðÞ x ð1Þ Explicit Expression: Ln ðxÞ ¼ n m m! m¼0 n X
Recurrence Relation: ðn þ 1ÞLnðÞ þ 1ðxÞ ¼ ½ð2n þ þ 1Þ x LnðÞ ðxÞ ðn þ ÞLnðÞ 1ðxÞ Weight: x ex , > 1 Standardization: LnðÞ ðxÞ ¼ Z1 ðn þ þ 1Þ 2 x ex ½LðÞ Norm: n ðxÞ dx ¼ n! 0 1 d n nþ x Rodrigues’ Formula: LnðÞ ðxÞ ¼ fx e g x n!x e dxn
ð1Þn n x þ
n!
A-103
1 xz X n ¼ Generating Function: ð1 zÞ1 exp LðÞ n ðxÞz z1 n¼0
Inequality:
x0 ðn þ þ 1Þ x=2 e ; n!ð þ 1Þ >0
ðaÞ L ðxÞ 2 ð þ n þ 1Þ ex=2 ; x 0 n n!ð þ 1Þ 1 < < 0 jLðÞ n ðxÞj
Orthogonal Polynomials Name: Hermite Symbol: Hn ðxÞ Interval: ½1, 1 Differential Equation: y00 2xy0 þ 2ny ¼ 0 ½n=2 X ð1Þm n!ð2xÞn2m Explicit Expression: Hn ðxÞ ¼ m!ðn 2mÞ! m¼0 Recurrence Relation: Hnþ1 ðxÞ ¼ 2xHn ðxÞ 2nHn1 ðxÞ 2 Weight: ex Standardization: Hn ð1Þ ¼ 2n xn þ Z1 pffiffiffi 2 2 ex ½Hn ðxÞ dx ¼ 2n n! p Norm: 1 n 2 d 2 ðex Þ Rodriques’ Formula: Hn ðxÞ ¼ ð1Þn ex n dx 1 n X z 2 Hn ðxÞ Generating Function: ez þ2zx ¼ n! pn¼0 ffiffiffiffi 2 Inequality: jHn ðxÞj < ex =2 k2n=2 n! k 1:086435
NORMAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION
Areas under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 to z
z
0
z
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
.0000 .0398 .0793 .1179 .1554 .1915 .2258 .2580 .2881 .3159 .3413 .3643 .3849 .4032 .4192 .4332 .4452 .4554 .4641 .4713 .4772 .4821 .4861 .4893 .4918 .4938 .4953 .4965 .4974 .4981 .4987 4990 4993 4995 4997 4998 4998 4999 4999 5000
.0040 .0438 .0832 .1217 .1591 .1950 .2291 .2612 .2910 .3186 .3438 .3665 .3869 .4049 .4207 .4345 .4463 .4564 .4649 .4719 .4778 .4826 .4864 .4896 .4920 .4940 .4955 .4966 .4975 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .5000
.0080 .0478 .0871 .1255 .1628 .1985 .2324 .2652 .2939 .3212 .3461 .3686 .3888 .4066 .4222 .4357 .4474 .4573 .4656 .4726 .4783 .4830 .4868 .4898 .4922 .4941 .4956 .4967 .4976 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4994 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000
.0120 .0517 .0910 .1293 .1664 .2019 .2357 .2673 .2967 .3238 .3485 .3708 .3907 .4082 .4236 .4370 .4484 .4582 .4664 .4732 .4788 .4834 .4871 .4901 .4925 .4943 .4957 .4968 .4977 .4983 .4988 .4991 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000
.0160 .0557 .0948 .1331 .1700 .2054 .2389 .2704 .2996 .3264 .3508 .3729 .3925 .4099 .4251 .4382 .4495 .4591 .4671 .4738 .4793 .4838 .4875 .4904 .4927 .4945 .4959 .4969 .4977 .4984 .4988 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000
.0199 .0596 .0987 .1368 .1736 .2088 .2422 .2734 .3023 .3289 .3531 .3749 .3944 .4115 .4265 .4394 .4505 .4599 .4678 .4744 .4798 .4842 .4878 .4906 .4929 .4946 .4960 .4970 .4978 .4984 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000
.0239 .0636 .1026 .1406 .1772 .2123 .2454 .2764 .3051 .3315 .3554 .3770 .3962 .4131 .4279 .4406 .4515 .4608 .4686 .4750 .4803 .4846 .4881 .4909 .4931 .4948 .4961 .4971 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000
.0279 .0675 .1064 .1443 .1808 .2157 .2486 .2794 .3078 .3340 .3577 .3790 .3980 .4147 .4292 .4418 .4525 .4616 .4693 .4756 .4808 .4850 .4884 .4911 .4932 .4949 .4962 .4972 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000
.0319 .0714 .1103 .1480 .1844 .2190 .2518 .2823 .3106 .3365 .3599 .3810 .3997 .4162 .4306 .4429 .4535 .4625 .4699 .4761 .4812 .4854 .4887 .4913 .4934 .4951 .4963 .4973 .4980 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000
.0359 .0754 .1141 .1517 .1879 .2224 .2549 .2852 .3133 .3389 .3621 .3830 .4015 .4177 .4319 .4441 .4545 .4633 .4706 .4767 .4817 .4857 .4890 .4916 .4936 .4952 .4964 .4974 .4981 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000
F(z) below refers to area under Standard Normal Curve from 1 to z z F(z) 2[1 F(z)]
1.282 .90 .20
1.645 .95 .10
1.960 .975 .05
A-104
2.326 .99 .02
2.576 .995 .01
3.090 .999 .002
PERCENTAGE POINTS, STUDENT’S t-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of t such that
nþ1 x2 nþ1 2 FðtÞ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi n 1 þ n 2 dx 1 np 2 for n, the number of degrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . . , 30, 40, 60, 120, 1; and for F(t) ¼ 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.975, 0.99, 0.995, and 0.9995. The t-distribution is symmetrical, so that FðtÞ ¼ 1 FðtÞ Z
t
n nF
.60
.75
.90
.95
.975
.99
.995
.9995
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 1
.325 .289 .277 .271 .267 .265 .263 .262 .261 .260 .260 .259 .259 .258 .258 .258 .257 .257 .257 .257 .257 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .256 .255 .254 .254 .253
1.000 .816 .765 .741 .727 .718 .711 .706 .703 .700 .697 .695 .694 .692 .691 .690 .689 .688 .688 .687 .686 .686 .685 .685 .684 .684 .684 .683 .683 .683 .681 .679 .677 .674
3.078 1.886 1.638 1.533 1.476 1.440 1.415 1.397 1.383 1.372 1.363 1.356 1.350 1.345 1.341 1.337 1.333 1.330 1.328 1.325 1.323 1.321 1.319 1.318 1.316 1.315 1.314 1.313 1.311 1.310 1.303 1.296 1.289 1.282
6.314 2.920 2.353 2.132 2.015 1.943 1.895 1.860 1.833 1.812 1.796 1.782 1.771 1.761 1.753 1.746 1.740 1.734 1.729 1.725 1.721 1.717 1.714 1.711 1.708 1.706 1.703 1.701 1.699 1.697 1.684 1.671 1.658 1.645
12.706 4.303 3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228 2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101 2.093 2.086 2.080 2.074 2.069 2.064 2.060 2.056 2.052 2.048 2.045 2.042 2.021 2.000 1.980 1.960
31.821 6.965 4.541 3.747 3.365 3.143 2.998 2.896 2.821 2.764 2.718 2.681 2.650 2.624 2.602 2.583 2.567 2.552 2.539 2.528 2.518 2.508 2.500 2.492 2.485 2.479 2.473 2.467 2.462 2.457 2.423 2.390 2.358 2.326
63.657 9.925 5.841 4.604 4.032 3.707 3.499 3.355 3.250 3.169 3.106 3.055 3.012 2.977 2.947 2.921 2.898 2.878 2.861 2.845 2.831 2.819 2.807 2.797 2.787 2.779 2.771 2.763 2.756 2.750 2.704 2.660 2.617 2.576
636.619 31.598 12.924 8.610 6.869 5.959 5.408 5.041 4.781 4.587 4.437 4.318 4.221 4.140 4.073 4.015 3.965 3.922 3.883 3.850 3.819 3.792 3.767 3.745 3.725 3.707 3.690 3.674 3.659 3.646 3.551 3.460 3.373 3.291
*
This table is abridged from the ‘‘Statistical Tables’’ of R. A. Fisher and Frank Yates published by Oliver & Boyd. Ltd., Edinburgh and London, 1938. It is here published with the kind permission of the authors and their publishers.
PERCENTAGE POINTS, CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of 2 such that FðÞ2 ¼
Z 0
2
1 xðn2Þ=2 eðx=2Þ dx n 2 2 ðn=2Þ
for n, the number of ffidegrees of freedom, equal to 1, 2, . . . , 30. For n > 30, a normal approximation is quite accurate. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi The expression 2x2 2n 1 is approximately normally distributed as the standard normal distribution. Thus 2 , the -point of the distribution, may be computed by the formula pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 ¼ 12½x þ 2n 1 2 ; where x is the -point of the cumulative normal distribution. For even values of n, F(2) can be written as 1 Fð2 Þ ¼
0 x 1 x X
e x! x¼0
with ¼ 122 and x0 ¼ 12n. Thus the cumulative Chi-Square distribution is related to the cumulative Poisson distribution.
A-105
Another approximate formula for large n 2 ¼ n 1
rffiffiffiffiffi!3 2 2 þ z 9n 9n
n ¼ degrees of freedom z ¼ the normal deviate (the value of x for which F(x) ¼ the desired percentile). x
1.282
1.645
1.960
2.326
2.576
3.090
F(x)
.90
.95
.975
.99
.995
.999
2:99 ¼ 60½1 0:00370 þ 2:326ð0:06086Þ 3 ¼ 88:4 is the 99th percentile for 60 degrees of freedom.
Fð2 Þ ¼
Z
2
0
F
n 1 2 3 4 5
.005 .0000393 .0100 .0717 .207 .412
.010
.025
.000157 .0201 .115 .297 .554
.000982 .0506 .216 .484 .831
1 2n=2
n xðn2Þ=2 ex=2 dx 2
.050
.100
.250
.500
.750
.900
.950
.975
.990
.995
.00393 .103 .352 .711 1.15
.0158 .211 .584 1.06 1.61
.102 .575 1.21 1.92 2.67
.455 1.39 2.37 3.36 4.35
1.32 2.77 4.11 5.39 6.63
2.71 4.61 6.25 7.78 9.24
3.84 5.99 7.81 9.49 11.1
5.02 7.38 9.35 11.1 12.8
6.63 9.21 11.3 13.3 15.1
7.88 10.6 12.8 14.9 16.7
5.35 6.35 7.34 8.34 9.34
7.84 9.04 10.2 11.4 12.5
10.6 12.0 13.4 14.7 16.0
12.6 14.1 15.5 16.9 18.3
14.4 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.5
16.8 18.5 20.1 21.7 23.2
18.5 20.3 22.0 23.6 25.2
6 7 8 9 10
.676 .989 1.34 1.73 2.16
.872 1.24 1.65 2.09 2.56
1.24 1.69 2.18 2.70 3.25
1.64 2.17 2.73 3.33 3.94
2.20 2.83 3.49 4.17 4.87
3.45 4.25 5.07 5.90 6.74
11 12 13 14 15
2.60 3.07 3.57 4.07 4.60
3.05 3.57 4.11 4.66 5.23
3.82 4.40 5.01 5.63 6.26
4.57 5.23 5.89 6.57 7.26
5.58 6.30 7.04 7.79 8.55
7.58 8.44 9.30 10.2 11.0
10.3 11.3 12.3 13.3 14.3
13.7 14.8 16.0 17.1 18.2
17.3 18.5 19.8 21.1 22.3
19.7 21.0 22.4 23.7 25.0
21.9 23.3 24.7 26.1 27.5
24.7 26.2 27.7 29.1 30.6
26.8 28.3 29.8 31.3 32.8
16 17 18 19 20
5.14 5.70 6.26 6.84 7.43
5.81 6.41 7.01 7.63 8.26
6.91 7.56 8.23 8.91 9.59
7.96 8.67 9.39 10.1 10.9
9.31 10.1 10.9 11.7 12.4
11.9 12.8 13.7 14.6 15.5
15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.3
19.4 20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8
23.5 24.8 26.0 27.2 28.4
26.3 27.6 28.9 30.1 31.4
28.8 30.2 31.5 32.9 34.2
32.0 33.4 34.8 36.2 37.6
34.3 35.7 37.2 38.6 40.0
21 22 23 24 25
8.03 8.64 9.26 9.89 10.5
8.90 9.54 10.2 10.9 11.5
10.3 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1
11.6 12.3 13.1 13.8 14.6
13.2 14.0 14.8 15.7 16.5
16.3 17.2 18.1 19.0 19.9
20.3 21.3 22.3 23.3 24.3
24.9 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.3
29.6 30.8 32.0 33.2 34.4
32.7 33.9 35.2 36.4 37.7
35.5 36.8 38.1 39.4 40.6
38.9 40.3 41.6 43.0 44.3
41.4 42.8 44.2 45.6 46.9
26 27 28 29 30
11.2 11.8 12.5 13.1 13.8
12.2 12.9 13.6 14.3 15.0
13.8 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.8
15.4 16.2 16.9 17.7 18.5
17.3 18.1 18.9 19.8 20.6
20.8 21.7 22.7 23.6 24.5
25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.3
30.4 31.5 32.6 33.7 34.8
35.6 36.7 37.9 39.1 40.3
38.9 40.1 41.3 42.6 43.8
41.9 43.2 44.5 45.7 47.0
45.6 47.0 48.3 49.6 50.9
48.3 49.6 51.0 52.3 53.7
A-106
PERCENTAGE POINTS, F-DISTRIBUTION This table gives values of F such that Z FðFÞ ¼ 0
F
m þ n m2 n mm=2 nn=2 xðm2Þ=2 ðn þ mxÞðmþnÞ=2 dx 2 2
for selected values of m, the number of degrees of freedom of the numerator of F; and for selected values of n, the number of degrees of freedom of the denominator of F. The table also provides values corresponding to F(F) ¼ .10, .05, .025, .01, .005, .001 since F1 for m and n degrees of freedom is the reciprocal of F for n and m degrees of freedom. Thus F:05 ð4, 7Þ ¼
1 1 ¼ :164 ¼ F:95 ð7, 4Þ 6:09
A-106
Z
F
FðFÞ ¼ 0 n
m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 1
m þ n m2 n mm=2 nn=2 xm=21 ðn þ mxÞðmþnÞ=2 dx ¼ :90 2 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
1
39.86 8.53 5.54 4.54 4.06 3.78 3.59 3.46 3.36 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.89 2.89 2.88 2.84 2.79 2.75 2.71
49.50 9.00 5.46 4.32 3.78 3.46 3.26 3.11 3.01 2.92 2.86 2.81 2.76 2.73 2.70 2.67 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.52 2.51 2.50 2.50 2.49 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.30
53.59 9.16 5.39 4.19 3.62 3.29 3.07 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.34 2.33 2.32 2.31 2.30 2.29 2.28 2.28 2.23 2.18 2.13 2.08
55.83 9.24 5.34 4.11 3.52 3.18 2.96 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.54 2.48 2.43 2.39 2.36 2.33 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.09 2.04 1.99 1.94
57.24 9.29 5.31 4.05 3.45 3.11 2.88 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.24 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.06 2.05 2.00 1.95 1.90 1.85
58.20 9.33 5.28 4.01 3.40 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.08 2.06 2.05 2.04 2.02 2.01 2.00 2.00 1.99 1.98 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77
58.91 9.35 5.27 3.98 3.37 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.41 2.34 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.01 1.99 1.98 1.97 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.93 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72
59.44 9.37 5.25 3.95 3.34 2.98 2.75 2.59 2.47 2.38 2.30 2.24 2.20 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.02 2.00 1.98 1.97 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.83 1.77 1.72 1.67
59.86 9.38 5.24 3.94 3.32 2.96 2.72 2.56 2.44 2.35 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.63
60.19 9.39 5.23 3.92 3.30 2.94 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.25 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.96 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.89 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.65 1.60
60.71 9.41 5.22 3.90 3.27 2.90 2.67 2.50 2.38 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.10 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.55
61.22 9.42 5.20 3.87 3.24 2.87 2.63 2.46 2.34 2.24 2.17 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.66 1.60 1.55 1.49
61.74 9.44 5.18 3.84 3.21 2.84 2.59 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.12 2.06 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.71 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.42
62.00 9.45 5.18 3.83 3.19 2.82 2.58 2.40 2.28 2.18 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.73 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.57 1.51 1.45 1.38
62.26 9.46 5.17 3.82 3.17 2.80 2.56 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.54 1.48 1.41 1.34
62.53 9.47 5.16 3.80 3.16 2.78 2.54 2.36 2.23 2.13 2.05 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.69 1.67 1.66 1.64 1.63 1.61 1.60 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.51 1.44 1.37 1.30
62.79 9.47 5.15 3.79 3.14 2.76 2.51 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.03 1.96 1.90 1.86 1.82 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.47 1.40 1.32 1.24
63.06 9.48 5.14 3.78 3.12 2.74 2.49 2.32 2.18 2.08 2.00 1.93 1.88 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.60 1.59 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.50 1.42 1.35 1.26 1.17
63.33 9.49 5.13 3.76 3.10 2.72 2.47 2.29 2.16 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.76 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.46 1.38 1.29 1.19 1.00
s21 S1 . S2 , where s21 ¼ S1 =m and s22 ¼ S2 =n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance 2 and based on m ¼ m n s22 and n degrees of freedom, respectively. F¼
Z
F
FðFÞ ¼ 0
n
m 1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
5
6
m þ n m2 nmm=2 nn=2 xm=21 ðn þ mxÞðmþnÞ=2 dx ¼ :95 2 2 7
8
9
10
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
1
161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.3 254.3 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63
5 6 7 8 9
6.61 5.99 5.59 5.32 5.12
5.79 5.14 4.74 4.46 4.26
5.41 4.76 4.35 4.07 3.86
5.19 4.53 4.12 3.84 3.63
5.05 4.39 3.97 3.69 3.48
4.95 4.28 3.87 3.58 3.37
4.88 4.21 3.79 3.50 3.29
4.82 4.15 3.73 3.44 3.23
4.77 4.10 3.68 3.39 3.18
4.74 4.06 3.64 3.35 3.14
4.68 4.00 3.57 3.28 3.07
4.62 3.94 3.51 3.22 3.01
4.56 3.87 3.44 3.15 2.94
4.53 3.84 3.41 3.12 2.90
4.50 3.81 3.38 3.08 2.86
4.46 3.77 3.34 3.04 2.83
4.43 3.74 3.30 3.01 2.79
4.40 3.70 3.27 2.97 2.75
4.36 3.67 3.23 2.93 2.71
10 11 12 13 14
4.96 4.84 4.75 4.67 4.60
4.10 3.98 3.89 3.81 3.74
3.71 3.59 3.49 3.41 3.34
3.48 3.36 3.26 3.18 3.11
3.33 3.20 3.11 3.03 2.96
3.22 3.09 3.00 2.92 2.85
3.14 3.01 2.91 2.83 2.76
3.07 2.95 2.85 2.77 2.70
3.02 2.90 2.80 2.71 2.65
2.98 2.85 2.75 2.67 2.60
2.91 2.79 2.69 2.60 2.53
2.85 2.72 2.62 2.53 2.46
2.77 2.65 2.54 2.46 2.39
2.74 2.61 2.51 2.42 2.35
2.70 2.57 2.47 2.38 2.31
2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34 2.27
2.62 2.49 2.38 2.30 2.22
2.58 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18
2.54 2.40 2.30 2.21 2.13
15 16 17 18 19
4.54 4.49 4.45 4.41 4.38
3.68 3.63 3.59 3.55 3.52
3.29 3.24 3.20 3.16 3.13
3.06 3.01 2.96 2.93 2.90
2.90 2.85 2.81 2.77 2.74
2.79 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.63
2.71 2.66 2.61 2.58 2.54
2.64 2.59 2.55 2.51 2.48
2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42
2.54 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38
2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31
2.40 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.23
2.33 2.28 2.23 2.19 2.16
2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11
2.25 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.07
2.20 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03
2.16 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98
2.11 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93
2.07 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88
20 21 22 23 24
4.35 4.32 4.30 4.28 4.26
3.49 3.47 3.44 3.42 3.40
3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01
2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78
2.71 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.62
2.60 2.57 2.55 2.53 2.51
2.51 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.42
2.45 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.36
2.39 2.37 2.34 2.32 2.30
2.35 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25
2.28 2.25 2.23 2.20 2.18
2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11
2.12 2.10 2.07 2.05 2.03
2.08 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.98
2.04 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.94
1.99 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89
1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84
1.90 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.79
1.84 1.81 1.78 1.76 1.73
25 26 27 28 29
4.24 4.23 4.21 4.20 4.18
3.39 3.37 3.35 3.34 3.33
2.99 2.98 2.96 2.95 2.93
2.76 2.74 2.73 2.71 2.70
2.60 2.59 2.57 2.56 2.55
2.49 2.47 2.46 2.45 2.43
2.40 2.39 2.37 2.36 2.35
2.34 2.32 2.31 2.29 2.28
2.28 2.27 2.25 2.24 2.22
2.24 2.22 2.20 2.19 2.18
2.16 2.15 2.13 2.12 2.10
2.09 2.07 2.06 2.04 2.03
2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.94
1.96 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.90
1.92 1.90 1.88 1.87 1.85
1.87 1.85 1.84 1.82 1.81
1.82 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.75
1.77 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.70
1.71 1.69 1.67 1.65 1.64
30 40 60 120 1
4.17 4.08 4.00 3.92 3.84
3.32 3.23 3.15 3.07 3.00
2.92 2.84 2.76 2.68 2.60
2.69 2.61 2.53 2.45 2.37
2.53 2.45 2.37 2.29 2.21
2.42 2.34 2.25 2.17 2.10
2.33 2.25 2.17 2.09 2.01
2.27 2.18 2.10 2.02. 1.94
2.21 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.88
2.16 2.08 1.99 1.91 1.83
2.09 2.00 1.92 1.83 1.75
2.01 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.67
1.93 1.84 1.75 1.66 1.57
1.89 1.79 1.70 1.61 1.52
1.84 1.74 1.65 1.55 1.46
1.79 1.69 1.59 1.50 1.39
1.74 1.64 1.53 1.43 1.32
1.68 1.58 1.47 1.35 1.22
1.62 1.51 1.39 1.25 1.00
s21 S1 . S2 , where s21 ¼ S1 =m and s22 ¼ S2 =n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance 2 ¼ m n s22 and based on m and n degrees of freedom, respectively. F¼
A-107
Z
F
FðFÞ ¼ 0
n
m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 60 120 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
m þ n m2 n mm=2 nn=2 xm=21 ðn þ mxÞðmþnÞ=2 dx ¼ :975 2 2 7
8
9
10
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
1
647.8 799.5 864.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 976.7 984.9 993.1 997.2 1001 1006 1010 1014 1018 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46 39.47 39.48 39.49 39.50 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08 14.04 13.99 13.95 13.90 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.75 8.66 8.56 8.51 8.46 8.41 8.36 8.31 8.26 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23 6.18 6.12 6.07 6.02 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07 5.01 4.96 4.90 4.85 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.42 4.36 4.31 4.25 4.20 4.14 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89 3.84 3.78 3.73 3.67 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.51 3.45 3.39 3.33 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31 3.26 3.20 3.14 3.08 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.17 3.12 3.06 3.00 2.94 2.88 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.02 2.96 2.91 2.85 2.79 2.72 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.89 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.66 2.60 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.79 2.73 2.67 2.61 2.55 2.49 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.40 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.45 2.38 2.32 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.25 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.20 2.13 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.09 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.04 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 2.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.14 2.08 2.00 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.11 2.04 1.97 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.15 2.08 2.01 1.94 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.24 2.18 2.12 2.05 1.98 1.91 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.22 2.16 2.09 2.03 1.95 1.88 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.19 2.13 2.03 2.00 1.93 1.85 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.17 2.11 2.05 1.98 1.91 1.83 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15 2.09 2.03 1.96 1.89 1.81 5.57 4.18 3.59 3.25 3.03 2.87 2.75 2.65 2.57 2.51 2.41 2.31 2.20 2.14 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.87 1.79 5.42 4.05 3.46 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.53 2.45 2.39 2.29 2.18 2.07 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.80 1.72 1.64 5.29 3.93 3.34 3.01 2.79 2.63 2.51 2.41 2.33 2.27 2.17 2.06 1.94 1.88 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.58 1.48 5.15 3.80 3.23 2.89 2.67 2.52 2.39 2.30 2.22 2.16 2.05 1.94 1.82 1.76 1.69 1.64 1.53 1.43 1.31 5.02 3.69 3.12 2.79 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.19 2.11 2.05 1.94 1.83 1.71 1.64 1.57 1.48 1.39 1.24 1.00
s21 S1 . S2 , where s21 ¼ S1 =m and s22 ¼ S2 =n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance 2 ¼ m n s22 and based on m and n degrees of freedom, respectively. Z F mþn m2 nmm=2 nn=2 xm=21 ðn þ mxÞðmþnÞ=2 dx ¼ :99 FðFÞ ¼ 0 2 2 F¼
n
m
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
1
1 4052 4999.5 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5982 6022 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261 6287 6313 6339 6366 2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50 3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13 4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46 5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02 6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88 7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65 8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.86 9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31 10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91 11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69 3.60 12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45 3.36 13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17 14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00 15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87 16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84 2.75 17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.65 18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57 19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.49 20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42 21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36 22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31 23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35 2.26 24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31 2.21 25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17 26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13 27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10 28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06 29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14 2.03 30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01 40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80 60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60 120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38 1 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00
s21 S1 . S2 , where s21 ¼ S1 =m and s22 ¼ S2 =n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance 2 ¼ m n s22 and based on m and n degrees of freedom, respectively. F¼
A-108
Z
F
FðFÞ ¼ 0
n
m
1
2
3
4
5
6
m þ n m2 n mm=2 nn=2 xm=21 ðn þ mxÞðmþnÞ=2 dx ¼ :995 2 2 7
8
9
10
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
1
1 16211 2000 21615 22500 23056 23437 23715 23925 24091 24224 24426 24630 24836 24940 25044 25148 25253 25359 25465 2 198.5 199.0 199.2 199.2 199.3 199.3 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.4 199.5 199.5 199.5 199.5 199.5 199.5 3 55.55 49.80 47.47 46.19 45.39 44.84 44.43 44.13 43.88 43.69 43.39 43.08 42.78 42.62 42.47 42.31 42.15 41.99 41.83 4 31.33 26.28 24.26 23.15 22.46 21.97 21.62 21.35 21.14 20.97 20.70 20.44 20.17 20.03 19.89 19.75 19.61 19.47 19.32 5 22.78 18.31 16.53 15.56 14.94 14.51 14.20 13.96 13.77 13.62 13.38 13.15 12.90 12.78 12.66 12.53 12.40 12.27 12.14 6 18.63 14.54 12.92 12.03 11.46 11.07 10.79 10.57 10.39 10.25 10.03 9.81 9.59 9.47 9.36 9.24 9.12 9.00 8.88 7 16.24 12.40 10.88 10.05 9.52 9.16 8.89 8.68 8.51 8.38 8.18 7.97 7.75 7.65 7.53 7.42 7.31 7.19 7.08 8 14.69 11.04 9.60 8.81 8.30 7.95 7.69 7.50 7.34 7.21 7.01 6.81 6.61 6.50 6.40 6.29 6.18 6.06 5.95 9 13.61 10.11 8.72 7.96 7.47 7.13 6.88 6.69 6.54 6.42 6.23 6.03 5.83 5.73 5.62 5.52 5.41 5.30 5.19 10 12.83 9.43 8.08 7.34 6.87 6.54 6.30 6.12 5.97 5.85 5.66 5.47 5.27 5.17 5.07 4.97 4.86 4.75 4.64 11 12.23 8.91 7.60 6.88 6.42 6.10 5.86 5.68 5.54 5.42 5.24 5.05 4.86 4.76 4.65 4.55 4.44 4.34 4.23 12 11.75 8.51 7.23 6.52 6.07 5.76 5.52 5.35 5.20 5.09 4.91 4.72 4.53 4.43 4.33 4.23 4.12 4.01 3.90 13 11.37 8.19 6.93 6.23 5.79 5.48 5.25 5.08 4.94 4.82 4.64 4.46 4.27 4.17 4.07 3.97 3.87 3.76 3.65 14 11.06 7.92 6.68 6.00 5.56 5.26 5.03 4.86 4.72 4.60 4.43 4.25 4.06 3.96 3.86 3.76 3.66 3.55 3.44 15 10.80 7.70 6.48 5.80 5.37 5.07 4.85 4.67 4.54 4.42 4.25 4.07 3.88 3.79 3.69 3.58 3.48 3.37 3.26 16 10.58 7.51 6.30 5.64 5.21 4.91 4.69 4.52 4.38 4.27 4.10 3.92 3.73 3.64 3.54 3.44 3.33 3.22 3.11 17 10.38 7.35 6.16 5.50 5.07 4.78 4.56 4.39 4.25 4.14 3.97 3.79 3.61 3.51 3.41 3.31 3.21 3.10 2.98 18 10.22 7.21 6.03 5.37 4.96 4.66 4.44 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.86 3.68 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.10 2.99 2.87 19 10.07 7.09 5.92 5.27 4.85 4.56 4.34 4.18 4.04 3.93 3.76 3.59 3.40 3.31 3.21 3.11 3.00 2.89 2.78 20 9.94 6.99 5.82 5.17 4.76 4.47 4.26 4.09 3.96 3.85 3.68 3.50 3.32 3.22 3.12 3.02 2.92 2.81 2.69 21 9.83 6.89 5.73 5.09 4.68 4.39 4.18 4.01 3.88 3.77 3.60 3.43 3.24 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.73 2.61 22 9.73 6.81 5.65 5.02 4.61 4.32 4.11 3.94 3.81 3.70 3.54 3.36 3.18 3.08 2.98 2.88 2.77 2.66 2.55 23 9.63 6.73 5.58 4.95 4.54 4.26 4.05 3.88 3.75 3.64 3.47 3.30 3.12 3.02 2.92 2.82 2.71 2.60 2.48 24 9.55 6.66 5.52 4.89 4.49 4.20 3.99 3.83 3.69 3.59 3.42 3.25 3.06 2.97 2.87 2.77 2.66 2.55 2.43 25 9.48 6.60 5.46 4.84 4.43 4.15 3.94 3.78 3.64 3.54 3.37 3.20 3.01 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.61 2.50 2.38 26 9.41 6.54 5.41 4.79 4.38 4.10 3.89 3.73 3.60 3.49 3.33 3.15 2.97 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.45 2.33 27 9.34 6.49 5.36 4.74 4.34 4.06 3.85 3.69 3.56 3.45 3.28 3.11 2.93 2.83 2.73 2.63 2.52 2.41 2.25 28 9.28 6.44 5.32 4.70 4.30 4.02 3.81 3.65 3.52 3.41 3.25 3.07 2.89 2.79 2.69 2.59 2.48 2.37 2.29 29 9.23 6.40 5.28 4.66 4.26 3.98 3.77 3.61 3.48 3.38 3.21 3.04 2.86 2.76 2.66 2.56 2.45 2.33 2.24 30 9.18 6.35 5.24 4.62 4.23 3.95 3.74 3.58 3.45 3.34 3.18 3.01 2.82 2.73 2.63 2.52 2.42 2.30 2.18 40 8.83 6.07 4.98 4.37 3.99 3.71 3.51 3.35 3.22 3.12 2.95 2.78 2.60 2.50 2.40 2.30 2.18 2.06 1.93 60 8.49 5.79 4.73 4.14 3.76 3.49 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.90 2.74 2.57 2.39 2.29 2.19 2.08 1.96 1.83 1.69 120 8.18 5.54 4.50 3.92 3.55 3.28 3.09 2.93 2.81 2.71 2.54 2.37 2.19 2.09 1.98 1.87 1.75 1.61 1.43 1 7.88 5.30 4.28 3.72 3.35 3.09 2.90 2.74 2.62 2.52 2.36 2.19 2.00 1.90 1.79 1.67 1.53 1.36 1.00
s21 S1 . S2 , where s21 ¼ S1 =m and s22 ¼ S2 =n are independent mean squares estimating a common variance 2 and based on m and n degrees of freedom, ¼ m n s22 respectively.
F¼
Z FðFÞ ¼ 0
n
m
1
2
3
4
5
6
F
m þ n m2 nmm=2 nn=2 xm=21 ðn þ mxÞðmþnÞ=2 dx ¼ :999 2 2 7
8
9
10
12
15
20
24
30
40
60
120
1
1 4053* 5000* 5404* 5625* 5764* 5859* 5929* 5981* 6023* 6056* 6107* 6158* 6209* 6235* 6261* 6287* 6313* 6340* 6366* 2 998.5 999.0 999.2 999.2 999.3 999.3 999.4 999.4 999.4 999.4 999.4 999.4 999.4 999.5 999.5 999.5 999.5 999.5 999.5 3 167.0 148.5 141.1 137.1 134.6 132.8 131.6 130.6 129.9 129.2 128.3 127.4 126.4 125.9 125.4 125.0 124.5 124.0 123.5 4 74.14 61.25 56.18 53.44 51.71 50.53 49.66 49.00 48.47 48.05 47.41 46.76 46.10 45.77 45.43 45.09 44.75 44.40 44.05 5 47.18 37.12 33.20 31.09 29.75 28.84 28.16 27.64 27.24 26.92 26.42 25.91 25.39 25.14 24.87 24.60 24.33 24.06 23.79 6 35.51 27.00 23.70 21.92 20.81 20.03 19.46 19.03 18.69 18.41 17.99 17.56 17.12 16.89 16.67 16.44 16.21 15.99 15.75 7 29.25 21.69 18.77 17.19 16.21 15.52 15.02 14.63 14.33 14.08 13.71 13.32 12.93 12.73 12.53 12.33 12.12 11.91 11.70 8 25.42 18.49 15.83 14.39 13.49 12.86 12.40 12.04 11.77 11.54 11.19 10.84 10.48 10.30 10.11 9.92 9.73 9.53 9.33 9 22.86 16.39 13.90 12.56 11.71 11.13 10.70 10.37 10.11 9.89 9.57 9.24 8.90 8.72 8.55 8.37 8.19 8.00 7.81 10 21.04 14.91 12.55 11.28 10.48 9.92 9.52 9.20 8.96 8.75 8.45 8.13 7.80 7.64 7.47 7.30 7.12 6.94 6.76 11 19.69 13.81 11.56 10.35 9.58 9.05 8.66 8.35 8.12 7.92 7.63 7.32 7.01 6.85 6.68 6.52 6.35 6.17 6.00 12 18.64 12.97 10.80 9.63 8.89 8.38 8.00 7.71 7.48 7.29 7.00 6.71 6.40 6.25 6.09 5.93 5.76 5.59 5.42 13 17.81 12.31 10.21 9.07 8.35 7.86 7.49 7.21 6.98 6.80 6.52 6.23 5.93 5.78 5.63 5.47 5.30 5.14 4.97 14 17.14 11.78 9.73 8.62 7.92 7.43 7.08 6.80 6.58 6.40 6.13 5.85 5.56 5.41 5.25 5.10 4.94 4.77 4.60 15 16.59 11.34 9.34 8.25 7.57 7.09 6.74 6.47 6.26 6.08 5.81 5.54 5.25 5.10 4.95 4.80 4.64 4.47 4.31 16 16.12 10.97 9.00 7.94 7.27 6.81 6.46 6.19 5.98 5.81 5.55 5.27 4.99 4.85 4.70 4.54 4.39 4.23 4.06 17 15.72 10.66 8.73 7.68 7.02 6.56 6.22 5.96 5.75 5.58 5.32 5.05 4.78 4.63 4.48 4.33 4.18 4.02 3.85 18 15.38 10.39 8.49 7.46 6.81 6.35 6.02 5.76 5.56 5.39 5.13 4.87 4.59 4.45 4.30 4.15 4.00 3.84 3.67 19 15.08 10.16 8.28 7.26 6.62 6.18 5.85 5.59 5.39 5.22 4.97 4.70 4.43 4.29 4.14 3.99 3.84 3.68 3.51 20 14.82 9.95 8.10 7.10 6.46 6.02 5.69 5.44 5.24 5.08 4.82 4.56 4.29 4.15 4.00 3.86 3.70 3.54 3.38 21 14.59 9.77 7.94 6.95 6.32 5.88 5.56 5.31 5.11 4.95 4.70 4.44 4.17 4.03 3.88 3.74 3.58 3.42 3.26 22 14.38 9.61 7.80 6.81 6.19 5.76 5.44 5.19 4.99 4.83 4.58 4.33 4.06 3.92 3.78 3.63 3.48 3.32 3.15 23 14.19 9.47 7.67 6.69 6.08 5.65 5.33 5.09 4.89 4.73 4.48 4.23 3.96 3.82 3.68 3.53 3.38 3.22 3.05 24 14.03 9.34 7.55 6.59 5.98 5.55 5.23 4.99 4.80 4.64 4.39 4.14 3.87 3.74 3.59 3.45 3.29 3.14 2.97 25 13.88 9.22 7.45 6.49 5.88 5.46 5.15 4.91 4.71 4.56 4.31 4.06 3.79 3.66 3.52 3.37 3.22 3.06 2.89 26 13.74 9.12 7.36 6.41 5.80 5.38 5.07 4.83 4.64 4.48 4.24 3.99 3.72 3.59 3.44 3.30 3.15 2.99 2.82 27 13.61 9.02 7.27 6.33 5.73 5.31 5.00 4.76 4.57 4.41 4.17 3.92 3.66 3.52 3.38 3.23 3.08 2.92 2.75 28 13.50 8.93 7.19 6.25 5.66 5.24 4.93 4.69 4.50 4.35 4.11 3.86 3.60 3.46 3.32 3.18 3.02 2.86 2.69 29 13.39 8.85 7.12 6.19 5.59 5.18 4.87 4.64 4.45 4.29 4.05 3.80 3.54 3.41 3.27 3.12 2.97 2.81 2.64 30 13.29 8.77 7.05 6.12 5.53 5.12 4.82 4.58 4.39 4.24 4.00 3.75 3.49 3.36 3.22 3.07 2.92 2.76 2.59 40 12.61 8.25 6.60 5.70 5.13 4.73 4.44 4.21 4.02 3.87 3.64 3.40 3.15 3.01 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.41 2.23 60 11.97 7.76 6.17 5.31 4.76 4.37 4.09 3.87 3.69 3.54 3.31 3.08 2.83 2.69 2.55 2.41 2.25 2.08 1.89 120 11.38 7.32 5.79 4.95 4.42 4.04 3.77 3.55 3.38 3.24 3.02 2.78 2.53 2.40 2.26 2.11 1.95 1.76 1.54 1 10.83 6.91 5.42 4.62 4.10 3.74 3.47 3.27 3.10 2.96 2.74 2.51 2.27 2.13 1.99 1.84 1.66 1.45 1.00
*Multiply these entries by 100.
A-109
SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA In addition to the primary research journals, there are many useful sources of property data of the type contained in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. A selected list of these is presented here, with emphasis on print and electronic sources whose contents have been subject to a reasonable level of quality control.
A. Data Journals 1. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data – Published jointly by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the American Institute of Physics, this quarterly journal contains compilations of evaluated data in chemistry, physics, and materials science. It is available in print and on the Internet. [ojps.aip.org/jpcrd/] 2. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data – This bimonthly journal of the American Chemical Society publishes articles reporting original experimental measurements carried out under carefully controlled conditions. The main emphasis is on thermochemical and thermophysical properties. Review articles with evaluated data from the literature are also published. [pubs.acs.org/journals/jceaax/index.html] 3. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics – This journal publishes original research papers that include highly accurate measurements of thermodynamic and thermophysical properties. [http://www.sciencedirect.com] 4. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables – This is a bimonthly journal containing compilations of data in atomic physics, nuclear physics, and related fields. [www.sciencedirect.com] 5. Journal of Phase Equilibria – This journal presents critically evaluated phase diagrams and related data on alloy systems. It is published by ASM International and is the successor to the previous ASM periodical Bulletin Of Alloy Phase Diagrams. [www.asm-intl.org.] 6. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences – Although not a true data journal, it contains many papers on the prediction of physical property data from molecular structure. It is published by the American Chemical Society. [pubs.acs.org/journals/jcisd8/index.html]
B. Data Centers This section lists selected organizations that perform a continuing function of compiling and critically evaluating data in specific fields of science. 1. National Institute of Standards and Technology – Under its Standard Reference Data program, NIST supports a number of data centers in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Topics covered include thermodynamics, fluid properties, chemical kinetics, mass spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, fundamental physical constants, ceramics, and crystallography. Address: Office of Standard Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 [www.nist.gov/srd/]. 2. Thermodynamics Research Center – Now located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, TRC maintains an extensive archive of data covering thermodynamic, thermochemical, and transport properties of organic compounds and mixtures. Data are distributed in both print and electronic form. Address: Mailcode 838.00, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328 [www.trc.nist.gov] . 3. Design Institute for Physical Property Data – Under the auspices of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers [www.aiche.org/dippr/], DIPPR offers evaluated data on industrially-important chemical compounds. The largest project deals with physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties of pure compounds. Address: Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 [dippr.byu.edu] . 4. Dortmund Data Bank – Maintains extensive databases on thermodynamic and transport properties of pure compounds and mixtures of industrial interest. The data are distributed through DECHEMA, FIZ CHEMIE, and other outlets. An abbreviated database system is also available for educational use. Address: DDBST GmbH, Industriestr. 1, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany [www.ddbst.de]. 5. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre – Maintains the Cambridge Structural Database of over 250,000 organic compounds. The data files and manipulation software are distributed in several ways. Address: 12 Union Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK [www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk]. 6. FIZ Karlsruhe – In addition to many bibliographic databases, FIZ Karlsruhe maintains the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The ICSD contains the atomic coordinates and related data on over 50,000 inorganic crystals. Address: Fachinformationszentrum (FIZ) Karlsruhe, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 EggensteinLeopoldshafen, Germany [crystal.fiz-karlsruhe.de]. 7. International Centre for Diffraction Data – Maintains and distributes the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), a file of x-ray powder diffraction patterns used for identification of crystalline materials. The ICDD also distributes the NIST Crystal Data file, which contains lattice parameters for over 235,000 inorganic and organic crystalline materials. Address: 12 Campus Blvd., Newton Square, PA 19073-3273 [icdd.com]. 8. Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics – Maintains the Protein Data Bank (PDB), a file of 3-dimensional structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules. Address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087 [www.rcsb.org]. 9. Toth Information Systems – Maintains the Metals Crystallographic Data File (CRYSTMET). Address: 2045 Quincy Ave., Gloucester, ON, Canada K1J 6B2 [www.tothcanada.com]. 10. Atomic Mass Data Center – Collects and evaluates high-precision data on masses of individual isotopes and maintains a comprehensive database. Address: C.S.N.S.M (IN2P3-CNRS), Batiment 108, F-91405 Orsay Campus, France [csnwww.in2p3.fr/amdc/]. 11. Particle Data Group – International center for data of high-energy physics; maintains database of properties of fundamental particles, which is published in both print and electronic form. Address: MS 50-308, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 [pdg.lbl.gov]. 12. National Nuclear Data Center – Maintains databases on nuclear structure and reactions, including neutron cross sections. The NNDC is the U. S. node in an international network of nuclear data centers. Address: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000 [www.nndc.bnl.gov].
B-1
SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA (continued) 13. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – Address: PO Box 13757, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3757 [www.iupac.org]. IUPAC supports a number of long-term data projects, including these examples: a. Solubility Data Project – Carries out evaluation of all types of solubility data. The results are published in the Solubility Data Series, whose current outlet is the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. [www.unileoben.ac.at/~eschedor/] b. Kinetic Data for Atmospheric Chemistry – Maintains a comprehensive database on the kinetics of reactions important in the chemistry of the atmosphere. [www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/] c. International Thermodynamic Tables for the Fluid State – Prepares definitive tables of the thermodynamic properties of industrially important fluids. Thirteen volumes have been published by IUPAC. [http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/seriestitles/]
C. Major Multi-Volume Handbook Series 1. Chapman & Hall/CRC Chemical Dictionaries – These originally appeared in print form as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Dictionary of Natural Products, etc. They are now published in electronic form and are available in CDROM format [www.crcpress.com] and on the Internet [www.chemnetbase.com]. The consolidated version, called the Combined Chemical Dictionary, has data on more than 450,000 compounds spanning all branches of chemistry. The coverage includes physical properties, biological sources, hazard information, uses, and literature references. 2. Properties of Organic Compounds – Originally published in three editions as the Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, it is now in electronic form as Properties of Organic Compounds. The database includes about 30,000 compounds; physical properties and spectral data (mass, infrared, Raman, ultraviolet, and NMR) are covered. It is offered as CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and web access [www.chemnetbase.com]. 3. Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry – The classic source of data on organic compounds, dating from the 18th century, Beilstein was converted to electronic form in the last decade of the 20th century. Over 8 million compounds and 5 million chemical reactions are now covered, with a broad range of physical properties as well as synthetic methods and ecological data. The database is accessed by the CrossFire software [www.mdli.com]. 4. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry – A subset of the information in the print series has been converted to electronic form and is now distributed in the same manner as Beilstein. In addition to the standard physical properties, the coverage includes a wide range of optical, magnetic, spectroscopic, thermal, and transport properties for about 1.4 million compounds [www.mdli.com]. 5. DECHEMA Chemical Data Series – DECHEMA distributes the DTHERM database, which emphasizes data used in process design in the chemical industry, including thermodynamic and transport properties of about 20,000 pure compounds and 90,000 mixtures. Access is available through in-house databases and via the Internet. [www.dechema.de]. 6. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology - Landolt-Börnstein covers a very broad range of data in physics, chemistry, crystallography, materials science, biophysics, astronomy, and geophysics. Hard-copy volumes in the New Series (started in 1961) are still being published, and the entire New Series is now accessible on the Internet [www.landolt-boernstein.com].
D. Selected Single-Volume Handbooks The following handbooks offer broad coverage of high-quality data in a single volume. This list is only representative; an extensive listing of handbooks in all fields of science may be found in Handbooks and Tables in Science and Technology, Third Edition (Russell H. Powell, ed., Oryx Press, Westport, CT, 1994). 1. American Institute of Physics Handbook – Although an old book, it contains much data that is still useful, especially in acoustics, mechanics, optics, and solid state physics. (Dwight E. Gray, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972) 2. Constants of Inorganic Substances - This book presents physical constants, thermodynamic data, solubility, reactivity, and other information on over 3000 inorganic compounds. Since it draws heavily on Russian literature, it contains a great deal of data that does not make its way into most U. S. handbooks. (R. A. Lidin, L. L. Andreeva, and V. A. Molochko, Begell House, New York, 1995) 3. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics – Now in the 84th Edition, the CRC Handbook covers data from most branches of chemistry and physics. The annual revisions permit regular updating of the information. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress.com] and the web [hbcpnetbase.com]. (David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002) 4. Handbook of Inorganic Compounds – This book covers physical constants and solubility for about 3300 inorganic compounds. Also available on CDROM [www.crcpress.com]. (Dale L. Perry and Sidney L. Phillips, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995) 5. Handbook of Physical Properties of Liquids and Gases – This is a valuable source of data on all types of fluids, ranging from liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons to molten metals and ionized gases. Detailed tables of physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties are given for temperatures from the cryogenic region to 6000 K. Both Western and Russian literature is covered. (N. B. Vargaftik, Y. K. Vinogradov, and V. S. Yargin, Begell House, New York, 1996) 6. Handbook of Physical Quantities – The range of coverage is somewhat similar to the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, but with a stronger emphasis on physics than on chemistry. Solid state physics, lasers, nuclear physics, geophysics, and astronomy receive considerable attention. (Igor S. Grigoriev and Evgenii Z. Meilikhov, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997) 7. Kaye & Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants – Kaye & Laby dates from 1911, and the 16th Edition was prepared in 1995 by a committee of experts. The coverage extends to almost every field of physics and chemistry; data on a limited number of representative substances or materials are given for each topic. (Longman Group Limited, Harlow, Essex, UK, 1995)
B-2
SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA (continued) 8. Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry – Provides broad coverage of chemical data; last updated in 1998. Also available on the web [www.knovel.com]. (John A. Dean, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998) 9. Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties – This IUPAC book emphasizes highly accurate data on substances and materials that can be used as calibration standards. It covers physical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties. (K. N. Marsh, ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987) 9. The Merck Index – Now in its 13th Edition (published in 2001), The Merck Index is a widely used source of data on over 10,000 compounds, chosen particularly for their importance in biology, medicine, and ecology. A short monograph on each compound gives information on the synthesis and uses as well as physical and toxicological properties. Also available on CDROM [www.camsoft.com]. (Maryadele J. O’Neil, ed., Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2001)
E. Summary of Useful Web Sites for Physical and Chemical Properties Most of the web sites in the following list provide direct access to factual data on physical and chemical properties. However, the list also includes portals that link to different property databases or describe the procedure for gaining access to electronic sources of property data. There are also a few chemical directory sites, which are useful for obtaining formulas, synonyms, and registry numbers for substances of interest. Web Site
Address
Comments
Acronyms and Symbols Advanced Chemistry Development
www3.interscience.wiley.com/stasa/ www.acdlabs.com
Alloys Online Atomic Mass Data Center Beilstein Cambridge Structural Database Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical Dictionary Chemfinder Chemical Acronyms Database
alloys.asminternational.org csnwww.in2p3.fr/amdc/ www.mdli.com www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ ccdweb.exe www.chemfinder.com www.oscar.chem.indiana.edu/cfdocs/ libchem/acronyms/ acronymsearch.html chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ www.chemindustry.com/chemicals/ www.chemnetbase.com
ChemIDplus ChemIndustry CHEMnetBASE ChemWeb Databases Coblentz Infrared Spectra CODATA Home Page DECHEMA (DTHERM) DIPPR Pure Compound Database Dortmund Data Bank Enzyme Nomenclature Database FDM Reference Spectra Databases FIZ Chemie Berlin FIZ Karlsruhe - ICSD Fundamental Physical Constants Gmelin Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Hazardous Substances Data Bank IUPAC Home Page IUPAC Kinetics Data IUPAC Nomenclature Rules IUPAC Solubility Data Project Knovel.com
www.chemweb.com/databases/ www.galactic.com/coblentz/ www.codata.org www.dechema.de dippr.byu.edu www.ddbst.de www.expasy.ch/enzyme/ www.fdmspectra.com/ www.fiz-chemie.de crystal.fiz-karlsruhe.de physics.nist.gov/cuu/ www.mdli.com hbcpnetbase.com toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/ htmlgen?HSDB www.iupac.org www.iupac-kinetic.ch.cam.ac.uk/ www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/ www.unileoben.ac.at/~eschedor/ www.knovel.com
Landolt-Börnstein MatWeb
www.landolt-boernstein.com www.matweb.com
Metals Crystallographic Data File NASA Chemical Kinetics Data
www.tothcanada.com jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov
B-3
Free servcie; useful for indentifying acronyms for chemicals Chemical directory, with programs for estimating physical and spectral properties Physical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of alloys See B.10 See C.3 See B.5 See C.1 Chemical directory, with links to several property databases Useful for associating chemical names and acronyms
Chemical directory Chemical directory Portal to C&H/CRC Chemical Dictionaries, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Properties of Organic Compounds, etc. Portal to many databases IR spectra on CDROM Thermodynamic key values and fundamental constants See C.5 See B.3 See B.4 IUBMB nomenclature for enzymes Infrared spectra Portal to DETHERM (C.5) and Dortmund Data Bank (B.4) See B.6 CODATA fundamental constants See C.4 Web version of CRC Handbook Physical and toxicological properties of chemicals of health or environmental importance See B.13 See B.13.b Useful site for organic and biochemical nomenclature See B.13.a Portal to Lange’s Handbook, Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, etc. See C.6 Thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of engineering materials See B.9 Kinetic and photochemical data for stratospheric modeling
SOURCES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA (continued) Web Site National Center for Biotechnology Information National Nuclear Data Center National Toxicology Program NIST Atomic Spectra Database NIST Ceramics Webbook NIST Chemistry Webbook NIST Data Gateway NIST Physical Reference Data NLM Gateway Particle Data Group Polymers — A Property Database Powder Diffraction File Properties of Organic Compounds Protein Data Bank SpecInfo Spectra Online STN Easy STN Easy-Europe STN Easy-Japan Syracuse Research Corporation Table of Isotopes Thermodynamics Research Center TOXNET Wiley Interscience
Address www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Comments Portal to GenBank and other sequence databases
www.nndc.bnl.gov ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/AtData/ main_asd www.ceramics.nist.gov/webbook/ webbook.htm webbook.nist.gov srdata.nist.gov/gateway/ physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/
See B.12 Chemical health and safety data Energy levels, wavelengths, and transition probabilities of atoms and atomic ions See B.1
gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd pdg.lbl.gov www.polymersdatabase.com/ polymers/ icdd.com www.chemnetbase.com/scripts/ pocweb.exe www.rcsb.org www.chemicalconcepts.com spectra.galactic.com/SpectraOnline/ stneasy.cas.org stneasy.fiz-karlsruhe.de stneasy-japan.cas.org esc.syrres.com/interkow/database.htm ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm www.trc.nist.gov toxnet.nlm.nih.gov www3.interscience.wiley.com/ reference.html
B-4
Broad range of physical, thermal, and spectral properties Portal to all NIST data systems; see B.1 Atomic and molecular spectra, cross sections, x-ray attenuation, and dosimetry data Portal to all National Library of Medicine databases See B.11 Properties of commercial polymers See B.7 See C.2 See B.8 IR, NMR, and mass spectra IR, UV, NMR, Raman, and mass spectra (unreviewed) Chemical directory (and access to Chemical Abstracts)
Properties of environmental interest Nuclear energy levels, moments, and other properties See B.2 Portal to HSDB and other databases on hazardous chemicals Portal to Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, etc.
